InternationalJournalofScientificResearchEngineering&Technology(IJSRET),ISSN22780882

923
Volume3,Issue5,August2014

ElectricalEnergyRecoveryfromMunicipalSolidWasteofKanpurCity
Dr. 19811991 [Manual on
ShubhamRathi Pradeep municipal solid waste
M.Tech(EnvironmentScienceandEngineering) Kumar management,2000].
CivilEngineeringDepartment Assoc. The uncontrolled
HBTI,Kanpur(UP) Profes urbanizationhasleftmany
sor Indian cities devoid of
Civil many infrastructural
ABSTRACT Engineering services such as water
The energy crisis and environmental degradation are Department supply, sewerage and
currentlytwovitalissuesforglobalsustainabledevelopment. HBTI, municipal solid waste
RapidindustrializationandpopulationexplosioninIndiahas Kanpur management. Most of
ledtothemigrationofpeoplefromvillagestocities,which (UP) urban centers in India are
generate thousands tons of municipal solid waste daily, overwhelmed by severe
whichisoneoftheimportantcontributorsforenvironmental problems related to solid
degradationatnationallevel.ConsequentlytheKanpurcity According to wasteduetolackofgrave
has serious crisis of electricity, load shedding is now Union Health Ministry, efforts by town/city
impracticalaslivingstandardsandbecomeagreatbarrierin India is an agriculturally authorities,garbageandits
socioeconomicgrowth.Municipalsolidwastemanagement based country having management. Great
isoneofthemajorenvironmentalproblemsofIndiancities population of about 1237 increase in the amount of
includingKanpur.Impropermanagementofmunicipalsolid million [Census India municipal solid waste has
wastecauseshazardstoinhabitants.Massivevolumeofsolid website, 2014]. Due to been reported in the cities
waste is generated every day in the Municipal areas and unchecked relocation of due to an improved
unfortunatelysolidwastemanagementisbeingdeteriorated peoples from rural and lifestyle and social status.
daybyday. semiurban areas to towns Quickening urbanization
A study on the potential of such energy resources is and cities from long time, accompanied with
presentedinthispaper.Thestudyconductedbycollecting the share of urban increasing per capita
datafrom100solidwastecollectionpointsofKanpurcity; population has increased incomes have also led to
MSWsamplecollectionof5kgistaken from 10.84% in 1901 to rapid increases in MSW
fromeachofthese100solidwastecollectionpoint. 26.15% in 1991 [Manual generation that have
Using Dulongs formula heat energy is calculated for eachofon municipal solid waste dramatically expanded the
above100solidwastecollectionpoints. Finally,electrical management, 2000]. The burden on local
energyiscalculatedofalltheKanpurcitysolidwastewhich increase in population of governments in India for
comes out to be 33MWor 804MWh/day. It is found that ClassXcitiesisveryhigh collection, processing, and
electricity production from MSW could be an alternative as compared to that of disposal of MSW in
wayofpowergenerationaswellaswastemanagement.This Class Y, where Class X efficient ways. Municipal
alsosolvestheproblemoflargevolumeofsolidwasteasthe cities are those where the corporations in India are
final product is ash of very less volume. Hence, both the population density is very unabletohandleincreasing
above problems of Energy (Electricity) as well as Solid highandClassYcitiesare quantities of waste, which
Wastemanagementcanbesolvedbythispaper. thosewhichhaverelatively resultsinuncollectedwaste
less population as on roads and in other
IndexTermsSolidWaste,Energy,Electricity, compared to Class X. The public places. The most
Dulongs Formula, Incinerators urban population accounts oldfashioned and popular
foralmostonefourthofthe MSW disposal practice
total population and is worldwideislandfillingor
I.INTRODUCTION open dumping. Due to
increasing at a faster rate
Rapidurbanization,industrializationandpopulationgrowth thantheruralpopulationin limited landavailability in
haveledtoseverewastemanagementproblemsinseveral India and various
India.Thepopulationinthe
cities of developing or under developed world like India, urbanareashavedoubledin environmental problems
Malaysia,Nepal,Bangladeshetc.AlthoughMSWs,avital associated, such as gas
2010 than in 1900, while
partofanysociety,doesnothavethedisastrouspotentialof the quantity of MSWs emissions and leachate
eitherglobalwarmingorstratosphericozonedepletion,has production, the technology
generated is tripled. The
long posed threats to environmental quality and human number of Class X cities of landfilling needs to be
health. improved.
with population exceeding
1,00,000 has increased There is an urgent
from 212 to 300 during need to work towards a
sustainable solid waste management system, which is WTE generation option is sustainable
environmentally, economically and socially sustainable. an alternative for
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InternationalJournalofScientificResearchEngineering&Technology(IJSRET),ISSN22780882

924
Volume3,Issue5,August2014
Information and data wastes, (2) Analysis of
on the physical particle size, (3)
managementofthiswasteandwillbeithelpfulin
composition of solid Moisture content, and
tacklingthishugequantityofwaste.
wastes including (1) (4) Density of solid
Identification of the wastes
II.SOLIDWASTES individual components
Solidwastesareallthewastesarisingfromhuman that make up municipal TABLE 1: Typical
and animal activities that are normally solid and solid composition of
thatarediscardedasuselessorunwanted.Theterm municipalsolidwaste
asusedinthisthesisisallinclusive,anditincludes
Component
the heterogeneous mass of throwaways from Ran
residencesandcommercialactivitiesaswellasthe Foodwastes 62
more homogenous accumulations of a single Paper 15
industrial activity. Refuse often used Plastics 28
interchangeablywiththetermsolidwastes. Textiles 04
Gardentrimmings 02
Wood 14
A.TypesofSolidWastes
Solid wastes is characterized into three parts
namely Municipal Wastes, Industrial Wastes and 2)Chemical
Hazardous Wastes [Environmental Engineering Composition
textbook,Peavy&Rowe]. Information on the
chemicalcompositionof
1)MunicipalWastes solidwastesisimportant
Municipal waste consist of food wastes, in evaluating alternative
rubbish, ash and residues, demolition and processing and energy
construction wastes, special waste & treatment recovery options
plantwastes. [Environmental
Engineering textbook,
2)IndustrialWastes Peavy&Rowe].Ifsolid
Industrialwastesarethosewastesarisingfrom wastesaretobeusedas
industrial activities and usually include rubbish, fuel, the four most
ashes,demolitionandconstructionwastes,special important properties to
wastesandhazardouswastes. beknownare:
1) Proximate
3)HazardousWastes analysis
Wastes that pose a substantial danger Moisture (loss at
immediately or over a period of time to human, 105oCfor1h)
plant or animal life are classified as hazardous Volatile matter
(additional loss on
wastes. A waste is classified as hazardous if it ignition at 950oC)
exhibits any of the following characteristics: (1) Ash (residue after
ignitability, (2) corrosivity, (3) reactivity, or (4) burning)
toxicity.Inthepast,hazardouswasteswereoften Fixed carbon
grouped into the following categories: (1) (remainder)
radioactive substances, (2) chemicals, (3) 2) Fusing point of
biological wastes, (4) flammable wastes and (5) ash
explosives.Thechemicalcategoryincludeswastes 3) Ultimate
thatarecorrosive,reactiveortoxic.Theprincipal analysis, percent of C
sources of hazardous biological wastes are (carbon),H(hydrogen),
hospitalsandbiologicalresearchfacilities. O (oxygen), N
(nitrogen), S (sulfur)
B.PropertiesofSolidWastes andash
Information on the properties of solid waste is 4) Heating value
important in evaluating alternative equipment (energyvalue)
needs, system and management programs and
plans,speciallywithrespecttotheapplicationof C.TypesofEnergy
disposalandresourceandenergyrecoveryoptions Recovery
[Environmental Engineering textbook, Peavy & Techniques
fromSolid
Rowe].
Waste
Many solid waste
1)PhysicalComposition
managementtechniquescanbeusedtoproduce under (HCI, HF, SO2
electricity as well. Following are the MSW controlled and NOx) in
management methods capable of producing conditions. significant
electricity quantities
Inthispaperelectricity 2) Thevolumeand
1) Thermochemicalconversiontechnologies generationcalculation mass occupied
1 WTE generation via isdoneviaincineration by the waste is
incineration/combustion processasithas greatlyreduced
followingadvantages: 3) The incineration
2 WTEgenerationviagasification
1) Themajorityof process
3 WTEgenerationviapyrolysis wastes will produces an
burn without effectively
2) Biochemicalconversiontechnologies giving rise to sterile ash
1 WTE generation via landfilling noxious residue.
andengineeredlandfilling products of
combustion
2 Anaerobic digestion/fermentation
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InternationalJournalofScientificResearchEngineering&Technology(IJSRET),ISSN22780882

925
Volume3,Issue5,August2014
it contains some of the isChennaiwith0.667
largestandfinesttanneries kg/capita/day and
III.METHODOLOGY
intheworld.Kanpurisone second is Lucknow
Tounderstandthemethodology,energyrecoveryof North India's main with 0.64
process must be understood before that. Energycommercial and industrial kg/capita/day. All the
recoveryprocessisshowninFig.1firstofallthe other major cities
centers. As per CPCB
solid waste is collected from all the collection generationratecanbe
reportofyear2004Kanpur
points itis thentransportedto receiving station. seeninFig.2
solidwastegenerationrate
Afterthissolidwasteisfedtoshredder,heresolid
is 0.623 kg/capita/day,
wasteiscutdownintosmallpiecessothatcanbe
which comes on third
managed easily at subsequent stages. Now this
numberascomparedtoall
shreddedsolidwasteispassedthroughdryersto
othercitiesofIndia.First
removeextramoisture.Afterthisairisblownon
solid waste which blows out light materials and
heavy
material like ferrous metal is separatedandsent
for recycle as these materials cant be burned in
incinerators.
The light solid waste is again passed through
second stage shredder to cut them into smaller
pieces. Now these small solid waste pieces is
burnedintoincineratorswhichreducesolidwaste FIG.2:Percapita
intoashandproduceheatenergyandgases.The g
gasesarepassedthroughairfiltersifneededand e
subsequently released into atmosphere through n
stacks.Heatenergyisusedtoboilwaterinboilers e
to produce this this steam in turn runs turbine r
whichiscoupledwithgenerators.Asturbineruns at
itcausegeneratortorotateandproduceelectricity. i
Thiselectricityisexportedtothegridandsomeof o
itusedforplantitself. n
r
at
e
o
f
M
S
W

f
o
r
I
n
FIG.1:Flowsheetfortherecoveryofenergy d
fromsolidwastes[EnvironmentalEngineering ia
textbook,Peavy&Rowe] n
ci
ti
Methodology can be organized into analysis of
e
problem, collectionof data, calculationandheat
s
energyforbetterunderstanding.
[
C
A.AnalysisofProblem
P
Kanpuristhemostpopulouscityandthelargest C
urban agglomeration in the Indian state of Uttar B
Pradesh.Itisthesecondlargestindustrialcityinof ,
theHindibeltinNorthIndia.Itistheadministrative 2
headquarters of Kanpur Nagar district and Kanpur 0
divisionandisknownasLeatherCityoftheworldas 0
 4] solidwaste. B.CollectionofData
Main objective of
To make solid waste management more TABLE2: thepaperistocalculate
efficientKanpurCityisdividedinto6zones Num total electric power
namelyzone1,zone2,zone berof generated by Kanpur
3,zone4,zone5andzone6.Outofthese collec city, to calculate this
sixzones,five zones collection points are tion first of all quantity of
managed (collection and transportation) by points solid waste collected
A2Z limited and remaining one zones , from Kanpur city
collection points are managed (collection Truck shouldbeknown,itis
andtransportation)byKanpurNagarNigam and 1200 1250 tons/day
(KNN). There are total of 203 collection Ricks
[A2Z, 2014]. 100
pointsinKanpurcity[KNN,2014],which haw
random collection
keeps on increasing each year as new in
each points from each zone
collection points are needed to satisfy the are selected. 5 kg of
zone
increasinggenerationrateofsolidwaste.All randomsampleofsolid
[KN
the waste from 203 collection points is wasteiscollectedfrom
N,
dumpedatA2Zlimited,whichdosorting, each of these 100
2014]
processing and disposal of all the solid Zone collectionpoints.From
Zone Zone
waste. Total average of 1200 1250 1 2 3 this random 5 kg
tons/day of solid waste is collected from No of sample, bifurcation of
Kanpurcity[A2Z,2014],whichincreasesto collection 41 42 24 solid waste is done to
14001500tons/dayonrainydaysasrain points
know the composition
increasethemoisturecontentofsolidwaste Truck 10 14 10
of solid waste. Solid
which in turn increase the total weight of Rickshaw 55 90 110
waste
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