Gen Pro

The following are the main protection schemes adopted for our generator.
1. Generator Differential Protection

2. Generator & Transformer Differential Protection
3. Loss of Field or Loss of Excitation Protection
4. Negative Sequence or Current Unbalance Protection
5. Over Fluxing or Over Excitation Protection
6. Over Current Protection
7. Stator Earth Fault Protection
8. Rotor Earth Fault Protection (64R)
9. Restricted Earth Fault Protection
10. Backup Impedance Protection
11. Low Forward Power Protection
12. Reverse Power Protection
13. Pole Slip Protection
14. Pole Discrepancy Protection
15. Local Breaker Back Protection
16. Bus Bar Protection
17. Over Frequency Protection
18. Under Frequency Protection
19. Over Voltage Protection
1.GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION:

Setting : 0.5 Amp Time : Instantaneous
It is one of the important protections to protect generator winding against internal
faults such as phase-to-phase and three phase-to-ground faults. This type of fault
is very serious because very large current can flow and produce large amounts of
damage to the winding if it is allowed to persist. One set current transformers of
the generator on neutral and phase side, is exclusively used for this protection. The
differential protection can not detect turn-to-turn fault and phase to ground within
one winding for high impedance neutral grounding generator such as ours. Upon
the detection of a phase-to-phase fault in the winding, the unit is tripped with out
time delay.
Relays acted : a. Flag operation at Protection panel.
b. Acting of Master relay
c. Indication at Annunciation Panel.
Consequences : a. Tripping of 220KV breaker
b. Tripping of Field breaker
c. Stop command to Turbine thro Mark-IV
Status : a. Unit is at coasting down.
Once the differential protection operated, the unit can not be taken into service
unless the generator winding is thoroughly examined by the maintenance staff of
any internal faults
2.GENERATOR-TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION :

Setting : 0.75 Amp Time : Instantaneous
It protects 11KV bus duct, 11/0.440KV unit auxiliary transformer, 11/20KV step-up
transformer against internal faults such as phase-to-phase and three phase-to-
ground faults. This type of fault is very serious because very large current can flow
and produce large amounts of damage to the winding if it is allowed to persist. One
set current transformers of the generator on neutral side and another set current
transformer on 220KV side after transformer, is exclusively used for the protection.
Upon the detection of difference in current between these current transformers, the
unit is tripped with out time delay.One the generator-transformer differential
protection operated, the unit can not be taken into service unless the 11KV bus
duct, unit auxiliary transformer, power transformer are thoroughly examined by the
maintenance staff for any internal faults.
3.LOSS OF FIELD OR EXCITATION PROTECTION :

Setting : K1-2, K2-1, K3-2 Trip after 2 Sec.
When the synchronous machine with excitation, is connected to the grid, it
generates reactive power along with active power to the grid and the rotor speed is
same as that of grid frequency. Loss of field or loss of excitation results in loss of
synchronism between rotor flux & stator flux. The synchronous machine operates as
an induction machine at higher speed and draws reactive power from the grid. This
will result in the flow of slip frequency currents in the rotor body as well as severe
torque oscillations in the rotor shaft. As the rotor is not designed to sustain such
currents or to withstand the high alternating torques which results in rotor
overheating, coupling slippage and even rotor failure.
A loss of excitation normally indicates a problem with the excitation system. Some
times it may be due to inadvertent tripping of filed breaker, open or short circuit of
field winding or loss of source to the exciter. If the generator is not disconnected
immediately when it loses excitation wide spread instability may very quickly
develop and major system shutdown may occur.
When loss of excitation alarm annunciates at annunciation panel, the machine may
probably be running with less excitation at leading MVAR power. Increase the
excitation on the machine until it reaches on lagging MVAR power. The machine
trips on the same protection along with alarm resynchronize the machine and try to
stabilize at required MVAR power. If not possible, trip the machine immediately and
inform to the maintenance staff for thorough checking of the Automatic Voltage
Regulator (AVR) and its associated parts.
4.NEGATIVE SEQUENCE OR CURRENT UNBALANCE PROTECTION :

Setting : Alarm 75% of 12s Time - 5 Sec.
Trip 75% of 12s Time - 300 Sec.
When the machine delivering the equal currents in three phases, no unbalance or
negative phase sequence current is produced as the vector sum of these currents is
zero, when the generator is supplying an unbalanced load to a system, a negative
phase sequence current is imposed on the generator. The system unbalance may be
due to opening of lines, breaker failures or system faults. The negative sequence
current in the stator winding creates a magnetic flux wave in the air gap which
rotates in opposite direction to that of rotor synchronous speed. This flux induces
currents in the rotor body, wedges, retaining rings at twice the line frequency.
Heating occurs in these areas and the resulting temperatures depend upon the level
and duration of the unbalanced currents. Under these conditions it is possible to
reach temperatures at which the rotor material no longer contain the centrifugal
forces imposed on them resulting in serious damage to the turbine-generator set.
Any machine as per design data will permit some level of negative sequence
currents for continuous period.
An alarm will annunciate at annunciation panel if negative sequence currents
exceeds a normal level. Reduce the MVAR power on the machine if necessary load
also and keep the machine for some time till the alarm vanishes at annunciation
panel. If the machine trips on the Negative sequence protection never take the
machine into service until the temperatures on the rotor parts settle down to its
lower value. Resynchronize the machine to the grid after considerable time under
grid & feeder parameters are within limits. If the unit trips again on the same
protection, stop the machine after consideration time so as to cool down the rotor
parts and inform to the maintenance staff for thorough examination of the system.
Status : a. Unit is at FSNL.
5. OVER FLUXING OR EXCITATION OR VOLTS PER HERTZ PROTECTION:

Setting : Alarm 1.17 Time - 10 Sec.
Trip 1.17 Time - 30 Sec.
Per unit voltage divided by per unit frequency commonly called Volts/Hertz is a
measurable quantity that is proportional to flux in the generator or step-up
transformer cores. Moderate over fluxing (105-110%) increases core loss resulting
in increase of core temperatures due to hysterics & eddy currents loss. Long term
operation at elevated temperatures can shorten the life of the stator insulation.
Severe over fluxing can breakdown inter-laminar insulation followed by rapid local
core melting. Over fluxing normally can be caused by over speed of the turbine or
over excitation during Off-line condition, and load rejection or AVR mal-functioning
during On-line condition.
If alarm annunciation panel, Increase/Reduce the speed of the turbine to rated
generator speed (3000RPM) and reduce the generator voltage to rated during Off-
line condition. Reduce the MVAR power on the generator during On-line condition. If
the machine trips on over fluxing protection during On-line, Keep the machine at
FSNL till the grid parameters stabilize and resins. Again the machine trips on the
same stop the machine for examination of the AVR & Governor systems by
maintenance staff.
6.OVER CURRENT WITH VOLTAGE RESTRAINT PROTECTION :

Setting : Alarm 85% Time - 10 Sec.
Trip 100% Time - 0.5 Sec.
Normally generators are designed to operate continuously at rated MVA, frequency
and power factor over a range of 95 to 105% rated voltage. Operating the
generator at rated MVA with 95% voltage, 105% stator current is permissible.
Operating of the generator beyond rated KVA may result in harmful stator over
current. A consequence of over current in winding is stator core over heating and
leads to failure of insulation.
If alarm annunciates at annunciation panel, Reduce the stator current to the below
the rated by reducing the MVAR power on the machine. When the trips on the same
protection, Resins the machine after keeping the machine at FSNL for some time,
and keep the stator current below the rated.
Status : a. Unit is at FSNL.
7 STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION :

Setting : 70% Time - 5 Sec.
Normally the generator stator neutral operates at a potential close to ground. If a
faulty phase winding connected to ground, the normal low neutral voltage could rise
as high as line-to-neutral voltage depending on the fault location. Although a single
ground fault will not necessarily cause immediate damage, the presence of one
increases the probability of a second. A second fault even if detected by differential
relay, may cause serious damage. The usual method of detection fault is by
measuring the voltage across the secondary of neutral grounding transformer
(NGT). Here are two over lapping zones to detect stator ground faults in a high
impedance grounded generator system, the two zones are put together cover 100%
stator winding for earth faults. A fundamental frequency neutral over voltage relay
covers about 0-95% of the stator zonal winding for all faults except those near the
neutral. Another third harmonic neutral under voltage relay covers remaining 96-
100% of the stator zone 2 winding on neutral side.
8.ROTOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION (64R) :

Settings : Less than 80K ohm
Any rotor field winding of the generator is electrically isolated from the ground.
Therefore the existence of one ground fault in the field winding will usually not
damage the rotor. However the presence of two or more ground faults in the
winding will cause magnetic and thermal imbalance plus localized heating and
damage to the rotor metallic parts. The rotor earth fault may be caused due to
insulation failure of winding or inter-turn fault followed by localized heat.
9.RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION:

Settings : 0.1 Amp. Time : Instantaneous
It is similar to generator differential protection in working. It protects the high
voltage winding of 11/220KV power transformer against internal faults. One set
current transformers of the power transformer on neutral and phase side, is
exclusively used for this protection. The protection can not detect turn-to-turn fault
within one winding. Upon the detection of a phase-to-phase or phase-to-ground
fault in the winding, the unit to be tripped without time delay.
Once the restricted earth fault protection operated, the unit can not be taken into
service unless the transformer winding is thoroughly examined by the maintenance
staff for any internals faults.
10.BACKUP IMPEDANCE PROTECTION:

Settings ; K1-3, K2-0.71 Time 1.5 Sec.
As in name implies, it is used to protect the generator from supplying the over
loaded or faulty system. It is backup protection of the generator over current
protection. In measures ratio of the voltage and current supplied by the generator
and initiates trip signal when the measured impedance is less than the preset value.
If the machine trips on the Backup protection, never take the machine into service
until the temperatures of the generator settle down to its lower value.
Resynchronize the machine to the grid after considerable time when grid & feeder
parameters are within limits.
11.LOW FORWARD POWER PROTECTION:

Setting : 0.5% Time : 1 Sec.
The generator will not develop output power when turbine input is less than the no
load losses and motoring action develops on the turbine. The generator is able to
generate power, usually 55 to 10% of generator capacity, within pre-determined
time after closing of 220KV breaker.
Status : a. Unit is at FSNL with potential.
The unit trips on the low forward protection, Resins the machine and increase input
power to the turbine as quickly as possible within low forward power time setting.
Even after two to three attempts, the machine is tripping on the same protection;
probably the governor of turbine is faulty. Inform to maintenance staff for
rectification of the same.
12.REVERSE POWER PROTECTION:

Setting : 0.5% Time - 2.0 Sec.
It is backup protection to the low forward protection. Motoring of a generator will
occur when turbine output is reduced such that it develops less than no-load losses
while the generator is still on-line, the generator will operate as a synchronous
motor and driving the turbine. The generator will not be harmed by synchronous
motoring and a steam turbine can be harmed through over heating during
synchronous motoring if continued long enough. The motoring of the turbine output
can be detected by reverse power protection. The avoid false tripping due to power
swings a time delay is incorporated before tripping signal is generated.
The unit trips on the reverse power protection. Resins the machine and increase the
input power to the turbine as quickly as possible within low forward power time
setting. Even after two to three attempts, the machine is tripping on the same
protection; probably the governor of turbine is faulty. Inform to maintenance staff
for rectification of the same.
13.POLE SLIP OR OUT-OF-STEP PROTECTION:
Setting : 6.9 ohm.
When a generator loses synchronism, the resulting high current peaks and off-
frequency operation may cause winding stresses, pulsation torques and mechanical
resonances that have the potential danger to turbine generator. Therefore, to
minimize the possibility of damage, it is generally accepted that the machine should
be tripped without time delay preferably during the first half-slip cycle of the loss of
synchronism condition. The electrical center during loss-of-synchronous conditions
can occur in the generator as a result of increased impedance of the generator
while decrease system impedance. The protections normally applied in the
generator zone such as back-up impedance, loss of excitation etc., will not protect a
generator during loss of synchronism under normal generator conditions.
The unit trips on the Pole slip protection, Resynch the machine after stabilization of
the grid parameters
14.POLE DISCREPANCY PROTECITON:

Setting : 0.5 Sec.
If One or two poles of generator breaker fail to close during synchronization, all
poles of the breaker trip on this protection. It may be due to mechanical failure of
the breaker un equal distribution of closing signal to the breaker from protection
system.
Relays acted : a. Flag operation at 220KV Breaker panel.
b. Indication at Annunciation Panel.
Consequences : a. tripping of 220KV breaker
Status : a. Unit is at FSNL with potential.
The generator breaker trips on the pole discrepancy protection, Resynch the
generator. Even after two to three attempts, the machine is tripping on the same
protection, probably the generator breaker is faulty. Inform to maintenance staff for
rectification of the same.
15.LOCAL BREAKER BACKUP PROTECTION:
Setting : 25% Time : 0.8 Sec.
For most of the faults, the generator breaker involves tripping the generator from
the system. Failure of the breaker to open probably results in loss of protection and
other problems such as motoring action or single phasing, If one or two poles of the
generator breaker fail to open due to mechanical failure in breaker mechanism, the
result can be a single phasing and negative phase sequence currents inducted on
the rotor. The LBB protection is energized when the breaker trip is initiated after a
suitable time interval if confirmation of the confirmation of breaker tripping from
three poles is not received. The energized tripping signal from LBB protection will
trip all 220KV generator breakers and all 220KV feeder breakers through Bus-bar
protection.
b. Acting of Master relay for all units.
b. Tripping of Field breaker of all units.
Status : a. all Units are at FSNL.
Once the LBB protection operated, the entire station is in dark. First restore all
essential services to all units such as lube oil system and turning gear etc., from
battery backup and. Checkup the faulty 220KV breaker and isolate the breaker from
the system by opening the both side of the isolators.
After restoring all services from station supply, Close 220KV feeder breakers first
and take all units into service one after the other duly co-coordinating with the
DE/LD.
Since it involves complex operation, it is necessary to get help from maintenance
staff for restoring the normally in the station. Never attempt to close the faulty
220KV generator in panic as it causes permanent damage to the generator and
transformer.
16.BUS BAR PROTECTION:

Setting : 0.8 Amp.
There are mainly three protection zones namely called generator zone, bus duct
transformer zone, 220KV breakers zone. The protection of generator zone and bus
duct & transformer zone are covered in previous schemes. All 220KV breakers at
switchyard will come under Bus-Bar protection. Functioning of this scheme is similar
to the generator differential protection or generator-transformer differential
protection. It measures all incoming currents from the generators at 220KV side
and all outgoing currents in 220KV feeders, and initiates trip signal if it detects any
deviation more than the preset value as the algebraic sum of all currents at 220KV
bus must be less than the preset value. It isolates all 220KV generator breakers
and all 220KV feeder breakers connected to 220KV bus.
b. Acting of Master relay for all units.
b. Tripping of Field breaker of all units.
Status : a. all Units are at FSNL.
Once the Bus-Bar protection operated, the entire station is in dark. First restore all
essential services to all units such as lube oil system and turning gear etc., from
battery backup and 6.6/0.44KV Stage II reserve power supply. Checkup the
entire 220KV switch yard for any wire snapping or equipment damage.
After restoring all services from station supply, Close 220KV feeder breakers first
and take all units into service one after the other duly co-ordinating with the DE/LD.
Since it involves complex operation, it is necessary to get help from maintenance
staff for restoring the normalcy in the station. Never attempt to restore the 220KV
supply at switch yard in panic unless the entire system is thoroughly examined and
satisfy yourself as it causes permanent damage to the equipment or injury/death to
the person working at switch yard.
17.OVER FREQUENCY PROTECTION:

Setting : 52 Hz Time - 2 Sec.
For a generator connected to a system, abnormal frequency operation is a result of
a severe system disturbance. The generator can tolerate moderate over frequency
operation provided voltage is within an acceptable limits. The machine operated at
higher speeds at which the rotor material no longer contain the centrifugal forces
imposed on them resulting in serious damage to the turbine-generator set. The
abnormal over frequency on the machine may be due to improper speed control
adjustment or disoperation of the speed controller or severe grid disturbance or
sudden load through off.
The unit trips on the over frequency protection, Resins the machine. Even after two
to three attempts, the machine is tripping on the same protection; probably the
governor of turbine is faulty. Inform to maintenance staff for rectification of the
same.
18.UNDER FREQUENCY PROTECTION:

Setting : 48 Hz Time : 2.0 Sec.
For a generator connected to a system, under frequency operation is a result of a
severe system disturbance. The generator can tolerate moderate under frequency
operation provided voltage is within an acceptable limits. The machine operated at
lower higher speeds causes severe over fluxing in the generator-transformer. The
abnormal under frequency on the machine may be due to improper speed control
adjustment or disoperation of the speed controller.
b. Indication at Annunciation Panel
Consequences : a. NIL
Status : a. Unit is at lower speed with potential.
Increase governor speed until machine reaches full speed. Even after two to three
attempts, the machine are running at lower speed, probably the governor of turbine
is faulty. Inform to maintenance staff for rectification of the same.
19.OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION :

Setting : a. 110% Time - 2.0 Sec.
b. 120% Time - 0.3 Sec.
Generator voltage is at present value under normal operating conditions as selected
by operator in AVR. If it parts from preset value, May be due to AVR mal-
functioning or a system disturbance. Severe over voltage can cause over fluxing
and winding insulation failure. The over voltage protection can be considered as a
backup to the Volts-per-Hertz protection.
Status : a. Unit is at FSNL without potential.
Raise the generator voltage slowly with manual mode in AVR and keep generator
voltage within the limits of normal voltage. If it is unable to control the generator
voltage, trip the field breaker and inform to the maintenance staff for rectification
of the AVR.

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The following are the main protection schemes adopted for our generator.

1. Generator Differential Protection

1.GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION:

2.GENERATOR-TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION :

3.LOSS OF FIELD OR EXCITATION PROTECTION :

4.NEGATIVE SEQUENCE OR CURRENT UNBALANCE PROTECTION :

5. OVER FLUXING OR EXCITATION OR VOLTS PER HERTZ PROTECTION:

6.OVER CURRENT WITH VOLTAGE RESTRAINT PROTECTION :

7 STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION :

8.ROTOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION (64R) :

9.RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION:

10.BACKUP IMPEDANCE PROTECTION:

11.LOW FORWARD POWER PROTECTION:

12.REVERSE POWER PROTECTION:

14.POLE DISCREPANCY PROTECITON:

16.BUS BAR PROTECTION:

17.OVER FREQUENCY PROTECTION:

18.UNDER FREQUENCY PROTECTION:

19.OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION :

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