T.Y.EII Microprocessor-I N.

KAPOOR
A microprocessor is a clock-driven semiconductor device consisting of electronic logic
circuits manufactured by using either a large-scale integration (LSI) or very-large-scale
integration (VLSI) technique.
• The microprocessor is capable of performing various computing functions and making
decisions to change the sequence of program execution.
• In large computers, a CPU performs these computing functions. The Microprocessor
resembles a CPU exactly.
• The microprocessor is in many ways similar to the CPU, but includes all the logic
circuitry including the control unit, on one chip.
• The microprocessor can be divided into three segments for the sake of clarity. – They
are: arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), register array, and control unit.
• A comparison between a microprocessor, and a computer is shown below:

The 8085 Programming Model:

8085 Hardware Model Programming Model
 Addr. Bus

Accumulator
Register
Arrays
ALU
Data Bus
Memory
Flags Pointer Regi.

Instruction
Decoder Control
Signals

Timing & Control Unit

8085 Hardware Model : It gives the physical structure & has two segments
i)First segment consists of Arithmetic/Logic Unit & Accumulator, instruction decoder & flags
• Arithmetic/Logic Unit: This is the area of the microprocessor where various computing
functions are performed on data. The ALU unit performs such arithmetic operations as
addition and subtraction, and such logic operations as AND, OR, and exclusive OR.
ii)Second segment consists of 8-bit register & 16 bit registers
• Register Array: This area of the microprocessor consists of various registers identified
by letters such as B, C, D, E, H, and L. These registers are primarily used to store data
temporarily during the execution of a program and are accessible to the user through
instructions.
T.Y.EII Microprocessor-I N.KAPOOR
• Both segments are connected by various internal connections called BUS. System
Bus: The system bus is a communication path between the microprocessor and
peripherals: it is nothing but a group of wires to carry bits.
Control Unit: The control unit provides the necessary timing and control signals to all the
operations in the microcomputer. It controls the flow of data between the microprocessor
and memory and peripherals.
• Memory: Memory stores such binary information as instructions and data, and provides
that information to the microprocessor whenever necessary. To execute programs, the
microprocessor reads instructions and data from memory and performs the computing
operations in its ALU section. Results are either transferred to the output section for
display or stored in memory for later use. Read-Only memory (ROM) and Read/Write
memory (R/WM), popularly known as Random- Access memory (RAM).
1. The ROM is used to store programs that do not need alterations. The monitor program of a
single-board microcomputer is generally stored in the ROM. This program interprets the
information entered through a keyboard and provides equivalent binary digits to the
microprocessor. Programs stored in the ROM can only be read; they cannot be altered.
2. The Read/Write memory (RIWM) is also known as user memory It is used to store user
programs and data. In single-board microcomputers, the monitor program monitors the Hex
keys and stores those instructions and data in the R/W memory. The information stored in this
memory can be easily read and altered.
• I/O (Input/Output): It communicates with the outside world. I/O includes two types of
devices: input and output; these I/O devices are also known as peripherals.
Programming Model : It consists of some parts of ALU & registers It gives the information
needed in writing assembly language programs. It is as shown . Details
are given in next chapter.

PIN DIAGRAM AND PIN DESCRIPTION OF 8085

Fig (a) - Pin Diagram of 8085 & Fig(b) - logical schematic of Pin diagram.

T.Y.EII Microprocessor-I N.KAPOOR

8085 is a 40 pin IC, DIP package. The signals from the pins can be grouped as follows
1. Power supply and clock signals
1. Address bus
3.Data bus
4. Control and status signals
5. Interrupts and externally initiated signals
6. Serial I/O ports
1. Power supply and Clock frequency signals:
• Vcc + 5 volt power supply
• Vss Ground
• X1, X2 : Crystal or R/C network or LC network connections to set the frequency of
internal clock generator.
• The frequency is internally divided by two. Since the basic operating timing frequency is
3 MHz, a 6 MHz crystal is connected externally.
CLK (output)-Clock Output is used as the system clock for peripheral and devices interfaced
with the microprocessor.
2. Address Bus:
• A8 - A15 (output; 3-state)
 • It carries the most significant 8 bits of the memory address or the 8 bits of the I/O
address;
3. Multiplexed Address / Data Bus:
• AD0 - AD7 (input/output; 3-state)
• These multiplexed set of lines used to carry the lower order 8 bit address as well as data
bus.
• During the opcode fetch operation, in the first clock cycle, the lines deliver the lower
order address A0 - A7.
• In the subsequent IO / memory, read / write clock cycle the lines are used as data bus.
• The CPU may read or write out data through these lines.
4. Control and Status signals:
• ALE (output) - Address Latch Enable.
• It is a special signal which indicates the begining of the operations. This is a +ve going
pulse generated every time the 8085 begins an operation (machine cycle) ALE high
indicates that AD0 - AD7 lines holds an order address, so it is used to latch the low
order address, so it is address bufferes of bus demultiplexers.
• RD (output 3-state, active low) - Read memory or IO device.
• This indicates that the selected memory location or I/O device is to be read and that the
data bus is ready for accepting data from the memory or I/O device.
• WR (output 3-state, active low) - Write memory or IO device.
• This indicates that the data on the data bus is to be written into the selected memory
location or I/O device.
• IO/M (output) - Select memory or an IO device.
• This status signal indicates that the read / write operation relates to whether the memory
or I/O device.
• It goes high to indicate an I/O operation.
• It goes low for memory operations.
5. Status Signals:
• It is used to know the type of current operation of the microprocessor.

T.Y.EII Microprocessor-I N.KAPOOR

6. Interrupts and Externally initiated operations:
• They are the signals initiated by an external device to request the microprocessor to do a
particular task or work.
• There are five hardware interrupts called,

• On receipt of an interrupt, the microprocessor acknowledges the interrupt by the active

low INTA (Interrupt Acknowledge) signal.
INTR is maskable 8080A compatible interrupt. When the interrupt occurs the processor fetches
from the bus one instruction, usually one of these instructions:
 • One of the 8 RST instructions (RST0 - RST7). The processor saves current program
counter into stack and branches to memory location N * 8 (where N is a 3-bit number
from 0 to 7 supplied with the RST instruction).
• CALL instruction (3 byte instruction). The processor calls the subroutine, address of
which is specified in the second and third bytes of the instruction.
RST5.5 is a maskable interrupt. When this interrupt is received the processor saves the
contents of the PC register into stack and branches to 2Ch (hexadecimal) address.
RST6.5 is a maskable interrupt. When this interrupt is received the processor saves the
contents of the PC register into stack and branches to 34h (hexadecimal) address.
RST7.5 is a maskable interrupt. When this interrupt is received the processor saves the
contents of the PC register into stack and branches to 3Ch (hexadecimal) address.
Trap is a non-maskable interrupt. When this interrupt is received the processor saves the
contents of the PC register into stack and branches to 24h (hexadecimal) address.
All maskable interrupts can be enabled or disabled using EI and DI instructions. RST 5.5,
RST6.5 and RST7.5 interrupts can be enabled or disabled individually using SIM instruction.
Reset In (input, active low)
• This signal is used to reset the microprocessor.
• The program counter inside the microprocessor is set to zero.
• The buses are tri-stated.
Reset Out (Output)
• It indicates CPU is being reset.
• Used to reset all the connected devices when the microprocessor is reset.
7. Direct Memory Access (DMA):

Tri state devices:

• 3 output states are high & low states and additionally a high impedance state.
• When enable E is high the gate is enabled and the output Q can be 1 or 0 (if A is 0, Q is
1, otherwise Q is 0). However, when E is low the gate is disabled and the output Q
enters into a high impedance state.

T.Y.EII Microprocessor-I N.KAPOOR

• For both high and low states, the output Q draws a current from the input of the OR gate.
• When E is low, Q enters a high impedance state; high impedance means it is electrically
isolated from the OR gate's input, though it is physically connected. Therefore, it does
not draw any current from the OR gate's input.
• When 2 or more devices are connected to a common bus, to prevent the devices from
interfering with each other, the tristate gates are used to disconnect all devices except
the one that is communicating at a given instant.
• The CPU controls the data transfer operation between memory and I/O device. Direct
Memory Access operation is used for large volume data transfer between memory and
an I/O device directly.
• The CPU is disabled by tri-stating its buses and the transfer is effected directly by
external control circuits.
• HOLD signal is generated by the DMA controller circuit. On receipt of this signal, the
microprocessor acknowledges the request by sending out HLDA signal and leaves out
the control of the buses. After the HLDA signal the DMA controller starts the direct
transfer of data.
READY (input)
• Memory and I/O devices will have slower response compared to microprocessors.
• Before completing the present job such a slow peripheral may not be able to handle
further data or control signal from CPU.
• The processor sets the READY signal after completing the present job to access the
data.
• The microprocessor enters into WAIT state while the READY pin is disabled.
• 8. Single Bit Serial I/O ports: These signals are used for serial communication.
1. SID(input): serial input data: The 8085 microprocessor has a special pin for software
controlled serial input data. Instruction BIM is used to input serial data through the SID line.
Instruction RIM can be interrupted for serial I/O.
• 2. SOD (output) : Serial output data: This pin is used for software controlled serial
output. The instruction SIM is necessary to O/P data serially from the Sod line.

Note : These notes according to TYBSc syll. of Mumbai University.

Other Notes On microprocessor

http://www.scribd.com/doc/34099846
http://www.scribd.com/doc/34099848
http://www.scribd.com/doc/34099838
http://www.scribd.com/doc/34099825
Thanks to all those who share their work with us.
N. Kapoor – Assoc. Professor Physics – R.K.Talreja College
For contact :– nkapoor05@yahoo.co.in