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Mitochondrial Membranes
Two membranes:
Outer mitochondrial membrane: 50% lipid by
weight, contains porins (similar to bacterial
membranes)
Inner mitochondrial membrane: devoid of
cholesterol and rich in a phospholipid called
cardiolipin, is highly impermeable
o Inner boundary membrane: rich in
proteins responsible for the import of
mitochondrial proteins
o Cristae: invaginated membranous sheets;
contains large amounts of membrane surface
o Cristae junctions join the two
Matrix is the space within the mitochondria
while intermembrane space exists between ** Mnemonic:
the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes Intermediates: Goodness Gracious, Father Franklin
o Matrix is more viscous, gel-like due to high Did Go By Picking Pumpkins (to) Prepare Pies
protein content Enzymes: Hungry Peter Pan And The Growling Pink
o Intermembrane proteins play a role in Panther Eat Pies **
apoptosis
Mitochondrial matrix also contains ribosomes and Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle/Krebs Cycle
circular DNA Substrate is oxidized in the matrix (except
o Nonchromosomal DNA codes for for succinate dehydrogenase)
mitochondrial proteins (13 in humans) Named after Hans Krebs
o Maternal inheritance; egg cell contains
mitochondria Process:
o The RNA polymerase in mitochondria is Acetyl CoA (2C) + oxaloacetate (4C) citrate
different than the ones the nucleus uses; it is (6C)
a single subunit similar to bacteriophages ** Citrate is decreased in chain length one carbon at
(bacterial viruses) a time to recycle the 4C oxaloacetate **
Isocitrate
9.2 Oxidative Metabolism -Ketoglutarate (5)
o CO2
o NAD NADH
1. Glycolysis in cytoplasm Succinyl-CoA (4)
Glucose (6C) 2 pyruvate (3C) o CO2
2. PDC Pyruvate Dehydrogenase o NAD NADH
Complex in matrix Succinate
Pyruvate acetyl-CoA o GDP + P GTP
3. Krebs Cycle in Matrix
Acetyl-CoA NADH +
FADH2
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(NADH + FADH2 are electron carriers)
4. Electron Transport Chain in
inner membrane
Patrishia Luber
4Bio1 Mitochondrial Structure & Function
Fumarate o Chemiosmotic mechanism
o FAD FADH2 o Each pair of electrons transferred from
Malate NADH 3 ATP
o Needs an input of water FADH2 2 ATP
Oxaloacetate (to be recycled) o Net gain is 36 ATP
o NAD NADH
9.2 Role of Mitochondria in ATP Formation
Energy is extracted by the mitochondria from
substrates by generating ionic gradients
Oxidative phosphorylation: ATP formation is
driven by energy released from electrons
removed during oxidation
Substrate-level phosphorylation: ATP is formed
directly by a transfer of phosphate group from a
substrate molecule to ADP
Oxidation-Reduction Potentials
**Reduced = gain electrons, lose H; Oxidized = lose
electrons, gain H**
**Reducing agent = removes e oxidized**
**Oxidizing agent = hoards H reduced**
Reducing agents are ranked according to
electron-transfer potential
Substances with high electron-transfer potential
are strong reducing agents (can lose H, can gain
e) such as NADH
Redox potential: voltage produced by a half-cell
under standard conditions
o G : difference between E0 = (E1 E2)
o (+) G = nonspontaneous
o (-) G = spontaneous
Electron Transport
Dehydrogenase enzyme catalyzes and
transfers pairs of electrons from substrates to
coenzymes
Forming NADH and FADH2
Succinate dehydrogenase FADH2
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Patrishia Luber
4Bio1 Mitochondrial Structure & Function
The energy released by the translocation of Proton binds to an acidic residue (Asp61 in E.
protons is not used to drive ADP phosphorylation coli) on one of the c subunits
but to change the binding affinity for the active Proton binding causes the ring to move 30
site for the ATP product Bound proton is carried in a full rotation
Each active site progresses successively through before being released to another half-channel
3 distinct conformations that have different leading to the matrix
affinities for substrates and products
o The 3 catalytic sites has different chemical 9.6 Peroxisomes
properties Simple membrane-bound organelles that
o At any given instant, one site is L (loose),
contains a crystalline core of oxidative enzymes
one is T (tight), one is O (open) Multifunctional organelles containing more than
ATP is synthesized by rotational catalysis in which
50 enzymes for oxidation of very-long-chain fatty
one part of the ATP synthase rotates relative to acids (VLCFA) and synthesis of plasmalogens (a
another part class of phospholipids where one of the FA is
o Rotation is driven by the movement of linked to glycerol by an ether linkage not an
protons ester) which are abundant in the myelin sheaths
o Electrical energy in the proton gradient is Luciferase is also a peroxisomal enzyme
transduced to mechanical energy of a Form from preexisting organelles and uses the
rotating stalk
same proteins as mitochondria
The apical end of the is asymmetric allowing
Imports preformed proteins from the cytosol
different faces of it to interact with the subunits
similar to mitochondria
causing them to adopt L/T/O conformations
Site of synthesis and degradation of hydrogen
Yoshida showed the rotation via a fluorescently
peroxide, a highly reactive and toxic oxidizing
labeled actin filament attached to the subunit
agent
Rotary devices are rare in living organisms and
Plant seedlings contain glyoxisomes which
only occurs in two instances: ATP synthases and
break down the stored FA for energy and nutrition
bacterial flagella
into carbohydrate
12 C subunits of the F 0 base is assembled into a
ring that resides within the inner membrane; C
ring is attached to the stalk Diseases
Downhill movement of protons through the Zellweger syndrome lack peroxisomal enzymes
synthase drives the rotation of the C ring which due to defects in translocation of proteins from
provides torque that drives the rotation of the the cytoplasm into the peroxisome.
subunit leading to the synthesis and release of Adrenoleukodydstrophy is caused by lack of a
ATP peroxisomal enzyme, leading to fatty acid
Proton from the intermembrane space enters accumulation in the brain and destruction of the
a half-channel within in the stationary a myelin sheath of nerve cells.
subunit
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