CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter shows the information about the practical firm that he was joining during the
practical session.

1.1 Company Profile

Figure 1.0: Company Logo

Companys Name

Practical & Consultancy Unit Surveying Science & Geomatics (UPELs)

Address
Department of Surveying Science Geomatics, Faculty of Architechture, Planning
& Surveying, University of Technology MARA (UiTM), 02600 Arau, Perlis.

Advisor
Che Senu Bin Salleh.

Contacts
Tel: 04-9874319 / Fax: 04-9862233

Offices
Advisor Office
Practical Training Processing Lab
Photogrammetry Lab
Cartography Lab
Remote Sensing Lab
Equipment Storing Lab

1
 Consultancy Services
Engineering Surveying
Hydrographic Surveying
Construction Surveying
Land Development
Photogrammetry
Topographic surveying
Global Information System (GIS) & Remote Sensing
Global Positioning System (GPS) Surveying

2
 1.2 Executive Summary

Project Name
Hydrographic Survey at Pantai Merdeka

Location
Pantai Merdeka and Tanjung Dawai, Kedah

Project aim and Objective

To measure the depth of Pantai Merdeka, to produce the bathymetric plan
Determine the depth and position using Differential Global Positioning System
Get the horizontal and vertical control of Tanjung Dawai and Pantai Merdeka

3
 1.3 SCOPE OF WORKS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY
AND FIELD DATA COLLECTION FOR PROPOSED BRIDGE FROM PANTAI
MERDEKA TO TANJUNG DAWAI

1.3.1 Scope Work

a) Hydrographic Survey

The limit of the bathymetric/hydrographic survey shall be the area enclosed by the
shoreline as shown in Diagram 2.1. Sounding interval shall be 50 m. Fix interval
must at least 10mm on final plan for submission.

b) Topographic Survey

Pantai Merdeka
Topographic detail survey of coastal strip with corridor width of the 200m from sea
high water mark edge at 50m spacing with 10m interval spot height. Detail in
Diagram 2.1.

Tanjung Dawai
Topographic detail survey of coastal strip with corridor width of the 50m from sea
high water mark edge at 50m spacing with 10m interval spot height. Detail in
Diagram 2.1.

4
Diagram 2.1: Project Site Location. Source: (Google Map 2011)

5
1.3.2 Specifications

(a) Planimetric Control:

Horizontal Control shall be carries out by the method of traversing using Total
Station.

(b) Height Control:

The height datum shall be based on the nearest Survey Departments benchmark
and shall be transferred to the site by ordinary leveling method using an automatic
level and staffs.

(c) Datum:
All survey levels shall be reduced to the Land Survey Datum (LSD).

(d) Accuracy:
Accuracy for horizontal control shall be better than 1: 8000 for linear misclose and
1 15 for bearing misclose. Accuracy for vertical control shall be 12 K mm
where K in Kilometer.

(e) Coordinate System:

Coordinate system for this work should be in CASSINI State Coordinate System.

(f) Water Level Observation

Continuous water level observation shall be recorded at an interval of 10 minutes
for entire sounding working days at one (1) location using direct reading at suitable
place nearest to working area.

(g) Echo Sounder Calibration

Echo sounder calibration should use a bar plate method and to be conducted SOD
and EOD for every sounding day.

6
(h) Weather down time and safety measures
The sounding should be aborted if sea condition is rough and unfavorable for
survey works with swell more than 1 meter. Work vest or life jacket at all-time
should be used whilst onboard survey boat.
The equipment should be installed and tidy up in a proper manner to keep more
working space and maintain the safety first environment. The equipment should be
looked after and clean up before, during and after the sounding operations to
prolong the life span of the equipment.
Student should follow instructions accordingly throughout the surveys as the
instructions would be given from time depending on site conditions as the survey
are in progressed. Fail to do so would jeopardize safety of other and equipment.
Team leader should organize the team and safety of students and equipment.
Always maintain a roll call and check equipment should be reported to the staff in
charged.
No practical joke is allowed during survey works. All students are responsible of
their safety and the equipment. Students should take safety measure seriously as
no safety training such as sea safety training is provided.
Student should attend morning/night briefing and survey work without fail unless
there is any valid reason and should inform to the staff in charged. Morning/night
briefing is to update any issue or progress as well as safety is concerned.
Students should pre-plan their work before carry out the survey as this would
minimize the potential of accident at site.
Student should wear an appropriate dress and foot ware to avoid any unseen
potential of accident.

7
1.3.3 Reference Data

a) Planimetry
Table 1.0: Control Points
Item Value
PM1 N -33111.727, E -30009.938
PM2 N -33113.791, E -29966.890
PM3 N -33131.482, E -29992.448
TD2 N -31536.285, E -29829.379
TD3 N -31519.852, E -29806.234
TD4 N -31555.263, E -29785.826

E
-30009.938 E
N -29966.89
PM
0
PM

PM
E
-29992.448

E
-29806.234
TD 3

TD 1

E
-29829.379

E
TD 4 -29785.826

8
b) Height Control

BM K0157 = 2.9m located at Jeti LKIM Tg. Dawa

BM K0938 = 5.27m located at Klinik Desa Teluk Nipah

9
 CHAPTER 2

THEORY

This chapter will explain about the theory that had been related in this practical training
for this Hydrographic surveying type.

2.1 Introduction of Hydrographic Survey

Hydrographic Survey can define as science and art that involved the
measurement which describe the parameter of water body such as sea, river and lake.
The general aim of hydrographic survey is to provide safe navigation and publication of
related information about the area to be use in navigation. The primary use of
hydrography survey is for nautical charting that requires the precise location of the
reduce depth.

Furthermore, this type of survey involved the systematic mapping of an area and
the sounding coastal information. To get the information, a lot of survey observation
needed such as traversing, leveling, detailing, tide reading and sounding. All information
from observations on area will be joining and lastly produced the plan which displays the
topography and details or survey area.

2.1.1 Hydrography Survey Objective

i. Depth determination that will be useful for coastal construction such as jetty and
bridge.
ii. Help in navigation by producing the nautical chart, where the navigator can use it
for safe navigation on oceans.
iii. Determination of datum level such as Mean Sea Level (MSL) that basically
needed as height reference for land survey.
iv. In use with related works for developing industrial area such as oil exploration.

10
2.2 Positioning Method

2.2.1 Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS)

i. Need at least 2 receivers of GPS

ii. Observe at least 4 satellites at same time
iii. One of receivers is placed at known point (base)
iv. Other receiver place at the position we want to determine(rover)

Figure 2.0: DGPS

2.2.2 Local Area Differential Global Positioning System

i. Single base station
ii. Local in nature

Figure 2.1: Local Area DGPS

11
2.2.3 Wide Area Differential Global Positioning System

i. A network of base station

ii. More global coverage

Figure 2.2: Wide Area DGPS

2.2.4 DGNSS Radio Beacon

i. Advantages

o DGPS correction can be obtained using LADGPS usually 24 hours and

users do not need to set up the receiver as a reference station.
o Accuracy 1m depends on the types of GPS
o MSK Card (format to receive the correction).

Figure 2.3: Radio Beacon

ii. Component

12
 o Reference Station: Equipped with a GPS receiver to calculate the DGPS
correction.
o Control Station: Survey to detect any damage or errors occurred and
corrects it.
o Transmitter: To transmit DGPS correction from reference or base station
to the rover (boat or vessel).
o Control Monitor: To monitor the whole system work that related with
DGNSS Radio Beacon.
o Integrity Monitor: Ensuring the correction signal is transmitted is
correction.

2.3 Sounding
i. Use for transferring height on the sea where to find the reduce depth of sounding
point to the sea bed.
ii. To find the position of point in coordinates of z. As the heights of points on
ground, the reduce depth is obtained based on Mean Sean Level (MSL).

2.3.1 Sounding Method

i. Indirect Method

This method using an Echo Sounder in measuring depth by used transducer as

the sounder. The basic principle of this concept is using the concept of wave
reflection. Basically, the wave transmit is in two way signals.

TRANSDUSER

WAVE

SEABED

Figure 2.4: Sounding

13
2.3.2 Sounding Lines

There are 2 types of sounding lines available in bathymetric survey which are principal /
regular lines and check / cross lines. Principle line is made to cover the proposed survey
area for bathymetric plan production. The interval between principal lines is based on the
client requirement.

Figure 2.5: Sounding Line

2.3.3 Echo Sounder

i. It measures the time taken for a pulse of sound to travel to the seafloor and
return.

Figure 2.6: Echo Sounder Operation

14
2.3.4 Bar Check

i. Bar checks remains the most popular method of calibrating boats single beam
echo sounders for use in shallow water.
ii. It is simple and relatively inexpensive and entails suspending an acoustically bar
or target at known depths below an echo sounder transducer.
iii. The target is usually a metal bar.
iv. Calibration of transducer is needed because the changes in the density of water
and temperature for accurate data where claimed by the manufacturer over 1m.
In our transducers calibration, we use the range between 1m to 7m to test
whether the wave damped in the density of sea water and temperature was
accurate or not.

Figure 2.7: Bar Check

15
2.4 Datum

2.4.1 Land Survey Datum

i. Use for engineering project.

ii. Use vertical datum for establish BM.
iii. LSD is different with MSL because to establish BM need to refer MSL at Port
Kelang.
iv. Reduced sounding can merge with land details refer to vertical datum from
established BM.
v. MSL is different at each location.

Example
2.4.2 ChartforDatum
Reduced Depth Calculation:

This datum is adopted by the national authority for its published chart and tidal
predictions.
This datum used for tidal observation.
Chart datum is different at each location.
It will be the same as Sounding Datum when the Hydrographic Office has
analysed the survey data and confirmed the suitability of field surveyors choice.
International Hydrographic Bureau (IHB) has defined Chart Datum as a level
below which the tide will but seldom fall.
Chart datum is normally established at MSL if in non-tidal waters condition.

2.4.3 Tide
Tide means the prediction of rise and fall of the depth in the sea. It caused by the
gravitational forces of moon and sun. Basically, tidal observation are used in
Figure 2.10: Reduced Tide
hydrographic survey
TBM to reduce the sounding depth by refer to the vertical datum such as
(RL = 1.857m)
Mean Sea Level or Land Survey Datum and produced of tidal prediction.

Observation Depth=4.570m, Tide

Tide Reading = 0.857m
Reading

Therefore, Reduced Tide = RL refer LSD Tide Reading Water Surface

2.5 Method Calculation Reduced Observation Depth
RL refer LSD
= 1.857m Depth
0.857m
Reduced Tide
= 1m

LSD

So, Reduced Depth = Obsevation Depth Reduced Tide

16
Reduced Depth
= 4.570m 1m = 3.570m
Seabed
 CHAPERT 3

17
 PERSONNEL AND EQUIPMENT

This chapter explains the fieldwork member and the instrument that had been used to
from the survey.

3.1 Personnel

1) Muhamad Ridzuan Bin Mohd Talhah

2) Muhammad Shahrullah Bin Mohd Saifullah
3) Wan Ahmad Hilmi Bin Wan Omar
4) Zulhilmi Bin Bakar
5) Muhammad Asyraf Bin Azmi
6) Khairul Akmal Bin Hamir Husin

3.2 Equipment for Hydrographic Survey

Trimble 132 (Receiver) + GPS Antenna

18
 Figure 3.0

12 Channel GPS receiver

Two Programmable RS232 Serial Ports (for RTCM SC-104 input and NMEA
0183 output)
Enable to communicate with telemetry link and real time hydrographic navigation
and data acquisition.

Function:

Trimble 132: It is a user segment for GPS system which is composed of an antenna,
tuned to the frequencies transmitted by satellites, receiver processors, and a highly-
stable clock. It provides position for the user.

GPS Antenna: A device which transmits signals from GPS satellites.

Transducer

Function: A transducer as a plate in contact with

water. It mounted on the ships hull and changes
electrical energy to mechanical energy by vibrating
in short pulses.

Figure 3.1

Laptop

Function: A medium to configure the application

before the sounding survey, to guide the vessels

19
 movement during the sounding and to process
sounding data after the survey.

Figure 3.2

Generator

Function: A power supply during the sounding

survey which generates power to the echo sounder
and all electrical base equipment use d on the boat.

Figure 3.3

Bracket

Function: It uses to brace the transducer holder

tightly to the boat.

Figure 3.4

Bar Check Plate

Function: It is used to perform bar check

calibration of the echo sounder depth readings. It
can be set over a range of depth below an echo
sounder transducer to be measured the depth to be

20
 compared with the fixed length of the chain
attached to it.

Figure 3.5

Tape with Plumbob

Function: The use of this equipment is the same

as a tide pole which used to measure the tide from
an establish TBM with known RL at a stable
location. Tape also used to measure height of
instrument and target.

Figure 3.6

ODOM HYDROTRACK (Echo Sounder)

21
 Figure 3.7

Frequency- 200kHz (standard) 210,40, and 33kHz (optional)

Output power 600 Watts
Power requirement-11-28 VDC (standard) 110/220 VDC (optional)
Ports-2 (RS232 or RS422)
Features:
8.5 thermal printer fax paper
LCD display (1high)
Sealed keypad controls
Manual/remote mark command
Auto scale change (phasing)
GPS input
Heave input from motion sensor
Annotation printed on chart
Auto pulse length AGG and TVG
Output: NMEA, ECHOTRACK
Waterproof
Lightweight 14.5 kg
Resolution 0.1 feet
Controls
Sensitivity
Chart ON/OFF and Advance
Event mark
Transmit Power (High/Med/Low)
Touch pad setting
Draft and Velocity
Time and date
Chart Width and center
Blanking
Calibration Gate
Fix interval

3.3 Equipment for Traverse and Details

Figure 3.8: Equipment

22
 CHAPTER 4

PROCEDURES OF WORK

23
This chapter explains about how the fieldwork is carrying out during work on site for
Hydrographic survey and to make sure the work going smoothly.

4.1 Planning

We have prepared all necessary work planned and the same time we ensure that all the
logistic and survey instrument being checked and tested for its accuracy. There are
several planning that we have been through:

i. Reconnaissance the location to know the topographic detail or manmade detail

of the place and find a suitable station where the traverse line will make up.
ii. Find the control point (Planimetry) on the site location.
iii. After we determined the three suitable datum on the site, traverse and detailing
work can be start.
iv. Make an instrument list that to be brought during the observation.
v. Search for the nearest bench mark (BM) from the purpose lot to do vertical
control.

All necessary documents and instrument were brought together during the observation.

4.2 Horizontal Control

At Pantai Merdeka

a) The datum line for the traverse has been chosen starting from the STN 3 (PM3)
and the total station is set up on it.
b) A prism is set up at STN 2 (PM2) and the other prism is set up at STN 1 (PM1).

24
 c) The observation started with bearing, 551834 as back bearing. Then, read
bearing and distance for forward bearing on STN 3. Those readings of the line
recorded in the field book.
d) After finished at STN 3, the instrument moved to the other station. The step
above is then, repeated for station 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 (Booking
Traverse can refer on Appendix 4).

At Tanjung Dawai

a) The datum line for the traverse has been chosen starting from the STN 2 (Pkt.)
and the total station is set up on it.
b) A prism is set up at STN 1 (TD4) and the other prism is set up at STN 3 (Pkt.).
c) The observation started with bearing, 600750 as back bearing. Then, read
bearing and distance for forward bearing on STN 3. Those readings of the line
recorded in the field book.
d) After finished at STN 2, the instrument moved to the other station. The step
above is then, repeated for station 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 (Booking
Traverse can refer on Appendix 4).

4.2 Bar Check Calibration

1) The echo sounder warmed.

2) The draft measured by measuring tape.
3) Draft setting and sound velocity set using the best estimate.
4) Bar check plate lowered until it is up and down the transducer.
5) The bar set at 1m. The echo trace read 0.97m
6) The bar lowered to the deepest setting of 7m. The echo trace read 7.06m.
7) The bar raised 1m intervals (7m, 6m, 5m, 4m, 3m, 2m and 1m respectively) and

25
 the intermediate readings checked.
8) The draft setting and the sound velocity on the trace recorded (Result can refer
on Appendix 5)

4.3 Vertical Control

(a) Set up the level between back sight (BS) and foresight (FS) at the some
convenient position (center of line).
(b) Starts leveling from BM. This starting point would be the first BS.
(c) The final sight from this instrument is called the foresight (FS).
(d) Move the level to the new position and repeat the process. The final staff position
must at TBM. All leveling fieldwork must start and finish at a bench mark to detect
errors in the leveling.

4.4 Tide Measurement

1) Rise and fall measurement taken using tape with (weightier) plumbob tied at
it.This measurement reading taken simultaneously with sounding work. Tide
measurement is started when the boat is ready to do the sounding.
2) The measuring tape with plumbob drop to the water surface and the observer
adjust the tape whether up or down.
3) The reading of tide observation read from the tape on TBM station.
4) The interval of reading taken is 10 minutes.
5) Reduce tide:
REDUCE TIDE = TBM VALUE- OBSEVATION TIDE

4.5 Position and Navigation

1) Set up all instrument for sounding on the boat.

2) The vessel dimension is measured and fills in vessel configuration located in
HydroPro software.
3) The location of Transducer and GPS receiver on the boat is to be filling in
equipment configuration in that software.
4) After complete do the configuration in HydroPro and do the bar check calibration,

26
 the HydroPro is logged on and the boat move to the cross line by refers to Plan
View window display by the monitor (laptop).
5) Press F6 to start sounding. Press the button when boat at SOL.
6) The movement of the boat is then were control by the monitor. Press F12 move
to the next line.
7) The depth is observed through the line by echo sounder and at same time, the
depth traced on the echo traced monitored to make sure the depths are
continuously observed.
8) The sounding process continues line by line until line 25.

4.6 GPS Setup at Boat

27
 Figure 4.0: GPS Setup

4.7 Detailing Surveying

28
Details is taken from the control station is to describe the various features that located in
the survey area such trees, spot height and others.

Procedures:

The total stations set up on the STN 3 and a prism set up on STN 2. The height
of instruments measured and recorded into each total station memory. The data
that we measuring is slope distance and vertical angle. Before saving the data,
measure height of instrument, height of target.
For STN 3, the back bearing set to STN 2. The mini pole with mini prism brought
to any natural or man-made feature on the survey area to be located by the
observer on the known station as a detail.
Besides, the instrument height is and others information included in the total
station are point code, point number and height of target. After the entire
information key in at total station. So that, we are press SD button to measure
the details. The information observed is horizontal and vertical angle, horizontal
distance and height different. From this information, the position (X, Y and height)
of each detail point can be inserted by CDS software.
The step above is repeated for other stations like STN 4, 5 and so on.

4.8 Data Processing

29
 Figure 4.1: Processing

4.9 Conclusion

30
4.9.1 Flow of Fieldwork

31
 Reconnaissance & Planning
Preparation before field work

Traversing, Leveling and Detailing

Tide measurement, Bar Check Calibration and Sounding

Processing Data: HydroPro, NavEdit, CDS, Terramodel and AutoCad

Bathymetric Plan

32
 Figure 4.2: Flow of Work

4.9.2 Flow of Software Use

33
 HYDROpro Navigation - Creating file for project - Preparing the sounding
T-Com

HYDROpro (NAV Edit) - Insert data tide - Reduce data chart datum (
Civil D

TerraModel - Clash

AutoCAD - Processing

Figure 4.3: Flow of Software

4.9.3 Processing Work

34
 HYDROpro (NAV Edit) - Insert data tide - Reduce data chart datum (

TerraModel - Clash - Level Depth

AutoCAD - Processing - Editing - Frame

Figure 4.4: Processing

35
 CHAPTER 5

RESULT & ANALYSIS

This chapter will explain about the overall calculation and analysis of the procedures of
work.

5.1 Quotation of the Project

Sounding line : 25 lines

Distance : 0.2 KM

Sounding line per KM : 25 x 0.2 = 5 KM

Total Sounding line in KM : 5 + 1.340 =6.340 KM

Table 5.0: Quotation

Item Description Quotation Price

Mobilation and demobilization (man

1 RM3000
power and equipment)

Vertical datum and tide during

2 RM1000
sounding operation
Sounding operation 6.340 KM x
3 RM3170
RM500
4 Processing and editing RM3000
5 Reporting RM1000
6 Detail (base on area) RM2000
Total RM13170

36
5.2 Horizontal Control

5.2.1 Pantai Merdeka

Table 5.1: Traverse Adjustment at Pantai Merdeka
Figure 5.0: Traverse at Pantai Merdeka
5.2.2 Tanjung Dawai

Table 5.2: Traverse Adjustment at Tanjung Dawai

Figure 5.1: Traverse at Tanjung Dawai
5.3 Vertical Control

5.31 Pantai Merdeka

Table 5.3: Leveling from BM to TBM

CP BS FS RL correction adj RL
2.249 bm 5.274
0.0002658 6.97973
1 2.365 0.543 1.706 6.98
2 4
0.0005316 8.86546
2 2.205 0.479 1.886 8.866
5 8
0.0007974
3 1.705 0.574 1.631 10.497 10.4962
7
0.0010632
4 1.86 1.046 0.659 11.156 11.15494
9
12.0426
5 1.952 0.972 0.888 12.044 0.00132911
7
0.0015949 12.9004
6 2.143 1.094 0.858 12.902
4 1
0.0018607 14.1471
7 2.118 0.896 1.247 14.149
6 4
0.0021265 15.3418
8 2.26 0.923 1.195 15.344
8 7
0.0023924 16.9646
9 2.482 0.637 1.623 16.967
1 1
0.0026582 18.9443
10 2.353 0.502 1.98 18.947
3 4
0.0029240 20.7570
11 2.671 0.54 1.813 20.76
5 8
0.0031898 23.0078
12 2.37 0.42 2.251 23.011
7 1
25.0075
13 2.224 0.37 2 25.011 0.0034557
4
0.0037215 26.8092
14 2.195 0.422 1.802 26.813
2 8
0.0039873 28.5730
15 2.15 0.431 1.764 28.577
4 1
0.0042531 28.8777
16 0.614 1.845 0.305 28.882
6 5
0.0045189 27.4524
17 0.846 2.039 -1.425 27.457
9 8
18 0.684 2.19 -1.344 26.113 0.0047848 26.1082
 1 2
0.0050506 24.3279
19 0.405 2.464 -1.78 24.333
3 5
0.0053164 22.1066
20 0.366 2.626 -2.221 22.112
6 8
0.0055822 20.0074
21 0.399 2.465 -2.099 20.013
8 2
18.1051
22 0.36 2.301 -1.902 18.111 0.0058481
5
16.4598
23 0.775 2.005 -1.645 16.466 0.00611392
9
0.0063797 15.3066
24 0.78 1.928 -1.153 15.313
5 2
0.0066455 14.0953
25 0.749 1.991 -1.211 14.102
7 5
12.9040
26 0.804 1.94 -1.191 12.911 0.00691139
9
0.0071772
27 0.622 2.004 -1.2 11.711 11.70382
2
0.0074430 10.2915
28 0.685 2.034 -1.412 10.299
4 6
0.0077088 9.20529
29 0.687 1.771 -1.086 9.213
6 1
0.0079746 8.47602
30 1.064 1.416 -0.729 8.484
8 5
0.0082405 7.56575
31 0.415 1.974 -0.91 7.574
1 9
0.0085063 6.05549
32 0.947 1.925 -1.51 6.064
3 4
0.0087721 5.78322
33 1.391 1.219 -0.272 5.792
5 8
0.0090379 5.97396
34 1.44 1.2 0.191 5.983
7 2
6.01969
35 0.826 1.394 0.046 6.029 0.0093038
6
0.0095696
36 0.684 2.524 -1.698 4.331 4.32143
2
0.0098354 3.58916
37 1.267 1.416 -0.732 3.599
4 5
0.0101012 3.39989
38 1.341 1.456 -0.189 3.41
7 9
0.0103670 3.44963
39 1.465 1.291 0.05 3.46
9 3
0.0106329 4.05336
40 1.782 0.861 0.604 4.064
1 7
41 1.325 1.87 -0.088 3.976 0.0108987 3.96510
 3 1
3.79983
42 1.585 1.49 tbm -0.165 3.811 0.01116456 TBM
5
43 0.955 1.105 0.48 4.291 0.01143038 4.27957
3.47430
44 1.28 1.76 -0.805 3.486 0.0116962
4
3.41403
45 1.38 1.34 -0.06 3.426 0.01196203
8
0.0122278
46 1.335 1.282 0.098 3.524 3.511772
5
0.0124936 3.79150
47 2.355 1.055 0.28 3.804
7 6
0.0127594 5.52824
48 1.818 0.618 1.737 5.541
9 1
0.0130253 6.06597
49 1.223 1.28 0.538 6.079
2 5
6.05870
50 1.238 1.23 -0.007 6.072 0.01329114
9
0.0135569 5.88244
51 1.61 1.414 -0.176 5.896
6 3
0.0138227 6.73217
52 2.16 0.76 0.85 6.746
8 7
0.0140886
53 1.525 0.681 1.479 8.225 8.210911
1
0.0143544 8.55564
54 2.005 1.18 0.345 8.57
3 6
0.0146202 10.0583
55 3.452 0.502 1.503 10.073
5 8
0.0148860
56 3.252 0.585 2.867 12.94 12.92511
8
15.6688
57 2.576 0.508 2.744 15.684 0.0151519
5
0.0154177 17.1665
58 2.285 1.078 1.498 17.182
2 8
0.0156835 18.9493
59 2.341 0.502 1.783 18.965
4 2
0.0159493 20.5560
60 2.174 0.734 1.607 20.572
7 5
0.0162151 22.1247
61 2.264 0.605 1.569 22.141
9 8
0.0164810 23.5035
62 2.836 0.885 1.379 23.52
1 2
0.0167468 25.5352
63 2.664 0.804 2.032 25.552
4 5
0.0170126 27.2749
64 2.155 0.924 1.74 27.292
6 9
 0.0172784 28.3807
65 1.05 1.049 1.106 28.398
8 2
27.3494
66 0.481 2.081 -1.031 27.367 0.0175443
6
0.0178101 25.4251
67 1.064 2.405 -1.924 25.443
3 9
0.0180759 23.9489
68 0.98 2.54 -1.476 23.967
5 2
0.0183417 22.2846
69 0.644 2.644 -1.664 22.303
7 6
0.0186075 20.3763
70 0.407 2.552 -1.908 20.395
9 9
0.0188734 18.0971
71 0.306 2.686 -2.279 18.116
2 3
0.0191392 15.8978
72 0.746 2.505 -2.199 15.917
4 6
0.0194050 14.2095
73 0.678 2.434 -1.688 14.229
6 9
0.0196708 12.6623
74 0.806 2.225 -1.547 12.682
9 3
0.0199367
75 0.878 1.971 -1.165 11.517 11.49706
1
0.0202025
76 0.52 1.95 -1.072 10.445 10.4248
3
0.0204683 8.50953
77 0.484 2.435 -1.915 8.53
5 2
0.0207341 6.58426
78 0.881 2.409 -1.925 6.605
8 6
79 2.191 -1.31 5.295 0.021 5.274
114.418 114.397 0.021
5.3.2 Tanjung Dawai

Table 5.4: Leveling from BM to TBM

BACKSIGN INTERMIDIE FORESIGH HIGH OF REDUC

RISE FALL DISTANCE COMMENT
T T T COLLIMATION E LEVEL
0.133 2.944 BM
1.194 1.234 1.101 1.843
1.382 1.312 0.118 1.725
1.462 1.443 0.061 1.664
1.381 1.524 0.062 1.602
1.368 1.430 0.049 1.553
1.299 1.344 0.024 1.577
1.477 1.228 0.071 1.648
1.500 1.374 0.103 1.751
1.357 1.563 0.063 1.688
1.364 1.386 0.029 1.659
1.483 1.398 0.034 1.625
1.384 1.301 0.182 1.807
1.351 1.364 0.020 1.827
1.228 1.475 0.124 1.703
1.311 1.445 0.217 1.486
1.395 1.475 0.164 1.322
1.382 1.126 0.269 1.591
1.500 1.324 0.058 1.649
1.484 1.273 0.227 1.876
1.503 0.019 1.857 TBM
 Table 5.5: Leveling from TBM to BM

HIGH OF REDUCE
BACKSIGNT INTERMIDIET FORESIGHT RISE FALL DISTANCE COMMENT
COLLIMATION LEVEL
1.487 1.857 TBM
1.196 1.479 0.008 1.865
1.362 1.456 0.260 1.605
1.429 1.517 0.155 1.450
1.468 1.537 0.108 1.342
1.467 1.233 0.235 1.577
1.512 1.328 0.139 1.716
1.613 1.604 0.092 1.624
1.334 1.582 0.031 1.655
1.451 1.373 0.039 1.616
1.459 1.393 0.058 1.674
1.374 1.343 0.116 1.790
1.224 1.452 0.078 1.712
1.541 1.465 0.241 1.471
1.330 1.397 0.144 1.615
1.488 1.412 0.082 1.533
1.409 1.363 0.125 1.658
1.689 1.484 0.075 1.583
1.563 1.546 0.143 1.726
0.339 1.224 2.950 BM

53.831 53.825 1.093 1.087

-53.825 -1.087
=0.006 =0.006 =0.006
12 K 12 2 =16.971 =0.017
5.4 Reduced Tide

Reduced Tide = RL Refer LSD Observation Tide

Table 5.6: Reduced Tide on 14/9/2011

No. Time Tide Reading Reduced Tide LSD Value

1 10.30 AM 1.907 - 0.05m 1.857m
2 10.40 AM 1.817 0.04m
3 10.50 AM 1.657 0.20m Date
4 11.00 AM 1.547 0.31m 14/9/2011
5 11.10 AM 1.447 0.41m
6 11.20 AM 1.357 0.50m
7 11.30 AM 1.247 0.61m
8 11.40 AM 1.237 0.62m
9 11. 50 AM 1.157 0.70m
10 12.00 PM 1.047 0.81m
11 12.10 PM 0.987 0.87m
12 12.20 PM 0.887 0.97m
13 12.30 PM 0.747 1.11m
14 12.40 PM 0.727 1.13m
15 12.50 PM 0.717 1.14m
16 1.00 PM 0.677 1.18m
17 1.10 PM 0.657 1.20m
18 1.20 PM 0.627 1.23m
 Table 5.7: Reduced Tide on 15/9/2011

No. Time Tide Reading Reduced Tide LSD Value

1 9.00 AM 2.800 -0.94m 1.857m
2 9.10 AM 2.750 -0.89m
3 9.20 AM 2.701 -0.84m
4 9.30 AM 2.660 -0.80m Date
5 9.40 AM 2.650 -0.79m 15/9/2011
6 9.50 AM 2.57 -0.71m
7 10.00 AM 2.51 -0.65m
8 10.10 AM 2.46 -0.60m
9 10.20 AM 2.35 -0.49m
10 10.30 AM 2.256 - 0.40m
11 10.40 AM 2.18 -0.32m
12 10.50 AM 2.054 -0.20m
13 11.00 AM 1.950 -0.09m
14 11.10 AM 1.856 0.00m
15 11.20 AM 1.734 0.12m
16 11.30 AM 1.632 0.23m
17 11.40 AM 1.552 0.30m
18 11. 50 AM 1.486 0.37m
19 12.00 PM 1.432 0.42m
20 12.10 PM 1.326 0.53m
21 12.20 PM 1.262 0.59m
22 12.30 PM 1.240 0.62m
23 12.40 PM 1.126 0.73m
5.5 Bar Check Result

Figure 5.2: Bar Check Resul

5.6 Final Product

Figure 5.3: Bathymetric Plan

 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

This chapter will explain about the conclusion, comment and suggestion in the job that
had been done.

6.1 Conclusion

Based on the practical in Pantai Merdeka, I can conclude that this kind of survey need to
properly planning because it involves a big amount of cost. So, it is proper to do the
hydrographic planning before do this kind of work. Then, this hydrographic survey also
did not only involve the measurement of depth and the reading of tide only, but also
involve the traversing, levelling and detailing. Besides that, the involvement of the DGPS
at measurement point is important to ensure the boat move on the line by use the
monitor that located in the boat. Not that all, the cooperation between groups is
important to finish the work in Pantai Merdeka and Tanjung Dawai. After all the work had
finish, then, the data need to be processed and the common software that been use to
process the data is HydroPro, CDS, Terramodel and AutoCad. Then, lastly the
bathymetric plan can be produce.

6.2 Comment

Based on the practical that was held by UITM in Pantai Merdeka, I believe a lot of
students get enough knowledge about the procedure of the hydrography survey and the
data processing. By the guidance of our advisor, the flowing of the work is really proper.
We spend time together by doing the data processing at night after spend the whole day
do the hydrographic survey. Of all, I am satisfied with this practical.
6.3 Suggestion

It is better to make the period of hydrography survey practical longer to make sure
student more understand the procedure.
APPENDIX 1
MANUAL
HYDROPRO
NAVIGATION
APPENDIX 2
NAV EDIT
MANUAL
APPENDIX 3
TERRAMODEL
MANUAL
APPENDIX 4
TRAVERSE
APPENDIX 5
BAR CHECK
RESULT
 APPENDIX 6
FINAL PRODUCT
 Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1..................................................................................................................... 1

INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Company Profile................................................................................................1

1.2 Executive Summary...........................................................................................3

1.3 SCOPE OF WORKS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR HYDROGRAPHIC

SURVEY AND FIELD DATA COLLECTION FOR PROPOSED BRIDGE FROM
PANTAI MERDEKA TO TANJUNG DAWAI...................................................................4

1.3.1 Scope Work................................................................................................4

1.3.2 Specifications..............................................................................................6

1.3.3 Reference Data...........................................................................................8

CHAPTER 2................................................................................................................... 10

THEORY........................................................................................................................ 10

2.1 Introduction of Hydrographic Survey................................................................10

2.1.1 Hydrography Survey Objective.................................................................10

2.2 Positioning Method...........................................................................................11

2.2.1 Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS).........................................11

2.2.2 Local Area Differential Global Positioning System.....................................11

2.2.3 Wide Area Differential Global Positioning System.....................................12

2.2.4 DGNSS Radio Beacon..............................................................................12

2.3 Sounding..........................................................................................................13

2.3.1 Sounding Method......................................................................................13

2.3.2 Sounding Lines.........................................................................................14

2.3.3 Echo Sounder...........................................................................................14

2.3.4 Bar Check.................................................................................................15

 2.4 Datum.............................................................................................................. 16

2.4.1 Land Survey Datum..................................................................................16

2.4.2 Chart Datum.............................................................................................16

2.4.3 Tide........................................................................................................... 16

2.5 Method Calculation Reduced Depth.............................................................17

CHAPERT 3................................................................................................................... 18

PERSONNEL AND EQUIPMENT...................................................................................18

3.1 Personnel.........................................................................................................18

3.2 Equipment for Hydrographic Survey................................................................19

3.3 Equipment for Traverse and Details.................................................................23

CHAPTER 4................................................................................................................... 24

PROCEDURES OF WORK............................................................................................24

4.1 Planning........................................................................................................... 24

4.2 Horizontal Control............................................................................................25

4.2 Bar Check Calibration......................................................................................26

4.3 Vertical Control................................................................................................26

4.4 Tide Measurement...........................................................................................26

4.5 Position and Navigation...................................................................................27

4.6 GPS Setup at Boat...........................................................................................28

4.7 Detailing Surveying..........................................................................................29

4.8 Data Processing...............................................................................................30

4.9 Conclusion.......................................................................................................31

4.9.1 Flow of Fieldwork......................................................................................31

4.9.2 Flow of Software Use................................................................................32

4.9.3 Processing Work.......................................................................................33

CHAPTER 5................................................................................................................... 34

RESULT & ANALYSIS....................................................................................................34

5.1 Quotation of the Project...................................................................................34

5.2 Horizontal Control...........................................................................................35

5.2.1 Pantai Merdeka...........................................................................................35

5.2.2 Tanjung Dawai.............................................................................................37

5.3 Vertical Control...............................................................................................39

5.3.2 Tanjung Dawai..........................................................................................41

5.4 Reduced Tide.................................................................................................43

5.5 Bar Check Result.............................................................................................45

5.6 Final Product....................................................................................................46

CHAPTER 6................................................................................................................... 47

CONCLUSION............................................................................................................... 47

6.1 Conclusion.......................................................................................................47

6.2 Comment......................................................................................................... 47

6.3 Suggestion.......................................................................................................48
 List of Appendixes
APPENDIX 1 MANUAL HYDROPRO NAVIGATION............................................49

APPENDIX 2 NAV EDIT MANUAL......................................................................50

APPENDIX 3 TERRAMODEL MANUAL..............................................................51

APPENDIX 4 TRAVERSE...................................................................................52

APPENDIX 5 BAR CHECK RESULT...................................................................53

APPENDIX 6 FINAL PRODUCT..........................................................................54