Professional Documents
Culture Documents
? ?
R
NAME
NRIC
Teacher
Appreciation 1
Objectives 2
Introduction 3
PART 1 4
PART 2 18
PART 3 24
Further Exploration 27
Conclusion 33
Reflection 34
First and foremost, Alhamdulillah ya Allah, thank you for giving me the opportunity to finish this project
work. I would like to say thank you for the will that I had provided with. A very special thank you to Puan Siti
Zubaidah Mohamed, our additional mathematics teacher as well as my parent who give me support and the finance.
Thank you Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider the person which ͚created͛ the internet, without the internet I will
not be able to finish this project. Moreover, the internet is free. Thank you to all my friends. A special thank you to
all 5 Kenanga students. They are my classmates who involved in this project as we work together as a secondary
family. We do practise teamwork.
Not forgetting those people who had helped me with or without my knowledge or even by coincidences.
Thank you.
We students taking Additional Mathematics are required to carry out a project work while we in Form 5. This
year the Curriculum Development Division, Ministry of Education has prepared for tasks for us. We are to
choose and complete ONLY one task based on our area of interest. This project can be done can be done in
groups or individually, but each of us are expected to submit an individually written report. Upon completion of
the Additional Mathematics Project Work, we are to gain valuable experiences and able to :
4. experience classroom environments where expressing ones mathematical thinking, reasoning and
communication are highly encouraged and expected
6. acquire effective mathematical communication through oral and writing, and to use the language of
mathematics to express mathematical ideas correctly and precisely
9. realise that mathematics is an important and powerful tool in solving real-life problems and hence
develop positive attitude towards mathematics.
Ñy the 18th century, the term "statistics" designated the systematic collection of demographic and economic
data by states. In the early 19th century, the meaning of "statistics" broadened, then including the discipline
concerned with the collection, summary, and analysis of data. Today statistics is widely employed in
government, business, and all the sciences. Electronic computers have expedited statistical computation, and
have allowed statisticians to develop "computer-intensive" methods.
The term "mathematical statistics" designates the mathematical theories of probability and statistical
inference, which are used in statistical practice. The relation between statistics and probability theory
developed rather late, however. In the 19th century, statistics increasingly used probability theory, whose
initial results were found in the 17th and 18th centuries, particularly in the analysis of games of chance
(gambling). Ñy 1800, astronomy used probability models and statistical theories, particularly the method of
least squares, which was invented by Legendre and Gauss. Early probability theory and statistics was
systematized and extended by Laplace; following Laplace, probability and statistics have been in continual
development. In the 19th century, social scientists used statistical reasoning and probability models to
advance the new sciences of experimental psychology and sociology; physical scientists used statistical
reasoning and probability models to advance the new sciences of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics.
The development of statistical reasoning was closely associated with the development of inductive logic and
the scientific method.
Statistics is not a field of mathematics but an autonomous mathematical science, like computer science or
operations research. Unlike mathematics, statistics had its origins in public administration and maintains a
special concern with demography and economics. Ñeing concerned with the scientific method and inductive
logic, statistical theory has close association with the philosophy of science; with its emphasis on learning
from data and making best predictions, statistics has great overlap with the decision science and
microeconomics. With its concerns with data, statistics has overlap with information science and computer
science.
Statistics and index numbers are widely used in economics and even in our daily life.
You are required to carry out a survey on four different items based on the following categories i.e. food, detergent
and stationery. The survey should be done in three different shops.
FOOD
ANSWER
Blue-Key Self-Rising Flour 1kg 4.29 3.80 4.25
FOOD CSR Sugar 2kg 3.30 3.30 3.30
Buttercup Spread 250g 4.29 4.25 4.29
Nutriplus Omega-3 Gred A 1 dozen 4.49 3.93 4.29
!
p ! p£ 3 p p!
Kiwi Kleen Flour Cleaner super 10.99 8.90 8.90
active 2 litres
Detergent Vanish liquid Stain Remover 1litres 11.98 13.95 11.90
DAIA Powder Detergent Floral 5kg 18.99 16.95 24.90
Softlan Floral Fantasy 2 litres 6.99 6.29 7.05
!
R3 £ R £ £
Faber-castle Dust-free eraser 3s 1.99 2.40 2.50
Stationery Paper Mate 7ml 1s 5.80 5.90 6.5
Stabilo ballpen828nfine 4s blue 3.49 3.80 3.80
UHU glue 50ml 2s 2.49 2.80 2.80
!
p! pR p£
"
! 3R R3
ANSWER
4.5
0.5
0
25
24.90
20
Flour cleaner (2 litres)
18.99
16.95 Stain Remover ( 1 litres)
15
Powder detergent ( 5 kg)
13.95 Clothes softener
11.98
10 11.9
10.99 8.90 6.29
8.90
5 6.99 7.05
0
6 6.50
5.80 5.90
5
Eraser ( 3 pieces)
4
Liquid paper correction
3.80
3.49 3.80 Ballpen (4 pieces)
3
2.80 Liquid glue ( 50ml)
2.49 2.80
2 2.40
1.99 2.50
0
52 £ £
50
48 R3 £
!
"
46
R
44
42
Giant Econsave Carrefour
15.5
15.60
15
14.5 14.90
Total prices for stationery
14 categoy (RM)
13.5 13.77
13
12.5
Giant Econsave Carrefour
40
30
20 p ! p£ 3 p p! p£
p! pR
10
0
" #
ANSWER
Based on the graphs, the prices for detergents is the highest compared to the other categories among the
shops. Giant sold stationery at the lowest prices while Econsave sold detergents and foods at the lowest prices. The
prices for sugars among all three shops are the same at RM3.30. This may be due to controlled prices for sugar.
The chart below shows the conclusion based on the chart above,
79.09= 33%
84.48= 35% Giant
Econsave
Carrefour
76.27= 32%
ANSWER
The item that has a large price difference among the shops is DAIA Powder Detergent Floral 5kg,
The mean,
σܠ
ഥൌ
࢞
ࡺ
ͳͺǤͻͻ ͳǤͻͷ ʹͶǤͻͲ
ݔҧ ൌ
͵
ͲǤͺͶ
ݔҧ ൌ
͵
ഥ ൌ ࡾࡹǤ ૡ
࢞
The variance,
σ࢞
iൌඨ ഥ ሻ
െ ሺ࢞
ࡺ
ߪ ൌ ξͶʹʹǤͶ െ ͶͳͳǤʹͺ
ߪ ൌ ξͳͳǤ͵
i ൌ Ǥ ૠ
The price of DAIA Powder Detergent Floral 5kg at Carrefour supermarket has a high prices difference. This may be
due to the rental prices for the location of the store might be high. A high rental cost will results in increase of the
prices of the item. It is also as a market strategy. As many people buy the product, the cost of the product will
increase to gain its own profit. Despite that, many people does not concern about the price as the item may be a
trusted brand. The item has a higher quality of the same item of different brands. The store also located in a housing
area. The people who live in the area would go to the store as it located near their houses. The demands for the
item may be high.
ANSWER
"
$
%
&
&
p
Self-raising flour 250g 0.90 0.95
Sugar 200g 0.35 0.33
Butter 250g 3.30 4.25
Eggs 5 eggs (300g) 1.25 1.64
є=5.80 є=7.17
'( p
ۿ
ൌ ܆
ۿ
ͲǤͻͷ
ൌ ͳͲͲ
ͲǤͻͲ
ൌ Ǥ
For sugar,
ͲǤ͵͵
ൌ ͳͲͲ
ͲǤ͵ͷ
ൌ ૢǤ ૢ
For butter,
ͶǤʹͷ
ൌ ͳͲͲ
͵Ǥ͵Ͳ
ൌ ૡǤ ૠૢ
For eggs,
ͳǤͶ
ൌ ͳͲͲ
ͳǤʹͷ
ൌ Ǥ
(i) Calculate the price index for each of the ingredients in Table 2 for the year 2010 based on year
2009.
(ii) Calculate the composite index for making a butter cake in the year 2010 based on the year
2009. Discuss how you obtained your answers.
(iii) In the year 2009, the butter cake was sold at RM15.00 each. Suggest a suitable selling price for
the butter cake in the year 2010. Give reasons for your answer.
ANSWER
"
$
%
)
&
"
) *
ൌ
ࢌ ሺ࢞ሻ
ࢀ࢝ ሺσ࢞ሻ
To calculate the composite index of the ingredients, the weightage of the ingredients is needed. Table 2.2 shows the
value of the weightage.
σ
ҧ ൌ
σ
ͳͳǤͺͲͷͷ
ҧ ൌ
ͳ
ҧ ൌ Ǥ ૡ
ࢌ
࢙
࢞ ൌ ࢄ
ࢌૢ
ݕ
ͳͳǤͺͲͷͷ ൌ ܺͳͲͲ
ͳͷ
ͳͳǤͺͲͷͷ
ݕൌ ܺͳͷ
ͳͲͲ
࢟ ൌp £
Hence, the price for a butter cake in the year 2010 is RM17.52. It is reasonable for the increased in the price sold as
the cost for making a butter cake had increased.
(ii) Work in groups to determine the number of air conditioners with the appropriate
capacity required for your library.
(iii) If your class intends to sponsor one air conditioner for the school library, how many
butter cakes must your class sell in order to buy the air conditioner?
ANSWER
In choosing a suitable air conditioner, several factors should be ensured, that is, the size of the room, the
cooling capacity of the air conditioner, the power of the air conditioner, the condition of the room and the usage of
the room. Never install an air conditioner according to horse-power rating. This is because, British Thermal Unit
(BTU) is the actual rating. A regular usage such as for bedroom uses an air conditioner of 5 000 BTU/hr. A more
crowded room should be installed ranges between 36 500BTU/hr to of 1 000 000 BTU/hr. To check the efficiency of
an air conditioner, divide the watt rating into BTU output. A factor of 10 means it is an efficient unit, and the factor
should not be less than 5. An effective rule of thumb to determine the BTUs needed to cool a room is to multiply the
volume of the room by 25; add 1,000 for every window and 400 for each occupant at a time.
The school library has 2.019m height, 1.895m width and 8.360m long. The volume of the library,
Volume= 31.99m3
Using the rule of thumb, provided the maximum occupant at a time in the library is 110 people,
=50 799.75
Using a standard BTU air conditioner that is about 9 100 BTU, the amount of air conditioner needed is
୬ୣୣୢୣୢ
=௨௧௨௧்
ହଽଽ
= ଽଵ
= 5.6
=6
The suitable quantities of air conditioner for the school library are 6.
Profit = RM7.35
=78.91
=79 cakes
)
"
p
Food 1200.00 1380.00
Games 500.00 500.00
Transportations 300.00 345.00
Decorations 200.00 200.00
Prizes 600.00 600.00
Tents 800.00 920.00
Miscellaneous 400.00 520.00
TABLE 3.1
(b) Calculate the composite index for the estimated budget of the carnival in the year 2010 based on the year
2009. Comment your answer.
)
"
p
Food 1200.00 1380.00 115 12 1380
Games 500.00 500.00 100 5 500
Transportations 300.00 345.00 115 3 345
Decorations 200.00 200.00 100 2 200
Prizes 600.00 600.00 100 6 600
Tents 800.00 920.00 115 8 920
Miscellaneous 400.00 520.00 130 4 520
! R RR£ £ R RR£
TABLE 3.2
σܫ ܹ
ҧ ൌ
σܹ
ҧ ൌ
ҧ ൌ Ǥ
Therefore, the price in the year 2010 had increased by 11.625%. The increased in the price is due to increased price
of some items.
The change in the composite index in the year 2010 is the same to the year 2011. The composite index in the year
2011 is 111.625.
The composite index of the year 2011 based on the year 2011,
ҧ ࢄ ൌ ҧ - ҧ
ૢ ૢ
ʹͲͳͳ ͳͳͳǤʹͷͳͳͳǤʹͷ
ҧ ൌ
ʹͲͲͻ ͳͲͲ
ʹͲͳͳ
ҧ ൌ ͳʹͶǤͲ
ʹͲͲͻ
Obtain information from the internet or other reliable sources on the importance of two different types of index
number of your choice. Elaborate the use and the importance of these index numbers in daily life.
u
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The ? ? is a simple and generalized way to describe the air quality in mainland
China, Hong Kong and Malaysia. It is calculated from several sets of air pollution data.
China's State Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) is responsible for measuring the level of air pollution
in China. As of 28 August 2008, SEPA monitors daily pollution level in 86 of its major cities. The API level
is based on the level of 5 atmospheric pollutants, namely sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2),
suspended particulates (PM10), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3) measured at the monitoring stations
throughout each city.
?
An individual score is assigned to the level of each pollutant and the final API is the highest of those 5
scores. The pollutants can be measured quite differently. SO2, NO2 and PM10 concentration are measured as
average per day. CO and O3 are more harmful and are measured as average per hour. The final API value is
calculated per day.
The scale for each pollutant is non-linear, as is the final API score. Thus an API of 100 does not mean twice
the pollution of API at 50, nor does it mean twice as harmful. While an API of 50 from day 1 to 182 and
API of 100 from day 183 to 365 does provide an annual average of 75, it does 6 mean the pollution is
acceptable even if the benchmark of 100 is deemed safe. This is because the benchmark is a 24 hour target.
The annual average must match against the annual target. It is entirely possible to have safe air every day of
the year but still fail the annual pollution benchmark.
%
The API has been in use in Hong Kong since June 1995. It is measured and updated hourly by the
Environmental Protection Department (EPD). Moreover, the EPD makes forecast on the API for the
following day everyday.
The API is based on the level of 6 atmospheric pollutants, namely sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide
(NO2), suspended particulates, carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), lead (Pb), measured at all the monitoring
stations throughout the territory
There are 11 General Stations and 3 Roadside Stations. The former includes Central / Western, Eastern,
Kwai Chung, Kwun Tong, Sha Tin, Sham Shui Po, Tai Po, Tap Mun, Tsuen Wan, Tung Chung, and Yuen
Long; the later Causeway Ñay, Central, and Mong Kok.
In Hong Kong, there are two types of API: General API and Roadside API. The EPD reports the latest APIs
hourly.
The index and the air quality objectives were set in 1987; and pollutant levels are measured over varying
periods, in ȝg/m3. There are hourly, 24 hour and annual targets for sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, and
24 hour and annual targets for particulates.
?
?
! &
#$
0 - 25 Low Not expected.
26 -
Medium Not expected for the general population.
50
51 - Acute health effects are not expected but chronic effects may be observed if one is
High
100 persistently exposed to such levels.
100 - People with existing heart or respiratory illnesses may notice mild aggravation of their
Very High
200 health conditions. Generally healthy individuals may also notice some discomfort.
People with existing heart or respiratory illnesses may experience significant aggravation
201 -
Severe of their symptoms. There may also be widespread symptoms in the healthy population
500
(e.g. eye irritation, wheezing, coughing, phlegm and sore throats).
In 1998, the Education Ñureau's recommended schools to curtail outdoor activities when the index reached
200, whereas leading healthcare advocates are urging that the level be revised to 100.The World Health
Organisation revised its air quality guideline levels of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and ozone in 2006 in
light of new scientific evidence. The WHO also introduced new measurement guidelines for very small
particulates which are more dangerous to pulmonary function. At the '200' level, Hong Kong levels of SO2
(800ȝg/m3) and NO2 (1,130ȝg/m3) are 40 times and 5½ times WHO guidelines respectively; the equivalent
for particulates (350ȝg/m3) is 7 times WHO guidelines.
"
Similar to Hong Kong, the air quality in Malaysia is reported as the API or Air Pollution Index. Four of the
index's pollutant components (i.e., carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) are
reported in ppmv but PM10 particulate matter is reported in ȝg/m3.
This scale below shows the Health classifications used by the Malaysian government.
ë| || | Good
ë| | Moderate
ë| Unhealthy
ë| Very unhealthy
ë| Hazardous
If the API exceeds 500, a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area. Usually, this means that non-
essential government services are suspended, and all ports in the affected area are closed. There may also be
a prohibition on private sector commercial and industrial activities in the reporting area excluding the food
sector.
As conclusion statistics are widely used in daily life. It is not just widely used in markets but also in
interpreting the condition of the surrounding like the air or the water, especially in conducting an air-
pollution survey. In conclusion, statistics is a daily life necessity. Without it, surveys can͛t be conducted,
the stock market can͛t be interpret and many more. So, we should be thankful of the people who
contribute in the idea of statistics. Statistics make daily problems easier to be solved.
During the period of completing the project work, I had discovered that the cooling capacity of an air
conditioner is not the amount of horse-power but the British Thermal Unit. I found that many things use statistics
and index to interpret data and make conclusions. I learnt to be more careful while surfing the internet to prevent
breaking the law, abuse and porn websites. Throughout the project, I kept the word ͞sharing is caring͟, so, I share all
the information to the whole class and public. With my classmates, we work as a team to finish the project.
In my opinion, this project work works as a ͚refresher͛ for students in guiding them to know better. It is a
good knowledge transfer as students practise what they had learnt and found out the information they don͛t know.
Students will also experienced team work, patience, creative thinking and interaction to the society. Personally, I
hate statistics and index number as it confusing me but I like the part where statistics and index number were used
in brain surgery. Being professional, the usage of statistics and index number in astronomy is little. Now I had
feelings that I can get 70% correct in question about statistics and index number in the examination. Thank you
teacher for the support.