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I
\
CONTAINING
\
A COPIOUS ACCOUNT OF
WITH
AND
A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE-
BY J. LEMPRIERE, D. D.
NEW-YORK
PIUSTXD AND PUBLISHED FOR A. T. GOODRICH, AND WILLIAM B. GILLEY, NFW- VOIRE
BY T. "L W. MERCEIK.
1816.
/ 1 u %s
TO
^
RICHARD VALPY, D. D. F. A. S.
RESPECTFULLr INSCRIBED
THE AUTHOR,
PREFACE.
In followingpages it has been the wish of the author to give the most ac-
the curate
and satisfactory account of all the proper names which occur in reading
the Classics, and by a judiciouscollection of anecdotes and historical facts,-to
draw a pictureof ancient times, not less instructive than entertaining. Such a
work, it is hoped, will not be deemed an useless acquisition in the hands of the
public; and while the student is initiated in the knowledge of historyand my-
thology,
and familiarized with the ancient situation and extent of kingdoms and
cities that no longerexis:.-,, the man of letters may, perhaps, find it not a con-temptible
men, whose studies have been directed, and not without success, to facilitate
the attainment of classical knowledge, and the ancient languages. Their positions
com-
have been to him a source of information, and he trusts that their la-
bours
have now found new elucidation in his own, and that, by a due ration
conside-
of every subject,he has been enabled to imitate their excellencies, with-
out
copying their faults. Many compositionsof the same nature have issued
from the press, they but are partialand unsatisfactory.The attempts to be
concise, have rendered the labours of one barren and uninstructive, while long
and unconnected quotationsof passages, from Greek and Latin writers, disfigure
the page of the other, and render the whole insipidand disgusting.It cannot,
therefore, be a discouragingemployment now, what to endeavour to finish
others have left imperfect,and, with the conciseness of Stephens, to add the
diffuse researches of Lloyd, Hoffman, Collier,"c. After paying due attention
to the ancient poets and historians, from whom the most authentic information
can be received, the labours of more modern authors have been consulted, and
composition,distinguished for the clearness and perspicuity of historical
eyery
narration, or geographicaldescriptions, has been carefullyexamined. Truly
sensible of what he owes to modern Latin and English writers and commentators,
the author must not forget to make a publicacknowledgment of the assistance
he has likewise received from the labours of the French. In the Siecles Payens
ofl'Abbe Sabatier de Castres, he has found all the information which judicious
criticism, and a perfectknowledge of heathen mythology, could procure.
The compositionsof I'Abbe Banier, have also been useful ; and in the Dictio-
naire Historique, of a literary society,printed at Caen, a treasure of original
anecdotes, and a candid selection and arrangement of historical facts,have been
discovered.
It was the originaldesign of the author of this Dictionaryto give a minute
of
explanation all the names of which Pliny, and other ancient geographer?,
make mention ; but, upon a second consideration of the subject,he was vinced,
con-
that it would have increased his volume in bulk, and not in value.
The learned reader will,be sensible of the proprietyof this remark, when he
recollects,that the naines of many plficesmentioned by Pliny and Pausania5"
occur no where else in ancient authors, and that to find the true situation ofan
not to intrude himself the public, before he was sensible that his
presume upon
humble labours would be of some service to the lovers of the ancient languages.
The undertaking was for the use of schools, therefore he thought none so pable
ca-
learning can expect. To them, approbation therefore, friendly for their and
communications, publicly returns he his thanks, and hopes, that, now his labours
are completed, his Dictionary may claim from them that patronage, and that
support, to which, in their opinion, the specimen of the work seemed to be titled^
en-
He has paid due attention to their remarks; he has received with tude
grati-
their judicious observations, and cannot pass over in silence their obliging
For the account of the Roman laws, and for the festivals celebrated by the
ancient inhabitants of Greece and Italy, he is particularlyindebted to the ful
use-
Therefore, with all the confidence which an earnest desire of being useful can
command, the author offers the followingpages to the public, conscious that thej
may contain inaccuracies and imperfections. A Dictionary, the candid reader
is well aware, cannot be made perfect all at once ; it must still have its faultfl
and omissions, however cautious and vigilant the author may have been, and in
every page there may be found, in the opinion of some, room for ment,
improve-
and for addition. Before the candid, therefore, and the impartial,he lays
this publication,and for whatever observations the friendlycritic make, he
may
will show himself grateful,and take advantage of the remarks of every judiciou?^
reader, should the favours and the indulgence of the public demaod a secoiid
edition.
so much matter could not have been well compressed in one octavo ; and it
Dr. Harwood's plan has in general been attended to, but the price
has not been its great fluctuation,
inserted fromwhich often depends more upon
the capriceof opinionthan upon real value.
The
chronological table prefixedto the Dictionary will, it is hoped, be ac- knowledged
Dr. J. Blair,folio edition, 1754;" and from ArchbishopUsher's Annales Veteris "
be numerous and essential. The author would have recommended his work to
the same liberal patronage which alreadythe publichaveto two extended the
From tht Creation of the World to the fallof the Roman Empire
Before Christ.*
(^ Badmus comes into Greece, and builds the citadel of Thebes 1493
The firstOlympic Games celebrated in Elis the Idaei Dactyli 1453
by
The five books of Moses written in the land of Moab, where he dies the fol-
lowing
In the followingtable, I have confined myself to the more easy and convenient eras o^
before, (B._
C.) and after, (A. D.) Christ. For the sake of those, however, that do not wish
tJie exclusion of tiie Julian
period, it isnecessary to observe, tliat,as the first vear of the
Christian era always falls the 4714th of the Julian
on
yeai-s, the number required either fore
be-
or after Christ, Avill easily be discovered by the application of the rules of subtraction or
addition. The from the foundation of
era Rome (A. U. C.) will be found with the same
iacihty by recollecting that the city was built 753 years before Christ; and the Olvmpiads
can likewise be recurred the
to by consideration, that the conquest of Corcebus (B. C. 776,)
lorms the first Olympiad, and that the Olympic games were eolebratea after the revolutien
91 four v^ars.
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
X
Lycurgus, years
42 old, established his laws at Lacedaemon, and, together
with Iphitus and Cleosthenes, restores the Olympicgames at Elis,about
108 years before the era which is commonly called the firstOlympiad 884
Phidon, kingof Argos,is supposed to have invented scales and measures,
and coined silver at ^gina. Carthage built by Dido 869
Fall of the Assyrianempire by the death of Sardanapalus, an era placed
80 years earlier by Justin ........ 820
The kingdomof Macedonia and continues 646 years, tillthe battle
begins,
of Pydiia .......... . .
814
The kingdom of Lydiabegins, and continues 249 years 797
The triremes firstinvented by the Corinthians .....
786
The monarchical government abolished at Corinth,and the Prytanes
elected ...........
779
Corcebus conquers at Olympia,in the 28th Olympiad from the institution
of Iphitus. This is vulgarly called the first
Olympiad,about 23 years
before the foundation of Rome 776 .......
Chilo,Anacharcis,Thales, Epimenides,
Solo,the prophetEzekiel,
iEsop,Stersichorus . . . . . . , .
.591
Jerusalem taken by Nebuchadnezzar, of 18 months
9th of June, after a siege 687
The Isthmian games restored and celebrated every 1st and 3d year of the
Olympiads 582
Death of Jeremiah the prophet " . . . . . .
677
The Nemean games restored ...,*.,. 56S
The firstcomedy acted at Athens by Susarion and Dolon . . .
662
Pisistratusfirstusurped the sovereignty at Athens ....
660
to reign.About
Cyrusbegins thistime flourishedAnaximenes,Bias,Anaxi-
and Cleobulus
mander, Phalaris, .......
559
Grffisusconqueredby Cyrus. About this time flourished Theognisand
Pherecydes ..........
54"
Marseilles built by the Phocaeans. The age of Simonides,
Pythagoras,
Thespis, Xenophanes, and Anacreon 539 ......
The return of the Jews by the edict of Cyrus,and the rebuilding of the
temple . . . ,
536 . . . . . . .
The Romans send to Athens for Solon's laws. About this time flourished
The Carthaginians enter Sicily, where they destroy Selinus and Himera,
but they are repulsedby Hermocrates 409 ......
by Iphicrates 374
The battle o) Leuctra,July 19th,where the Lacedaemonians are defeated
by Epaminondas, the general
of the Thebans 371
The Me^enians,aftera banishment of 300
years, return to Peloponnesgs 370 .
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xiii
B. c.
One of tbc consuls at Rome elected from the Plebeians 367 , . . .
The battle of Cheronaea, August2, where Philip defeats the Athenians and
Thebans 33S
Philip
of Macedon killed by Pausanias. His son Alexander,on the follow-
ing
year, enters Thebes, kc.
Greece, destroys .... 336
The battle of the Granicus,22d of May 334
The battle of Issus in October 333
Tyre and by the Macedonian prince,
Egyptconquered and Alexandria built 332
The battle of Arbela,October 2d 33 1
Alexander's expedition againstPorus. About
Apelles, this time flourished
Callisthenes,Bagoas,Parmenio, Philotas, Memnon, Dinocrates, Calippus,
Hyperides, Philetus, Lysippus, Menedemus, "c. 327 . . . .
Alexander dies on the 21st of April. His empire is divided into four king-
doms.
The Samian war, and the reignof the Ptolemies in Egypt 323 .
The firstsun dial erected at Rome, by Papirius Cursor,and the time first
divided into hours . . . , 293
Seleucus,about this time,builtabout citiesin Asia, which he peopled
40
with different
nations. The age of Euclid the mathematician,Arscesi-
laus,Epicurus,
Bion,Timochavis,Erasistratus,
Aristyllus, Zeno-
Strato,
dotus,Arsinoe,
Lachares,":c. 201
The Athenians revolt from Demetrius 287
Pyrrhusexpelledfrom Macedon by Lysimachus 280
The Pharos of Alexandria built. The Septuagint be translated
supposed
to
about this time ..,..,... ^C-"
xiv "HRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
B. C,
of
Pyrrhus, Epirus, goes to Italy,
to assist the Tarentines 280 . . .
The Gauls, under Brennus, are cut to piecesnear the temple of Delphi.
About (his time flourished Dionysius the astronomer, Sostratus,tus,
Theocri-
Dionysius, Heracleotes, Philo, Aratus, Lycophron, P ersseus,
"c. 278 .
is, of
Ag king Sparta, put to death for attemptingto settle an l
Agrarian aw.
About this periodflourished Antigonus Carystius,Conon of Samos, Era-,
tosthenes,Apollonius of Perga,
Lacydes, Amiicar,Agesilaus ":c. 241
the ephor,
Playsfirstacted at Rome, beingthose of Livius Andronieus 240 . . .
The war between Cleomenes and Aratus begins, and continues for fiveyears 227
The colossus of Rhodes thrown down by an earthquake.The Romans first
pross the Po, pursuingthe Gauls,who had entered Italy.About this time
flourishedChrysippus, Polystratus,Euphorion,Archimedes,Valerius Mes-
saJa,C. Naevius, Aristarchus,Apollonius,Philocorus, Aristo Ceus,Fabius
Pictor,
the firstRoman historian,
Phylarchas, Lysiades, Agro,",c. 224 .
Sagunlumtaken by Annibal
'
. . .
.219 . . . .
The battle of the lake Thrasymenus, and next year, that of Canns, May 21 217
The Romans beginthe auxiliary war againstPhilip, in Epirus, which is
continued by intervalsfor 14 years 214
Syracuse taken by Marcellus, after a siegeof three years . . .
212
Thilopcemen defeats Machanidos at Mantinea 203
Asdrubal is defeated. About this time flourished Plautus,
Archagathus,
Evander,Telecius,Hermippus,
Zeno, Sotiqn,Ennius,
Hieronymus of Sy-
racuse, *
TIepoleraus,
i^picydes . .
207
The battleof Zama 202
,
The first
Macedonian war begins, and continues near 4 years 200
The battle of Panius,
where Antiochus defeats Scopas 193
The battleof Cynqsccphale.
where Philip
is defeated 197
^"^
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xv
B. c.
The war of Antiochus the Great and
begins, continues three years .
.192
Lacedaemonjoined
to the Achaean leagueby PhilopcEmen "
.191 .
Antiochus the Great defeated and killed in Media. About thistime flourished
Aristophanes of Byzantium,Asclepiades, Tegula,C. LaeliusjAristony-
mus, Hegesinus, Critoiaus,
the stole,
Diogenes the Scipios,
Masinissa, the
Gracchi,Thoas, "c. . . .18,7
A warwhich continues for one year, between Eumenes and Prusias,
tillthe
death of Annibal 184
Philopcemen defeated and killed by Dinocrates ..... 183
Kuma's books found in a stone coffinat Rome . . , . .
179
Perseus sends his ambassadors to Carthage , . , . . : l?*
Ptolemy's generalsdefeated by Antiochus,in a battlebetween Pelusiam and
Mount Cassius. The second Macedonian war 171
The battle of Pydna,and the fall of the Macedonian empire. About this
periodflourished Attalus the astronomer, Metrodorus,Terence, Crates,
Polybius, Pacuvius,Hipparchus, Heraclides irneades,Aristarchus,"c.16S
The first lii3rary
erected at Rome, with books "o^tained from the plunderof
Macedonia ........... 167
Terence's Andria firstacted at Rome . . . . .
.161
Time measured out at Rome by a water machine, invented Na-
by Scipio
sica,134 years after the introduction of sun dials . . , .151
Andriscus, the Pseudophilip assumes the royaltyin Macedon . * ,
152
Demetrius,kingof Syria,defeated and killed by Alexander BaJas . .
15"J
The third Punic war begins.Prusias, kingof Bithynia, put to death by his
son Nicomedes , , . . . . . . , .149
The Romarjs make war the Achseans,which isfinishedthe next year
against
by Mummius . . . .143
Carthage is destroyed and Corinth by Mummius
by Scipio, . . .147
Viriathus is defeated by Lselius,
in Spain . . , , , .
14JJ
The war of Numantia and continues for eight
begins, years . . .141
The Roman army of 30,000, under Mancinus,is defeated by 4000 Nuraan-
tines 132
Restoration of learning Alexandria,and universal patronageoffered to all
at
learned men by PtolemyPhyscon. The age of Satyrus, Lu-
Aristobulus,
cias Accius,Mnaceas, Diodorus
Antipater, the peripatetic,
Nicander,
Ctesibius,
Sarpedon, Micipsa,
"c 137
The famous embassyof Scipio, Metellus,Mummius, and Panffitiu5,
into
Egypt,Syria,and Greece \3Q
The of the Apocryphaend^.
history The Servile War in Sicily
begins,
and
continues for three years . ]35
Numantia taken. Pergamusannexed to the Roman empire . . .
1^3
Antiochus Sidetes killed by Phraates. Aristonicus defeated by Perpenna130
Demetrius Nicator defeated at Damascus by Alexander Zebina .127
.
3
^iii CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
A.D
Domitian put to death by Stephanus, "c. and succeeded by Nerva. The
96
age of Juvenal,Tacitus, Statius,
"c. ......
A.D.
who soon by the soldiersof the youn-
with Balbinus,
afteris destroyed, ger
Gordian .......... 236
Sabinianus defeated in Africa 240
Gordian marches against the Persians . . .
"
. .
242
He is put to death by Philip, vvlio succeeds,and makes peace with Sapor
the next year. About this time flourished Censorius,and Gregory
Thaumaturgus . . . . . . . . . ,
244
PhiJip killed,and succeeded by Decius. Herodian flourished . .
249
The seventh persecution against the Christians . . " .
250
Decius succeeded by Gallus ........ 251
A greatpestilence over the empire .......
252
Gallus dies,and is succeeded by -S^milianus, and
Valerianus, Gallienus.
In the reignof Gallus flourished St. Cyprianand Plotinus . 4 254
The eighthpersecution againstthe Christians .....
257
The empire is harassed by 30 tyrants successively ....
258
Valerian is taken by Sapor and flead alive . . . . .
260
Odenatus governs the east for Gallienus ......
264
The Scythians and Goths defeated by Cleodamus and Athenseus . .
267
Gallienus killed, and succeeded by Claudius. In thisreignflourishedLon-
ginus,Paulus Saraosatenus, Sic. .......
268
Claudius conquers the Goths,and kills300,000 of them. Zenobia takes
of Egypt
possession . . . . . . . . .
269
Aurelian succeeds .........
270
The ninth persecution againstthe Christians .....
272
Zenobia defeated by Aurelian at Edessa ......
273
Dacia ceded to the Barbarians by the emperor .....
274
and succeeded by Tacitus,who died after a reign
Aurelian killed, of six
months,and was succeeded by Fiorianus,and, two months after,
by Probus 275
Probus makes an expedition into Gaul ..... .
277
He defeats the Persians in the east .......
280
Probus is put to death,and succeeded by Carus,and his sons Carinus and
Numerianus ..........
282
Dioclesian succeeds .........
284
The empireattacked by the Barbarians of the north. Dioclesian takes
Maximianus as his colleague
imperial ......
286
Britain recovered,after a tyrant's of ten
usurpation years. Alexandria
taken by Dioclesian .........
296
The tenth persecution the Christians,
against which continues ten years 303
Dioclesian and Maximianus abdicate the empire, and live in retirement,
succeeded by Constantius Chlorus and Galerius Maximianus, the two
Caesars. About this period
flourished J. Capitolinus,
Arnobius,Gregory
and Hermogenes,the lawyers, ^lius Spartianus,Hierocles,Flavius
Vopiscus,
Trebeliius Pollio,
"c 304
Constantius dies,and is succeeded by his son .....
306
At this time there were four emperors, Constantine, nus,
Maximia-
Licinius,
and Maxentius ,
308
Maxentius defeated and killed by Constantine 312
The emperor Constantine begins to favour the Christian religion .
.319
Licinius defeated and banished by Constantine ....
324
The firstgeneral Council of KSce^^ who sit from
composedof 318 bishops,
June 19 to August25 .
325
The seat of the empireremoved from Rome to Constantinople . .
328
Constantinople solemnly dedicated by the emperor on the eleventhof May 330
Constantine orders all the heathen templesto be destroyed .331 .
Upon the death of Jovian, and the succession of Valens and Valentinian,
the empire is divided,the former beingemperor of the east, and the
other of the west .........
364
Gratian taken partnerin the western empireby Valentinian
as . .
367
Firmus, tyrantof Africa,defeated .......
373
Valentinian the Second succeeds Valentinian the First . . .
375
The Goths permitted
to settle in Thrace, on by
beingexpelled the
Huns ...........
376
Theodosius the Great succeeds Valens in the eastern empire. The Lom-
bards
firstleave Scandinavia and defeat the Vandals 379 . . "
.
Theodosius the Second dies,ai)d is succeeded by Marcianus. About
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xxi
A. D.
this time flourished Zozimus, Nestorius,Theodoret, Sozomen^
"c.
Olympiodorus, . . .
......
450
The cityof Venice firstbeganto be known 452
Death of Valentinian the Third, who is succeeded by Maximus for
two months, by Avitus for ten, and, after an inter-regnura of ten
months, by Majorianus ... . .
.... 454
Rome taken by Genseric in July. The kingdom of Kent firstestab-
lished
......*..... 455
The Suevi defeated by Theodoric on the Ebro ..... 456
Marcianus dies, and is succeeded by Leo, surnamed the Thracian. Vor-
timer defeated by Hengist at Crayford, in Kent 457 ....
. .
606
Heraclius, an officerin Africa,
succeeds,after the murder of the usurper
Phocas . . . . . . . . .
..610
The conquestsof Chosroes,king of Persia,in Syria,Egypt,Asia Minor,
his siegeof Rome
and, afterwards, ......
611
The Persians take Jerusalem with the of 90,000 men,
slaughter and the
next year they over-run Africa 614 .......
Irene murders her son and reignsalone.- The only men of learning
in this
centurywere Johannes Damascenus, Fredegaire, AJcuinus,Paulus Dia-
conus, and Georgethe Monk . 797 . . . . . .
Alexander, brother of Leo, succeeds with his nephew Constantine the venth,
Se-
surnamed Porphyrogenitus .911 . . . , .
All old churches, about this time,rebuiltin a new manner of architecture 1005
Flanders inundated in consequence of a violent storm 1014 . . .
Zoe, and her sister Theodora, are made sole empresses by the populace,
but aftertwo months,Zoe, though 60 years old,takes, forher thirdhus-
band,
Constantine the Tenth, who succeeds ..... 1042
The Turks invade the Roman empire 1050
After the death of Constantine, Theodora recovers 'the sovereignty, and,
19 months after, adopts, as her successor, Michael the Sixth,surnamed
Stratioticus 1054
Isaac Commenus the First, chosen emperor by the soldiers 1057 .
. .
Isaac abdicates, and when his brother refuses to succeed him, he ap- points
his friendConstantine the Eleventh, surnamed Ducas 1059 . .
Romanus being taken prisoner by the Turks, the three young princes as-
cend
The general Nicephorus Botaniates the Third, assumes the purple 1078
Doomsday-book begunto be compiled from a general survey of the estates
of England, and finishedin six years ...... 108G
Alexius Commenus the First, nephew of Isaac the First,ascends the
throne. His reign is rendered illustriousby the pen of his daughter,
the princess Anna Commena. The Normans,under Robert of Apulia,
invade the eastern empire .
.1081
Asia Minor finally conquered by the Turks .....
1084
Accession of William the Second to the English throne 1087 . . .
John succeeds to the English throne. The learned men of this century
were, Peter Abelard, Anna Commena, St. Bernard,Averroes,William
of Malmesbury, Peter Lombard, Otho Trisingensis, Maimonides, Hu-
menus, Wernerus, Gratian, Jeoffryof Monmouth, Tzetzes,Eustathius,
John of Salisbury,Simeon of Durham, Henry of Huntingdon, Peter Co-
mestor, Peter of Blois,
Ranulphof Glanville, RogerHoveden,Campanus,
William of Newburgh . . .
.1199 "
. . .
Peter of Courtenay, the husband of Yolanda, sisterof the two last empe-
rors,
Baldwin and Henry,is made emperor by the Latins 1217 . .
Andronicus is succeeded by his son John PaloBologusin the ninth year of his
age. John Cantacuzene, who had been leftguardianof the young prince,
assumes the purple.First passage of the Turks into Europe .
1341
The knights and burgessesof Parliament firstsit in the same house ,
1342
The battle of Crecy,August26 1346
Seditions of Rienzi at Rome, and his elevation to the tribuneship .
1347
Order of the Garter in
Englandestablished 23
April . . .
1349
The Turks firstenter Europe 1352
Cantacuzene abdicates the purple ...,"..
1355
The battle of Poictiers,SeptemberI9lh 1356
Law pleadings altered from French into English
as a favour from Edward
III. to his people, in his 50th year 1362
Rise of Timour, Tamerlane,to the throne of Samarcand,and
or his exten-
sive
conquests tillhis death,aftera reignof 35 years . . ,
1370
Accession of Richard the Second to the English
throne . . .
1377
Manuel succeeds his father,John Pala3ologU3 1391
Accession of Henry the Fourth in England. The learned men of this cen-
tury
were Peler
Apono, Flavio,Dante, Arnoklus Villa,Nicholas Lyra,
William Occam, Nicephoras,Gregoras, Leontius Pilatus,Matthew of
Westminster,Wickliff,Froissart,
Nicholas Flamel,Chaucer 1399 . .
A. D.
Florence 1434
..........
Constantine, one of the sons of Manuel, ascends the throne after his brother
John 1448
....... . y .
9
aspire to the crown, and, by their ambitious views, to deluge the whole
kingdom in blood. The learned men of the 15th century were Chaucer,
Leonard Aretin, John Huss, Jerome of Prague, Poggio, FlaviusBlondus,
Theodore Gaza, Frank Philelphus, Geo. Trapezuntius, Gemistus Pletho,
Laurentius Valla, Ulugh Beigh, John Guttemburg, John Faustus, Peter
AB AB
them was called Abantis. Some of them passed Herodot. 4, c. 36."Strab. l."Paus. 3,.c. 13.
afterwards from Eubcea into Ionia. Herodot. Abarus, an Arabian prince,who perfidious-
ly
8, 0. S3." Pans. 10, c. 55. A city of Caria. deserted Crassus in his expeditionagainst
Another of Arabia Felix. A mountain Parthia. Appian. in Parth."r-iie is called Me-
P/in. 5, 24.Strab. 10. by Flor. 3, 11. and Ariamnes by Plut.
near Smyrna." c. zeres c.
Messe-
Abacene, a country of Sicily near in Crass.
nla. Diod. 14. Abas, a mountain in Syi'ia, where the Eur
Abalus, an island in the German ocean, phrates rises. A river of Armenia Major,
where, as the ancients supposed,the amber where Pompey routed the Albani. Plut. in
the trees. If a drowned Pomp. A of Metanira, or Melaninia,
dropped from man was son
there, and his body never appeared above the changed into a lizard for laughing .-^t Ceres.
water, propitiatory sacrifices were offered to his Ovid. Met. 5. fab. 7. The 11th king of Ar-
gos,
manes during a hundred years. Plin. 37, c. 2. son of Belus, some say of Lynceus aud
Abana, a place of Capua. Cic. contra Rull. Hypermnestra, was famous for his genius and
Abantes, a warlike people of Peloponne-
sus, valour. He was father to Prcetus and Acrisius^
who built a town in Phocis, called Aba, by Ocalea, and built Abae. He reigned 23 years,
after their leader Abas, whence also their B. C. 1384. Pans. 2, c. 16, 1 10, c
. .
33." Hygin.
name originated:they afterwards went to Eu- bcea. I10,k.c."Apollod.% c. 2. One of iEneas's
\yid. Abantis.] Herodot. 1, c. 146. companions, killed in Italy. Virg.A^a. 10, v.
Abantias, and Abantiades, a patronymic 170. Another lost in the storm which drove
given to the descendants of Abas king of Argos, ^neas to Carthage. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 125. A
such as Acrisius, Danae, Perseus, Atalanta, Latian chief, who assisted iEijeas againstTur-
he. Ovid. nus, and was killed by Lausus. Virg.JEn. 10,
Abantidas made himself master of Sicyon, V. 170, ",c. A Greek, son of Eurydamus,
after he had murdered Clinias, the father of killed by j5]neas duringthe Trojan war. Virg.
Aratus. He was himself soon after assassina-
ted, JEn. 3, V. 286." Homer. II. 5, v. 150. A
B. C. 251. Plut. in Aral. hunting. Ovid centaur, famous for his skill in
Abaktis, or Abantias, an ancient name of Met. 12. V. 306. A soothsayer,to whom the
the island of Eubcea, received from the Aban-
tes, Spartans erected a statue in the temple of A-
who settled in it from Phocis. Plin. 4, c. polio,for his services to Lysander. Pans. 10,
12. Also a country of Epirus.Pans. 5, c, 22. C.9. A son of Neptune. Hygin. fab. 157.
Abarbarea, one of the Naiades, mother of -A sophistwho wrote two treatises,one o^ "
^sopus and Pedasus by Bucolion, Laome- history,the other on rhetoric ; the time in
don's eldest son. Homer. II. 6, v. 23. which he lived is unknown. A man who
Abarimon, a country of Scythia,nesu* mount wrote an account of Troy. He is quoted by
Imaus. The inhabitants were said to have Servius in Virg.JEn. 9.
their toes behind their heels, and to breathe Abasa, an island in the Red Sea, near JE.\\\\
no air but that of their native country, Plin. opia. Pans. 6, c. 26.
7, c. 2. Abasitis, apart of Mysia in Asia. St rah.
Abaris, a man killed by Perseus. Ovid. Abassena, or Abassinia. Vid. Abyssinia.
^fet.6)V.86. A Rutulian, killed by Eury- Abassus, a town of Phrygia. Liv. 38, c. 15.
alus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 344. A Scythian, Abastor, one of Pluto's horses.
.son of Seuthes, in the age of Crcosus, or the Abatos, an island in the lake near Memphis
Trojan war, who received a flyingarrow from in Egypt, abounding with flax and papyrus
Apollo, with which he gave oracles,and ported
trans- Osiris was buried there. Lucan. 10, v. 323.
himself wherever he
pleased. He is Abdalonimus, one of the descendants of
said to have returned to Ihe Hyperborean the kings of Sidon, so poor, that to maintain
countries from Athens witliout eating,and to himself he worked in a garden. When Alex-
fiave made the Trojan Palladium with the lander took Sidon, he made him king in the
AB AB
loOBi of Strato, monarch, and
the deposed larged
en- Abobrica, a town of Lusitania. Plin.4,c
his possessions on account of the great 20. Another in Spain.
disinterestedness of his conduct. Justin.11,c. Abcecritus, a Boeotian general, killed with
10," Curt. 4, c. \."Diod. 17. a thousand men, in a battle at Chaeronea,
Abd'^ba, a towTi of HispaniaBaetica, built against the j^tolians. Plut. in Arat.
"bythe Carthaginians. Strab. 3. A mari-
time Abolani, a people of Latium, near Alba.
cityof Thrace,built by Hercules,in me- mory Plin. 5, c. 5.
of 4bderus, one of his favourites. The Abolus, a river of Sicily.Plut. in Timol.
Clajzonienians and Teians beautified it. Some Aboniteichos, a town ofGalatia. Arrian.
suppose that Abdera, the sister of Diomedes, in Peripl.
buittit. The air was so unwholesome, and the Aboraca, a town of Sarmatia.
inhabitantsof such a sluggish disposition, that Aborigines, the original inhabitantsof Ita- ly
stupidity was commonly called Abderitica ; or, according to others, a nation conduct-
ed
7)16713. It gave birth, however, to Democritus, by Saturn into Latium, where they taught
Protagoras, Anaxarchus. and Hecatasus. Mela, the use of lettersto Evander, the kingof the
2, c. 2. Cic. ad Attic.4, ep. 16
" " Herodot. 1, country. Their posterity was called Latini,
c. 186. Mart. 10,ep. 25. from Latinus, one of their kings. They assist-
"
ed
Abderia, a town of Spain. Apollod. 2, c. 5. ^-Eneas against Turnus. Rome was builtin
Abderites, a peopleof Psonia, obliged to their country. The word signifies without ori-gin.,
leave their country on account of the great or whose origin is not known, and isgene- rally
imraber of rats and frogs which infestedit. applied to the original inliabitants of any
Justin. 15,c. 2. country. Liv. 1, c. 1, ^c. Dionys.
"
Jial.1, c.
Abderus, a man of OpusinLocris, armour- 10." Justin. 43, c. I." Plin. 3, c. b.-r-Strab.5.
bearer to Hercules, torn to pieces by the mares Aborras, a river of Mesopotamia.Strab. 16,
of Diomedes, which the hero had intrusted to Abradates, a kingof Susa, who, when his
hiscare when goingto war against the Bistones. wife Panthea had been taken prisoner by Cy-
rus,
Hercules builta city, which in honour of his and humanely treated, surrendered him- self
friend he called Abdera. Apollod. 2, c. 5. "
and his troopsto the conqueror. He W'as
Philoslrat.2, c. 25. killed in the firstbattle which he undertook in
Abeat^, a peopleof Achaia,,probablythe the cause of Cyrus,aud his wife stabbed her-*
inhabitantsof Abia. Pam. 4, c. 30. Plin. 4, self on his corpse, Cyrusraised a monument
"
Plrg.JEn. 1, V. n^.~Justln. 30, c. ^.~Sil 8 whose brother was in the Roman army.
V. 544. Polyccn. 8.
Abelux, a noble of Saguntum, who favour- ed Abrocomas, son of Darius,w^as in the army
the party of the Romans against Carthage of Xerxes, when he invaded Greece. He was
Liv. 22, c. 22, killed at Thermopylce.Herodot. 7, c, 224.-;^
Abenda, a town of Caria, whose inliabi Plut. in Cleom.
fants were the firstwho raised templesto the ABRODiiETus, a name given to Parrbasius
cityof Rome. Liv. 45, c. 6. the painter, on account of the sumptuous man- ner
Aeia, formerly/re, a maritime town of of his living.Vid. Pai'rhasius.
Messenia,one of the seven citiespromisedto Abron, an Athenian,who wrote some trea- tises
Achilles by Agamemnon. It is called after on the religious festivalsand sacrificesof
Abia. daughter of Hercules,and nurse of Hyl- the Greeks. Only the titlesof his works ai'e
lus. Pam. A, c. 30." S/ra6. Q." Horn. 11.9, p7'eserved.Suidas. A grammarian of
V. 292. Rhodes, who taughtrhetoric at Rome. other
An-
Abii, a nation between Scythia and Thrace. who wrote a treatiseon Theocritus.
They lived upon milk,were fond of celibacy, A Spartan, son of Lycurgusthe orator. Plut.
and enemies to war. Homer. II.13, v. 6. Ac- cordingin 10. Orat. A native of Argos, famous for
to Curt. 1, c. 6, theysurrendered to his debauchery.
Alexander, after they had been iadependent Abronycus, an Athenian very serviceable
since the reignof Cyrus. to Themistocles in his embassy to Sparta.
AbVla, or Abyla,a mountain of Africa,in Thucyd.1,c. 9]." Herodot. 8, c. 21.
that part which is nearest to the opposite Abronios, Silo,a Latin poet in the August-
mountain called Calpe,on the coast of Spain,tan age. He wrote some fables. Senec.
onlyeighteen miles distant. These two moun- tains Abrota, the wife of Nisus,the youngest of
are called the columns of Hercules,and the sons of ^geus. As a monument to her
were said formerly to be united, tillthe hero chastity, Nisus,after her death,ordered the
separatedthem, and made a communication garments which she wore to become the mo-dels
between the Mediterranean and Atlantic seas. of fashionin Megara. Plut. Qucest. Grac.
Strab. 3." Mela, 1, c. 5, 1.2, c. G."Plin. 3. Abrotonum, the mother of Themistocles.
Abisaresj an Indian prince, who offered to Plut. in Them. A town of Africa, near the
surrender to Alexander. Curt. 8, c. 12. Syrtes.Plin. 5, c. 4. A harlotof Thrace,
Abis'vris,a countrybeyond the Hydaspes Plut. in Arat.
in India. Arrian. Abrus, a cityof the Sapaei.Paus. 7, c. 10.
Abisontes, sQrae inhabitantsof the Alps. Abryi-oms, an allyof Rome, driven from
Plin. 3, c. 20. his possessions by Perseus,the last king of
Aei.ktes, a j^eoplc near Troy. Strab, Macedonia. Liv. 42, c. 13 and 41.
Abnoba, a mountain of Germany. Tacil. Abskus, a giant,son of Taitarus and T6rra.
Hygin. fab.
Pr^rf.
AC AC
a people on
Absinthii, the coasts of Pon-
and from this,every place sacred to learniiag
tus, where there is also a mountain of the has ever since been called Academia. To ex-
clude
by Arcesilaus,
Apollod.1,c. Lucan. 3, v. 190.
9. "
who made some few alterations in the Platonic
Absyrtos, a river falling into the Adriatic philosophy, and from the third which was blished
esta-
sea, near which Absyrtuswas murdered. can.
Lu- by Carneades. Cic. de Div. 1,c. 3-^
3, V. 190. Diog.3."JElian. V. H. 3, c. 35.
Absyrtus, a son of iEetes kingof Colchis Academus, an Athenian,who discoveredto
and Hypsea. His sisterMedeaJ as she fled away Castor and Pollux where Theseus had conceal*
with Jason,tore his body to pieces, and strewed ed their sisterHelen, for which theyamply re- warded
his limbs in her father'sway, to stop his pur- suit. him. Plut. in The.i.
Some say that she murdered him in Col-
chis, Acalandrus, or Acalyndrus, a river falling
others, near Istria. It is said by others, into the bay of Tarentum. Plin. 3, c, 11.
that he was not murdered, but that he arrived Ac ALEE, a daughterof Minos and Pasiphae.
safe in lUyricum. The placewhere he was Apollod. 3, c. 1.
killed has been called Tomos, and the river AcAMARCHis, one of the Oceanides.
adjoining to it Absyrtos. Lucan. 3, v. 190. AcAMAS, son of Theseus and Phaidra,went
"
Strab. l."llygin. fab. 2S."j1pollod. 1,c. 9." with Diomedes to demand Helen from the Tro-
jans
Flacc. 8, V. 261." Ovid. Trist.3, el. 9." Cic. de after her elopement from Menelaus. In
mt. D. 3, c. 19." Plin. 3, c. 21 and 26. his embassy he had a son, called Munitus
by
Abulites, governor of Susa, betrayed his Laodice, the daughterof Priam. He was cerned
con-
tiTistto Alexander, and was rewarded with a in the Trojan war, and afterwards built
province. Curt. 5, c. 2. Diod. 17" " the town of Acamentum in Phrygia,and on
Abydknus, a disciple of Aristotle, too much his return to Greece called a tribe after his
indulgedby his master. He wrote some torical
his- own name at Athens. Pans. 10,c.26" Q. Ca-
treatises on Cyprus,Delos, Arabia,and lab. 12. Hygin. 108. A son
" of Antenor in
Assyria. Phil. Jud. Joseph, contr. Ap,
" the Trojan wa^. Homer. II. 11,v. 60, "c. "
Abydos, a tovv'n of Egypt, where was tlie A Thracian auxiliary of Priam in the Trojan
famous temple of Osiris. Plut. de hid. and war* Homer. II. 11.
Osir. A city of Asia, oppositeSestos,in AcAMPsis, a river of Colchis. Arrian.
Europe,with which, from the narrowness of AcANTHA, a nymph loved by Apollo,and
the Hellespont, it seemed, to those who changed into the flower Acanthus.
proached
ap-
it by sea, to form onlyone town. It Acanthus, a town near mount Athos,be-longing
was built by the Milesians,by permissionof to Macedonia,or, according to others,
king Gyges. It i^ famous for the amours of to Thrace. It was founded by a colonyfrom
Hero and Leander, and for the bridgeof boats Andros. Thucyd.4, c. 84. Mela, 2, c. 2. "
which Xerxes builtthere across the Hellespont. Another in Egypt, near the Nile, called also
The inhabitants beingbesiegedby Philip, the Dulopolis.Plin. 5, c.28. An island men-
tioned
father of Perseus, devoted themselves to death by P/iw; 5,c. 32.
with their families,rather than fall into the AcARA, a town of Pannonla. Another in
hands of the enemy. Liv. 31, c. 18. Lucan. "
Italy. ;: "
exposedto the wild beasts in Crete ; but a goat c. S.--S[rab.7 and 9." Paus. 8, c. 24."Lucian.
gave them her milk, and preserved their life. in Dial. Meretr.
Faus. 10,c. 16. A daughterof Minos, mo-
ther Acarnas and Amphoterus,sons of Alcmaeon
ofCydon, by Mercury,and of Amphithe- and Callirhoe. Alcmseon being murdered by
mis by Apollo. Pans. 8, c, 53. Jlpollun.
4, v. "
the brothers of Ali)hesib(Ea,
his former wife.
1493. Callirhoe obtained from Jupiter, that herchil-'
AcACESiuM, a town of Arcadia,built by dren, who were stillin the cradle,might,by
Acacus son of
Lycatfn. Mercury, surnamed a supernaturalpower, suddenlygi'ow up to
Acacesius, because broughtup by Acacus as punish their father's raurderei's. This wa";
his foster-father,
was worshippedthere. Paus. granted. Vid. Alcma3on. Paus. 8, c. 24.
"
and put to death Acastus and his wife. Vid. A placeof Arcadia, near Megalopolis, where
Peleus and Astydaraia.Ovid. Met. 8, v. 306. Orestes was
" cured from the persecution of the
Heroid. 13, v. Ib."Apollod. 1, c. 9, ",c. furies,
who had a templethere. Paus. 8,v. 34.
The second archon at Athens. AcERATUs, a soothsayer,who remained
AcATHANTUs, a bay in the Red Sea. Strah. alone at Delphiwhen the approachof Xerxes
16. frightened away the inhabitants. Herodot. 8,
Ace A Laurcntia,the wife of Faustulus,shep- herd c. 37.
of kingNumitor's itocks,who broughtup AcERBAS, a priest of Hercules at Tyre, who
Romulus and Remus, who had been exposed married Dido. Vid. Sichseus. Justin. 18,c. 4. "
on the banks of the Tiber." From her wjmi- AcERiNA, a colony of the Brutii in Magna
tonness, she was called Lt^^Jff,(aprostitute,) Grajcia,taken by Alexander of Epirus.Liv. 8.
whence the fable that Romulus was suckled c. 24.
These, at her death, she gave to the AcEsius, a surname of Apollo,in Elis and
Roman people, whence the honours paidto her Attica,as god of medicine, Paus. 6, c. 24.
memory. Plat. Qucpst. Rom. 4'"i Romul. AcESTA, a tow^n of Sicily, called after king
A companion of Camilla. Virg.^n. 11, v. Acestes,and known also by the name of Se-
820. gesta. It was built by ^neas, who lefthere
AcciA or Atia, daughterof Julia and M. partof his crew as he was goingto Italy,Virg.
Atius Balbus,was the mother of Augustus, and JEn. 5, V. 746, he.
died about 40 years B. C. Dio.
" Suet, in Aug. Acestes, son of Crinisus and Egesta,was
4. Variola, an illustrious female, whose kingof the country near Drepanum in Sicily.
cause was elegantly pleadedby Pliny. Plin. He assisted Priam in the Trojanwar, and kind- ly
6, ep. 33. entertained .^neas duringhis voyage, and
AcciLA, a town of Sicily.Liv. 24, c. 35. heljjed him to bury his ftither on mount Eryx.
L. Accius, a Roman tragicpoet, whose In commemoration of this,iEneas built a city
roughnessof style Quintilianhas imputedto the there,called Accsta, from Acestes. Virg. JEn.
unpolishe^I age in which he lived. He trans- lated 5, V. 746.
some of the tragedies of Sophocles, but AcESTiuM, a woman w'ho saw all her rela-
tions
of his numerous piecesonlysome of the names invested with the sacred office of torch
are know^i; and among these, his JVuptiae, bearers in the festivals of Ceres. Paus. 1,c. 37.
Mercator, Neoptolemus, Phffinice,Medea, AcESTODORUS, a Greek historian, who men-
tions
Atreus, he. The great marks of honour the review which Xerxes made of his
which he received at Rome, may be collected forces before the battle of Salamis. Plut. iip
from thiscircumstance : that a man was ly
severe- Thcmst.
reprimandedby a magistrate for mentioning AcESTORiDES, an Athenian archon. A
bis name without revereiice. Some few of his Corinthian governor of Syracuse. Diod. 19.
verses are preservedin Cicero and other wri- ters. AcETEs, one of Evander's attendants. Virg.
He died about 190 years B. C. Horat. JEn.lhw'^O.
2, ep. 1, v. 56." Odd. Mi. 1,el. 15, v. 19." AciiABYTos, a loftymountain in Rhodes,
quinUl. 10, c. l."Cic. ad Alt. ^ in Br. de where Jupiterhad a teiujle.
Oral. 3, c. 16. A famous orator of Pisau- AcHiF.A, a surname of Pallas, whose temple
rum in Cicero's age. Labeo, a foolishpoet in Daunia was defended by dogs,who fawned
mentioned Fers. 1, v. 50. Tullius, a prince upon the Greeks, but fiercely attacked all
of the Volsci,vcr"' inimical to the Romans. other persons. Arisioi. de .Mirab. Cere*
Coriolanus, when banished by his country-
men, was called Achaea,from her lamentations (;'%*)
fled to him, and led his armies againstat the loss of Proserpine. Plut. in Isid.^ Osir.
Rome. Liv. 2, c. 37. Plut. in Coriol.
"
AcHiEi, the descendants of Achajus,at first
Acco, a generalof the Senones in Gaul. inhabited the country near Argos,but being
Cccs.bdl.Gail,6;e,4and44. Anoldwojaan driven bv the Heraclidie 80 years afterthe Tro-
1
AC AC
janwar, theyretiredamong the lonians, whose into the Euxine. Arrian in Penpl. "
A rejs^
twelve citiestheyseized and kept.The names tion of Antiochus the Great, appointedgover- nor
of these cities arc Pelena, jEgira, iEges,Bura^ of all the king's provincesbeyond Taurug,
Tritaea,.^gion, Rhypae,Olenos, Helice, Patrcc, He aspired to sovereign power, which he dis- puted
Dyme, and Phara}. The inhabitants of tliese for 8 years with Antiochus,and was at
three last began a famous confederacy, 2S4 last betrayedby a Cretan. His limbs Avere cut
years B. C. which continued formidable up- off,and his body, sewed in the skin of an ass,
W'ards of 130 years, under the name of the was exposedon a gibbet.Polyb.8.
Jichtzan league, and weis most illustriouswhilst Achaia, called also IIella.s, a country of
supportedby the splendid viitues and abilities Peloponnesus at the north of Elis on the bay of
of Aratus and Philopffimen. Their arms were Corinth,which is now part of Livadia. It was
directed against the ^tolians for three years, originally called ^-Egialus (short)from its si- tuation.
with the assistance of Philip of Macedon. and The lonians called it Ionia, when
theygrew powerful by the accession of neigh-
bouring they settled there ; and itreceived the name
states, and treed their country from of Achaia from the Achasi,who dispossessed
foreign slavery, tillat last they were attacked the lonians. Vid. Jlchizi. A small part of
by tJieRomans, and,afteroneVear's hosiilities, Phthiotis was also called Achaia, of which
the Achaean leaguewas totally destroyed, B. C. Alos vs^as the capital.
147. The Achajans extended the boi-ders of AciiAicuM BELLCM. Vid Achaii.
their country by conquest, and even planted AcHARA, a town near Sardis. Strab. 14.
colonies in Magna Gra^cia. The name of AcHARENSEs, a pcoplcof Sicily, near cuse.
Syra-
Achcti is generally appliedto all the Greeks Cic. in Ver. 3.
indiscriminatelv, by the poets. Jld. Achaia. AcHARNJS, a villageof Attica. Thiicyd. 2,
Herodof. I.e. 145, 1. 8, c. 36."Siat. Theb. 2, v. c. 19.
164."Polyb."Liv.I. 27, 32, kc."Plut. in Achates, a friend of ^Eneas,whose fidelity
Pkilop."Plin. 4, c. 5.~0vid. Met. 4, v. 605." was so exemplary,that Fidus Achates became
Paiis. 7, c. 1,fee. Also a peopleof Asia on a proverb. Virg. JEn. 1,v. 3 16. A river of
tiieborders of the Euxine. Ovid, de Pont. 4, Sicily.
"1. 10,V. 27. AcHELoiDEs, a patronymicgivento the Si?
AcH^iuM, a placeof Troas opposite Tene- reus as daughters of Achelous. Ovid. Met. 6,
dos. Strab. 8.
"
fab. 15.
AcH.EMEyES, a king of Persia,among the AcHELORiDM, a rivei* of Thessaly. Po-
of
progenitors C\tus the Great; whose de- lyan.8.
seendants were called Acheemenides.and ed
form- Achelous, the son of Oceanus or Sol, by
a separatetribe in Persia,of which the Terra or Tcthys,god of the river of the same
kingswere members. Cambyses,sou of Cyrus, name of Epirus. As one of the numerous
on his death-bed,chargedhis nobles, and par- suitors of Dejanka,daughter
ticularly of CEneus,he en-
tered
the Achaemenides, not to suft'erthe the listsagainst Hercules,and beinginfe-rior,
Medes to recover their former power, and changedliimself into a serpent,and after- wards
abolish the empire of Persia. Herodut. 1, c. into an ox. Hercules broke off one of
125,1.3, c. 65, 1. 7, c. \\."norcd.2. od. 12,v. his horns,and Achelous beingdefeated, retired
21." "
A Persian,made governor of Eg-j-pt by in disgrace into his bed of waters. The broken
Xerxes,B. C. 434. horn was taken up by the nymphs, and filled
AcH^sMENi.!,part of Persia, called after u'ith fruitsand flowers ; and after it had for
Achffimenes. Hence Achamenius. Horat. some time adorned the hand of the conqueror,
Epod. 13,v. 12. it Avas presentedto the goddessof Plenty.
AchjEmenides, a native of Ithaca,son of Some say that he Avas changedinto a river afr
Adi^amastus,and one of the companions of ter the victory of Hercules. This ri\er is in
Ulysses, abandoned on the coast of Sicily, Epirus.and rises in mount Pindus, and after
wiiere yEneas, on his voyage to Italy, found dividing Acarnania from iEtolia, fallsinto tlie
him. Virg.JEn. 3, v. 624. Ovid. lb. 417. Ionian sea. The sand and mud Avhich itcarries
AcMsoRUM LiTTUs, a harbour in Cyprus. doAAn,haAc formed some islands at itsmouth.
Strab. In Troas, In iEolia, in Pe- This river issaid by some to have sprung from
Toponnesus; on the Euxine, Pans. 4, c. 34. tiie earth after the deluge. Htrodot. 2, c. 10.-
AcH.":oROBi sTATio, a place on the coast "
Strab. 10." Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 5, 1. 9, fab. L
"f the Thracian Chersonesus,where Polyxena Amor. 3. el.6, v. 35. "
Apollod.1,c. 3 and 7, 1.
MTis sacrificed to the shades of Achilles,and 2, c. 7. Hygin.prcef.
" fab. A riA^r of Arca-
dia,
where Hecuba killed Polymnestor,who had falling into the Alpl^us. Another floAV-
murdered her son Polydorus. ingfrom mount Sipylus.Pans. 8, c. 38.
AcHTEL's, a kingof Lydia,hung by his;sub- AcHERous, a tribe of Attica ; hence AdiQr-
.fects for his extortion. Ovid in lb. A son of diisiusin Demoxth.
Xuthus of Thessaly. He fled,afterthe acci- dental AcHERiMi, a people of Sicily.Cic. 3, in
murder of a man, to Peloponnesus^; Verr.
where the inhabitantswere called,from him, Acheron, a river of Thesprotia, in Epinis,
AchaM. He afterwards returned to Thessaly.falling into the bay of Ambracia, Homer ed
call-
airalj. 8. Pans. 7, c. 1.-^ A
"
tragicpoet it,from the dead appearance of its Avaters,
of Eretria,who wrote 43 tragedies, of which one of the riA'ersof hell,and tiiefable has been
some of the titlesare presei-ved,such as Adi-as- adoptedby allsucceeding poets,Avho make the
ttis,Linus, Cycnus, Euraenldes,Phiioctetes, god of the stream to be the son of Ceres AAith-
Piritiious, Theseus,(Edipusjiic. ; of these only ont a father, and say that he concealed himself
one obtained the pviza. He lived some time in hell for fear of the Titans,and wa--' changed
-afterSophocles. Another of Syracuse, au-
thor into a bitter sU'eam, over Avhicli the souls of
of ten tragedies. A rirer which fall*the dead are at li)*st conveyed. It receives,.
5
AC AG
say the)'', the souls of the dead, because a female dress, and,by his familiarity with the
deadlylanguorseizes them at the hour of dis- king'sdaughters,
solution. made Deidamia mother of
Some make him son of Titan,and Neoptoleraus. As Troy could not be taken
suppose that he was plungedinto hell by Jupi- ter, w^ithout the aid of Achilles, Ulysses went to the
for supplying the Titans with water. The court of Lycomedos, in the habit of a mer- chant,
word Acheron is often taken for hell itself. and exposedjewelsand arms to sale.
Jiorat. 1, od. 3, v. 3Q."Virg.G. % v. 292. Mn. Achilles,choosingthe arms, discovered his
2, V. 295, "c. "
Stmb. 7. Lucan. 3, v. 16.
" "
sex, and went to war. Vulcan,at the entrea-
ties
6i/.9.. Silv.6, V. 80." Lu'. 8, c 24. .
A river of Thetis,made him a strong suit of ar- mour,
of Ells in Peloponnesus. Another on the which was proofagainst all weapons.
Cliphaean mountains. Orpheus. Also a ri- ver He was deprived by Agamemnon of his favour- ite
in the country of the Brutii, in Italy. Jus- mistress,Briseis, who had fallento his lot
(in. 12,c. 2. at tho division of the bootyof Lyrnessus. For
AcHKKOxNTiA, a town of Apuliaon a moun- tain, tljisaflVont,he refused to appear in the field
thence called JVidushy Horat. 3, od. 4,v. tillthe death of his friend Patroclus recalled
14. him to action,and to revenge. [Vid.Patro-
clus.']
AcHERusiA, a lake of Egypt near Memphis, He slew Hector,the bulwark of Troy,
over which,as Diodorus, /i6.1. mentions, the tied the corpse by the heels to his chariot, and
bodies of the dead were conveyed,and receiv-
ed draggeditthree times round the walls of Troy.
sentence according to the actions of their After thus appeasing the shades of his friend,
life. The boat was calledBaris,and the ferry- man he yieldedto the tears and entreaties of Pri- am,
Charon. Hence arose the fable of Cha-
ron and permitted the aged fatherto ransom
and the Styx, "c. afterwardsimported into and carry away Hector's body. In the 10th
Greece by Orpheus,and adoptedin the reli- gion year of the war, Achilles was charmed with
of tliecountry. " " There was a river of Polyxena ; and as he solicitedher hand in the
the same name in Epirus, and another in Italytemi)le of Minei'va, itis said that Paris aimed
and Calabria. an arrow at his vulnerable heel, of which
AcHERusiAS, a placeor cave in Chersonesus wound he died. His body was buried at
Taurica, where Hercules,as is reported, ged Sigseum,
drag- and divine honours W'cre paidto him,
Cerberus out of hell. Xenoph.Anah. 6. and templesraised to his memory. It is said,
AcHETus, a river of Sicily.Sil. 14. that afterthe taking of Troy,the ghostof Achil- les
Achillas, a general of Ptolemy,who mur- dered appearedto the Greeks,and demanded of
Pompey the Great. Plui. in Pomp. " them Polyxena, who accordingly was ficed
sacri-
Lucan. 8, v. 538. on his tomb by his son Neoptolemus.
Achillea, a peninsula near the mouth of Some say that this sacrifice was voluntary,
the Boiysthenes. Mela. 2, c. 1. Herodot. 4, and that Polyxenawas so grieved
"
at his death,
c. 55 and 76. ^An island at the mouth of that she killedherself on his tomb. The Thes-
the Ister,where was the tomb of Achilles, salians yearlysacrificed a black and a white
over which it is said that bh'ds never flew. bull on !iistomb. It is reported that he mar-ried
riin. 10, c. 29. A fountain of Miletus, Helen afterthe siege of Troy ; but others
whose waters rise salted from the earth,and maintain,that this marriagehappened after
afterwards sweeten in their course. Allien.2, his death,in the island of Leuce, where many
c. 2. of the ancient heroes liv'ed, as in a separate
Achilleus or Ac^uileus, a Roman generalelysium. [Vid.Leuce.'] When Achilles was
in Egypt,in the reignof Dioclesian, wiio re-belled,young, his mother asked him wh ether he pre- ferred
and for fiveyears maintained the impe- rial a long life, spent in obscurity and re-
tirement,
The poet's immature de.'Uhdeprived the world Pans. 3, c. 18,k.c."Dix)d. 17." Stat.AchiL"
of a valuable history of the lifeand exploits Ovid. Met. 12,fab. 3, "c. Trist. 3, el. 5, v.
of this famous liero. Vid. Statins. 37,k,c." Virg. JEn. 1,v. 472, 488, 1.2, v. 275,
Achilles, the son of Peleus and Tlietis, 1. 6, V. 58, k^c."Apollod. 3, c. 13." Hysin.
was the bravest of allthe Greeks in the Trojan fab. 96 and 110." Strab. 14." Plin. 35,c. 15."
war. Duringhis infancy, Thetis plungedhim Max. Tijr. Oral. 2't,"IlGrat. 8, 1,od. 1.2, od.
in the Styx,and made every part of his body 4 and 16,1.4,od. 6,2, ep. 2, v. 42." Horn. II.^"
invulnerable, except the heel by which she Od."Dictis. Cret. 1, 2, 3, he" Dares.
held hi)n. His education was intrustedto the Phryg."Juv. 7, v. 210. "
goingto the Tiojanwai*, where she knew he man who instituted ostracism at Athens.
was to peiish, privately sent him to the court Tatius,a native of Alexandria, in the age of
of L}xomede";where'he was disguised
iu a !the emperor ClaudiuS;
but originally
a pagan',
AC AC
converted to Christianity, and made a bishop. A consul,wliose son was killedby Doml-
He wrote a mixed historyof great men, a tian,because he fought with wild beasts. The
treatise on the sphere, tactics,a romance on true cause of this murder w^as, that young
the loves of Clitophon and Lucieppe, he. Some Glabrio was stronger than the emperor, and
manuscriptsof his Avorks are preservedin the therefore envied. Juv. 4, v. 84. "
Vatican and Palatinate libraries. The best AciLLA, a town of Africa,near Adrumetum
edition of his works isthat in 12mo. L. Bat. (some read Acolla). Ccbs. Afr.c. 33.
1640. Acis, a shepherdof Sicily, son of Faunus
AcHiLLEUM, a town of Troas near the and the nymph Simaethis. Galatea passionate-
ly
tomb of Achilles, built by the Mityleneans. loved him ; upon which his rival, Voly^he-
Plin. 5, c. 30. mus, throughjealousy, crushed him to death
Ac HI VI, the name of the inhabitants of whh apieceof a broken rock. The godschang- ed
Ai'gosand Lacedasmon before the return of Acis into a stream which rises from mount
the Heraclidae, by Avhora theywere expelled.5:tna. Ovid. Met. 13, fab. 8.
from their possessions 80 years afterthe Tro-
jan AcMON, a native of Lyrnessus, who accorp-
war. Being without a home, they drove panied^Eneas into Italy.His father'sname
the lonians from ..Egialus, seized their twelve was Clytus. Virg.JEn. 10,v. 128.
cities, and called the country Achaia. The lo-nians AcaioNiDES, one of the Cyclops. Ovid.
were received by the Athenians. The Fast. 4, v. 288.
appellation olJlchiviis indiscriminately ed
appli- AccETEs, the pilot of the shipwhose crew
by the ancient poetsto allthe Greeks. Paus. found Bacchus asleep, and carried him away.
1, c. 1,he. Vid. Achaia, As they ridiculed the god,they were changed
AcHLAD^EUs, a Corinthian general, killed into sea monsters, but Accetes was preserved.
by Aristomenes. Paus. 4, c. 19. Ovid. Met. 3, fab. 8, "c. Vid. Acetes.
AciiOLOE, one of the Harpies. Hygin. 14. AcoNTEs, one of Lycaon'sSOsons. Jlpollod.
AcicHilRius, a generalwith Brennus in 3, c. 8.
the expedition"which the Gauls undertook AcoxTEus, a famous hunter,changedinto
against Peeonia. Paus. 10, c. 10. a stone by the head of Medusa, at the nuptials
AciDALiA, a surname of Venus, from a of Perseus and Andromeda. Ovid. Met. 5,
fountain of the same name in Bcsotia,sacred to V. 201. Aperson killed in the wars of iEneas
her. The Graces bathed in the fountain. "
and Turnus, in Italy. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 615.
Virg.JEn. 1,v. 12.Q."0vid. Fast. 4, v. 468. AcoNTiuS; a youth of Cea, who, when he
AciDASA, a river of Peloponnesus, ly
former- Aventto Delos to see the sacrificesof Diana, fell
called Jardanus. Paus. 5, c. 5. in love Avith Cydippe,a beautiful virgin, and
AciLiA, a plebeian familyat Rome, W"hlch beingunable to obtain her,on account of the
traced ifspedigree up to the Trojans. The obscurity of his origin, wrote these A-erses on
spot where once a woman had fed with her ciently near Athens. JEsch. contra Ctesipk.
milk her agedfatiier, whom the senate had im-
prisoned, AcRAGAS. Vid. Agragas.
and exchuled from all aliments. Val. AcRATUs, a freed man of Nero, sent into
Max. 2, c, 5. The enactor of a law againstAsia to plunderthe templesof the gods. I'ac.
bribery. A pretorin the time tliatVerres An. 15,c. 45, 1. 16, c. 23.
was accused by Cicero. ^A man accused of AcRiAs, one of Hippodamia's suitors. Paw^.
i'xtorlion, and twice defended by Cicero. He 6, c. 21. Hebuilt Acriaj, atOAvn of Laconia.
was proconsul of Sicily, and lieutenant to Cae- M3, c. 21.
gar in tU";civilwaj-j, Oes. Bdl. Civ. 3;c. Id. AcRiDopjucJ; im .Ethiopian uatiou;"nho
AC AC
fcflupon and
locust,:^; lived not beyondtlielr One of the friends of ^neas, killed Ijy
"
40th year. At the approachof old age, swarms Mezentus. Virg.,j^n. 10, v. 7 19.
of winged lice attacked them, and gnawed AcROPATOs, one of x\le|;ander's officers,
their bellyand breast,tillthe patient by rub-
bing who obtained part of Media after the king's
himself drew blood, which increased death. Justin. 13,c. 4.
their number, and ended m his death. Diod. Acropolis, the ci(adel of Athens, built
S."Plin. 11, c. 29." Strab. 16. on a rock, and accessible only on one side.
AcRioN, a Pythagoreanphilosopher of Lo- Minerva had a temple at the bottom. Paus.
cris. Cic. defm. 5, c. 29. in Attic.
AcRisioNEus, a patronymicappliedto the AcROTATus, son of Cleomenes, king of
Argives,from Acrisius, one of their ancient Sparta,died before his father,leavinga son
kings,or from Arisione, a town of Argoli-j,called Areus. Paus. 1, c. 13,1.3, c. 6. A son
called after a daughterof Acrisius of the same of Areus, who was greatly loved by Chelidoni?,
name. Virg.JEn. 7, v. 410. wife of Cleonymus. This amour displeased
AcRisiONiADEs, a patronymic of Ferscus, her husband, who called Pyrrhus the Epirot,
from his grandfather Acrisius. Ovid. Met. 5. to avenge his wrongs. When Spartawas be- sieged
V. 70. b}'-
Pyrrhus,Acrotatus was seen bravely
Acrisius, son of Abas, king of Argos,by fighting in the middle of the enemy, and com-
mended
told by au oracle,that his daughter's son would being near the sea. It is derived by some
put him to death,he confined Danae in a bra- zen writers,from Actasus a king,from whom the
to^ver, to prevent her becoming a mother. Athenians have been called Actaei. Ovid.
She however became pregnant, by JupiterMet. J,V. 'il^."Virg. Ed. 2, v. 23.
changed into a golden shower ; and though Acta, a place near mount Athos on the
Acrisius ordered her, aud her infant,called ^gean Sea. Thucyd.4, c. 109.
Perseus, to be exposed on the sea, yet they AcT.'EA,one of the Nereides. Hesiod. TJi.
were saved ; and Perseus soon afterbecame 250. Homer. II. 18, v. 41. "
A surname of
so famous for his actions,that Acrisius,anxious Ceres. A daughterof Danaus. Apollod. 2,
to see so renowned a grandson, went to Laris- c. 1.
sa. Here Perseus, wishingto show his skill ActjEon, a famous huntsman, son of Aris-
in throwinga quoit, killed an old man who pro-
ved taius and Autonoe daughterof Cadmus, whence
to be his grandfather, whom he knew not, he is called Autoneius heros. He saw Diana
and thus the oracle was unhappilyfulfdled. and her attendants bathing near Gargaphia,
Acrisius reignedabout 31 years. Hygin.fab. for which he was changed into a stag, and
m."Ovid. Mel. 4, fab. \Q."Horat. 3, od. 16." devoured by his own dogs. Paus. 9, c.2. "
top of mount Athos, whose inhabitants lived of the insult,and drowned himself;
to an uncommon old age. Mela.
and soon afterthe country being visited by a
2, c. 2. "
AcRocoRiNxnus, loftymountain
a on the Sudan, in .Ver. 28. One of the
Attains.
isthmus of Corinth, trdcen by Aratus, B. C.
Hora\ Hygin.fab. 183.
243. There is a temple of Venus on the top,AcTiA, the mother of .Augustus. As she
and Corinth is built at the bottom. Strah. 8. sleptin the femple of Apollo, she dreamt
" jPaws. 2j C.4. Plat, in Aral.
" Slat. Thcb. 7, tliota dragonhad laljiwith her.
"
Nine months
V. 106. after,she brought forth,haying previously
AcRoy, a king of Cenina. killed by Romu-
lus dreamt that her bowels were scattered all over
in single combat, after the rape of the Sa- the world. Suet, in Aug. 94. Games sacred
bines. His spoils were dedicated *o Jupiterto Apollo, in commemoration of the victory of
Fereti'ius. Plut. in Romtd. A physician of Augustus over M. Antony at Actium. They
Agrigentum, B. C. 43i",educated at Athens were celebi'ated eveiy third,sometimes fifth
witit JBmpcdocles.He wrote physical
treatises year, with greatpomp, and the Lacedaemo-
nians
in the Doric dialect- and cured the Athenians had the care of them. Plut. in Anton. "
of a plague, by lighting fire near the houses of Strab. 7." Virg.JEn. 3, v. 280. 1.8, v. 675.
the infected, riin. 29, c. 1. Plut. in
" Isid. "A sisterof Julius Ciesar,
" Pint,in Qic:
AC AD
AcTis, son of Sol,went Into
Ada, a sister of queen Artemisia, whd
from Greece
and foimd- married Hidricus. After her husbands death,
Egypt,where he taughtastrologj",
ed Heliopolis. Diod. 5. she succeeded to the throne of Caria ; but be-ing
AcTiSANES, a kingof Ethiopia,who quered
con- expelledby her younger brother,she re- tired
and whom he banished to a desert place, where Adad, a deityamong the Assyrians, sup-
posed
in want of all aliment, and lived on-
ly to be the sun.
they were
Athens to Sicilyon that day, whence many at Sicyon,where a solemn festival was
lanfortunateomens were drawn. Plut. in M- annually celebrated. Homer. II. 5.
"
Virg.
cid. Ammian.
"
22, c. 9. JEn. 6, V. 480." Apollod. 1,c. 9, 1.3, c. 7."
Adonis, son of Cinyras,by his daughter Stat. T/ieb.4 and ^."Hygin.fab. 68, 69, and 70,
Myrrh a, ft'irf. Myrrha] was the favourite of "Paus. 1, c. 39, 1. 8, c. 25, I. 10, c. 90."
Venus. He was fond of hunting,and was Herodot. 5, c. 67, ":c. A peripatetic losopher,
phi-
often cautioned by his mistress not to hunt disciple to Aristotle. It is supposed
wild beasts for fear of being killed in the at- that a copy of his treatise on harmonics
tempt. is pre-
served
This advice he slighted, and at last in the Vatican. A Phrygianprince,
received a mortal bite from a M'ildboar which who having inadvertently killed his brother,
he had wounded, and Venus, after sliedding fled to Croesus,where he was humanely re- ceived,
many tears at his death, changed him into a and intrusted with the care of his son
fiower called ancmony. Proserpineissaid to Atys. In huntinga wild boar, Adrastus slew
have restored him to life, on condition that he the young prince,and in his despairkilled
should spendsix months v"ith her,and the rest himself on his grave. Herodot. 1, c. 35, Sac.
of the year with Venus. This impliesthe ""A Lydian,who assisted the Greeks against
alternate return of summer and winter. nis
Ado- the Persians. Paus. 7,c. 5. A soothsayer in
is often taken for Osiris,because the fes- tivalsthe Trojan war, son of Merops. Homer. II.
of both were often begun with mournful 2 and 6. The father of Einydicc, who mar-
ried
tilled in battle 500,000 Jew^s who had re- belled, ^Acus, son of Jupiterby anginadaughter
and built a cityon the ruins of Jeru- salem, of Asopus,was king of the island of (Enopia,
which he called iEiia. His memory which he called by his mother's name. A
was so retenti%'e, that he remembered every pestilence havingdestroyedall his subjects, he
incident of his life, and knew aJlthe soldiers entreated Jupiterto re-peoplehis kingdom ;
of his army by name. He was the firstem- peror and accordingto his desire,all the ants whlcU
who wore a long beard, and this he did were in an old oak were changed into men,
to hide the warts on his face. His successors and called by .^acus myrmidons,from /^-jei^nr,, ait.
might be sold without its due value. ^G^, a cityof Macedonia, the .-same as
There were three different sorts ; the ^diles Edessa. Some writers make them different,
PItbeii,or Minores ; the Majores^diles,and but Justin proves this to be eiToneous, 7, c. 1.
the ^diles Cereales. The plebeianediles
" "
Plin. 4, c. 10. A town of EubceajWhenca
"vere two, firstcreated with the tribunes ; they Neptuneis called jEgseus.Strab. 9.
presidedover the more minute affairsof the -^G^^, a town aud sea port of Cilicia,
state, good order,and the reparation of the Lucan. 3, v. 227.
sVeets. They procuredail the provisions of -/Eg^on, one of Lycaon'sSOsons."poUod.
the city- and executed the decrees of the peo- ple. 3, c. 8. The son of Crelus,or of Pontus
The Majoresand Cereales had greaterand Terra,the same as Briareus. [Firf. Bria-
privileges, though they at firstshared in the reus.']It is supposedthat he was a notorious
labour of the plebeian ediles : they appearedpiratechiefly residing at JEga., whence his
ivith more pomp, and were allowed to sitpub-
liclyname ; and that the fable about his 100 hands
in ivorychairs. The officeof an edile ai'isesfrom his having100 men to manage his
w"?s honourable,and was alwaysthe primaiy oars in his {)iratical excursions. Virg. JEn. 10,
step to greaterhonours in the republic.The V. 5G5." //es?orf.Th. 149." Homer. II. 10, v.
ediles w^ere chosen from the plebeians for 127 404." Otic/.Met. 2, v. 10.
vcars. tillA. U. C. 338. Vnro de L. L. 4, c. Mcrmyj^x mare (now Archipelago), part of
U."Cic. Legib. 3. the Mediterranean, dividing Greece from Asia
tEdipscs, a town in Euboea,now Dipso,Minor. It isfullof islands, some of which are
aboundingin hot-baths. called Cyclades, others Sporades, k.c. The
Vm.. iEniTuus, a Roman poet before the word jEga?um is derived by some from ^Egae,
age of Cicero, successful in amorous poetry a town of Eubo2a ; or from the number of
and epigrams. islands which it contains,that appear above
jS^don, daughterof Pandarus,married Ze- the sea, as """"", goals; or from the promonto- ry
thus brother to Amphion, by whom she had a iEga,or from JEgea., a queen of the Ama-
zons
son called Itylus She was so jealous of her ; or from iEgeus, who is supposedto
sLsterNiol)e,because she Ijad more children have drovv'ned himself there. Plin. 4, c. 11. "
were restored t" the sovereignty of th" couu- CsituliB, ia the firstPunic war, defe"tciJ
MG
tUe Carthaginian fleet,under Hanno, 242 They allreturned home safe,
except^gial6uSj
B. C. Liv. 21, c. 10 and 41,1.22,c. 54." Mela. was who
killed. That expedition is called the
2, c. I."Sil. 1,V. 61. of the Epigoni. Paws. 1,c. 43,44, 1. 2, c.
war
He is supposed to have firstintroduced into against their father. Some say that she
Greece the worshipof Venus Urania, to ren- der was changedby Jupiterinto the island which
the goddess prbpitlous to his wishes in bears her name. Plin. 4, c. 12. Strah. 8. " " "
yEcis, the shield of Jupiter, "^o t"k """-"-";^^ Senec. in ^9gam. Homer. Od. 3 and 11. "
"
a goat'sskin. This was the goat Amalthasa, Laclant. in T/ieb. 1, v. 684. Porapey need
with whose skin he his shield. The
covered to call J. Cffisar iEgisthus,
on account of his
goat was placedamong piter adulterywith his wife Mutia ;wiiom he repu-
the constellations.Ju- diated
gave this shield to Pallas, who placed after she had borne him three children.
grown up, presentedwith the sword of his ^GLES, a Samlan wrestler, born dumb"
mother's ravisher. Pelopea soon after this Seeingsome unlawful measures pursuedin a
melancholy adventure,had married her uncle contest, he broke the stringwhich held his
Atreus, who received into his house her na-
tural tongue, through the desire of speaking,and
son. As Thyestes had debauched the ever after spoke with ease. Val. Max. lyc. 8.
firstwife of Atreus, Atreus sent -Sgisthusto -^GLETEs, a surname of Apollo.
put him to death ; but Thyestesknowing the McLOGT.) a nurse of Nero. Sueton. in
assassin's sword, discovered he was his own Mr. 50.
son, and, fullyto revenge his wrongs, sent j3^gobplus, a surname of Bacchus at Pot-
him back to murder
Atreus. After this mur-
der, nia, in Bceotia.
Thyestesascended the throne,and banish-
ed ^GocERos, or Capricornus,an animal to
in-
Agamemnon and Menelaus, the sons, or which Pan transformed himself when fly-
ing
as others say, the grandsonsof Atreus. These before Typhon in the war with the giants.
children fled to Polyphidusof Sicyon ; but as made
Ju])iter him a constellation. Lucret. 1,,
he dreaded the power of their persecutors,he V. 013.
remitted the protectionof them to ffineus, ^GON, a shepherd. Virg.Eel. "
Tlieocril.
kingof ^tolia. By their marriage with the Idyl. A promontory of Lemnos. A
daughtersof Tyndarus,king of Sparta,tlieyname of the JEgean sea. Flacc. 1,v. 628.
were empowered to recover the kingdom of A boxer of Zacynthus,who dragged a large
Argos,to which Agamemnon succeeded,while bull by the heelirom a mountain into tliecity.
Menelaus reignedin his father-in-law's place, Theocrit. Idyll. 4.
^gisthus had been reconciled to the sons of iEcos POTAMOs, i. e. the goal's river,a town
Atreus ; and When they went to the Trojan in tiie Thracian Chersonesus, with a river of
war, he was left guardian of Agamemnon's the same name, Avhere the Athenian fleet, sisting
con-
came to Mycenie,the residence of iCgisthus, JCgusa, the middle island of the jEgate5
and resolved to punish the murderers of his near Sicily.
father,in conjunctionwith Elcctra,wiio lived iEcv, a town near Sparta,destroyedbe- cause
in disguise in the tyrant'sfamily. To eftect its inhabitants were suspectedby the
this more cirectually, Electra publicly declared Spartansof favouring the Arcadians. Pa^is. 3,
that her brotiier Orestes Avas dead ; upon which c. 2.
."']:)jj;isthus
*nd Ciytemmsstra
went to the temple .^GiTANE^;a nation in the middle of Afri-
ta, whose body is human above the waist, and slantine ManasseSjtl'^piSbgdom
of Egypt lasl-=
that of a goat beloAV. Mela, 1, c. 4 and 8. ed 1663 years from its under Misra- ^|[ginning
.^GYPsus, a town of the Getse,near the im the son of Ham, 218^^. (3.to the conq^iest
Danube. Ovid, ex Pont. 1, ep. 8, 1. 4, ep. 7. of Cambyses,525 B. C. ^^I^j^t
revolte,^^eri-
a freedraan
^Egypta, of Cicero, ad Attic. 8. wards from the Persian
pow'CT B. C. 414^nd
JEcYPTit, the inhabitants of Egypt. iVid. Amyrta}us then became king. After him
.a:gyptus.] succeeded Psammetichus, whose reignbegan
tEgyptium mare, that part of tlie Mediter-
ranean 408 B. C. Nephereus 396 : Acoris, 389 :
sea which is on the coast of Egypt. Psammuthis, 376 : Nepherites4 months, and
jEgyptus, son of Belus, and brother to Nectanebis, 375 : Tachos, or Teos, 363 "
Danaiis,gave his 50 sons in marriage to the Nectanebus, 361. It was conqueredby Ochus
50 daughtersof his brother. Danaus, who 350 B. C. ; and conquest after the of Persist
had established himself at Argos, and was lous by Alexander, Ptolemy refounded the king-
jea- dom,
of his brother,who, by followinghim and began to reign 323 B. C. Phila-
from Egypt into Greece, seemed envious of delphus,284: Evergetes,246: 'Philopater,
his prosperity, obligedall his daughtersto 221 : Epiphanes,204: Philomator, 180 and
murder their husbands the firstnightof their 169,conjointly Vv'ithEvergetesII.or Physcon,
nuptials.This was executed;but Hyperm- for 6 years: Evergetes U. 145: Lathurus
nesti'a spared her husband
alone Lynceus. Soter,and his mother Cleopatra,116: Alex- ander
Even uEgyptuswas killed by his niece Po- of Cyprus, and Cleopatra,106: La-
lyxena. Vid. Danaus, Danaidcs, Lynceus. thunis Soter restored, 88: Cleopatra II. 6
"
JCgyptus was king, after his father,of a months, with Alexander the second 19 days,
but at the distance of 50 leaguesfrom the sea, the reignof the Ptolemies, and ends
k diminishes so much as scarce to measure 7 at the death of Cleopatra,in the age of Au- gustus
or 6 leagues between the mountains on the " Justin. l.-r-Hirtius in Alex. 24. "
east and west. It is divided into lower, which Macrob. in somn. Scip.\,
HerO' c. 19 ". 21 "
the Delta, a number of large islands,which, Datum. ^. Cu7't.4,c.1. Jiiv. 15, v. 175. " "
"
from their form, have been called after the Pans. 1, c. 14. Plut. de Facie in Orb. Lim. dt "
fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. Tliis hid. Sy^Osir. in Ptol. inAhx."Mela. 1, c. 9.
country has been th.e mother of ai'ts and Apollod. 2, c. 1 " 5. A'minister of Mau-
"
.sciences. The greatestpart of Lower Egypt solus kingof Caria. Polyxn. 6. The " ancient
has been formed by the mud and sand carried name of the Nile. Homer Od. ?, v. 258,-*
down by the Nile. The Egyptiansreckoned Paus. 9, c. 40.
tliemselves the most ancient nation in the uni-
verse, jEgys. Vid. JF^gy.
but
{Vid Psammetichus.) some autliors ^gysthus. Vid. ^gisthus.
make them of
Ethiopian origin.They are iELiA, the wife of Sylla. Plut. in 3yU.
; they paid as
remarkable for their superstition " " The name of some towns built or ed
repair-
much honour to the cat, the the bull,
crocodile, the emperor Adrian. by
and even to onions, as to Isis. Rain never Mlix lex, enacted by JElius Tubero the
or seldom fallsin this country ; the fertility of tribune,A. U. C. 559, to send two colonies
the soil originatesin the yearlyinundations of into the country of the Brutii. Liv. 34, c. 53.
the Nile, which rises about 25 feet above the Another A. U. C. 568, ordaiuing, that,
surface of the earth,and exhibits a largeplain in publicaffairs,the augurs should observe the
of waters, in which are scattered here and appearance of the sky,and the magistrates be
there, the towns and villages, as the Cyclades empowered to postpone the business. ther
Ano-
in the ^Egeunsea. The air is not wholesome, called MVia Sexta, by JElius Sexlus,
but the population is great,and the cattle very A. U. C. 756, which enacted, that all slaves
prolific. It issaid that Egypt once contained who bore any marks of punishment received
20,000 cities, the most remarkable of which from their masters, or who had been imprison-
ed,
were Tliebes, Memphis, Alexandria, Pelu- should be set at liberty, but not rank as
giura,Coptos; Arsinoe,".c. It was governed Roman citizens.
by kingswho have immortalized themselves by tElia Petina, of the ftxmilyof Tubero,
the pyramidsthey have raised and the canals married Claudius Caesar, by whom she had a
they have opened. The prieststraced the son. The emperor divorced her, to marry
existence of the country for many thousand Messalina. Sueton. in Claud. 26.
years, and fondlyimaginedthat the gods v/erc .^^LTANus Claudus, a Roman sophistof
and thattlieir monarciiy Pra^neste, in the reignof Adrian.
their firstsovereigns, He fir.^^t
had lasted 11,840 years according to Hero- taughtrhetoric at Rome ; but being disgusted
)riotu5. Accordftigto the calculation of Cpn- with fais pr"*tV^'ion;hr becume author, and
.,.JS]
edifrc.atii^-9
"publish or lisin J7 books,on words. Sextus Paetus,a lawyer,consul at
various/^dbtorv Rome A. U. C. 566. He is greatly commen-
ded
lam ^d t.(5Xati". Ill his by Cicero for his learning, and called cor-
Very fond of the datus homo by Ennius for his knowledge of
ijj -iVP-'IHj.UJ4y-UJJiP*'' many stories which law. Cic. de Oral. 1, c. 48. in Brut. 20.
Sier^tmEfV 'Brfmcl of elegance and purityof Stilo, a native of Lanuvium, master to N. Ter.
styJfs'^^hbugh Philostratus has commended his Varro, and author of some treatises. Lamia^
lali'iuage as superior to what could be expect-ed Vid. Lamia.
from a person who was neither born nor ^Ello, one of the Harpies(from"\et"7" aja",
educated in Greece. iElian died in the 60th alienum tollens, or "!"."." lempeslas.) Flac. 4,
year of his age. A. D. 140. The best editions of V. 450." Hemd. Th. 267." Ovid. Met. 13,v.
his works collected together are that of Con-
rad 710. One of Acta3on's dogs. Ovid. Met. 3,
"
"
which, forhis virtues,he had received from has been indiscriminately applied to allGreece
his father-in-law^, L. Paulus,after the conquest by some Avi-iters.Plin. 4, c. 7.
of Macedonia. Plin. 33, c. 11. Cic.de Oral.
"
^MuNiDiiS. A priest of Apollo,in Italy,
I. Spartianus wrote the lives of the empe- rors killed by iEneas. Virg.JEn. 10. v. 537.
Adrian, Antoninus Pius, and M. Aure- ^Mus, an actor in Domitian's reign. Juv.
lius. He flourished A. D. 240. Tubero, 6, V. 197.
grandsonof L. Paulus,was austere in his mo- iEMYLiA, a noble familyin Rome, dc
I'als, and a formidable enemy to the Gracchi. scended from Mamercus, son of Pythagoras,
His grandsonwas accused before Cassar, and who for hishimianity was called Ai^j'Cihlandus.
ably defended by Cicero. Cic. ep. ad Brut. A vestal who rekindled the fireof Vesta,
' Verus Ciesar,the name of L. C. Com- which was extinguished by putting her veil
modui Verus, afterAdrian had adoptedhim. over it. Val. Max. 1,c. 1. Dionys.Hal. 2.
"
He was made pretorand consul by the em- peror, The wife of Africanus the elder,famous
who was soon convinced of his incapa-
city for her behaviour to her husband, when pected
sus-
Galen L. Gall us, a lawyer, who wrote 12 A partof Italy called alsoFlaininia. Martini
the
books concerning of all|aw 6,cp. 85.
signification A Pl^
isovo^
publicroitdReading
JEN JEN
ceiUa td Ariminum ; called after the consul -^NATiiwM,a forest near Olenoa in Achaia
JEmylius,who is supposed to have made it. sacred to Jupiter.
Martial. 3, ep. 4. iENAsius, one of the Ephori at Sparta.
^MVLiANUS, a name of Africanus the Thucyd.9, c. 2.
In hira the fa-
milies JEnea, or ^NEiA, a town of Macedonia,
younger, son of P. j^^mylius.
of the Scipios and ^mylii were united. 15 miles from Thessalonica, fomided by
Many of that familybore the same name. Juv. TEneas. Liv. 40, c. 4, 1.44, c. 10.
9, V. 2. ^NEAOES, a town of Chersonesus,builtby
JEmylu, a noble family in Rome, descend-
ed ^neas. Cassander desti-oyed it,and carried
from j^mylius the son of Ascanius. the inhabitants to Thessalonica,
"
latelybuilt.
Plutarch says, that they are descended from Dionys. Hal. 1.
Mamercus, the son of Pythagoras,surnamed JEt;'iljiJE,
a name given to the friends and
iEmyliusfrom the sweetness of his voice, in companions of ^Eneas, by Virg.Mn. 1, v.
JSlum. 4^JEmyl. The familywas
"
distinguished 161.
in the various branches of the Lepidi,Ma- M^i,A s, a Trojanprince, son of Anchises and
merci,Mamercini, Barbulag, Pauli,and Scauri. the goddessVenus. The opinions of authors
iEMYLius, a beautiful youth of Sybaris-concerninghis character are different. His
whose wife met with the same fate as Procris. infancy was intrusted to the care of a nymph,
Vid. Procris. Censorinus, a cruel tyrant and at the age of 5 he was recalled to Troy-
of Sicily, who liberally rewarded those who He afterwards improved himself in Thessaly
invented new ways of torturing. Paterculus under Chiron, a venerable sage, w^hose house
gave him a brazen horse for this purpose, and Avas frequented by the young princesand he- roes
the tyrantmade the firstexperiment upon the of the age. Soon after his return home
donor. Plut. de Fort. Rom. Lepidus,a he married Creusa, Priam's daughter,by
youth who had a statue in the capitol, for sav-
ing whom he had a son called Ascanius. During
the lifeof a citizen in a battle. Val. Max. the Ti ojanwar, he behaved with greatvalour,
4, c. 1. A triumvir with Vid. in defence of his country,and came
Octavius. to an en-
gagement
Lepidus. Macer, a poet of Verona in the \tith Diomedes and Achilles. Yet
Augustanage. He wrote some poems upon Strabo,Dictysof Crete, Dionysiusof Halicar-
birds,and, as some
serpents, suppose, on bees. nassus, and Dares of Phrygia,accuse him of
Vid. Macer. Marcus Scaurus, a Roman betraying his country to the Greeks, with An-
who flourished about 100 years B. C. and tenor, and of preserving his lifeand fortune by
wrote tliree books concerninghis own life.this treacherous measure. He lived at va-
riance
Cic. in Brut. A poet in the age of Tibe- rius, with Priam, because he received not
who wrote a tragedycalled Athens, and sufficientmarks of distinction from the king
destroyedhimself. Sura, another writer on and his family, as Homer, II. 13, says. This
the Roman year. Mamercus, three times mighthave provoked him to seek revenge by
dictator, conquered the Fidenates,and took perfidy.Authors of credit report,that whea
their city. He limited to one year and a half Troy was in flames,he carried away, upon his
the censorship, which before his time was ercisedshoulders,
ex- his father Anchises,and the statues
during five years. Liv. 4, c. 17,19, of his household gods,leadingin his hand his
"-C. Papinianus, son of Hostilius Papinia-son Ascanius, and leaving his wife to follow
nus, viras in favour with the emperor Severus, behind. Some say that he retired to Mount
and was made governor to his sons Geta Ida, where he built a fleet of 20 ships, and set
and Caracalla. Geta was killed by his brother, sailin questof a settlement. Strabo and others
andPapinianus for upbraiding himwas ed
murder- maintain that ^neas never left his country,
by his soldiers. From his school the Ro- mans but rebuilt Troy, where he reigned, and his
have had many able lawyers, who were posterity afterhim. Even Homer, who liyed
called Papinianists. Pappus,a censor, who 400 years afterthe Trojan war, says, II,20, v,
banished from the senate, P. Corn. Ruffinus,30, ".C.that the gods destined ^neas and hi."5
who had been twice consul,because he had at posterity to reign over the Trojans. This
his table ten poundsof silver plate, A. U. C. 478.
passage Dionys.Hal. explained, by sayingiXmi
Lit\ 14. Porcina,an elegantorator. Cic. in Homer meant the Trojanswho had gone over
Brut. Rectus,a severe governor of Egypt, to Italy with ^neas, and not the actnal inhub
under Tiberius. Dio. Regillus,conquered itants of Troy. Accordingto Virgil and other
the generalof Antiochus at sea, and obtained Latin authors,who, to make their court to the
a nav^al triumph. Liv. 37, c 31, Scaurus, Roman traced Uieir originup to
emperors,
a noble, but poor citizen of Rome. His iEneas. and described his arrival into Italyas
father,to maintain himself, was a coal-mer-
chant. indubitable, he with his fleet firstcame to the
He was edile,and afterwards praetor,Thracian Chersonesus, wiiere Polymncsloj',
and foughtagainst Jugurtha. His son Marcus one of his allies, reigned. After visiting Dc-
was son-in-law to Sylla,and in his edileship he los,the Strophades, and Crete, where he ex.-
built a very magnificent theatre. Plin. 36, c. pectedto find the empirepromised him by the
15. A bridgeat Rome, called also Subli- oracle,as in the place where hjsprogenitor.s
pius. Juv. 6, v. 32, were born, he landed in Epirus and Drejia-
^Enaria, an island in the bay of Puteoli, num, the court of king Acestus jn Sicily,
aboundingwith cypress trees. It received its wiiere he buried his father. From Sicilyhe
name from iKneas, who
is supposedto have sailed for Italy,but was driven on the coasts of
landed there on his way to Latium. It is Africa, and kindlyreceived by Dido queen of
tailed Pilhecusa by the Greeks, and now Carthage,to whom, on his firstinterview,he
Ischia,and was famous once for its mineral gave one of the garments of the beautiful
Tvatcrs. Liv. 8, c. 22.~Plin. 3, c. 6, 1.31,e. 2. Helen .
Dido beingenamoured of him, wisheej
T'Sta^.d.Si/lv.6,V.
104, to marry by order
him ; but he left Cartilage
't)fthe gods. In his voyage he wa* driven to be dejG ended from the kingsof
Troy, The
and from thence
SiciiV, he passedto Curaai ^neid had engagedthe attention of the
poet
where the Sybilconducted him to hell,that for 1 1 years, and in the firstsix books it seems
he might hear from his fatherth-efateswhich that it was Virgil'sdesignto imitate Homer's
attended him and all his posterity. After Odyssey,and in the lasttiieIliad. The action
voyage of seven years, and the loss of 13 ships. of the poem conjprehends eightyeai's,,one of
lie came to the Tyber. Latinus,the kingof which only, the last,is really taken up by ac-
tion,
the country,received him with hospitality, as the seven first are merely episodes,
and promisedhim his daughterLavinia,who such as Juno's attemptsto destroy the Trojans,
had been before betrothed to kingTurnus by the loves of .^neas and Dido, the relation of
her mother Amata. To prevent this mar- riage, the faU of Troy,"c. In the first book of the
Turnus made war against ^'Eneas ; and ^neid, the hero is introduced, in the seventh
after many battles, the war was decided by a year of his expedition, sailing in the Mediter-
ranean,
combat Ipetvveen the two rivals, in which Tur-
nus and shipwrecked on the African coast,
was killed. iEneas married Lavinia,in where he isreceived by Dido. In the second,
"nrhose honour he built the town of Lavinium, iEneas,at the desire of the Phoenician
queen,
and succeeded his father-in-law.After a short relates the fallof Troy, and his flight through
reign, ^ neas was killed in a battle against the the generalconflagration to mount Ida. In the
Etrurians. Some say that he was droAvned in third,the hero continues his narration, by a
the Numicus, and his body weighed down by minute account of his voyage through the Cy-
his armour ; upon which the Latins,not find- ing clades,the placeswhere he landed,and tlie
their king, supposedthat he had been taken dreadful storm, with the description of which
up to heaven, and therefore olFered him sacri- fices the poem opened. Dido, in the fourth book,
as to a god. Dionys. Hal. fixesthe arrival makes publicher partiality to /Eneas, which
of ^neas in Italy in the 54th olyrap. Some is slighted by the sailing of the Trojansfrom
authors suppose that ^neas, afterthe siege of Carthage,and the book closes with the su- icide
Troy, fellto the share of Neoptolemus;toge- ther ox the disappointed queen. In the fifth
with Andromache, and that he was ried
car- book, iEneas sails to Sicily, wiiere he ce- lebrates
to Thessaly, whence he escapedto Italy. the anni'^ersary of his father'sdeath,
Others say, that afterhe had come to Italy, and thence pm-sues his voyage to Italy.In
he returned to Troy,leaving Ascanius kingof the sixth, he visitsthe Elysian fields, and learns
Latium. j^neas has been praised ty, from,his father the fate which attends him and
for his pie-
and submission to the Vv'ill of ti:e gods.his descendants the Romans. In the seventh
Homer. II.13 and 20. Hymn, in Vener. Apol- book, the hero reaches the destined land of
"
lod. 3, c. 12." Diod. S."Paus. 2, c. 33, 1.3, c. Latium, and concludes a treatywith the king
22, 1. 10, c. 25." Plut. in Romnl. i/-Corol. of the country,which is soon broken by the in-
Qiiaist. Rom. "
Val. Mar. 1, c. 8. Flor. 1, c. terfei-ence
"
of Juno, who stimulates Turnus to
l.~Justi7i. 20, c. 1, 1.31, c. 8, 1.45, G. l."Dic- war. The auxiliaries of the enemy are enu- merated
1. 14,^v.224."Apollon.
whence the surname given to himself Ovid. Met. 11, v. 478,
4, Argon. Fiacc. 1,v. 556.
" Diod.4 and 5. " "
near the ^-gean sea It has Troas at the Mpytcs, king of Mycenaj, son of Chre^-'
north, and Ionia at the south. The inhabi- tants phcnLes and ivierope, was educated in Arca--
uia with Cypselus,his mother's father. To
were of Grecian origin, and were ters
mas-
of which
A king of Aixadia, son of
most famous. Thev- received theirname from Faus. 4, c, 8.
Elaius. *A son of Hippothous, who forcibly
^olus son of Hellenus. They migratedfrom
about 1124 B C. 80 years before the
entered the temple of iscptune, near Mauti-
Greece
uea; and was scruck blind by the suaden erup- tion
migraaon of the Ionian tribes. Herodot. 1, of salt waisr from the altar. He was kill- ed
c.2^, kc" Strab. 1,2, andC" PZfn.5, c. 30."
Dj a serpent in hunting. Fau^. 8, c. 4
Mela, 1, c. 2 and 18. Thessalyhas been
anciently called ^olia. Dffiotus, son of Pvep- and 5.
settled called followers M'^'s: or iEQ,uicuLi,a peopleof Latiura,
tune, having there, his
Boeotians,and thsir country Bceotia. neai* Tybur; they were great enemies to
tweenRome in its infant state,and were conquered
JEjlije and tEolides, seven Islands be-
Sicily and Italy;called Lipai-a, Hiera,
with much diiSculty.Flor. 1,c. 11. Liv. 1, "
i. 1. kc. Plin. 3, c. 4.
Didyme, Ericusa, Phcenicusa,and c. 32, 2, c. 30, 3, c. 2,
"
"
Stroiigyle,
of Virg. J"n. 7, v. 747, 1. 9, v, QS4."Qvid. Fast.
Euonymos They were the retreat the
winds; and Plrg.Mn. 1, v, 66, calls them 3, v. ys."Dtonys. Hal. 2, c.
19.
and the kingdom of ^Eolus the god of Mqvniihivii, a placein Rome where the
jS^alia,
and vvinds house of Melius stood,v/ho aspired to sove-
reign
storms They sometimes bear the
name of VidcanicB and Ilephasliadts, and are povi'er, for which crime his habitatioa
Ldc. 4, c. 16.
known now among the moderns under the was levelled to the ground.
generalappellation of Lipari islands. Liican. ^^RiAS, an ancient king of Cypi-us, who,
built the temple of Paphcs. Tacit. Hist. 2"
#, V. 609." J"^//?i,4, c. 1.
jEor.inA, a city of Tenedos. Another c. 3.
^K'jpEjWifeof Atreiis, committed adultery
near Therraopvlje.Herodot. 8, c. 35
M ^^oLiDEs. a" patronymic of'
"
Gteslphon, who proposedit; and to their sub- sequent but disorderly and wild ; fruitful
dispute we are indebted for the two in prodigies, but disdaining probabilities. His
celebrated orations de corona. iEschines was style isobscure, and the labours of an excellent
defeated by his rival'ssuperior eloquence, and modern critic have pronounced him the
banished to Rhodes ; but as he retired from most difficult of all the Greek classics. A few
Athens,Demosthenes ran after him, and no- bly expressions of impioustendencyin one of his
forced him to accept a presentof silver. plays, nearlyprovedfatalto ^Eschylus ; he was
In his banishment,the orator repealed to the condemned to death : but his brother Amyni-
Rhodians,what he had delivered against De- as, itis reported,
mosthenes; reversed the sentence, by
and afterreceiving much applause, uncoveringan arm, of which the hand hat!
he was desired to read the answer of his an- been cut off at the battle of Salamis in the ser-
tagonist. vice
It was received with gi'eater marks of his country,and the poetwas pardoned.
"f approbation ; but,exclaimed jEscbines, how ^Eschylus has been accused of drinking to ex-
cess,
much more would your admiration have been and of never composingexcept when in
raised,had you heard Demosthenes himself a state of intoxication. In his old age he re- tired
speakit ! iEschines died in the 75th year of to the court of Hiero in Sicily.Being
his age, at Rhodes, or, as some suppose, at informed that he was to die by the fallof a
Samos. He wrote three orations, and nine house,he became dissatisfiedwith the fickle-
ness
epistles, which, from their number, received of his countrymen, and withdrew from
the name, the firstof the graces, and the last the city into the fields, where he sat down. An
of the muses. The orations alone are extant, eaglewith a tortoise in her bill, flew over his
generally found collected with those of Lysias. bald head, and supposingit to be a stone,
An oration which bears the name of Ddlaca droppedher prey upon it to break the shell,
lex., is said not to be his production, but that of and j5]schylus instantly died of the blow, in
^schines, another orator of that age. Cic. de the 69th year of his age, 456 B. C. It is said
Orat. 1, c. 24, 1.2, c. 53, in Bnit. c. 17." Plat, that he wrote an account of the battle of Ma- rathon
in Demostli. Diog.2 and 3. Plin. 7, c. 30.
" " in elegiac verses. The best editions of
Diogenesmentions seven more of the same his works are that of Stanley, fol. London,
name. A philosopher, disciple of Socrates,1663,that of Glasg. 2 vols,in 12mo. 1746,and
who wrote several dialogues, some of which that of Schutz,2 vols. Svo. Hal", V7S2."Ho-
bore the following titles: Aspasia, Phasdon, rat.AH. Poet. 27S."QuinliL10, c. l."Plin.
Alcibiades, Draco, Erycia,Polyaiuus, Telau- 10, c. 3." Val. Max. 9, c. 12. The 12tta
ges, ",c. The dialogue entitled Axiochus,and perpetual archon of Athens. A Corinthian,
ascribed to Plato,is supposed to be his compo-
sition. l3rother-in-law to Timophanes,intimate with
T-liebest editionsare that of Leovard, Timoleon. Pluf. in Timol. A Rhodiaa
1718, with the notes of Horraeus,in 8vo. and set over Egypt with Peucestes of Macedonia.
that of Fischer,8vo. Lips.1766. A man Curt. 4, c. 8. A native of Cnidus,teacher
who Avrote an oratory. An Arcadian. of rhetoric to Cicero. Cic. in Brut.
A Mitylenean. A of Melanthius, ^EscuLAPius,
disciple son of Apollo,by Coronis,
.
A Milesian writer.statuaiy. ^A or as some say, by Larissa,daughter of Phle-
jEscnRio"r,a Mityleneanpoet, intimate gias, was god of medicine. After his union
with Aristotle. He accompaniedAlexander with Coronis, Apolloset a crow to watch her,
in his Asiatic expedition. An Iambic poet and was soon that she admitted th"
informed
of Samos. Allien. A physician commended caresses of .-Emonia.
of Ischys, The god,in a
hy Galen. A treatiseof his on husbandryhas fitof anger, destroyed Coronis with lightning,
been quotedby Pliny. A lieutenant of Ar- but saved the infantfrom her womb, and gave
chas:athu9, killed by Hanno. Diod. 20. him to be educated to Chiron, who taught him
^scHVLiDEs, a man who wrote a book on the art of medicine. Some authors say, that
agriculture. JElian.H. Jia. 15. Coronis lefth"r fatherto avoid the discovery
ll
MS
of her pregnancy, an ; hat she exposed her atelythe old man recovered the vigourand
4;hild near Epidaurus. A goat of the flocksof bloom of youth. Some say that Mson killed
Aresthanas gave him her milk, and the dog himself by drinking bull's blood, to avoid the
who keptthe flock stood by him to shelter him persecutionof Pelias. Died. 4. Apollod.1, "
from injury. He was found by the master of c. 9." Ovid. Met. 7, v. 28b."Hygin. fab. 12.-
the flock,who went in search of his straygoat, A river of Thessaly, with a town of the
and saw his head surrounded with resplendent same name"
Athens, Smyrna, fcc. Goats,bulls, lambs, and ])ared the Delphians to floating sticks,which
pigs were sacrificed on his altars, and the appear large at a distance,but are nothing
cock and the serpent were sacred to him. when broughtnear. The Delphians, offended
Rome, A. U. C. 462,was delivered of a plague,with his sarcastic remarks, accused him of
and built a templeto the god of medicine,who, having secreted one of the sacred vessels of
as was supposed, had come there in the form Apollo's teniple,and threw him dov/n from a
of a serpent,and hid himself among the reeds rock, 561 B. C. Maxiraus Plarmdes has writ-
ten
in an island of the Tyber. ^sculapiuswas re- his lifein Greek ) but no credit is to be
resented with a largebeard, holdingin his givento the biographer, who falselyasserts
E and a stafl^", round which was wreathed a ser-
pent that the mythologist was short and deformed,
; his other hand was supportedon the ^sop dedicated his fables to his patron Croe- sus
head of a serpent. Serpentsare more cularly ; but what appeal's now
parti- under his name, is
sacred to him, not only as the ancient no doubt a compilation of ail the fables and
physicians used them in their prescriptions ; apologues of wits before and afterthe age of
but because theywere the symbolsof })r"dence/Esop, conjointly with his own. Plat, in So-
lon."
and foresight, so necessaiy in the mcdicalpro- Pliced. 1. fab. 2, 1. 2, fab, 9. Claudus,
fession. Ke married Epione,by whom he had an actor on the Roman stage,very intimate
two sons, famous for their skillin medicine, with Cicero. He amassed an immense tune.
for-
Machaon and Podalirus ; and four daughters, His son, to be more expensive,melted
of whom Hygiea, goddessof health, is the preciousstones to drink at his entertainments,
most celebrated. Some have supposedthat he Horat. 2, Sat. 3, v. 239." Val. Max. 8, c. 10.
lived a short time afterthe Trojanwar. He- 1.9, c. l."Plin. 9, c. 35, 1. 10,c. 51. An
siod makes no mention of him. Homer. 11.4, orator. Diog:- An historian in the time
V. 193, Hymn, in Mscul."Apollod. 3, c. 10. of Anaximenes. Plat, in Solon. A river
"
Appollon.4, Jlrgon.Hygin,- fab. 49.
"
"
of Pontus. Strab. 12 -An attendant of Mi-
Ovid. Mel. 2, fab. S."Paus. 2, c. 11 and 27, I. thridates, w^ho ^vrote a treatise on Helen, and
7, c. 23, kc."Diod. 4." Pindar. Pyth. 3." a panegyric on liisroyalmaster.
Lucian. Dial, de Saltat. Val. Max."
1, c. 8. iEsTRiA,an island in the Adriatic. Melaj
" Cic. de JVat. D. 3, c. 22, says there' were 2, c. 7.
three of this name ; the 1st, a son of Apollo, iEsuLA, a town on a mountain between Ty"
worshipped in Arcadia;2d, a brother of Mer- cury bur and Praneste. Horat. 3, od, 29.
; 3d, a man who firsttaughtmedicine. ^SYETES, a man from whose tomb Polites
iEsEPus, a son of Bucolion. Homer. II. 6, spiedwhat the Greeks did in their shipsdur- ing
V. 21, A river. Fi(/..^Isapus. the Trojanwar. Homer. II.2, v. 793.
^SEKA^IA, a cityof the Samnites, in Italy, ^sYMNETEs, a sumame of Bacchus. Paus.
Liv. 27, c. 12." *"(/. 8, v. 567. 7, c. 21.
iEsioN,an Athenian,known for his respect iEsYMNus, a person of Megara, who con- sulted
for the talentsof Demosthenes. Plut. in Be-, Apollo to know the best method of
most. governinghis country. Paus. 1,c. 43.
-ffisis,a river of Italy, which separates Um- iETHALiA, or Etheria, now Elba, an
bria from Picenum. island between Etruria and Corsica. Plin. 3,
iEsoN, son of Cretheus,was born at the c. 6, 1. 6, c. 30.
same birth as Pelias. He succeeded his fa-
ther -^THALiDEs, a herald, son of Mercury,to
in the kingdomof lolchos,but was soon whom it was grantedto be amongst the dead
exiled by his brother. He married Alcimeda, and the living at stated times. Apollon. Argon.
by whom he had Jason, whose education he 1, V, (yi\,
intrusted to Chiron,being afraid of Pelias. iExHioN, a man .slainat the nuptials of An-
dromeda.
When Jason Ovid. Met. 5, v. 146.
was
u]),he demanded
grown his
lather's kingdom from his uncle, v.ho irave .(Ethjupia, an extensive countiy of Africa,
him evasive answers, ami persuadedhim to at the south of Egypt,divided into east and
go in quest of the golden fleece. son.]west by the ancients,
[Fid.Ja- the former division ly- ing
At his return, Jason found his father near Meroc, and the latter near the Mauli.
very infirm ; and Medea [Vid.Meden,] at his The country, properlynow called Abyssinia,
request, drew the blood fron) /Eson's veins, as well as the inhabiiants, were littleknown
and refilledthem with the
juiceof certain to the ancients,tlioughHomer has styled
herbs which she had gathered,and immedi- them of men,
the jnstest "ud the favonj-itTs
7
AF
ef the gods. Diod. 4, says, that the zEthio- iEToLiA, a country bounded by Epulis,
pianswei-e the firstinhabitants of the earth," Acarnania, and Locris,supposedto be about
They were the firstwho worsliipped the gods, the middle of Greece. It received its name
for which,as some suppose, their country has from iEtolus. The inhabitants were covetous
never been invaded by a foreign enemy. The and illiberal,
and were littleknown in Greece,
inhabitants are of a dark complexion. The tillafter the ruin of Athens and Spartathey
country is inundated for five months every assumed a consequence in the country,and af- terwards
and nights almost of made themselves formidable as the
year, and their days are
an equallength. The ancients have giventhe alliesof Rome and as its enemies, till they
name of Ethiopiato every country whose in- habitants
were conquered by Fulvius. Liv. 26, c. 24,
are of a black colour, Liican. 3, v. kc."Flor. 2, c. 9."Slrab. 8 and 10." Mela, 2,
'253,1.9, V. 2, v. 2S."Virg. eel.6, c,3." P/m.4, c. 2." Pans. 10,c. IS." Plut. in
Qol."Juv.
V. QS."Plin. 6, c. 29. Pans. 1,c. 33." Homer. Flam.
Od.l,y.22. //. 1, V. 423. ^ToLus, son of Endymion of Elis and Iphi-
^TiiLius, sou of Jupiterby Protogenia,anassa, married Pronoe, by whom he had
Was father of Endymion. JlpoUod. 1,c. 7. Pleiu'on and Calvdon. Having accidentally
^THON, a horse of the sun. Ovid. Met. 2, killed Apis, son ot Phoroneus, he lefthis coun-
try,
fab. 1. A horse of Pallas, represented as and came to settle in tliat part of Greece
sheddingtears at the death of his master, by which has been called, from him, ^Etolia.
Virg.Mn. II, V.89. A horse of Hector. ApoLlod. 1, c. 7 and 9. Pans. 5, .c. I.
Homer. II. 8, v. 185. "
zene, had Theseus by iEgeus. [Vid.JEgeiis.'] of the Marsi. The nurse of Jupiter
Slie was carried away by Castor and Pollux, changed into a constellation.
"when theyrecovered their sisterHelen, whom Afer, an inhabitant of Africa. An former
in-
Theseus had stolen, and intrusted to her care. under Tiberius and his successors. He
[Vid.Helen.] She went to Troy with Helen. became also knovv'n as an orator and as the
Homer. 11.3, v. 144." Pans. 2, c. 31, 1. 5, c. 19. preceptorof Quintilian,and was made consul
""Hygiii. fab. 37 and 79." Plut. in Thes." by Domitian. He died A. D. 59.
Olid. Her. 10,v. 181. One of the Oceanides,
"
Afrania, a Roman matron who fi-equented
Avife to Atlas, She is more generally called the forum forgetful of female decency. Val.
Pleione, Ma.v. 8, c. 3.
JEthvsa, a daughterof Neptune by Ara- Luc. Afranius, a Latin comic poet in the
phitrite, or Alcyone, mother by Apollo of age of Terence, often compared to Menander,
Kleuthereand two sons. Pans. 9, c. 20. whose style he imitated. He is blamed for the
An island near Plin. 3, c.
Lilybffiura. 8. unnatural gratifications which he mentions in
JEtia, a poem of Callimachus,in whicli Jiiswritings, some fragmentsof which are to be
he speaksof sacrifices, and of the manner in found in the CorpusPoeiarum. Qui7it. 10,c. 1.
which theywere offered. Mart. 10, ep. 4. "
Sueton. JVer. li."Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. 57. "
jE-noy, or Eetion, the father of Andro- Cic. defin. 1, c. 3."^. Gell. 13,c.8. A ge-
neral
maciie, Hector's wife. He was killed at The- bes, of Pompey, conquered by Caesar in
with his seven sons, by the Greeks. Spain.Sueton. in Cas. 34. Plut. inPomp.
"
A famous painter.He drew a paintingof Q. a man who wrote a severe satire against
Alexander goingto celebrate his nuptials with Nero, for which he was put to death in the
Roxane. This piecewas much valued, and Pisonian conspiracy.Tacit. Potitus,a ple-
beian,
v.as exposed to publicview at the Olympic who said before Caligula, that he would
games, where itgainedso much applausethat willingly die ifthe emperor could recover from
The president of the games gave the painter his the di.^temper he laboured under. Caligula
daughterin marriage. Oic Br. 18. i-ecovcred, and Afranius was put to death that
jiilTNA,a mountain of Sicily, now called Gi- he might not forfeithis word. Dio.
bello,famous for its volcano, which, for about Africa, called Libya hy the Greeks, one
31100 years, has thrown out fire at intervals. of the three parts of the ancient world, and
It is 2 miles in perpendicular height, and mea- the greatestpeninsulaof the universe, was
.sures 100 miles round at the base, with an boimded on the east by Arabia and the Red
ascent of 30 miles. Its crater forms a circle Sea, on the north by the Mediterranean, south
about 3 1-2 miles in circumference,and its and west by the ocean. In its greatest lengtli
top is covered with snow and smoke at the it extends 4300 miles,and in its greatest
same time, whilst the sides of the mountain, breadth it is3500 miles. It is joined on the
from the great fertility of the soil,exhibit a east to Asia, by an isthmus 60 miles long,
rich scenery of cultivated fieldeand blooming which some of the Ptolemies endeavoured to
vineyards.Pindar is the first who mentions cut, in vain, to join the Red and Mediterra- nean
an eruption of^i^tna ; and the silence of Homer seas. It is so immediately situate under
on the subject is considered as a proofthat the the sun, that only the maritime partsare in- habited,
Jires of tiiemountain W'ere unknown in his age. and the inland country is mostlybar- ren
From the time of Pythagoras, the supposeddate and sandy,and infested with wild beasts.
of the firstvolcanic aj)j)earance, to the battle The ancients, throughignorance, peopledthe
of Pharsalia, itis computed that dclUm has bad southern parts of Africa with monsters, en- chanters,
100 eruptions.The i)oetssiipj)Osed that Ju-piter and chimeras ; errors which begia
had confined the giantsunder this moun- tain, to be corrected l)ymodern travellci's. Vid.
and it was rej"rese]jted as the forgeof Libya. Mela, 1, ";. 4, he " Diod. 3, 4, and
Vulcan, where his servants the Cyclops fabi'i- 20." Hcrodot. 2, c. IT, 26 and 32, 1.4, c. 41,
cated thunderbolts, "ic. Heslod. Theog. v. 860. ^c. " Plin. 5, c. 1, "". There is a part of
"Virg. JEtk. 3, v. olO."Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 6. Africa,called Propria,which lies aboat the
I. 15,V. 340." Hal 14, v. o9.
AG AG
middle,"n the Mediterranean, and has Car-
bath,to embarras him, she gave him a tunic
thage
for its capital. whose sleeves were sewed together, and while
Atricaxus, a blind poet, commended by he attemptedto put it on, she broughthim to
Ennius. A christian writer, who flourished the ground with a stroke of a hatchet,and
A. D. 222. In his chronicle, which Avas uni- iEgisthusseconded her blows. His death was "
esteemed, he
vereaily reckoned 5500 years revenged by
Orestes. [Firf.
nestra,
Clytem- his son
from the creation of the world to the age of Menelaus, and Orestes.]Homer. II.
Julius Ceesar. ISotliingremains of this work, 1,2, "c. Od. 4, he" Ovid, de Rem. Am. v.
but what Eusebius has preserved. In a letter Til." Met. 12, V. 30." Hytrin,fab. S8 and 97.
to Origen, Africanus proved,that the history"Strab. S."Tliucyd.1, c "^."JElian. V. H. 4,
of Susanna is supposititious
; and in another to c. 26. Didys Cret. 1,2, k:c. Dares"
Phryg. "
"
stillextant, he endeavours
Ainstides, Sophocl.
toin Elect. Euripid.
cile
recon- in Orest. Senec. "
"
near which the dead were buried. Cic. in 9, c. 29." Propert. 2, el. 3." Olid. Met. 5, v.
Tusc. 312." Piin. 4, c. 7.
Agalasses, a nation of India,conqueredby Agapjjsor, tlie commander of Agamem-
non's
Alexander. Diod. 17. fleet. Homer. II. 2. The son of An-
Agalla, a woman of Corcyra,who wrote ca?us, and grandsonof Lycurgus, who afterthe
a treatise upon
grammar. Athen. 1. ruin of Troy,was carried by a storm into Cy-prus,
Agamedes and Trophonius, two tects
archi- W'here he built Paphos. Puus. 8, c. 5."
who made the entrance of the temple Homer. 11.2.
of Delphi,for which they demanded of the Agar, a town of Africa. Hirl. hell. Afr-
god;whatever giftAvas most advantageousfor 76.
a man to receive. Eightdays after they were Agareni, a people of Ai-abia. Trajan
found dead in their bed. Plut. de cons, ad destroyedthen* city,called AgcU'um. Shah.
JlpoL Cic. Jmc. 1, c. 47. Pans. 9, c.
" "
16.11 and
37, givesa different account. Agarista, daughter of Clisthenes, was
Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and Argos, courted by all the princesof Greece. She
was brother to Menelaus, and son of Plisthe- married ^.legacies. Mlian. V.H.12,c.24. "
nes, the son of Atreus. Homer calls them Herodol. 6, c. 126, fcc. A daughterof Hip-pocrates,
sons of Atreus, which is false upon the autlio- who married Xantippus.She dream- ed
rityof Hesiod, Apollodorus, tc. [Vid.Plis- that she had broughtforth a lion,and some
iJienes.'] When Atreus was dead, his brother time afterbecame mother of Pericles. Plut. "
removed Agamemnon and Menelaus, who fled AGAsicLEs, king of Sparta, was son of Ar-
to Poh^hidus,king of Sicyon,and hence to chidamus, and one of tbe Proclidae. He used
CEneus,kingof ^tolia,where tliey were cated. to say that a kingoughtto govern his subjects
edu-
Agamemnon married Clytemnestra,as a father governs his children. Pans. 3,
and Menelaus Helen, both daughters of Tyn- c. 7. Plut. in Apoph.^"
darus,kingof Sparta, who assistedthem to re- cover Agassi, a cityof Thessaly.Liv. 45, c.
their father's kingdom. After tlie ba- nishment
27.
of theusui-jDerto Cythera,Agamem-
non Agasthenes, father to Polyxenus,was, as
established himself at Mycena?, whilst one o{ Helen's suitors, concerned in tlieTro-
jan
Menelaus succeeded his father-in-lawat Spar-
ta. war. Homer. II.2. Apollod. 3,c. 11. "
AVhen Helen was stolen by Paiis,Aga-memnon A son of Augeas, who succeeded as king of
books. Several of his epigramsare found in 3, V. 12b."Lucan. 1,v. S14."Stal. Theb. 11,
the Anlhologia.His history is a sequelof thai V. Sl8."Jlpollpd. 3, c. 4. One of the Ne- reides.
of Procopius. The best edition is that of Pa-
ris, Apollod.1. A tragedyof Statius.
foi. 1660. Juv. 7, V. 87, he.
Agatho, a Saniian historian, wlio nation who lived uppn
wrote Agaui, a northern
an account of Scjdhia. A poet,who
tragic II. 13. milk. Homer.
flourished 406 B. C. The names of some of his Agavus, a son of Priam. -Homer. II.24.
tragediesare preserved,such as Telephns, Agdestis, a mountain of Phrygia,whei'e
Thyestes, "c. A comic poet who lived in the Atyswas
"
buried. Pans. 1,c. 4. A surname
A son of Priam. of Cybele.
same age. Plut. in Parall.
Homer. II. 24. A governor of Babylon. Agelades. a statuaryof Argos. Pans. 6, c.
Athens, loved by Plato. Dlog. Laert. 3, seeingan ass eat thistles. Cic. defin.b."Plin.
c. 82. 7, c. 19. The w^ord is also applied to Pluto,
"
Agathoclea, a' beautiful courtezan of from the sullen and melancholy eippearance
Egypt. One of the Ptolemies destroyedhis of his countenance.
wife Eurv'dice to marry her. She, witli her Agelaus, a king of Corinth, son of Ixion
brother,"long governedthe kingdom, and at- tempted One of Penelope'ssuitors. Homer. Od.
to murder the king'sson. Plul. in 20. ^^Ason of Hercules and Omphale, from
Clcon. " Justin. 20 yC. \. whom Croesus was descended. "
Apollod.2,
Agathocles, a lascivious ignoblec. 7, and A servant of Priam, who preserved
youth,son of a in the Paris
pottgr,v/ho,by entering when exposed on mount Ida. Id. 3,
Sicilian army, arrived to the greatest honours, c. 12.
and made himself master of Syracuse. He Agexdjcum, now Sens, a town of Gaul,
reduced all Sicil^ under his power, but being the capital of the Senones. Cccs.bell. Gail. 6,
defeated at Himera by the Carthaginians, he c. 44.
carried the war into Africa,where, for four Agenor, king of Phcenicia, was son of
years, he extended his conquestsover his ene-
my.
Neptune and Libya,and brother to Belus. He
He afterwards passed into Italy,and married Telephassa, by whom he had Cad-mus,
made himself master of Crotona. He died in Phoenix,Cilix,and Europa. Hygin.fab.
his 72d year, B. C. 289, after a reignof 28 Q."Ital. 1,V. 15, 1. 17, V. oS."/JpoUod 2, c. 1,
years of mingled prosperity and adversity. 1 , c. 1, A son of .Tasus and father of Ar-
'pint,in .^popth.Justin. 22 and 23.
"
of the
Hercules. Uerodot. 4, c. 10, Virg.JEn. 4, v. familyof the Proclidas,
"
and Boeotians, who desolated his country; and war which the Spartans
\vagedagainst
Epldau-
his return was so expeditiousthat he passedin He obtained a victory
rus. at Mantinea, and
d ays that tract of country which wasfiuccessfal in the Peloponnesian He
thirty over war.
had taken up a whole year of Xerxes' expedi-
tion. reigned27 years. Thucyd.3 and 'i."Paus 3
He defeated his enemies at Coronea ; c. Sand 10. Another, son of Archidamus.
but sickness prev'ented the progress of his con-
quests, kmg of Sparta,who endeavoured to deliver
and the Spartanswere beat in every Greece from the empire of Macedonia- with
at Leuctra,tillhe ap- the assistance of the Persians. He was
engagement, especially peared quered
con-
eatingwith his soldiers on the ground, bare-headed,who accompanied Alexander into Asia, and
and without any coveringto repose said that Bacchus and tlie sons of Leda A^ould
jipon. Agesilausdied on his return from givevvay to his hero,when a god. Curt. 8,
A Lycian who
Egypt,aftera reignof 36 years, 362 B. C. and c- 5. followed ^neas into
his remains were embalmed and broughtto Italy, where he was killed. Virg.JEn. 10,
Laceda3mon. Justin. 6, c. 1. " Phit. and C. V. 751.
JYep.in vit. " Pans. 3, c. 9.
"
Agonks Capitolini, games celebrated eve- ry Agre, one of Actajon's dogs. Ovid. Met.
fifthyear upon the Capitoline hill. Prizes 3, V. 213.
"
AcoNis, a woman in the templeof Venus, for his public and private virtues. He
on mount Eiyx. Cic. Verr. 1. was governor of Britain,and firstdiscovered
Agonius, a Roman deity,who patronised it to be an island. Domitian envied his vir- tues
uver the actions of men. Vid. Agonalia. : he recalled him from the province he
Agofackitus, a sculptor of Pharos, who had governed with equity and moderation, and
made a statue of Venus for the people of ordered him to enter Rome in the night, that
Athens, B.C. 150. no triumphmightl)egrantedto him. Agrico-
Agoranomi, ten magisti'ates at Athens, who la obeyed,and without betrajing any resent-
ment,
iratched over the cityand j)ort, and inspect-
ed he retired to a peaceful solitude, and
whatever was exposedto sale. the enjoymentof the society of a few friends.
Agoranis, a river falling into the Ganges.He died in bis o6tli year, A. D. 93. Tacit, in
.^rrian.de Ind. Jjgric.
Agor^a, a name of Minerva at Sparta. Agrigentum, now Girgcnti, a town of Si-
cily,
Tmis. ^,c.l\. 18 stadia from the sea, on mount Agra-
Agorsus, a surname of Mercury among gas. It was founded by a Rhodian,or, accord- ing
file Athenians,from his presiding over the to some, by an Ionian colony.The inhabi- tants
markets. Pnvs. 1, c. 15. were famous for their hospitality and for
Agra, a placeof Bojotia where the lllissustheir luxurious manner of living.In itsflom'-
yfees, Diana was called Agra3a, because she ishing situation, Agrigentumcontained 200,000
minted tltere. 'A cityof Susa " of Arcadia, inhabitants, who submitted witiireluctance to
and Ara])ia. the superior power of Syracuse.The gov- ernment
Agr.ili and Agreksj:s. a peopleof Arabia. was monarchical,but afterwards a
Plin. 6. c. 23. Of jEtolia. Liv. 42, c. 34. democracywas established. The famous Pha-
Agraga?, or AcRAGAs, a river,town, and laris usurped the sovereignty, which was also
mountain of Sicily ; called also, Agrigentum.for some time in the hands of the Carthagin- ians.
The town was built by the peopleof Gela, Agrigentumcan now boast of more ven- erable
who were a Rhodian colony. Virg. JEn. 3, remains of antiquity than any other
\-.70S."Diod. 11. town of Sicily.Polyb. 9."Strab. 6.~-Diod.
Agrarta i"ex, was enacted to distribute \3."Virg.JEn. 3, v. 707. " Sil. It. 14, v.
among the Roman peopleall the lands which 211.
theyhad gainedby conquest. It was firetpro- posed Agrinium, a cityof Acarnania. Polyb.6.
A. U. C. 268, by the consul Sp.Cassius Agrionia, annual festivalsin honour of
Vieollinus,and rejected by the senate. This Bacchus, celebrated generally in the night.
produceddissentions between the senate and They were instituted, as some suppose, be- cause
the people, and Cassius,upon seeingthe ill the god was attended with wild beasts.
saccess of the new regulations he proposed, Agriopas, a man who wrote the history of
offered to distribute among the peoplethe all those who had obtained the publicprize
cioney which was producedfrom the corn of atOlympia. P/m.8,c.22.
Picily, afterit had been broughtand sold in Agriope, the wife of Agenor, king of
Rome. This act of liberality the peoplerefu- sed, Phffinicia.
and tranquillity was soon after re-estab-
lished M. Agrippa ViPSANirs,a celebrated Ro- man,
in t'lestate. It was proposeda second who obtained a victory over S. Pompey,
lime A. U. C. 269, by the tribune Licinius and favoured the cause of Augustus at the
Stolo ; but with no bettersuccess ; and so great battles of Acfium and Philippi, where he be- haved
were the tumults which followed, that one of with greatvalour. He advised his impe- rial
the Iribunesof the people was killed, and many friend to re-establishthe republican ment
govern-
of the senators fined for their opposition. Mu- at Rome, but he was over-ruled by Me-
lius SccHvola, A. U. C. 620, persuadedthe Cccnas. In his expeditions in Gaul and Germa-ny
tribune TiberiiisGracduis to propose ita third he obtained several victories, but refused
time ; and altho(j';h Octavius, his colleague in the honours of a triumph, andtiu'ued his libe-
the tribuneship, Oj)posed it,yet Tiberius made rahtytowards the embellishing of Rome, and
it pass into a law?yfterjxiuch altercytion, and the raising of magnificent buildings, one of
AG AG
which, the Pantheon, still exists. After he Agrippina, a vnie of Tiberius. I'he em- peror
had retiredfor two years to Mitylene,in con- sequence repudiated her to marry Julia. Sueion.
of a quai-rel with Marcellus,Augus-
tus in Tib. 7. "A
"
daughterof M. Agrippa,and
recalled him, and as a proofof his regard,grand-daughter to Augustus. She married
Julia in marriage, and Germanicus, whom she accompaniedin Syria;
gave him his daughter
left him the care of the empireduringan ab- senceand W'hen Piso poisonedhim, she carried his
of two years employed in visiting the ashes to Italy, and accused his murderer, who
Roman provinces of Greece and Asia. He stabbed himself. She fellunder the displeas-
ure
died universally lamented at Rome in the 51st of Tiberius,who exiled her in aa island,
year of his age,
12 B. C. and his body was ced where she died, A. D. 26, for want of bread.
pla-
in the tomb which Augustushad prepared She leftnine children, and was universally tinguished
dis-
for himself. He had been married three for intrepidity and conjugal tion.
affec-
times, to Poraponiadaughterof Atticus,to Tacit. 1,Ann. c. 2, ^c. Sueton.in Tib. 52,
"
Apollod. 1, c. 7. Ho-
" mer.
commotions. Tacit.Ann. 2, c.39. A consul 11. 14, V. 117. A giant. A centaur
who conquered the iEqui. A philosopher. killed by Hercules. Apollod. 2, c. 5. ^Asoa
DioiT. Herodes, a sou of Aristobulus, son
grand- of Ulysses by Circe. Hesiod. T/ieog. v. 1013.
of the Great Herod, who became tutor to The father of Thersites. "
Ovid ex Pont,
the grand-child of Tiberius, and w^as soon ter 3, el. 9, V. 9.
af-
imprisoned by the suspicious tyrant.When Agrolas, surrounded the citadel of Atheris
Caligulaascended the throne, his favourite with walls,except that part which afterwards
was released,presented with a chain of gold was repaired by Cimon. Paus. 1,c, 28.
as heavy as that which had latelyconfined Agron, a king of Illyria, who, after con-quering
him, and made kingof Judaia. He was a po- pular the iEtolians, drank to such excess
character with the Jews ; and itis said, that he died instantlv, B. C. 231. Polyb.2,
thatwliile they were flattering him with the c. 4. .
appellation of God, an angelof God struck him Agrotas, a Greek orator of Mai'seilles.
with the lousydisease, of which he died,A. D. Agrotera, an anniversaiysacrifice of
43. His son, of the same name, was the last goats oiiered to Diana at Athens. It was stituted
in-
kingof the Jews, deprivedof his kingdom by by Callimachus the Polemarch, who
Claudius,in exchangefor other provinces.He vowed to sacrificeto the goddessso many goats
was with Titus at the celebrated siege of Jeru-
salem, as there might be enemies killed in a battle
and died A. D. 94, It w^as before him which he was goingto fight against the troops
that St. Paul pleaded,and made mention of of Dai-ius, who had invaded Attica. The
his incestuous commerce with his sister Bere-
nice. quantity of the slain was so great, that a suiB-
Juv. 6, v. 156.
,
Tacit. 2. Hisl.c. 81.
" cient number of goats could not be procured;
Menenius, a Roman general,who obtained a therefoi'etheywere limited to 500 every year,
trium)))) over the Sabines, appeasedthe popu- lace tilltheyequalled the number of Persians slain
of Rojne by the well-known fable of the in battle. A templeof .^girain Pelopon-nesus
bellyand the limbs,and erected the new office erected to the goddess under this name.-
of tribunes of the people,A. U. C. 261. He Pulls. 7, c. 26.
died poor, but universally regretted; his fune-
ral Agylj":us and Aoyiius, from """-";" a
was at the expense of the public, from street, a surname of Apollo,becan.se sacrifices
which also hii daug.'iters received doneries. were oifered to him in the publicstreets of
Lu.2, e. 32. FLor. 1, c. 23. A mathema-
tician Athens. Hornt. 4, od. 6.
in the rei^ii of Doaiitian : he was a na-
tive Agylla, a t"nvn of Etrmia, founded by "
of BiilivniH. colonyof Pe!as;;icur-; and governed l"v'Me-
AJ AL
zentluswhen ^neas came to Italy.It was offeredon his tomb. According to Virgil's count,
ac-
afterwards called Ca^re, by the Lydians, who Minerva seized him in a whirlwind, and
took possession of it. Virg.Mn, 7, v. 652, dashed him against a rock, where he
expired,
1. 8, V. 479. consumed by thunder. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 43,",c.
Agyll/Eus, a gigantic wrestler of Cleonas,"Homer. II. 2, 13, ^c. Od. 4."Hygin. fab.
scarce inferiorto Hercules in strength. Slat. 116 and 213." Philostr. ho. 2, c. \3."Senec.
Tlieb.Q,V. 837. m Agam." Horat. epod.10, v. 13." Pans. 10,
Agvrus, a tyrantof Sicily, assisted by Dio- c. 26 and 31. " The two Ajaceswei'e, as some
nysiusagainst the Carthaginians. Diod. 14. suppose, placedafter death in the island of
AayRiuM, a town of Sicily, where Diodo- Leuce, a separate
placereserved onlyfor the
rus the historian was born. The inhabitants bravest heroes of antiquity.
were called Mgyrinemes.Diod. 14. Cic. in "
AiDoNEus, a surname of Pluto. A kin**"
Verr. 2,c. 65. of tiieMolossi,who imprisoned Theseus, be- cause
Agyrius, an Atlienian generalwho suc- ceeded he and Pirithous
attemptedto ravish
Thrasybulus. Diod. 14. his daughterProserpine, near the Acheron ;
Agyrtes, a man who killed his father. whence arose the well-known fableof the de- scent
Ovid. Met. 5, v. 148. ---A piper. Sil.2, "ch. of Theseus and Pirithous into hell.
r. 50. Plat, in Tiits. A river near Troy. Pam.
Ahala, the surname of the Servilii at 10,c. 12.
Rome. AisivLus,son of Ascanius, was, according
Ahexobakbus. Vid. -ffinobarbns. to some, the progenitor of the noble family of
AjAX, son of Telamon by PeribcKa or Eri- the iEmilii in Rome.
boea daughter of Alcathous, was next to Achil-
les Aius LocuTius,a deity to whom the Ro-
mans
the bravest of all the Greeks in the Trojan erected an altar, from the following cumstance;
cir-
war. He engaged Hector, with whom at one ofthe common people,called
parting he exchangedarms. After the death Ceditius, informed the tribunes,that as he
of Achilles, Ajax and Ulyssesdisputedtheir passedone nightthrough one of the streets of
claim to the arras of the dead hero. When the city, a voice more than human, issuing
theywere givento the latter, Ajaxwas so en- raged, from above Vesta'stemple, told liim that Rome
that he slaughtered a whole flock of would soon be attacked by the Gauls. His in-
formation
sheep, supposing them to be the sons of Atre- was neglected, but his veracity was
us, who had giventhe preference to Ulysses, provedby the event ; and Camillus,after the
and stabbed himself with his sword. The conquestof the Gauls,built a temple to that
blood which ran to the groundfrom the wound, supernaturalvoice which had
givenRome
was changedinto the flower hyachith.Some warningof the approaching calamity, under
say that he was killed by Pai-isin battle, others,the name of Aius Locutius.
that he was murdered by Ulysses.His body Alabanda, ce, or oram, an inland town of
was buried at Sigaevmi, some say on mount Caria,abounding with scorpions. The name
Rhoetus,and his tomb was visitedand honour- ed is derived fromAlabandus, a deity worshipped
by Alexander. Hercules, accordingto there. Cic. de jYat. D. 3, c. lo."Herodot. 7,
some authors,prayedto the godsthat his friend c. 195." Sirab. 14.
Telamon, who was childless, mighthave a son, Al ABA STRUM, a town of Egypt. Plin.
with a skin as impenetrable as the skin of the 36, c. 7.
behind the neck. Q. CaJab. 1 and 4. Apol- Alagonia, a cityof Lac on ia. P(tus.Z,c
"
and Ajaxtumbled into the sea with partof the Alares, a peopleof Pannonia. Tac. 15,
rock,and w as drowned. His body was after- wards Jinn. c. 10.
fouud by the Greeks,and black sheep Alaiuc us, a famous king of the Goths,
AL AL
who plundered
Rome in the reignof Hono- people. Liv. 2, c. 33, 1. 6, c. 30. " Sallmt: de
rius. He was respected
greatly Jug.Bell.
for his military-
valour,and duringhis reignhe keptthe Ro-
man Albinovanus Celsus. Vid. Celsus.
empirein continual alarms. He died after Pedo, a poet contemporary with 0\id. He
a reignof 13 years, A. D. 410. wrote elegies, and heroic poetry in
epigrams,
Alarouii, a nation near Pontus. Herodot. a styleso elegantthat he merited the epithet
3, c. 94. of divine. Ovid, ex Pont. 4, ep, 10. "
Quintil.
Alastor, a son of Neleus and Chloris. 10, c. 5.
into the Cyrus, and sepai-ating Albania two rivals, with about 50,000 men each, came
from Iberia. Flac. 6, v. 101. into Gaul to decide the fate of the empire.
Alba Svlvius, son of Latinus Sylvius,Severus was conqueror, and he ordered the
succeeded hisfather in the kingdom of Latium, head of Albinus to be cut off;and his body to
and reigned36 years. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 612. be thrown into the Rhone, A. D. 198. Albi-
Longa, a cityof Latium, built by Ascani- nus, accordingto the exaggerated account of a
us, B. C, 1152,on the spot where .Eneas found, certain writer,called Codrus, was famous for
accordingto the prophecy of Helenus, (Virg.his voracious appetite, and sometimes eat for
JEn. 3, v. 390, Sic),and of the god of the ri- ver,breakfast no less than 500 figs, 100 peaches,
{^a. 8, V. 43,)a white sow with 30 young 20 pounds of dry raisins, 10 melons, and 400
ones. It was called longa, because itextended oysters. A pretoriansent to Sylla,as am- bassador
alongthe hill Albanus. The descendants of from the senate duringthe civil wars.
iEneas reignedthere in the followingorder: He was put to death by Sylla's soldiers. Plut.
1, Ascanius, son of jEneas, with littleinter-
mission,in Syll. An usurer. Horat. A Roman
8 years. 2. SylviusPosthumus, 29 plebeian who received the vestals into his cha- riot
years. 3. iEneas Sylvius, 31 years. 4. Latin-
us, in preference to his family, when they
5 years, 5. Alba, 36 years. 6. Atysor Ca- fled from Rome, w^hich the Gauls had sacked.
Albieta;, a people of Latium. Dionys.lake of the same name, whose waters w-ere of
Hal. a sulphureous smell,and possess"^d some cinal
medi-
Albigaunum, a town of Liguria. Mela, properties.This lake fell by a smnil
2, c. 4. stream called Albula,into the river Anio, with
Alb INI, two Roman orators of great me-rit, whicli it soon lost itselfin the Tiber. Horat
mentioned by Cicero in Bruk This 1. Od. 7, V. \2." Virg. JEn. 7, v. 83.
tiAme is common to manv tribunes of the ALBtrKNoS, a loftymountain of Lucamia
8
AL AL
iwITcrcthe Tanagertakes itsrise. Vkg. G.% damia,daughter of Anchises. He was killed!
V. 147. in the
Trojanwar, by Idomeneus.
Homer. 11.
Pagus, a place near
Alb us Sidon, where 12, v. 93. A son of Parthaon, killed by Ty-
Antony waited for the arrival of Cleopatra. deus. .Apollod. 1, c. 7, ".c.^ A friend of
Albutius, a princeof Celtiberia, to whom ^neas, killed in the Rutulian war. Virs. JEn,
Scipiorestored his wife. Arrian. A sordid 10,v. 747.
man, father to Canidia. He beat his servants Aloe, one of Actaeon's dogs. Ovid. A
before they were guiltyof any offence, lest,town of Spain,which surrendered to Grac- chus,
said he, I should have
no time to punishtliem now Alcazar,a littleabove Toledo. L%v.
when they offend.
Horat.2,. Sat. 2. A rhe- 40, c. 47.
torician
in the age of Seneca. An ancient Alcenor, an Argive,who alongwith Chro-
satirist. Cic. in Brut. Titus, an epicure-
an mius survived the battle between 300 of his
philosopher, born at Rome; so fond of countiymen and 300 Lacedeemonians. Hero-
Greece, and Grecian manners, that he wished dot. 1, c. 82.
not to pass for Roman. a He was made gover-
nor Alceste, or Alcestis, daughterof Pelias
of he grew oft'ensive to the and Anaxibia, married
Sardinia;but Admetus. She, with
senate, and was banished. It is supposedthat her sisters, pat to death her father,that he
he died at Athens. might be restored to youth and vigourby Me- dea,
Alc.eus, a celebrated lyricpoet, of Mity- who, however, refused to perform her
lene in Lesbos, about 600 years before the promise. Upon this, the sistersfled to Adme-
tus,
christian era. He fled from a battle,and his who married Alceste. They were soon
enemies hung up, in the templeof Minerva, the pursuedby an army, headed by their brother
armour which he left in the field, as a monu-
ment Acastus ; and Admetus being taken prisoner,
of his disgrace.He is the inventor of was redeemed from death by the generous of- fer
alcaic verses. He was contemporary to the of his wife,who was sacrificed in his stead
famous Sappho,to whom he paidhis addresses. to appease the shades of her father. Some say-
Of all his works nothingbut a few fragmentsthat Alceste,with an unusual display of conju-
gal
remain, found in Athenasus. Quintil. 10, c. 1. affection.laiddown her lifefor her husband,
"Herodot. 5, c. 95. Hor. 4, od. 9.
"
Cic. 4. when
"
she had been told by an oracle,that he
Tusc. c. 33. A poet of Athens, said by Sui- could never recover from a disease except
das to be the inventor of tragedy. A writer some one of his friends died in his stead. Ac-
cording
of epigrams. A comic poet. A son of to some authors,Hercules broughther
Androgens, who went with Hercules into back from hell. She had many suitors while
Thrace, and was made king of part of the she lived with her father. Vid. Admetus. Jwv.
countiy. Apollod.
2, c. 5. A son of Hercn- 6, V. 651. Apollod.1, c. 9. Paus. 5, c. 17.
"
"
"
of ThucydidesjTimaeus, and Theopompus ; epistles in Greek, that bear his name, and
and he is known to us as a hero, who, to the contain a veiy perfectpicture of the customs
principles of the debauchee, added the intelli-
gence and manners of the Greeks. They are by
and sagacity of the statesman, the cool some supposedto be the productionof a writer
intrepidity ofthe general, and the humanity of of the 4th centur}^ The only edition is that
the philosopher. Plut. "^ C. JVcp.in Alcib. of Leips. 12mo, 1715, cum notis Bergleri.
"
Thucyd.5, 6 and 7. Xenoph. Hist. Crete. " AxcippE, a daughter of the god Mars, by
1, k,c."Diod. 12. Agraulos. She was ra\'ished by Halirrhotius.
Alcidamas, of Cos, father to Ctesilla,Apollod. 3, c. 14. The wife of Metion, and
who was changed into a dove. Ovid. Met. 7, mother to Eupalamus. Id. 3, c. 16. The
fab. 12. A celebrated wrestler. Slat. Theb. daughterof (Enomaus, and wife of Evenus,
10, V. 500. A philosopher and orator, who by whom she had Marpessa. A woman
wrote a treatise on death. He was pupilto who broughtforth an elephant. Plin. 7. ^
AlcTmus, an historian of Sicily, who wrote Theb. 2 and 4." Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 44. Mei. 9,
an account of
Italy. An orator. Diog. fab. 10. A son of j^^gyptus, the husband of
Alcinoe, daughterof Sthenelus
a son of Hippomedusa. Apollod. A philosopher,
Perseus. Jpollod.2, c. 4. discipleto Pythagoras,
He born in Crotona.
Alcinor. Vid. Alcenor. wrote on physic,
sected
dis- and he was the firstwho
Alcinous, son of Nausithous and Peribcea animals to examine into the structure of
was kingof Phseacia,and ispraisedfor his \oVe the human frame. Cic. de Nat. D. 6, c. 27.
of agriculture. He married his niece Arete, A son of the poet iEschylus, the 13th
by whom he had several sons and a daughter archon of Athens. A son of Sylhis, driven
Nausicaa. He kindlyentertained Ulysses, who from Messenia with the rest of Nestor's family
had been shipwreckedon his coast, and heard by the Hcraclidai. He came to Athens, and
the recital of his adventures ; whence arose from him the 4^Icma;ouidaearo descended
the proverl^
ef the storiespf Alciu^aS;
to de- Pans. 1,c. 18.
AL AL
ALCM"^.osfip;E,.a noble family of Athens, supposhig the old w'oraanto be a witch,and
descended from Alcnieeon. They undertook to be the cause of the painsof her mistress,
for olK) talents to rebuikl the temple of Del-
phi, told her that she had brought fortli. Lucina
which had been bm*nt, arid they finished retired from her posture, and immediately
the work in a more splendidmanner than Alcmena broughttorth twins, Hercules con-
ceived
Alcman, a very ancient lyricpoet, born was celebrated in the island of Leuce.
in Sardinia,and not at Lacedaemon, as some Tlijepeopleof Megara said that she died in
He wrote, iti the Doric dialect, 6 her way from Ar-gos to Thebes, and that she
suppose.
books of verses, besides a play called Colym- was buried in the templeof Jupiter Olympius.
bosas. He flourishedB. C. 670, and died of Pans. I, c. 41,1. 5, c. 18,1.9,c. 16."Plut. in
the lousydisease. Some of his verses are pre- T/ies. ^ Romul." Homer. Od. 11, //. 19."
sened by Athenaeus and others. Piin. 11, Pindar. Pyth. 9. Lucian. Dial. Deor.
"
"
he had preserved from the spoils for her sake. he was going to Claros to consult the oracle.
Alcpaena yieldedto her lover what she had The gods apprizedAlcyone, in a dream, of
promisedto her future husband ; and Jupiter,her husband's fate; and when she found,oa
to delay the return of Amphitryon, ordered the morrow, his body washed on the sea-
shore,
his messenger, Mercury, to stop the rising of she threw herself into the sea, and was
Phoebus, or the sun, so that the nighthe passed with her husband changed into birds of the
with Alcmejia was prolonged to three long same name, who keep the waters calm and
nights.Amphitryon returned the next day ; serene while they build,and sit on their nests
and fiftercomplainingof the coldness with on the surface of the sea, for the space of 7,
which he Avas received, Alcmena acquainted II, or 14 days. Virg. G. 1, v. 399." Apot-
him with tlie receptionof a false lover the lod. 1, c. 7." Ovid. Met. 11, fab. 10." Hygin,
precedingnight, and even showed him the cup fab. 65.- One of the Pleides, daughterof
which she had received. Amphitryon w^as Atlas. She had Arethusa by Neptune, and
perplexedat the relation, and more so upon Eleuthera by Apollo. She, with her sisters,
missingthe cup from among his spoils.He was changed into a constellation. Vid. Plei- ades.
went to the prophet Tiresias, who told him Pans. 2, c. 30, 1. 3, c. 18. Apollod. 3,
of Jupiter's intrigue ; and he returned to his c. 10." Hygin. fab. 157. The daughterof
wife, proud of the dignity of his rival. Alc-mena Evenus, carried away by Apollo alter hep
becaij.e pregnant by Jupiter, and af- marriage. Her husband pursuedthe ravishep
terwards
by her husband ; and \\ lien she was with bows and arrows, but was not able to
going to bringforth,Jupiterboasted in hea- ven, recover her. Upon this,her parents called
that a child was to be born that day, to her Alcyone, and compared her fate to that
whom he would giveabsolute power over his of the wife of Ceyx. Homer. II. 9, v. 568.
neighbours, and even over all the children of The wife of Moleager. Hygin.fab. 174.
his own blood. Juno, who was jealousof A town of Thessaly, where Philip, ander's
Alex-
Jupiter's amours with Alcmena, made him father,lost one of his eyes.
swear by the Styx, and immediately pro- longed Alcyone us, a youth of exemplary vir- tue,
the travails of Alcmena, and hastened sou to Antigonus. Pluf. in Pyrrh. "
into a cock,which, still mindful of his neglect, Alexander 2d, son of Amyntas 2d, king
earlyannounces the approach of the sun. of Macedonia, was treacherously murdered,
Lucian. in died. B. C. 370, by his younger brotlierPtolemy,
Alectus, a tyrantof Britain, in Dioclesian's who held the kingdom for four years, and
reign, "c. He died 296, A. D. made w^ayforPerdiccas and Philip.Justin.
Aleius Campus, a place in Lycia,where 7, c. 5, says, Eurydice, the Avifeof Amyntas,
Bellerophonfellfrom the horse Pegasusand was the cause of his murder.
wandered o^r the country tillthe time of his Alexander 3d, surnamed the Great, was
death. Homer. II. 6, v. 201. Dionys.
"
Ai.ENs,a placein the island of Cos. born, two eaglesperchedfor some time on
Aleon, or Ales,a river of Ionia,near Colo- phon. the house of Philip, as if foretelling tliat his
Pavs. 7, c. 5, 1.8, c. 28. son would become master of Europe and Asia
Alese, a town of Sicily, called afterwards He was pupilto Aristotle duringfive years,
Ai'chonidion, after the founder. The Romans and he received his learned preceptor'sin- structions
made it an independent city. with becoming deference and plea- sure,
AlIksia,or Alexia,now .^lise,a famous city and ever respected his abilities. When
of the xMandubri,in Gaul,founded by Hercules Philipwent to war, Alexander,in his 15th
as he returned from Iberia, on a highhill. J. year, was left governor of Macedonia, whei-e
Caesar conquered it. Flor. 3, c. 10. Cocs. he quelled
" a dangerous sedition, and soon after
Bell. Gall. 7,c. 68. followed his father lo the field, and saved his
Alesium, a town and mountain of Pelo- lifein a battle. He v/ns highly
ponnesus. offended when
Pans. 8, c. 10. Philip divorced Olympiasto marry Cleopatra,
Aletes, a son of j^gisthus, murdered by and he even caused the death of Attains,the
Orestes. Hygin.fab. 122. new queen'sbrother. After this he retired
At-ethes, the firstof the Heraclidae, who from court to his mother Olympias,but w;i?
was kingof Corinth. He w"8 fou of Hip- reculled} and when Philip was assassinated-
r
AL
he punished his murderers ; and, by his prn- upon the virtues and exploit? of Philip, and
tlence and moderation, gainedthe affection of preferred them to those of his son. His
his subjects. He conqueredThrace and Illy- victories and success increased his pride ; he
ricum, and destroyedThebes ; and after he dressed himself in the Persian manner, and .
had been chosen chief commander of allthe gave himself up to pleasure and dissipation.
forces of Greece, he declared war against the He set on lire the town of Persepolis, in a fit
Persians,who, under Darius and Xerxes, had of madness and intoxication, encouragedby
laid waste and plunderedthe noblest of the the courtezan Thais. Yet among allhis ex- travagancies,
Grecian cities. With 32,000 foot and 5000 he was fond of candour and of
horse,he invaded Asia,and afterthe defeat of truth ; and when one of his oificersread to
Darius at the Granicus,he conquered allthe him, as he sailed on the Hydaspes,an history
provincesof Asia Minor. He obtained two vvhich he had composed of the wars with
other celebrated victories over Darius at Issus Porus, and in which he had too liberally negyrised
pa-
and Arbela,took Tyre afteran obstinate siege him, Alexander snatched the book
of seven months, and the slaughter of 2000 of from his hand, and threw it into the river,
*' what
the inhabitants in cool blood, and made him- self saying, need is there of such flattery ?
master of Egypt, Merlia,Syria, sia. are not the exploits
and Per- of Alexander sutficientiy
FrorairEgypt he visited the temple of meritorious in themselves,without tlie co- louring
JupiterAmmon, and bribed the priests who of falsehood ?" He in like manner
saluted him as the son of their god, and en- joinedrejected a statuary, who offered to cut mount
liisarmy to pay him divine honours. Atlios like him, and represent him as holding
He built a town which he called Alexandria,a town in one hand, and pouring a river from
on the western side of the Nile,near the coast the other. H" forbade any statuary to make
of the Mediterranean,an eligible situation, his statue except Lysippus, and any painter
which his penetrating eye marked as best en-titled to draw his picture except Apelles.On his
to become the futurecapital of his im-mensedeath -bed he gave his ringto Perdiccas,and
dominions,and to extend tlie com- merce it was supposedthat by this singular present,
of his subjects from the Mediterranean he wished to make him his successor. Some
to the Ganges. His conquestsv/ere spreadtime before his death,his officersasked him
over India, where he foughtwith Porus, a whom he appointed to succeed him on the
powerfulking of the country; and afterhe throne .'' and he answered, the worthiest
had invaded Scythia, and visited the Indian among you ; but I am afraid,added he, my
ocean, he retired to Babylon,loaded with best friends will performmy funeral'obse-
quies
the spoils of the east. His entering the city with bloody hands. Alexander,with
was foretold by the magicians as futal, and all his pride, was humane and libei-al, easy
their prediction was fulfilled.He died at and familiarwith his friends, a greatpatron
Babylonthe 21st of April, in the 32dyear of of learning, as may be collected from his
his age, after a reignof 12 years and 8 months assisting Aristotle with a purse of money to
of brilliantand continued success, 323 B.C. effect the completion of his natural histoiy.
His death was so premature that some have He was brave often to rashness ; he frequently
attributedit to tiieeffectsof poison, and ex-cels lamented that his father conquered every
of drinking.Antipater has been accused thing, and lefthim nothingto do ; and ex- claimed,
ef causing the fatalpoison to be givenhim at a in all the prideof regaldignity,
feast ; and perhapsthe resentment of the Ma- Give me kingsfor competitors, add I will "n-
ecdor)ians, whose services he seemed to forgetter the listsat Olympia. All his family and
hy intrusting the guard of his body to the infantchildren were put to death by Cassander,
Persians, was the cause of his death. He was The firstdeliberation that was made after his
so universally regretted, that Babylon was decease,among his generals, was to appoint
filled witli tears and lamentations ; and the his brother PhilipAridajus successor, until
Medes and Macedonians declared, that no one Roxane, who was then pregnant by him,
was able or worthyto succeed him. Many broughtinto the world a legitimate heir. Per-
diccas
conspiracies were formed against him by the wished to be supreme regent, as Aridaeus
officersof his army, but they were sonably wanted
all sea- capacity; and, more strongly to esta-
blish
suppressed.His tender treatment himself,he married Cleopatra, der's
Alexan-
efthe wife and mother of kingDarius,who sister, and made allianceswith Eumenes.
were taken prisonei's, has been greatly prais-As he endeavoured to deprivePtolemy of
ed
; and the latter, who had survived the death Egjpt,he was defeated in a battle by Seleu-
of her son, killed herself when she heard that cus and Antigonus, on the banks of the river
Alexander was dead. His great intrepidity Nile,and assassinated by his own cavalry.
more than once endangeredhis life he always Perdiccas was the firstof Alexander'sgenerals
',
foughtas ifsure of victoiy, and the terror of who took up arms against his fellow soldiers,
his name was often more powerfully effectual and he was the firstwho fella sacrificeto his
tlian his arms. He was always forward in rashness and cimelty.To defend himself
every engagement, and bore the labours of the against him,Ptolemymade a treatyof alliance
field as well as the meanest of his soldiers.with some generals, among whom was pater,
Anti-
Duringhis conquestin Asia,he founded many who had strengthened himself by giving
cities, which he called Alexandria,after his his daughterPhila,an ambitious and aspiring
own name. When he had conqueredDarius woman, in marriageto Craterus, another oi
he ordered himself to be worshipped as a god ; the generals of Alexander. After many dis?
and Cnllisthenes, who refused to do it,was sentions and bloodywars among themselves,
shamefully put to death. He murdered, at the generals of Alexander laid the foundation
a banquet, his friend Clit.us,Avho had once of several greatempiresin the three quarters
saved his lifein a battle, because he enlarged of the globe. Ptolemys"i5fedEgypt,wiierch^
AL AL
firmlyestablishedhimself,and where cessors dom.
his suc- He was murdered by his subjectsa
called Ptolemies, in honour
were of few days after his restoration, Appian. 1.
the founder of their empire,which subsisted Bell. Civ. 'Ptolemy3d, was king of Egypt, "
till the time of Augustus. Seleucus and his after his brother Alexander the lastmentioned.
posterity reignedin Babylon and Syria. An- After a peacefulreignhe was banished by his
nor, subjects, and died at Tyre, B. C. 65, leaving
tigonus firstestablishedhimself in Asia Mi-
at
and Antipaterin Macedonia. The de- his kingdom to the Roman
scendants people. Vid.
of Antipaterwere conquered by ^gyptusSf PtolemcEus. Cic. pro Rail. " -
with his mother, by Cassander. Justin. 15, tricks and impositions, and likewise pro-
c. 2. A man, who, after the expulsionof curied the friendship of Marcus Aurelius. He
Telestes,reigned in Corinth. Twenty-fivedied 70 years old. A native of Caria,in the
years after, Telestes dispossessed him, and put 3d century,who wrote a commentary on the
hlna to death. A son of Cassander, king of writings of Aristotle, pail of which is stillex-
tant.
two years conjointly
Macedonia, who i-eigned Trallianus, a physicianand philoso-
pher
with his brother and was
Antipater, prevented of the 4th century,some of whose works
by Lysimachus from revenging his mother in Greek is stillextant. A poet of ^Eto-
Thessalonica,whom his brother had murdered. lia,in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus. A
Demetrius, the son of Antigonus, philosopher,
put him to peripatetic said to have beea
death. Justin. 16, c. 1. Paus. 9, c. 7, " rs'ero. An historian,
A preceptor to
called
kingof Epirus,brother to Olympias,and cessor
suc- also Polyhistor,v/ho wrote five books on the
to Arybas. He banished Timolaus to Roman republic, in which he said that the
Peloponnesus,and made war in ItalyagainstJews had received their laws, not from God,
with but from a woman
the Romans, and observed that he fought he called Moso. He also
men, while his nephew, Alexander the Great, wrote treatises on the Pytliagoreanphiloso-
phy,
was fightingwith an array of women ing
(mean- B. C. 88. poet of Ephesus,who
A
the Persians.)He was surnamed Molossus. wrote a
poem on astronomy and geography.
Justin. 17,c. 3. " Diod. 16. " Liv. 8. c. 17 and writer of Myndus. quoted
A At hen^ hy"
27. Strab. 16.
" A son of Pyrrhus, was and JElian. A sopliistof Seleucia,in the
king of Epirus. He conquered Macedonia, age of Antoninus. A physicianin the age
from which he was expelledby Demetrius. of Justinian. A Thessalian,
who, as he was
He recovered it by the assistance of the Acar- goingto engage in a naval battle,gave to his
nanians. Justin. 26, c. 3. Pint, in Pyrrk. soldiers a great number
" of missile weapons,
A kingof Syria,driveu from dom and ordered tliem to dart them continuallv
his king-
by INicanor- son of Demetrius Soter,and upon the enemy, to render their numbers
his father-in-lawPtolemy Philometor. Justin. useless. PoJycEn.
6, c. 27. A son of Lysi-
machus.
So, c. 1 and 2. "
ground,and giventhe victory to Minerva ; but One of the Harpies. Hygin.fab. 14.
in the attempt he missed his aim, and cut his A town of Thessaly. Plin. 4, c. 7. Homer.
own legsso severely that he instantly expired.II. 2, v. 682.
T. Alledius Severds, a Roman knight Alofece, an island in the Palus Maeotis.
who married his brother's daughterto please Slrab. Another in the Cimmerian Bos-
Agrippina. A noted glutton in Domitian's phorus. Plin. 4, c. 12. Another in the
reign. Jut?.5, v. 118. uEgean sea, oppositeSmyrna. Id. 5, c. 31.
Allia, a river of Italy, fallinginto the Ti-ber. Alopeces, a small village of Attica,where
The Romans were defeated on itsbanks was the tomb of Ancliimolius, Avhom the Spar-
tans
by Brennus and tlie Gauls,who were goingto had sent to deliver Athens from the ty-ranny
plunderRome, 17th July, B. C. 390. Pint, in of the Pisistratids. Socrates and Aris-
Camil. "
Liv. 5, c. 37. Flor. 1, c. 13. Virg.tides were
" "
born there. JEschin. contra Ti-
Mn. 7, V. 717." Orirf.^rt. Jim. 1,413. march. Herodot. 5, c. 64.
"
Allienos, a pretorof Sicily, under Cajsar. Alopius, a son of Hercules and Antiope.
Bin. Afric.
2. .ipollod. 2, c. 35.
Allobroges, a warlike nation of Gaul near Alos, a town of Achaia. Strcd). 9. Plin. "
JDio."Strab. 4.--Tacit. 1. Hist. c. 66." Sal- Spain,Gaul, Rhsetia, and Germany : consider-
ed
lust,in Jug.bell. as the highestground in Europe. From
Allobryges, a people of Gaul supposed them arise several rivers which afterwatering
to be the same the Allobroges.Polyb.30, the
as
neighbouring
countries selves
them- discharge
C.56. into the German, Mediterranean and
Allotriges, a nation on the
Euxine seas. southern
The Alps are covered with per-
petual
partsof Spain. Strab. 2. snows, and distinguished, accordingto
Allutius, or Albutius, a prince of the tlieirsituation, by the different names of Cot-
Celtiberi,towhom Scipiorestored the beauti-
ful tuR, CarniccR,Graice,JVoriccB, me,
Mariti-
Julias,,
princesshe had taken in battle. Pannonio'., Pennince,PancB,RhceticcB, Tri-
Almo, a small river near Rome, falling into deiUince, Venetce. A traveller is generally five
the Tiber. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 387. Lucan. 1, daysin reaching the top in some parts. They
"
will re-appear, aftersome time,swimming on Alus, Aluus, and Halus, a village of Ar-
cadia,
the waters of Arethusa neai* Sicily.Hercules called also the templeof iEsculapius.
made use of the Alpheusto clean the stables Paus. 8, c. 25.
of Augeas. Slrab. Q." Virg.JEn. 3, v. 694." Alyattes I. a king of Lydia,descended
Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 10." Lucan. 3, v. 176." from the Heraclidae. He reigned 57 years.-
Stat. Theb. 1 and 4." Mela, 2, c. 7."Paus. 5, II. kingof Lydia,of the family of the Merra-
c. 7,1.6, c. 21."Marcellin. 25."Flin. 2, c. 103. nadse, was father to Crcesus. He drove the
Alphius, or Alfeus, a celebrated usurer, Cimmerians from Asia,and made war against
ridiculed in Horat. Epod.2. the Medes. He died when engagedin a war
Alphius Avitus, a writer in the age of against Miletus, after a reignof 35 years. A
Severus,who gave an account of illustrious monument was raised on his grave with flie
men, and an history of the Carthaginian war. money which the women of Lydiahad obtain-
ed
Alpinus, belongingto the Alps, Virg. by prostitution. An eclipse of tliesun ter-
minated
M,n. 4, v. 442. a battle between him and Cyaxares.
Alpinus, (Cornelius) a contemptible Herodot. 1,c. 16,17,kc"Strab. 13.
poet,whom Horace ridiculesfor the awkward Alyb A, a countiynear Mysia. Homer. 11.2.
manner in which he introduces the death of Alyc^a, a town of Ai'cadia. Paus. 8, c.
Memnon in a tragedy, and the pitiful style27.
with which he describes the Rhine in an epic Alyc^us, son of Sciron,was killed by
poem he had attempted on the wars in Ger-
many. Theseus. A place in Megara received its
Horat. 1,Sat. 10,v. 36. Julius, one name from him. Plut. in Thes.
of the chiefsof the Helvetii. Tacit. Hist. 1, Alymon, the husband of Ch'ce.
C 68. Alyssus,a fountain of Arcadia,whose ters
wa-
into the Dan-
Alpis, a small river falling ube. could cure the bite of a mad-dog. Parn^
8, c. 19.
Alsium, a maritime town at the west of Alyxothoe, or Alexirhoe, daughter
the Tiber,now Slatua. Sil. 8. of Dymus, was mother of .Ssacus by Priam.
Alsus, a river of Achaia in Peloponnesus,
Ovid. Met. 11,v. 763.
flowingfrom mount Sipylus.Pans. 7, c. 27. Alyzia, a town of Acarnania on the wes-
tern
A shepherdduring the Rutulian wars. mouth of the Achelous, opposite to the
Plrg.^n. 12, v. 304. Echinades. Cic. ad Fam. 16. ep. 2.
Alth^a, daughterof Thestius and Eu- Amadocus, a kingof Thrace, defeated by
rythemis, married Qilneus,kingof Calydon, his antagonist Seuthes. .^-istot.
5, Polit. 10.
by whom she had many children, among whom Amaoe, a queen of Sarmatia,remarkable
was Meleager. When Althaea broughtforth forher justice and fortitude. Polycen. 8, c. 56.
Meleager,the Parcae placeda logof wood in Amalth^a, daughterof Melissus king of
the fire, and said, that as longas it was preser-
ved, Crete,fed Jupiter with goat'smilk. Hence
so longwould the lifeof the child justsome authors have called her a goat,and have
born be prolonged.The mother saved the maintained that Jupiter, to reward her kind-
nesses,
wood from the flames,and keptit very care- fully placedher in heaven as a constellation,
",but when Meleagerkilled his two un- cles, and gave one of her horns to the nymphs who
Althi"a's brothers,Altheea,to revenge had taken care of his infantyears. This horn
their death,threw the loginto the fire,.and as was called the horn of plenty, and had the pow-
er
soon as itwas burnt,Meleagerexpired.She to givethe nymphs whatever they desired-
was afterwards so sorry for the death which Diod. 3, 4, and 5," Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 113."
she had caused,that she killed herself, unable Slrab. li)."Hygin. fab. 139." Paus. 7, c. 26.
to survive her son. Vid. Meleager. Ovid.
"
A Sibylof Curaaj, called also Hierophile
Met. 8, fab. ^."Horner. 11.9." Pans 8, c. 45, 1. and Demophile. She is supposedto be the
10,c.31.""poUod.1, c. 8. same who brought nine books of prophecies to
Alth^menes, a son of Creteus king of Tarquinkingof Rome, "ic. Varro. Tibul.
"
II
AM AM
AmaNa or Am ANUS, part of mount Taurus in
unfrequently applied to the goddessof the
Oilicia. Lucan. 3, v. 244. place. Virg. Ma. 10,v. 6\."Ptol. 5, c. 14.
Cn. Sal. Amandus, a rebel general under Amaxampeus, a fountain of S^.ythia, whose
Dioclesian,who assumed imperialhonours, waters imbitter the stream of the river Hypa*
and was at last conquered by Dioclesian 's col-
league.
nis, Herodot. 4, c. 52.
Amaxja or Amaxita, an ancient town of
Amantes or Amantini, a people of Illyri- Troas.- A placeof Cilicia abounding with
eum, descended from the Abantes of Phocis. wood fit for building ships. Plin. 5, c. 9. "
Amartus, a cityof Greece. Homer. Hymn, in wars and manly exercises. They
in Apoll. never had any commerce with the other sex :
Amaryllis, the name of a country woman but,onlyfor the sake of propagation, they vi-sited
in Virgil's eclogues. Some commentators the inhabitantsof the neiglibouring try
coun-
have supposed,that the poet spoke of Rome for a few days,and the male children which
under this fictitiousappellation. they broughtforth were given to the fathers.
Amarynceus, a king of the Epeans,buried Accordingto Justin,they were strangledas
at Buprasium. Strah. S."Paus. 8, c. 1. soon as born, and Diodorus says that they
Amarynthus, village
a of Eubcea, whence maimed them and distorted their limbs. The
Diana is called Amarysia,and her festivalsin females were carefully educated with their
that town Amarj^nthia. Eubcea is some- times mothers,in the labours of the field; their right
called Amarynthus. Paus. I,c. 31. breast was burnt oflf, that they might hurl a
Amas, a mountain of Laconia. Paus. 3. javelin with more force, and make abetter use
Amasenus, a small river of Latium, falling of the bow ; from that circumstance,thereforCi
into the Tyrrhenesea. Virg.JEn. 7, v. 685. their name is derived (" jion, m"^" mamma.)
Amasia, a city of Pontus, where Mithri- They founded an extensive empire in Asia
dates the great,and Strabo the geographer,Minor, alongthe shores of the Euxine, and
were born. Strab. 12. Plin. 6, c. 3.
" near the Thermodon. They were defeated in
Amasis, a man who, from a common dier,a battlenear the Thermodon, by the Greeks ;
sol-
became king of Egypt. He made war and some of them migratedbeyond the Tanais,
againstArabia,and died before the invasion of and extended their territories as far as the
his country by Cambyses king of Persia. He Caspiansea. Themyscyra was the most capi- tal
^
made a law, that every one of his subjects of their towns. Smyrna, Magnesia,Thya-
should yearlygive an account to the public tira, and Ephesus, according to some authors,
magistrates, of the manner in which he ported
sup- were built by them. Diodorus 1. 3, mentions
himself. He refused to continue in al- a nation of Amazons
liance in Africa,more ancient
with Polycrates the tyrantof Samos, on than those of Asia. Some authors,among
account of his uncommon prosperity.When whom is Strabo,deny the existence of the Am-
azons,
Cambyses came into Egypt, he ordered the and of a republicsupportedand govern-
ed
body of Amasis to be dug up, and to be insult-
ed by women, who banished or extirpated all
and burnt ; an action which was very of-
fensive
their males; but Justin and Diodorus particu^
to the religious notions of the Egyp-
tians.larlysupportit; and the latter says, that Pen-
Herudot. 1, 2, 3. A man who led thesilea, one of their queens, came to the Tro-
jan
the I'ersians against the inhabitants of Bai-ce. war, on the side of Priam, and that she was
Herodot. 4, c. 201, ".c. killed by Achilles, and from that time the glo-
ry
Amastris, the wife of Dionyslusthe tyrant and character of the Amazons gradually de-
cayed,
of Sicily,was sister to Darius, whom der
Alexan- and was totally forgotten. The Ama-
zons
conquered. Strab. Also, the wife of of Africa flourished long before the Tro-
jan
Xerxes, king of Persia. [Vid.Amesiris.] yvm', and many of their actions have been
A cityof Paphlagonia, on the Euxiue sea. attributed to those of Asia, It is said,that af
Catuil, ter theyhad almost subdued all Asia,they in-vaded
Amastrus, one of the auxiliaries of Perses, Attica,and were conqueredby These-
us.
against.ft^etes,king of Colchis,killed by Ar-
gus, Their most famous actions were their
son of Phryxus. Flacc. 6, v, 644. A expedition againstPriam, and afterwards the
friend of JUneas, killedby Camilla in the Ru- assistance they gave him during the Trojan
tulianwar. FiVg.^n. 11,v. 673. war ; and their invasion of Attica,to punish
Amata, the wife of king Latinus. She had Theseus, who had carried away Antiope,
betrothed her cjaughter Lavinia to Turnus, one of their queens. They were also con-
quered
and the sacrificeha^ sometimes been call- ed de dea Syria. Calull. ep. 100.
" " Theocrit. Id,
suovetaurilia from sus, ovi^,and taurus. lb." Virg. JEn. 1, v. 407,1. 1%,v. 419." OwVf.
Virg.G. 1,V. 339 and Mb." Tib. 2,el. 1,v. 19. Met. 2. Pindar. 1, Olymp."
her nose, ears, lips, breast,tongtie.and eye Amissas, an oificerof Megalopolis in Alex-
ander's
brows. She also buried alive 14 noble Persian army. Curt. 10, c, 8.
youths,t\}appease the deitiesunder the earth. Amiternum, a town of Italy,where Sal-
Herodof. 7, c. 61, 1.9, c. 111. A daughterof lust was born. The inhabitants assisted Tur-
Oxyartes,wife to Lysimachus. Diod. 20. nus against^neas. Virg.Mn. 7, v. 710. "
many towns of Africa, and rendered about 18 centm-ies before the time of
themselves so formidable to the Augustus,by two doves,which
Carthaginians flew away from
that theybegged and obtained assistancefrom Thebais in Egypt,and came, one to Dodona,
Rome. After this,he passedinto Spainwith and the other to Libya,where the peoplewere
his son Annibal,who was but nine years of age, soon informed of their divine mission. The
and laid the foundation of the town of Barcelo-
na. oracle of Haramon was consulted by Hercules,
He was killed in a battle against the Vet- Perseus,and others ; but when it pronounced
tones, B. C. 237. He had formed the plan of Alexander to be the son of Jupiter, such flat-
tery
an invasion of Italy, by crossingthe Alps, destroyeditslongestablished reputation,
which his son afterwards carried into execu-
tion. and in the age of Plutarch itwas scarce knomi .
His great enmity to the Romans was The situation of the temple was pleasant ; and
the cause of the second Punic Avar. He used accordingto Ovid. Met. 15, v. 31t" Lucref. "
to say of his three sons, that he kept three 6, V. 847. Herodot. in Mclpom. Ci'rt.4, c.
" "
lions to devour the Roman power. C. JVep.7. there was near it a fountain,whose waters
in Vit."Liv. 21, c. l."Polyb. 2."Plut. in were cold at noon and midnight, and warm in
Jlnnih. A Carthaginian general, who assis-
ted the morning and evening. There were above
the Insubres against Rome, and was taken 100 priests in the temple,but only the elders
by Cn. Cornelius. Liv. 32, c. 30, 1. 33, c. delivered oracles. There was also an oracle
8. A son of Hanno, defeated in Sicily by of JupiterAmmon in .Ethiopia.Plin. 6, c.
Gelon, the same day that Xerxes was defeated 29." Sfrab. 1, 11 and 17." Plut. cur orar. edi
at Salarais by Themistocles. He burnt him-self, desierint, 4-'wi Isid. Curt. 6, c. 10, 1. 10, c
"
that his body might not be found among 5" Herodot. 1, c. 6, 1. 2, c. 32 and 55, 1. 4, c.
the slain. Sacrifices were offered to him. 44." Paus. 3, c. 18,1. 4, c.2S."Hygin. fab.
Herodot. 7, c. 165, "c. 133. Poet, astr.2, c. 20." Jusiin. i,c. 9, 1
Aiviir.os, or Amilus, a river of Mauritania, 11, c. II. A king of Libya, father to Bac- chus.
where the elephantsgo to wash themselves He gave his name to the temple of
by moonshine. Plin. 8, c. 1. A town of Haramon, accordingtoDiod. 8.
Aj-cadia. Pans, in Arcadic. Ammok and Brothas, two brothers mous
fa-
Amimune, or Amymune, a daughterof Da- for their skill in boxing. Ovid. Met. o,
naus, changed into a fountain which is near V. 107.
Argos,and flows into the lake Lerna. Ovid. in Elis, as be-
Ammonia, ing a name of Juno
Met. 2, V. 240. the wife of
Paus. 5, c. 15. JupiterAmmon.
Aminea, or Amminea, a part of Campa-nia, Ammu.mi, a nation of Africa,who derived
where the inhabitants are greathusband-
men. their origuifrom the Egj'ptiansand JEih\o[n-
Its wine was highlyesteemed. Virg.ate. Tiieir languagewas a mixture of that of
G. 2, V. 97. A place of Thessaly. (he two peoplefrom whom they were descen-
ded.
a famous
Aminias, pirate, who'm Antigo- Herodot. 2, 3 and 4.
nus employed againstApollodorus, tyrantof Ammonius, a christian philosopher, wh"?
Cassandrea. Polycpn.
4, c. 18. opened asciioolof platonic philosophyat Alex
AminiuS; a river of Arcadia, Paus. 8, andria,232 A. 1). and had among his pupils
c. 30, Ori?en and Plotinus. His treati?;c ii"r"o.".eiwK
AH AM
was publishecl in 4to. by Vaclkenaer, L. Bat. ease, werd permitted to bathe in it, afterwhicfe
1739. A writer who gave an account of sa- theythrew piecesof goldand silver into the
crifices,
as also^ a treatise on the harlots of stream. Those who consulted the oracle of
Athens. Alhen. 13. An Athenian generalAmphiaraus, firstpurified themselves,and ab- stained
surnamed Barcas. Polnh. 3. from food for 24 hours, and three days
Ammothea, one of the Nereides. Hesiod. from wine, afterwhich theysacrificed a ram
Thedg. to the prophet, and spreadthe skin upon the
Amnias, a river of Bithynia. ^pian. de ground,upon which theyslept in expectatioa
bell.Mithr, of receiving in a dream the answer of the ora-
AMKises, a port of Gnossus,at the north cle. Plutarch de oral, defect, mentions,
of Crete,with a small river of the same name, that the oracle of Amphiaraus was once sulted
con-
near which Lucina had a temple. The in the time of Xerxes,by one of the ser- vants
nymphs of the placewere called Aranisiades. of Mardonius,for his master, who was
"allim. then with em array in Greece ; and that the ser- vant,
Am(eb."us, an Athenian player of great when asleep, saw in a dream the priest
reputation, who sung at the nuptials of Deme-
trius of the temple, who upbraided him, and drove
and Nicaea. Polycen.4, c. 6. him away, and even threw stones at his head
Amometus, a Greek historian. Plin. 6, when he refusedto comply. This oracle was
|:.17. verified in the death of Mardonius, who was
Amor, the son of Venus, was the god of actually killed by the blow of a stone he re- ceived
Amorges, a Persian genei-al, killed in Philostr.in vit. ^ollon. 2, c. 11. Homer. "
Caria in the reignof Xerxes. Herodot. 5, Od. 15,v. 243, kc."Hygin.fab. 70, 73, 128
c. 121. and 150." Diod. 4.~~0vid. 9, fab. 10." Paws.
Amorgos, an island among the Cyclades,1,c. 34, 1.2, c. 37, 1.9, c. 8 and 19." ^scliyl.
wliere Simonides was bom. Strab. 10. Sept. ante Theb. "
Apollod. 1,c.^8 and 9, 1.3, c.
Ampelus, a promontory of Samoa. ^A 6, k.c." Strab. Q.
town of Crete, ^Macedonia, Liguria,and
" " "
Amphiaraides, a patronymicof Alcmae-
Cyrene. K favouriteof Bacchus, son of a on, as beingson of Amphiai-aus,Ovid. Fcui.
satyrand a nymph, made a constellation after 2, V. 43.
death. Ovid. Fa^t. 3, v. 407. Amphicrates, an historianwho wrote th"
Ampelusia, a promontory of Africa,in lives of illustriousmen. Diag.
Mauritania. Mela, 1,c. 5 and 6. AMPHicTYorf,son of Deucalion and Pyr-
Ar^PHEA, a cityef Messenia, taken by the rha,reignedat Athens afterCranaus,and first
Lacedaemonians. Paus. 4, c. 5. attempted to givethe interpretation of dreams,
Amphailaus, a famous dancer in the island and to draw omens. Some say, that the deK
of the Phaeacians. Homer. Od.S. uge happenedin his age. Justiii.2, c. 6. r
i\
Ail AM
^kiorce them. Pans, in Phocii. ^ Schdic. pRKuaded, by his eloquence, a wild and ubgI-
to have been the inventor of it,and to have Amphisb.":na, a two-headed serpent iii
built the walls of Thebes at the sound of his the desei-tsof Libya,whose bite was venomous
lyre. Mercury taught him music, and gave and deadly.Lucan. 9, v. 719.
him the lyre. He was the firstwho raised an Amphissa, or Issa, a daughter of Ma-
altar to this god. Zethus and Amphion united careus, beloved by Apollo. She gave her
to avenge the wrongs which their mother had name to a city of Locris near Phocis,in which
suffered from the cruelties of Dirce. They was a temple of Miner\'a. Liv. 317,c, 5. "
besiegedand took Thebes, putLycus to death, Ovid. Met. 15, v. 703." Lucan. 3, v. 172.
and tied his wife to the tailof a wild bull,who A town of the Brutii on the east coast.
draggedher throughprecipices tillshe expired. Amphissene, a country of Armenia.
The fable of Amphion's moving stones and Amphissus, a son of Dryope. Ovid. Met.
raising the walls of Thebes at the sound of his 9, fab. 10.
\ ui'm"i"vvvc. a T :"r'"(1^rr)pnian, who
AM AM
to Diana.
felldeliriousin sacrificing Pans. 3, a priest
Atiiphitus, of Ceres, at the court ol
c. 16. Cepheus. Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 5.
Amphistidks, a man so naturally destitute Amphoterus, was appointedcommander
of iutellects, that he seldom remembered that of a Heet in the Hellespont by Alexander,
he ever had a father. He wished to learn Curt. 3, c. 1. ^A son of Alcmaeon.
arithmetic, but never could comprehendbe- yond Amphrysos, a river of Thessaly,near
the figure 4. Jlrisiot. probl. 4. which Apollo,when banished from heaven,
Amphistratus and Rhecas, two men of fed the flocks of king Admetus, From this
Laconia, charioteers to Castor and Pollux. circumstance the god has been called Am-
Strab. 11. Justin. 42, c. 3.
"
phryssius, and his priestess Amphryssia.Ovid.
Amphitea, the mother of iEgialeus, by Met. 1,V. 580. Lucan. 6^ v. S67.~-Virg.
" G. 3,
Cyanippus,and of three daughters, Argia,v. 2. JEn. 6, V. 398. A river of Phrygia
D'eipyle, and iEgialea, by Adrastus kingof whose waters rendered women liable to bar-renness.
Argos. She was daughterto Pronax. ^pol- Plin. 32, c. 2.
lod. 1. The wife of Autolycus, by whom Ampia Labiena Lex was enacted by T. Am-
she had Anticlea, the wife of Laertes. Ho- mer. piusand A. Labienus,tribunes of the people,
Od. 19, V. 416. A. U. C. 693. It gave Pompey the Great the
Amphitheatrum, a largeround or oval privilege of appearing in triumphal robes and
building at Rome, where the people assembled with a goldencrown at the Circensian games,
to seethe combats of gladiators, of wild beasts, and with a prastesta and golden crown at the-
atrical
and other exhibitions. The amphitheatres
"
of plays.
Rome were generally builtwith wood ; Stati- Ampracia. [Vid.Ambracia.]
liusTaurus was the first who made one with Ampysxdes, a patronymic of Mopsus,son of
stones, under Augustus. Ampyx. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 316.
Amphithemis, a Theban general,who Ampyx, a son of Pelias. Paus. 7, c. 18.
involved the Lacedaemonians into a war with A man mentioned by Ovid. Met. 6, v. 184."-"
iiiscountry. Plul. in Lys. Pans. 3, c. 0.
" The father of Mopsus. Orpli. in Argon. Paus:
"
mads a vow of perpetual celibacy.She had so sulphureous that they infect and destroy
by him Triton, one of the sea deities. She whatever animals come near the place. It
had a statue at Corinth in the templeof Nep- tune.was throughthis placethat Virgil made the
She issometimes called Salatia, and is fury Alecto descend into hell,after her visit
often taken for the sea itself. Varro. de L. L. to the upper regions.Virg.JEn. 7, v. 565."
4. "
Hcsiod. Theog. 930. AjwUod. 3.
" "
Clau- Cic. de Div. 1,c. 36,
dian de Rapt. Pros. 1, v. 104. Ovid. Met. 1,
"
Amulius, kingof Alba,was son of Procas,
V. 14. One of the Nereides.
" and youngest brother to Numitor. The
AaiPiiiTRYON, a Theban prince,son of crown belongedto Numitor by right of birth ;
AlccEus and Hipponome. His sister Anaxo but Amulius dispossessed him of it,and even
had married Electryon kingof MycenfB,whose put to death his son Lausus,and consecrated
sons Were killed in a battle by the Teleboans. his daughterRhea Sylviato the service of
Electryonpromisedhis crown, and daughterVesta,to prevent her ever becoming a mo- ther.
Alcmena, to him who could revenge the death Yet, in spiteof all these precautions,
of his sons upon the Teleboans ; and Ara})hi- Rhea became pregnantby the god Mars, and
tryon offered himself,and was received,on bi-ought forth twins, Romulus and Remus.
condition that he should not approach Alcmena Amulius,who was informed of this,ordered
before he had obtained a victory.Jupiter, the mother to be buried alive for violating the
who was captivated with the charms of Alc- mena, laws of Vesta,which enjoined perpetual tity,
chas-
borrowed the features of Amphitryon, and the two children to be thrown into
when he wa? gone to tiiewar, and introduced the river. They were providentially saved by
himself to Electryon's daughter,as her hus- band some shepherds, or, as others say, by a she-
returned victorious. Alcmena became wolf; and when theyhad attained the years
pregnant of Hercules, by Jupiter,and of of manhood, they put to death the usurper,
iphiclusby Amphitryon after his return. Amulius, and restored the crown to their
{Vid.Mcvicna.] When Amphitiyonreturned grandfather. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 67. Liv. 1, c
"
the herds wiiich the Teleboans had taken from 7iys.Hal. A celebrated painter.Plin. 35,
him. One of tlie cows havingstrayed from c. 10.
the rest,Amphitryon, to bringthem together, Amvci Portus, a placein Pontus, famous
tlirew a stick,which struck the horns of the for the death of Amycus kingof the Bebryces.
cow, and rebounded with such violence upon His tomb was covered with laurels,whose
Electryon, that .he died on the spot. After boughs, as is reported, when carried on board
tillsaccidental murder,Sthenelus, Electiyon's a ship, caused uncommon dissentions among
brother, seized the kingdom of Mycenaj, and the sailors. Plin. 5, c. 32. "
Arrian.
obligedAmphitryon to leave Argolis, and re-
tire Amvcla, a daughterof Niobe, who, with
to Thebes with Alcmena. Creon, king her sister Melibcea, was spared by Diana,
of Thebes, purified him of the murder, .^pol- when her mother boasted herself greater than
lud. 2, c. 4."Vir^.JEn. 8, v. 2l'3."Properi. Diana. Paus. 2, c. 22. Homer says that
4, el. 10,V. 1. Ilcdod in Soiit.Ilcrcul. Hy- allthe daughters
" "
the epithet of tacitK has been givento 7 and 8. The second of that name was son
Amyclae. Virg.JEn. 10,v. 564." Sj7.8, v. 529. of Menelaus, and king of Macedonia, afterhis
A city of Peloponnesus, built by Amyclas. murder of Pausanias. He was expelled by the
Castor and Pollux were born there. The lUyrians, and restored by the Thessalians and
country was famous for dogs, Apollo,called Spartans. He made war against the Illyrians
Amyclaeus,had a rich and magnificent temple and Olyiithians, ant! lived to a greatage. His
there, surrounded with delightful groves. wife Emydice conspiredagainst his life; but
Pans. 3, c. IS."Stat. Theb. 4, v. 223." Strab. her snares were seasonably discovered by one
S." Virg.G. 3, v. 34o." Ovid, de Art. Am. of his daughters by a former wife. He hsui
a, V. 5. Alexander,Perdiccas,and Philip, Alexander
Amycl^us, a statuaiy. Paus. 10,c. 13. the Great's father, by his firstwife ; and by
A surname of Apollo. the other he had Archelaus,Aridesus, and Me-
nelaus.
Amyclas, son of Lacedsem^on and Sparta, He reigned24 years ; and soon after
builtthe cityof Amyclag. His sisterEurydice his death,his son Philip murdered all his bro-
thers,
married Acrisius, king of Argos,by whom she and ascended the throne. Justin. 7, c.
had Danae. Paus. 3, c. 1,1. 7, c. 18. The 4 and 9."Diod. 14,k.c."C. Xep.8^Plul. inPe-
master of a shipin which Cajsar embarked in lopid. There is another kingof Macedonia
disguise.AVhen Amyclas wished to put back of the same name, but of his lifefew particu- lars
to avoid a violent storm, Caesar unveiling his are recorded in histoiy. A man who
head, discpveredhimself, and bidding the pilotsucceeded Dejotarusin the kingdom of Gal-
After his death itbecame
pursue his X^oyage,exclaimed, Ccesarem vehis,logra3cia. a Roman
Casarisque forlunam. Lucan. 5,y. 520. provinceunder Augustus. Strab. 12. One
Amycus, son of Neptune by Melia, or Bi- of Alexander's officers. Another officer
thynisaccordingto^others, was kingof the Be- who deserted to Darius,and was killed as he
bryces.He was famous for his skillin the ma- nagement attempted to seize Egypt. Curt. 3, c. 9.
of the cestus,and he challenged all A son of Antiochus, who withdrew himself
strangersto a trial of strength. When the from Macedonia, because he hated Alexander.
Argonauts,in their expedition, stoppedon his An officer in Alexander's cavalry. He
coasts,he treated them with great kindness, had two brothers, called Simias and Polemon,
and Pollux acceptedhis challenge, and killed He was accused of conspiracy against the king,
him when he attemptedto overcome him by on account of his greatintimacy with Philotas,
fraud. Jipollon. 2. Argon. Theocrit. Id. 22. and acquitted.Curt. 4, c. 15,1. 6, c. 9, 1.8, e.
"
"^Apollon.
1, c. 9. of the companions 12.
One A shepherd's name in Virgil's Eclog.
of iEneas,who almost perished in a storm on A Greek writer who composed severalv
i\\ecoast of Africa. He was killed by Turnus. works quotedby Athenaeus 10 and 12.
Virg.Mn. 1, v. 225, 1.9, v. 772. Another, Amyntianus, an historian in the age of An- toninus,
likewise killed by Turnus. lb. 12, v. 509. who wrote a treatise in commenda-
tion
A son of Ixion and the cloud. Ovid, Met. 12, of Philip, Olympias,and Alexander.
V. 245. Amyktor, a king of Argos,son of Phras-
Amydon, a cityof Paeonia,in Macedonia, tor. He deprivedhis son Phcenix of his eyes,
which sent auxiliaries to Priam duringthe to punishhim for the violence he had offered
Trojan war. Homer 11.2,
.
to Clytia, his concubine. Hygin.fab. 173. "
AmvmOne, daughterof Danaus and Europa, Ovid. Met. 8, v. 307." Apollod. 3." Homer. II
married Enceladus, son of Egyptus, whom she 9. A generalof the Dolopes. Ovid. Met,
murdered the firstnightof her nuptials.She 12, V. 364. A son of .ffigj'ptus, killed by
wounded a satyrwith an an*ow which she had Damone the firstnightof his marHage. Hy- gin.
aimed at a stag. The satyrpursuedher, and fab. 170.
even ottered her violence,but Neptune deli- vered Amyris, a man of Sybaris, who consulted
her. It was said,that she was the only the oracle of Delphiconcerningthe probable
one of the 50 sisterswho was not condemned duration of his countr}''s prosperity, kc.
between
Apollod. 1. llomer. Od. 11. A son of Hip- the Corcyreansand Corinthians.
" "
Augustus
pasus, who assistedPriam in the Trojanwar, carried the inhabitantsto the city of Nicopolis,
and was kiUed by Lycomedes. Homer. II.17. afterthe battleof Actium. Strab. 10. Thvcyd. "
Amytis..a daughter of Astyages, whom Cy- 1,c. 55. Plin. 4, c. 1,1.5, c. 29.
" An an- cient
r'usmarried. Ctesias. A daughter of Xerses, name of Miletus.
who married Megabyzus, and disgraced her-
self Anactorie, a woman of Lesbos,wantonly
by her debaucheries. loved by Sappho. Ovid. Her. 15,v. 17.
Anacks or Anactes, a name givento Cas-tor Anadyomene, a valuable painting of Ve-
nus,
and Pollux among the Athenians. Their represented as rising from the sea, by
festivals were called Anaceia. Flut. in Thes. Apelles.Augustas boughtit,and placeditin
Cic.^'. D. 3,c. 21. the templeof J. Caesar. The lower part of it
Anaciiarsis,a Scythianphilosopher, 592 was a little defaced,and there were found no
B. C. who, on account of his wisdom, temper- ance, painters in Rome able to repair it. Plin. 35,
and extensive knowledge, hasbeen called c. 10.
one of the seven wise men. Like his country-
men, Anagnia, now Jlndgni, a cityof the Her-
he made use of a cart instead of a house. nici in Latium, where Antony stixicka medal
He was wont to compare laws to cobwebs, when he divorced Octavia and married Cleo- patra.
which can stoponlysmall flies, and are unable Virg. JEn. 7, v. m^." Strab. b."Ital.
to resist the superiorforce of largeinsects. 8, V. 392.
When he returned to Scythia, from Athens, Anagogia, a festivalcelebrated by the peo- ple
where he had spent some time in study, and in of Eryx in Sicily, in honour of Venus.
tliefriendship of Solon, he attempted to intro-
duce JElian. V. H. 1,c. 15. H. A. 4, c. 2.
there the laws of the Athenians, which so Anagyrontum, a small village of Atticai
irritated his brother,who was then on the Herodot.
throne, that he killed him with an arrow. Aii- Anaitis,a goddessof Armenia, The vir-
acharsis has rendered himself famous among ginswho were consecrated to her service,
the ancients by his writings, and his poems on esteemed themselv^es more dignified by public
war, the laws of Scythia, ";c. Two of his let- ters prostitution. The festivalsof the deity were
to Crcesus and Hanno are still extant. called Sacarum Fesia ; and when they were
Later auth?)rs have attributed to him the in- celebrated,
vention both sexes assisted at the ceremo- ny,
of tinder, of anchors,and of the pot- ter's and inebriated themselves to such a decree
wheel. The name of Anaciiarsis is be- come that the whole Avas concluded by a scene ot tlie
very familial*to modern ears, by that greatestlasciviousnessand intemperance. They
elegant, valuable,and trulyclassicalwork of were firstinstitutedby C}rus, when he march-
ed
Barthelemi,called the travels of Anacharsis. against the Sacje,and covered tables, with
Ilcrodol.4, c. 46,47 and 4S. "
Pint, in Conviv. the most exquisite dainties, that he mightde- tain
"Cic. Tusc. 5, c. 32." Slrab. 7. the enemy by the novelty and sweetness
Anacium, a mountain with a temple,sa- cred of food to which theywere unaccustomed,and
to the Anaces in Peloponnesus. Polycen. thus easily destroy them. Slrab. 11. na
Dia-
3,C.21. is also worshipped under this name by the
Anacreon, a famous lyricpoet of Teos. Lydians. Plin. 33, c. 4.
in Ionia, highlyfavoured by Polycra.tes and Ananias, an Iambic poet. Allien.
Hipparchus, son of Pisistratus. He was of a Anaphe, an island that rose out of the
lasciviousand intemperate disposition, much Cretan "ea, and received this name from the
givento drinking, and deeplyejiamoured of a Argonauts, who, in the middle of astorm, sud- denly
yor.th called Bathyllus. His odes are stillex- tant, saw the new rnoon. Apollowas wor- shipped
1;
AN AN
AsAX, a SOB of Ccelu? and Terra, father to was the iirstLacedsemonlaa who had two
Aslerius, from whom Miletus has been called wives. Herodot. 1, Sand 7. Plut.in Apoph. "
Being asked whether his body should be car- ried Plut. in Symp. 7. Diog. in Vita. "
Cic. in "
into his own country,he answered, no, Tusc. 2, c. 22."" A Theban general.Thucyd,
as the road that led to the other side of the 8, c. 100.
grave was as long from one place as the Anaxarete, a girl of Salarais,who so ar- rogantly
other. His scholar Pericles pleadedeloquent-
ly despisedthe addresses of Iphis,a
and successfully for him, and the sen-
tence youth of ignoblebirth,that the lover hung
of death was exchanged for banish-
ment. himself at her door. She saw this sad spec-
tacle
In prison, the philosopher is said to without emotion or pity, and was ed
chang-
have attemptedto square the circle, or mine
deter- into a stone. Ovid. Met. 14,v. 748.
exactlythe proportionof its diameter Anaxenor, a musician, whom M. ny
Anto-
to the circumference. When the people of greatlyhonoured, and presented,with the
Lampsacus asked him before his death, whe-ther tribute of four cities. Slrab. 14.
he wished any thingto be done in com-memoration Anaxias, a Theban general, Paus. 2"
of him, Yes, says he, let the c. 22.
boys be allowed to playon the anniversEiry of Anaxibia, a sister of Agamemnon, ther
mo-
my death. This was carefullyobserved,and of seven sons and two daughters by Nes-
tor.
that time dedicated to relaxation,was called Paus. 2, c. 29. A daughterof Bias^
Anaxagorsia. He died at Lampsacus in his brother to the physician Melarapus. She mar-
ried
seventy-second year, 428 B. C. His writings Pelias,king of lolchos,by whom she had
were not much esteemed rates. Acastus, and four daughters,
by his pupil Soc- Pisidice,
Pelopea,
Dios.
Vila. Plut. in JVlcia ^ Pericl. Hippothoe,and Alceste. ApoUod. 1,c.9.
m "
son was called the princeof wi"dom. Diog. He reignedin Ionia,where he married Samia,
in Plut. daught(yof the Meeander, by whom he had
Ajvaximander, a Milesian philosopher, the four sons, Perilas, Enudas, Samus, Alithersus,
companionand disciple of Thales. He was the and one daughter called Parthenope.Orpher
first who constructed spheres, asserted that the us Argon. He was once told by one of his ser-
vants,
earth was of a cylindrical form,and thought that whom he pressed with hard labour in his
men were born of earth and water mixed toge- ther, vineyard, that he never would taste of the
and heated by the beams of the sun ; that produceof his vines. He had already the cup
fhe earth moved, and that the moon received in his hand, and called the prophet to convince
light from the sun, which he considered as a cir- cle him of his falsehood ; when the servant, yet
of firelike a wheel about 28 times bigger than firm in his prediction, uttered this wellknowa
the earth He made the first
. geographical maps proverb,
and sun dials. He died in the 64th year of his
age, B. C. 547. Cic. Acad. Quatst. 4, c. 37." Multa cadunt inter calicem suprcmaque labra.
Diog.in Vit."Plin. 2, c. 79. Plut. Ph. He And that very moment Anceus was told that a
had a son who bore his name. Strab. 1. wild boar had entered his vineyard upon
;
Anaximenes, a philosopher, son of Era- which he threw down the cup, and ran t"
sistratus, and disciple of Anaximander, whom drive away the wild beast. He was killed iu
be succeeded in his school. He said that the the attempt.
air was the cause of every created being, and Ancalites, a peopleof Britain near the
a self-existentdivinity, and that the sun, the Trinobantes. Cas. Bell. G. 5, c. 21.
moon, and the stars,had been made from the Ancarios, a god of the Jews. Vid. Ant
earth. He considered the earth as a plain, and chialus.
the heavens as a solidconcave sphere, on which Ancharia, afamily of Rome. The name
the stars were fixed like nails, an opinionpre-, of Octavia's mother. Plut. in Anton.
valent at that time,and from which originated Ancharius, a noble Roman killed by the
the proverb,t" " supw"^ i/tmiroi, if the heavens partizans of Marius duringthe civilwars with
should fall ? to which Horace has alluded, 3 Sylla.Plut. in Mario.
Od. 3,v. 7. He died 504 years B. C. Cic.Acad. Anchemolus, gon of Rhcetus, kingof the
Qumt. 4, c. 37, de JVat.D. 1, c. 10. Plut. Ph. Marrubii in Italy, ravished his mother-in-law,
" Plin. 2, c. 76. A native of Lampsacus,Casperia, for which he was expelled by his fa?
5on of Aristocles. He was pupil to Diogenes ther. He fledto Turnus,and was killed by
the Cynic, and preceptorto Alexander the Pallas,son of Evander, in the wars ofiEneas
Great, of whose life,and that of Philip, he against the Latins. Virg.JEn. 10, v. 389.
wrote the history. When Alexander,in a fit Anchesites, a wind which blows from
of anger, threatenedto put to death all the in- Anchisa,a harbour of Epirus. Cic. ad Attic.
habitants
of Lampsacus, because they had 7, ep. 1. Dionys. Hal. ,
by this artful requestthe cityof Lampsacus 27. The founder was buried there,and had a
was saved from destruction. Besides the life statue, under which was a famous inscription
of Philip and his son, he wrote an history of in the Syrianlanguage, denoting the great in-temperance
Greece in 12 boolcs, allnow lost. His nephew and dissipation which distinguish-
ed
Lore the same name, and wrote an account of all his life. There was a cityof the same
ancient paintings. Pans. 6, c. 18. Val.Max.
" name in Thrace, called by Ovid the cityof
T, c. 3. Diog.in Vit. Apollo. There was another in Epirus.Orid
Anaxipolis, a comic poet of Thasos. Plin. Prist.1,el. 10,V. 36." Plin. 4, c. U."Mela,
14, c. 14. A writer on agriculture, likewise 2, c. 2.
of Thasos. Anchialus, a famous astrologer.A
Anaxippus, a comic writer in the age of great warrior,fatherof Mentes, One ofthe
"emetrius. He used to say that philosophers Phaeacians Homer. Od. A godofthe Jews.,
were v/ise onlyin their speeches, but foolsin as some suppose, in JWarttar*epigrams,11 ep. ^
theiractions. Alhen. 95. .
of Coronas,
Anaxirriiok,a daugh.ter who Anchimolius, a Spartan generalsent a-
married Epeus. Pavi. 5, c. 1. gainst
the Pisistratidae,
and killedin the expe-
dition.
who
Akaxis, a Boeotian historian, wrote Herodot. 5, c. 63. A son of Rhcef
an down
history to the age of Philipson of tus. Vid. Anchemolus.
Amyntas. Diod. 25. -A son of Castor and Anchinoe, a daughter
of Nilus,and wifa
Hilaira. of Belus. Apollod.
2, c. 1.
Anaxo, a of
virgin
Trcezene carried away Anchion. Vid. Chion.
by Theseus. Pint, in Thcs. A daughter of Anchise, a cityof Italy.Dionys.
Hal.
Ulceus,mother of Alcmene by EIectr}'on. Anchises, a son of Capys by Themis,
the son
A"'CiEUSj of Lycurgus
anU Antinoe,daughterofIlua. He was of sucUa beautiful
AN AN
that Venus
complexion, came down from hea-
ven preservation
of thisshield dependedthe fattj
on mount Ida,in ttieform of nymph, to
of ti}e Roman
a empire,and therefore Isuma
enjoy his company. The goddess became
ordered 1 1 of the same size and form to be
pregnant,and forbade Anebises ever to men- tion made, that if ever any attempt was made to
the favours he had received,on pain of cany them away, the plunderermight find it
beingstruck with thunder. The cJiildwhich difficultto distinguish the true one. They
Venus broughtforth,was called .Eneas ; he were made with such exactness, that the king
was educated as soon as born by the nymphs of promisedVeterius Mamurius, the artist, ever
what-
Ida,and, when of a proper age, was intrusted reward he desired. [Vid.Mamurius.}
to the of Chiron the Centaur. When
care Troy They were kept in the temple of Vesta, and
was taken,Anchises was become so infirm that an order of priests was chosen to watch over
^neas, to whom the Greeks permitted to take their safety.These priests were called Salii,
away whatever he esteemed most, cEirriedhim and were twelve in number; they carried eve-
ry
through the flames upon his shoulders,and year, on the firstof March, the shields in a
thus saved his life. He accompaniedhis son in solemn procession round the walls of Rome,
his voyage towards Italy, and died in Sicilyin dancing and singingpraises to the god Mars.
the 80th year of his age. He was buried on This sacred festival continued three days,dur-
ing
mount Eiyx,by
Mneas and Acestes, king of which every importantbusiness was ped.
stop-
the countiy,and the anniversary of his death It was deemed unfortunate to be married
was afterwards celebrated by his son and the on those days, or to undertake any expedi-
tion,
Trojans on his tomb. Some authors have and Tacitus in 1 Hist, has attributed the
Maintained that Anchises had forgotthe in- unsuccessful campaign of the emperor
junctions Otho
of Venus, and boasted at a feast,that against Vitellius,to his leavingRome during
he enjoyedher favours on mount Ida, upon the celebration of the Ancyliorum festum. "
which he was killedwith thunder. Others say, These two verses of Ovid explainthe origin of
that the wounds he received from the thunder the word Ancyle, which is appliedto these
were not mortal, and that theyonly weakened shields :
and disfigured his body. Virgil, in the 6th IdqueancylevoccUj quod ah omni parte red'
book of the ^Eneid,introduces him m the Ely- sum est,
sian fields, relating to his son the fates that oculis,angulusomnis abest.
notes
Quemque
were to attend him, and the fortune of his des-
cendants, Fast. 3, 377, "c.
V.
the Romans. [Fid.JEnesis.'\
Virg. Varro de L. L. 5, c. 6.
e Val. Max. 1,c. 1.
" "
JEn. 1,2, kc."Hygin.fab.94, 254, 260, 270." Juv. 2, V. 1M."Plut. in mim."Kirg. JEn. S,
Hesiod. Theog-. v. S."Ovid. V. 664." Dionys.Hal. 2."Liv. 1, c. 20.
1010." .^pollod.
Fast. 4, v. 34." Homer. II. 20. 4^Hipnn.in Ve-
rier." Ancon and Ancona, a town of Picenum,
Xcnoph.Cyaeg.c. 1*. Dionys.Hal. 1, de built by the Sicilians,
" with a harbour in the form
Antiq,Rom. Pausanias, 9, c. 12, says, that of a crescent or elbow, {"y/."^)
"
on the shores of
Anchises was buried on a mountain in Arcadia, the Adriatic. Near this place is the famous
which, from him, has been called Anchisia. chapelof Loretto, supposed by monkish histo-
rians
""An Athenian archon. Dionys.Hal. 8, to have been broughtthroughthe air by
Anchisia, a mountain of Arcadia, at the angels, August 10, A. D. 1291, from Juda?a,
bottom of which was a monument of Anchises. where it w^as a cottage,inhabited by the virgin
Pans. 8, c. 12 and 13.
Mary, The reputedsanctityof the placehas
Anchisiades, a patronymicof iEneas, as often brought 100,000 pilgrimsin one day to
beingson of Anchises. Virg.JEn. 6, v. 348, Loretto. Plin. 3, c. 13. Lucan. 2, v. 402. " "
of his father's possessions, took a tender leave c. 32, kc."Flor. 1, c. 4." Virg.JEn. 6, v.
of hiswife and family, and leapedinto the earth, 815.
which closed immediately over his head. das
Mi- Ancyr^, a town of Sicily. A town of^
erected there an altar of stones to Jupiter, Phrygia. Pans. 1.
and that altar was the firstobjectwhich he Anda, a cityof Africa. Polyb.
turned into gold, when he had received his fa-
tal ANDABATiE, certain gladiators who fought
gift from the gods. This unpolished lump blindfolded,wiience the proverb,Jlndabala-
of gold existed stillin the age of Plutarch. rum more to denote rasli and inconsiderate
Pint, in Parall- measures. Cic. 7, ad Famil. ep. 10
Ancile and Ancvle, a sacred shield, which, Andania, a cityof Arcadia, where Aristo-
accordingto the Roman authors,fellfrom hea- ven menes was educated. Pans. 4, c. 1, ".c. It
in the reign of Numa, when tlie Roman received its name from a gulfof the sani"
peoplelaboui'edunder a pestilence.
Upon the name. fd.4j c. 33"
AN
Akdecavia, a country of Gaul, near the following letterto Alexander. Vmumpotalu^ "
Turones and the ocean. Tacit. Jinn. 3, c. 41. rus, Rex, memento te bibere sanguinem lerrm,
Andera, a town of Phiygia. sicuti venenum est homini cicuta, sic et vinum.
Andes, a nation among the CeltaB,now Plin. 14, c. 6.
Anjou. CcES 2, Bell. Gall. c. 35. A village Androdamus. Vid. Andromadas.
of Italy, near Mantua, where Virgil was born, Androdus, a slave knowrx and protected in
hence AndiniLS. Ital.S, v. 595. the Roman circus,by a lion whose foot he
Andocides, an Athenian orator, son of had cured. Gell. 5, c. 15.
Leogoras He lived in the age of Socrates the Androgeos, a Greek, killed by Mne^s and
and
philosopher, was intimate with the most his friends,whom he took to be his country-
men.
illustriousmen of his age. He was often ban-
ished, Virg.ASn.2,v.S11.
but his dexterity alwaysrestored him to Androgeus, son of Minos and Pasiphae,
favour. Plut. has written his life in 10 orat. was famous for his skillin wrestling.He over-
came
J'our of his orations are extant. every antagonist at Athens, and became
AND0MA.T1S, a river of India,falling into the such a favourite of the people, that iEgeusking
Ganges. Jlrrian. of the country grew jealousof his popularity,
Andr^mon, the fatlierof Thoas. Uygin. and caused him to be assassinated as he was
fab. 97. The son-in-law and successor of goingto Thebes Some say that he was killed
CEneus. Apollod. 1. by the wild bull of Marathon. Minos declared
Andragathius, a tyrant,defeated by Gra- war against Athens to revenge the death of his
tian, A. D. 383, "c. son, and peace was at last re-establishedon
Andragathus, a man bribed by Lysima- condition that .^geus sent yearlyseven boys
ehus to betrav his country, "c. Polymi.4, c. and seven girls from Athens to Crete to be de-
voured
12. by the minotaur. [Vid.Minotaurns.'}
Andragoras, a mtm who died a sudden The Athenians establishedfestivalsby order of
death. Martial. 6, ep. 53. Minos, in honour of his son, and called them
AfTDRAaivLES, a king of Lydia, who trated Androgeia. Hygin. fsb. 41.
cas- Diod. 4. Vir. " "
women, and made use of them as JEn. 6, V. 20." -P"w. 1,c. 1 and 27. Apollod. "
Peneus. Part of Bceotia, especially where and the other that of a woman. Lucret. 5, v.
Orchemenos was built,was called Jlndrtis af-
ter 837." P/?n, 7, c. 2.
him. Pans. 9, c. 34, he. Andromache, a daughterof Eetion, king
called Pse.itdophilippu", on account of the like- in her domestic concerns. Her parting
"ess of his features to kingPhilip. He incited with Hector, who was goingto a battle ;inwhich
the Zvlacedonians to revolt against Rome, and he perished, has alwaysbeen deemed the best,
^vas conquered and led in triumphby Metei-
tender and pathetic
most of all the passages in
h\s, 152 B. C. Flor. 2, c. 14, Homer's Iliad. She received the news of her
Androbiusj a famous painter. Plin. 35, husband's death with extreme soitow; and af- ter
c. U. the takingof Troy, she had the misfortune
Androclea, a daughter of Antipcenusof to see her only son Astyanax,after she had
Thebes. She, with her sister Alcida,sacrificed saved him from the flames, thrown headlong
herself in the service of her country, when the from the walls of the city, by the hands of the
oracle had promised the victory to her coun-
trymen, man whose father had killed her husband. "
\vho wrote an history of Cyi)rus. say that Astyanax was killed by Ulysses, and
Androclides, a noble Theban who fended
de- Euripides says that Menelaus put him to death.
the democratical, against the encroach-
ments Hoiner. II. 6, 22 and 24." q. Calah. l." Virg.
of the oligarchical power. He was ed
kill- JEn. 3, V. 486.~-IIygin. fab. l23.~Dares
by one of his enemies. A sophist in the Phnjg."Ovid. Am. 1, el. 9, v. 35. Trist. 5,
age of Aurelian,who gave an account of phi-
losophers.
el. tt,V. 43. Apollod. 3, c. 12. Paus. 1, c. 11.
" "
in Ionia, and took Ephesusand Samos. Paus. years, and permitted him to use them as
7, c. 2. he pleased.
AsDiiocvDEs. a physician,
who wrote the AKDuoMACiirs, an opwlentperson of Si
AN AN
cUy,fatherto the historianTlmsetis. Diod. 16. sis IS eltant, the best"?ditionof which isthatof
He assisted Timoleon in recoveringthe libertyHeinsius,8vo. L.Bat. 1617. Plut. in Syll.
of the Syracusans. A general ot Alexander, A Latin
poet in the age of Caesar. A Latin
to whom Parmenio gave the government of grammarian, w'hose lifeSuetonius has WTitten .
,
AN AN
AsicETCS. a son of Hercules,by Hebe the opinion
maintains,that Anna was an old in-*
2. A freedman dustrious woman of Bovillae,
who, when the'
godclesst)fyouth. Apollod.
came Roman
who directedthe education of Nero, and be- populacehad fled from the cityto
the instrument of his crimes. Suet, in
mount Sacer,broughtthem cakes every day :
for which kind treatment the Romans, when
was re-established, decreed immortal
Anicia, a familyat Rome, which, in the peace
flourishing times of the republic, producedhonours to her whom they called Perenna,
illustriouscitizens. lation ab ptrennitaie
A re- cultHs,and who, as they sup-
posed,
many brave and of their deitiesjOvid,
w^as become one
of Atticus. C Mpos.
Fast. 3, V. 653, hc."Sil. 8, v. Id." Virg. JEn.
Anicium, a town of Gaul. Cces.Bell.Gal. 7.
Anicius Gallus triumphedover the II- 4, V. 9, 20, 421, and 500.
Anna Cobimena, a princess of Constan-
tinople,
lyrians and their kingGentius, and was pro-
A consul world for
known to the the Greek
praj^orof Rome, A. U. C. 585.
A. U. C. 594. Pro- history, which she wrote of her father Alexius,
with Corn. Cethegus,
bus, a Roman consul in the fourth century, emperor of the east. The character of this
famous for his humanity. historyis not very highfor authenticity or'
of composition : the historian is lost in
Anigrus, a rs\'er of Thessaly, where the beauty
had the daughter : and instead of simplicity of style
tjentaurs washed the Avounds which they
Gibbon says, an elaborate
received from Hercules,and made the waters and narrative,as
unwholesome. Owrf. Jlfef. 15, v. 281. The affectation of rhetoric and science betrays in
nymphs of this river are called Anigriades. every page the vanityof a female author.
The best edition of Anna Comraena, is tiiatof
Paus. 5, c. 6.
Amo and Anien, now Taverone, a river Paris,folio, 1651.
"f Italy, flowing through the country of Tibur, ANNiEus, a Roman familywhich was sub- divided
river Tiber, about live into the Lucani, Senecae, Flori, k.c.
and fallinginto the
miles at the north of Rome. It receives its Annales, a chronological historywhich
from Anius, a kingof gives an account of all the important events
name, as some suppose,
who drowned himself there ^vhen he of every year in a state,without entering into
Struria,
his daughter, who had been the causes w^hich producedthem. The annals
oould not recover
carried away. Stat. \. Sylv.3,\.20."Virg. of Tacitus may be considered in this light. In
the firstages of Rome, the writing of the an-
JEn. 7, v. 683." Strab. 5."Horai. 1,od. 7, v.
naU was one of the duties and privileges of
13." Plut. de Fort, llorn.^
Anitorgis, a cityof Spain, near which a the high-priest ; whence theyhave been called
from the priest Pontifex
battle was foughtbetween Asdrubal and the Annales Maximi,
Liv. 33. Mazimus, who consecrated them, and gave
Scipios. 25, c.
festivals. She was, accordinghis father's camp, and inured from his eai-ly
instituted
to some, Anna the daughter of Belus and sister years to the labours of the field. He passed
and at thft;
of Dido, who afterher sister'sdeath,fledfrom into Spainwhen nine years old,
and of his father, took a solemn oath he
Carthage, which Jarbashad besieged, came recjuest
to Italy, where ^Eneas met her, as he walked never would be at peace with the Romans.
on the banks of the Tiber, and gave her an After his father's death, he was appointed
honourable reception, for the kindnesses she over the cavalryin Spain; and some time
after, tiiedeath of Asdrubal,he was vested
in-
bad shown him when he Avas at Carthage. upon
of the with the command of all the armies
Lavinia,the wife of Mneas, was jealous
tender treatment which was shown to Anna, of Carthage, though not yet in the 25th year
of continual success,
and meditated her ruin. Anna was apprizedof his age. In three years
of thisby her sisterin a dream, and she fled to he subdued allthe n'ations of Spainwhich op- posed
the river Numicus, of which she became a deity, the Carthaginian power, and took Sa-
and ordered the inhabitants of the countryto guntum after a .siege eight
of months. The
railher .^nna Perenna, because she would re- main city was in alliance with the Romans, and it?
Her festivalsfall w^as the cause of the second Punic war,
for ever under the waters.
were performed with many rejoicings, and the which Annibal preparedto support w-ith all
females often,in the midst of their cheerful- ness, the courage and prudenceof a consummate
forgot their natural decency. They general.He levied three largearmies, one of
were introduced into Rome, and celebrated w hich he sent to Africa ; he left another in
the 15th of March. The Romans generally sa- Spain,and marched at the head of the third
have calcula-
ted
"rificed to her,to obtain alongand happylife: towards Italy.This army some
and hence the words Jinnar" and Pertnnare. at 20,000 foot and 6000 horse ; others say-
Some have supposedAnna to be the moon, that it consisted of 100,000 foot and 20,000.
others callher horse. Liv. 21, c. 38. He came to the Alps,
fjuia memibus impleat annum;
deemed alnuist inaccessible, and
Themis, or lo, the daughterof Inachus,and which were
sQjnetimes Maia. Another more received bad never been p8is.5e"i over before him but by
ift
AN AN
Hercules, and aftermuch trouble gainedthe heart of Italy. Antiochus distrustedthe lidcl"
top in nine days.He conqueredthe uncivilized ityof Annibal, and was conquered by the
inhabitants that opposedhis passage, and after Romans, who grantedhim peace on the con-
dition
the amazing loss of 30,000 men, made his of his delivering their mortal enemy
way so easy, by softening the rocks with fire into their hands. Annibal, who was apprized
and vinegar, that even his armed elephantsof this,left the court of Antiochus,and fled
descended the mountains without danger or to Prusias,king of Bithynia.He encouraged
difficulty, where a man, disencumbered of him to declare war against Rome, and even
his arms, could not walk before in safety.He assisted him in weakening the power of Eume-
was opposedby the Romans as soon as he en- tered nes, king of Pergamus, who was in alliance
Italy; and afterhe had defeated P. Corn. with the Romans. The senate received intel-
ligence
Scipioand Sempronius,near the xlhone,the that Annibal was in Bithynia, and im-
mediately
*
Po, and the Trebia, he crossed the Apen- nines, sent ambassadors, amongst whom
and invaded Etruria. He defeated the was L. Q. Flaminius, to demand him of Pru-
sias.
army of the consul Flaminius near the lake The kingwas unwilling to betrayAnni-
bal,
Trasiraenus,and soon after met the two con- suls and violate tlielaws of hospitality, but at
C. Terentius and L. JEmilius at Cannae. the same time he dreaded the power of Rome.
His army consisted of 40,000 foot and iOjOOO Annibal extricated him from his embarrass-
ment,
horse,when he engaged the Romans at the and when he heard that his house was
celebrated battle of Canna?. The slaughtar besiegedon every side,and all means of escape
was so great,that no less than 40,000 Romans fruitless, he took a dose of poison, which he
were killed, and the conqueror made abridge alwayscarried with him in a ringon his finger,
with the dead caixasses ; and as a signof his and as he breathed his last,he exclaimed,
victory,he sent to Carthage three bushels Solvamus diuturnd curd populum Romanunij
of gold ringswhich had been taken from quando mortem senis expectare longv.mctnset.
5630 Roman knightsslain in the battle. He died in his 70th year, accordingto some,
Had Annibal, immediatelyafter the battle, about 182 years B. C. That year was famous
marched his army to the gates of Rome, it for the death of the three greatestgenerals of
must have jieldedamidst the general nation,
conster- the age, Annibal, Scipio,and Philopoemen.
if we believe the opinionsof some The death of so formidable a rival was the
writers ; but his delay gave the enemy spirit cause of great rejoicings in Rome ; he had al-
and boldness,and when at last he approached Avays been a professedenemy to the Roman,
the walls,he was informed that the pieceof name, and ever endeavoured to destroyits
ground on which his army then stood, was power. If he shone in the field, he also distin-
guished
selling at a highpricein the Roman forum. himself by his studies. He was taught
After hoveringfor some time round the city,Greek by Sosilus,a Lacedaemonian,and he
he retired to Capua, where the Carthaginianeven wrote some books in that languageon
soldiers soon forgot to conquer in the pleasuresditferent subjects.It is remarkable, that the
and riot of this luxurious city. From that lifeof Aimibal,whom the Romans wished so
circumstance it has been said,and with pro- priety,many times to destroyby perfidy, was never
that Capua was a Cannee to Annibal. attemptedby any of his soldiers or country- men.
After the battle of Cannae the Romans came
be- He made himself as conspicuous in the
more cautious,and when the dictator government of the state,as at the head of ar- mies,
Fabius Maximus had defied the artifice as well and thoughhis enemies reproachedhim
as the valour of Annibal,theybegan to look with the rudeness of laughingin the Cartha- ginian
for better times. Marcellus,who succeeded senate,while every senator was bathed
Fabius in the field, first taughtthe Romans in tears for the misfortunes of the country,
tliatAnnibal was not invincible. After many Annibal defended himself by saying, that he,
important debates in the senate,it was decreed, who had been bred allhis lifein a camp, ought
that war should be carried into Africa, to re- move to be dispensedwith all the more polished
Aimibal from the gates of Rome ; and feelings of a capital.He was so apprehensive
Scipio, who was the firstproposer of the plan, for his safety, that when he was in Bithynia,
was empowered to put it into execution. his house was fortified like a castle,and on
When Carthagesaw the enemy on her coasts, every side there were secret doors, which
she recalled Aimibal from Italy; and that great could give immediate escape if his lifewas
generalis said to have left with tears in his ever attempted. When he quitted Italy, and
eyes, a countiy,which duringsixteen years embarked on board a vessel for Africa,he
he had kept under continual alarms, and so suspectedthe fidelity of his pilot,
strongly
which he could almost call his own. He and who told him that the lofty mountain which
Scipiomet near Carthage,and aftera parley,appearedat a distance was a promontory of
m which neither would give the preference Sicily, that he killed him on the spot ; and
to his enemy, they determined to come to when he was convinced of his fatalerror, ho
a general engagement. The battle was foughtgave a magnificent burial to the man whom he
near Zama : Scipio made a greatslaughter of had so falsely murdered, and called the pro- montory
the enemy, 20,000 were killed,and the same by his name. The labours which he
number made prisoners.Annibal, after he sustained, and the inclemencyof the weather
had lost the day, fled to Adrumetum. Soon to which he exposed himself in crossing the
afterthis decisive battle, the Romans granted Alps,so weakened one of his eyes, that \\"i
peace to Carthage,on hard conditions; and ever after lost the use of it. The Romans
afterwards Annibal, who was jealous and ap have celebrated the humanityof Annibal,who^
prehensive of tlieRoman po"\ver,fledto Syria,afterthe battle of Canna", soughtthe body v.'"^
to ki)ig Antiochus,whom he advised to make the fallenconsul amidst the heap?of slain,and
war against Rome, and lead an army into the honoured it with a funeral becoming the dij-
n
AN AN
iiityof Rome. He performedtbe same theirslavery
what theyhad been taugl^t. ^H'
offices to
fi-iendly the remains of Marcellus an, V. II. ult. lib. c. 30. A Carthaginian
and Tib. Gracchus- who had fallen in battle. who wrote, in the Punic language, the account
He often blamed the unsettled measures of of a voyage he had made round Africa. This
his couatry; and when the enemy had book was translated into Greek, and is still
tlu'ovvninto his camp the head of his brother extant. Vossius de HiM. Gr. 4.- -AnotheJE"
Asdrubal, who had been conqueredas he banished from Carthagefor taminga lion foi*
came from Spain with a reinforcement into his own amusement, which was interpreted as
jjius; Anniceris ransonaed his friend,and he Pans. 9, c. 1, "c." Diod. 14. Plut.
"
theirnative liberty ; but the bird? let with AjTEKBPvOuir?, an afilbasjador to Ca;-
AN AN
sap from the Rhemi, a nation of Gaul. Cces, AifTHEA, a town of Achaia. Paus. 7, c.
Bell. Gall?., c. 3. 18. Of Messenia. Id. 4, c. 31. Of Trce-
': Anteius Pubhus was appointedover Sy- ria zene. Id. 2, c. 30.
by Nero. He was accused of sedition Antheas, a son of Eumelus, killed in at- tempting
and conspiracy, and drank poison, which ope-
rating to sow corn from the chariot of Trip-
slowly,obligedhim to open his veins, tolemus drawn by dragons. Paus. 7, c. 18.
''"Tacit.An. 13, he. Anthedon, a city of Bcsotia,w^hich re- ceives
AntemnjE, a cityof the Sabines between its name from the floweryplains that
Bome and the Anio, whence the name (ante surround it,or Anthedon, a certain nymph. "^
amnem.) Virg.Mn. 7, v. 631 Dionys.Hal. Bacchus and Ceres had there temples. Paus.
An'tenor, a Trojan prince related to 7, c. 10, 1. 9, c. 22. It w as formerlyinhabit-
ed "
Priam. It issaid that duringthe Trojanwar, by Thracians. Homer 11.2. Ovid Met. 13, "
a partnerof his guilt; and the nightthat Antkemusia, the same as Samos.' A
Troy was taken,theyhad a number of Greeks cityof Mesopotamia. Strab.
stationed at the doors of their houses to pro-
tect Anthene, a town of Peloponnesus. Thii'-
them from harm. After the destruction cyd.5, c. 41.
of his country,Antenor .migrated to Italyn^ar AxTiiERMus, a Chian sculptor,sonofMic-
the Adriatic,Vvhere he built the town of Pa-
dua. ciades,and grandson to Malas, He and his
His children were also concerned in the brother Bupalus made a statue of the poet
Trojanwar, and displayed much valour againstHipponax, which caused universal laughter,
the Greeks. Their names were Polybius,on account of the deformityof its counte-
nance.
Acamas, Agenor, and accordingto others, The poet was so incensed upon this,
Polydaraasand Helicaon. Liv. 1,c. 1. Plin. and inveighed
"
w ith so much bitterness against
3, c. Vi.~Virg. JEn. 1, v. 242." Tacit. 16, the statuaries, that they hung themselves,ac- cording
c. 2\" Homer. 11. 3, 7, 8, 11." OriU Met. to the opinion of sorne authors. P/w.
IS."Didys. Cret. 5. Dares Phryg. 6.
"
"
36, c. 5.
Strab. 13. Dionys. Hat.
" 1. Paus.
"
himself reduced to his ancient shape. From individual drank of his own vessel,in commcr
this circumstance itis seen, that return of pas- moration of the arrival of Orestes,who, after
.siongivesvigourto love. Anteros had a tem-
ple the murder of his mother, came without being
at Athens raised to his honour, when Meles purified, to Dernophoon, or Pandion, king of
had experienced the coldness and disdain of Athens, and w as obliged, with all the Atheni-
ans,
Timagoras,whom he passionately esteemed, to drink by himself,for fear of polluting
and for whom he had killed himself IVid. the drinkingwith them before he
people by
Meles.] Cupid and Anteros are often repre- sented was purifiedof the parricide.It was usual on
striving to seize a palm-tree from one tliatday, to ride out in chariots, and ridicule
another,to teach us that true love always en- deavoursthose that passedby. The best drinker was
to overcome by kindness and grati-rewarded with a crown of leaves,or rather of
1ude. They were alwayspaintedin the Gi-eek gold,and with a cask of wine. The third day
academies,to inform tiiescholars that itistheir was called Xurjo* from %ut(;", a vessel brought
immediate duty to be grateful to tiieirteachers,out fullof allsort^ of seed and herbs,deemed
and to rew^ard their trouble with love and reve-rence. sacred to Mercuiy,and therefoi^ not touched.
Cic. de. JVat. D. 3, c. 23. Pans. 1, c. The slaves had the permission
"
of beingmerry
iiO,1.6, c. 23. "A
"
grammarianof Alexandria,Iand free duringthese festivals; and at the end
in the age of the emperor Claudius. Afree- of the solemnitya herald proclaimed,eot ",
^^ of Atticiig. CiV.flrf.i?;ic. 9; ep. i4. 1K"{c, iw er' Av^,-";{"x:i. e. Bepart, ve Caiian
AN AN
slaves,the festivalsare at an end. Mlian. V. Anticrates, a Spartan,who stabbed Epa*
H. 2, c. 41. minondas,the Theban general,
at the battle of
Antheus, a of Antenor, much
son ed
esteem- Mantinea. Phil, in Ages.
by Paris. of the companions of
One Anticyra, two toAvns of Greece, the one in
iEneas. Virg.JEn. 1, v. 514. Phocis,and the other near mount Oeta, both
Akthia, a sister of Priam, seized by the famous for the ellebore which theyproduced.
Greeks. She compelledthe peopleof Pallene This plantwas of infinite service to cure eases',
dis-
to burn their ships, and buikl Seione. Polyoen. and particularlyinsanity ;hence the pro-
verb
'7, c. 47. A toAvn. Vid. Jinihea. A JVavigetAnticyram. The Anticyra of
daughterof Thespius,mistress to Hercules. Phocis was ancientlycalled Cyparissa.It
^jiollod.
2, c. 7. had a temple of Neptune, who was sented
repre-
Anthias. Vid. Antheas. holdinga trident in one hand and rest-
ing
a daughterof Thestius.
Anthippe, the other on his side,with one of his feet
Anthium, a town of Thrace, afterwards on a dolphin. Some writers,especially race
Ho-
called Apollonia. Plin. 4, c. 11. A city {Art.P. 300),speak of three islands of
of Italy. this name, but this seems to be a mistake.
Anthius, (flowery,) a name of Bacchus Pam. 10, c. 36."Horat. 2, Sat. 3, v. 166. De
worshipped at Athens. He had also a statue Art. Poet. V. 300." Persiius, 4, v. 16." Strab.
at Patraj. 9." Mela. 2, c. S."Ovid Pont. 4, ep. 3, v. 53.
Antho, a daughter of Amulius king of ^A mistress of Demetrius. Plut. in D"-
Alba. metr.
Anthores, a companion of Hercules,who Antidomus, a wai'like soldierof kingPhilip
followed Evander, and settled in Italy. He at the siegeof Perinthus.
was killed in the war of Turnus against.^ne- Antidotus, an excellent painter, pupil of
as. Virg.JEn. 10, V. 'TIS. Euphranor. Plin. 35, c. 11.
Anthracia, a nymph. Pans. 8, c. 31. Antigenes, one of Alexander's generals,
Anthropinus, Tisarchus, and Diocles, publicly rewarded for his valour. Curt. 5, c. 14.
three persons who laid snares for Agathocles Antigenidas, a famous musician of The-
bes,
tyrantof Sicily.Polycen. 5, c. 3. disciple to Philoxenus. He taught his
Anthropophagi, a peopleof Scythiathat pupilIsmenias to despise the judgment of the
fed on human flesh. They lived near the populace. Cic. in Brut. 97.
country of ;theMessagetee.Plin. 4, c. 12, 1. Antigona, daughterof Berenice, was wife
6, c. 30." ."e/a,2, c. 1. to kingPyrrhus. Pint, in Pyrrh.
Anthylla, a cityof Egypt on the Cano- Antigone, a daughter of (Edipus,king of
pic mouth of the Nile. It maintained the Thebes, by his mother .Tocasta. She buried
queens of the country in shoes,or, according by nighther brother Polynices,againstthe
to Mhenoiiis 1,in girdles.Herodot. 2, c. 98. positive orders of Creon, who, when he heard
Antia lex was made for the suppression of of it,ordered her to be buried alive. She
luxury at Rome. Its particulars are not however killed herself before the sentence was
known. The enactor was Antius Restio, who executed ; and Hiemon, the king'sson, Avho
afterwards never supped abroad for fear of was passionately fond of her,and had not been
being himself a witness of the profusionand able to obtain her pardon, killed himself on
cxtravffgance which his lav/ meant to destroy,her grave. The death of Antigoneis the sub- ject
but without effect. Macrob. 3, c. 17. of one of the tragedies of Sophocles. The
Antianira, the mother of Echion. Athenians were so jileased Avith it at the first
AsTiAs, the goddessof fortune,chiefly shipped
wor- representation, that they])resented the author
at Antium. "A "
poet. Vid. Furius. with the government of Samos. This tragedy
ANTicLJiA, a daughterof Autolycusand Am- was represented32 times at Athens without
phithea. Her father,who \vas a famous rob- ber, interruption. Sophod.in Antig. Hygin. fab. "
permittedSisyphus, sonof JEolus, to en- joy 67, 72, 243, 254." Apollod.3, c. o."Ovid,
the favours of his daughter,and Anticlea Trisi. 3, el. 3."Philostrat. % c. 29." Stat.
was reallypregnant of Ulysseswhen she mar- ried Theb. 12, v. 350. A daughterof Eurjtion
Laertes king of Ithaca. Laertes was king of Phthia in Thessaly. Apollod. A
nevertheless the reputed father of Ulysses.daughterof Laomedon. She was the sisterof
Ulyssesis reproachedby Ajax in Ovid. Met. Priam, and was changed into a stork for com- paring
as beingthe son of Sisyphus. It is said that herselfto Juno. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 93,
Anticlea killed herself when she heard a false Antigon/a, an inland town of Epirus.Plin.
reportof her son's death. Homer. Od. 11, 19. 4, c. 1. One of Macedonia, founded by
"Hygin. fab. 201, 24:6." Pans. 10, c. 29. Antigonus,son of Gonatas. Id. 4, c. 10.
A woman who had Periphetesby Vulcan. One in Syria,on the borders of the Orontes.
Apollod.3. A daughterof Diocles, who Sfrab. 16. Another in Bithynia, called also
married Machaon the son of jEsculapius, by Nica3. Id. 12, Another in Arcadia, an- ciently
Seleucus,Cassander, and Lysimachus, the Trojanwar with his father,and was killed
combined togetherto destroyhim ; yet Anti- gonus by Memnon, the son of Aurora. Homer. Od.
despised them, sayingthat he would dis- 4. Ovid. Heroid. says he was killed by Hec-
" tor.
as birds. attemptedto enter A poet who panegyricupon
pei-se them He wrote a
their duty with punctuality. A certain named Clarius from Claros, a mountain neav
poet called him divine ; but the king despisedColophon,where he was born. Pans. 9, c.SS.
his flattery, and bade him go and inquu'eof Plut. in Lysand.4' Timol.
"
Propert.2, el.
"
cliaaged"mto constellation.
a. Some writers pian." The third of that name,
" sumameS
Suppose that Antinous was drow"ned in the the Great, brother to Seleucus Ceraunus. was
IN'ile;while others maintain that he offered king of Syriaand Asia, and reigned36 years.
himself at a sacrifice as a victim, in honour of He was defeated by PtolemyPhilopater at Ra-
the emperor. A native of Ithaca,son of Eu- phia,after which he made war against Persia,
peithes, and one of Penolope's suitors.He was and took Sardes. After the death of PhUo-
bnrtal and cruel in his manners, and excited pater,he eudeavom'ed to crush his infant son
his companionsto destroy Telemachus, wkosp Epiphanes; but his guardians solicited the aid
advice comforted Ids mother Penelope.When of the Romans, and Antiochus was compelled
Ulyssesreturned home, he came to the palace to resignhis preiensions.He conqueredthe
in a beggar'sdress,and beijged for bread, greatestpart of Greece, of which some cities
which Antinous refused,nnd
even struck him. implored the aid cji Rome ; and Annibal, who
After Ulysseshad di"covered himself to Tele- had taken refugeat his court, encounfgedhim
machus and Eumseus, he attacked the suitors, to make v^ar against Italy. He was gladto find
v.'ho were ignorantwho he was, and killed himself supportedby the abilitiesof such a ge- neral
Antinous among the first. Homer. Od. 1, 16, ; but his measures were dilatory, and not
17, and 22."FrGpert.2, el. 5, v. 7. agreeable to the advice of Annibal,and he was
Antiochia, the name of a Syrian pro- conqueredand obliged to retire beyond mount
"^ance. Mela, 1, c. 14. -A city,of Syria-Taurus, and pay a yeai'ly fine of 2000 talents
once the third cityof for beauty,to the Romans.
the world His revenues bei-ng unable to
and population.
jrreainess, It was built b}^An- pay the fine,he attemptedto plunderthe tem- ple
tiochus and Seleucus pNicanor,partly on a hill of Belus in Susiana, which so incensed the
and pfiitlyin a plain.It has the river Orontes inhabitants that theykilled him with his follow-
ers,
In lis lieighbourhood;with a celebrated grove 187 years before the christian era. In his
called Daphne; v.hence, for the sake of dis- character of king,Antiochus was humane
tinction, and
it has been called Antiochia near liberal; the patron of learning, and the friend
Daphne. Dionys. Piereg. A city called of Baerit : and he publishedan edict,ordering
aisa Misibis,in Mesopotamia,built by Seleu-
cus, his subjects never to obey except his com-mands
J9ppia77. The second of that name, surna- med 3. The fifth, surnamed Eupalor,succeeded
Tkeos (God) by the Milesians,because his father Ep/iphanes on the throne of Syria,
he put to death their tyrantTimarchus, was 164 B. C. " He made a peace with the Jews,
son and successor of Antiochus Sotcr. He put and in tliesecond year of his reignwas sinated
assas-
an end to the war which had been begun with by his uncle Demetrius,who said that
Ptolemy ; and, to strengthenthe peace, he the crown was lawfully his own, and that ithad
married Berenice,the daughterof the Egyp- tian been seized from his lather. Justiri.34. Jo- "
seph.
king. This so offended his former wife 12. The sixth, king of Syria, was named
sur-
Laodice, by whom he had two sons, that she Entheus, or J\oble. His father, ander
Alex-
poi-onedhim, and suborned Artemon, whose Bala, intrusted him to the ckre of Mal-
features were similar to his,to representhim cus, an Arabian ; and he received the crown
a.s King. Artemon, subservient to her ^vill, from Tryphon, in opposition to his brotlier
jn-etendcd to be indi5po.sed,and, as king, called Demetrius, whom the people hated. Before
.'illthe ministers; -liudrecommended to them he had been a yeai* on the throne,Tryphon
fceleucus, surnamed Callinicusjson of Laodice, murdered him 143 E. C. and reignedin his
}\s his successor. Affr this ridiculous impos-
ture, placefor three yeai's. Joseph. 13. The se-.
it was made public that the kinghad died venth, called iiidefes, reignednine years. In
a natural death, and Laodice placedher son on the beginningof his reign,he was afraid of
the throne, iind dispatchedBerenice and her Tryphon, and concealed himself,but he soon
gen, 246 years before the christianera. obtained the means
.-???- of destroying his enemy.
AN
He made war against Phraates kingof Parthia, Atticus. Cie.ad Atlic. 3, ep. 33. A hair.*
and he fellin the battle which was soon after dresser mentioned by Martial,11, ep. 85. ^"
about 130 years before the christian era. A son of Hercules by Medea, Apollod. 2, c.
k, jfought
Justin. 36, c. 1. Appian. Bell. Syr.
"
The 7. A stage player. Juv. 3, v. 98. X
-eighth, surnamed Grupus.from his aqv.iline sculptor, said to have made the famous statue
nose, was son of Demetrius patra. of Pallas,preservedin the Ludovisi gardens
Xicanor by Cleo-
His brother Seleucus Avas destroyedat Rome.
by Cleopatra,nnt^ he himself would have Antiope, daughter of Nycteus, king of
shared the same fate, had he not discovered his Thebes, by Polyxo, was beloved by Jupiter,
mother's artifice, and compelledher to drink who, to deceive her,changed himself into a sa- tyr.
the poisonwhich was preparedfor himself. He She became pregnaiit, and, to avoid ihf.
killed Alexander Zebina, whom Ptolemy had resentment of her father,she fled to mount Ci'
set to oppose him on the throne of Syria, and thxcron,where she broughtforth twins,Ara-
was at last assassinated B. C. il2,aftera reign phion and Zethus. She exposedthem, to pre-
vent
of eleven years. Justin. 39, ":c. Joseph.
"
"
3, de Qucest.
Athenian general was mortallywounded under Acad. 4. A philosopher of Phoenicia,pre-
ceptor
the walls of Lamia, the fortune of the war was to Cato of Utica. Plut. in Cat. A
changed.Antipater obligedthe enemy to raise stoic philosopher, disciple to Diogenesof Ba-
bylon.
the siege, and soon after received a reinforce-
ment He wrote two books on divination, and
from Craterus from Asia, with which he died at Athens. Cic. de Div. 1, c. 3. Ac.
conquered the Athenians at Cranon in Thes- saly. Qucest.4, c. 6. De Offic. 3, c. 12. A disci-
ple
After this defeat,Antipaterand Crate- rus of Ai'Istotle,
who WTote two books of let-
ters.
marched into Ba?otia,and conqueredthe A poet of Thessalonica,in the
age of
and grantedpeace
JEtolians, to the Athenians, Augustus.
on which Leosthenes
the conditions had pro-
posed Antipatria, a cityof Macedonia. Liv.
to Antipater when besieged in Lamia, i.e. 31, C.27.
that he should be absolute master over them. Antipatridas, a governor of Telmessus.
Besides this, he demanded from their ambas-
sadors, Polycen. 5.
Deraades, Phocion, and Xenocrates, Antipatris, a cityof Palestine.
that they should deliver into his hands the ora-
tors Antiphanes, an ingeniousstatuaryof Ar-
Demosthenes and Hyperides, whose quencegos.
elo- Pans. 5, c. 17. A comic poet of
had inflamed the minds of their coun-
trymen, Rhodes, or i*ather of Smyrna, who wrote
and had been the primary causes of above 90 comedies, and died in the 74th year
the war. The conditions were accepted,a of his age, by the fall of an appleupon his
Macedonian garrison was stationed in Athens, head. A physicianof Delos, who used to
but the inhabitants stillwere permittedthe say that diseases originated from tlie variety
free use of their laws and privileges. Antipa- of food that was eaten.
ter Clem. Alex. Athen. "
and Craterus were the firstwho made Antiphatks, a king of the Laestrygones,
hostile preparations againstPerdiccas ; and descended from Lanius, who founded Formiae.
duringthat time, Polyperchonwas appointed Ulysses, returning from Troy, came upon his
over Macedonia. Polyperchon defeated the coasts, and sent three men to examine the
iEtolians, who made an invasion upon Mace- donia. country. Antiphatesdevoured one of them,
Antipater gave assistance to Eumenes and pursued the others,and sunk the fleet of
in Asia, against Antigonus, accordingto Justin. Ulysseswith stones, except tiie shipin which
14,c. 2. At his death,B. C. 319, AntipaterUlysseswas. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 232. A
appointedPolyperchon master of all his pos- sessionsson of Sarpedon. Virg.JEn. 9, v. 696.
; and as he was the oldest of all the The grandfather of Amphiai'aus.Homer. Od.
generals and successors of Alexander, he re-
commended A man killed in the Trojan war bv Leon-
that he might be the supreme ler
ru- teus. Homer. 11. l%x.\9\.
in their councils,that every thingmight be Antiphili portus, a harbour on the Afri-
can
done accordingto his judgment. As for his side of the Red sea. Strab. 16.
son Cassander, he left him in a subordinate Antipiiilus, an Athenian who succeedeci
Jitation under Polyperchon. But Cassander Leosthenes,at the siegeof Lamia againstAn-
tipater,
was of too aspiring
a disposition
tamelyto obey Dlod. 18. A noble painterwho
his father'sinjunctions. He recovered Mace-
donia, represented a youth leaningover a fire and
and made himself absolute. Curt. 3, 4. blowingit,from which t)iewhole house seem- ed
ft,6, 7 and 10." Justin. 11, 12, 13, hc."Diod. to be illuminated. He was an Egyptianby
17, 18, ".C. C. JS'ep.
"
in Phoc. ^ Eimien. birth : he imitated Apelles,and was
"
disciple
Plut. in Eumtn. Mexand. ".c. A son of to Ctesidemus. Plin. 35, c. 10.
Cassander,king of Macedonia, and son-in-law Antiphon, a poet. A native of Rham-
of Lysimachns. He killed his mother, because nusia, called Neslor, from his eloquenceand
she wished his brother Alexander to succeed prudence. The sixteen orations that are ex- tant
to the throne. Alexander,to revenge the death under his name, are supposititious.An
of his mother, solicited the assistance of Deme-
trius orator, who promisedPhilip, kingof Macedo-
nia,
: but peace was re-estabHsbcd between tiaat he would set on fire the citadelof
AN AN
Athens, for which he was put to death at the Rome and his country,in the age of Tarquiu
instigationof Demosthenes. Cic. de Div. 2. the Proud, Dionys.Hal. 4.
" C. Reginus,
Plut. in Alcih. "^ Demost. A poet who a lieutenant of Caesar in Gaul. Cces.Bell. G.
wrote on agriculture. Mhen. An author 6 and 7. A soldier of Pompey's army, so
who wrote a treatise on peacocks. A rich confident of his valour,that he challenged all
man introduced by Xenophon as disputing the adherents of Caesar. Hirt. 25, Hisp.Bell.
with Socrates. An Athenian who preted
inter- Antitaurus, one of
the branches of
dreams, and wrote an of his art.
history mount Taurus, which in a north-east di-
runs rection
Cic. de Div. 1 and 2. A foolish rhetorician. throughCappadociatowards Armenia
A poet of Attica,who wrote tragedies, and the Euphrates,
epicpoems, and orations. Dionysiusput him Antitheus, an Athenian archon. Paus. 7,
to death,because he refused to praise positions. c. 17.
his com-
Being once asked by the tyrant, Antium, a maritime town of Italy, built
what brass was the best .' he answered, that by Ascanius, or, accordingto others, by a
"With which the statues of Harmodius and son of Ulyssesand Circe,upon a promontory
Aristogiton are made. Plut. Jlnstot."
32 miles from Ostium. It was the capitalof
Antiphonus, a son of Priam, who went the Volsci,who made war againstthe Ro-mans
with his father to the tent of Achilles to re- deem for above 200 years. Camillus took it,
Hector. Homer. II.24. and carried all the beaks of their shipsto
Anti'phus, a son of Priam, killed by Aga-
memnon Rome, and placed them in the forum on a
duringthe Trojanwar, A son of tribunal,which from thence was called jRos-
Thessalus, grandsonto Hercules. He went trum. This town was dedicated to the god-dess
to the Trojanwar in 30 ships. Homer. II. 2, of fortune, whose statues, when sulted,
con-
two brothers murdered the poet Hesiod, on Antomenes, the last kingof Corinth. After
the falsesuspicion that he had offered violence his death, magistrates with regal authority
to their sister, and threw his body into the sea. were chosen annually.
The poet'sdog discovered them, and they Antonia lex, was enacted by M. Antony,
were seized and convicted of the murder. the consul,A. U. C. 710. It abrogatedthe Zea;
Flut. de Solert.Anim. Aiia,and renewed the lex Cornelia, by taking
Antip(enus, a noble Theban, whose away from the peoplethe privilege of choos-
ing
daughterssacrificedthemselves for the public priests, and restoring it to the collegeof
safety. Vid. Androclea. priests, to which it originally belonged. Dio.
Antipolis, a city of Gaul, built by the 44. Another by the same, A. U. C, 703.
peopleof Marseilles, Tacit. 2, Hist. c. 15. It ordained that a new decuryof judgesshould
Antirrhium, a promontory of ^tolia,op- positebe added to the two former, and that they
Rhium in Peloponnesus, whence the should be chosen from the centurions, Cic. in
name. Philip. 1 and 6. Another by the .same. It
Antissa, a city at the north of Lesbos. allowed an appealto the people, to those who
""An island neai* it. Ovid. Met. 15, v, 287, were condemned de majeslate, or of perfidious,
beingturned out at night.He extended the Cains,son of Antonius Caius was consul,with
boundaries of the Roman provincein Britain,Cicero, and assisted him to destroy the con-
spiracy
by raising a rampart between the Friths of of Catiline in Gaul. He went to Ma- cedonia
Clydeand Forth ; but he waged no wars dur- ing as his province, and fought with illsuc-
cess
his reign, and onlyrepulsed the enemies of against the Dardani. He was accused at
the empireAvho appeared in the field. He died his return and banished. Marcus, the tri-umvir,
in the 75th year of his age, after a reignof was grandson to the orator M. Anto- .
ift^ II
AN AO
tke east,where he enlargedhis dominions by freedraanof Claudius, appointed governor of
ditterent conquests.Antony had niarried Ful- Judaea. He married Drusilla,the daughter
via, whom repudiated
he to marry Octavia the of Antony and Cleopatra. Tacit. 4, Hist. 9.
sister of
Augustus, and by this connexion to Flamma, a Roman, condemned for extor-
tion,
by Alexander. Hercules had besieged it,but Apblles, a celebrated painter of Cos, or^
was able to conquer it. Curt. 8, c. 11. as others say, of Ephesus,
never or Colophon,son of
" Jlirian. 4. Slrab. 15. Plat, in Mcx.
" " A Pithius. He lived in the age of Alexander the
placein Epinis,with an oracle. Pans. 9, c. Great, who honoured him so much that he
80. A certain lake near Tartessus. forbade any man but Apelles to draw his pic-
ture.
Another near BaioR and Puteoli. It was also He was so attentive to his profession,
called Avernus. Virg.JEn. 6, v. 242. that he never spent a day without employing
AoTi, a people of Thrace near the Getaj, his pencil, whence the provei'b of Nulla dies
on the Ister. Piin. 4. sine tinea. His most perfect picture was nus
Ve-
ApaitjE, a people of Asia Minor. Slrab. Anadyomene, which was not totally ed
finish-
Apama, a daughter of Artaxerxes, who when the painter died. He made a paint- ing
married Pharnabazus, satrap of Ionia. A of Alexander holding thunder in his hand,
daughterof Antiochus. Pans. 1,c. 8. so much like life,that Pliny, who saw it,says
Apame, the mother of Nicomedes by Pru^- tiiatthe hand of the king witli the thunder
sias king of Bithynia. The mother of An- tiochus
seemed to come out of the pictui'e. This pic-
ture
Soter,by Seleucas Nicanor. Soter was placedin Diana's templeat Ephesus.
founded a citywhich he called by his mother's He made another of Alexander,but the king
name. expressednot much satisfaction at the sight of
Apamia or Apamea, a cityof Phrygia,on it ; and at that moment a horse passingby,
the Mai'syas. A city of Bithynia. Of neighedat the horse which was represented in
Media. Mesopotamia. Another near the piece, supposing itto be alive ; upon which
tileTigris, the painter said," One would imaginethat the
Apakjji, nation of shepherdsnear
a the horse is a better judge of painting than your
Caspiansea. Slrab. majesty." When Alexander ordered him to
ApATiJRiA, a festival at Athens, which re- ceived draw the picture of Campaspe, one of his mis-
tresses,
its name from !*.tt"xh,deceit,because it Apellesbecame enamoured of her,
was instituted in memory of a stratagem by and the king permitted him to marry her. "
which Xanthiis kingof Bceotia was killed by He wrote three volumes upon painting, which
Melanthus kingof Athens, upon the followingwere stillextant in the age of Pliny. It issaid
occasion : when a war arose between the Bo3o- that he was accused in Egypt of conspiring
tians and Athenians about a piece of ground against the lifeof Ptolemy,and that he would
which divided their territories, Xanthus made have been put to death had not the real con-.
a proposalto the Athenian king to decide spiratordiscovered himself,and saved the
the battle by single combat. Thynicetes, who painter. Apellesnever put his name to any
was tiien on the throne of Athens, refused,picturesbut three ; a sleeping Venus, Venus
and his successor Melanthus accepted the Anadyomene, and an Alexander. The verb
pro-
challenge. When theybegan the engagement, of JVe sutor ultra crepidam, is applied to
Melanthus exclaimed,that his antagonist had him by some. Plin. 35, c. 10. Horat. 2, ep.
"
some person behind him to support him ^ up- on 1, V. 238. Cic. in Famil. 1,ep. 9.
"
Ovid, de
"
which Xanthus looked behind, and was led Art. Am. 3, v. 401." Fa/. Max. 8, c. 11.
kil- A
by Melanthus. From this success, Jupitertragic writer. Suet. Calig.33. ^A Mace-
" "donian
was called a;7"T(,v")?,
deceiver, and Bacchus, Avho general, fcc.
was supposedto be behind Xanthus,was called Apellicon, a Teian peripatetic pher,
philoso-
M""^v:*";. clothed in the skin of a black goat.
",-, whose fondness for books was so great
Some derive the word from "7r"rof"",i.e. o/Mroax, that he is accused of stealing them, when he
because on the day of the festival, the children could not obtain them with money. He bought
accompanied their fathers to be registered the works of Aristotle and Theophrastus, but
among the citizens. The festivallasted three greatly disfigured them by his frequentinter- polations.
days, the firstday was called Soe^t",because The extensive librarywhich he
suppers, 'V'^oi, were preparedfor each separate had collected at Athens,was carried to Rome
tribe. The second day was called amieva-ii xtto when Syllahadconqueredthe capital of Attica,
rev um
ivsitv,because sacrifices were offered to and among tlie valuable books was found an
Jupiterand Minerva, and the head of the vic- tims original manuscriptof Aristotle. He died
was generally vens. about 86 years before Christ. Slrab. 13.
turned up towai'ds the hea-
The third was called KoyfiujTt;,from Apenninus, a ridge of high mountains
KojfO",a youth,or Koi/f:*, shaving,because the which run throughthe middle of Italy, from
young men had their hair cut off before they Liguria to Ariminum and Ancona. They are
registered,
were and their parents swore joinedto the Alps. Some have supposedthat
that they were free-born Athenians. They theyran across Sicily by Rhegium before Italy
generally sacrificed two ewes and a she-goatwas separatedfrom Sicily.Lucan. 2, v. 306.
to Diana. This festivalwas adoptedby the "Ovid. Met. 2, v. 226." /to/. 4, v. 743."
lonians,except the inhabitantsof Ephesusand Strah. 2." Mela, 2, c. 4.
Colophon. A surname of Minerva of Aper, Marcus, a Latin orator of Gaul,
Venus. who distinguished himself as a politician, as
proper name, upon the authority of Cicero ad of Peloponnesus, nee^r Lerna. Siat. in
Jltiic.12, ep. 19, who mentions a person of Theb. 3, v. 463.
the sa^e no^mc,
AP AP
ApHACAja town where Venus
of Palestine, Pelasgia,
terwards called .iEgialea, Argia,ami
was worshipped,and where she had a temple the island of Pelops.
at last Peloponnesus,
or
Aphas, a river of Greece, which fallsinto ApiCATA, married Sejanus,by whom she
tliebay of Ambracia. Plin. 4, c. 1. had three children. She was repudiated.Ta-cit.
Aphellas, a king of Cyrene, who, with Ann. 4, c. 3.
the aid of Agathocles, endeavoured to reduce Apicius, a famous glutton in Rome. There "
his power.
all Africa under Justin. 22, c. 7. were three of the same name, all famous for
Aphesas, a mountain in Peloponnesus,their voracious appetite.The first lived in
whence, as the poets have imagined,Perseus the time of the republic,the second in the
attemptedto flyto heaven. Stat. 3. Theb. v. reignof Augustusand Tiberius,and the third
461. under Trajan. The second was the most mous,
fa-
Aphet-=e, a cityof Magnesia,where the ship as he wrote a book on the pleasures
Argo was launched. Apollod. and incitements of eating.He hanged himself
Aphidas, a son of Areas king of Arcadia. afterhe had consumed the greatestpartof bis
Paus. 8. estate. The best edition of ApiciusCajlius
Aphidna, a part of Attica, which received de Arte Coquinarid,is that of Amst. i2nio.
its name from Aphidnus, one of the compani-
ons 1709. Juv. 11,V. 3 "Martial. 2, ep. 69.
of Theseus. Herodot. Apidanus, one of the chief rivers of The's-
ApHiDNus, a friend of JEneas, killed by sah',at the south of the Peneus, into which it
Turnus. Virg.JEn. 9, v. 702. falls,a littleabove Larissa. Lucan. 6, v. 372.
Aphoebetus, one of the conspirators
against Apina, and Afiisjz, a cityof Apulia,des- troyed
Alexander. Curt. 6, c. 7. with Trica, in its neighbourhood,by
Aphrices, an who
Indian prince, defended
Diomedes ; whence came the proverb of
the rock Aornus with 20,000 foot and 15 phants.
ele- Apina 4' Trica, to express things.
trifling
He was killed by his troops, and his Martial. 14,ep. 1. Plin. 3, c. 11. "
money to Venus, asa harlot, and received as a nesus, son of Fhoroneus and Laodice. Some
mark of the favours of the goddess, a measure say that Apollowas his fatlier,
and that he was:
of salt and a f"?^a;; the salt,because Venus kingof Argos,while others call him king of
arose from the sea; the "f*"^^05, because she is Sicyon,and fixthe time of his reignabove 2C0
the goddessof wantonness. They were brated years earlier,
cele- which is enough to show he is
at Corinth by harlots, and in every part but obscurely known, if known at all. He
of Greece, they were very much frequented. was a native of Naupactum, and descended
Strah. 14." 4then. from Inachus, He received divine honouri.
Aphrodisias, a town of Caria, sacred to after death,as he had been muniiicent and hu- mane
Venus. Tacit. Jinn. 3, c. 62. to his subjects.The country where he
Aphrodisium or a, a town of Apuliabuilt reignedwas called Apia; and afterwards it re- ceived
Aphrodite, the Greecian name of Venus, the inhabitants, and polishedtheir manner.-;,
from "?f3.-, froth,because Venus is said to have for which they made him a god after deatli,
been born from the froth of the ocean. Jfe- and paiddivine honours to him under the name
siod. Th. 195." Plin. 36, c, 5. of SerapLs. This tradition, accordingto some
AphytjE or ApHVTis, a city of Thrace, of the moderns, iswithout foundation. JEsthyl.
near Pallena, where Jupiter Amnion was shipped. in Suppl. August,de
wor- Civ. Dei, 18, c. 5.
" "
soul of Osiris was departedinto the ox, Herodot. 2 and 3."Plin. 8, c. 38, hc."Strab.
really
where it wished to dwell, because that animal 7. Plut. ill Idd. and Osir. Jipollod.
" 1, c. 7. "
had been of the most essential service in the I. 2, c. l."Mda, 1, c. 9."Plin. S, c. 39, he.
cultivation of the ground,which Osiris had in-troduced
Strah. l."JElian. V. H. 4 and G."Diod. l._
into Egypt. The ox that was chosen Apisaon, son of Hippasus,assisted Priara
was alwaysdistinguished by particular marks ; against the Greeks, at the head of a Paeoniaa
his body was black ; he had a square white army. He was killed by Lycomedes. Horn.
spot upon the forehead,the iigure of an eagle II. 17,V. 348. Another on the same side.
upon the back, a knot under the tongue like a Apitius Galba, a celebrated buffoon in
beetle,the hairs of his tail were double, and the time of Tiberius. Juv. 5, v. 4.
his rightside was marked with a whitish spot, ApoLLiNAREs LUDi, games (jdebratedat
resemblingthe crescent of the moon. out
With- Rome in honour of Apollo. They originated
these, an ox could not be taken as the god from the following circumstance : an old pro-
phetic
Apis; and it is to be imagined that the priests poem informed the Romans, that if they
gave these^distinguishedcharacteristics to the instituted yearlygames to Apollo,and made a
animal on whom their credit and even rity
prospe- would
collection of money for his service,.they
depended. The festival of Apislasted se-
ven repelthe enemy whose approachal-
be able to ready
days; the ox was led in a solemn proces-
sion signified their destruction. The first
by the priests,and everyone Avas anxious time theywei"e celebrated,Rome was alarmed
to receive him into his house, and it was lieved
be- by the approach of the enemy, and instantly
that the children Vv'ho smelt his breath the people rushed out of the city,and saw a
received the knowledge of futurity. The ox cloud of arrows discharged from the sky on the
was conducted to the banks of the Nile with troopsof the enemy. With this heavenlyas- sistance
much ceremony, and if he had lived to the theyeasily obtained the victory.The
time when their sacred books allowed, tlieypeoplegenerally sat crowned with laurel at the
drowned him in the river,and embalmed his representation of these games, which were
body, and buried it in solemn state in the city usually celebrated at the optionof .thepraslor*
of Memphis. After his death, which some- times tillthe year U. C. 545, when a law was passed
w:as natural, the greatestcries and to settle the celebration yearlyon
mentations
la- the same
were heard in Egypt, as if Osiris day,about the nones of July. When this alte-
ration
was justdead; the priests shaved their headS; happened, Rome was infested with a
"wiiich was a sign of the deepestmourning. dreadful pestilence, which, however, seemed
This continued tillanother ox appearedwith to be appeased by this act of religion.Lit.
the proper characteristics to succeed as the 25, c. 12.
which
deity, followed with the greatest
Avas clamations,Apollinaris, C. Sulpitius,
ac- a grammarian of
as ifOsiris was returned to life.This Caithage,in the second century, who is sup- posed
ox, which was found to representApis,was left to be the author of the verses prefixed
40 days in the cityof the Nile before he was to Terence's playsas arguments. A writer
carried to Memphis, duringwhich time none better known by the name of Sidonius. Vid*
but women were permittedto appear before Sidonius.
him, and this they performed,
accordingto Apollonides, a Greek iu the wars of Da-
rius
their notions,in a
superstitious wanton and in-
decent and Alexander, "c. Curt. 4, c. 5.
manner There was also an ox shipped
wor- AppoLTviNis Arx, a placeat the entrance of
Heliopolis,under the name
at of the Sibyl's cave. Vir^.JEn. 6. Promon-
Mnevis ; some supposed that he was Osiris,torium, a ])romontory of Africa. Liv. 30, c.
but others maintain that the Apis of Memphis 24. Templum, a place of Thrace, in "
thoe,Daphne, Issa,Bolina,Coronis, Clymene. were the natural enemies of the flocks over
Cyrene,Chione, Acacallis, Calliope, 6ic. are which he presided.Bullocks and lambs were
.
well known, and the various shapeshe assu- med also immolated to him. As he presided over
his passion.He was
to gratify very fond poetry,he was often seen on mount Pai-nassus
of young Hyacinthus,whom he accidentally with the nine muses. His most famous oracles
killed with a quoit; as also of Cyparissus,who were at Delphi, Delos, Clares,Tenedos, Cyr-
was changed into a cypress tree. When his son rha,and Patara. His most splendid templewas
./Esculapius had been killed with the thunders at Delphi,where every nation and individual
of Jupiter,for raising Apollo,made considerable presents when theycon-
the dead to life, sulted
in his resentment, killed the Cyclopswho had the oracle. Augustus,after the battle
fabricated the thunderbolts. Jupiterwas of Actium, built him a templeon mount
censed
in- tine,
Pala-
at this act of violence,and he banished which he enriched with valuable
a
library.
Apollofrom heaven, and deprivedhim of his He had a famous Colossus in Rhodes, which
dignity.The exiled deitycame to Admetus, was one of the seven wonders of the world.
kingofThessaly, and hired himself to be one of Apollohas been taken for the sun ; but it
may
his shepherds, in which ignoble employment he be provedby ditterent passages in the ancient
remained nine years ; from which circumstance writers, that Apollo, the Sun, Phcebus aud
Hy-
be was called the god of shepherds, and at his sa- perion,were
crifices all differentcharactersand deities,
a wolfwas generally offered, mal thoughconfounded
as that ani- together. When once Apol*-
is the declared enemy of the sheepfold. 1q^was addressed as the Sun, and represented
Duringhis residence in Thessaly, he rcAvarded with a crown of rays on his head, the idea was
the tender treatment of Admetus. He gave adoptedby every writer, and from thence arose
him a chariot, drawn by a lion and a bull, with the mistake. Ovid. Met. 1,fab.9 and 10,L 4- fab
which he was able to obtain in marriageAlceste 3, kc.~Faus. 2, c. 7, 1.5, c. 7,i.7, c. 20, 1.9, ci
the daughterof Pelias;and soon after,the 30,tc. Hygin.fab.9, 14,50,93, 140,16 1 202, ,
1,c. 3,
Laomedon.the kingof the countiy,he destroy-
ed 4, a?id9, 1.2, c. 5, 1.3, c. 5, 10 and 12. One
the inhabitants by a pestilence. As soon of the ships in the fleet of iEneas.
as
Virg.^n.
he was born, Apollodestroyed with arrows the 10,V. 171. Also a temple of Apollo
upon
serpentPython,whom Juno had sent to per- secutemount Leucas, which appearedat a great dis- tance
Latona; hence he w^as called Pythius; at sea, and served as a guideto
mariners,
and he afterwards vindicated the honour of his and reminded them to avoid the
dangerous
juother by putting to death the children of the rocks that were alongthe coast. Virs. JEn
^
proud Niobe. [l^/t/. IViob^] He Avas not the 3,v.275.
inventorofthe lyre, as some have imagined,but Apollochates, a friend of
Dion, supposed
Mercury gave ithim, and received as a reward by some to be the son of Dionysius.
the famous caduceus with Avhich Apollowas Apollodurus, a famous grammarian and
wont to drive the Hocks of Admetus. His con-
test mythologist of Athens,son of
Ascle])ias,and
witiiPan and Marsyas,and the punishment disciple to Panatius the Rhodfen
philosopher.
inllicted upon Midas, are well known. He re-
ceived He flourishedabout 115 years before the chris-
tian
the surnames of Phoebus,Delius, Cyn- era, and wrote an history Athens,
of sides
be-
thius,P/ean,Delphicus,
Nomius, Lycius,Cla- other works. But of all his composition.^
riiis, Jsmeni:is,Vulturius, Smintheus,"c. for nothiagis extaiitbut his "i///w//tec"., a valuable
reasons which are explained under those words. work, divided into three books. It is aa
Apollois generally representedwith longhair, alsridged history- of the gods,and of the an- cient
and the llomuns were fond of imitating his heroes,of whose actions and gejiealogyit
figure ; aud therefore in their youththey were givesa ti-ue and faithfulaccount. The best
remarkable for their fine head of hair, which edition isthat oi Hct/nc,Goett. in Svo. 4 vol'.
they cut short at the age of seventeen or eigh-
teen 1782. Alhen."riin. 7, c. 31."Diod. 4 and 13. -
; he isalwaysrepresented as a tallbeard-
less A tragicpoet of Cilicia, who wrote tra
young man witli a hand.some shape, holdinggediesentitled Ulysses,Thyestes,he. A
in his hand a bow, and sometimes a lyre : his " omic poet of "JeIaiu Slcilv, in the age of Mc-
AP AP
naiider,who wrote 47 plays. An architect'
tion of the planets,
by cyclesand epicycles^
of Damascus, who du-ccted the buildingof or circles v/ithin circles.
" The best edition of
Trajan'sbridgeacross the Danube. He was Apollonius is Dr.Halley's,Oxon.fol. 1710.
to deatli by Adrian, to whom, when in a A poet of Naucrates in Egypt, generally ed
call-
put
private station,he had spoken in too bold a Apollonius of Rhodes, because he lived for
manner. A writer who composed an histo-
ry some time there. He was pupil, when young,
of Parthia. A disciple of Epicuras,the to Callimachus and Panaetius,and succeeded
most learned of his scheol, and deservedlyto Eratosthenes as third librarian of the fa- mous
sumamed the Illustrious. He wrote about 40 libraryof Alexandria,under Ptolemy
volumes on different subjects.Diog. A Evergetes. He was ungrateful to his master
painterof Athens, of whom Zeuxis was pil. Callimachus,who
a pu- wrote a poem against him,
Two of his paintings were admired at in which he denominated him Ibis. Of all his
Pergamus in the age of Pliny; ajiriest in a works nothingremains but his poem on the
suppliant posture,and Ajax strack with Mi- nerva's
expeditionof the Argonauts,in four books.
thunders. He was of such an irasci-
ble The best editions of Apollonius are those print-
ed
disposition that he destroyed his own at Oxford, in 4to. by Shaw, 1777, in 2 vols,
piecesupon the least provocation. Plin. 34, c. and in 1,8vo. 1779, and that of Brunck. Ar-
8. A rhetorician of Pergaraus, preceptor gentor, 12mo. 1780. Quinlil.10, c. 1. A
and friend to Augustus, who wrote a book on Greek orator, surnamed Molo, was a native of
rhetoric. Slrab. 13. A tragic poet of Tar-
sus, Alabanda in Caria. He opened a school of
A Lemnian who wrote on husbandry.rhetoric at Rhodes and Rome, and had J. Cae- sar
A physicianof Tarentum. Another and Cicero among his pupils. He discour-
aged
of Cytium. the attendance of those whom he sup-
posed
Apollonia, a festivalat ^gialea in honour incapableof distinguishing themselves
"f Apollo and Diana. It arose from this cir-
cumstance
as orators,and he recommended to them pur-
suits
; these two deities came to iEgialea, more congenialto their abilities. H"
afterthe conquest of the serpentPython ; but wrote an history, in which he did not candidly
they were fMghtenedaway, and fled to Crete. treat the peopleof Judasa.accordingto the com-
plaint
iEgialea was soon visited with an epidemical 01 Josephus contra ^pion.Cic. de Orat.
distemper, andtheinhabitants,by the advice of 1, c. 28, 75, 126; and 130. MFamilS, ep. 16.
their prophets, sent seven chosen boys, with De Invent. 1,c. 81. Quinfil. 3, c. 1,1.2, c. 6.
"
"
the same number of girls,to entreat them to Suet, in Cms. 4. Pint, in Cces.
"
A Greek
return to ^gialea. Apollo and Diana grant-
ed historian about the age of Augustus, who wrote
their petition, in honour of which a temple upon the pliilosophy of Zeno and of his follow-
ers.
was raised to tth^'^the goddess of persuasion ; Strab. 14. A stoic philosopher who at- tended
and ever after,a number of youths of both Cato of Utica in his last moments. Plut.
sexes were chosen to march in solemn proces-
sion, in Cat. An otlicer set over Egypt by Alex-
ander.
as ifanxious to bring back Apolloand Di-ana. Curt. 4, c. 8. A wrestler. Pans. 5.
Pausan. in Corinth. A town of Myg- A physician of Pergamus,who wrote on
donia. Of Crete.
"
Of Sicily.On
" the coast agriculture. Varro.
"
A grammarian of
of Asia Another
Minor. "
on the coast of Alexandria. ^A writer in the age of Anto-
ninus
Thrace, part of which was built on a small Pius. Thyaneus,a Pythagoreanphi-
island of Pontus, where Apollohad a temple. losopher, well skilled in the secret arts of ma-
gic.
death for slighting her after the reception of the attention of Philostratus. In his
her favours. historythe biographerrelates so many curi- ous
Apollonius, a stoic philosopherof Chal- and extraordinary anecdotes of his hero,
cis,sent for by Antoninus Pius,to instruct his that many have justly deemed it a romance ;
adopted son Antoninus.
IVJiircus When he yet for all this,
Hierocles had the presumption
r.amc to Rome, ne refused to go to the palace,to compare the hnpostnres of Apollonius with
observing, that the master ought not to wait the miracles of Jesus Christ. A sophist of
but the pupilupon him. The Alexandria,distinguished for his Lexicon Grai-
upon his pupil,
p.mpcror heavingthis,said,laughing, It was cum
"
liiadis c.t Odi/sscce,a book that was beau-
tifully
then easier for Apollonius to come from Chal- edited by Villoison, in 4to. 2 vols. Paris,
cis to Rome, than from Rome to the palace."1773. Ap'oUonius was one of the pupilsof
A geometricianof Perge in Pamphylia, Didymus,and flourished in the beginning ofthe
whoso works are now lost. He lived about 242 firstcentury. A physician. A son of So-
ycar.s before the christian era, and composed tades at the court of Ptolemy Philadelphus.
H conimentury on Euclid,whose pupilshe at- Syrus,a Platonic philosopher. Hero-
(ended at Alexandria. He wrote a treatise on philius, wrote concerningointments. A
I'Dnic sections,,eightof which are now extant; sculptor of Rhodes.
and he firstendeavoured to explain the causes Apollophanes, a stoic,who greatlyflat-
tered
of the appaveiil stoppingand retrograde mo- king AntigOHus,and maintained that
AF AP
there existed but one prudence. Diog. appliedto those
virtue, courtezans at Rome who liv-
ed
Aphysicianin the court of Antiochus. near the temple of Venus by the Appiae,
Polyb.5. A comic poet. JElian. Anim. 6. Aquse,and the forum of J. Cgesar. Ovid, de
Apomyios, a surname of Jupiter. Art. Am. 3, v. 452.
ApoNiANA; an island near Lilybaeum.Hirt. Appianus, a Greek historian of Alexandria,
Afrir. 2. who flourished A. D. 123. His universal his- tory,
M. Aponius, a governor of JMcesia, ed
reward- which consisted of 24 books,was a series
with a triumphal statue by Otho, for defeat-ing of history of allthe nations that had been con- quered
9000 barbarians. Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 79. by the Romans in the order of time ;
ApoNDS, now Mano, a fountain,with a vil- lage and in the composition, the writer displayed,
of the same name, near Pata\ium in Italy. with a style simpleand unadorned, a great
The waters of the fountain,which were hot, knowledge of militaryaffairs, and described
were wholesome, and were supposedto have his battles in a masterlymanner. This excel-
lent
an oracular power. Lucan. 7, v. 194. Suet,
"
worlf is greatly mutilated, and there is ex-
illTiber. 14. tant now onlythe account of the Punic, Syri- an,
Apostrophia, a surname of Venus in Parthian, Mithridatic and Spanishwars,
BcBOtia,who was distinguished under these with those of lUyricum and the civil dissen-
names, Venus Ui-ania, Vulgaria, and Apostro-
phia, tions, with a fragmentof the Celtic wars. The
The former was the patroness of a best editions are those of Tollius and Vario-rum,
pure and chaste love ; the second of carnal and 2 vols. 8vo. Amst. 1670, and that of Sch-
sensual desires; and the lastincited men to il-
licitweigheuserus, 3 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1785. He was
and unnatural gratifications, to incests so eloquent that the emperor highlypromoted
and rapes. Venus Apostrophiawas invoked iiim in the state. He wrote an universal his- tory
by the Thebans, that theymightbe saved from in 24 books, which began from the time
such unlawful desires. She isthe same as the of the Trojanwar, down to his own age. Few
Verticordia of the Romans. Paus. 9, c. 16. " books of this valuable work are extant.
Vol. Max. 8, c. 15. Apii Forum, now Burgo Longo,a littlevil- lage
Apotheosis, a ceremony obser\"ed by the not far from Rome, built by the consul
ancient nations of the world, by which'they Appius. Horat. 1, Sat. 5.
raised their kings, heroes, and great men, to Appius, the prsenomen of an illustriousfami- ly
the rank of deities. The nations of the east at Rome. A censor of that name, A. U.
were the firstwho paiddivine honours to their C. 442. Horat. 1, Sat. 6.
greatmen, and the Romans followed their ex- ample, Appius Claudius, a decemvir who tained
ob-
and not only deified the most prudent his power by force and oppression. He
and humane of their emperors, bat also the attemptedthe virtue of Virginia, whom her
most cruel and profligate. Ilerodian 4, c. 2, father killed to preserve her chastity.This
has left us an account of the apotheosis of a act of violence was the cause of a revolution
Roman emperor. After the body of the de- ceased in the state, and the ravisher destroyedhim- self
was burnt,an ivoryimage Avas laid on when cited to appear before the tribunal
a couch for seven days,representing the empe-
ror of his countiy. Liv. 3, c, 33. Claudius
under the agonies of disease. The citywas Ccecus, a Roman orator, who built the Appian
in sorrow, the senate visited it in mourning, aqueductsin Rome. When
way, and many
and the physicians pronounceditevery day in Pyrrhus,who was come to assistthe Tai'en-
a more decayingstate. When the death was tines againstRome, demanded peace of the
announced, a young band of senators carried senators, Appius,grown old in the service of
the couch and image to the Campus MartiuS; the republic, caused himself to be carried to
where itwas deposited on an edificein the form the senate house,and, by his authority, suaded
dis-
of a pyramid,where spicesand combustible them from grantinga peace which
materials were thrown. After this the knightswould dishonourable to the Roman
prove
walked round the pilein solemn procession, name. Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 203. " Cic. in Brut.
and th3 imagesof the most illustriousRomans "^' Tusc. 4. A Roman who, when he heard
were di-awn in state,and immediately the new that he had been proscribed by tlietriumvirs,
emperor, with a torch,set fire to the pile, and divided his riches among his servants,and em- barked
was assisted by the surroundingmultitude. with them for Sicily.In their passage
Meanwhile an eaglewas let flyfrom the mid- dle the vessel was shipAvrecked, and Appiusalone
of the pile, which was supposedto cariy saved his life. Appian.4. Claudius Cras-
the soul of the deceased to heaven, where he
sus, a consul,who, with Sp, Naut, Rutulius,
was ranked among the gods. If the deified conquered the Celtn)erians, and was defeated
a female,a peacock, and not an eagle,
was was by Perseus, king of Macedonia. Liv.
sent from the flames. " The Greeks observed Claudius Pulcher,a gi-andson of Ap. CI. Cae-
ceremonies much of the same retired from
nature, cus, consul in the age of Sylla,
Appia via, a celebrated road leadingfrom of a private
grandeurto enjoy the pleasures
the Porta Capena at Rome to Brundusium, life. Clausus, a generalof the Sabines,
through^ Capua. AppiusClaudius made it as ^vho,upon being ill-treatedby his country-
far a.s Capua, and it received its name
men,
from retired to Rome with 500") of his friends,
him. It was continued and finished by Grac- and was ^admitted into the senate in the early
t-hus,J. Ca3s:u-, and Augustus. Vid. Via. ages of the republic.Plut. in Poplic. Her-
"
Lmaa. 3, v. 2S5. " S7a/. 2. ^qlv. 2, v. J2." donius ^^oized the capitol witli 4i)0()exiles, A.,
Marl. 9, ep. 104." Sue/, in Tiber. 14. U. C. 292, and was soon after overthrown.
Appia DEs, a name given to these five LiiK 3, c. 15. Flor. 3, c. 19." Claudius
deities, Venus, Pallas,Vesta, Concord, and Lentulus, a consul with M. Perpenna. A
Peace, because a temple was erected to them dictator who conquered the Hernici. The
n"ar the Appifinroads. Tlie name was also name of Appius \\ as common in Rome, and
13
AQ AR
particularly to many consuls whose is
history AquiliusNiger, an historian mentioned hy
not marked by any uncommon event. Sueton.in Aug. 11. Marcus, a Roman con-
sul
Appula, an immodest woman, "c. Juv. who had the governmentof Asia Minor*
6,
V. 64. Jusiin.36, c. 4. Sabinus,a lawyerof Rome,
Apries and Aprius, one of the kingsof surnamedthe Cato of his age. He was father
Egypt in the age of Cyrus,supposedto l"ethe to Aquilia Severa, whom Heliogabalus mar-
Pharaoh Hophra of scripture. He took Si- ried.i Severas,a poet and historian in the
don, and lived in greatprosperity jects age of Valentinian.
tillhis sub-
revolted to Amasis,by whom he was con-
quered Aquillia and Aquilia, a patrician ly
fami-
and strangled. Herodol. 2,c. 159,".c. at Rome, from which few illustriousmen
"Diod. 1. rose.
into ApaliaDaunia, and ApuliaPuece- and who had their wives in common,
tia.' It was famous for its avooIs, superior to and circumcised their children. The country
all the produceof Italy.Some suppose that has often been invaded, but never totally dued.
sub-
itis called after Apulus, an ancient kingof the Alexander the Great expressed his
country before the Trojanwar. Pliji. 3, c. wish to placethe seat of his empire in their
U." Cic.de Div. 1,c. 4S."8trab. 6.~Mela, 2, territories. The soil is rockyand sandy,the
c. 4. " Marlial iyiJlpoph. 155. inhabitants are scarce, the mountains rugged,
Apuscidamus, a lake of Africa. All bodies,and the countrywithout Avater. In Arabia,
how ever heavy,were said to swim on the sur- face whatever Avoman Avas convicted of adultery
of itswaters. PUn. 32, c. 2. was capitally punished. The Arabians for
Aquarius, one of tiiesigns of the zodiac, some time sup})orted the splendour of litera-
ture,
rising in Januarj'^, and setting in February. which Avas extinguished by the tyranny
Sonie suppose that Ganymede was changed and superstition Avhich prevailed in Egypt,
into this sign. Virg. G. 3, v. 304. and to them Ave are indebted for the invention
AqiTiLARiA, a placeof Africa. C(es.2. Bell. of algebra, or the application of signsand
Civ. 23. lettersto represent lines, numbers, and quan-tities,
Aquileia, or Aquilegia, a town ed
found- and also for the numerical characters of
by altoinan colony,called, fjom hs gran- 1, 2, 3, ".C.firstused in Europe, A. D. 1253.
deiu',Roma scrunda, and situcited at tiie Ucrodot. 1, 2, 3, and Diod. 1 and 2." PUn
north of liieAdriatic sea, on tlie confines of 12 and U."Strab. IQ."Xcnoph."Tibull. 2,
Italy.The Romans built it chieflyto ojtposc el. 2." Curt. 5, c. I." Virg.G 1, v. 57."
the frequentincursions of tlie barbarians. Also the name of the Avifeof iEgyptus.Apol-
The Roman emi^erors enlarged arjdbeautified lod.
it,and often n:ade it their residence. Jlal.8, ArabTcus sinus, a sea between Egypt
V. (i05.^Marlia.L4, ep. 25." Mela, 2, c. 4. and Arabia,ditFerent? according to some au-
AR AR
tuors,from the Red Sea, which theysuppose setting,
number and motion of the stars. Ci-
to be between ^Ethiopia and India, and the cei-o represents him as unacquaintedwith as-
trology,
Arabian gulf further above, between Egypt yet capableof writingupon it in ele-
gant
and Arabia. It is about 40 days'sailin length, and highlyfinished verses, v/hich,how-
ever,
and not half a day'sin the most extensive from the subject,
admit of littlevariety.
breadth. PUn.d, c. l\."Strab. Aratus wrote besides,hymns and epigrams, "c.
Arabis, Arabius, Arbis, an Indian river. and had among his interpretersand commen-
tators
her pieceAvas perfect ond masterly, she was came into the hands of Nicocles.whom
defeated by Minerva, and hanged herself in Aratus murdered, to restore his country to liber- ty.
despair, and was changed into a spiderby the He was so jealous of tyrannical power, that
goddess. Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 1,kc. A city he even destroyeda picture which was the re-
presentation
Plut. in j-llex. Avhich on that account has been called the in-heritance
Arbela, a town of Sicily, whose inhabi-
tants of Aphidas; andElatus became ter
mas-
empire,the two powers looked upon one de Finib. The name of two painters a "
Archander, father-in-lawto Danaus, He- return found him killed by a serpent. The
rodot.2, c. 98. Greeks were so afflicted at this misfortune,
Archandros, a town of Egj'pt. that theyinstituted games in honour of Arche-
morus,
of the accordingto cero,
Ci- which vvere called Nemajan, and king
Arche, one muses,
Adrastus enlisted among the combatants, and
of Hercules. was victorious. Apollod.2 and 3. Paus. 8, c.
Archegetes, a surname "
poet,who wrote epigrams. Varro de R. R. 3, to a post in the publicplace, for whiclj punisii-
c. 16. A sculptor of Priene, in the age of ment he abolished the oligarchy.Aristot.
Claudius. He made an apotheosis of Homer, Archibiades, a philosopher of Athens, whci
a pieceof sculpture highlyadmired, and said affected the manners of the Spartans, and was
to have been discovered under ground A. D. very inimical to the views and measures ot'
1658. A writer of Thrace. Phocion. Plut. in Phoc. An ambussadoi
Archemachus, a Greek who pub-
W'riter, lishedof Byzantium,"lc. PolycEn. 4, c. 44.
an history of En bcca. Jithen. Q. A Archibius, the son of the geographev
son of Hercules of Priam. Apollod.2 and 3. Ptolemy.
Archemorus, or Opheltes,son of Lycur- Archidabiia, a priestess of Ceres, who.
gus, king of iSemai, iu Thrace, by Ein-ydice, on account of her attection for .\ristomen( s
was broughtup by Hypsipyle,
queen of Lem- restored him to liberty when he had been la-
nos, who had fled to Thrace, and was employ-
ed ken prisonerby her female attendants at thf
as a nurse in the king'sfamily. Hypsipyle celebration of (heir festivals. Z'fl?"5. 4, c. 17
w as met by the army of Adrastus,who was go- ing A daughterof Cicadas, who, upon heat- ing
against Thebes ; and she was forced to show tliather countrymen, the Spartans, were
them a fountain where they might quenciidebatingwhcihrr they should send away \\iv'\:
their lhii"t. To do this more expeditiously, women to Crete againstthe hostile approach
Slieput down the cliild on the grass, an^at her of Pyrrhus, a sword,
sei}!:ed and ran to th"' s^
AR AR
that the
nate-house,excleimini? women were up in the air the shipsof the enemy
from the
Upon this the de-
cree bay beforeand then let them fallwitli
tiie city,
95 able to fidit as the men.
of the familyof the Proclidae.- his presence. All these precautions were
Agesilaus,
Another, grandson of Leotychidas, by his son useless : the philosopher was so deeplyengag-
ed
Zeuxidamus. He succeeded his grandfather, in solvinga problem,that he was even norant
ig-
and reigned in conjunction with Plistoanax. that the enemy were in possession of
and Arcadians, and the town ; and a soldier,w ithout knowing who
He conquered the Argives
assisted the Phocians in plunderinghe was, killed him, because he refused to fol- low
privately
the temple of Delphi. He was called to the him, B. C. 212. Marcellus raised a mon-
ument
Lyslas..
"
.
"
behaviour to their parents,of the services they Archylus Tnupaus, a generalof Dionysius
liad rendered their country, and the compe- the elder. Ding.14.
tency
of then- fortune to supporttheir dignity. Archytas, a musician of Mitylene,who
They took a solemn oath,that theywould ob- servewrote a treatise on agriculture. Diog. The
the laws, administer justice with impar-
tiality, son of Hestia3us of Tarentum, was a follower
with their body. They all had the power of times chosen, by his fellow-citizens, governor
punishingmalefactors with death. The chief of Tarentum. He invented some cal
mathemati-
among them was called Jhxhon; the year took instruments,and made a wooden pigeon
its denomination from him ; he determined all whicli could fly. He perished in a shipwreck,
causes between man and wife,and tooJc care about 394 years before the ciu'istian era. He
of legacies and wills ; he providedfor orphans,is also the reputedinventor of the screv*^ and
protectedthe injured, and punisheddrunken-
ness the pully, A fragment of his writings has
with uncommon severity.If he suffered been preservedbv Porphvry. HoraL l,od.
himself to be intoxicated during the time of 28."Cic.3, de Ordt."Diog. in Fit.
his office,the misdemeanor was punishedwith ArciteneiVs, an epithetappliedto Apollo,
death. The second of the ai'chons was called from his bearinga.bow, with which as soon as
Basileus;it was his office to keep good order, born, he destroyedthe serpent Python. Virg.
and to remove all causes of quarrel in the fami-
lies JEn.Z.x.lb.
of those who were dedicated to the ser-
vice Arctinus, a Milesian poet,said to be pupil
of the gods. The profaneand the impious to Homer. Dionys.Hal. 1,
were broughtbefore his tribunal ; and he of-fered Arctophylax, a stai* near the great bear,
publicsacrificesfor the good of the state. called also Bootes. Cic. de Mit. D. 2,
c. 42,
Athens, and of a pure and unsullied life. He called Ursa Major and Minor,
sed
suppo-
had a vote among the Areopagites, but was to be Areas and his mother, who were
obligedto sit among them without his crown. made constellations. Virg.G. 1. Araius. "
"
Area, a surname of Minerva, from her and passedsentence in the night, that they-
templeon Mars' hill, erected by Orestes. mightnot be prepossessed
(a?*),) in favour of the
Pans. 1, c. 23, plaintiff or of the defendant by seeingthem.
AREACiDiE, a nation of Numidia. Polyb.Whatever causes were pleadedbefore them,
Areas, a generalchosen by the Greeks were to be divested of all oratory and fine
The time in which this celebrated seat of jus- tice Areta, the mother of Aristippus, tlie phi-
losopher.
was instituted, is unknown. Some suj)- Laert. 2. A daughter of Diony-
pose that Cecrops, the founder of Athens,lirst sius, who married Dion. She was thrown into
established it,while others givethe credit of the sea. Plut. in Dion. A female philo-
sopher
it to Cranaus, and others to Solon. The uum- of Cyrene,B. C. 377.
])erof judgcsthat composed this augustassem-bly, Areta, a daughterof Rhcxenor, descended
is not known. Tlieyhave been limited by from JNeptune, who married her uncle Aici-
some to 9, to 31, to 51, and sometimes to a nous, by whom she had JNausicaa. Homer. Od.
greaternumber. The most worthy and reli- gious 7 and 8. Apullod.
" 1.
of the Aliienians were admitted as mem-
bers, Arkt^us, a physician of Cappadocia, very
and such arcltons as had discharged their inquisitive after the operations of nature. His
duly \\]{l\care and faithfulness. In the latter trealis*!on agues has been much admired. The
ages of the republic, this observance was often best edition of his works which arc extant, is
violated,ami we find some of their members thatof Boerhaavc, L. Bat. fol. i7o5.
of loose and debauched morals. If
any of them Aretai'iiila,the wife of Melanippus,a
were duivicled of immorality, if they were priest of Cyrene. Nicocrates murdered her
seen sitting at a tavern, or bailused any inde- cent husband to marry her. Siie, however, was so
langun^e, theywere Immediately expel-aftac Led to .Vk'li'nijipus, that she endeavoured
"'Cw-.
AR AR
to poisonNicocrates, and at last caused hina to nia,whom Rhesus married before he went to
be assassinated by his brother Lysander, whom the Trojanwar. When she heard of his death,
she married. Lysanderprovedas cruel as his she died in despair.Parfhen Erotic, c. 36,
brother,upon which Aretaphila ordered him Argathonius, a king of Tartessus, who,
to be thrown in the sea. After this she reti-
red accordingto Plin. 7, c. 48, lived 120 years,
to a private station. Plut. de Virtut. Mu- and 300
according
to Itcd.3, v. 396.
Uer. Poly(Ban. 8, c. 38.
"
Arge, a beautifulhuntress,changed into "
Aret ALES, a Cnidian, who wi'ote an tory
his- stagby Apollo. Hygin. fab. 205. One of
of Macedonia, besides a treatiseon islands .
the Cyclops. Hesiod. A daughter
of Thes-
Plut. pius, by whom Hercules had two sons, .^pol-
Arete. Vid. Areta. lod. 2. A nymph, daughterof Jupiter and
Aretes, one of Alexander's officers. Curt. Juno. Apollod.1,
4, c. 15. Argea, a placeat Rome where certain Ar-
Arethusa, of Elis, daughterof
a nymph giveswere buried.
Oceanus, and of Diana's attendants.
one As Arg^thve, a village of Arcadia, Paus. 8,
she returned one day from hunting,she sat c. 23.
near the Alpheus,and bathed in the stream. Argennumj a promontory of Ionia.
The god of the river was enamoured of her, Arges, a son of Ccelus and Terra,who had
and he pursuedher over the mountains and onlyone eye in his forehead. Jipollod. 1,c. 1.
all the country, when Arethusa,readyto sink ArgestratOs, a kingof Lacedaemon, who
under fatigue, imploredDiana, who changed reigned35 years.
her into a fountain. The Alpheusimmediate-
ly Argeus, a son ofPerdiccas, king of Mace-
donia,
mingledhis streams with hers, and Diana who obtained the kingdom when Amyn=
opened a secret passage under the earth and tas was deposed by the Illyrians. Justin. 7,
under the sea, where the waters of Arethusa C.2.
disappeared, and rose in the island of Ortygia, Argi, (plur. masc.) Vid. Argos.
near Syracusein Sicily.The river Alpheus Argia, daughterof Adrastus,married Po-
followed her also under the sea, and rose also lynices, whom she loved with uncommon derness.
ten-
in Oi-tygia ; so that, as mythologists relate, When he was killed in the war, she
whatever is thrown into the Alpheusin Elis, buried his body in the night, against the posi-
tive
rises again,after some time, in the fountain orders of Creon, for which piousactioa
Arethusa near Syracuse. Vid. jllpheus. she was punishedwith death. Theseus reven-
"
ged
Ovid. Met. 5, fah!10." Mhen. I."Pam. her death by killing Creon. Hygin.fab.
One of the Hesperides.Apollod. 2, c. 5 69 and 12" Stat. Theb. 12. [Vid.
Antigone
A daughterof Herilaus, mother of Abas, by and Creon.] A country of Peloponnesus,
Neptune. Hygin.fab. 157. One of Actaj- called also Argolis, of which Argoswas the ca- pital.
14
AR
gecrated to her by Eurydice,the daughter of court of iEetes, kingof Colchis,one of his near
Lacedaemon. Pans. 4, c. 13." Virg.JEn. 3, relations. In the voyage Helle died,and Phryx-
us
547. arrived safe at Colchis,andwas received with
V.
the inhabitants of the city of Ar- kindness by the king. The poets have embel-
lished
ArgIvi,
The word the flight of Phryxus,by supposing that
gos and the neighbouring c ountry.
is indiscriminately appliedby the poets to all he and Helle fled through the air on a ram
the inhabitantsof Greece. which had a goldenfleece and wings,and was
Argius, a steward of Galba, who privatelyendowed with the faculties of speech. This
the offspring of Nep-
tune's
interred the body of his master in his gardens.ram, as they say, was
Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 49. amours, under the form of a ram, with
Argo-, the name of the famous shipwhich the nymph Theophane. As they were going
carried Jason and his 54 companions to Col- chis, lo be sacrificed, the ram took them on his back,
when theyresolved to recover the golden and instantly disappeared in the air. On their
fleece. The derivation of the word Argo has way Helle was giddy, and fellinto that partof
been often disputed.Some derive itfrom Ar- the sea which from her w^as called the Helles- pont,
the w'ho firstproposed the tion,
expedi- When Phryxus came to Colchis, he sa-
crificed
gos, person
and who built the ship. Others maintain the ram to Jupiter, or, accordingto
that it was built at Argos, whence its name. others,to Mars, to w hom he also dedicated the
Cicero, Tusc. c. 20,
1, calls it Ai-go,because it goldenfleece. He soon after married Chal-
cai-ried Grecians, commonly called Argives.ciope the daughterof iEetes ; but his father-
Died. 4, derives the word from "";""', which in-law envied him the possession of the golden
signifies swift.Ptolemy says, but falsely, that fleece,and therefore to obtain ithe murdered
Hercules built the ship, and called it Argo, af-ter him. Some time afterthis event, when Jason
a son of Jason, who bore the same name. the son of iEson, demanded of his uncle Pelias
The shipArgo had 60 oars. Accordingto ma-ny the crown which he usurped, [Vid.Pelias,Ja-
son,
authors, she had a beam on her prow, cut iEson.] Pelias said that he would restore
in the forest of Dodona by Minerva, which had it to him, providedhe avenged the death of
the power of givingoracles to the Argonauts. their common relation Phryxus,whom vEetes
This ship
was the firstthat ever sailed on the had baselymurdered in Colchis. Jason, w^ho
some
as report. After the expedition was was in the vigourof youth,and of an ambitious
sea,
finished, Jason ordered her to be drawn a- soul,cheerfully
undertook expedition,
the and
ground at the isthmus of Corinth, and conse-
crated embarked of Greece
with allthe young princes
to the god of the sea. The poets have in the shipArgo. They stoppedat the island
made hera constellation in heaven. Jason was of Lemnos, where they remained two yearsi
killedby a beam which fellfrom tlietop, as he and raised a new race of men from the Lenv
slepton the ground near it. Hygin.fab. 14, nian women who had murdured their hus-
bands.
.4. P. 2, c. '61."Catull. de. AupL Pel. "^ [Hrf.Hypsipyle.]After they had left
Tktt." Val. Place. 1, v. 93, kc"Plmdr. 4, LemnoS; tlieyvisited Samothrace, where they
fab. 6. " Seneca in Medea. "
Apollon.
Argon. " oflferedsacrifices to the gods,and thence pas- sed
Apollod.~Cic.de jYal. D."Plin. 7, c. 56." to Troas and to Cyzicum. Here theymet
Manil. 1. with a favourable reception from Cyzicusthe
Akgolicus sinlsj a bay on the coast of kingof the country. The nightaftertheir de- parture,
Argolis. they were driven back by a storm
Argolis and Argia, a country of Pelopon- againon the coast of Cyzicum, and the inhabi- tants,
aesus between Arcadia and the u^Cgeansea. supposingthem to be their enemies the
Its chief citywas called Argos. J*elasgi, furiously attacked them. In this noc-
turnal
Argon, one of the descendants of Hercules, engagement the slaughter was great,
who reignedin Lydia505 years before Gyges. and Cyzicuswas killed by the hajid of Jason,
Herodot. 1, c. 7. who, to expiatethe murder he had ignorantly
Argonauts, a name given to those an- cient committed, buried him in a magnificent man-
ner,
heroes who went with Jason on board and offered a sacrifice to the mother of
the shipArgo to Colchis, about 89 years before the gods,to whom he built a templeon mount
tJie taking of Troy, or 1263 B. C. The causes Dyndymus. From Cyzicum they visited Be-
of this expeditionarose from the followingbrycia, otherw ise called Bithynia, where Pol-lux
circumstance : "
Athamas, king of Thebes, acceptedthe challenge of Amycus king of
had mai-ried Ino, the daughterof Cadmus, the country,in the combat of the cestus, and
whom he divorced to marry Nephele, by slew him. They were driven from Bebrycia
whom he had two children, Piiryxus and Hel- by a storm, to Salmydessa,on the -coast of
le. As JNepiiele was subjectto certain fitsof Thrace, where they delivered Phineus,kingof
madness, Athamas repudiated her, and took a the place, from the persecutionof the harpies.
second time Ino, by whom he had soon after Phineus directed their course throughthe Cya-
two sons, Learchus and Melicerta. As the nean rock or the Symplegades,[Vid.Cyaneae.]
childreii of iVephele were to succeed to their and theysafely entered the Euxine sea. They
father by right of birth,Ino conceived an mortal
im- visited the country of the Mariandinians,where
hatred against them, and she caused the Lycus reigned,and lost two of their compa- nions,
cityof Thebes to be visited by a pestilence, by Idmon, and Tiphystheir pilot.After
poisoningall the grainwhich had been sown they had leftthis coast, theywere driven upon
in the earth, l^pon this the oracle was ed
consult- the island of Arecia, where theyfound the chil- dren
; and as it had been corrupted by means of of Phryxus,whom ^Eetes their grandfa-
Ino, the answer was, that INephele's children tiierhad sent to Greece to take possession of
should ():" immolated to the gods. Phryxus their fathers kingdom. From this island they
was apprizedof this,and jje innnadiately em- at last arrived safe in iEa, the capital of Col-
beirked w ith his sister Helle, and fled to the ciiis. Jason explainedthecausesof hi? voyage
AR AR
\o j^etes; but the conditions on which he was disasters, at lastcame in sight of the promontC'
to recover the goldenfleece,were so hard, that lyofMelea, in the Peloponnesus, where son
Ja-
the Argonauts must have perishedin the at- tempt, was purified of the murder of Absyrtus,
had not Medea, the king'sdaughter,and soon after arrived safe in Thessaly. The
fallen in love with their leader. She had a impracticability of such a voyage iswell known.
conference with Jason, and after mutual oaths iVpollonius Rhodius givesanother account
of fidelity in the temple of Hecate, Medea equallyimprobable. He says that theysailed
pledgedherselfto deliver the Argonauts from from the Euxine up one of the mouths of the
her father's hard conditions,if Jason married Danube, and that Absyrtuspursued them by
her,and carried her with him to Greece. He entering another mouth of the river. After
was to tame two bulls, which had brazen feet they had continued their voyage for some
and horns, and which vomited clouds of tire leagues, the waters decreased,and they were
and smoke, and to tie them to a plough made obliged to carry the shipArgo across the coun-
try
of adamant stone, and to plough a fieldof two to the Adriatic, upwardsbf 150 miles. Here
acres of ground never before cultivated. Af- ter theymet with Absyztus, who had pursuedthe
this he wae to sow^ in the plainthe teeth of same measures, and conveyed his shipsin like
a dragon, from which an armed multitude were manner over the land. Absyrtusw^as immedi-
ately
to rise up, and to be all destroyed by his hands. put to death ; and soon afterthe beam of
This done, he was to killan ever-watchful dra-gon, Dodona [Firf. Argo.]gave an oracle,that Jason
which was at the bottom of the tree, on should never return home ifhe was not previ-
ously
which the golden fleece was suspended. All purified of the murder. Upon this they
these labours wei'e to be performed in one day ; sailed to the island of JEdi,\vhereCirce,who wa.?
and Medea's assistance,whose knowledge of the sisterof ^etes, expiated him without know-
ing
herbs, magic,and potions, w^as unparalleled, who he w^as. There is a third tradition,
easily extricated Jason from all danger,to the which maintains, that theyreturned to Colchis
astonishment and terror of his companions, and asecond time, and visited many places of Asia.
of uEetes,and the peopleof Colchis,who had This famous expedition has been celebrated ia
assembled to be spectators of this wonderful the ancient ages of the world ; ithas employed
action. He tamed the bulls with ease, plough-
ed the pen of many w^riters, and among the histo-
rians,
the field,sowed the dragon'steeth,and Diodorus Siculus,Strabo, Apollodorus"
when the armed men sprang from the earth, and Justin ; and among the poets,Onamacri-
he threw a stone in the midst of them, and tus, more generallycalled Orpheus,ApoUo-
they immediatelyturned their weapons one nius Rhodius, Pindar, and Valerius Flaccus,
againstthe other, tillthey all perished.After have extensively givenan account of its most
this he went to the dragon,and by means of remarkable particulars. The number of the
enchanted herbs,and a draughtw-hich Medea' Argonauts isnot exactly known. ApoUodorus
bad givenhim, he lulled the monster to sleep,and Diodorus say that they were 54. Tzetes
and obtained the goldenfleece,and immedi- ately admits the number of 50, but ApoUodorus men-
tions
Phocas and Priasus sons of Ceneus one of the the native placeof Diodorus Siculus, in Sicily.
Lapithae, Talaus,Tiphus,son of Aginus,Sta- Argyraspides, a Macedonian legionwhich
philusson of Bacchus, two of the name of Iphi-received this name from their silver helmets.
tus, Theseus son of Mgens, with his friend Pi- Cart. 4, c. 13.
rithous. Among these
iEsculapius was cian,
physi- Argyre, an island beyond the mouth of the
and Typhis was pilot. river Indus,aboundingin metal. Mela, 3, c. 7.
Aroos, {sing,neut. ^ jirgi,masc. plur.) Argvripa, a town of Apulia,built by Dio-
an ancient city, capital of Argolisin Peloponne-
sus, medes alter the Trojan war, and called by Po-
about two miles from the sea,on the bay cal-
led lybius Agripana. Only ruins remain to show
Argolicus stilus^ Juno was the chief deityof where it once stood, thoughthe placestillpre-
serves
the place. The kingdom of Argoswas found- ed the name of Arpi. Virg.\^n. 11, v.
by Inachus 1856 years before the christian 246.
era, and after it had flourished for about 550 Aria, a country of Asia,situate at the east
years it was united to the crown of Mycenae. of Pai'thia. Mela, 1, c. 2, 1. 2, c. 7. The
Argos was built accordingto Euripides, Jp/tig. wife of Paitus Cecinna, of Padua, a PtOman se- nator
in Aulid. v. 152, 534, by seven cyclopswho who was accused of conspiracy against
came from Syria. These cyclops were not Claudius,and carried to Rome by sea. She
Vulcan's workmen. The nine firstkings of accompanied him, and in the boat she stabbed
Argos were called Inachides,in honour of the herself, and presented the sword to her hus- band,
founder. Their names were Inachus,Phoro- who followed her example. Plin. 7.
neus, Apis, Argus,Chryasus,Phorbas,Triopas, Ariaune, daughter of Minos 2d, king of
Stelenus and Gelanor. Gelanor gave a kind Crete, by Pasiphae, fellin love with Theseus,
reception to Danaus, who drove him from his who was shut up in the labyrinth to be devour-
ed
kingdom in return for his hospitality. The de-
scendants by the Minotaur, and gave him a clue of
of Danaus were called Belides. Aga-
memnonthread, by which he extricated himself from
was king of Argos duringthe Trojan the ditficultwindingsof his confinement. ter
Af-
war ; and 80 years after the Heraclidse seized he had conqueredthe Minotaur, he carri- ed
the Peloponnesus, and deposedthe monarchs. her away accordingto t'le promisehe had
The inhabitants of Argos were called Argi'ci made, and married her ; but when he arrived
and Argolici ; and this name has been often at the island of Naxos he forsook her, though
appliedto all the Greeks,without distinction. she was alreadypregnant, and repaidhis love
Plin. 7, c. 56. " Paus. 2, c. 15, ^c. "
Horat. 1, with the most endearing tenderness. Ariadne
od. l."JElian. V. H. 9, c. 15." Strab. 8." was so disconsolate upon beingabandoned by
.Mela,1, c. 13, fcc. 1. 2, e. 3." F/cg.JEn. 1, v. Theseus, that she hung herself, accordingto
40, "c. A town of Thessaly, called Pelas- some; but Plutarch says, that she lived many
giconby the Pelasgians.Lucan. 6, v. 355. yeai's after, and had some children by Onarus,
Another in Epiruscalled Amphilochium. the priest of Bacchus. Accordingto some ters,
wri-
} Argus, a king of Argos, who reigned 70 Bacchus loved her after Theseus had for- saken
years. A son of Arestor, whence he is often her, and he gave her a crown of seven
called Arislorides. He married Ismene, the stars, which, afterher death,was made a con-
stellation.
daugiiter of the Asopus. As he had an hun- dred The Argives showed Ariadne's tomb,
eyes, of which only two were asleepat and when one of their tenijiles was repaired,
one time, Juno set him to watch lo,whom piterher ashes were
Ju- found in an eartlien urn. mer,
Ho-
had changed into a heifer; but Mercury, Od. 11, v. 320, says, that Diana detained
by order of Jupiter, slew him by lulling all his Ariadne at Naxos. Pint, in Tkcs. "
Ovid. Met.
eyes asleepwith ihe sound of his lyre. Juno 8, fab. 2. Heroid. 10. De Art. Am. 2, Fast. 3, v^
put the eyes of Argus on the tail of the pea- cock, 462." Ca^u/7. de Knpt. Pel ^ Tltct. ep. 61."
a bird sacred to her divinity. Moschus. Hygin.fab. 14, 43, 210." Apollo d. 3, c. 1.
Idyl" Ovid. Met. 1, fab. 12 and V"i."Propert. kv.iffxs, an officer who succeeded to the
1, v. 585, "c. el. S."Jipollod. 1, c. 9, 1.2, c. 1. commandoftiie surviving army after the death
A son of Agenor. Hygin.fab. 145. A of Cyrusthe younger, afterthebattle of Cunaxa
son of Danaus, who built the shipArgo. Id. He made peace with AKaxerxes.
Xenoph.
14. A son of Jupiterand Niobe, the first Ariani and Arieni,a peopleof Asia. Dionys.
child which the father of the gods had by a Perieg. 714.
mortal. He built Argos, and married Evadne Ariantas, a king of Scylhia,Mho yeaily
the daughterof Strj'mon. Id. 145. A son ordered every one of his subjects to present
olPyras and Callirhoe. Id. 145. A son of him with an arrow. Herodol. 4, c. 81.
Phryxus,Id. 3. A son of Pol)bus. Id. 14. Ani.^MNFs, a king of Cappadocia,son of
One of Action's dogs. Jipollod. A Ariurathes 3d.
dog of Ulysses,who knew his master after an Ariakathes, a kingof Cappadocia,who
absence of 20 years. Homer. Od. 17, v. 3U0. joinedDaiius Ochus in his expedition against
AuGYLLiC, an ancient name of Ca;re, in Egypt,where he acquired much glory. His
j:truria.
Virg.JEn. 7, v. 652, 1.8, v. 478. nepiiew,
the 2d of that name,defendcd his king-
dom
Arcynnis, a name of Venus v/hich she againstPerdiccasrthe generalof Ale.xan"
AR AR
"der,but lie was defeated and hung 6n a cross, plus, and transported into Italy by IMana. le
in the 81st year of his age, 321 B. C. His a grove, in the neighbourhoodof Aricia,The- seus
son. Ariaratlies the 3d, escaped the massacre built a templeto Diana, where he estab- lished
which'attended his father and his followers ; the same rites as were in the temple of
and after the death of Perdiccas,he recovered that goddess in Tauris. The priest of this
Cappadocia,by conqueringAmyntas the Ma- cedonian
temple,called Rex, was always a fugitive, and
general. He was succeeded by his son the murderer of his predecessor, and went al- ways
Ariamnes. Ariarathes the 4th, succeeded armed with a dagger, to preventwhatever
his father Ariamnes, and married Stratonice, attempts might be made upon his life by one
daughterof Antiochus Theos. He died after who wished to be his successor. The Arician
a reignof twenty-eight years, B. C. 220, and forest, frequently called nemoren^'s, or nemora-
was succeeded by his son Ai'iarathes the 5th,a lissylva, was veiy celebrated,and no horses,
princewho married Antiochia,the daughterof would ever enter it,because Hippoljlushad
king Antiocluis, whom he assisted against the been killed by them. Egeria,the favourite
Romans. Antiochus being defeated,Ariara-
thes nymph; and invisible protectress of Numa, ge-^
saved his kingdom from invasion by pay- ing nerally resided in thisfamous grove, which was
the Romans a large sum of money ted
remit- situated on the Appian way, beyond mount
at the instance of the kingof Pergamus. Albanus. Ond. Met. 15. Fast. 3, v. 263."
His son, the 6th of that name, called Philo- Lucaii. 6, v. 74. "
zanes, his brother ascended the throne, under Arimaspias, a river of Scytliia, with golden
the name of Ariarathes 10th ; but his titlewas sands. The neighbouring inhabitants had but
disputed by Sisenna,theeldest son of Glaphyra,one eye, in the middle of their forehead,and
by Archelaus,priest of Comana, M. Antony, waged continual war against the griffins,
strous
mon-
wlio was umpirebetween the contendingpar- animals that collected the gold of the
ties,decided in favour ofSisenna; but Ariarathes river. Plin. 7, c. 2. "
Herodot. 3 and 4. "
kingdom of Pontus, and keptit for twenty-six the Mityleneansin Troas, destroyedby the
He was succeeded by the son of Mith-
ridates.Trojans before the coming of the Greeks.
years.
Dioil. 17." A generalof Darius,
"
Virg.mi. 9, V. 264." f/omer. //. 7. The
who defended the passes of Susa with 15,000 name of Priam's firstwife, divorced that the
foot againstAlexander. After a bloody en-
counter raojiarch might
marry Hecuba.
with the Macedonians, he was killed Arist-'enetus, a writer whose epistles
as he attempted to seize the cityof Persepolis. have been beautifully edited by Abresch.
Diod. n."Curt 4 and 5. A Mede of ele-
gant Zwollffi, 1749.
stature, and greatprudence,whom rius
Tibe- Arist."u.M5 a cityof Thrace at the foot of
appointedto settle the troubles of Arme-
nia. mount Haemus. Plin. 4, c. 11.
Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 4 A mountain tween AristjEus, son
be- of Apollo and the nympli
Parthia and the country of the Massa- Cyrene,was born in the deserts of Libya,and
getae. A satrap, who revolted from the broughtup by the Seasons,and fed upon nec-
tar
from Ceres and Neptune. Ceres, when she Diod. 4." Justin. 13, c. 7." Ovid. Fast. 1,
travelled over the world in quest of her V. 363." C'tr. ^e A^af. D. 3, c. \8."Pm(s.
daughterProseqiine, had taken the figure of a 10, c. n."Hi/gin. fab. 161, 180, 247." Apol-
mai'e, to avoid the importuningaddresses of lod. 3,c. 4. iicrodol.
" 4, c. 4, kc. Polycen.
"
1,c.
INeptune. The god changed himself also 24. A generalwho commanded the Corin-
thian
into a horse, nnd from their union arose a forces at the siegeof Potidaja. He was
daughtercalled Hera, and the horse Arion, taken by the Athenians,and put to death.
which had the power of speech,the feet on ARisTAGuft.\s, a writer who composed an
the right side like those of a man, and the history of Egypt. Plin. 36, c. 12. A son-
rest of the body like a horse. Arion was in-law of Histi^us,tjTantof Miletus, who re- volted
brought up by {he Nereides, who often har- nessed from Dai'ius,and incited the Athenians
him to his father'.s chariot, whick he against ifersia. and burnt Sardi". This so (t%'
AR AR
the king,
.Asperated that every evening before AristSus, a man of Argos, who excited
supper he ordered his servants to remind him kingPyrrhusto take up arms against his coun-
trymen,
of punishing Aristagoras.He was killed in a the Argives. Polycen. 8, c. 68.
battle againstthe Persians,B. C. 499. Hero- Aristhf.nes, a shepherd who found Ms'
dot. 5, c. 30, "c. 1. 7, c. 8."PoiT/("n.1, c. culapius, when he had been exposedin the
14. A man of Cyzicus. Another of woods by his mother Coronis.
Cumae. Herodot.4. Aristhus, an historian of Arcadia. Diof
Aristander, a celebrated soothsayer, ly
great- nys. Hal. 1.
esteemed by Alexander. Plui. in Alex. Aristieus,
"
a river of Paeonia. Polyczn.A,
Plin. 17, c. 25. An Athenian, who wrote c. 12.
C. 157. He left two sons called Aristarchus tuous in imitating their great leader; and
and Aristagoras, both famous for their stupi-
dity. from the ^ense of his good qualities, at the
Horat. de Art. poet. v. 499." OriV. 3, representationof one of the tragediesof
ex Pont. ep. 9, v. 24. Cic. ad Fam. 3, ep. iEschylus,
"
on the mentioning of a sentence
U. ad Attic. 1, ep. 14." Quintil. 10, c. 1. concerningmoral goodness,the eyes of the
A tragicpoet of Tegea in Arcadia,about audience were all at once turned from the
454 years B. C. He composed 70 tragedies, to Aristides.
actor When he sat as judge,
of which two only were rewarded with the
it is said that the plaintiff, in his accusa-
tion,
prize. One of them, called Achilles, was mentioned the injuries his opponent
translated into Latin verse by Ennius. Siii- had done to Aristides ; '' mention the wrongs
das. A physicianto queen Berenice, the you have received," repliedthe equitable
widow of Antiochus. Polyoen. 8. An ora-
tor Athenian, " I sithere as judge, and the law- suit
of Ambracia. An astronomer of Sa- is yours, and not mine." C. JVep. ^^ Plut.
mos, who firstsupposedthat the earth turned in Vita. An historian of Miletus,fonder of
round its axis,and revolved round the sun. stories and of anecdotes, than of truth. He
This doctrine nearlyproved fatal to him, as wrote an histoiy of Italy, of which the 40th vo-lume
he was accused of disturbing tiie peace of has been quoted by Pint, in Parall.
the gods Lares. He maintained that the sun An Athlete, who obtained a prizeat the Olym-
pian,
was nineteen times further distant from the ISemean, and Pythiangames. Pans 6,
earth than the moon, and that the moon was c. 16. A painter of Thebes in Boiotia,in
66 semi-diameters of our globe,and little the age of Alexander the Great, for one of
more than one third,and the diameter of the whose piecesAttains offered 6000 sesterces.
sun six or seven times more than that of the Plin. 7 and 35. A Greek orator who wrote
earth. The age in which he flourished is not 50 orations, besides other tracts. When na
Smyr-
preciselyknown. His treatise on the large-
ness was destroyedby an earthquake,he wrote
and tiie distance of the sun and moon is so pathetic a letter to M. Aurelius,that the
extant, of which the best edition is that of Ox-ford, emperor ordered the cityimmediatelyto be
8vo. 1688. rebuilt,and a statue was in consequence raised
ARisTAz.tNEs, a noble Persian in favour to the orator. His works consist of hymns in
with Artaxerxes Ochus. Diod. 16. prose in honour of the gods,funeral orations,
Aristeas, a poet of Proconnesus, who, as apologies, panegyrics, and harangues, the best
fables report, appearedseven years after his edition of which isthat of Jebb, 2 vohunes 4to .
death to his countrymen, and 540 years after Oxon. 1722, and that in a smaller size in 12mo.
to the people of Metaponttmi in Italy, and 3 vols, of Canterusapud P. Steph.1604. A
commanded them to raise to liim a statue near man of Locris,who died by the bite of a wea-
the temple of Apollo. He wrote an epicpo-
em zcl. JEliun. V. H. 14. A philosopherof
on the Arimaspiin tliree books, and some Mysia, intimate with M. Antoninus. An
of his verses are (piotedby Longinus. Hero- Athenian, mIio wrote treatises on animals,
dot. 4, c. V.i."Strab. 14." Max. Tyr. 22. trees, and agriculture.
A
physicianof Rhodes, A geometri-
cian, ARisTii.i.rs,a philosopher of the Alexan-
drian
intimate with Euclid. A poet, son of school,who about oOO years B. C. at- tempted
Demochares,in tlie age of Croesus. with Timochai-is to determine the
Arister^e, an isrand on the roa ;f of Prlo- placeof the ditt'erentstars in the heavens, and
ponnesus. Paus. 2, c :^,4.
.
to trace ihe course of the planets.
AR AR
Aristio,a sophist of Athens, who, by the defeat of his Messenian allies, B. C. 682. Id,
supportof Archelaus, the generalof Mithri- ibid.- A Rhodian. A man who endea-
dates,seized the covernment of his country, voured to destroythe democratical power at
and made himselfabsolute. He poisonedhim- self Athens. An Athenian generalsent to th"
when defeated by Sylla. Liv. SI, 82. assistance of Corcyra with 25 gallies. Died.
Akistippus, the elder, a philosopherof 15. An Athenian who was punishedwith
to Socrates,and founder of death for flying from the field of battle. A
Cyrene, disciple
the Cyrenaicsect. He was one of the flatter-
ers Greek historian, son of Hipparchus, PliU. in
of Dionysiusof Sicily, and distinguished Lye.
himself for his epicureanvoluptuousness, in Aristocreon, the writer of a book on ge- ography.
support of which he wrote a book, as likewise
an history of Libya. When travelling in the Aristocritus, wrote a treatise concerning
deserts of Africa,he ordered his servants to Miletus.
throw away the money they carried,as too Aristodeme, a daughterof Priam.
burdensome. On another occasion,discover- ing Aristodemus, son of Aristomachus, was
thatthe shipin which he sailed belongedto one of the Heraclidas. He, with his brothers
pirates, he designedly threw his property into Teraenus and Cbrespontes, invaded Pelopon-
nesus,
the sea, adding, that he chose rather to lose it conqueredit,and divided the country "
series of apprehension. He was killed by a Cre- tan After some losses,he recovered his strengthi
in a battle against Aratus, B. C. 242. Di- and so effectually defeated the enemy'sforces,
og. A man who wrote an history of Arca-
dia. that they were obligedto prostitute their wo-
men
by Strato,as she was offering a sacrifice. She tyrantof Cumas. A philosopher of ^Egina.
was passionately loved by Callislhenes, and An Alexandrian who wrote some tises,
trea-
was equallyadmired by Strato. The two ri- vals ".C. A Spartan who taughtthe chil-
dren
so furiouslycontended for her hand, that of Pausanias. A
was tor man
precep- who
sliedied duringtheir quarrel,
upon which Stra-
to the children of Pompey.
to A tyrantof
killed himself,and CaJlisthenes was never Arcadia. A Carian who wrote an history of
seen after. Pint, in Amat. painting. A philosopher of Nysa, B. C. 68.
Aristoci.es, a peripatetic philosopherof Aristogenes, a physician of Cnidos, who
Mcssenia, who reviewed, in a treatise on phi obtained great reputation by the cure of De-metrius
losophy,the opinionsof his predecessors. The Gonatas, king of iMacedonia. A
14th book of this treatise is quoted,".c. He Thasian who wrote 24 books on medicine.
also wrote on rhetoric, and likewise nine books Aristogiton and Haemodius, two brated
cele-
on morals. A grammarian of Rhodes. friends of Athens, who, by their joint
A stoic of Lampsacus. An historian. Strab. efforts, delivered their countiy frc!athe tyran-
ny
4. A musician. Allien, he. A prince of the Pisistratidae,B. C. 510. They recei-
ved
of Tegaea, he. Polycen. This name is com-
mon immortal honours from the Athenians,and
to many Greeks, of whom few or no par- had statues raised to their memory.
ticulars These
are recorded. statues wei-e carried away by Xerxes when he
Aristoclides, a tyrant of Orchomenus, took Athens. The conspiracyof Aristogiton
who, because he could not win the affection of was so secretlyplanned,and so wiselycai'ried
Stymphalis,killed her and her father,upon into execution,that it is said a courtezan bit
which all Arcadia took up arras and destroyed her tongue off not to betraythe trust reposed
the murderer. " in her. Pans. 1, c. 29. " Herodot. 5, c. 55. "
his country from Alexander. w^orthyof me, and a king worthy of Ma- cedonia."
of Aristotle wished to make his wife
Aristoteles, a famous philosopher, son
and to pay her the same w^or-
the physician Nicomachus by Festiada,born Pvthias a deity,
After his father's death he went to sh'ip as was paid to Ceres. He died in the 63d
at Stagira.
he year of his age, B. C. 322. His ti'eatises have
Athens, to hear Plato s lectures, where
soon signalized him'^elfby the brightness of been published separately ; but the best edi- tion
of inactive and of the w^orks collectively, is that of Du- val,
his geiiius. He had been an
he 2 vols. fol. Paris, 1629. Tyrrwhitt's tion
edi-
dissolute disposition in his youth,but now
himself with diligence, and of the Poetica, Oxon.4to. 94, is a valua- ble
applied uncommon
acquisition to literature. He had a son
after he had spent 20 years in hearingthe in- structions
of Plato, he opened a school for whom he called ISicomachus, by the courte- zan
him. According to Plutarch,the im- provement because he had rendered importantser- vices
of more service to him than all the Alex, and de Alex. fori. he. Cic. Acad,
"
was
splendourand power which he received from Qmest. 4, de Oral. 3, de Finib. 5-. Qulntil. 1*"
Almost
Pliilip. all his writings, which are 2, 5, \Q)."JElian. V. H. 4." Justin. 12." Jus-
tin.
composed on a of subjects,
variety are extant : Marlijr. August, de Civ. Dei, 8. PHn.
"
"
and placed in the famous library of Alexandria. name, A magistrateof Atliens. A mentator
com-
has sive
exten- Homers Iliad. An orator of
DiogenesLaertes given us a very on
pres.sion more than ornament. He neither for wliich he always spoke with ingrati-
tude
cared for the divinity, of his learned master. Of all his work.5
vvorship?ied i^r cerning
con-
which his opinions were ever variousnothingremains but three books upon music,
and dif^onant ; and the more he disregarded the most ancient on that subject extant. A
^A physi-
cian
llje inythologyof the ancients, the greater philosopherof Cyrene. Allien.
was tiic(.redithe acquh'edover sophical whose ^^ritings
his less philo- are quotedby Galen.
He was authorita- A poet of Selinus. A Pythagoreanphiloso-
pher.
5"r"decessors. so
mliabitants in the neighbourhood are called two towns, one in Thessaly, the other in
j^rii. A celebrated writer, the originof Bo3otia. Neptune changed himself uito a bull
the Ai-ian controversy, that denied the eternal to enjoyher company. Strab. 1 and 2. Paus. "
The country received its name from ArpI.vum, a town of the Volsci,famous for
Armenus, who was one of the Argonauts, and giving birth to Cicero and Marius. The words
of Thessalian origin. They bon-owed the Arpince CharlcE arc someiimes appliedto Cice-
ro's
names and attributes of their deities from the works. Mart. 10, ep. 19." Jwr. S, v. 237.
Persians. They paidgreatadoration to Venus Cic. Rull. 3. A town of Magna Griecia.
"
ochus the son of Seleucus,who entered the time after banished to Samothrace. Justin.
fieldwith 1000,000 foot and 20,000 horse. He 17, c. 1, ",c. A younger daughter of Ptole-
my
afterwards made peace with Antiochus,and Auletes,sisterto Cleopatra.Antony dis- patched
died B. C. 217. Id. 41,c. 5. The third kingof her to gainthe good graces of her sis- ter.
Parthia,of the family of the Arsacidae, bore the Hirt. Alex. 4. Appian.
"
The wife of
same name, and was also called Priapatius. He Magas kingof Cyrene,who committed adul- tery
reigned twelve years, and lefttw^o sons, Mithri- with her son-in-law. Justin. 26, c. 3.
dates and Phraates. Phraates succeeded as A daughter of Lysimachus. Pans. A town
beingthe elder,and at his death he left his of Egypt,situated near the lake of Mceris,on
kingdom to his brother,thoughhe had many the western shore of the Nile,where the inha- bitants
children ; observing, that a monarch oughtto paidthe highest veneration to the cro- codiles.
have in view-,not the dignity of his family, but They nourished them in a splendid
the prosperity of his subjects. Justin.31, c. 5. manner, and embalmed them afterdeath,and
AkingofPontusand Armenia,in alliance buried them in the subterraneous cellsof the
with the Romans. He fought longwith suc-
cess labyrinth.Strab. A tow^n of Cilicia
against the Persians,tillhe was deceived of ^olia of Syria of Cyprus of Ly-
by the snares of kingSapor,his enemy, W'ho cia,tc.
put out his eyes, and soon afterdeprived him Arsites, a satrapof Paphlagonia.
of life. Marcellin. ^The eldest son of Arta- Artabanus, son of Hystaspes,was ther
bro-
banus, appointed over Armenia by his father, to Darius the first. He dissuaded his ne^
afterthe death of kingArtaxias. Tacit. Hist. phew Xerxes from making war against the
6. A servant of Themistocles. Greeks,and at his return he assassinated him
Arsacid^, a name given to some of the with the hopesof ascending the throne. Da- rius,
monarchs of Parthia, in honour of Arsaces.the the son of Xerxes,was murdered in a simi- lar
founder of the empire. Their power subsisted manner ; and Artaxerxes, his brother,
tillthe 229th year of the christian era, w'hen would have shared the same fate,had not he
theywere conqueredby Artaxerxes king of discovered the snares of the assassin, and pun-
ished
Persia. Justin. 41. him with death. Diod. 11. Justin.3, c.
"
Arsahijenes,a satrapof Persia, at the battle 1,kc."TIerodot. 4, c. 38, 1.7, c. 10, k.c A
of the Granicus. kingof Parthia after the death of his nephew
Arsametes, a river of Asia, near Parthia. Phraates 2d. He undertook a w ar againsta
Tacit.Ann. 15. nation of Scythia, in which he perished.His
Arsamosata, a town of Armenia Major, son Mithridates succeeded him,and merited the
70 miles from the Euphrates.Tacit Ann. 15. appellation of Great. Justin.42, c. 2. A king
Arsanes, the son of Ochus,and father of of Media, and afterwards of Parthia, after the
Codomanus. of Vonones,w hom Tiberius had made
expulsion
Arsanias, a river of Armenia, which, ac- cordingkingthere. He invaded Armenia, from whence
to some, flow s into the Tigris, and af-terwards
he w-as driven away by one of the generals of
into (he Euphrates.Plin. 5, c. 24. Tiberius. He was expelledfrom his throne,
Arsena, a marsh of Armenia Major,whose which Tiridates usurped ; and some time after,
fishes are all of the same sort. Sirab. he was restored again to hisancient power, and
Arses, the youngest son of Ochus, whom died A. D. 48. Tacit.Ann. 5, ".c. A king
the euinich Bagoasraised to the throne of Per- of
Parthia, very inimical to the interestof Ves- pasian.
fia,and destroyed with his children, after a Another kingofParthia,who made
reignof three years. Diod. 17. w ar against the emperor Caracalla,who had at-tempted
Aksta, a wood of Etruria, famous for a bat-
tle his life on pretenceof courting his
between the Romans and (he Veienles. daughter.He was murdered, and the
power
Plut. in Pop!. A small river between
Illy of Parthia abolished, and the crow n translated
ricuni and Istria, falling into the Adriatic. to tliePersian monarchs. Dio.
"
Hcrodian.
A river of Italy, llowhig tiirough Campania. Artabazanes or Af.tamenes, the eld-
tf
AR AR
est son of Darius,when private
a person. He liance on the friendship of the Romans. King
attemptedto succeed to the Persian throne, Tigi'anes was one of his successors. Strab. 11.
in preference to Xerxes. Justin. Art AX ATA, ( orum ) now Ardesh, a
Artabazus, a son of Pharnaces,general in strongly fortified town of Upper Armenia, the
the army of Xerxes. He fled from Greece capital of the empire, where the kingsgene- rally
upon the illsuccess of Mardonius. Hcrodot. 7, resided. It is said that Annibal built it
8 and 9. A general who made war againstfor Artaxias, the kingof the country. It was
Artaxerxes,and was defeated. He was after- wards burnt by Corbulo, and rebuilt by Tiridates,
reconciled to his prince, and became who called it JVeronea, in honour of Nero.
the familiar friend of Darius 3d. After the Strab. 11.
murder of this prince, he surrendered himself Artaxerxes 1st,succeeded to the king-
dom
up with his sons to Alexander, who treated of Persia,afterhis father Xerxes. He de- stroyed
him with much humanity and confidence. Artabanus,who had murdered Xerx"
Curt. 5, c. 9 and 12, 1.6, c. 5, 1.7, c. 3 and 5, es, and attempted to destroythe royalfam- ily
1. 8, c. 1. An officerof Artaxerxes against to raise himself to the throne. He made
Datames. Diod. 15. war against the Bactrians, and re-conquered
Artabri and ARXABRiTiE, a peopleof Lusi- Egypt,that had I'evolted, with the assistance
tania,who received their name from Arta- of the Athenians,and was remarkable for his
brum, a promontory on the coast of Spain,equityand moderation. One of his hands was
now called Finisterre. Sil.3, v. 362. longerthan the other,whence he has been
ArtaCjEas, an officer in the army of Xer- xes, called Macrochir or Longimanus. He reign- ed
the tallestof all the troops,the kingex- cepted. 39 years, and died B. C. 425. C. JVep. in
Reg. Plut. in Artax.
" The second of
Aetac^na, a cityof Asia,near Aria. that name, king of Persia,v/as surnamed
Artace, a town and seaport near Cyzicus.Mnemon, on account of his extensive memory.
It did not exist in the age of Pliny. There He*vas son of Darius the second,by Parvsa-
was in its neighbourhooda fountain cal- led tisthe daughterof Artaxerxes Longimanus,
Artacia. Herodot. 4, c. 14. Procop.de and had three brothers,
"
Cyrus,Ostanes, ajid
Bell. Pers. 1,c. 25." Slrab. 13." F/m. 5,c. 32. Osathres. His name was Arsaces, which he
"A cityof Phrygia. A fortified place changed into Artaxerxes when he ascended
of Bithynia. the tlr.'orie.His brother Cyrus was of such
Artacene, a country of Assyria near Ar- an ambitious disposition, that he resolved to
bela, where Alexander conquered Darius. make himselfking,in opposition to Artaxerx-
es.
Strab. 16. Parysatis always favoured Cyrus; and
Artacia, a fountain in the countryof the when he had attempted the lifeof Artaxerxes,
La3strygones. Tibul. 4, el. 1,v. 60. she obtained his pardonby her entreaties and
Art^i, a name by which the Persians influence. Cyrus,who had been appointed
were called among liieirneighbours.Hero- over Lydla and the sea-coasts,assembled a
dot.7, c. 61. largearmy under various pretences, and at last
Artageras, a town of Upper Armenia. marched against his brother at the head of
Strab. 100,000 barbarians and 13,000 Greeks. He
Artagerses, a general in the army of Ar- taxerxes,
was opposedby Artaxerxes with 900,000 men,
killed by Cyrusthe younger. Plut. and a bloodybattle was foughtat Cunaxa, in
in Art ax. which Cyruswas killed, and his forces routed.
Artanes, a kingof the southern partsof It has been reported, that Cyruswas killed by
Armenia. Strab. 11. A river of Thrace Artaxerxes,who was so desirous of tiie hon- our,
flowinginto tiieIster. Herodot. 4, c. 49. that he put to death two men for saying
A river of Colchis. that they had killed him. The Greeks, who
Artaphernes, a general whom Darius sent had assisted Cyrusagainst his brother, though
into Greece with Datis. He was conquered at the distance of above 600 leagues from their
at the battle of Marathon, by Miltiades. Vid. country,made their way through the territo-
ries
Datis. C. JVep. in Milt. Herodot.
" of the enemy ; and nothingis more mous
fa-
Artatus, a river of Illyria. Liv. 43, c. in the Grecian history, than the retreat
19. r-y
of the ten thousand. After he was delivered
Artavasdes, a son of Tygranes,king of from the attacks of his brother,Artaxerxes
Upper Armenia, who wrote tragedies, and stirred up a war among the Greeks against
shone as an elegant orator and faithful histo- Sparta,
rian. and exerted all his influence to weak- en
He lived in alliance with the Romans, the power of the Greeks. He married two
but Crassus was defeated partly on account of his own daughters, called Atossa and Ames-
of his delay. He betrayed M. Antony in his tris, and named his eldest son Darius to be
expedition against Parthia,for which Anto- ny successor. Darius however consi)ired against
reduced his kingdom, and carried him to his father,and was put to death ',and Ochus,
Egypt,where he adorned the triumphof the one of the younger sons, called also Artaxerx- es,
conqueror led in golden chains. He was made his way to the throne,by causing
some time aftermurdered. Slrab. 11. The his elder brothers Ariaspes and Arsames to
crown of Armenia was givenby Tiberius to be assassinated. It is said that Artaxerxes
a person of the same name, who was expelled. died of a broken heart, in consequence of
"
Augustushad also raised to tliethrone his son's unnatural behaviour,in the 94th
of Armenia, a person of the same name. cit. year of his age, after a reignof 46 years-
Ta-
An. 2. B. C. 358. Artaxerxes had 150 children by his
Artaxa and Artaxias, a generalof An- 350 concubines, and onlyfour legitimate sons.
tiochusthe Great, who erected the provincePlut in Vila.. C. A"p. in Reg. Justin. 10,
" "
of Armenia into a kingdom, by his re- c. 1, kc.--Diod. 13, "c. ^The 3d, sur-
'1^
AR AR
Lis crtiolty towards the inhabitants, olfended lasted tiiree days, which were spent in ban-
his subjects, and Bagoas at last obliged his phy-
sician quetting and diversions. Alhen. 7.
to poison him, B. C. 337, and after- wards Artemisia, daughter of Lygdamis of Ha-
his fleslito be devoured by cats, licarnassus,reigned over Halicarnassus and
gave
and made handles for swords with his bones. the neighbouring country. She assisted Xerx-es
Codomanus on account of his virtues was soon in his expedition againstGi-eece with a
after made the people;and that he Heet, and her valour was
king by so great that the
might seem to possess as much dignityas monarch observed that all his men foughtlike
the house of Artaxerxes, he reigned under women, and all his women like me-n. The
the of Darius thsithird. Juslin. 10, Atlicnians were so ashamed of lighting against
naxTie
8. that theyoffered a reward of !0,OtK)
c. 3." Died. n.--'i:/iVm V.]I.6,c.
a woman,
remain within his kingdom. Herodmn. 5. c. 12. There was also another queen of
One of his successors, son of Sapor,bcre Caria of that name, often confounded with the
bis name, and reignedeleven years, during daughterof Lygdamis. She was daughterof
which he distinguished himself by his cruelties. Hecalomnus king of Caria, or Halicarnassus,
AuTAXiAS, a son of Artavasdes, king of and was married to her own brother,Mauso-
Armenia, was proclaimed kingby his father's lus,famous for his personalbeauty. She was
whom he so fond of her husband, that at his deaih she
troops. He opposed Antony, by
was defeated; and became so odious that the drank in her liquorhis ashes after his body
Romans, at the req test of the Armenians, rais-
ed had been burned, and erected to his memory
Tigranes to the tliione. Another, son a monument, which tor itsgrandeurand mag-
nificence,
"f Polemon. whose original name was Zeno. was called one of the seven ders
won-
prince.Plin. 35. A soldier who conspired Italy ; but some of his lettersto Annibal
against Alexander with Hermolaus. Curl. 8, having falleninto the hands of the Romans, the
C.6. consuls M. Livius Sallnator and Claudius Ne- ro,
. Asci.EPiODoTus, a general of Mithridates. attacked him suddenly near the Metaurus,
Asclepius. ^sculapius.
Vid. and defeated him, B. C. 207. He was killed
AscLETARioN, a matlicmatician in the age in the battle, and 56,000 of his men shared his
of Domitian, who said that he should be torn fate,and 5400 were taken prisoners ; about
by dogs. The emperor ordered him to be put 8000 Romans were killed. The head of As-
to death,and his body carefully secured;but drubal was cut off, and some daysafter thrown
as soon as he was set on the burning pile, a into the camp of Annibal,who, in the moment
sudden storm arose which put out the ilames,. that he was in the greatest expectations for a
#*
AS AS
jjtbmisftd supply, exclaimed at the sight, "In be known by drawinga line from the bay of
losing Asdmbal, I lose all my happiness, and Issus,in a nortiiern directio?i, to the eastern
Carthageall her hopes." Asdmbal had be- fore part of the Euxine Sea. Asia IVIinorhas beeu
made an attempt to penetrate into Italysubjectto many revolutions. It was tributary
by sea, but had been defeated by the governor to the Scythiansfor upwards of 1500 years,
of Sardinia. Liu. 21, 2S, 27, ikc."Pol-/b."and was a longtime in the ])ower of the Ly-
Horat. 4, od. 4. 'A Caithaginian general,dians,Medes, kc. The western partsof Asia
eurnamed Calvus, appointedgov^ernor of Sar- dinia,Minor were the receptacleof all the ancient
and taken prisonerby the Romans. emigrationsfrom Greece, and it was totally
Liv. Another, son of Gisgon,appointed peopledby Grecian colonies. The Romans
generalof the Carthaginian'forces in Spain,in generallyand indiscriminately called Asia
the time of the greatAnnibal. He made head Minor by the name of Asia. Strab. Mda. " "
Another, who advised his countrymen to make globe. Jpollod. 1, c. 2. One of the
for Nereides.
peace with Rome, and upbraidedAnnibal Hy^in. A mountain of Laco-
laughing in tiie Carthaginian senate. Liv. nia. Fans. 3, c. 24.
A grandsonof Masinissa, nmrdered nate-house Asia
in the se- Palus, a lake in Mysia. Virs. JEn. 7,
by the Carthaginians. Another, V. 701.
whose camp was destroyed in Africa by Scipio, Asiatic us, a Gaul, in the age of Vitellius.
though at the head of 20,000 men, in the last Tacit, Hist. 2. The surname of one of the
Punic war. Wh'en all was lost,he fled to the Scipios, and others,for their conquests or
enemy, and begged his life. Scipioshowed campaignsin Asia.
upon which his wife,
him to tiieCailhaginiaTis, AsiLAS, an augur, who assisted ^neas a-
with a thousand imprecations, threw hersell gainstTurnus. A Trojanofficer. Vtrg. JEn,
and her two children into the flames of the y, 10, he.
templeof ^^sculapius, Avhich she,and others, AsiNARiA, a festival in Sicily, in comme-
moration
had set on lire. He was not of the same family of the victory obtained over thenes
Demos-
a,sHannibal. Liv. 51. A Carthaginian neral
ge- and JNicias, at the river Asinarius.
conqueredby L. Cajcilius Metellus in Si- cily, AsiNAKius, a river of Sicilywhere tiie
in a battle in which he lost 130 elephants. Athenian generals, Dehiosthenes and Nicias,
These animals were led in triumphall over were taken prisoners.
Italyby tlie conquerors. AsiNE, one of the Sporades. An island
AsEi-Lio (Sempronius),an historian and of the Adriatic. -Three towns of Pelopon-
nesus
military tribune,who wrote an account of the bore that name, viz. in Laconia,Argolis,
actions in which he was present.Dionys.Hal. and Messenia.
Asia, one of the three partsof the ancient AsiNEs, a river of Sicily.
world, separated from Europe by the Tanais, AsiNius Gai,lus, son of Asinius Pollio the
the Euxine, Jigean,and Mediterranean seas. orator, married Vipsaniaafter she had been
The iS'ileand Egypt divide itfrom Africa. It divorced by Tiberius. This marriagegave
receives its name from Asia,the daughterof rise to a secret enmity between
the emperor
Oceanus. This part of the globe has given and Asinius,who starved himself to death,
birth to many of the greatestmonarchies of either voluntarily, or by order of his ini{)erial
the universe,and to the ancient inhabitants of enemy. He had six sons by his wife. He
Asia we are indebted for most of the arts and wrote a comparison between his father and
sciences. The soil is fruitful,and abounds Cicero,in which he gave a decided superiority
witii all the necessaries as well as luxuries of to the former. Tacit. 1 and 5. Ann. Dio. "
life.Asia was divided into many different em- pires, 58. "
Flin. 7, ep. 4. Marcellus,grandsonof
provinces, and states,of which the most Asinius Pollio,w^as accused of some meanors,
misde-
cons()icuous were the Assyrianand Persian but acquitted, "c. Tacit. 14. Jinn.
monarchies. The Assyrian monarchy,accord-
ing Pollio,an excellent orator, poet,and his- torian,
to Eusebius,lasted 1240 years, and accord-
ing intimate with Augustus. He triumph-
ed
to Justin,1300 years, down to the year of over the Dalmatians,and wrote an account
the world 43S0. The empire of Persia exist-
ed of the warsof Caisarand Pompey,in 17 books,
228 years, tillthe death of Darius the 3d, besides poems. He refused to answer some
whom Alexander the Great conquered. The verses againsthim by Augustus, because," "
of the Macedonians, and the bold retreat Cois. 30 and 55." D/o. 27, 49, 55." 5e?jec. de
of the 10,000 Greeks, were so conspicuouslyTranq.Ani. S,^ cp. 100." Plin. 7, c. 30." TociY.
dis])layed. It is in that part of the world tiiat 6. Paterc. 2.
"
Pint in Cas.
" A comman-
der
we are to look for the more visilde progress of of Mauritania, under the first empe-
rors,
luxury,despotism,sedition,effeminacy,and ".C. .Tacit. Hist. 2. An historian
dissipation. Asia was generallydivided into in the age of Pompey. Another in the
Major and Minor. Asia Major was tiiemost third century. Quadratus,a man who pub-
lished
extensive,and comprehended all the eastern the historyof Parthia,Greece, and
parts; and Asia Minor was a largecountry in Rome.
-the form of a peniusula, whose boundaiies may Asius, a son of Dyinas,brother of Hecuba*
16
AS AS
He assistedPriam in the Trojan war, and was subjects were highlyvalued. A sophist,
kliled by Idomeneus. Homer. II. 2, v. 342,. 1. who wrote a panegyricon Adrian.
12, V. 95, 1 13, V.384. A poet of Samos, AsPASTEs, a satrap of Carmania, suspec-
ted
who wrote about the genealogyof ancient he-roes of infidelity to his trust while Alexaudei?
and lieroines. Fans. 7, c. 14. A son was in the east. Curt. 9, c. 20,
of Irnbracus, who accompanied ^Eneas into AsPATHiNEs, one of the seven noblemen
Jtaly. Virg.JEn. 10, v. 123. of Persia, who conspiredagainstthe usurper
Asms Campus, a placenear the Caystcr. Smerdis. Herodot. 3, c. 70, kc. A son of
AsNAUS, a mountain of Macedonia, near Prexaspes. Id. 7.
which the river Aous Hows. Liv. 32, c. 6. AsPENDUs, a town of Pamphylia, at the
AsopHis, a small country of Peloponnesus,moutli of the river Eurymedon. Cic. in Ver.
near the Asopus. 1, c. 20. The inhabitants sacrificed swine to
AsopiA, the ancient name of Sicyon.Pans. Venus.
2,c. 1. AsPHALTiTEs, a lake. Vid. Mare Mor-
AsopiAD"S, a patronymicof .^acns, son of tuum.
^gina, the daughterof Asopus. Ovid. Mel. Aspis, a satrap of Chaoriia,who revolted
7, V. 484. from Artaxerxes. He was reduced by Data-
Asopis, the daughterof the Asopus. A mes. Cor. JVep. in Daf. city and
A
daughter of Thespius,mother of Mentor. mountain of Africa. of the Cyclades.
One
Apoilod.2, c. 7. A cityof Macedonia.
Asopus- a river of Thessaly, fallinginto the A^PLEDON, a son of Neptune by the
bay of Malia, at the north of Thermopylae.nymph Midea. He gave his name to a city
Strab. d. A river of Boeotia,rising near of BcEOtia, whose inhabitants went to the Tro- jan
Plataea,and flowinginto the Euripus, after war. Homer. II. 2, v. 18, Paus. 9, c. 38.
"
The Avife of Xenophon was also called 1 and 2." Justin. I." PI In. 6, c. 13 and 2Q.
Aspasia, if we follow the improperinterpreta- tion "PtoL 1,c. 2.-^Diod. 2." Mela, 1, c. 2.
givenby some to Cic. de Inv. 1,c. 31. AsTA, a cityin Spain,
AsPASius, a peripatetic philosopherin the AsTAccEKi, a peopleof India;near th^ In-'
2d century,whose commentaries on different du9, Strab. 15.
AS AS
AsTAGUS, a builtby As-
town of Bithynia, AsTERODiA, the wife of Endymion. Pans,
tacus,son of Neptuneand Olbia,or rather by 3, c. 1.
a colonyof Megara and Athens. Lysima- Asterope and Asteropea, one of the Ple- iades,
chus destroyed it,and carried the inhabitants who were beloved by the gods and
to the town of IVicomedia,which was then most illustriousheroes,and made constella- tions
lately built. Pans. 5, c. 12. ^rrian. Sirab.
" " after death. A daughterof Pelias,
17. A city of Acarnania. Plin. 5. kingof lolchos, who assistedher sistersto kill
AsTAPA, a town of Hispania Bastica. Liv. her father, whom Medea promisedto restore
38, c. 20. to life. Her grave was seen in Arcadia,in the
AsTAPCS, a river of .Ethiopia, falling into time of Pausanias. 8; c. 11. A daughter
the Nile. of Deion by Diomede. Jipollod. 1. The
AsTARTE, a powerfuldivinity of Syria,wife ef ^Esacus. Id. 3.
the same as the Venus of the Greeks. She AsTEROPJEus,a kingof Paeonia,son of Pe-
had a famous templeat Hierapolis in Syria,legon. He assistedPriam in the TrojanAvar,
which was served by 300 priests, who were and was killed after a brave resistance, by
alwaysemployed in offering sacrifices. She Achilles. Homer. II. 17, kc.
was represented in medals with a longhabit, AsteriTsius, a mountain at the south of
and a mantle over it,tucked up on the left Crete. A town of Arabia Felix.
arm. She had one hand stretched forward, AsTiNoME, the wife of Hipponous.
and held in the other a crooked staffin the Astiochus, a general of LacedsBmon, who
form of a cross. Lucian de Deu Syria. Cic. conqueredthe Athenians near
"
Cnidus, and
de JSat.D. 3, c. 23. took Phocaea and Cumae, B. C. 411.
Aster, a dexterous archer of Amphipo- AsTRyEA, a daughterof Astraeus,king of
lis,who offered his service to Philipking of Arcadia,or, accordingto others,of Titan,
Macedonia. Upon beingslighted, he retired Saturn's brother,by Aurora. Some make
into the city, and aimed an arrow at Philip, her daughterof .Tupiter and Themis, and
who pressed itwith a siege.The arrow, on others consider her the same as Rheai wife of
which was written, " aimed at Philip's rightSaturn. She was called Juslice. of which
eye,'"struck the king's eye, and put it out ; virtue she was the goddess. She lived upoa
and Philip, to return the pleasantry, threw the earth,as the poets mention, duringthe
back the same arrow, with these words, " If goldenage, which is often called the age of
Philip takes the town. Aster shallbe hanged."Astrea;but the wickedness and impietyof
The conqueror kept his word. Lucian de mankind drove her to heaven in the brazea
Hist. Scrib. and iron ages, and she was placedamong the
Ast"ria, a daughter of Ceus, one of the constellations of the zodiac, under the name
Titans,by Phoabe, daughterof Ccelus and of Virgo. She isrepresented as a virgin, with
Terra. She married Perses,son of Crius,by a stern, but majestic countenance, holdinga
whom she had the celebrated Hecate. She pair of scales in one hand, and a sword in the
enjoyedfor a longtime the favours of'Jupi- ter, other. Senec. in Octav. Ovid. Met. 1, r.
"
under the form of an eagle ; but falling 149." ^raf. 1, PluEtwm. v. 9S.^Hesiod."
under his displeasure, she was changedinto a T/ieog.
quail, called Ortyxby the Greeks ; whence Astrjeus, one of the Titans who made war
the name of Ortygia, givento that island in againstJupiter. A river of Macedonia,
the Archipelago, wher^ she retired. Ovid. near Thermae, ^lian. V. H. 15, c. 1.
Met. 6, fab. 4."Hygin. fab. bQ."Apollod. 1, AsTU, a Greek word which signifies aVy,
e. 2, k.c. A town of Greece, whose inha- bitantsgenerally appliedby way of distinction, to
went to the Trojanwar. Homer. II.2, Athens, which was the most capital cityof
V. 782. One of the daughtersof Dauaus, Greece. The word urbs is applied with the
who married Chaetus, son of ^gyptus. Apol- same meaning of superiority to Rome, and
lod. 2. One of the daughters of Atlas, ther
mo- """"" to Alexandria, the capital of Egypt, as
of (Enomaus, kingof Pisa. Hygin.fab. also to Troy.
250. A mistress of Gyges,to whom race
Ho- AsTuR, an Etrurian,who assisted^neas
wrote three odes, to comfort her during ainst Turnus. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 180.
her lover'sabsence. AsTURA, a small river and village of La-
AsT"RioN and Asterius, a river of Pelo- ponnesus,tium,where Antony'ssoldiers cut off Cicero's
Avhich flowed throughthe coun- try head.
of Argolis.This river had three daugh- ters, AsTUREs, a peopleof HispaniaTarraco-
"ubcea, Prosymna,and Acraea,who nur- sed nensis,who spendalltheir livesin digging for
the goddess.Juno. Pans. 2, c. 17. A mines of ore. Lucan. 4, v. 298. Ital. 1, v.
"
J"
AS AT
had v.antonly murdered, encouraged Man- she had Tlepolemus. Ovid. Heroid. 9, v. 50.
dane's son, w'ho was called Cyrus,to take up AsTVLus, one of the centaurs, who had the
his grandfather, and he knowledge of futurity.He advised his bro- thers
arms against ed
conquer-
him and took him prisoner, 559 B. C. not to make war against the Lapithae..
relates a differ-
ent Ovid. Met. 12, v. 338. A man of Crotona,
Xenophon, in his Cyroptt'dia,
that and who victorious three successive times at
story,and asserts Cyrus Astyages was
temple of Jupiter,
on mount Lyceus. Pans. AsTVPHiLus, a soothsayer, well skilled in
8, c. 38. of Hercules.
A Jipollod.
son 2, c. the knowledge of futurity. Plut. in Cim.
7. A writer in the age of Gallienus. AsTYKuN, a town built by the Argonauts, oq
Atalanta in marriage. These two fond lovers,their territories, whose waters, about the last
in the impatienceof consummating their nup- of the moon,
tials, quai-ter were so sulphureous that
entered the temple of Cybele ; and the they could set wood on fire. Ovid. Met. 15,
goddesswas so offended at their impiety,and V. SU."Sirab. I."Plin. 2, c. 103." A/e/a,2,
at the profanation joi her house, that she c. 3.
changedthem into two lions. Apollodorussays, Athamas, a king of Thebes, in Bceotia,
that Atalanta's father was desirous of raisingwas son of ^olus. He married Themisto,
male issue, and that therefore she was exposed whom some call Nephele,and Pindar,Demo-
to wild beasts as soon as born. ever, tice,and by her he had Phryxus and Helle,
She was, how-
suckled by a she-bear- and preservedby Some time after, on pretence that Nephelewas
shepherds. She dedicated her time to hunt- ing, subject to fitsof madness, he married Ino, the
and resolved to live in celibacy.She kill-
ed daughterof Cadmus,by v.homhe had two sons,
two centaurs, Hyleus and Rhecus, who Learchus and Melicerta. Ino became
tempted
at- jealous
her virtue. She was at the of the children of JNephele
present ; because were they
huntingof the Calydonian boar, which she to ascend their fatlier's
throne in preference
firstwounded, and she received the head as a to her own, therefore she resolved to destroy
enamoured them ; but they escapedfrom her furyto Col-
presentfrom Meleager,who was chis,
of her. She was also at the games instituted on a goldenram. [Vid. Phryxusand Ar-
in honour ofPelias,where she conquered Pe- gonautae.]Accordingto the Greek scholiast of
leus ; and when her father, to whom she had Lycophron, v. 22. Ino attemptedto -destroy
been wished
restored, her to marry, she sented
con- the corn of the country ; and as if it were the
togivehei'selfto him who could over- come consequence of divine vengeance, the sooth-
sayer,
her in running, as has been said above. at her instigation,told Athamas, that be-
fore
She had a son called Parthenopasus, pomenes. the earth would yieldher usual increase,
by Hip-
Hyginus says, that that son was the he must sacrifice one of the children of IN'e-
fruitof her love with Meleager: and Apollo- phele to the gods. The credulous father led
donis says, she had him by Milaniom, or, ac- cording Phryxus to the altai-, where he was saved by
to others, by the god Mars. [Vid. Me-
leager.] IN'ephele. The prosperity of Ino was ing
displeas-
to Juno, and more
JpoUod. 1. c. 8, 1. 3, c.9, kc. Pans.
"
noon and the evening. Martial. 4, ep. in the wooden horse at the siegeof
l9.~P/m.7. Troy. Virg.Ma. 2, v. 263.
Atax, now Ju.de. a river of Gaul Narbo- Athamantiades, a patronymic of Meli-
certa,
in the Pyrenean mountains, and
oensis, rising Phryxus,orHelle, children of Alhamaa.
falling
into the Mediten-anean Sea. Mela, 2. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 319. Fast. 4, v. 14)3.
Ate, the goddessof all evil,and daughterof Athanasius, a bishop of Alexandria, rr-
Jupiter.She raised such jealousyand sedition lebrated for his sufferings,
and the determined
in heaven among the gods, that Jupiter ged opposition
drag- he maintained against Arius and hi:*
her away by the hab*,and banished her for doctrine. Hio writiogs,which were numef
AT AT
arylsome perished,
of Avhich have coh- of allthe states of Peloponnesus[Vid.Pelo-
""us,
of the mysteiy of the Trinity,,
defence ponnesiacum Bellum] were directed against
tain a
of the Word and of the Holy Athens,which, after28 years of misfortune and
the divinity
Crhost, and'an apologyto Constantine. Tlie bloodshed, was totallyruined,the 24th April,
creed which bears his name, is supposedby 404 years before the christian era, by Lysan-
some not to be his composition. Athanasius the Athenians were
der. After tliis, oppressed
died 2d xMay,373 A. D afterfillingthe archi- by 30 tyrants, and for a while laboured under
chair 47 years, and leadingalter-nately the weightof their own calamities. They re-=
e])iscopal
a life of exile and of triumph. The covered somethingof their usual spirit in the
latest edition of his works is that of the Bene- age of Philip,
dictines, and boldlyopposedhis ambitious
3 vols. fol. Paris, 1698. view^s;but their short-lived efforts were not
Athanis, a man who wrote an account of of greatservice to the interests of Greece, and
Sicily.Alheii. 3. they fell into the hands of the Romans, B. C.
Atheas, a king of Scythia,who implored 86. The Athenians have been admired in all
the assistance of Philipof Macedonia againstages, for their love of liberty, and for the great
the Istrians,and laughedat him when he had men that were born among them; but favour
furnished him with an army. Jmtin. 9,.there was attended with danger; and there
c. 2. are very few instances in the histoiyof Athens,
Athkna, the name of Minerva among the that can prove that the jealousyand frenzyof
Greeks; and also among the Egyptians, before the peopledid not persecute and disturb the
Cecrops had introduced the worship of the peace of the man w^ho had foughttheir bat-
tles,
goddessinto Greece. Paus. 1, c. 2. and exposed his life in the defence of his
Athen-", a celebrated cityof Attica,found-
ed country. Perhaps not one singlecityin the
about years before the christian era, world can boast in such a short space of time,
1556
drus, 1091,who was killed after a reignof 21 It has been said by Plutarch,that the
years. The history of the twelve firstof these good men whom Athens produced,were the
naonarcbs is mostlyfabulous. After the death most justand equitable in the world ; but that
of Codrus the monarchical power was ed,
abolish- itsbad citizens could not be surpassed in any
and the state was governed by 13 perpe-
tual, age or country, for their impiety,perfidious-
and, 317 years after, by 7 decennial,and ness, or cruelties. Their criminals were ways
al-
lastly,B. C. 684, after an anarchy of 3 years, put to death by drinkingthe juice of
by annual magistrates, called archons. \^Vid.hemlock. The ancients, to distinguish Athens
Archontes.]Under this democracy,the Athe- nians in a more peculiar manner, called it Astu, one
signalized themselves by their valour in of the eyes of Greece, the learned city,tlie
ihe field,their munificence, and the cultiva-
tion school 01 the world, the common patronessof
of the fine arts. They were deemed so Greece. The Athenians thoughtthemselves
powerfulby the Persians, that Xerxes, when the most ancient nation of Greece, and suppo- sed
he invaded Greece, chiefly directed his arms themselves the original inhabitants or At-
tica,
againstAthens, wl'.ich he took and burnt. for Avhich reason theywere called xjxoyjroni
Their military character was chiefly disjtlayed producedfrom the same earth which they in- habited
in the battles of Marathon, of Salamis,of Pla- yt^'^ivi;sons ofthe earth,and tet%5."; hoppers.
grass-
iy,a, and of Mycale. After these immortal vic- They sometimes wore goldengras;*-
rories,they rose in consequence and dignity, hoppersin their hair as badgesof honour, to
and they demanded the superiority* in the af-
fairsdistinguish them from other people of later
of Greece. The town was rebuilt and origin and less noble extraction,because those
^'mbellishrd by Themistocles,and a new and insects ai'e supposed to be sprung from the
magiiiiicent harbour erected. Their success ground. The number of men able to bear
macietliern arrogant,and they raised conten-tions arms at Athens in the reign of Cecropswas
among the neighbouring states,that they computed at 20,000, and there appearedno
niigiit aggrandizethemselves by their fall. considerable augmentationin the more zed
civili-
The luxuiyand intemperance, which had been age of Pericles ; but in the time of De- metrius
long excluded from the cityby the salutary- Phalereus there were found 21,"X)0
laws of their countrymen, Draco and Solon, citizens,10,000 foreigners, and 40,000 .slaves.
r.reeped by degreesamong allranks of people,Among the numerous templesand ))ublic fices,
edi-
and soon after all Greece united to destroy none was more celebrated than that of
that city,which claimed a sovereignpower Minerva, which, afterbeingburnt by the Per- sians,
oyer all the rest, 'ihe Pcloponncsianwar, was rebuilt by Pericles, witli the finest
though at firsta privatequarrel, was soon mented
fo- jnjarble,and .still exists a venerable monument
into sn universal war; and the arms I of tliehero's patriotfem? and of the abilitiesdf
AT AT
the architect. Cic. ad Attic,in Verr. he. " A poet who
wrote comedy, tragedy,and
Thucyd.l,hc."Juslin.2,k,c."Diod.13, "c." elegy,in the age of Alexander. Plut. in Alex.
^lian. V. H. Plin. 7, c. 56.
"
Xenoph.Memo-
" A stoic philosopher of Cana, near Tarsus,
rah. "Plut. in vitis,he. Strab. 9, fcc. Paus.
" "
in the age of Augustus. He was intimate with
1, he. Val. Max.
" Liv. 31, he.
" C. J\ep.in " Strabo. Strab. 14. A philosopher, disci-
ple
Milt. hc."Polyb."P'atercul. to Zeno, and keeperof the royallibraiy
Athen.^u., festivalscelebrated at Athens in at Pergaraus. A marble sculptor. A
honour of Minerva. One of them was called man assassinated at Bactra for making himself
Panatheniza,and the other Chalcea; for an absolute.
account of which, see those words. Atheos, a surname of Diagorasand Tueo-
AthenjEum, place at Athens, sacred to dorus, because they denied the existence of a
a
book on militaryengines. A physician of can. 2, v. 672. JElimi. de Anim. 13, c. 20, ^c.
"
cold, wet, dry, and air,the elements,instead Athrulla, a town of Arabia. Strab.
pf the four commonly receivecj^ Athvmbr.\, a city of Caria,afterwards call-ed
Athenagoras, a Greek in the time of Nyssa. Strab. 14,
Darius, to whom Pharnabazus gave the go- vernmentAtia, a cityof Campania. A law enact-
ed
of Chios, he. Curt. 8, c. 5. A A. U. C, 690, by T. Atlus Labienus, the tri- bune
writer on agriculture,Varro. A tian
chris- of the people. -Itabolished the Corne-lian
philosopher, in the age of Aurelius,who law, and put in fullforce the Lex Domitia,
wrote treatise on the resurrection,
a and an by transferring the rightof electing priests
apology for the christians,stillextant. He from the college of priests to the peoj)le,
died A. D. 177. The bfestedition of his works The mother of Augustus. Vid. Aceia.
is that of Dechair, 8vo. Oxon. 1706. The Atilia lex gave the pretor,and a major-ity
lomance of Theagenes and Charis is falsely of the tribunes, power of appointing guar-
dians
ascribed to him. to those minors who were not previously
Athenais, a Sibylof Erythrsea, in the age providedfor by their parents. It was enacted
of Alexander. Strab." A daughter of the about A, U. C. 560.
" -Another A. U. C. 445,
"
privileges of a senator, and the right of sitting weightof the heavens. Accordingto some thors,
au-
senate.
there were two otlier persons of that
in the
of Africa in the neigh-
bourhood a kingof Italy, father of Electra,and a
Atlantes, a people name,
of mount Atlas, who lived chietly on king of Arcadia,father of Maia the mother of
the fruits of the earth, and were said not to Mercury. Virg.JEn. 4. v. 481, 1.8, v. 186."
Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 17. Diod. 3. Lucan. 9,
have their sleepat all disturbed by dreams.
" "
cursed the at his rising and at V. 667, "c." Fa/. Flacc. 5."Hygin. 83; 125,
They daily sun
1.
because his excessive heat scorched 155, 157,192. Aratm in Jislron. Apollod.
" "
his setting,
Htrodot. Hesiod. Tlieog. v. 508, he. A river flow-
ing
and tormented them.
"
of many nations and cities. The Atlantides the generaldivision of the provinces, received
and even goddesses, Media. Diod. 18.
were called nymphs; on
made constellations after death. Atrax or Ati'acia. This town became so mous,
fa-
They were
that the word ^tracius\ia.sbeen applied
Vid. Pleiades.
celebrated island mentioned to any inhabitant of Thessaly.He w^as father
Atlantis, a
brother to Epimetheus, Prometheus, and Me- 12, V. 209. A city of Thessaly, whence the
he had of the
daughters,in possession modern counties of Berks,
lo others, by whom seven
after the of the Gorgons, set over them as king. They were reinstated
Perseus, conquest
in their former liberty
and independence,on
passf^dby the palaceof Atlas, and demanded
of the services of Comius. Coe.s.Bell.
fiosoitali'ty.
The king,wiio was informed by account
oracle of Tliemislhat he sliould be ed
dethron- Gall. 2, he.
an
Atreni, a peopleof Armenia.
by one of the descendants of Jupiter, re-
fused
hava Imagined that the heavens rested to remove him. She persuadedher .sons Thy-
estes
him ; but their
top,and tliat
it.s Atlas supportedthe world and Atreus to murder
pn
that Atlas refusal exasperated h er and she execut-
ed
fcu his shoulders. Hyginussays, sisted
as- more,
the giants in their wars againstthe gods, it herself. This murder was grievousto
for which Juj)iler compelledhim to bear the Pelops; he suspectedhis two sons, who lied
The fable that At-
las away from liis presence. Atreus retired \o
Leavens on his shoulders.
su[)ported tlie heavens on his back, arises the .court of Eurystheneskingof Argos, his
succeeded him
from his fondness for astronomy, and his often nephew, and upon his death he ,
Hysin.fab. 83, 86, 87, 88, and 258." was always called by the epithetAttalicus.
Euripid.in Orest. in Ip/iig. Taur. " Plut. in Attalus,as well as his predecessors, made
ParalL"Paus. 9, c. 40."/Jpollod. 3, c. 10." themselves celebrated for the valuable libra- ries
Seiiec.in Atr. which theycollected at Pergamus,and for
Atridje, a patronymicgivenby Homer to the patronage which merit and virtue always
Agamemnon and Menelaus, as beingthe sons found at their court. Liv. 24, ",c. Plin. 7.
This isfalse, of 8, 33, kc" Justin. 39." Moral. 1, od. 1. 1
of Atreus. upon the authority
Hesiod; Lactantius, Dictysof Crete,"c. who An officer in Alexanders array. Curt. 4, c.
inain*"}in Ihat these princes were not the sons 13. Another very inimical to Alexander.
of Atpens, but of Plisthenes,and that they He was put to death by Parmenio, and Alex- ander
were broughtup in the house and under the was accused of the murder. Curt. 6. c.
eye of their grandfather.Vid. Plisthenes. 9, 1. 8, c. 1. A philosopher, preceptor to
Atronius, a friend of Turnus, killed by the Seneca. Senec. ep. 108. An astronomej*
Trojans. Virg.^n. 10. of Rhodes.
Atbopatia, a part of Media. Slrab. Attarras, an officer who seized those that
Atropos, one of the Parcee, daughters of had conspired with Dymnus against der.
Alexan-
Nox and Erebus. According to the deriva- tion Curt. 6.
of her name (xnonrei7:Mmuto) she is in- exorable, Atteius Capito, a consul in the age of Au- gustus,
and inflexible, and her duly among who wrote treatises on sacerdotal
the three sisters is to cut the thread of life,laws, publiccourts of justice, and the duty of
without any regard to sex, age, or quality. a senator. Vid. Ateius.
She was represented by the ancients in a Attes, a son of Calaus of Phrygia, who was
black veil, with a pairof scissoi*sin her hand. born impotent. He introduced the worshipof
Pld. Parcse. Cybeleamong the Lydians,andbecame a great
T. Q. Atta, a writer of merit in the Au- gustanfavourite of the goddess.Jupiter was jealous
age, who seems to have received this of his success, and .sent a wild boar to laywaste
name from some deformityin his legsor feet. the country,and destroyAttes. Pans. 7, c. 17.
His compositions, dramatical as well as satiri- cal, Attiiis,a daughterof Cranaus the 2d, king
were held in universal admiration, though! of Athens, who gave her name to Attica, ac'
Horace thinks of thera with indiffei-ence.Ilo- cording
to Apollod.
3, c M,
ra/.2,ep. 1,v 79. 17
AY AT
Attica, a country of Achaia or Hellas, at who boasted in the appellation of the scourge
tliesouth of Boeotia,west of the ^Egean sea, of God, died A. D. 45^,of an uncommon sion
effu-
north of the Saronicus Sinus, and east of Me- of blood the firstnightof his nuptials. He
It received its name from Atthis the had expressed his wish to extend his conquests
gara.
daughterof Cranaus. It was originally called over the whole world ; and he often feasted his
Ionia, from the lonians,who settled there ; bai'barityby draggingcaptive kingsin his train.
and also Acte, wliich sliorCiand
signifies Ce- de Reb. Get.
Jornand.
Cecrops, the firstof its kings. Roman
Attilius, consul in the first
cropia,from a
The most famous of its cities is called Athens, Punic war. Vid. Regulus. Calatinus,a Ro-man
whose inhabitants sometimes bear the name of consul who foughtthe Carthaginian fleet
Ailici. Attica was famous for its gold and sil-
ver Marcus, a poet who translated the Elec-
mines, which constituted the best part of tra of Sophoclesinto Latin verse, and wrote
tliepublicrevenues. The face of the country comedies whose unintelligible languageprocu-
red
"was partlylevel and partlymountainous, divi-ded him the appellation oiFcrreus. lus,
Regu-
into the 13 tribes of Acamantis, iEantis, a Roman censor w ho built a temple to the
Erechtheis,Adrian-
Antiochjs, Attalis,/Egeis, goddessof concord. Liv. 23, c. 23, "-c.
is, Hippothoontis. Cecropis,Leontis, ^neis, The name of Attilius was common among the
Ptolemais. and Pandionis; whose inhabitants Romans, and many of the publicmagistrates
M'ere numbered in the 116th olympiad,at are called Attilii; their life however is not fa-
mous
31,000 citizens,and 400,000 slaves,wilhin 174 for any illustriousevent.
villages,
some of which were considerable Attinas, an officer set over Bactriana by
towns, Vid. Athenae. Alexander. Curt. 8.
Atticus, oneofGalba's servants, who tered
en- Attius Pelignus, an oflScer of Caesar.
his palacewith a bloody sword, and de-claredC(zs.Bell. Civ. 1. Tullias, the generalof
he had killed Otho. Tacit. Hist. 1 the V'olsci, to w hom Coriolanus fledwhen ba-nished
(T.Pomponius) a celebrated Roman knightto from Rome. Liv. Varus seized
whom Cicero wrote a greatnumber of letters,Auxinum in Pompey's name, whence he was
which contained the general historyof the age. expelled.After this he fled to Africa,which
They are now extant, and divided into 17 he alienated from J. Caesar. Cas, 1, Bell.
books. In the time of Marius and Sylla, Atti- Civ. A poet. Vid. Accius. The family
"us retired to Athens, where he so endeared of the Attii was descended from Atys, one of
himself to the citizens, that after his departure, the companions of ^neas, accordingto the
they erected statues to him in commemoration opinionwhich Virgilhas adopted.Mn. 5, v.
of his munificence and liberality. He was such 568.
a perfectmaster of the Greek writers, and AtPrus, a river of Gaul, now^ the AdowTf
spoke their language so fluently, that he was which runs at the foot of the Pyrenean moun-
tains
has written a minute account of his life. Cic Adrastus. A Trojan, who came ib Italy
ad Atlic,k.c. Hcrodes, an Athenian in the with J".ne.BSi and is supposedto be the proge- nitor
age of the Antonines, descended from Miltia- of the familyof the Attii at Rome. Virg,
des. and celebrated for his munificence. His JEn. 5, V. 568. A youth to whom Ismene
son of the same name, was honoured with the the daughterof ffidipus was promisedin mar- riage.
buildings as useful as theywere magnificent. " of Andromeda, and was killed by Perseus
Fkiloslrat. in vit. 2, p. 548," .5. Gdl. nod. with a burninglogof wood. Ovid. Md. 5, v.
Jilt. A consul in the age of INero, k.c. Ta-
cit. 47. A celebrated shepherdof Phrygia,of
Jinn. 15 whom the mother of the gods,generally called
Attila, a celebrated king of the Huns, a Cybele, became enamoured. She intrusted
nation in the southern partsof Scythia, who in-
vadedhim with the are of her temple,and made
the Ivonian empire in the reignof Val- him promise he always would live in celibacy.
rnliuian, with an army of 500,000 men, and He violated his vow by an amour with the
laid waste the provinces. He took the town of nymph Sangaris, for which the goddessmade
Aquileia, and marched againstRoi;io ; but his him so insane and delirious,that lie castrated
retreat and peace \v(;re purchasedwith a large himself with' a sharp stone. This was after-
sum of money by the feeble emperor. Attii;i;wardcjii^entionally niade by hissacerdotal sucf
AV AU
lessors in the service of Cybelejto prevent nia, near Baiae,whose waters w^ere so un-
their breakingtheir vows of perpetual chasti- wholesome
ty. and putrid, that no birds were
This account is the most generaland most seen on its banks ; hence its original name
approved. Others say, that the goddessbe- came was !*ev"',avibus carens. The ancients made
fond of Atys,because he had introduced it the entrance of hell, as also one of itsrivers.
her festivals in the greatest part of Asia Minor, Its circumference was five stadia,and its
and that she herself mutilated him. Pausanias depthcould not be ascertained. The waters
relates,in Achaia,c. 17,that Atys was the son of of the Avernus were indispensably necessaiy
tiie daughter of the Sangar,who became in all enchantments and magical processes.
nant
preg-
by putting the bow of an almond tree in her It may be observed,that all lakes whose
nated
stag-
bosom. Jupiter, as the passage mentions,once waters were putridand oiFensive to the
had an dream, and some
amorous of the impu-
rity smell, were indiscriminately
called Averna.
god fell upon the earth,which soon
of the Virg. JEn. 4, v. 5." 12, "c. 1. 6, v. 201,
after produced a monster of an human form, "c. Mela, 2, c. 4. Slrab. 5. Diod. 4.
" " " "
"
JEn. 8, V. 235." Liv. 1, c. 33. and the gods sent a serpentto sepai'ate theni.
AvKnNus or Avlknaj a lake of Campa- Auge imploredthe aid of Herculei, wh"
AU AU
ftiadeIier son known to her, and she return-
ed With a crooked s,taffhedivided the face of tho^
with him to Tegea. Paiisanias says heavens into four different }"arts, and after-
wards
that Auo^e was a coiFer with lier
confined in sacrificed to the gods,covering his head
infant so^n,
and thrown into the sea, where, af- ter with his vestment. Thei-e were generally five
AuGARus, an Arabian, who, for his good drawn from the chirpingor flyingof birds.
oifices, obtained tliefavour of Pompey, whom The third was from the sacred chickens,whose"
he vilelydeceived. Dio. A king of Os- eagerness or indifference in eatingthe bread
Caracalla imprisoned, after he which was thrown to them, was looked upon
roerie, whom
had givenhim solemn i"romises of friendship as lucky or nnlucky. The fourth was froni
and support. Dio. 78. quadrupeds,from their crossingor appearing
AuG"iE, a town of Laconia. Pans. 3, c, 21. in some unaccustomed place. The fiith was-
Another of Locris. from different casualties,w'hich were called
AuGiAS and Augkas, son of Eleus, or Dira; such as spilling salt upon a table, or win"
Elius, was one of the Argonauts, and after- wards upon one's clothes,hearing strange noises,
ascended tlie throne of Elis. He had stumbling or sneezing, meetinga wolfe,hare,
an immense number of oxen and goats, and fox, or pregnant bitch. From such supersti-
tious
the stables in which were theykepthad never notions did the Romans draw their pro-
phecies
been cleaned, so possibility ; the sightof birds on the left hand
that the task seemed an im-
to any man. Hercules undertook was always deemed a luckyobject,and the
it on promise of receivingas a reward, the words sinister and lavus, though generally
tenth part of the herds of Augias, or some-
thing supposedto be terms of illluck,were always
equivalent. The hero changed the used by the augurs in an auspicious
sense. Cic.
course of the river Alpheus,or, accordingto de Div. Liv. 1, fee. Dionys. Hal.
" " Ovid. "
use of artifice, and had not experiencedany of the Trinobantes, was called AugustaTrino-
labour or trouble, and he further drove his bantina. Messalina,famous for her debau-
cheries,
own son Phyleus from his kingdom, because was called Augusta,as wife of the em-
peror
conquered Elis, put to death Augias,and of the day on which Augustusre- turned
gave the crown to Phyleus. Pausanias says. to Rome, after he had established peace
5, c, 2 and 3, that Hercules sparedthe lifeof over the different partsof the empire.
Augiasfor the sake of his son, and that Phy- leus AuGusTiNus, bishop of Hippo, in Africa,
went to settlein Dulichium; and that at distinguished himself by his writings, as well as
the death of Augias, his other son, Agas- by the austerity of his life.In his works, which
theues, succeeded to the throne. Augiasre- ceived,are numerous, he displayedthe powers of a
after his death, the honours which greatgenius,and an extensive acquaintance
wave generallypaid to a hero. Augias has with the philosophyof Plato. He died in the
been called the son of Sol,because^ Elius sig- nifies 7"3tliyear of his age, A. D. 430. The best
the sun. The proverb of jiugtansta-ble edition of his works isthat of the Benedict- fol.
is now applied to an impossibility. Hi/gin.Ant. 1700 to 1703. 12 vols.
fab. 14, 30, 157." P/in. 17, c. 9."Slrub. 8." AcGusTODUNUM, uow AutiiTi, a town of
ApoUuil. 2. Gaul, the capital of the ancient uEdui.
AuciL^,, a peojdeof Africa,who supposed AuGusTULUs, the last Roman emperor of
tliatthere were no gods except the manes the west, A. D. 475, conquered by Odoacer^
of the dead, of whom thev soughtoracles. kingof the Heruli.
Mda, 1. Augustus Octavianus C;esar, second em- peror
and conduct of Antony alone preserved His good qualities, and many virtues
the combined so-mies,and effected the defeat he perhapsnever possessed, have been trans-
mitted
of the republican forces. The head of the un- fortunate to posterity by the pen of adulation or
Brutus was carried to Rome, and in gratitude, in the poems of Virgil, Horace, and
insolent revenge thrown at the feet of Caesar's Ovid. To distinguish himself from the obscu-
rity
statue. On his return to Italy, Augustusre- warded of the Octavii, and, if possible,to suppress
his soldiers with the lands of those that the remembrance of his uncle's violent fate,
had been proscribed ; but among the sufferers he aspired after a new title;and the submis-
sive
were many who had never injuredthe con-
queror senate yieldedto his ambition, by giving
of Philippi, especially Virgil,whose himthe honourable appellation of Augustus,
modest application procuredthe restitution of He has been accused of licentiousness and
his property. The friendship which subsisted adultery, by his biographer;but the goodness
between Augustusand Antony was broken as of his heart, and the fidelity of his friendship,
soon as the fears of a third rival vanished away, which in some instances he possessed, made
and the aspiring heir of Ceesar was easily in- some
duced amends for his natural foibles. He was-
to take up arms by the littlejealousies ambitious of beingthoughthandsome; and as
and resentment of Fulvia. Her death, how-ever, he was publicly reportedto be the son of Apol-
lo,
retarded hostilities; the two rivals were accordingto his mother's declaration,he
reconciled; their united forces were fully
success- wished his flatterers to represent him with
directed againstthe younger Pompey; the figiu'e and attributes of that god. Like
and, to strengthentheir friendship, Antony Apollo,his eyes were clear,and he affected
agreedto marry Octavia, the sister of Augus-
tus. to have it thoughtthat theypossessedsome
But as this step was political, and not divine irradiation ; and was well pleased, if,
Octavia
dictated by affection, was slighted, and when he fixed his looks upon any body, they
Antony resignedhimself to the pleasures and held down their eyes as if oveixome by the
company of the beautifulCleopatra.Augus- tus glaring brightness of the sun. He distinguish-
ed
was incensed, and immediatelytook up himself by his learning; he Avas a perfect
arms to avenge the wrongs of his sister, and master of the Greek language, and wrote some
perhapsmore eagerlyto remove a man w^hose tragedies, besides .memoirs of his life,and
power and existence kept him in continual other works, all now lost. He was married
alarms, and made him dependent. Both par- ties three times; to Claudia,to Scribonia,and to
met at Actium, B. C. 31, to decide the Livia ; but he was unhappy in his matrimonial
fate of Rome. Antony was supportedby all connexions, and his only daughter,Julia,by
the power of the east, and Augustusby Italy.Scribonia,disgraced herselfand her father by
Cleopatrafled from the battle with 60 ships,the debaucheryand licentiousness of her man- ners.
and her flight ruined the interest of Antony, He recommended, at his death, hiv
who followed her into Egypt. The conqueror adopted son Tiberius as his successor. He
soon afterpassedinto Egypt,besieged Alexan-
dria, left his fortune partly to Tiberius, and to Drxis-
and honoured, with a magniticent funeral,sus, and made donations to the army and Ro- man
tlie unfortunate Roman, and the celebrated people. Virgil wrote his heroic poem af.
queen, whom the fear of beingled in the vic- tor's the desire of Augustus, whom he represented
triumphat Rome had driven to commit under the amiable and perfectcharacter of
suicide. After he had established peace all i^neas. Siieton. in vita. Horat."
Virgil." "
the templeof Janus,the year our Saviour was Oii(J. The namv3 of Jiiigusiuswas ailer-
feorn. It is said he twice resolved to lay down wards givento the successoi^ of Octavianus in
the supreme [)ower, immediately after the the Roman empire as a personal, and the
victoryobtained over Antony,and afterwards name of Caisar,as a family,distinction. In a
on of his illhealth ; but his friend Me-
account more distant periodof the empire,the titleof
csenas dissuaded him, and observed, that he Augustus was givenoulyto the emperor, while
would leave itto Ijcthe prey of t!iemost poAv- tiiatofCa;sar was bestowed on the second per-
son
erful,and expose himself to ingratitude and to in the state,who was considered as pre-
danger. H" died at Nola, in the 76th year of sumjitive
heir.
his age, A. D. 14, after he had held the so-
vereign AviDiF.Nvs. a rich and sordid man whom
power during 44 years. Augustus Horat. styles happy,2 Ser. 2, v. 55.
was an active emperor, and consulted the Avinius Cassius, a man saluted empe-
ror,
good of the Romans tn-lthth? mostanxions A. D. 175. He reignedonly three mouth*.
AU AU
and was assassinatedby a centurion. He was was assassinated near Byzantium, A. D. 275,
called a second Catiline,from his excessive 29th January, by his soldiers,whom Mnes-
love of bloodshed. Diod. theus had incited to rebellion againsttheir
This Mnestheus had been threaten-
ed
RuFus Fkstus Avienus, a poet in the emperor.
of Theodosius, who translatedthe phe-
nomena with death, for some illbehaviour to the
age
of Aratus, as also all Livy,into Iambic emperor, and therefore he meditated hi"
verses. The best edition of what remains of death. The soldiers, however, soon repented
8vo. 1731. of their ingratitude and crueltyto Aurelian,
him, is that of Cannegetier,
AviTus, a governor of JBritain under Nero. and threw Mnestheus to be devoured by wild
Tacit. An. 14. Alcinus, a christian poet; beasts. A physician of the fourth centuiy.
who wrote a poem in 6 books on original sin, Aurelius, emperor of Rome. Vid Anto-
ninus
"c. Bassianus. A painterin the age of
Avium, a citybetween Tyre and Sidon. Augustus. Plin. 35. Victor,an historian
Slrah. 16. in the age of Julian,two of whose compositions
the are extant, an account of illustriousmen, and
AuLERcij a people of Gaul, between
Seine and the Loire. a biographyof all the Caesars to Julian. The
AuLESTEs, a king of the Etrurians when best editions of Aurelius are the 4to. of Artu-
JEneas came Italy. Virg.
into JEn. 12,v. 290. zenius, Amst. 1733, and the 8vo. of Pitiscus,
Utr. 1696. Antoninus, Vid.
AuLETKs, a generalwho assisted ^Eneas in an emperor.
100 ships. Virg JEn. 10, v. 207. Antoninus.
Italy,with
The surname of one of the Ptoleraean AuREOLus, a general who assumed the pur-
ple
kings,father to Cleopatra. in the age of Gallienus.
AuLis, a daughterof Ogyges. Paws. Exotic. AuRiNiA, a prophetessheld in greatvene- ration
favourite staghadbeen killed by Agamemnon. Crius, and brother to Perses, was her father)
To appease the resentment of the goddess,hence her surname of Pallantias. She mar-
ried
Agamemnon was obligedto sacrifice his own Astraeus,by whom she had the winds, the
daughterIphigenia, whom, however, Diana stars, ".C. Her amours with Tithonus and
sparedby substituting a ram. Virg.JEn. 4, Cephalusare also famous; by the former,she
V. 426." On'rf.Met. 12,v. 9, he. Homer. 11. had Memnon and .^mathion, and Phajton by
2, V. 303. the latter. [Vid.Cephalus and Tithonus.]
AuLON, a mountain of Calabria,oppositeShe had also an intrigue with Orion,whom she
Tarentiim, famous for its wine, which, ac- cording carried to the island of Delos, where he was
to Horat. 2, od. 6, v. 18, is superior to killed by Diana's arrows. Aurora is generally
that of Falernum. Martial. 13, ep. 125. "
representedby the poets drawn in a rose-
Strab. 6. A placeof Messenia. Paas. coloured chariot,and opening with her
rosy
AuLONius, a surname of ^sculapius. fingers the gates of the east, pouringthe dew
AuLus, a preenomen, common among the upon the earth,and making the flowers grow.
Romans. Gellius. Vid. Gellius. Her chariot isgenerally drawn by white horses,
Auras, an European river, flowinginto and she is covered with a veil. JXox and Som-
the Ister from mount Heemus. Herudot. 4, nus flybefore her, and the constellations of
0.49. heaven disappearat her approach. She al- ways
AuRELiA LEX, was enacted A, U. C. 653, sets out before the sun, and is the fore-
runner
by the pretorL. Aurelius Cotta, to invest the of his rising.The Greeks call her
Senatorial! and Equestrianorders,and the Eos. Homer. II. 8, Od. 10. Hymn, in Vener. "
the Lex Cornelia, and permitted the tribunes siod. Theog. Hygin.pref.
"
fab.
to hold other olfices after the expiration of the Aukunce, an ancient town of Latium, built
tiibuneship. by An son, the son of Ulyssesby Calypso.
AuRELiA, a town of HispaniaBtetica. Virg.^n. 7, v. 727, "c
Tiie mother of J. Caisar. Suet, in Cas. '74. AuscmSiE, a peopleof Libya. Herodot.A,
A fishwoman. Juv. 4, v. 98. c. 17L
AuREMANus, emperor of Rome after Ausci, a peopleof Gaul.
Flavius Claudius,was austere,and even cruel AusER, AusEKis, and Anser, a river of
in the execution of the laws, and punishedhis Etruria,which joins the Arnus before it falls
soldiers with unusual severity.He rendered into the Tyrrhene sea.
himself famous for his military character; and AusEs, a people of Mrica, whose virgins
his expedition against Zenobia, the celebrated yearlyfight with sticks in honour of Minerva.
queen of Palmyra,gainedhim gieathonours. She who behaves with the greatestvalour re- ceives
He beautified Rome, was charitable to the unusual honour, Lc. Herodot. 4, c. 180,
poor, and the author of many salutary laws. AusoN, a son of Ulyssesand Calypso,from
He was iiaturally brave ; and in all the battles whom the Ausones, a peopleof Italy, are scended.
de-
he fought, it is said,he killed no less than 800
jnen witli his own hand. In his triumph he AusoNiA, one of the ancient names of
exhil)ilcd to the Romans, peopleof 15 differ- ent Italy, which itreceived from Auson the son of
nations, all of whidi he had conquered.Ulysses.If Virgilmakes iEneas speak of
He was the firstemperor who wore a diadem. Ausonia, it is by anticipation. Virg.JEn. 3,
After a gloriousreign of six years, as he V. 171.
mardicd againstthe nortlieru barbarians,
he Decim, Magnus Ausoyiws, a poet, born
AU AZ
at Bourdeaux in Gaul, in the 4th century,pre- of Corinth. At his death, B. C. 779, annual
septor to Gratian,"on of the emperor Valen- magistrates, called Prytanes,were chosen at
tinian, and made consul by the means of his Corinth,and their
power continued 90 years,
pupil. His compositionshave been longad- mired.
till Cypselus, and his son Periander made
The thanks he returned the emperor themselves absolute.
Gratian is one of the best of his poems, which AuTOMoLi, a nation of .Ethiopia.Hero-
were too often hurried for publication, and dot. 2.
consequently not perfect.He wrote the con-
sular AuTONoE, a daughter of Cadmus, who
fastiof Rome, an useful performance,married Aristaeus, by whom she had Actaeon,
now lost. His styleis occasionally obscene, often called Autoneius heros. The death of
and he has attemptedupon the words of Vir- gil, her son [Vid.Actaeon]was so painfulto her,
what revolts every thingagainst his indeli-
cacy. that she retired from Bceotia to Megara,where
The best edition is that of ToUius, 8vo. she soon after died. Paus. 1, c. 44. Hygin. "
L.Bat. 1671} or that of Jaubert,with a French fab. 179." Oi'ifZ.Met. 3, v. 720. One of
4 vols. 12mo. Paris,17C9.
ti'anslation, the Danaides. Jipollod. 2. One of the Ne-
reides.
Auspices,sacerdotal order at Rome, near-
a ly Hesiod. Theog. A female servant
the same as the augurs. Vid. Augures. of Penelope. Homer. Od. 18.
AusTER, one of the winds blowing from the AuTOPHKADATEs, a satrap of Lydia, who
south,whose breath was pernicious to llowers revolted from Artaxerxes. Diod.
as well as to health. He was parent of rain. AuTURA, the Eurcy a river of Gaul which
Virg.Ed. 2, v. 58. Vid. Venti. fallsinto the Seine.
AusTESiox, a Theban, son of Tisamenus. AuxEsiA and DAMiA,two virgins who came
His son Theras led a colony into an island,from Crete to Trcezene,where the inhabitants
which, from him, was called Thera. Heredot. stoned them to death in a sedition. The E))i-
4. Pans.
"
daurians raised them statues by order of the
AuTOBULUs, a painter.Plin. 35. oracle, when their country was become ren.
bar-
Autochthones, the original inhabitants of They were held in great veneration at
a country who are the first possessors of it,Trcezene. Herodot. 5, c. 82. Paus. 2, c. 30.
"
and who never have mingledwith other na- tions. AxEKUs, the ancient name of the Euxine
The Athenians called themselves Au- tochthones,
sea. The word signifies inhospitable, which
and boasted that they were as old was highlyapplicable to the manners of the
as the country which they inhabited. Pans. ancient inhabitants of the coast. Ovid. 4.
I, c. 14. Tacit, de Germ.
" Cic. dt Oral. 3, Trist.4, V. 56.
"
greatlycelebrated. He stole the flocks of his AxoNA, a river of BelgicGaul, which falls
neighbours, and mingled them with his own, into the Seine below Paris. The inhabitan(8
after he had changed their marks. He did the of the neighbourhoodare called Axones.
same to Sisyphusson of tEoIus ; but Sisyphus AxuR and Anxur, a surname of Jupiter,
was as craftyas Autolycus,and he knew his who had a temple at Trachis in Thessaly,He
own oxen by a markwhich he had made under was represented as a beardless youth.
their feet. Autolycuswas so pleasedwith the Axus, a town about the middle of Crete.
artifice of Sisyphus, that he immediatelyform- ed Apollod.
an intimacywith him, and even permitted AzAN, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred to
him freely to enjoythe company of his daugh-
ter Cybele. A son of Areas, king of Arcadia,
Anticlea,who became pregnant of Ulys-
ses, by Erato, one of the Dryades. He divided his
and was soon after married to Laertes. father's kingdom with his brothers Aphidas
Vid. Sisyphus,Laertes. Hygin.fab. 200, kc. and Elatus, and called his share Azania.
Grid. Met. 1, fab. Q."Jipollod. I." Homer. Od. There was in Azaniaa fountain called Clilorl-
14. A son of Phryxus and Chalciope. Hy- us, whose w^aters gave a dislike for wine to
gin.fab. 14. those who drank them. Vitruv. 8, c. 3. Ovid. "
have parsedin
is to from Bacchia, daughter of Dionysius.In
six days from the Sicilian sea to Alexandria. their nocturnal orgies,they,as some report,
Plin. pram. 19. tore to piecesActaeon,son of Melissus, which
Baeilus, an astrologer in Nero's age, who so enragedthe father, that before the altar he
told the emperor to avert the danger which entreated the Corinthians to revenge tliedeath
seemed to hang upon his head, from the ap- of his son, and immediatelythrew himself in-
pearance to
of an hoirycomet, by putting allthe the sea. Upon this the BacchiadiB were
leadingmen of Rome to death. His advice banished,and went to settlein Sicily, between
was faithfullyfollowed. Sneto7i.inJVer.c. 36. Pachynum and Pelorus. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 407.
Babylon, a son of Belus,who, as some pose, Slrab. 8.
sup-
founded a city which bears his name Bacchides, a generalwho betrayed the
A celebrated city, tlie capital of the Assyriantown of Sinopeto Lucullus. Strab. 12.
empire,on the banks of the Euphrates. It had Bacchis or Balus, king of Corinth, suc- ceeded
100 brazen gates; aud its walls, which were his father Prumnides. His successors
cemented with bitumen, and greatly enlargedwere alwayscalled Bacdiide,in remembrance
"nd embellished by the activity of Semiramis; of the equityand moderation of his reign.
measured 480 stadia in circumference, 60 cu-
bits The Bacchidse increased so much, that they
in thickness,and 200 in height.It v,as chose one of their number to presideamong
taken by Cyrus,B. C. 638, after he had drain- ed them with regalauthority, and it is said that
the waters of the Euphrates into a new the sovereign power continued in their hands
channel, and marched his troopsby nightinto near 200 years. Cypselusoverturned this in- stitution
the town, throughthe dried bed ; and itis said by making himself absolute. Strab.
that the fate of the extensive capital was uij- S."Paus. 2, c. 4.--Herodot. 5, c. 92." Ovid.
known to the inhabitants of the distant faub- Met. 5, V. 407.
urbs tilllate in the evening. Babylonbecame Bacchium, a small island in the iEgean sea,
famous for the death of Alexander, and for opposite Smyrna. Plin. 5, c. 3.
the new empire which was afterwards esta-
blished Bacchius and Bithus, two celebrated
there under the Seleucidse. [Firf. Syria.]gladiators of equalage and strengtli; whence
Its greatnesswas so reduced in succeedingthe proverb to express equality, Bithus con-
tra
2. Xtnoph.Ci/rop.
"
7, kc. Propert.
"
the name of Liber, Bromius, Lyaeus,6ic. Ovid. Met. 3, fab, 3, he. Amor.
"
3, 1.3,
Evan, Thyonaeus,Psilas,i^c. which are most-
ly Fast. 3, V. Ilo."Hygln. fab. 155, 167, kc"
derived from the placeswhere he received Plin. 7, c. 56, 1.8, c. 2, 1.36, c. 5." Homer. IL
adoration, or from the ceremonies obsei'ved 6. Lad. de fals.Rel. 1, c. 22.
"
leaves,with a thyrsusin his hand. His figure(Edip."Martial. 8, ep. 26, 1. 14, ep. 107.
is that of an etieminate young man, to denote Bacchylidjes,a lyricpoet of Cos, nephevif
tlie joy which commonly prevailat feasts ; to Simonides, who, like Pindar, wrote the
and sometimes that ofold man, to teach us praises
an of Hiero. Some of his vei*ses have
that wine taken immoderatelywiUeiiervate us, been preserved. Marcel.
consume our health,render us loquacious and Bacenis, a wood in Germany. CoiS. Bell.
childish like old men, and unable to keep se- crets. Gall. 6, c. 10,
The pantheris sacred lo him, because Bacis, a famous soothsayer of Bojotia. Cic.
he went in his expedition covered with the 1,de Div. C.34. A kingof Corinth, called
skin of that beast. The magpye is also his fa-
vouritealso Bacchis. Vid. Bacchis. An athlete of
bird,because in triumphspeoplewere Trcezene. Paus. 6.
permittedto speak witii baldness and liberty. Bactra (ormny)now Balk, the capital of
Bacchus is sometimes represented fant,Bactriana,on the river Bactros in Asia. F/rg.
like an in-
holding a thyrsus and cluster of grapes, G. 2, V. ISS."Strab. 2.
with a horn. He often appears naked, and ri- ding Bactri and Bactriani, the inhabitants of
upon the shoulders of Pan, or in the Eirms Bactriana, who lived upon plunder, and
of vSile.nus,
who was his foster-father. He also were always under arms. They ga.e to their
sitii
upon a celestial globe,bespangled with dogs those who died tlirougii
old age, or ease,
dis-
stars,and is then the same as the Sun or Osiris and sufferedslaves and strangerito take
BA BA
ivhalever liberties they pleasedwith their abandoned when he attemptedthe lifeof D'a-
wives. They were conquered by Alexander rius. Diod 17.
the Great. Curt. 4, c. 6, "c. Plin. 6, c. 23." Bagophanes, a governor of Babylon,who
Flut. in vitios.ad infel. siiff. Herodot. 1 and 3. when
"
Alexander approached the city,strew-
ed
Bactriana, a country of Asia, fruitfulas all the streets and burned incense on
well as extensive. It formed once part of the the altars, ",c. Curt. 5, c. 1.
Persian empire,on the eastern partsof which Bagrada, now Megerda, a river of Afri-
ca
it is situated. Zoroaster was the most ancient near Utica, where Regulus killed a ser- pent
120 feet long. Plin. 8, c. 14.
king of this country,who taughthis subjects
the art of magic and astrology.Diod. 2. Bai^e, a city of Campania near
"
the sea,
Justin. 1, c. 1. founded by Baius, one of the companions of
Bactros, now Dahesh, a river on the bor-ders Ulysses. It was famous for itsdelightful tion
situa-
of Asiatic Scythia,from which ana
Bactri- and baths, where many of the Romaa
receives its name. Lucan. 3, v. 267. senators had country iiousea. Its ancient gran-
deur,
Bacuntius, a river of Pannonia, which however, has now disappeared,and
fallsinto the Save above Sirmium. Baiae, with its magnificent villas, has yielded
Badaca, a town of Media. Diod. 19. to the tremendous earthquakeswhich afflict
Badia, a town of Spain, Val. Max. 3, c. 7. and convulse Italy,and it is no longerto be
Badius, a Campanian, who challengedT. found. Martial. 14, ep. 81, Horat. \,ep. 1. "
was killed. Liv. 35, c. 18. Bala, a surname of Alexander king of ria.
Sy-
Baduhennte, a place in the country of the Justin.
35, c. 1,
Frisii,where 900 Romans were killed. Tacit. Balacrus, an officer in Alexander's my,
ar-
and when they were finished,he destroyedAlso a cityaboutnine miles fromthesea, found- ed
all the workmen. Alexander
Severus first by the brothei-s of Archesilaus king of Cy-
permittedthe peopleto them in the night,rene, 515 years before the christian era.
use Stra-
aiid he liimselfof;en bathed with the common bo says, that in his age it was called Ptolemais)
people. For some time both sexes bathed but this arises because most of the inhabitants
pr-jmiscuously and without shame, and the retired to Ptolemais,whichwas on the sea-coast,
edicts of the emperors proved abortive for a to enrich themselves by commerce. Strab. 17.
while in abolishing that indecent custom Ptol.4,C.4.
" A small village of Bactriana,
"which gradually destroyed the morals of the where the people who had been taken pri- soners
people. They generally read in bathing,and by Darius in Africa, were confined.
we find many compositionswritten in the Herodot. 4, c. 204. A cityof Media, tin.
Jus-
midst of thisluxurious enjoyment. 1, c. 7.
Balventius, a centurion of great valour Barcha, the surname of a noble family at
in Ciesar's army, killed by Ambiorix. Cces. Carthage, of which Annibal and Hamilcar were
Bell. Gall. 5, c. 35. descended. By means of their bribes and in-
fluence,
Balyras, a river of Peloponnesus. Pans. 4, theyexcited a great faction,which is
C.33. celebrated in the annals of Carthage by the
Bamuru.5;,a people of Libya. Hal. 3, v. name of the Barchinian faction, and at last
303. raised themselves to power, and to the inde-
pendent
Bantia, now 5/. Maria de Vanse, a town disposal of all the offices of trust or
of Apulia,whence BatUinns. Horat. 3, od. 4. emolument in the state. Liv 21, c.2 and 9.
V. 15. Bard.?;i, a peopleof Ulyricum,concerned
L. Bantius, a gallantyouth of Nola, whom in the factions of Marius. Plut. in Mario.
JVnnibal found, after the battle of Cannag, al-
most Bardi, a celebrated sacerdotal order among
dead amongst the heap of slain. He w as the ancient Gauls, who praisedtheir heroes,
sent back
home with great humanity, upon and published their fame in their verses, or on
which he resolved to betrayhis country to so musical instruments. They were so esteemed
generous an enemy. Marcellus the Roman and respectedby the people,that,at their
generalheard of it,and rebuked Bantius, who sight, two armies who were engaged in battle
continued firm and faithfulto the interest of laid down their arms, and submitted to their
Rome. Liv. 35, c. 15. orders. They censured,as well as commend- ed,
Baphv'rus,a river of Macedonia. Liv. 44. the behaviour of the people. Lucan. 1,v.
e. 6. 447." Strab. 4."Marrell. 15, c. 24.
Bapt.'E, the priestsof Cotytto, the goddess Bardvllis, an Illyrianprince, whose
of lasciviousness and debauchery at Athens. daughter Bircenna married king Pyrrhus.
Her festivalswere celebrated in the night,and Plut. in Pyrrh.
so infamous and obscene was the behaviour of Bareas Soranus, a youth killed by his
the priests,that they disgustedeven a stoic
Cotytto tutor Egnatius, philosopher.
Juv. 3, v.
herself,
though the goddessof obscenity.The 116.
name is derived from ^-rru^ to wash, because Bares, a naval officer of Persia,who wished
the bathed themselves
priests in the most feminate
ef- to destroyCyrene, but was opposedby Ama-
manner. Juv. 2, y. 91. A dy
come- sis. Herodo't.
4, c. 203.
of
Eupolis,in which men are introduced Bargusii, a peopleof Spain,at the east of
dancingon the stage,with allthe indecent ges-
tures the Iberus. Liv. 21, c. 19.
01 common prostitutes. Bargyli.*:, a town of Caria.
Bar;ei,a peopleof Colchis and Iberia,who Barise, a prostitute whom Horace accuses
burnt the bodies of theirfriends who died bV of perjury,2,od. 8.
BA BA
Barisses, one of the seven conspirators Julius,an orator in the reigHof Augas-
againt the usurper Sraerdis. Cttsia^. tus^some of whose orations have been preserv-
ed
Barium, a town of Apulia,on the Adriatic, by Seneca. A man spoken of by Ho-race
called Bari, and remarkable for its fine 1, od. 36, V. 14, and described as fond of
now
fish. Horat. 1, Sat. 5, v. 97. wine and women.
Barsuus, a town of Macedonia, near He- Bastarn^ and Bastern.'e, a people of
raclea. Strab. 7. European Sarmatia, destroyedby a sudden
ridiculed by Horace storm as theypursuedthe Thracians. Liv. 40,
Barrus, a man as
Barsine and Barsene, a daughterof Da- rius, Bastia, the wife of Metellus. Liv. ep. 89.
who married Alexander, by whom she Bata, a sea-portof Asia, on the Euxine,
had a son called Hercules. Cassander ordered oppositeSinope. Strab. 6,
her and her child to be put to death. Justin- Batavi, a people of Germany, who habited
in-
1.
13, c. 2, 15, c. 2."Arrian. that part of -the continent known der
un-
Barzaentes, a satrap who revolted from the modern name of Holland, and called
Alexander, inc. Curt. 8, c. 13. by the ancients 2)a/at'orur/i in^u/a, Liv. 4, c.
Barzanes, a king of Armenia, tributary to 15. Lucan. l,v. 431. "
with warmth, but greatability. He was quent the Persian aftairs. Strab. 12.
elo- A chario-
teer
as well as ingenious, and possessedof all of Amphiaraus. Paus. 5, c. 17.
those qualities which constitute the persuasive Batrachomyomachia, a poem, describing
orator, and the elegantwriter. Erasmus has the Jightbetween frogsand mice, written by
placed him in the number of the greatestora- tors Homer, which has been printedsometimes
of antiquity. He died in his 51st year, separately from the Iliad and Odyssey. The
A. D. 379. The latest edition of his works is best edition of it is Maittau-e's,
8vo, London,
that of the Benedictines, fol.Paris,1721, 1721.
Basilus, a generalwho assisted Antony. Battiades, a patronymic of Callimachus,
Lucan. 4, v. 41G. An insignificant lawyer. from his father Battus, Ovid, in Ibin. v. 53.
Jiw. 7, v. 146. A pretorwho plunderedthe A name given to the peopleof Cyrene
provinces.Id. 10, v. 222, fromking Battus, Hal. 3, v. 253,
Bass^, a place of Arcadia, where Apollo Battis, a girlcelebrated by Philetas the
had a temple. Fans. 8, c. 30 and 41. elegiacpoet. Ovid. Prist. 1, el. 5.
Bassania, a town of Macedonia, near II- Battus 1st, a Lacedaemonian Avho built
lyricum. Liv. 44, c. 30. the town of Cyrene, B. C. 630, with a colo-
ny
Bassareus, a surname of Bacchus, from from the island of Thera. He was son of
the dress or longrobe, called Bussuris, whicli Polymnestus and Phronime. and reignedin
his priests wore. Horat. 1, od. 18. the town he had founded- and after death re-
ceived
Bassariues, a name givento the votaries divine honours. The difficulty with
of Bacchus, and to At'-ave by Persius,which which he spoke first procured him the nam*
seems derived from Bassara, a town of Libya of Battus. Htrodol. 4, c. 1.55,",c. Paus. "
sacred to the god,or from a particular dress 10, c. 15. The 2d of that name was son
grand-
worn by his priestesses, and so called by the to Battus 1st, by Ai'cesilaus. He suc-
ceeded
following the other to the grave. Their bodies He died,afteralife of military glory,
were changedinto trees before the doors of the and the trialof royalingratitude, in the 56otli
temple. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 631, iic. 3'ear of the christian era. The story of his
Bavids and M^vius, two stupidand ma-levolent beggingcharity, with date obolum Belisario is
poets in the age of Augustus,who at- tacked said to be a fabrication of modern times.
the superiortalents of tlie contempo-
rary Belistida, a woman who obtained a prize
writers, Virg.Eel. 3. at Olympia. Pans. 5, c. 8.
Bauli, a small town of Latium, near Baiae. BelitjE, a nation of Asia. Curt. 4, c. 12.
Ital. 12, V. 155. Bellerophon, son of Glaucus, king of
Bazaentes, a friend of Bessus, ".c. Ephyre,by Eurymede, was at firstcalled Hip-
Bazaria, a country of Asia. Curt. 8, c. 1. ponous. The murder of his brother,whom
Bebius, a famous informer iiiVespasian's somecall Alcimenus or Beller, procuredhim
reign. Juv. 1, v. 35. Vid. Basbius. the name of Bellerophon, oy niurderer of Bel-
ler.
Bebriacum, now Caneto,a villagebetween After this murder, Bellerophonfled to
Cremona and Verona, where Vitellius over-
came the court of Proetus king of Argos. As he
Otho. Jav. 2, V. \0Q" Tacit. 3, Hist. 1, was of a handsome appearance, the king's wife,
c. 15. called Antaea or Stenobcea, fellin love with
Berbrvce, a daughterof Danaus, who is him ; and as he slighted her passion,slieaccu-
sed
that his entering Babylon would be attended victory,and conquered afterwards the
with fatalconsequences to him. Diod. 17. Amazons, by the king's order. At liisreturn
Belesis, a priestAjf Babylon, who told Ar- from this third expedition, he was attacked hf
baces governor of Media, that he should reign a party sent against him by Jobates ; but he
one day in the placeof Sardanapalus.His destroyedall his assassins, and convinced the
prophecy was verified, aud he was rewarded by kingthat inn"ceuce is alwaysprotected by the
BE BE
g"d". Upon this,Jobates no longersoughtto be the
sou of the Osiris of the Egyptians,The
destroyhis life; but he gave him his daughter templeof Belus was the most ancient and most
in marriage,and made him his successor on magnificentin the world. It was originally
the throne of Lycia,as he was without male is- sue.the tower of Babel,which was converted into
Some authors have supported, that he a temple-.It had lofty towers, and it was en- riched
attemptedto flyto heaven upon the horse Pe- gasus, by all the succeedingmonarchs tillthe
but that Jupiter sent an insect, which age of Xerxes, who, after his unfortunate ex- pedition
stung the horse, and threw down the rider, against Greece, plunderedand demo- lished
who wandered upon the earth in the greatest it. Among the riches it contained,were
melancholy and dejectiontillthe day of his many statues of massy gold,one of which was
death,one generation before the Trojan war. 40 feet high. In the highest of the towers was
Bellerophonhad two sons, Isandev,who was a magnificent bed, where the priests dailycon-
ducted
killed in his war against the Solymi,and Hip- a woman, who, as they said,was ho- noured
polochus,who succeeded to the throne after with the company of the god. Joseph.
his death,besides one daughtercalled Kippo- Ant. Jud. 10." Herodot. 1, c. 181^i^c."Strab.
damia, who had Sarpedonby Jupiter.The 16. Arrian. 7. Diod. 1, ",c, " "
A king of
wife of Bellerophon is calledPhilonoeby Apol- Egypt,son of Epaphus and Libya,and father
lodorus, and Achemone by Homer. Hanier. of Agenor. Another son of Phoenix the son
IL 6, V. 156, hc."Juv. 10." Apollod. 2, c. 3, 1. of Agenor,who reignedin Phoenicia. A ri-
ver
3, c. l."Hygin. fab. 157 and 243. P. A. 2, c. of Syria,where glasswas firstinvented,
18." Hesiod. Theog.v. 326^" Horat. 4, od. 11, Plin. 5, c. 19.
". 26." Pau" 9, C.31, Benacus, a lake of Italy, now Lago di Gar-
Bellerus and Beller, a brother of Hippo- da, from which the Mincius flows into the Po.
Bous. Vid. Bellerophon. Virg.G. 2, V. 160. JEn. 10, v. 205.
Bellienus, a Roman, whose house was set Bendidium, a temple of Diana Bendis.
"n flames at Ccesar'sfuneral. Cic. 2, P/dl. Liv. 38, c. 41.
G. 36. of Diana among
Bendis, a name the Thra-
of
Bellona, the goddess war, daughter
to cians and
their northern neighbours. Strab.
Phorcys and Ceto, was called by the Greeks festivals,
9. Her called Bendidia,were troduced
in-
Enyo, and often confounded vAth. Minerva. into Thrace from Athens.
She was anciently called Duelliona,and was Beneventum, a town of the Hirpini, built
the sisterof Mars, or, accordingto others,his by Diomedes, 28 miles from Capua. Its ori- ginal
daughter, or his wife. She preparedthe cha- riot name was Maleventum, changed into the
of Mars, when he was goingto war ; and more auspicious word of Beneventum, when
she appearedin battles armed with a whip, to the Romans had a colony there. It abounds
animate the combatants, with dishevelled hair, in remains of ancient sculptureabove
any
and a torch in her hand. The Romans paid other town in Italy. Plin. 3, c. 11.
great adoration to her; but she was held in Benthesicyme, a daughter of Neptune^
the gi-eatest veneration by the Cappadocians,the nurse of Eumolpus. Apollod. 3, c. 15.
and chiefly at Co man a, where she had above Bepolitanus, a youth whose life was saved
3000 priests.Her temple at Rome was near by the delayof the executioner,who wished
the Porta Carmentalis. In itthe senators gave not to stain the youth's fine clothes with blood.
audience to foreign ambassadors,and to gene- rals Pint, de Virt. Mul.
returned from war. At the gate was a Berbic/e, a nation who destroyed their re-
lations
small column, caMed the column ofwai', again-st when arrived at a certain age, ^^lian.
wlijch they threw a spear whenever war was V. II. 4, c. 1.
declared againstan enemy. The priests of BER.BA, a town of Syria, 90 miles from the
this goddessconsecrated themselves by great sea, and 100 from the Euphrates,now called
incisions in their body, and particularly in Aleppo.
the thigh, of which they received the blood in Berecynthia, a surname of Cybele,from
their hands to offer as a sacrifice to the goddess.mount Berecynthus in Phrygia, where she
In their w ild enthusiasm they often predictedwas particularly worshipped.She has been
bloodshed and wars, the defeat of enemies, or celebrated in a
poem by Catullus. Diod. 6."^
the besieging of towns. Jiiv. 4, v. 124. Var- Stat. Theb. 4, v. 182." JEn.
"
Virg.
v, 82. 9,
ro de L. L. 5. Hesiod. Theog. v. 270.
" Pans. Berenice and Beronice, a woman
"
famous
4, c 30." Firg.JEn. 8, v. 703." Sto/. Thtb. 2, for her beauty,mother of Ptolemy Phila-
V. 718, 1. 7, V. HS."Ital. 5, v. 221, delphusby Lagus. JElian. V. H. 14, c. 43.-^
Bellonarii, the priests of Bellona. Theocrit. Paus. 1, c. 7." A " of ." daughter
Bellovaci, a of
i)eople
Gaul conqueredby Philadelphus, who married Antiochus king of
J. Caesar. They inhabited the modern Beau- Syria,afterhe had divorced Laodice, his for-
mer
vais in the isle of France. Cces. Bdl. 2, c. 4. wife. After the death of Philadel])hus,
odice
La-
Beu.ovesus, a kingof the Celta?,who, in was recalled, and mindful of the ti-eat-
the reignof TarquinPriscus was sent at the mcnt she had received,she poisonedher hus-
band,
head of a colonyto Italy by his uncle Ambiga- placedher son on the vacant throne,and
tus. Liv. 5, c. 34. murdered Berenice and her child at Antioch,
Belon, a generalof Alexander's. Curt. 6, where she had fled,B. C. 248. A daughter
c.11. A cityand river of HispaniaBajtica. of PtolemyAuletes, who
usurpedher father's
airah. 3, throne for her husband
some time, strangled
Belus, of the most ancient kingsof Seleucus, and
one married Archelaus a priest of
Babj'lon,about 1800 years before the age of Bellona. Her father regainedhis
power, and
Semiramis, was made a god after dci'th,and put her to death,B. C. 55. The wife of Mi-
worshii)pcd with much ceremony by the As- thridates,
syrians who, when conqueredby Lucullus,
uiid Babylonians,He was ordered allhis wives to destrov themselves,for
supposed
to
BE BI
fear the conqueror should offer violence to Berrhca, a town of Macedonia. Thueyd.
them. She
accordingly drank poison, but this 1, c. 61.
not operating soon enough,she was strangled Berytus, now Berut, an ancient town of
by an eunuch. The mother of -Agrippa,Phoenicia,on the coast of the Mediterranean,
who shines in the history of the Jews, as daugh- famous in the age of Justinian for the studyof
ter-in-law
of Herod the Great. A daughter law. Plin. 5, c. 20.
of Agrippa,who mai-ried her uncle Herod; Besa, a fountain in Thessaly. Strab. 8.
and afterwards Polemon king of Cilicia. She BESiDiiE, a town of the Brutii. Liv. 30, c. 19.
was accused by Juvenal of committingincest Besippo, a town of HispaniaBsstica, where
with her brother Agrippa. It is said that she Mela was born. Mela, 2, c. 6.
was passionately loved by Titus, who would Bessi, a peopleof Thrace, on the leftside
have made her empress but for fear of the peo- ple. of the Strvmon, who lived upon rapine.Ovid,
A wife of king Attalus. Another.. Trist 4, ei.1, v. 67." Herodot. 7, c. 111.
daughterof Philadelphusand Arsinoe, who Bessus, a governor of Bactriana,who, after
married her own brother Evergetes, whom she the battle of Arbela, seized Darius, his sove-
reign,
on a dangerousexpedition, she vowed all the he assumed the titleof king,and was time
some-
reportedthat Jupiterhad carried them away, and 7. A parricide who discovered the
and had made them a constellation. She was murder he had committed,
upon destroying a
put to death by her son, B. C. 221. CcduU. 67. nest of swallows, which, as he observed, re- proached
c. 8. Two towns of Arabia. Strab. 16. Betis, a river in Spain. Vid. Baetis. A
One in Egypt,on the Pted sea, where the ships governor of Gaza, who bravelydefended him- self
from India generallylanded their cargoes. against Alexander,for which he was treat-
ed
Plin. 6, c. 23. Another near the Syrtes, with cruelty by the conqueror.
Sic. Id. 17. Betdria, a country in Spain.
Berenicis, part of Africa,near the town
a BiA, a daughterof Pallas by Styx.Apollod.
of Berenice. Lucan. 9, v. 523. I, c. 2.
Bergion and Albion, two giants, sons of BiANOR, a son of Tiberius and Manto the
Neptune, who opposed Hercules as he at- daughterof Tiresias,who received the sur-
tempted name
to cross the Rhone, and were killed of Ocnus, and reignedover Etruria. He
with stones from heaven. Mela, 2, c. 5. built a town which he called Mantua, afterhis
Bergistani, a peopleof Spain,at the east mother's name. His tomb was seen in the
ef the Iberus. Liv. 34, c. 16. age of Virgil on the road between Mantua and
Beris and Baris, a river of Cappadocia.Andes. Virg.Ed. 9, v. 60. A Trojanchief
A mountain of Anmenia. killed by Agamemnon. Homer. II. 11, v. 92.
Bermius, a mountain of Macedonia. He- A centaur killed by Theseus. Ovid. Met.
rodot. 8, c. 138. 12, V. 342.
Beroe, old woman
an of Epidaurus, nurse to Bias, son of Amythaon and Idomene, was
Semele. Juno assumed her shape when she king of Argos, and brother to the famous
persuadedSemele not to grant her favours to soothsayerMelampus. He fellin love with
Jupiter,if he did not appear in the majestyof Perone, daughterof Neleus kingof Pylos; but
a god. Olid. Met. 3, v. 278. The wife of the father refused to givehis daughterin mar-
riage
Doryclus,whose form was assumed by Iris at before he received the oxen of Iphiclus.
the instigation of Juno, when she advised the Melampus, at his brother's request,went to
Trojan women to bum the fleet of iEneas in seize the oxen, and was caught in the fact.
Sicily.Virg.o"m. 5, v. 620. One of the He, however, one year after received his li-
berty
Oceanides, attendant upon Cyrene. Virg.G. from Iphiclus,
who presentedhim with
4, V. 341. his oxen as a reward for his great services.
of Thessaly. Cic. Pis. 36.
BtRffiA, a town Bias received the oxen from his brother,and
Bkronice, Vid. Berenice. obligedNeleus to give him his daughter in
Berosus, a native of Babylon,priest to Be- marriage. Homer. Od. 11. Pans. 2, c 6 and "
lus. He passedinto Greece, and remained a IS, 1.4, c. 34." Apollod.1, c. 9. A Grecian
longtime at Athens. He composed an historyprince, who went to the Trojanwar. Homer
of Chaldea, and signalized himself by his as- II.4,V. 13 and 20.
tronomical A river of Peloponnesus.
predictions, and was rewarded for Pans. 4, c. 34. One of the seven wise men
his learningwith a statue in the gymnasium at of Greece, son to Teutamidas, born at Priene,
Athens. The age in which he lived is not pre-
ciselywhich he longsaved from ruin. He nourished
known, though some fix it in the
reign B. C. 566, and died in the arms of his grand-
son,
of Alexander, or 268 years B. C. ments
frag-
Some who begged a favour of him for one of
of his Chalda'an history are preserved by his friends. JDioi;, i. Plut. in Sytnp. Fal.
"
" "
Miletus. Ovid. Mtt. 9, v. 662. toric, which he called by the names of the
a fountain near
and hence Bionei sermones mentioned
BiBLiNA, a country of Thrace. muses,
4.
by Ho rat. 2, ep. 2, v. oO." i/iog.
BiBT.us, a cityof Phoenicia. Curt. 4:.
of the Edui in BiRRHUS. l^id.Ccelius.
BiBRACTE, a large town
Gaul, where Ciesar often wintered. C(ts.Bell. BisALxa:, a peopleof Scythia, or, according
to some, of Thrace or Macedonia. TUeix*
G. 7, c.55, kc.
BiBULus, a son of M. CalpurniusBibulus country is called Bisaltia. Lio. 45, c. 29."
Plin. 4, 10.
by Portia,Cato's daughter. He was Cssar's c.
est :
consule nil memini. fab. 188.One
JVum Bibulo fieri "
of the friends of Horace bore that name. 1 BisANTHE, a town on the Hellespont. rodot.
He-
7, c. 137.
Sat. 10, V. 86.
the Palus Moeotis. BisTON, son of Mars and Callirhoe,built
Bices, a marsh near
Bisionia in Thrace, whence the Thracians are
Flacc. 6, V. 63.
assassinated Atheno-
Greek who often called Bistones. Herodot. 7, c. 110.-^
BicoN, a
Flin. 4, c. 14. Lucan. 7, v. 569.
dorus, because he made himself master of a
"
JEn. 7, v. 180.
"
Virs;.
of Celtiberia, where tial
Mar- 2. Accordingto Faiis. 8, c. 9, the inhabitants
BiLBii.is, a town
A river of were
descended from M^jritinea in Pelopon-
nesus.
was born. Mart. 1, ep. 50.
Justin. 44, c. 3.
Spain.
BiM-VTER, a surname of Bacchus, which sig- nifiesBiTiAS, a Trojan,son of Alcanor and Hie-
that he had two mothers, because when ra, brought up ;a a wood sacred to Jupiter.
taken from his mother's womb, he was He followed tne fortune of /Eneas, and, with
he was
his brother, w as killed by the Rutuli in Italy.
placedin the thighof his father Jupiter.Ovid.
t^irg. JEn. 9, v. 6/2, iHLc. One of Dido's
Met. '4, V. 12.
of Tacit. Hid. lovers, present when ^Eneas and the Trojans
BiNCiuM, a tow-n Germany.
were introduced to the queen. Virg.*f"n. Ij
4, c. 70.
o f V. 742.
BioN, a philosopher tmd sophist Borys- BxTON. Vid. Cleobis.
fhenes in Scythia, who rendered himself fa- mous
for his knowledge of poetry,music, and BiTuiTus, a king of the Allobroges, quered
con-
philosophy. He made every body the object by a small number ol Romans, 6ic.
Val. Max. 9, c. 6. Flor. 3, c. 2.
of his satire,and rendered his compositions
"
with eleganceand simplicity, purityand the kingsof Thrace. Tereus was born there,
the .^gean sea after Piso's conspiracy, 6tc. of a conspiracy,by Thedoric king of
Tacit. 15, Jinn. c. 71. the Ostrogoths,A. D. '525. It was duringhis
Blucium, a castle where king Dejotarusimprisonment that he wrote his celebrated po-
etical
kepthis treasures in Blthynia.Strab. 12. treatise de consolalione philosophi(B ia
Boadicea. Vid. Boudicea. five books. The best edition of his works is
Bo^ and Boea, a town thatof Hagenau,4to. 1491, or that of L. Bat,
of Laconia. Paus.
3, c. 21. 167 1, with tlienotisvariorum.
BoAGRius, a river of Locris. Strab. 9. BoETus, a foolish poet of Tarsus, who
BocALiAS, a river in the island of Salamis. wrote a poem on the battle of Philippi. Strab.
BocfAR, a king of Mauritania. Juv. 4, v. 14. A river of Spain,more properly called
90, applies the word in a generalsense to any Bcetis. Vid. Boetis.
native of Africa. BoEtJs,one of the Heraclidae.
Bocc BORIS, a wise king and legislator of BoGEs and Boes, a Persian who destroyed
Egypt. THod. 1. himself and familywhen besieged by the AthC"
BoccHus, a king of Getulia,in alliance nians. Herodot. 7, c, 107. Paus. 8, c. 8. "
with Rome, who perfidiously delivered Jugur- BoGUD, a kingof Mauritania in the inter"
tha to lieutenant of Marius. Sallmt. est of Ceesar.
the
Sylla, Ccesar. Mex. 59,
Jug. "Paterc. 2, c. 12. Bogus, a kingof the Maurusii, presentat
BoDUAGNATUs, a leader of the Nervii, the battle of Actium. Strab 8.
"when Cgesar made war againstthem. Ccts Bon, a peopleof Celtic Gaul, who migra-ted
Bell. G. 2, v. 23. into Cisalpine Gaul, and the north of Italy
BodOni, a peopleof Britain who surrender-
ed on the banks of the Po. Cczs.Bell G. 1, c.
to Claudius Cassar. Dio. Cass. 60. 28, i. 7, c. 17." Si7. 4, v. 158.
BoEA. Vid. Boae. BojocALus, a generalof the Germans ia
BffiBE, a town of Thessaly. Ovid. Met. 7, the age of Tiberius,kc. Tacit. Ann. 13,c. 55.
feb. 5. A lake of Crete. Strab. 9. BuLA, a town of the iEqui in Italy. Virg.
BcEBEis, a lake of Thessalynear mount JEn. 6, V. 775.
Ossa. Lucan. 7, v. 176. BoLANus. Vid. Bollanus.
BcEBiA LEX was enacted to elect four pre- BoLBE, a marsh near Mygdonia.Thucydx
tors every year. Another to ensure 1, c. 58.
prietors
pro-
in the possession of their lands. BoLBixiNUM, one of the mouths of the
Another, A. U. C. 751,against usingbribes at Nile,with a town of the same name. Nau-
elections. crautis was built near it. Herodot 1, c. 17.
BoEDROMiA, an Athenian festival institu-
ted BoLGics, a generalof Gaul, in an expedi-
tion
in commemoration of the assistance which againstPtolemy king of Macedonia.
the peopleof Athens received in the reign of Paus. 10, c. 19.
Erechtheus, from Ion son of Xuthus, when BoLiNA, a virginof Achaia, who rejected
their country was invaded by Eumolpus son the addresses of Apollo, and threw herself in-
to
of Neptune. The word is derived "7roTo-j'i:i)- the sea to avoid his importunities. The god
comingto help. Plutarch in Thes. men-
S(Ofiitv, tions made her immortal. There is a city which.
it as in commemoration of the victorybears her name in Achaia. Pav^. 7, c. 23.
which Theseus obtained over the Amazons in BoLiNiEus, a river near Bolina. Paus. 7,
a month called at Athens Boedromion. c. 23.
BoEOTARCHiE,the ehief magistrates in Bceo- BoLissus,a town and island near Chios.
tia. Liv 42, c. 43. Thucyd.8, c. 24.
BoEOTiA, a country of Greece, bounded on BoLLAWus, a man whom Horace sents,
repre-
the north by Phocis,soutli by Attica, east by 1 Sat. 9, V. 11, as of the most irascible
Eubcea, and west by the bay of Corinth. It temper, and the most inimical to loquacity.
bas been successively called Aonia, Mesapia, Bolus, a king of the Cimbri, who killed ft
Hyantis,Ogygia,and Cadmeis, and now forms Roman ambassador. Liv. ep. 67.
a part of Lividia. It was called Bceotia, from BoMiENSEs,a people near iEtolia. Thucyd,
Bosotus son of Itonus; or accordingto others 3, c. 96.
above, from a cow, by which Cadmus was led BoMiLCAR, a Carthaginian general, son of
into the country,where he builtTiiebes. The Amilcar. He was suspected of a conspiracy
inhabitants were'reckonedrude and illiterate, with Agathocles,and hung in the forum,
fonder of bodilystrength than of mental ex- where he had received all his dignity.
cellence; Dioa.
yet their country produced many 26. Justin. 22, c. 7.
" An African,for some
illustriousmen, such as Pindar,Hcsiod, Plu- tarch, Itime the instrument of all Jugrutlia's cruelties.
6lc. The mounlaiijsof Ba'olia,
cularly
parti- I He conspired against who Ju^jurtha, put
hiiu
Helicon,were frequented
by the Ito death. Salh^st,
Jug,
19
BO BR
BoMoniCiK,youths that were whipt at the was related to them on account of his marrrsige
altar of Diana'Orthia, during the festivals of with Orithyia, the daughterof one of tiieip
the goddess. He who bore the lash of the kings. They attributed the overthrow of the
whip with the greatestpatience, and without enemy's fleet to the respectwhich he paid to
uttering a groan, was declared victorious, and his wife's native country. There were also sa-
crifices
to Fauna, or Fuata. This goddesswas so than submit to the enemy, Lc. Polyan.7,
chaste, tliatno man but her htisband saw her 24.
after her marriage; from which reason, her BoRNos, a place of Thrace. C. JVep.in
festivals were celebrated only in the nightby Jilchib.c. 7.
the Roman matrons in the houses of the high-
est BoRsippA, a town of Babylonia, sacred to
otficers of the state, and all the statues of Apolloand Diana. The inhabitants eat bats.
the men were carefully covered with a veil Strab. 16.
where the ceremonies were observed. In the BoRus, a son of Perieres, who married
latter ages of the republic, however, the sanc-
tity Polydorathe daughterof Peleus. Apollod. 3,
of these mysteries was profanedby the c. VS." Homer. II. 16,v. 177.
intrusion of men, and by the introduction of BoRvsTHENES, a largeriver of Scythia, fall-
ing
iasciviousnesp and debauchery.Juv. 6, v. 313. into the Euxine sea, now called the bnfe-
^Proptrl.4, el. 10, v.2b." Ovid dt Art. .3"i. j?er,and inferiorto no other European river but
3,v. 637. the Danube, accordingto Herodotus^4, c. 45,
BoNoKiA, called alsoFelsina,a town on the "c. There was a cityof the same name
borders of the Rhine. V'al.Max. 8, c. 1. on the borders of the river, built by a colony
"
of Milesians,655
Ital. 8, v. 599. years before the christiam
BoNosius, an officer of Probus, who sumed era.
as- It was also called Olha Salvia. Mela, 2,
the purplein
imperial Gaul. c. 1 and 7.
A horse with which the em-
Bonus Eventus, aRoman deity,whose jieror Adrian
used to hunt. At his death he
worshipwas by the peasants.was honoured with a raoiuunent.
firstintroduced Diod.
He was represented holdinga cup in his right BospHoKUs and Buspurus, two narrow
hand, and in his left,ears of corn. Varro dt straits, situate at the confines of Europe and
R. R. l."Plin. 34, c. 8. Asia. One was called Cimmerian, and joined
Boosura, (boviscauda) a town of Cy- the I^alus iMceoiis to the Euxine, now
prus, known
where ^'enus had an ancient temple. by tlie name
of the straits of Cafia ; and the
Slraf). other,which
called the Thracian Bospo-
was
rus,
BooTKs, a northern constellation near the and by the moderns the strait of Con-
stantinople,
Ursa Major,also called Bubulcus and Arcto- made a communication between
phylax. Some suppose it to be Icarus, the the Euxine sea and the Propontis. It is six- teen
father of Erigone, who was killed by shepherds miles long,and one and a half broad,
for inebriating them. Others maintain that it and where narrowest olX) paces or 4 stadia,
is Areas, whom Jupiter placedin heaven. Ovid. accordingto Herodotus. The word is deriv-
ed
Fast. 3, V. 40b." Cic. de jYat. D. 2, c.42. from BoQ,=^:e@, boiis meatus, because, oa
BooTusand Bceotus, a son of iS'eptuue and account of its narrowness, an ox could easily
Melanippe,exposed by his mother, but pre- servedcross it. Cocks were heard to crow, anul
by shepherds.Ilygin. fab. 1S6. dogs to bark from the oppositebanks, and in
BoREA, a town taken by Sextus Pompey. a calm day persons could talk one to another.
Cic. 10, ad Jilt ep. 4. Plin. 4, c. 12, 1. 6, c. l."Ovid. Trist. 3, el. 4,
BoREADES, the descendants of Boreas, who V. 4i)."Mda, 1, c. l."Sirab. 12."Her9dot. 4,
long possessedthe supreme power and the G. 85.
in the island of the Hyperboreans. Boxer,
prie!"t!"ood a freedman of Claudius. SiuL
Diud. 1 and 2. Claud.
Boreas, the name of the north wand blow BoTTiA, a colonyof Macedonians in Thrace,
ingfromthe Hyperboreanmountains. Accord- ing The peot)le were called Botlitci. Plin. 4, c. 1.
to tliepoeis, he was son of Astra3us and Herodul. 7, c. 185, k.c. Thucyd.2, c. 99.
"
"
Aurora, but others make him son of the Stry- BoTTi^is, a countrjrat the north of Ma- cedonia,
mon. He was passionatelyfond of Hyacinthus. on the bay of Therma. Herodot. 7,
[Ft"/. Hyaciiitlius] and carried away Orlthyia, c. 123, "c.
"ivho refused to receive his addresses,and })y BouDicEA, a queen in Britain who rebel-
led
her he had Zetes and Calais,C]eoi)atra and upon beinginsulted by the Romans. She
Chione. He was worshippedas a deity,and [)oi3oned herself when conquered,A. D. 61.
represented with wings and white hair. The Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 31.
Athenians dedicated allar.sto him, an to the BouiANu.M,an ancient colony of the Sam-
it\'inds,wiion Xerxes invaded Europe. Boreas niles,at the foot of the Apejjninesnot far
changed himself into ahorse, to unite himself from Beueventum. Liv. 9, c. 28.
with the mares of Dardauus, by which he had BoviLL^, a town of Latium, neai- Rome.
twelve mares so swift that they ran, or rather Of i/i.i'V/AY.3,v.
607. Another in Campania.
flew over the sea, without scarce wettingtheir Bkaoimanes, Indian })hiIosophers, who de-
rive
feet. Homtr. IL 20, v. 2'22."IIesiod. Thcoi^. their name from Brahma, one of the
t. 'S19."/ij"ullod. 3, c. Ib."Herodol. 7, c. ISV. three beings wtiom God, according
to their
-^Ovid. Mel. 6, v. TOO. theology,
created,and with whose assistance
BoKKASMi, a festival at Athens in honour be formed the world. They devoted themselves
of Boreas, who, as the Athenians totally
supposed; to the worshi])
of the gods,
and were ac-
BR BR
customed labours, the animal too roughly,
from their youth to endure and was killedby it.
andtolive with abstinence. They The virgin's
frugality
and brother killed the bear, and the
never ate flesh,and abstained from the use of country was soon after visited by a pestilence.
wine, and all carnal enjoyments. After they The oracle was consulted and the plaguere- moved
had spent 37 years in the greatesttrials, they by consecrating virgins to the service
were permittedto marry, and indulgethem- selves of Diana. This was so faithfully observed,
in a more free and unbounded manner. that no woman in Athens was ever married
According to modern authors,Brahraa is the before a previous consecration to the goddess.
parent of allmankind, and he producedas ma-ny The statue of Diana of Tauris,,
which had been
worlds as there are partsin the body,which Greece brought into by Iphigenia,was served
pre-
reckoned
tiiey 14. They believ^ed that there
in the town of Brauron. Xerxes carri-
ed
were seven seas, of water, milk,curdS;butter, it away when he invaded Greece. Paus.
salt,sugar, and wine, each blessed with itspar^8, c. 46." Strab. 9.
ticular paradise.Slrab. 15. Diod. 17. " Brenni and Breuni, a peopleof Noricum.
Br.csia, a daughterof Cinyrasand Me- Horat. 4, od. 14.
tfiarme. Apollod.
3. c. 14, Brennus, a generalof the Galli Senones,
Branchiales, a surname of Apollo. who invaded Italy, defeated the Romans at the
Branchidjs, a peopleof Asia near the ri- ver river Ailia,and entered their citywithout
position.
op-
Oxus, put to the sword by Alexander. The Romans fled into the capitol,
of
They were originally Miletus, near the ple
tem- and leftthe whole cityin the possessionof the
of Branchus, but had been removed from enemy. The Gauls climbed the Tarpeian
thence by Xerxes. Strab. 11. Curt. 7,c,5. " rock in the night,and the capitol would have
The of Apollo Didymasus,who
priests gave been taken had not the Romans been awaken-
ed
oracles in Caria. Plin. 5, c. 29. by the noise of geese which were before the
Branchyllides, a chief of the Boeotians. doors,and immediatelyrepelled the enemy.
Paus. 9, c. 13. Caraillus, who was in banishment,marched to
Branchus, a youth of Miletus,son of Smi- the relief of his country,and so totally ed
defeat-
crus, beloved by Apollo,who gav^e him the the Gauls, that not one remained to carry
power of prophecy. He gave oracles at Didy- the news of their destruction. Liv. 6, c. 36,
ine, which became inferiorto none of the Gre-
cian kc. Pint, in Camill.
" Another Gaul, who
oracles,except Delphi,and which ex- changed made an irruptioninto Greece with 150,000
the name of Didymean for that of men and 15,000 horse,and endeavoured to
Branchidae. The temple,accordingto Strabo, plunderthe templeof Apollo at Delphi. He
was set on fireby Xerxes, who took possession was destroyed, with all his troops,by the god^
of the ricliesit contained,and transported the or more properly, he killed himself in a fitof
peopleinto Sogdiana,where theybuilt a city,intoxication, B. C. 278, afterbeingdefeated by
which was afterwards destroyedby Alexan-
der, the Delphians. Paus. 10, c. 22 and 23. tin.
Jus- "
young virgins in yellowgowns, consecrated to of Britain. Juv. 14, v. 196." Paus, 8, c. 43.
Diana. They were about ten years of age, and Brigant/nus, a kke of Rhcetia between the
not under five, and therefore their consecration Alps,now the lake of Constance. The town
was from ^tx-^,
called W-otrtujit-, decern ; and some-
times on itseastern bank isnow Bregentzin the Tyrol,
as the virgins
cts'Ts-jstv, themselves bore the anciently called Brigantium. Plin. 9, c. 17.
name of ^fxro* bears, from this circumstance. BRir.ESSus, a mountain of Attica. Thucyd.
There was a bear in one of the villages of At-
tica,2, c. 23.
so tame that lie ate with the inhabitants, Brimo, (terror) a name givento Proserpine
and playedharmlessly with them. This fami-
liarityand Hecate. Propert. 2, el. 2,v. 11.
lasted loMg,tillu youyg virgiq treated BKisi-ns, a woman of Lyruessus, cjsdledalso
BR BR
Hippodamia.When her countiy was taken by Bronous, a river falling into the Ister. JFfe-
the Greeks, and her husband Mines and bro- ther rodot. 4, c. 49.
killed in the fight, she fellto the share of Brontes, (thunder)one of the Cyclops.
Achilles, in the division of the spoils.Aga- Virg.JEn. 8, v. 425.
memnon
took her away some time after from BRONTiifus, a Pythagoreanphilosopher.
Achilles,who made a vow to absent himself The father of Theano, the wife of Pytha-
goras.
from the fieldof battle. Briseis w^as very faith-
ful Diog.
to Achilles ; and when Agamemnon restor-
ed Broteas and Ammon, two men famous for
her to him, he swore he had never otFended their skill in the cestus. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 107.
her chastity.Hamer. II. 1,2, "c. Ovid. He- One of the Lapithae.
"
roid. 3, de. Art. Am. 2 and 3. Proptri. 2, el." Brotheus, a son of Vulcan and Minerva,
8, 20 and 22."Paus. 5, c. 24.-" Horat. 2, od. 4. who burned himself to avoid the ridicule to
Brises, a man of Lyrnessus, brother to the which his deformity subjected him. Ovid, in
priestChrj'ses. His daughter Hippodamialb. \. 617.
was called Briseis from him. Bructeri, a people of Germany, inhabit-
ing
Briseus, a surname of Bacchus, from his the country at the east of Holland. Tadt.
nurse Brisa,or his temple at Brisa, a promon-
tory Ann. 1, c. 51.
at Lesbos. Persius,1, v. 76. Brumalia, festivals celebrated at Rome
Britanni, the inhabitants of Britain. [Vid. in honour of Bacchus, about the month ot De-cember.
Britannia.] A nation in Gallia Belgica. They were first instituted by mulus.
Ro-
Plin. 4, c. 17.
BiuTANNiA, an island in the northern now
ocean, Brundusium,
Brundisi,a city of Ca- labria,
the greatestin Europe,conqueredby J. Caesar the Adriatic sea, where the Appiau
on
during his Gallic wars, B. C. 55, and first road was terminated. It was founded by Di-
known to be an island by Agricola, who sail-
ed omedes after the Trojanwar, or according to
round it. It was a Roman provincefrom Strabo, by Theseus, with a Cretan colony.
the time of its conquest tillthe 448th year of The Romans generally embarked at Brundu-
the christian era. The inhabitants, in the age sium for Greece. It is famous for the birth of
of Caesar, used to painttheir bodies, to render the poet Pacuvius,and the death of Virgil, and
themselves more terrible in the eyes of their likewise for its harbour, which is capacious,
enemies. The name of Britain was unknown and sheltered by the land,and by a small island
to the Romans before Caesar conquered it. at the entrance, against the fuiyof the winds
Cks. Bell G. 4.~Diud. 5." Paws.,1,c. 33." and waves. Littleremains of the ancient city,
Tacit,in Agi-ic. 10." Plin. 34, c. 17. and even itsharbour has now been choked up
Britannicus, a son of Claudius Caesar by by the negligence of the inhabitants. Justin.
Messalina. Nero was raised to the throne in 3, c. 4, 1. 12, c. 2.-^Slrab. b."Cas. Bell. Civ.
preference to him, by means of Agrippina, and 1, c. 24. Cic. ad Attic. 4, ep. 1."
caused him to be poisoned. His corpse was Brutidius, a man dragged to prisonin
buried in the night; but itis said that a shower Juvenal's age, on suspicion of his favouring
of rain washed away the w hite paintwhich the Sejanus. Juv^ 10, v. 82.
murderer had put over his face,so that it ap-
peared Brutii, a people in the farthest parts of
quiteblack,and discovered the effects Italy,who were originally shepherdsof the
of poison. Tacit. Ann. Sueton. in JVer. c. 33. Lucanians, but revolted,and went
"
in quest of
Britomartis, a beautiful nymph of Crete, a settlement. They received the name of
daughter of Jupiterand Charme, who de- votedBrutii,from their stupidity
and cowardice in
herself to hunting,and
became a great submitting, without opposition, to Annibal in
favourite of Diana. loved by Minos, the second Punic w^ar.
She was They were ever after
who pursuedher so closely, that,to avoid his held in the greatestdisgrace, and employed iu
importunities, she threw iiei-self
into the sea. every servile work. Justiii.23, c. 9."Slra(f.
Pans. 2, c. 30, 1.3j c. 14. A surname of 6."Diod. 16.
Diana. Brutulus, a Samnite, who killed himself,
Britomarus, a chief of the Galli Insubres, upon being delivered to the Romans for vio-
lating
conquered by iEmilius. Flor. 2, c. 4. a treaty. Liv. 8, c. 39.
restore the Tarquins; and when discovered^ bius. He was foiid of imitating the austere
they were tried and condemned before their virtues of Cato, and in readingthe histories of
father, who himselfattended at tlieirexecution. nations he imbibed those principles of freedom
Some time after, in a combat that was fought which were so eminentlydisplayedin his poli-
tical
between tlieRomans and Tarquins, Brutus en-
gaged career. He was intimate with Cicero,tc"
with Aruns, and so fierce was the attack whom he would have communicated his con-
spiracy,
that theypierced one another at the same time. had he not been apprehensive of his
The dead body was broughtto Rome, and re- ceived greattimidity. He severelyreprimandedhim
as in triumph; a funeral oration -was in his letters for joining
the side of Octavius,
spoken over it,and the Roman matrons showed who meditated the ruiiiof the republic.Plu-
tarch
their by mourning a year for the father of
grief mentions, that Cresar's ghost made its
the republic.Flor. 1,c. 9. Liv. \. c. 56, 1. 2, appearance to Brutus in his teni, and told hira
"
e. 1,he. Dionys.
" Hal. 4 and 5." C. Ntp.inAl' that he would meet him at Philippi.Brutus
tic.S."Eutrop.de Tarq." Virg.JEn. 6, v. 8 IS. married Portia,the daughter of Cato, who kill-
ed
"-Pluf. in Brut. "^ C(es. Marcus Junius, herself,
by swallowingburningcoals,when
father of Cassar's murderer, wrote three books she heard the fate of her husband. C. JVep. in
on civillaw. He followed the partyof Marius, Attic. Pattrc. 2, c. 48.
"
Piut. in Brut. he. "
"
and was conquered by Porapey. After the Cces. 1 Flor 4. D. Jun. Aibinus, one
"
of
death of Sylla,he was besiegedin Mutina by Ca3sars murderers, who, after the battle of
Porapey, to whom he surrendered,and by Mutina, was deserted by thelegions,with\vhicii
whose orders he was put to death. He had he wished to march against Antony. He was
married Sen'ilia, by whom he had put to death by Antony'sorders,
Cato's sister, consul though"'
a and two daughters. Cic. de Orat. c. 55.
son elect. Jun. of the firsttribunes of the
one
" Plut.in Brut. His son of the same name, people. Pint. One of Carbo's generals.
waslineally
by Servilia, descendedfrom J. Bru-
tus, Brvas, a general of the Argivesagainst
who expelledthe Tarquinsfrom Rome. Sparta,put to death by a woman, to whom he
He seemed to inherit the republican principles had ottered violence. Pans. 2, c. 20. A
ofhisgreatprogenitor,and in the civilwars ed
join- generalin the army of Xerxes. Heiodot. 7,
himself to the side of Ponipey, though he c. 72.
was his father's murderer, only because he Bry.\xis, a marble sculptor, who assisted iu
looked upon him as more justand patriotic in making the mausoleum. Pans. \, c. 40.
his claims. At the battle of Pharsalia, Cac-sar BR'iCE, a daughterof Danaus by Polyxo.
not onlysparedthe lifeof Brutus, but he made Jpollod.2, c. 1.
bim one of his most faithfulfriends. He how- ever Bryges, a people of Thrace, afterwards
forgotthe favour because Cffisaraspired to called Phiyges. Sirab. 7.
and in the fulness of his grief, BuBON, an inland cityof Lycia. Plin. 5,
his fall,
called him the last of the Romans, ra another c. 27.
the wing which
battle, E^utus commanded BucEPiTALA, a cityof India,near the Hy-
ob-
tauied a victory ; but tlieother was defeated, daspes;built by Alexander, in hoi:our of his
and he found himself surrounded by the soldiers favourite horse Bucepiialus.Curi.i^. c.3. "
of Antony. He however made his escape, and Justin. 12, c. 8. Diod. 17. "
BucoLicuM, one of the mouths of the ^V'hen Hercules visited Egypt, Busi-
JJile,situate between the Sebennyticanand ris carried him to the altar bound hand and
Mendesian mouths, and called by Strabo, foot. The hero soon disentangledhimself,
Phatniticum. Herodot. 2, c. 17. and offei'edthe tyrant,his son Amphidamas,
BucoLioN, a king of Aixadia, after Laias. and the ministers of his crueltyon the altar.
Paus. 8, c. 5, A son ofLaoniedon and the Many Egyptianprinceshave borne the same
nymph Calybe. A son of Hercules and name. One of them built a town called Busi"
Prazithea. He was also called Bucolus. ris,in the middle of the Delta,where Isis had
A son of Lycaon,king of Arcadia. Apollod.a famous temple, Herodot. 2, c. 59 and 61. "
from Doris near the sea, above the bay of by whom he had a son called Eryx. Lycaste,
Corinth. Pum. 10, c. 37. en on account of her beauty,was called Venus ;
S. Spartangiv-
up to Xerxes, to atone for the ott'ence iiis hence Eryx is often called the son of Venus. "
countrymen had done for putting the king'sVirg. JEn. 5, v. 372. One of the Argonauts,
messengers to death. Herodot. 7, c. TM, i"ic. Apollod. 1, c. 9. A Trojanslain by Camilla.
BuLLATius, a friend of Horace, to whom Virg.JFm. 11, V. 690. A son of Boreas who
the poet addressed 1 ep. 11, in consequence built INaxos. Diod. 5. -A son of Pandion
of his havingtravelled over part of Asia. and Zeuxippe, priest of Minerva and .Neptune.
Bdluis,
a town of Illyricum,
near the sea, He married Chtlionia, daughter of Erechtheus.
south of
Apolionia. Liv. 36, c. 7, 1. 44, c. 30. Apollod.3, c. 14, he. An arm-bearer to
BuMELLus, a river of AJssyria. Curt, 4, Anchises,and afterwards to Ascanius. lo
Apol-
C.9. assumed his shapewhen he descended from
BusTEA, a surname of Juno. heaven to encourage Ascanius to fight. Butes
BuiNus, a son of Mercury and Alcidaraea,was killed by Turnus. Vir^.JEn. 9, v. 647, 1.
who obtained the government of Corinth when 12, V. 632. A governor of Darius,besieged
iCetes w ent to Colchis. He built a temple to by Conon the Athenian.
Juno. Paus. 2, c. 3 and 4. BuTHROTUM, now Bulrinto,a sea-porttown
Bup.vi.us,a stutuary of Clazoraenae. Vid. of Epinisopposite Corcyra,visited by .Apneas,
Anthermus. in his wav to Italy from Troy. Virg.v9Sn. 3,
BuPHAGus, a son of Japetusand Thomax V. 293." P/m. 4, c. 1.
killed by Diana, whose virtue he had attempt-
ed. BuTHiiuTus, a river in Italy near Locri.
A river of Arcadia bears his name. Pans. BuTHiREus, a noble statuaiy,disciple to
8, C.24. A surname of Hercules,givenhim Myron. Plin. 3"i,c. 8.
on account of liisgluttony BuTOA, an island in the Mediterranean,
BuPHo"'TA, a festival in honour of Jupiter at near Crete. Plin. 4, c, 12.
Athens, where an ox \vas immolated. Paus. BuTORiuES, an historian who wrote cerning
con-
1, c. 24."JEl'ian,V. H. 8, c. 3. tire pyramids. Plin. 36, c. 12.
BuPKAsiUM, a city,country, and river of BuTos, a town of Egypt, where there was
Elis. Homtr. a temple of Apolloand Diana, and an oracle
BuRA, a daughter of Jupiter,or accord-
ing of Latona. Herodot. 2, c. 59 and 63.
to others,of Ion and Helice, from whom BuTUNTUM, an iiiland town of Apulia.
Bura or Bnris, once a nourishing cityin the Plin. 3, c. 11.
bay of Corinth,received itsname. This city BuTus, a son of Pandion.
was destroyedby the sea. Ovid. Mtt. 15, Bu/YGEs, an Athenian who firstploughed
V. 293." Paus. 7, c. 'l^."Htrab. 1 and 8." JDt- with harnessed oxen. Demophoon gave hita
wl. 15. the Palladium with which Diomedes had in-
trusted
BuRAicus, an epithetappliedto Hercules, him, to be carried to Athens.
Polycen.
from his temple near Bura, A river of 1, c. 5.
Achaia. Paus. 7, c. 2.3. Bybtesia and Bvbassia, a country of Ca-
EuRRHUs Ai-iUNius, a chief "f the prse- ria. Herodot. 1,c. 174.
BY BY
Syblia, a name of Venus. daemoniahs
according to Justin,and accord-
ing
Byblii, a peopleof Syria.Jipollod.
% e. 1. Ammianus by the Athenians.
to The
Byblis, a daughterof Miletus and Cyanea. pleasantness and convenience of its situation
She fell in love with her brother Caunus. and was observed by Constantine the Great, who
when he refused to gratify her passion, she made itthe capital of the eastern Roman pire,
em-
destroyedherself. Some say that Caunus be- came A. D. 328, and called it
Constantinopolis.
enamoured of her, and fled from his A number of Greek writers,who have de- served
country to avoid incest;and others report, or usurpedthe name of Byzantine torians,
his-
that he fled from his sister'simportunities, who flourished at Bizantuim, after the seat
soughthim all over Lycia and Caria, and at of the empire had been translated thither
last sat down all bathed in tears, and was from Rome. Their works, which more
ticularly
par-
changed into a fountain of the same name. relate to the time in which theyflour-
ished;
Ovid, de Art. Am. I, v. 284. Met. 9, v. 451." and are seldom read but by those who
Hygin. fab. 243. Paiis. 7, c. 5.
" A small wish to form an
acquaintance with the revolu-
tions
island in the Mediterranean. of the lower empire, were published in
Bybt.us, a town of Syria,not far from the one largecollection, in 36 vols, folio,1648,":c.
sea, where Adonis had a temple. Strab. 16. at Paris,and recommended themselves by the
Bylliones, a peopleof Illyricum, notes and supplementsof Du Fresne and Du
Byrkhus, a robber, famous for his dissipa-
tion. Cange. They were likewise printed at Ve-nice
Horat. 1, Sat. 4, v. 69. 1729,in 28 vols, thoughperhapsthis edi- tion
Byrsa, a citadel in the middle of Carthage, is not so valuable as that of the French.
on which was tlietempleof iEsculapius. As- Strab. 1. Paterc. 2. c. 15. "
C. JVep. in Pam. "
drubal's wife burnt itwhen the citywas taken. Mcib. 4^ Timoth. Justin. 9, c. 1." Tacit. 12,
"
When Dido came to Africa,she bought of the Ann. c. 62 and 63. Mela, 2, c. 2. Marcd.
" "
CA CA
e. dl."Slrab. 10, kc."Paus. 9, c. 22, Lc" one againstthe other, tillall perishedexcept
Cic. fk Xat. D.\. five, who assisted him in buildinghis city.
Cabjria, a surname of Ceres. tivalsSoon afterhe married Hermoine
The fes- the daughter
of the CabirJ. Vid. Cabiri. of Venus, with whom he lived in the greatest
Cabura, a fountain of Mesopotamia,where cordiality, and by whom he had a son, Poly-
Juno bathed. P/in. 31, c.3. dorus, ajid four daughters, Ino, Agave, Auto-
Caburus, a chief of the Helvii. C(zs. noe, and Semele. Juno persecutedthose
misfortunes
Caca, a goddessamong the Romans, sister children ; and their well-known
to Cacus, wiio is said to have discovered to so distracted Cadmus and Hermoine, that
Hercules where her brother had concealed his they retired to Illyricum, loaded with grief,
oxen. She presidedover the excrements of and'infirm with age. They entreated the.
the body. Tlie vestals offered sacrifices in her gods to remove them from the misfortunes of
Cacus, a famous robber, son of Vulcan whom Cadmus conquered by war ; and the
and Medusa, lepresentedas a three-headed armed men risingfrom the field,is no more
He resided than men armed with brass, accordingto the
mojister, and as vomitingHames.
in Italy, and the avenues of his cave were ambiguoussignification of a Phoenician word.
covered with human bones. He plundered Cadmus was the firstAvho introduced the use
the neighbouring and when les
Hercu- of letters into Greece ; but some maintain,
country ;
returned from the conquest of Geryon, that the alphabet which he broughtfrom Phce-
Cacus stole some of his cows, and dragged iiicia,was only different from that which is
them backwards into his cave to prevent dis- used by the ancient inhabitants of Greece.
covery.
Hercules departedwithout perceiv-ing This alphabetconsisted only of lt3 letters, to
the theft ; but his oxen having lowed, which Palamedes afterwards added four, and
cus, Simonides of Melos the same number. The
were answered by the cows in the cave of Ca-
and the hero became with the worshipof many
acquainted of the Egyptianand Phoeni-
cian
Joss he had sustained. He ran to the place, deities was also introduced by Cadmus,
attacked Cacus, squeezed and strangled him who is siippo!"ed to have come into Greece
In his arms, thoughvomitingfire and smoke. 1493 years before the christian era, and to
Hercules erected an altar to Jupiter Servetor, have died 61 years after. Accordingto those
in commemoration of this victory; and an an-
nual who believe that Thebes was built at the
instituted the inhabitants sound of Amphion'slyre, Cadmus built only
festivalwas by
in honour of the hero, who had delivered a small citadel which he called Cadmea, and
ed
finish-
them from such a publiccalamity. Ovid. 1, laid the foundations of a citywhich was
Fast. \\5ry]." Virg.Jl'M. 8, v. 194.- -Propert. by one of his successors. Ovid. Met. 3,
4, el. 10. Jul'.5, V. 125. Li v. 1,c 7. Dio- fab. 1,2, hii."Herodot. 2, c.49, I. 4, c. 147."
"
" "
7iys.H(d. 1, ".9. Hygin.fab. 6, 7(5, 155, ^c. Diod. 1, ".C. " "
".c.
Cacuthis, a river of India flowinginto the Paus. 9, c. 5, Isic. Htsiod. Theog. v. 937,
"
Cadmea, a citadel of Thebes, built by fronj another of the same name and
Cadmus. It is generally taken for Thebes it- place,
self, son of Archelaus, who wrote an histoiy
and the Thebans are often called Cadrae- of Attica, in 16 books, and a treatise on love
Slat. Theb. 8, v. 6(Jl." Pajw. 2, c. 5. in.14 books. Diod. 1. Dio)tys." Hal. 2. Cle^"
"ans.
ancient of Boootla. ment. .'iUxund. 3." Strab l."Plin. 5, c. 29.
CAPMi-.is, an name
by Telephassaor A,j;riope,
wasordered by 1,Sat. 6, v. 39.
his fati'.er to go in qjiest of his sister Europa, Cadra a hillof Asia Minor. Tacit.
,
never to return to Phcenicia if he did not two serpents, in the form of two equal circles.
semi-
It was ihe attribute of Mercuiy and
bringher back. As his search proved fruit- less,
he consulted the oracle of Apollo,and the emblem of power, and it had been given
was ordered to build a citywhere he should liim by Apollo in return for the lyre. Vari- ous
heifer in the and iuterpretatiojis have been put upon the
see a young stop grass,
Bceotia. He found the two sei-jjents round it. Some suppose them to
to call the countiy
be a symbol of Ju{)itor's with Rhea,
Leifer accordingto the directions of the ora- cle amours
wished to thank the god by when' these two deities transformed them- selves
; and as he
sent his companions to fetch into snakes. Others say, that it origi-nates
a sacrifice, he
CiEciLiANus,a Latin writer before the age of til. 10,c. 1. A man of Tarracina,found
Cicero. murdered in his bed. His sons were suspected
C^ciLii, a plebeianfamilyat Rome, de- scended
of the murder, but acquitted. Val. Max. 8,
from Cascas,one of the companions c. 1. Aurelianus, a writer about 300 yeara
of iEneas, or from Caeculus the son of Vul-can, afterChrist, the best edition of whose works is
who built Praeneste. This familygave thatof Almeloveen, Amist. 1722 and 1755. .
birth to many illustriousgenerals and patriots.L. Antipater, wrote anhistory ofRome, w^hich,
C^ciLius Claudius Isidorus,a man who M. Brutus epitomized,and which Adrian
left in his will to his heirs, 4116 slaves,preferred to the historiesof Sallust. Caelius
3600 yokes of oxen, 257,000 small cattle,flourished 120 years, B. C. Val Max. 1,c. 7.
600,000 pounds of silver. Plin. 33, c. 10. Cic. 13,ad. Mic, ep. 8.
" Tubero, a mans
Epirus,a freedman of Atticus,who opened who came to lifeafter he had been carried ta
a school at Rome, and is said to have first the burningpile.Plin.T, c. 52. Vibien-
taughtreadingto Virgil and some other grow-
ing us, a kingof Etruria,who assisted Romulus.
poets. A Sicilian orator in the age of againstthe Cseninenses,he. Sabinus,a
Augustus,who wrote on the Servile wars, a writer in the age of Vespasian, who compo-
sed
comparisonbetween DemosthenesandCicero, a treatise on the edicts of the curuleediles.
and an account of the orations of Demos-
thenes. One of the seven hillson which Roo?e was
Metellus. Vid. Metellus. Sta- built. Romulus
tins, surrounded itwith a ditch aud
a comic poet, deservedlycommended rampart,and it was enclosed by wails by the
by Cicero and Quintilian, thoughthe orator succeedingkings. It received its name frcm
M. Mlic. calls him Malum Latinitatis aucto- Caelius, who assisted Romulus against the
rem. Above 30 of his comedies are mention-
ed Sabines.
by ancient historians, among which are his CjEmaro, a Greek, who wrote an account
Nauclerus, Phocius, Epiclerus,Syracusae, of India.
Fcenerator,Fallacia,Pausimachus, "lc. He C/ENE, a small Islandin the Siciliansea.
was a native of Gaul, and died at Rome 168, A toy, .'I Oil the ocast of Laconia,whence Jupi-
ter
B. C. and was bui'i".'d
on the Janiculum. Ho- is called Caeuius. PUn. 4, c. 6. Ovid "
Cccncus. In the wars of the Lapithic against was out of their power, than he armed a
the Centaurs, she offended Jupiter,and was ship,pursued them, and crucified them all.
overwhelmed with a huge pileof wood, and His eloquenceprocuredhim friends, at Rome,
changed into a bird. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 172 and the generous manner
"
in which he lived,
and 479. Virg.Jl'.n.6, v. 448, says, that she equallyserved to promote his interest. He
"
returned againto her pristine form. obtained the office of highpriest at the death,
Q. Servimus CyEPro, a Roman consul,!of Metellus ; and after he had passedthrough
A. U. C. 648, in the Cimbrian war. He the inferior employments of the state,he was
plundered a temple at Tolossa,for which he appointedover Sj)ain, where he signalized
was punished by divine vengeance, ".c. Jus- tin. himself by his valour and intrigues. At his
c.'^
'i'2, Paterc.2,c. 12.
" A quaestor return to Rome, he was made consul, and
who opposed Saturninus. Cic. ad Her. soon afterhe effected a reconciliation between
Cjerxtvs, a town of Crete. Strab. A Crassus and Pompey. He Avas appointedfor
river. the space of five yeai-s over the Gauls,by the
C/ERE, C^REs, ancientlyAgylla, now interest of Pompey, to w-hom he had given
Cer-veteri, a cityof Etruria, once the capitalhis daughterJulia in marriage. Here he en-
larged
of the whole country. It was in beingin the the boundaries of the Roman empire,
age of Strabo. Wlien ^Eneas came by conquest,and invaded Britain,which was
to Italy,
Mezentius was the inhabitants cal-
led then unknown
kingover to the Roman people. He
Caretes, or checked the Germans,
but they banished
Cccrites; and soon after had his
their pnnce, and assisted the Trojans. The government over Gaul prolongedto five other
peopleof Casre received with all possible hos- years, by means
pitality of his friends at Rome. The
the Romans who fled with the fire of death of Julia and of Crassus, the corrupted
Vesta,when the city was besiegedby the state of the Roman senate, and the ambition
Gauls,and for this humanity they were made of Caisar and Pompey, soon became the
citizens of Rome, but without the privilege of causes of a civil war. Neither of these ce-
lebrated
voting; whence Cceritestabulcc was appliedto Romans would suffer a superior, and
those who had no and Cierites cera
suffrage, the smallest matters were sufficient ground
appropriated as a mark of contempt. Virg.for unsheathing the sword. Cccsar's petitions
^n. Sand 10." /ir. 1, c. 2." 5/ra6.5. were received witii coldness or indifference
C.EKE51, a [)eople of Germany. Ccns. by the Roman senate ; and by the influence
Cesar, a surname givento the Julian ly fami- of Pompey, a decree was passedto striphira
at Rome, either because one of them kept of his power. Antony, Avho opposed it as
an which bears the same
elephant, name in the tribune,fled to Caesar's camp with the news ;
Punic tongue,or because one was born with a and the ambitious generalno sooner heard
thick head of hair. This name, after it had this,than he made ita pleaof resistance. On
been dignified in the person of Julius Caesar, pretence of avengingthe violence which had
and of his successors, av as given to the appa-
rent been offered to the sacred office of tribune
heir of the empire,in the age of the Ro- man in the person of Antony, he crossed the Ru- bicon,
emperors. The twelve firstRoman perors
em- which was the boundary of his pro-
vince.
were distinguished by the surname of The passage of the Rubicon was a de-
claration
C'cesar. They reignedin the following order of war, and C"sar entered Italy,
Julius Caesar, Augustus,Tiberius,Caligula sword in hand. Upon tliis,Pompey, witli
" Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, pasian,all the friends of liberty,
Ves- leftRome, and re-
tired
Tif us, and Domitian. In Domitian, or to Dyrrachium ; and Ca3sar,after he had
rather in Nero, the familyof Julius Ceesar was subdued all Italy, in 60 days, entered Rome,
extinguished.But after such a lapseof time, and provided himself with money from the
the appellationof Ccesar seemed inseparable ti-easury.He went to Spain,where he
j)ublic
from the insperialdignity,and therefore it conquered the partizans of Pompey, under
was assumed by the sticcessors of the Julian Petreius, Afranius,and Varro; and, at iiis
family.Suetonius has written account of returnanto Rome, was declared dictator,and
these tv.rlve characteis,in an extensive and soon after consul. When he leftRome, he
impartial jnanncr. C. .luliusCajsar, the first went in que^'t of Pompey, observing that he
emperor of Rome, was son of li. Cajsar and was marcliiugagalnsta general without troojis,
Aurelia the dang.hter of Cotta. He was des- after having defeated troops without a ge- neral
t\fndt'd;accordingto some accouiits.from Ju- in Spain, la the of Pharsalia,
phiias
B. C. 48, the tivo hostile generals engaged. services of a man, who, in the inteivals of
Pompey was con(juered, and fled into Egypt, peace, beautified and enriched the capital of
where he was murdered. Csesar, after he his country with publicbuildings,
libraries,and
had made a noble use of victory, pursued his porticos,the senate permittedthe dictator to
adversaryinto Egypt, where he for sometime wear a laurel crown on his bald head ; and it
forgothis fame and character in the arms of is said,that,to reward his benevolence, they
Cleopatra,by whom he had a sosi. His dan-
ger were goingto give him the titleor authority of
was great while at Alexandria ; but he king all over the Roman empire,except Italy,
extricated himself with wonderful success, and when he was murdered. In his privatecha-
racter,
made Egypt tributaryto his powder. After Csesar has been accused of seducingone
several conquests in Afi'ica, the defeat of Ca- of the vestal virgins, and suspected of being
to, Scipio,and Juba, and that of Pompey's privyto Catiline's conspiracy; and it was his
sons in Spain,he entered Rome, and trium-
phed fondness for dissipatedpleasureswhich made
over five different nations,Gaul, Alexan-
dria, his countrymen saj- that he was the husband of
Pontus, Africa,and Spain,and was ted
crea- all the women at Rome, and the woman of
dictator.
perpetual But now his all men.
It is said that he conquered 300 na-
glorywas tions,
at an end, his uncommon success created him took 800 cities, and defeated thre" mil-
lions
enemies, and the chiefest of the senators, of men, one of which fellin the field of
among whom was Brutus, his most intimate battle. Plin. 7, c. 25, says that he could em-ploy
friend,conspiredagainst him, and stabbed him at the same time, his ears to listen, his
in the senate-house on the ides of March. He eyes to read, his hand to write, and his mind
died, piercedwith 23 wounds, the 15th of to dictate. His death was preceded,as many
March, B. C. 44, in the 56th year of his age. authors mention, by uncommon prodigies; and
Casca gave hirathe firstbloAV,and immediately immediately after his death, a large comet
fee make
attempted to some resistance; but made its appearance. The best editions of
when he sawBrutus among the conspirators, Caesar's commentaries, are the magnificent
he submittedto his fate,and felldown at their one by Dr. Clarke, fol. Lond. 1712; that of
feet,muiilingup his mantle, and exclaiming,Cambridge, with a Greek translation,4to.
Til quoque Brute ! Caesar migiit have escaped 1727 ; that of Oudendorp, 2 volumes 4to. L.
the sword of the conspirators, ifhe had listen- Bat. 1737; and that of Elzevir, 8vo. L. Bat.
";d to the advice of his wife,whose dreams, on 1635. Sueton. ^ Plut. in vita. Dio ^p- " "
the nightpreviousto the day of his murder, pian. Orosius. Diod. 16 and eel. 31 and 37.
" "
Tv'ere alarming. He also received,as he went Virg. G. 1, V. 466." Ovid Met. 15,v. 782."
to the senate-house,a paper from Artemido- Marcell. " Flor. 3 and 4. Lucius, W'as ther
fa-
rus, which discovered
conspiracyto the whole
to the dictator. He died suddenly, Avhen
him ; but he neglectedthe reading of what puttingon his shoes. Octavianus. Vid.
might have saved his life. When he was in his Augustus. Caius, a tragicpoet and orator,
first campaign in Spain,he was observed to commended by Cic. in Brut. His brother C,
gaze at a statue of Alexander, and even shed Lucius, was consul, and followed, as well as
tears at the recollection that that hero had quered
con- himself,the party of Sylla. They were both
the world at an age in which he himself put to death by order of Marius. Lucius,
had done nothing. The learning of Caesar de-
serves
an uncle of M. Antony, who followed the in-
terest
commendation, as well as his military of Pompey, and was proscribedby Au-
gustus,
diaracter. He reformed the calendar. He for which Antony proscribedCicero,
wrote his commentaries on the Gallic wars, on the friend of Augustus. His son Lucius was
the spot where he foughthis battles; and the put to death by J. Ca?sar, in his youth. Two
comj)osition has been admired for the elegance sons of Agrippabore also the name of Caesars,
as well as the correctness of its style. This Caius and Lucius. Vid. Agrippa. Augus-
valuable book nearlylost ; and when Cce- ta, a town of Spain,built by Augustus, on thp
was
history of the war in Alexandria and Spainis at- called by their name,
tributed in compliment to them
to him by some, and by others to Hir- C.ESARioN, the son of J. Caesar,by queen
tius. Caesar has been blamed for his debauch-
eries Cleopatra, was, at the age of 13, proclaimed
and expenses ; and the firstyear he had by Antony and his mother, king of Cyprus,
a publicoffice, his debts were rated at 830 ta- lents,Egypt,and Calosyria. He was j)utto death
which his friends discharged ; yet, in five years after by Augustus. Sutf. in Aug.^
his publiccharacter,he must be reckoned one 17,and C(es.52.
of the few heroes that rarelymake their ap-
pearanceC^SKNNius PiETUS, a generalsent by Nero
among mankind His qualities were to Armenia, fcc. Tacit.15, .^nn. 6 and 25.
such, that in every battle he could not be but C^.SETios, a Roman who protectedhis
conqueror, and in every republic,master; children against Cajsar. Val. Max. 5, c, 7.
and to his sense of his superiority over the rest Cj*:,sia,a surname of Minerva. A wood
of the world, or to hie ambition, we are to in Germany. 2V/ci7.1,^mi. c. 59.
attribute his saying,that he wished rather to CiEsius,a Latin poet, whose talents were
be first in a little village,then second at not of uncommon brilliancy.Catull. 14.
Rome. It was afterhis conquest over Pharnaces A lyric and heroic poet in the reignof JNero
in one day, that he made use of these remark-able Persius.
words, to express the celerity of his ope- CiEso, a sou of Q. Cincinnalus,who r^voltej^
*fations; Vf,ni, i-kH,vici, ConBcious of the to the Volsci.
CA CA
Cjesosia, a lascivious woman who married Calaris, a cityof Sardinia. Flor. 2, c. 6,
Caligula, and was murdered at the same time Calathana, a town of Macedonia. Liv.
with her daughter Julia. Suet, in Calig.c. 59. 32, c. 13.
was born there. The countiy was fertile,and of Chiycisto her father. He told
produced a variety of fruits,much cattle,and them also that Troy could not be taken before
excellent honey. Virg.G. 3, v. 425. Horat. ten years siege. He had received the power
"
his riches,the excellency of his character,his his father with the assistance of his
learningand poetical abilities. He was brothers,
scribed
pro- .^polled.2, c. 6. A Greek poet,
by Volumnius, but delivered by Atti- son of Lysimachus.His compositions
are lost.
cus. C.JVep.in Jitiic.12. He wassurnamed
Schcenion,from his twisting
C. Caligula, the emperor, received throughpoverty. Mhen
this ropes, ("rx:eiv"--,) 10.
surname from his
wearingin the camp, the A partial historian of Syracuse.He wrote
Caliga, a military coveringfor the leg.He was an account of the Sicilian wai's, and was well
son of Germanicus by Agrippina,and grand- rewarded by Agathocles, because he had shown
eon to Tiberius. During the firsteightmonths him in a favourable view. Athen. 12. Dionys. "
disasters which befell his subjects, he often when an inquirywas made afterth^
wished the Romans had but one head, that he money givenby Harpalus,",c. Plut. in Dc-
might have the gratification to strike it oflf.mosth. A statuaryof Megara.
Wild beasts were constantly fed in his palace Callicolona, a place of Troy, near the
with human victims,and a favourite horse was Simois.
made high-priest and consul, and kept in mar-
ble Calucrates, an Athenian, who seized
apaitments, and adorned with the most upon the sovereignty of Syracuse,by imposing
valuable trappings and pearls the Roman pire
em- upon Dion when he had lost his popularity.
could furnish. Caligula built a bridgeup-
wardsHe was expelledby the sons of Dionysius, af-
ter
of three miles in the sea ; and would per-
haps reigningthirteen months. He is called
have shown himself more tyrannical, had Callipus, by some authors, C. JVep.in Dimi.
not Chajreas, one of his servants, formed a con-
spiracy An officer intrusted with the care of the
againsthis life,with others equallytreasures of Susa by Alexander. Curt. 5, c. 2
tired with the cruelties and the insults that An artist,who made, witli ivory,m\\s
were offered with impunityto the persons and and other insects,so small that they could
feelingsof the Romans. In consequence of scarcely be seen. It is said that he engraved
this,the tyrantwas murdered Januaiy24th,in some of Homer's verses upon a grainof millet.
his 29th year, after a reignof three years and Plin. 7, c. 21-vE/wn. V. H. 1, c. 17. An
ten months, A. D. 41. It has been said,that Athenian,who by his perfidy constrained the
Caligulawrote a treatise on rhetoric ; but his Athenians to submit to Rome. Pous. 7, c. 10.
love of learningis better understood from his A Syrianwho wrote an account of Aurc-
attemptsto destroythe writings of Homer and i lian's life. A brave Athenian killed at liie
of Virgil.Bio.-^Suelon. in vitA-^Tacif. 4nn. |battleof Platae. Htrodot. 9, c. 72.
CA CA
Callicrat;daSj a Spartan,who succeeded Olympicgames. When Pisidorus was ed
declar-
Lysfinderin the command of the fleet. He victor,she discovered her sex through ex-
cess
took Alethymna,and routed the Athenian fleet of joy,and was arrested,as women wer"5
under Conon. He was defeated and killed not permitted to appear there on painof death-
near the Arginuia?, in a naval battle,B. C. The victoryof her son obtained her release ;
406. Diod. 13. Xenopli. " Hisl. G. One of and a law was instantly made, which forbade
the four ambassadors sent by the Lacedaemo-
nians any wrestlers to appear but naked. Pans.
to Darius, upon the rupture of their al- liance
5, c. 6, 1.6, c. 7.
with Alexander. Cart. 3, c. 13. A Caleiphon, a painterof Samos, famous for
Pythagoreanwriter. his historical pieces, Plin. 10, c. 26, A
Callioius, celebrated Roman
a orator, philosopherwho made the summum bonum-
contemporary with Cicero,who speaksof his consist in pleasure joinedto the love of hon-esty.
abilities with commendation. Cic. in Brut. This system was opposedby Cicero. QacBst.
2'74.~-Paterc. 2, c. 36. Acad. 4, c. 131 and 139. de Offic. 3, c. 119.
Callidromus, a place near Thermopylae. Caleiphron, a celebrated dancing master*
Thucyd.8, c. 6. who had Epaminondas among his pupils. C.
Calligetus, a man of Megara, received in JVep. in Epam.
his banishment bv Pharnabazus. Thucyd.8, Callipidje, a peopleof Scythia.Htrodot.
c. 6. 4, c. 17.
Callimachus, an historian and poet of Callipolis, a cityof Thrace on the Hel-;
Cyrene,son of Battus and Mesatma, and pupillespont. SiL 14, v. 250. A town of Sicily
to Hermocrates the grammarian. He had, in near -Stna. A cityof Calabria on the coast
the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus, kepta school of Tarentum, on a rockyisland,joinedby a
at Alexandria,and had Apollonius of Rhodes bridgeto the continent. It is now called GaU
among his pupils, whose ingratitude obligedlipoli,aind contains 6000 inhabitants,who trade^
Callimachus to lash hira severely in a satirical in oil and cotton, ,
of Ibis. (Fi"f.
poem, under the name nius.)
Apollo- Caeeipus or Calippus, an Athenian, dis-
ciple
The Ibis of Ovid is an imitation of this to Plato. He destroyedDion, "ic. Vid.
piece. He
wrote a work in 120 books on fa-
mous Callicrates. C. JYep.in Dion. A Corin-
thian,
besides treatises on
men, birds ; but of who wrote an history of Orchomeuos.*
aJl his numerous compositions, only'31 epi-
grams,Pans, 6, c. 29. A philosopher.Diog. in:
an elegy,and some hymns on the gods, Zen. A generalof the Athenians when the,|
are extant; the best editions of which, are Gauls invaded Greece by Paus,^ Thermopylie.
that of Ernestus, 2 vols. 8vo. L. 1761,and that 1, c. 3.
of Vukanius, 12mo. Antwerp, 1584. Pro- Caelipyges, a surname of Venus.
pertius styledhimself the Roman CaUhnachus. Caleirhoe, a daughterof the Scamander,.
The precise time of his death,as well as of his who married Troas, by wliom she had Ilus,Ga-
,
A fountain of At-i
Cic. Tu.'ic.1, c. 84.~"Horat. 2, ep. 2, v. 109." tica where Callirhoe killed Iierself. Vid. Co-vJ
Quhdil.10, c. 1. An Athenian general ed
kill- resus. Pans. 7,c. 21. Slal. 12. Theb. v. 629.
"
in the battle of Marathon. His body was A daughterof Oceanus and Tethys,mo-ther
found in an erect posture, all covered with of Echidna, Orthos, and Cerberus, by.^i
wounds. Phd. A Colophonian,who wrote Chrysaor. Hesiod. A daughterof Lycusj
tae lite of Homer. Plut. tyrantof Libya, who kindlyreceived Diome^
Callimedo.v, partizanof Phocion, at des at his return from
a
Troy. He abandonedl
Athens, condemned by the populace. her, upon which she killed herself. -
Callimeles, a youth ordered to be killed daughterof the Achelous, who married Alci
and served up as meat by ApoUodorus of Cas- mieor^. Vid. Alcmason. Pans. 8, c. 24.-
sandrea. PolycBn. 6, c. 7. A daiighter of Phocus the Bojotian, whose^^
Callinus, an orator, who is said to have beautyprocuredher many admirers. Her fa- ther
firstinvented elegiac poetry,B. C. 776. Some behaved with such coldness to her lovers!
of his verses are to be found in Stobajus. Aihtn. that they murdered him. Callirhoe avengedi
"Strab. 13. his death with the assistance of the Boeotians;
Caeliope, of the muses,
one daughterof Phd. Amat.JVarr.- -A daughterof Piras anc
Jupiterand Mnemosyne, who presidedover Niobe. Hygin.fab. 145.
eloquenceand heroic poetiy. She is said to Calliste, an island of the ^gean sea, call-
ed
be the mother of Orpheusby Apollo,and Ho-
race afterwards Thera. Plin. 4, c. 12. Pans. 3," "
supposes her able to play on any musical c. 1, Itschief town was founded 1150 yearsj
instrument. She was representedwith a before the christian era, by Theras.
trumpet in her righthand, and with books in Caleistel\, a festival at Lesbos, during!
the other, which signified that her ollice was which, all the women presentedthemselves :
to take notice of the famous actions of heroes, the templeof Juno, and the fairestwas warded
re-
as Clio was emploved in celebrating them : and in a publicmanner. There Avas alsoj
she held the three most famous epicpoems of an institution of the same kind among tUel
and appeared generallycrowned
antiquity, Parrhasians,first made by Cypselus, whose]
with laurels. She settled the dispute between wife was honoured with the firstprize. Thel
Venus and Proserpine, concerning Adonis^ Eleans had one also,in whicli the fairest manj
whose these two goddesses wished received as a suit of
company prize complete
a armour,!
botJi perpetually to enjoy. Htsiod. Thcog. which he dedicated to Minerva.
"
phidna in the time of Epaminondas, the most as were found guiltyof usingbribes,Sic. Cie.
eloquentof his age. An Athenian orator, de Off.2. A daughter of Marius, sacrificed
with whom Demosthenes made an intimate to the godsby her father,who was advised to
acquaintanceafter he had heard him plead.do it,in a dream, if he wished to conquer the
Xtnoph. A Greek historian praised by Di- Cimbri. Plut. in ParuU. A woman who
onys. Hal. A comic poet, rival of Aristo- killed herself when she heard that her husband
plianes. A statuary. PUn. 34, c. S. A was murdered in the civil wars of Maiius.
secretary of Mithridates. Plut. in Luculli. Paterc. 2, 26. The wife of J. Caesar. Vid.
A grammarian,who made the alphabetof Calphurnia. A favourite of the emperor
the Samians consist of 24 letters. Some pose Claudius, he.
sup- Tacit. Ann. A w^omaa
that he wrote a treatise on courtezans. ruined by Agrippinaon account of her beauty,
Calli.xj^na,
a courtezan of Thessaly, whose he. Tacit.
lenus and Enarelta daughterof Deimachus. the consequence ; but the lowness of the lake
She had Endymion, king of Elis-,by Ethlius below the level of the sea prevents its being
the sonJupiter.Apollod.
of \, c. 7. Paus. 5.
" drained. The words Camarinam movere are
c. 1.A Grecian gu'I, who fellin love with become proverbial to express an unsuccessful
a youth called Evathl.is. As she was
unable to and dangerousattempt. Virg.JEn. 3, v. 791.
gainthe objectof her love" she threw herself Strah. 6. Herodot. 7, c. 134.
" "
from a precipice.This tragical story was Cambaules, a general of some Gauls who
made into a song by Stesichorus,and was still invaded Greece. Paus. 10, c. 19.
extant in the age ofAthenceus, 14. A daugh-
ter Cambes, a princeof Lydia, of such vora-cious
of Hecaton mother of Cycnus. Hygin.157 appetitethat he ate his own wife,"c.
Calydiam, a town on the Appian way. ^lian. 1, V.H.c. 27.
Calydna, an island in the Myrtoan sea. Cambre, a placenear Puteoli. Juv. 7,v. 154.
Some it to be near
suppose Rhodes, others Cambunii, mountains of Macedonia. Liv.
near Tenedos. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 205. 42, c. 53.
Calydon, a cityof /Etolia, where (Eneus, Cambyses, kingof Persia,was son of Cy-
rus
the father oifMeleager,reigned.The Evenus the Great. He conquered Egypt, and
flows throughit,and it receives itsname from was so offended at the superstition of the
Calydon the son of iEtolus. During the reign Egyptians,that he killed their god Apis,and
of (Eneus, Diana sent a wild boar to ravage the plunderedtheir temples. When he wished
country, on account of the neglectwhich had to take Pelusium, he placedat the head of his
been sliown to her divinity by the king. All army, a number of cats and dogs; and the
the princes of the age assembled to hunt this Egyptiansrefusing, in an attempt to defend
boar, which is greatly celebrated by the poets, themselves,to kill animals which they reve-
renced
under the name of the chase of Calydon,or the as divinities, became an easy prey to
Olid. 4, (X Pont. el. 16, v. IP. Some of his murderer binorix,by making Llm drink
Camerini distinguished in of which the fiquor was poiso)ied,
the family of the were a cup,
for their zeal as citizens,as well as
for the'r on pretence of marryinghim, accordingto
w horn was Siilpi-the custom of their coimtry, Vviiich required
abilitiesas scholai's,among
cius, commissioned by the Roman senate to that the bridegroomand his bride should drink
Athens, to collect the best of Solon's out of the same vessel. She escapedby refu-
sing
go to
Juv. 7, V. 90. to druik on pretence of illness. Polytjen.8.
laws.
ancient town ot Italynear Cam(es^, a name givento the muses from
Camericm, an
the sweetness and melodyof their songs a can-
Home, taken by Romulus. PluL in Rom.
Camertes, a friend of Turnus killed by tu amceno, or, accordingto Varro, from car^
Vairo de L. L. 5, c. 7.
^neas. Virg.JEn. 10, v. 562. Vid. Came- vien.
rinum.
Campana lex, or Julian agrarian law, was
enacted by J. Csesar, A. U. C. 691, to divide
Camilla, queen of the Volsci,was daughter
of Metabus and Casmiila. She was educated some lands among the people.
in the woods, inured to the labours of hunt- ing, Campania, a country of Italy,of which
and fed upon the milk of mares. Her fa-
ther Capua was the capital, bounded by Latiura,
devoted her, when young, to the service Samnium. Picenura,and partof the Mediter-
of Diana. When she was declared queen, she raiiean sea. It is celebrated for its delightful
marched at the head of an army, and accompa- nied views, and for its fertility. Capua is often
three youthful females of equalcour-
age called Campana urbs. Strab. 5. Cic. de Leg.
by "
as herself,to assistTurnus against ^neas, Ag. c. 35" Justin. 20, c. 1, 1. 22, c. l."Plin.
where she signalized herselfby the numbers 3, c. 5." Mela, 2, c.4." Flor. 1, c. 16.
that perished by her hand. She was so swift Campe, keptthe 100 handed monsters fined
con-
that she could run, or rather flyover a fieldof in Tartarus. Jupiter killed her,because
corn without bendingthe blades,and make her she refused to givethem their liberty to come
way over the sea without wettingher feet. to his assistance againstthe Titans. Hesiod.
She died by a wound she had received from Theog.500." ApoUod. 1,c. 2.
Ai-uns. Virg. JFm. 7, v. 803, 1. 11, v. 4"5. CaMpaspe and Pancaste, a beautiful con-
Camilii and Camilla, the priests instituted cubir.e of Alexander,whom the king gave to
who had fallen in love with her,as
by Romulus for the service of the gods. Apelles,
Camillus, (L. Furius)a celebrated Ro- man, he drew her picture in her naked charms. It
called a second Romulus, from his ser- vices is said that from this beautythe painter copied
to his country. He was banished by the the thousand charms of his Venus Anadomenc.
peoplefor distributing, contrary to his vow, Plin. 35, c. 10.
the spoils he had obtained at Veii. Duringhis Campi Diomedis, a pidinsituate in Apulia.
exile,Rome was besiegedby the Gauls under Mart. 13. ep. 93.
Brennus. In the midst of their misfortunes, Campas, a town near PaJlene. Herodoi. T,
the besieged Romans elected him dictator,and c. 123.
he forgot their ingratitude, and marched to the Campus Martius, a largeplainat Rome,
reliefof his country,which he delivered, after without the walls of the city, where the Ro-
man
it had been for some time in the possessionof youths performed their exercises,and
the enemy. He died in the 80th year of his learnt to wrestle, and box, to throw tliediscus,
had been five times hurl the javelin, ride a horse,drive a chariot,
age, B. C. 365, after he
dictator, once censor, three times interrex, ".C. The publicassemblies were held there,
twice a militarytribune, and obtained four and the officers of state chosen, and audience
triumphs. He conqueredthe Hernici,Volsci, givento foreign ambassadors. It was adorned
Latini,and Etrurians,and dissuaded his coun- with statues, columns, arches,and porticoes,
trjmeu from their intentions of leaving
Rome and its pleasantsituation made it veiy fre-
quented.
to reside at Veii. WhenbesiegedFalisci,
he It was called Martius,because de- dicated
he rejected, with proper indignation, the of-
fers to Mars. It was sometimes called
of a schoolmaster, who had betrayedinto Tiberinus, from itscloseness to the Tiber. It
his hands the sons of the most worthy citizens. w^as givento the Roman people by a vestal
Pint, in vita. Lit. 5. Flor. 1, c. 13. Diod. virgin
" "
"
238 and 242." Ovid. Heroid. 11. Trist. 2, v. whence Cicero observed, that Rome was ly
great-
384. indebted to him for his vigilance, as he had
Canache, one of Acteeon's dogs. not slept during the whole time of his consul-
ship.
Canachus, a statuary of Sicyon. Paus. Oic. 7, ad Fam. ep. 33. Plut. in Cces. "
An histo-
rian
c. 17. of Lycia,who wrote an account of Isau-
Canulia, a Roman became ria in eight
virgin,who books. A poet who wrote oa
they retained the language of their founder, of M. Manlius, whO; for his ambition,
and likewise adoptedthat of their neighbours.was thrown down from the Tarpeian rock
Horace complained of the grittiness of their which he had so noblydefended. A moun-
tain
bread. The wools and the cloths of the place at Rome, called also Mons Tarpeius, and
were in high estimation. Horat. 1, Sat. 10,v. Mons. Saturni. The capitol was built upon it.
ZO."Melu, 2, c. 4."JPlin. 8, c. 11. A man of lascivious morals, consul with
Canl'sius; a Greek historian under Ptolemy Marcellus. Plut. in Marcell. Julius,an
Auletes. Plut. author in Dioclesian's reign, who wrote an ac-
count
torch in the darkness of night, which caused Liv. 1, 10, ".C. Plin. 33, "c. Sutton, in " "
and betged of them a king,and theyreceived Capys, a Trojan who came with iEneas in-to
Ariobarzanes. It was some time aftergovern-
ed Italy, and founded Capua. He was one of
by a Roman proconsul.Though the an- cients those who, against the advice of Thyracetes,
have ridiculed this country for the un- wished to destroythe wooden horse, which
fruitfulnessof its soil, and the manners of its proved the destruction of Troy, Virg.Mn,
inhabitants, yet it can boast of the birth of the 10, V. 145. A son of Assaracus by a daugh-
ter
geogiapherStrabo, St. Basil,and Gregoi^ of the Simois. He was father of Anchises
r^'azianzen, among other illustriouscharacters. by Themis. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 33. "
The horses of this country were in general Capys Sylvius, a kingof Alba, who reign-ed
esteem, and with these theypaidtheir tributes twenty-eightyears. Dionys,Hal. Virg.
to the king of Persia,while under his power, JEn. 6, V. 768.
for want of money. The kingsof Cappadocia Car, a son of Phoroneus,kingof Megara.
mostlybore the name of Ariarathes. Horat Paus. 1,c. 39 and 40, A son of Manes, who
I, ep. 6, V. 39." PZin. 6, c. ^."Curt. 3 and 4." married Callirhoe, daughterof the Mseander.
Strab. 11 and \Q."Htrodot. 1,c. 73, 1.5, c. 49 Caria received its name from him. Herodot.
"Mela, 1, c. 2, 1.3, c. 8. 1, c. 171.
Capradox, a river of Cappadocia.Plin. Cahabactra, a placein India.
6,c. 3. Carabis, a town of Spain,
Capbaria, now Cabrera,a mountain island Caracalla. Vid. AntoninUs.
on the coast of Spain, famous for its goats. Caracates, a peopleof Germany.
Plin. 3, c. 6. Car-Vctacus,a king of the Britons, conquer-
ed
CAPREiE, now Capri,an island on the coast by an officer of Claudius Cassar,A. D. 47.
of Campania,aboundingin quails, and famous Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 33 and 37.
for the residence and debaucheries of the em- CARi?:,certain placesbetween Susaand th"-
eror Tiberius,duringthe seven last years of Tigris,where Alexander pitchedhis camp.
i;is life. The island,in which now several Car.?^us,a surname of Jupiter in Bceotia, "
Card Lc HI, a warlike nation of Media, along Carmenta and Carmentis, a prophetess
the boruers of the Tigris.Diod. 14. of Arcadia, mother of Evander, with whom
CareS; a nation which inhabited Caria,and she came to Italy, and was received by
king
thoughtthemselv^es the original possessors of Faunus, about 60 years before the Trojan war.
that country. They became so powerfulthat Her name was Mcostrata, and she received that
their countiry
was not extensive
sufficiently to of Carmentis from the wildness of her looks,
contain all, upon which theyseized the
them when givingoracles, as if carens mentis. She
neighbouringislands of the jEgean sea. These was the oracle of the people of Italyduring
islands were conqueredby Minoskingof Crete. after death she received divineher life,and
Pviieus son of Codrus, invaded their country, honours. She had a templeat Rome, and the
and slaughtered many of the inhabitants, in Greeks offered her sacrifices under the name
this calamity,the Carians. surrounded on eve-
ry of Themis. Ovid. Fast. 1, v, 467, 1.6, v. 530.
side by enemies, fortifiedthemselves in the "
Plut. in Rpmul "
Virg.JEn. 8, v. 339.
mountainous parts of the country, and, soon Liv. 5, c. 47.
after,made themselves terrible by sea. They Carmentales, festivalsat Rome in honour
were ancientlycalled Leleges. Herodot. 1,c. of Carmenta, celebrated the 11th of Januarj"-,
140 and lll."Paus. 1, c. 40." S/r"6. 13." near the Porta Carmentalis,below the
capitol.
Curt. 6, c. 3." Justin. 13,c. 4." Virg.Mh. 8, This goddesswas entreated to render the Ro- man
V. 725. matrons and theirlabours
prolific, easy.
Caresa, an island of the iEgean sea, oppo-
site Lit*.1, c. 7.
Attica. Carmentalis Porta, one of the gates of
Caresscs, river of Troas. Rome in the neighbourhoodof the
a It capitol.
Carfinia, an immodest afterwards called Scderata,because the
woman, mentioned was
"f the Seasons. She was loved by Calamus which their allieswished them to abolish,
the son of Meeander, w^hom she equallyad- but in vain. They bore the chai-acterof a
mired.
She was drowned in the Mseander, faithlessand treacherous people,and the pro- verb
and was changedby Jupiterinto all sorts of Punica fidesis well known. Slrab 17..
fruit. Paus. 9, c. 33, Firg.JEn. 1, kc."Mela, 1, kc."Plol. 4.
"
"
Carpophora, a name of Ceres and Pro- serpineJustin." Liv. 4, )k.c."Paterc. 1 and 2." Pint.
in Tegea. Paus. 8, c. 53. in Annib. iic Cic. Nova, ^ town built io
"
nez, on the shores of the Mediterranean. Carus, a Roman emperor who succeeded
Carth^a, a town in the island of Cea, Probus. He was a prudent and active gene-
ral
"whence the epithet of Cartheius. Ovid. Met. ; he conqueied the Sarmalians,and coji-
*J,V. 368. tuiued the Persian war which his predecessor
Carthagi'nienses,the inhabitants of Car- thage, had commenced. He reignedtwo years, and
a rich and commercial nation. Vid. died on the banks of the Tigris as he was
ing
go-
Carthago. in an expeditionagainstPersia,A. D.
Carthago, a celebrated cityof Africa,the 283. He made his two sojis, Carinus and
rival of Rome, and longthe capital of the coun-
try, Numerianus, Caesars ; and as his many virtues
and mistress of Spain, Sicily, and Sardinia. had promised the Romans happiness, he was
The precise time of itsfoundation is unknown, made a god after death. Eutrop. One of
yet most writers seem to agree that it was those who attemptedto scale the rock Aor-
firstbuilt by Dido, about 869 years before the nus, by order of Alexander. Curt. 8, c. 11.
christian era, or, according to others, 72,or 93 Carya, a town of Arcadia. A cityof
years before the foundation of Rome. This Laconia Paus. 3, c. 10. Here a festival
cityand republic flourished for 737 years, ant' was observed in honour of Diana Caryatls^
the time of its greatestglorywas under Anni- It was then usual for virginsto meet at the
bal and Amilcar. Daringthe firstPunic war,|[celebration,
and joinin a certain dance, said
CA CA
to KaxreBeen firstinstitutedb^ t"stot and north of Parthia,
receivingin its capaciotS
PoUax. When Greece was invaded by Xerx-
es, bed the tribute of several largerivers. An- cient
the Laconians did not appear before the authors assure us, that it producedenor-
mous
enemy, for fear of displeasing the goddess, by serpents and fishes, different in colour
not celebrating her festival. At that time the and kind from those of allother waters. The
peasants assembled at the usual place,and eastern parts are more particularly called the
sang pastorals called Bou ex" "^. from H9"e".a,-,
a Hr/rcaniansea, and the western the Caspian^
neatherd. From this circumstance some pose It is now
sup- called the sea of Sala or Baku. The
that bucolics originated. Stat. 4, Theb. Caspianis about 680 miles long,aad in no part
more than 260 in breadth. There are no tides
Caryasda, a town and island on the coast in it,and on account of itsnumerous shoals it.
of Caria,now Karacoion. 19 navigable to vessels drawingonly nine or
Gary AT i:, a peopleof Arcadia, ten feet water. It has strong currents, and,
Carystius Antigonus, an historian, Stc. B. like inland seas, is liable to violent storms^
C. 248. Some navigators examined it in 1708,by or-
der
Carystus, a maritime town on the south of the Czar Peter,and after the labour o"
of Eubcea, stillin existence,famous for its three years, a map of itsextent was published..
mai-ble. Stai. 2, Sylv.2, v. 93.^Mariial. 9, Its waters ai-e described as brackish,and nofe
ep. 76. impregnated with salt so much as the wide
Caryum, placeof Laconia, where
a Aris- ocean. Herodot. 1, c. 202. kc. Curt. 3, c. 2i
"
Perieg. "
v 50.r .
Casca, one of Cassar's assassins,who gave Caspius mons, a branch of mount Taurus,
iira the firstblow. Plut. in Cces. between Media and Armenia, at the east or
Cascellius Aclus, a lawyerof greatmer-
it the Euphrates. The Caspite portce are placed
in the Augustan age. Horat. Jirt. Poet. in the defiles of the mountains by some graphers.
geo-
371.
CasilinuM; a town of Campania. When Cassandane, the mother of Cambyses by
it was besiegedby Hannibal, a mouse sold for Cyrus. Herodot. 2, c. 1, 1. 3, c. 2.
200 denarii. The placewas defended by 540 Cassasder, son of Antipater, made self
him-
or 570 natives of Praeneste,who, when half master of Macedonia after his father's
their number had perished either by war or death, where he reignedfor 18 years. He
famine, surrendered to the conqueror. Liv. married Thessalonica,the sisterof Alexander,
23, c. \9."StTab. b."Cic dt Inv. 2, c. 57." to strengthen himself on his throne. Olym-
JPlin.3, c. 5. pias, the mother of Alexander, wished to
Casina and Casinum, a town of Campania. keep the kingdomof Macedonia for Alexan-
der's
Sil. 4, V. 227. young children ; and therefore she de-
stroyed
Casius, a mountain near the Euphrates. the relations of Cassander,who sieged
be-
" Another at the east of Pelusium, where her in the town of Pydna, and put her
Pompey's tomb was raised by Adrian. Jupi- ter, to death. Roxane, with her son Alexander,
sumamed Camus, had a temple there. and Barsena the mother of Hercules, both
Lucan. 8. v. 258. Syria,from wives of Alexander, shared the fate of Olym-
Another in
Tvhose top the sun can piaswith their children. Antigouus,
be
rising, seen who had
though it be stillthe darkness of
night at the been for some time upon friendly terms with.
kottom of the mountain. Plin. 5, c. 22. Cassander, declared war
"
againsthim ; and
Mela, 1 and 3. Cassander, to make himself equalwith his ad-
versary,
Gasmen^, a town built by the Syi-acusans made a leaguewith Lysimachus and
in Sicily. Thucyd.6, c 5. Seleucus, and obtained a memorable victory
C ASM ILL A, the mother of Camilla. Virs. at Ipsus,B. C. 301. He died three years after
JEn. 11, V. 543. this victory, of a dropsy. His son Antipater
Casperia, wife of Rhoetus king of the killed his mother, and for this unnatural mur-
der
Marrubii, committed adulterywith her son- he was put to death by his brother Alex-
ander,
in-law. Virg.JEn. 10, v. 388. A town of who, to strengthen himself,invited De-
metrius,
the Sabines. F/rg-.
^n. 7, v. 714 the son of Antigonus, from Asia. De-
metrius
Casperula, a town of the Sabines. Sil. took advantageof the invitation, and
5, V. 416. put to death Alexander, and ascended the
CaspijE Port^, certain passes of Asia, throne of Macedonia. Paus. 1, c. 25. " Diod.-
which some place about Caucasus and the 19." Justin. 12, 13, he.
Caspian sea, and others between Persia and Cassandra, a daughter of Priam and He- cuba,
the Caspiansea, or near mouut Taurus, or was passionately loved by Apollo,who
Armenia, or Cilicia. Biod. 1. Plin. ", e. 27, promisedto grant her whatever she might re-
"
quire,
i. 6, c. 13. if she would gratify his passion. She
Caspiaka, a countiy of Armenia. asked the power of knowing futurity ; and as
Caspii, a Scythiannation near the Cas-
pian soon as she had received it,she refused to per-
sea. Such as had lived beyond tlieir70th form her promise,and slighted Apollo. The
year were starved to death. Their dogswere god, in his disappointment, wetted her lips
remarkable for their fierceness. Herodot. 3, with his
tongue, and by this action ettected
4J. 92, "c. I. 7, c. 67, ^. C. JS'tp. that no credit or reliance should ever
"
14,c. 8. " be put
ll.rtr.JEn. 6, v. 798.
upon her predictions, however true and faith-
ful
Caspium mare, or Hyrcanum, a largesea theymight be. Some maintain timt she re- ceived
in the form of a lake, which has no commu- the giftof prophecy with her brother
,"icationwith other seas, and lies between tlie Helenus, by being placed when
young one
C3aspia"and Hyrcanian movmtaiiii5, ot t4ie in the
night of
temple where
Apollo, ieipenti
CA CA
trere found wreathed
ai-ound theirbodies,and C. Cassius,a celebrated Roman, who made
lickingtheir ears, which circumstance gave himself knowii by beinghrst quaestor to Cras-
them the knowledge of futurity.She was sus in his expeditionagainst Panhia, from
looked upon by the Trojansas insane, and she which he extricated himself with uncommon
was even conlined, and her predictions were address. He followed the interestof Pompey ;
disregarded. She was courted by many ces and when Caesar had obtained the victoryin
prin-
duringthe Trojan war. When Troy u as the plainsof Pharsalia;Cassius w^as one of
taken, she fled for shelter to the templeof Mi-
nerva,those who owed their lifeto the mercy ol the
where Ajas found her, and offered her conqueror. He married Junia the sister of
Tiolence, with the greatestcruelty, at the foot Brutus, and with him he resolved to murder
of Minerva's statue. division of the the man
In the to whom he was indebted for his life,
who account of his oppressive ambition ; and
spoilsof Troy, Agamemnon, was moured
ena- on
of her, took her as his wife, and re- turned before he stabbed Ceesar,he addressed himself
with her to Greece. She repeatedlyto the statue of Pompey, who had fallen by
foretold to him the sudden calamities that the avarice of him he was goingto assassinate.
awaited his return ; but he gave no credit to When the provinceswere divitled among C^e-
ker, and was assassinatedby his wife Clytem- sar's murdej-ers, Cassius received Afiica ; and
Bestra. Cassandra shared his fate,and saw when his party had lost gi'oundat Rome, by
all her prophecies but too truly fulfilled.[Vid. the superiorinfluence of Augustus and M.
Jigamemiion.lJEschyl. in Agam. Homer. II. Antony, he retired to Philippi,
"
\vith his friend
13,V. 363. Od. 4."Hi/gm. fab. 111." Virg.Brutus and their adherents. In tlie battle
JEn. 2, V. 246, kc."Q. C'alab. 13, v. 421." that was foughtthere,the wing which Cassius
Eurip.in Troad. " Pans. 1, c. 16, 1.3, c. 19. commanded v/as defeated,and his camp was
Cassia lex was enacted by Cassius Longi- and ruined as well as himself. ful
Fear-
By it no man condemned to fall into the enemys hands, he ordered
nus, A. U. C. 649.
or deprived of military
power was permittedone of his freed-men to run him through, and
to enter the senate house. Another enact-
ed he perishedby that very sword which had
by C. Cassius,the prcEtor, to choose some of given wounds to Ceesar, His body was noured
ho-
the plebeians
to be admitted among the patri-
cians. with a magnificent funeral by his friend
Another A. U. C. 616, to make the Brutus,who declared over him that he deser-
ved
suffragesof the Roman peoplefree and inde-
pendent. to be called the lastof the Romans. If he
It ordained that they should be re-ceived was brave,he was equallylearned. Some of
upon tablets. Cic in Lai. Another his letters are stillextant among Cicero's epis-
tles.
A. U. C. 267, to make a division of the terri-
tories He was a strictfollower of the doctrine
taken from the Hernici,half to the Ro- man of Epicurus. He was often too rash and too
people,and half to the Latins. ther
Ano- violent,and many of the wrong stepswhich
enacted A. U. C. 596, to grant a consular Brutus took are to be ascribed to the prevail-
ing
to P. Anicius and Octaviusthe day on advice of Cassius. He isallow ed by Pater-
power
theytriumphedover Liv.
Macedonia. culus to have been a better commander than
Cassiodorus, a great statesman and writer Brutus, thougha less sincere friend. The day
in the 6th century. He died A. D. 662, at after Caesar's murder he dined at the house of
the age of 100. His works were edited by Antony, who asked him whether he had then
Chandler, 8vo. London, 1722. a daggerconcealed in his bosom : yes, replied
nilius,1. A city of Epirus near Thes- Horat. 1,sat. 10, v. 62. Spurius, a Roman.
protia. Another in the island of Corcyra. put to death en suspicion of his aspiring to ty-
ranny,
Plin. 4, c. 12. The wife of Epaphus. Stal. after he had been three times consul,
Sylv. B. C. 485. Diod. Ih" VaL Max. 6, c. 3.
CassiterVpes, islands in the western ocean, Brutus, a Roman, who betrayed his country
where tin was found,supposedto be the Scil- to the Latins,and fled to the temple of Pallas,
lyislands,the Land's end, and Lizard point,where his father confined him, and he was
of the moderns. Plin. 6, c. 22. starved to death. Longinus,an oflicer of
Cassivelaunus, a Briton invested with so- vereign Ca3sar in Spain,much disliked. Cits. Alex, c
authoritywhen J. Ceesar made a des-
cent 48. A consul to whom Tiberius married
upon Britain. Ca^t:D"Al. Q. 5, c. 19, "c. Dnisilla,daughter of ^jicnnanicus. SueiojJ.ir
CA CA
Cal. c. 57. A lawyer whom Nero put to slew Amycus, in the combat of thfecestus,and
death because he bore the name of J. Cssar's was ever alter reckoned the god and patron of
murderer. Suet, in Mr. 37. ^L. Hemina, boxing and wrestling.Castor distinguished
the most ancient writer of annals at Rome. himself in the management of horses. The
He lived A. U. C. 608. Lucius, a Romari brothers cleai-edthe Hellespont, and the neigh-
bouring
lawyer,whose severity in the execution of the seas, from pirates,after their return
law'has rendered the words Cassiani judicestrom Colchis,from which circumstance they
applicable to rigid judges. Cic. pro. Rose. c. have been alwaysdeemed the friends of naviga-
tion.
30. a critic.Vid. Longinus.
Loriginus, Duringthe Argonauticexpedition,
in a
Lucius;a consul with C. Marius, slain with his violent storm, two flames of iire were seen to
army by the Gauls Senones. Appian.in Celt. playround the heads of l^hesons of Leda, and
^M. Sc"eva, a soldier of uncommon valour immediatelythe tempest ceased and the sea
in Cajsars army. Vol. Max. 3, c. 2. An was calmed. From this occurrence their pow-
er
officer under Aurelius, made emperor by his to protect sailors has been more firmlycre-
dited,
women. He died in exile, in his 2oth year. but ifonlyone was seen, itprognosticated
Vid. Severus. The family of the Cassii branch-
ed storms, and the aid of Castor and Pollux was
into the surname of Longinus,Viscellinus, consequently solicited.Castor airdPollux mad"
Brutus,"ic. Avar againstthe Athenians to recover their sis-
ter
Cassotis, a nymph and fountain of Phocis. Helen, whom Tneseus had carried away ;
Pans. 10, c. 24. and from their clemencyto the conquered, viiey
Castabala, a cityof Cllicia, whose inhab-
itants acquiredthe surname of Anaces,or benefac-
tors.
made war with their dogs.Plin. 8, c. 40. They were initiatedin the sacred myste-
ries
Castabus, a town of Chersonesus. of the Cabiri, and in those of Ceres of
Castalia, a town near Phocis. A daugh-
ter Eleusis. They were invited to a feast when
of the Achelous, Ly nceus and Lias w ere goingto celebrate their
Castalius fons, or Castalia, a fountain marriagewith Phcebe and 'ialaria, the daugh-
ters
of Parnassus, sacred to the muses. The of Leucippus, who w'as brother to Tynda-
waters of thisfountain were cool and excellent,rus. Their behaviour after this invitation was
and theyhad the power of inspiring those that cruel. They became enamoured of the two
drank of them with the true fire of poetry. women whose nuptials they w ere to celebrate,
The muses have received the surname of Caa- and resolved to carry them away and marry
talidesfrom this fountain. Viro;. G. 3, v, 293. them. This violent step provoked Lynceus
"Martial. 7, ep. 11, 1. 12, ep. 3r and Idas ; a battle ensued, and Castor killed
Castanea, ato.wn near the Peneus, v/hence Lynceus,and was killed by Idas. Pollux re-venged
the 7iuces Castanta received their name. Plin. the death of his brother by killing Idas ;
4, c. 9. and as he was immortal, and tenderly attached
Castellum menapiorum, a (own of Belgium to his brother,he entreated Jupiter to restore
"n the Maese, now Kessel. Morinorum, him to life,or to be deprived himself of immor-
tality.
now Mount Cassel, in Flanders. Cattorum, Jupiter permittedCastor to share the
now Hesse Cassel. immortality of his brother;and consequently,,
Casthenes, a bay of Thrace,near Byzantium. as longas the one was upon earth,so longwa?
Castiasira, a Thracian,mistress of Priam, the other detained in the infernalregions,
and
and mother of Gorgythion. Homer. II.8. theyalternately lived and died every day ; or
Castor and Pollux, were twin brothers,according to others,every six months. This
sons of Jupiter, by Leda, the wife of Tynda- act of fraternal love Jupiter rewarded by ma*
iTis, king of Sparta. The manner of their kingthe two brothers constellations in heaven^
birth is uncommon. Jupiter, who was ena- under the name oi Gemini,w^hich never appear
mom-ed of Leda, changed himself into a beau-tiful together ; but u hen one rises the other sets-
swan, and desired Venus to metamorphose and so on alternately. Castor made Talaria
herself into an eagle. After this transforma-
tion mother of Anogon, and Phcebe had iVlnesileup
the goddesspursuedthe god with appa- by Pollux. They received divine honours aftej-
i-ent ferocity, and Jupiter fled for refugeinto death,and were generally coWi^d Dioscuri, son?
the arms of Leda, who was bathingin the Eu- of Jupiter.White lambs were more larly
particu-
rotas. Jupiter took advantageof his situation, offered on their altars,and the ancients
and nine months after, Leda, who was already were fond of swearingby the divinity of the
pregnant,broughtforth two eggs, from one of Dioscuri,by the expressions oiJEdtpol, an"T.
which came Pollux and Helena ; and from the JEcastor. Among the ancients,and especially
other. Castor and Clylemnestra.The two among the Romans, there prevailedmany
former were the offspring of Jupiter, and the publicreports, at differenttimes,that Castor
latter were believed to be the children of f
yn- and Pollux had made their appearance to^heir
darus. Some suppose that Leda broughtforth armies ; and, mounted on white steeds, had
only one egg, from which Castor and Pollux marched at tliehead of their troops,and furi- ously
sprung. Mercury, immediately after their attacked the enemy. Their surnames
birth,carried the two brothers to Pallena, were many, and they w ere generally repre-
sented
where they were educated ; and as soon as mounted on two white horses, armed
they had arrived to years of maturity,they W'ith spears, and ridingside by side,with tlieir
embarked with Jason to go in quest of the
den head covered wiih a bonnet,on whose topj^lit
gol-
fleece. In this expedition both behaved tered a star. Ovid. Met. 6. v 109. iW. 5,
with superior courage : Pollux conqueredand v. 701. ./?m 3, el.2; v. 54." iy^m. fab. 77 ard
99
"A CA
!78. HoiUcr. Hymn. i7iJov. puer.
" "
t!.ujip, ift Catiena, a courtezan iu Juvenal's
age.
Helen." Plat, in Thes."Virg. ^n. 6, v. 121. Juv. 3, V. 133.
" Manil. j^rg. 2.
"
Liv. 2. Dionys.
"
Hal. 6.
"
Catienus, an actor at Rome in Horace'*
Justin. 20, c. S." Floral.2. Sat. 1,v. 21.--Flor. age, 2, S.at.3, v. 61.
% c. 12." Cic. de A'at. D. 2, c. 2."Apollo7i. 1. L. Sergius CATiLisA, a celebrated Ro-
-^Apollod.1, c. 8, 9, 1. 2, c. 4, 1.3, c. 11." msm descended of a noble family.When he.
Pans. 3, c 24, 1. 4, c. 3 and 27. An ancient had squandered his fortune by his de- baucheries
away
physician.A swift runner. A friend of and extravagance, and been refused
iEneas.-vvho accompaniedhim into Italy. Virg.the consulship, he secretly meditated the ruia
JEn. 10, V. 124. An orator of Rhodes, rela- ted of his country, and conspired withmany of the
to king Deiotarus. He wrote two book on most illustriousof the Romans, as dissolute as
Babylon,and one on'the Nile. A gladiator. himself,to extirpate the senate, plunderthe
Hor'at.l, ep. 18,v. 19. treasury,and set Rome on fire. This conspi- racy
C ASTRA Alexandri, a place of Egypt was timelydiscovered by the consul Ci- cero,
about Pehisiura. Curl. A, c. 7. Cornelia,a whom he had resolved to murder; and
maritime town of Africa,between Carthage Catiline,afterhe had declared his intentions in
and Utica. Mela, 1, c.7. Annibalis, atowu the fullsenate,and attempted to vindicate him- self,
of the Brutii, now Roccella. Cyri,a coun-
try on seeingfive of his accomplices arrested^
of Cilicia, where Cyrus encamped when retired to Gaul, where his partisans were sembling
as-
he marclied against Croesus. Curl. 3, c. 4. an army; while Cicero at Rome nished
pu-
Julia, a town of Spain. Posthumiana, a the condemned conspirators. Petreius"
placeof Spain. Hirt. Hisp.8. the other consul's lieutenant,attacked Cati- line's
Castratius, a governor of Placentia du- ill-discjf)lined troops,and routed them.
ringthecivil wars of Marius. Val. Max. 6, c. 2. Catiline Avas killed in the engagement, bravely
CastrUxM Novu3t. a place on the coast of fighting, about the middle of December, B. C.
Etruria. Liv. 36, c. 3. Truentinum, a town 63 His charac'*er has been deservedly ed
brand-
of Picenum. Cic. de Attic. 8, ep. 12. Inui, with the foulestinfamy; and to the violence
a town on the shores of the Tyrrhene sea. he offered to a vestal, he added the more cious
atro-
Virg.JEn. 6, v. 775. murder of his own brother,for which he
Castijlo,a town of Spain,where Annibal would have suft'ereddeath,had not friends and
married one of the natives. Plut. in Serl. " bribes prevailed over justice.It has been re- ported
Liv. 24, c. 41." Hal. S, v. 99 and 391. that Catiline and the other conspirators
CatabAthmos, a great declivity near Cy- drank human blood,to make then- oaths more
rene,fixedbySallust as the boundaryof Africa, firm and inviolable. Sallust has written an count
ac-
CATADCPA,lhe name
" of the largecataracts JEn. 8, V. 668.
of the Nile,whose immense noise stuns the ear Catilli,a peoplenear the river Anio. SiL
of travellers for a short space of time, and to- tally4, v. 225.
deprives the neighbouring inhabitants of Catilsus, a pirate of Dalmatia. Cic. Div. 5,
the power of hearing.Cic. de Somn. Scip.5. c. 10.
Catagogia, festi\alsin honour of Venus, Catileus or Catilus, a son of Amphiarus,.
celebrated by the peopleof Erjx. Vid. Ana- who came to Italywith his brothers Coras
gogia. and Tiburtus,where he built Tibur, and as- sisted
Qimi-
discharged, in some of its eruptions, a stream lil.10, c. 1. Vestinus,a military tribune in
of lava 4 miles broad and 50 feet deep,advan- cing M. Antony'sarmy. Cic. Div. c. 10,23.
at the rate of 7 railcs in a day. Catana Catizi, a people of the Pygmajans,sup- posed
contains now about 30,000 inhabitants. Cic.ia to have been driven from their countiy
Verr. 4, c. 53,1.5,c. M."Diod. 11 and 14. by cranes. Plin. 4, c. 11.
Strah. 6." Thucyd.6, c. 3. Cato, a surname of the Porcian family^
Cataonia, a country above Cilicia,near rendered illustrious by M. Porcius Cato, a
Cappadocia.C. JVep.in Dal. 4. celebrated Roman, afterwards called Censo-
C3ataracta,a cityof the Samnites. rlus,from his having exercised the office of
river of Pamphylia, He rose to allthe honours of the state,
C^taractes, a now censor.
a history of the Roman monarchy ",the second campaign,Cato was received at Rome with
and third an account of the neighbouring cities the most distinguishinghonours, which he,
of Italy ; the fourth a detail of the first, and however, modestlydeclined. When the first
the fifthof the second Punic war ; and in the triumvirate was formed between Caesar, Pora-
others,the Roman historywas broughtdown pey, and Crassus, Cato opposed them with all
to the war of the Lusitanians, carried on by his might,and with an independentspirit told
fore-
Ser Galba. Some fragmentsof the Origines to the Roman peopleall the misfortunes
remain, supposedby some to be supposititious.which soon afterfollowed. After repeatedap-
plications
Cato's treatise,De Re rudica,was edited by he was made praetor,but he seemed
Anfon. Pompna, 8vo. Ant. Plant. 1590 ; but rather to disgrace than support the dignityof
the best edition of Cato, "c. seems to be Ges- that oflfice,
by the meanness of his dress. He
ners, 2 vols. 4to. Lips.1735. Cato died in an appliedfor the consulship,but could nevee
extreme old age, about 150 B. C. ; and Cicero, obtain it. When Casar had passedtheRubi-
to show his respect for him, has introduced con, Cato advised the Roman senate to deliver
him in his treatise on old age, as the principal the care of the republic into the hands of Pom-
character. Plin. 7, c. 14. Plutarch "/" C. JVepospey : and when his advice had been complied
have written an account of his life. Cic Acad. with, he foliowed him with his son to Dyrra-
^ de Senect. "lc. Marcus, the son of the chium, where, after a small victory there,he
censor, married the daughterof P. iEmylius.was intrusted with the care of the ammunition,
He lost his sword in a battle,and though and 15 cohorts. After the battle of Phar-
wounded and tired,he went to his friends,salia, Cato took the command of the Corcy-
and, with their assistance, renewed the battle,rean fleet ; and when he heard of Pompey's
and recovered his sword. Flut. in Cat.- death,on the coast of Africa,he traversed the
A courageous Roman, grandfather to Cato deserts of Libya,to joinhimself to Scipio.He
the censor. He had five horses killed under refused to take the command of the army in
him in battles, Plut. in Cat. Valerius,a Africa,a circumstance of which he afterwards
grammarian of Gallia Narbonensis, in the repented. When Scipiohad been defeated,
time of Sylla,who instructed at Rome many partlylor not payingregardto Cato's advice,
noble and
pupils, wrote some poems. Ovid. Cato fortified himself in Utica,but, however,
3, Trist. 1, 436.
v. Marcus, surnamed not with the intentions of supporting a siege.
from his death at Utica, was
Uticensis, great When Cn^sar apjjroached near the city,Cato
grandsonto the censor of the same name. The i disdained to fly,and rather than fallalive into
earlyvirtues that oppearodin liischildheod; jthe(;on"iueror','^hands^he ^tabbed himseif; ajf-
CA GA
ter he had read Plato's treatise on the immor' Caturiges, a people of Gaul, now C/tor-
oi the soul, B.
taiily C. 46, in the 59th year of ge5, near the source of the Durance. Cms. B.
his age. He had firstmarried Attilia, a woman G. 1,c. 10." Plin. 3, c. 20.
whose licentious conduct obligedhim to di- vorce Cavares, a people of Gaul, who inhabited
her. Afterwards he united himself to the presentprovinceof Cointat in Provence.
Martia, daughter of Philip.Hortensius, his Cavarillus, a commander of some troops
friend,wished to raise chil,drenby Martia,and of the iEdui in Caesar's army. Cats. Bell. G.
therefore obtained her from Cato. After the 7, c. 67.
death of Hortenshis, Cato took her again.This Cavarinus, a Gaul, made king of the Se-
conductwas ridiculed by the Romans, who ob- served
nones by Cassar, and banished by his subjects.
that Martia had entered the house of C"w. Bell. G. 5, c. 54.
Hortensius very poor, but returned to the bed Caucasus, a celebrated mountain between
of Cato loaded with treasures. It was ed
observ- the Euxine and Caspianseas, which may be
that Cato alwaysappeared in mourning, considered as the continuation of the ridgeof
and never laid himself down at his meals since mount Taurus. Its height is immense. It
the defeat of Pompey, but always sat down, was inhabited anciently by various savage na-
tions
contrary to the custom of the Romans, as if who lived upon the wild fruitsof the
'depressedwith the recollection that the sup- earth. It
porters covered with snow in some
was
killed in a battle,after he had acquiredmuch Prometheus was tied on the top of Cau-
casus
honour. Plut. in Cat. Min. by Jupiter, and continually devoured by
Catrea, a town of Crete. Pav^. vultures,accordingto ancient authors. The
Catretjs, a king of Crete, killed by his son passes near this mountain, called CaucasicR
at Rhodes, unknowingly. Diod. 5. porta, bear now the name of Derbent,and it
Catta, a woman who had the gift of pro- is supposedthat through them the Sarmatians,
phec3^ Suet, in Vitel. 14. called Huns, made their way, when they in-
vaded
Catti, a people of Gaul and Germany. the provinces of Rome. Plin. 6, c. 11.
Tacit.Jinn. 13, v. 57. "Strab. U."Herodot. 4, c. 203, kc."Virg.
Catulianaj a surname of Minerva, from L. Eel. 6, G. 2, V. 440. ^7i. 4, v. 366." Flac. 5,
Catulus, who dedicated a standard to her. V. 155.
Piin. 34, c. 8. Caucon, a son of Clinus,w^hofirstintroduc-
ed
Catullus, C. or Q. Valerius, a poet of the Orgiesinto Messenia from Eleusis.
Verona, whose compositions,elegantand Paus. 4, c. 1.
simple,are the of a luxuriant imagi-
offspring nation. Caucones, a people of Paphlagonia, ginally
ori-
He was acquainted with the most inhabitants of Arcadia, or of Scythia,
distinguished peopleof his age, and directed accordingto some accounts. Some of thera
his satire againstCaesar, whose only revenge made a settlement nearDymae in Elis. Hero-
was to invite the poet, and
hospitcibly tain
enter- dot. 1, kc" Strab. 8, "c
him at his table.
Catullus was the first Caudi and Caudium, a town of the Sam-
Roman Avho imitated with success the Greek nites,near which, in a placecalled Cavdincs
writers,and introduced their numbers among Furculoe,the Roman army under T. Veturius
the Latins. Though the pages of the poet are Calvinus and Sp. Posthumius was obligedto
occasionally disfiguredwith licentious expres-
sions, surrender to the Samnites,and pass under the
the whole is written with greatpurityyoke with the greatestdisgrace. Liv. 9, c. 1,
of style. Catullus died in the 46th year of his kc. Lucan. 2, v. 138. "
age, B. C. 40. The best editions of his works, Cavii, a peopleof Illyricum. Liv. 44, c. 30.
Avhich consist only of epigrams,are that of Caulonia, or Caulon, a tow n of Italynear
Vulpius,4to. Patavii, 1737, and that of Bar- the country of the Brutii,founded by a colony
bou, 12mo. Paris,1754. Martial. 1,ep. 62. of Achaeans,and destroyed
"
in the wars between
Ovid. Trisl. 2, v. 427. A man surnaraed Pyrrhus and the Romans. Pam. 6, c. 3. "
Urbicarii:^,
was a mimographer. Juv. 13, v. Virg.JEn. 3, v. 553.
111. Caunius, a man raised to affluence from
Q. LucTATius Catulus, went with
300 poverty by Artaxerxes. Plut. in Artax.
shipsduringthe first Punic war againstthe Caunus, a son of Miletus and Cyane. He
Carthaginians, and destroyed 600 of their was passionately fond of, or,- accordingto
thipsunder Hamilcar, near the jEgates. This others,he was tenderlybeloved by his sister
celebrated victory put an end to the war. Byblis, and to avoid an incestuous commerce,
An orator distinguished also as a writer of epi-
grams,he retired to Caria,where he built a citycall- ed
and admired for the neatness, gance,
ele- by his own name. \Vid.Byblis.] Ovid.
and polished styleof his compositions. Met.9.i'Ah. 11. A city of Caria, opposite
He i.^supposedto be the same as the colleagueRhodes, where Protogeneswas born. The
of Marius, Avhen a consul the fourth time ; climate w^as considered as unwholesome, espe- cially
and lieshared with him the triumphover the in summer, so that Cicero mentions the
Cin-bri. He was, by his colleague'.'j order, cry of a j)erson who sold Caunian figswhich
su located in a room filledwith the smoke of were very famous, (qui Cauneas vlami tabat,)
burningcoals. Lucan. 2, v. Vj4."Plv.t. in at Brundusium, as a bad omen (caveneeas)
Mario. A Roman sent by his countrymen againstCrassus going to attack the Parthians.
to cany a presentto the god of Delphi, from Cic. de Div. 2. v'.4."Strab, H."Harodot. h
{he ^poils taken from Asdrrib?J L'V. 27', .
r. 176.
CE CE
Cauros, an small town, for-1ticular frien|d
island with a of Cicero, with whom he cor
merly called Andros, in the iEgean sea. Plin responded. Some of his letters are stillex- tant
Caurus, a wind blowing from the west. 66. Orat. 29. A scribe of Octavius Caesar,
Virg.G. 3, V. 356. Cic. 16, ad Attic, ep. 8. A consular man
Cavcus, a river of Mysia. Vid. Caicus. often use this word for Attica,and the
Cayster, or Caystrus, now Kilcheck Athenians are often called Cecropidce. Virg.
Meinder, a rapid river of Asia, rising in Ly- Ml. 6, V. 21." Ovid. Met. 7, v. 671. Fast. 2,
dia, and after a meandering course, fallingV. 81." Lucan. 3, v. 3u6." Plin. 7, c. 56."
Into the iEgeansea near Ephesus. Accordini,'' CatuU. 62, 79."Jav. 6, v. 186.
to the poets, the banks and neighbourhoodof Cecropid^, an ancient name of the Athe-
nians,
this river were frequented
generally by swans. more particularlyappliedto those who
Ovid. Met. 2, v. 253, 1. 5, v. S8Cy."Mart. 1 wers descended from Cecrops the founder of
ep. 54. " Homer. II. 2, v. 461." Virg.G. 1, v. \thens. The honourable name of Cecropi-
384. d:e was often conferred as a reward for some
Cea or Ceos, an island near Eubcea, called virtuous action in the fieldof battle. Virg. ^n.
also Co. Vid. Co. 6, \r.2\."0vid.l. Met.%l\.
CeAdes, a Thracian, whose son Euphemus Cecrops, a native of Sais in Egypt, who
was concerned in the Trojan war. Homer. led a colonyto Attica-about 1556 years before
IL2. the christian era, and reignedover partof the
Ceba, now Ceva, a town of modern
country, which was called from him Cecro[)ia,
mont,
Pied-
famous for cheese. Plin. 11, c. 42. He softened and polished the rude and uncul-
tivated
Ceballinus, a man who gave information manners of the inhabitants, and drew^
of the snares laid againstAlexander. Diod. them from the country to inhabit twelve small
"
Cebes from histofy.Plato mentions him once, of the country. Some time after,The-
seus,
and Xenophon the same, but both in a man-
ner one of his successors on the throne, form-
ed
which conveys most fully the goodnessof the twelve villages which he had established,
his heart, and the purityof his morals. The into one city, to which the name of Athens was
best editions of Cebes are those of Gronovius, given. [Vid.Athenae.] Some authors have
8vo. 1689 ; and Glasgow,12mo. 1747. described Cecropsas a monster, half a mati and
half
Cebren, the father of Asterope. .flpollod. a serpent; and thisfable is explainedby
3, c. 12. the recollection that he was master of two lan-
guages,
CEBRiiNiA, a country of Troas
with a the Greek and Egyptian; or that he
town of the same name, called after the river iiad the command over two countries, Egypt
Cehrenus, which is in the neighbourhood.and Greece. Others explainit by an allusion
CEnone, the daughterof the Cebrenus, re- ceives to the regulationswhich Cecropsmade amongst
the patronymic oi Cebrenis. Ovid. Met. the inhabitants concerningmarriageand the
11,V. 169." Stat. 1, Sylv.5, v. 21. union of the two sexes. Paus. 1,c. 5. Strah. "
with a stone by Patrochis. Homer. II. fab. 166. The second of that name, was the
Cebrus, now Zcbris, a river falling in a seventh kingof Athens, and the son and suc- cessor
or Celeste, a city
C-EJ.JE.fSM, of Phrygia,of returned by Origen. Corn, a physician, in
which itwas once Cyrusthe young-
the capital. er the age of Tiberius, who wrote eightbooks
had a palacethere, with a parkfilledwith on medicine, besides treatises on agriculture,
wild beasts, where he exercised himself in rhetoric, and militaryaffairs.The best editions
Iiunting. The Maeander rose in this park. of Celsus de medecind are the Sv'o. L. Bat.
Xeraes built a famous citadel there after his 1746, and that of Vallart,12mo. Paris apud
defeat in Greece. The inhabitants of Celaenss Didot, 1772. Albinovanus, a friend of Ho-
race,
were carried by Antiochus Soter to people warned againstplagiai'ism, 1, ep. 3, v.
Apamea when newly founded. Slrab. 12. 15, and pleasantly ridiculed in the 8th epistle,
"
Liv. 38, c. 13. Xenoph.Anab. " 1. Marsyas for his foibles. Some of his elegies have been
is said to have contended in itsneighbourhood preserved. Juventius,a lawyer who con- spired
Konie. Tacit. Ann. 15, c. 42. A man called Lucan. 4, v. 10." Sil.It.3, v. 339.
Fabius, who killed Remus when he leaped Celtica, a well populatedpart of Gaul^
over the walls of Rome, by order of Romulus. inhabited by the Celtae.
Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 837. Plut. in Romul. "
Celtic 1, a people of Spain. The montory
pro-
Metius, a noble youth to whom Statius dedi-
cated which bore their name, is now Cape
a poem. Finisietre.-
Celeres, of the noblest and strongest Celtillus,
300 the father of Vercingetorix
youthsat Rome, chosen by Romulus to be his among the Averni. Cces. Bell. G. 7, c.4.
body guards, to attend him wherever he went, Celtoru, a people of Gaul, near the Se-
and to protect his person. The chief or cap-
tain nones. Plut.
was called Tribunus Cekrum. Liv. 1,c. Celtoscyth^, a northern nation of Scy- thians.
15. Strab. 10.
Celetrum, a town of Macedonia. Liv. Cemmenus, a lofty mountain of Gaul. Strab.
31, c. 40. Cempsi, a people of Spain at the bottom
Ceeeus, a king of Eleusis,father to Trip- of the Pyrenean mountains. Dionys.Perieg.
tolemus by Metanira. He gave a kind recep-
tion v. 358.
to Ceres, who taughthis son the cultiva-
tion Cenabum or Genabum. Vid. Genabum.
of the earth. (Vid.Triptolemus.)His Cenjeum, a promontory of Eubcea, where
Fustic dress became a proverb. The invention JupiterCaineus had an altar raised by Her-
cules.
Qf several agriculturalinstruments made of Ovid. Met. 9; V. l3!o.
"Tlmcyd. 3,
flsiersis atti'ibutedto him. Ovid. Fa^l. 4; v.
CE cs
Cenchre j:,now Kenkri, a town of Pelo-
ponnesusremained for some time unaltered,the Re- mans,
the isthmus of Corinth.
on A jealousof their power, abridgedthe-
harbour of Corinth. Ovid. Trist. 1,el. 9, v. duration of their office, and a law was made,
19." F/m. 4, c. 4. A. U. C. 420, by Mamercus ^Emilius,to limit
Cenchreis, the wife of Cinyrasking of the time of the censorship to 18 months. ter
Af-
Cvprus,or as others say, of Assyria.Hygiji. the second Punic war, they were always
fab. 58. chosen from such
persons as had been consuls ;
Cenchreus, a son of Neptune and Salamis, then- office was more honourable,thoughless
or as some say, of Pyrene. He killed a powerful, than that of the consuls;the bad--
large serpent at Salamis. Paus. 2, c. 2. ges of their office were
"
the same, but the cen-
sors
Diod. 4. were not allowed to have lictors to walk
Cencfirius, a river of Ionia near Ephesus, before them as the consuls. When one of the
where some suppose that Latona was washed censors died, no one was elected in his roonx
aftershe had broughtforth. Tacit. Jln7i.3, c. tillthe five years were expired,and his col- league
61.
immediatelyresigned.This circum^
Cenepolis, a town of Spain,the same as stance originated from the death of a censor
CarthagoNova. Polyb. before the sack of Rome by Brennus, and
Cenetium, a town of Peloponnesus.was ever after deemed an unfortunate event
Slrah. to the republic.The abolished the
emperors
Cenneus. Vid. Caenis. censors, and took upon themselves to execute.,
Cemijiagni,a peopleon the western parts their office.
of Britain. Censorinus, Ap. CI. was compelled,after
Cenina. Vid. Caenina. many services to the state,to assume the im-
perial
Cenon, a town of Italy.Liv. 2, c. 63. purpleby the soldiers, whom he
by was
Censores, two magistrates of greatauthor-
ity murdered some days after,
A. D. 270.-" "
at Rome, fii-st
created,B. C. 443. Their Martius,a consul, to whom, as a particular
office was to number the people,estimate the friend, Horace addressed his 4 od. 8. A
possessions of every citizen,reform and watch grammarian of the 3d century, whose book^
over the manners of the people,and regulateDe die natali,is extant, best edited in
8vo^
the taxes. Their power was also extended by Havercamp, L. Bat. 1767. It treats of the
over privatefamilies : they punishedirregu- larity,birth of man, of years, months, and days.
and inspectedthe management and Census, the numbering of the people at
education of the Roman youth. They could Rome, performed by the censors, a cemeo to
inquireinto the expenses of every citizen, value. Vid. Censores. A god worshipped
and even degradea senator from all his privi-leges at Rome, the same as Consus.
and honours, if guilty of any extrava-
gance. Centaretus, a Galatian,who, when An-
This punishment was generally exe-
cuted tiochus was killed,mounted his horse in the
in passingover the offender's name exultation. The horse,as if conscious
greatest
in calling the listof the senators. The office of disgrace, immediatelyleapeddown a pre- cipice,
of publiccensor was originally exercised by and killedhimself and his rider. Flin.
the kings. Servius Tullius,the sixth king of 8, c. 42.
Rome, firstestablished a census, by which Centauri, a peopleof Thessaly, half men
"veiy man was obligedto come tered,and half horses. They were the offspring
to be regis- of
and givein writing the placeof his resi-
dence, Centaurus, son of Apollo,by Stilba,daugh-ter
his name, his quality, the number of of the Peneus. Accordingto some, tlie
his children,of his tenants, estates, and do-
mestics,
Centaurs were the fruitof Ixion's adventure
The
6ic. ends of the census were with the cloud in the shape of Juno,
or, "ts
very salutaryto the Roman republic.They others assert,of the union of Centaurus with
knew their own strength,
their ability to sup'-
the mares of Magnesia. This fable of tlie ex- istence
part a war, or to make a levy of troops,or of the Centaurs, monsters
supported
raise a tribute. It was requiredthat every upon the four legsof a horse,arises from the-
knightshould be possessedof 400,000 sester- ces ancient people of Thessaly
havingtamed
to ejijoythe rightsand privileges of his horses,and having
appearedto the neighbour?
order ; atjd a senator was entitled to sitin the mounted on horseback,a sightvery uncom-
mon
senate, if he was reallyworth 800,000 sester-
ces. at that time, and which, when at a dis- tance,
This laborious task of numbering and seems only one body,and consequently
reviewingthe people,was, afterthe expulsionone creature. Some derive the name "sro o-o./
of the Tarquins,one of th^ duties and privi- leges "ivT.*i T"vtoj";, goadingbulls, because they went;
of the consuls. But when the republicon horseback aftertheir bulls which had
ed,
stray-
was become more powerful,and when the or because they hunted wild bulls with
number of its citizens was increased,the con-
suls horses. Some of the ancients have ed,
maintain-
were found unable to makethe census, that monsters like the Centaurs can have
on account of the multiplicity
of business. existed in the natural course of things.Plu-tarch
After it had been neglected for 16 years, two in Sympas. mentions one seen by Peri-
new mufoFtrates called censoi-s were elected. ander tyrant of Corinth ; and
Pliny7, c. 3,-
They remained in office for five years, and says, that he saw one embalmed in honey^
every fifthyear they made a census of all the which had been broughtto Rome from Egypt
citizens in the Campus Martius, and offered a in the reignof Claudius. The battle of"the
solemn sacrifice, and made a lustrationin the Centaurs with the Lapithffi
isfamous in history
name of all the Roman people. This space of Ovid has elegantly described it,and ithas aljo
time was called a luslruia,
and ten or twenty employed tiiepen of Hesiod, Valerius Flaccu?^
years were commonly expressedby two or "tc. and Pausanias in Eliw.
feav lu^ti'a. ^fter the ofii" '""'"''- '"Ts^ors had says, it was present^
re-
in die templeof Jrrjjitefr
"
at Olyrapia*
CE CE
an J also at Athens by
Phidias and Parrhasius ofthe law was extensive. They were ly
general-
accordingto Pliny,36, c. 5. The originof summoned by the Decemviri, who seemed
this battle was a quarrelat the marriageof to be the chieiest among them ; and they as-
sembled
irritatedHercules, Theseus, and the rest ot were very impartial, and without ap-
peal.
the Lapithae,who defended the women, Cic. de Oral. 1, c. 38. Q,uintil.
4, o,
"
them to leave their country , and retire to Centum cellum, a sea-porttown of Etru-
Arcadia. Here their insolence was a second ria built by Trajan,who had there a villa.
time punished by Hercules, who, when he was It is now Civila i'ecchia,and belongsto the
going to hunt the boar of Erymanthus, was Pope. Plin. 6, ep. 31.
kindlyentertained by the Centaur Pholus,who Cesturia, a division of the peopleamong
the Komans, consisting of a hundred,
gave him wine which belonged to the rest of 'laa
the Centaurs, but had been given them on Koinau people were originally divided into
condition of tlieirtreating Hercules with it three tribes,and each tribe into 10 Curiae.
he passedthrough their territory. Servius Tullius made he
whenever a census ; and when
They wnich Hercules took had the placeof habitation,name,
resented the liberty and pro-"
with their wine, and attacked him with un- tession of every citizen,which amounted to
eoramon fury. The hero defended himself 80,()0li men, ail aule (o bear arms, he divided
with his arrows, and defeated his adversaries- tuem into six classes, ana each class into seve-
ral
who fled for safetyto the Centaur Chiron. ceuturies or comi)anies of a hundred men.
Chiron had been the preceptor of Hercules, The firstclass consisted of 80 centuries, 40 of
and thereforetheyhoped that he would desist which vv ere composed of men from the age of
in his presence. Hercules, though awed at 45 and upwards,appointedto guard the city.
the sightof Chiron, did iiOt desist" but, in the The 40 others were young men from 17 to 45
midst of the engagement, be wounded ceptoryears of age, appointedto go to war, and fight
his pre-
in the knee, who, in the excessive pain the enemies of Rome. Their arms were all
he suffered, exchanged immortality for death. the same, that is,a buckler,a cuirass,a helmet,
The death of Chiron nritated Hercuies the cuishes of brass,with a sword, a lance,and a
more, and the Centaurs that were present javelin; and as they were of (he most illustri-
ous
were allextirpated by his hand, and indeed citizens, they were called by way of em-
inence,
He who merely proposedit,was called latoi- him away ; but he refused to listen to her
hgis; and he who dwelt upon its importance addressee, and was impatient to return to Pro-
cris.
and utility, and wished it to be enforced,was The goddesssent him b^ck; and to try
called auctor h'lis. When the assemblywas to the fidelity of his wife,she made him put on a
be held,the auguries were consulted by the different form, and he arrived at the house of
consul, who, alter haranguing the people,and Procris in the habit of a merchant. Procris
reminding them to have in view the good of was deaf to offer ; but she suffered self
her-
every
the republic, dismissed them to their respective to 1)6 seduced by the goldof this stranger,
centuries,that their votes might be gathered.who discovered himself the very moment that
They gave their votes viva locc, tillthe year Procris had yieldedup her virtue. This cir- cumstance
of Rome A. U. C. 615, when theychanged the so ashamed Procris, that she fled
custom, and gave their approbationor disap- from her husband, and devoted herself to hunt-
probation ing
by ballots thrown into an urn. If in the island of Euboea, where she was ad"
the firstclass was unanimous, the others w ere mitted among the attendants of Diana, who
not consulted,as the firstwas superiorto all presentedher with a dog always sure of his
the others in number; but if they were not prey, and a dart which never missed its aim,
unanimous, theyproceededto consult the rest, and always returned to the hands of its mis-
tress
and themajoritydecided the question.This accord. Some say that the
of its own
advantageof the firstclass g-ave offence to the dog was a present from Minos, because Pro-cris
rest; and it was afterwards settled,that one had cured his wounds. After this Procris
class of the six should be drawn by lot,to give returned in disguise to Cephalus, who was wil-
its votes first,without regardto rank or prior-
ity. lingto disgracehimself by some unnatural
After all the votes had been gathered,concessions to obtain the dog and the dart of
the consul declared aloud, that the law which Procris. Procris discovered herself at the
had been proposedwas ly
constitutional-
dulyand moment that Cephalus showed himself faith-
less,
approved.The ceremonies
same were served
ob- and a reconciliation w^as easily made be-
tween
in the election of consuls,prajtors, k,c. them. They loved one another with
The word Centuria is also appliedto a subdi-
vision more tenderness than befoi-e,and Cephalus
of one of the Roman legions, which con-
sisted received from his wife the presentsof Diana.
of an hundred men, aud was the half of As he was particularlyfond of hunting, he ev-
ery
a manipulus, the sixth part of a cohort, and morning earlyrepaired to the woods, ajid
the sixtieth part of a legion. The command-
er after much toil and fatigue, laid himself down
of a centuria was called centurion,and he in the cool shade,and earnestly called for Au-
ra,
was distinguished from the rest by the branch or the refreshing breeze. This ambiguous
of a vine which he carried in his hand. word was mistaken for the name of a mistress ;
Centuripa, (es,or ce, aitim,)now Cen- and some informer reported to the jealous cris,
Pro-
torlu,a town of Sicily
at the foot of Mount that Cephatus dailypaida visit to a tress,
mis-
"Etna. Cic. in Verr. 4, c. 23." Ital. 14, v.
whose name was Aura. Procris too rea-
dily
after his death, Ovid. Met. 4, v, 669, 1. Marcell. 22, c. \3."Plin. 15, c. 25, 1. 16,
5, V. 12." Paus.4, c. 35, 1.8, c. ^."Apollod.1. c. 18, 1. 17, c. 14." Mela, 1, c. 19. -Ano-
". 9, 1.2, c. 1,4, and 7, 1.3, c. 9, mentions one ther,built by a Greek colony from Sinope.
SOIL of Aleus, and another, son of Belus. The Diod. 14.
former he makes tingof Tegea,and father of Cerata, a placenear Megara.
Sterope; and says, that he, with his twelve Ceratus, a river of Crete.
sons, assisted Hercules in a war against Hip- Ceradnia, a town of Achaia.
pocoon, where theywere killed. The latter he Ceraunia and Ceraunii, large moun-
tains
calls kingof ^Ethiopia, and father of Andro-
meda. of Epirus, extendingfar into the sea, and
A son of Lycurgus present at the forminga promontory which divides thelonian
chase of the Calydonianboar. JipoUod. ], c. 9. and Adriatic seas. They are the same as
those that were killed in defence of their Cerciub and Rhetius, charioteers of Cas-
tor
country,at Athens. Cic. ad .fill.
1,ep. 10. and PoDu.x.
Ceuamiu.m, a place of Rome, where Cice- peopleof Ephesus, made pri-
Cehcupes;
soners a
Cerealia, festivals in honour of Ceres ; publicly honoured with an offering of bulls, and
firstinstituted at Rome by Memmius the edile, the blood of the victims was shed in the waters
and celebrated on the 19th of April.Persons in of the fountain. Besides these,other ceremo- nies
mourning were not permitted to appear at the were observed in honour of the goddesses
celebration ; therefore they were not observed who had so peculiarly favoured the island. The
after the battle of Cannce. They are the same commemoration of the rape was celebrated
as the Thesmophoria of the Greeks. Vid. about the beginningof the harvest,and the
ThesmopJioria. search of Ceres at the time that corn is sowa
Ceres, the goddessof corn and of harvests,in the earth. The latter festival continued six
was daughterof Saturn and Vesta. She had successive days; and duringthe celebration,
a daughter by Jupiter,whom she called the votaries of Ceres iriade use of some free
Pherephata, fruit-bearing, and afterwards and wanton expressions,as that languagehad
Proserpine. This daughterwas carried away made the goddesssmile while melancholy for
by Pluto,as she was gathering flowers in the the loss of her daughter. Attica,which had
plainsnear Enna. The rape of Proserpinebeen so eminentlydistinguished by the god-dess,
was grievousto Ceres, who sought her all gratefully remembered her favours in the
over Sicily ; and when nightcame, she light-
ed celebration of the Eleusinian mysteries. [Via.
two torches in the flames of Mount JEtna, Eleusinia.]Ceres also performed the duties
io continue her search by nightall over the of a legislator, and the Sicilians found the ad- vantages
World. She at last found her veil near the of her salutary laws ; hence, her sur- name
fountain Cyane ; but no intelligence could of Thesmophora. She is the same as
be received of the placeof her concealment, the Isis of the Egyptians,and her worship,it
tillat last the nymph Arethusa informed her is said, was firstbroughtinto Greece by Erech-
that her daughterhad been carried away by theus. She met with different adventures
Pluto. No sooner had Ceres heard this than when she travelled over the earth, and the
she flew to heaven with her chariot drawn by impudence of Stellio was severelypunished.
two dragons"and demanded of Jupiter the re- To av^oid the importunities
storation of Neptune, she
of her daughter. The endeavours of changed herself into a mare : but the god took
wine. Jipollod.1, c. 5,1.2, c. 1, 1.3, c. 12 and money was found,Cesellius destroyed himself.
U."Paus. 1,c. 31, 1. 2, c. 34, 1. 3, c. 23, 1.8, Tacit. Ann. 16, c. 1, he.
c. 25, hc."Diod. 1, kc."Hesiod. Theog." Cesennia, an infamous prostitute, born of an
Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 417. Met. fab. 7, 8, "ic." illustriousfamilyat Rome. Juv. 6, v. 135.
Claudian. de Rapt. Pros. Cic. in Verr.
" CESTius,an epicurean
" of Smyrna,who taught
Callimach. in Cer."Uv. 31." Stat. rhetoric at Rhodes, in the age of Cicero.
29 and
Theb. 12." Dionys. Hal 1, c. S3."FJygin.A governor of Syria. Tacit. H. 5. Seve-
P. A. 2. rus, an informer under Nero. Tacit. H. 4.
Ceressus, a placeof Bceotia. Pavjs, 9, c. Proculus,.aman acquitted of an accusation of
14. embezzlingthe publicmoney. Id. Am. 30.
CERETiE, a peopleof Crete. A bridgeat Rome.
Cerialis Anicus, a consul elect, who Cestrina, part of Epirus. Pans. 2, c.
"wished a temple to be raised to Nero, as to a 23
god, after the discoveryof the Pisonian con- spiracy, Cestrinus, son of Helenus and Androma-che.
":c. Tadl. Ana. 15. c. 74. After his father's death he settled in Epi-
rus,
Ceru. a peopleof Etruria. above the river Thyamis, and called the
'
Cerilli or Carill-SE, now Cirella,a town country Cestrina. Paiis. 1, c. 11.
of the Brutii near the Laus. Strab. 6. Cetes, a king of Egypt, the same as Pro-
teus.
Cerillum, a placeof Lucania. Strab. 6. "
Diod 1.
Sil. Ital. 8, V. 680. Cethegus, the surname of one of the
Cerinthus, now Zero, a town of Eubcea, branches of the Cornelii Marcus, a consul
.
whose inhabitants went to the Trojanwar; in the second Punic war. Cic. in. Brut. A
headed by Elphenor,son of Chalcedon, mer. tribune at Rome, of the most corrupted
Ho- morals,
[[. 2, V. 45. Strab. 10.
" A beautiful who joined Catiline in his conspiracy against
youth,longthe favourite of the Roman ladies,the state, and was commissioned to murder
and especially of Sulpitia, ^c. Horat. 1, Sat. Cicero. He was apprehended,and, with
2, V. 81. One of the early heretics from Lentulus,put to death by the Roman senate.
Christianity. Plut. in Cic. Lc. A Trojan, killed by
Cermanus, a placewhere Romulus was posed Turnus,
ex- Virg.JEn. 12, v. 513. P Corn.
by one of the servants of Amulius. a powerfulRoman, who embraced the party
Plut. in Romul. of Marius against Sylla. His mistress liad ob-
tained
Cerne, an island without the pillars of Her-
cules, such an ascendancyover him, that she
on the African coast. Str^ib.1. " Plin. 5 distributed his favours,and Lucullus was not
and 6. ashamed to court her smiles,when he wished
Cerkes, a priest of Cybele. to be appointedgeneralagainstMlthridates-
Ceron, a fountain of Histiaeotis,
whose ters
wa- A senator put to death for adultery
undei'
rendered black all the sheepthat drank of Valentinian.
them. Plin. 3, c. 2. Cetii, a i"eople of Cilicia.
Ceropasades, a son of Phraates king of Cetius, a river of Mysia. A mountain
Persia,givenas an hostageto Augustus. which separatesNoricum from Pannonia.
Cerossus, a placeof the Ionian sea. Ceto, a daughterof Pontus and Terra, who
Cerpheres, a kingpf Egypt,who is sup- married Phorcys,by whom she had the three
jjosed to have built the smallest pyramid. Gorgons,he. Hesiod. Theog.v. 237. Lucan. "
Ch^.uo, the founder of Chgeronea. Plut. wounded Hercules, Td. 2, c. 7. The father
m Syll. of Elephenor,one of the Grecian chiefs in
Ch.eronia, CHiERONEA, and Cherronea, the Trojan war. Paus. 8, c. 15. A maft
a cityof Bceotia,on the Cephisus,celebrated who assisted Hercules in his war against Au-
for a defeat of the Athenians tians, gias. Paus. 8, c. 15.
by the Boeo-
B. C. 447, and for the victorywhich Phi-
lip Chalcon, a Messenian, who reminded An-"
of Macedonia obtained there with 32,000 tilochus,son of Nestor, to beware of the
isi^n, over the confederate army of the The- ^Ethiopians, by whom he was to perish.
bans and the Athenians, consisting of 30,000 Chalcus, a man made governor of Cyzicus
men, the 2d of August, B. C. 338. Plutarch by Alexander. Polycen.
was born there. The town was anciently CuALDA'-A,a countiy of Asia, between the
called Arne. Pans. 9, g. 40. Plui. in Pelop. Euphratesand Tigris.Its capital
" is Babylon"
iic. Slmb. 9.
" wiiose inhabitants were famous for their know-
ledge
ChaljEon, a cityof Locris." A port of of astrology.Cic. de Div. 1, c. 1."
"
and benevolence among friends. Their sentence was passedon them, and according
youth denotes the constant remembrance that to their good or bad actions,they were noured
ho-
we ought ever to have of kindnesses received ; with a splendid burial, or left unnoti-
ced
and their virginpurityand innocence teach in the open air. Vid. Acherusia. Diod.
us, that acts of benevolence ought to be done 1. S"7iec.in Her. Fur. act. 3, v. 765. Virg.
" "
Homer speaksonly of two Graces. law that no man should be permittedto come
Chariton, a writer of Aphrodisium,at the armed into the assembly. He inadvertently-
latter end of the fourth century. He com- posed broke this laW; and when told of it,he fell up- on
a Greek romance, called The Loves of his sword, B. C. 446. Val. Max. 6, c. 5.
Chareas and CalUrhoe,which has been much Charonea, a placeof Asia,k,c.
admired for its elegance, and the originality of Charonia scrobs, a placeof Italy emitting
the characters it describes. There is a very deadlyvapours. Plin. 2, c. 23.
learned editionof Chariton, by Reiske, with Charonium. a cave near Nysa, where the
D'On'ille'snotes, 2 vols. 4to. Amst. 1750. sick were supposedto be delivered from their
Chakmadas, a philosopherof uncommon disorders by certain superstitious solemnities.
Plin. 7, c. 24. Charops and Charupes, a Trojan,killed
memory.
Charme and Carme, the mother of Bri- by Ulysses.Homer. II. A powerfulEpirot
toraartis by Jupiter. who assisted Flaminius when making war
Charmides, a Lacedaemonian sent by the againstPhilip the kingof Macedonia. Plul,
kingto quellseditions in Crete. Pans. 3, c. in Flam. The first decennial archon at
2. A boxer. Id. 6, c. 7. A Athens.
philosopher Patert. 1, c. 8.
of the third academy, B. C. 95. Charybdis,a dangerouswhirlpool on the
Chaminus, an Athenian general,who de- coast of Sicily,
feated oppositeanotlier whirlpool
the Peloponnesians. Thucyd. 8, c. called Scylla, on the coast of Italy.It was ry
ve-
Cherophon, a tragic writer of Athens, in a dragon. From the union of the Chimaera
ihe a^e of Thilip.FIvdostr.in vilis. with Orthos,sprung the Sphinx,and the lion
Cherron'esus. Vid. Chersoncsus. of JNemaja. Homer. 11. 6, v. 181. Htsiod
"
Chione, a whom
daughterof Daedalian, of with .^neas into Italy, and was killed by Tur-
Apollo and Mercury became enamoured. nus. Virg.JEn. 11, v. 768. Another, ".c.
To enjoy her company, Mercury lulled her Chloris, the goddessof flowers, who mar-
ried
to sleepwith his Caduceus, and Apollo,in Zephyrus. She is the same as Flora.
the night,under the form of an old woman, Ovid. Fast. 5, A daughterof Amphion,
obtained the same favours as Mercury, From son of Jasus and Persephone, who married Ne-
this embrace Chione became mother of Phi- leus,king of Pylos,by whom she had one
lammou and Autolycus, the former of whom, daughterand twelve sons, who all,except
asbeingson of Apollo,became an excellent mu-
sician Nestor, were killed by Hercules. Homer. Od.
; and the latter was equally notorious for 11, v. 280." Pcu5. 2, c. 21, 1. 9, c. 36. A
his robberies,of which his father Murcury was prostitute, kc. Horat. 3, Od. 15
the patron. Chione grew so proud of her com- merce Chlorus, a river of Cilicia. Plin. 6, c.
with the gods,that she even preferred27. Constantine, one of the Caesars,in Dio-
cletian's
lier beautyto that of Diana, for which impiety age, who reignedtwo years afterthe
she was killed by tlie goddess,and changed emperor's abdication,and died July 25,
into a hawk. Ovid. Met. 11, fab. 8. A A. D. 306.
daughterof Boreas and Orithyia, who had Choarina, a country near India,reduced
Eumolpus by Neptune. She threw her son by Craterus,k-c.
into the sea, but he was presei-ved ther. Choaspes, a son of Phasis,"c.
by his fa- Flacc. 5,
J3pollod.3, c. 15. Paus. 1,c. 38,
"
A V. 585. An Indian river. Curt. 5, c. 2, "
famous prostitute. Martial. 3, ep. 34. A river of Media, flowinginto the Tigris, and
Chionides, an Athenian poet,supposedby now called Karun. Its waters are so sweet,
some to be the inventor of comedy. that the kingsof Persia dfank no other,and
Chionjs, a victor at Olympia. Paus. 6, c. in their expeditions theyalwayshad some with,
13. them, which had been previously boiled. He-
Crnos, now Scio, an island in the -^gean rcdot. 1, c. 188." .E/ian, V. H 12, c.40."Ti-
sea, between Lesbos and bull. 4, el. 1, V. 141." Plin. 6, c. 27.
Saraos,on the coast
of Asia Minor, which receives itsname, as CnoBUSj^a river of Colchis. Arrian.
some suppose, from Chione, or from 7:"*? snow, Chcerades and Pharos, two islands oppo- site
which was very frequentthere. It was well Alexandria in Egypt. Thucyd.7, c. 33,
inhabited,and could ouce equip a hundred Others in the Euxine sea. An island
ships; mid itschief to v/n, called Chios, had a in the Ionian sea, or near the Hellespont.
beautifulharbour,vv"hichcould contain eighty Theocrit. Id. 13.
ships. The wine of this island,so much brated
cele- CHOSRiLus. a tragicpoet of Athens, who
by the ancients,is stillin generales-
teem. wrote 150 tragedies, of which 13 obtEuned the
Chios was ancientlycalled .'Ethalia,
Ma- prize. An historian of Samos. Two
cris,and Pityasa. There was no adulteryother poets,one of whom was very intimate
committed there for the space of 700 years. with Herodotus. He wrote a poem on the
Plui. de Virt. Mul"Horat. which the Athenians had obtained over
3, od. 19,v. 5, 1, victoiy
sat. 10, v. 24." Paus. 7, c. 4." Mela,2, v, 2." Xerxes, and on account of the excellence of %
Strab. 2. the composition, he receiveda pieceof goldfor
CmRON, a centaur, half a man and half a each verse from the Athenians, and was pub
horse, son of Philyraand Saturn, who had 1icly ranked with Homer as a poet. The othei
and medicinal herbs ; and he instructed, in all as there were bad : and in consequence of this,
the polite arts, the greatestheroes of his age ; scarce six of his verses in each poem were titled
en-
ram was alwayssacrificed to her. The name Chorcebus,a man of Elis,who obtained
of Chloe is supposed to bear the same cation a pri^ethe firstolympiad. Vid. Corcebus.
signifi-
as Flava, so often applied dess A youtliof Mygdonia,who was enamoured of
to the god-
of corn. The name, from itssignifica- Cassandra. Virg.^n. 2, v. 341.
^on, ('/:\v")hcrba vinns)has generally been ap- CHORoaiNiFi, " peoplesubdued by Niuws
24 Diod 1.
CH CH
Chosroes, a in Justiniem's history
kingof Persia, besides
and of India,
of Peloponnesus,
reign. a treatise on rivers. Plut. in ParalL
Chremes, a sordid old man, mentioned in Chryses, the priestof Apollo,father of
Terence's Ilorat. in Jirt.v. 94,
Aiidda. Astynome, called from him Chryseis.When
ChrkmiItes, river of Libya. a Lyrnessuswas taken, and the spoils divided
architect of Diana's ple who was the
Chi^esiphon, an tem- among the conquerors, Chryseis,
in Ephesus. Plin.S6,c. 14. of the place,
wife ofEetion, the sovereign fell
Chresphontes, a son of Aristomaclms. to the share of Agamemnon. Chrj-ses, upon
Vid. Aristodemus. this,went to the Grecian camp to solicithis
Chrestus, an approved writer of Athens, daughter's restoration ; and when his prayers
"c. Colum. l.deR. R. c 1. were fruitless,he imploredthe aid of Apollo,
Chromia, a daughter of Itonus. Faus. 6, who visited the Greeks with a plague, and
c. 1. obligedthem to restore Chryseis. Homer. II.
Chromios, a son of
Neleus and Chloris, 1, V. 11,"c. A daughter of Minos. ApoU
who, with 10 brothers, was killed in a battle by lod. 3, c. 1.
Hercules. A son of Priara,killed by Dio- Chrysippe, a daughter of Danau^. "pol'
medes. "poUod.3, c. 12. lod. 2, c. 1.
Chkomis, a captain in the Trojan war. Chrysippus, a natural son of Pelops,high-
ly
Homer. It. 2. A young shepherd. Virg. favoured by his father,for which Hippoda-
Ed. 6. A Phrygian, killed by Camilla. Id. mia, his step-mother, ordered her own sons,
M.n. 11, V 675. A son of Hercules. Stat. Atreus and Thyestes, to killhim, and to throw
6, V. 346. his body into a well,on account of w hich they
Chromius, a son of Pterilaus. "poUod. 2, were banished. Some say that Hippodamia's
c. 4. An Argive, who, alone with Alcenor, sons refused to murder Chrysippus,and that
survived a battle between 300 of his country-
men slie did it herself They further say, that
and 300 Spailans. Herodot. 1, c. 82. Chrysippushad been carried away by Lsdus,
Ckronius, a man who built a templeof king of Thebes, to his unnatural lusts,
gratify
Diana at Orchomenos. Pans. 8, c. 48. and that he was in his arms when Hippoda-
Chronus, the Greek Saturn, or name of mia killed him. Hygin. fab. 85. Plato de "
from Inachus. i-iage with his child,and his wish that dead
Chrysa and Chryse, a town of Cilicia,bodies should be eaten rather than buried.
famous for a temple of Apollo Smintheus. He died tln'ough excess of wine.,or as ethers
Homer. II. 1, v. 37 "Strah. \2."0vid. Met. 13, say, from laughing too much on seeingan ass
V. 174. A daughter of Halraus, mother of eatingfigs on a silver plate, 207 B. C. in the
^
Phlegiasby Mars. Pans. 9, c. 86. 80th yeai- of his age. Val. Max. 8, c. 7. "
Chfysame, a of Diana
Thessaiian,priestess Diod."Horat. 2. Sat. 3, v. 40. There were
Trivia. She fed a bull with poison,which she also others of the same name. Laert.- A
sent enemies of her country,who
to the eat freedmanof Cicero.
the flesh and became delirious,and w-ere an Chrysis, a mistress of Demetrius. Plut. in
iasy conquest. Polycen. Demet.' A priestess
" of Juno at Mycenae.
Chrysantas, a man who refrained from The temple of the goddesswas burnt by the
another,by hearing
.liing a dog bark. Plut. negligenceof Chrysis, who fled to Tegea,to
Rom.
^ucest. the altar of Minerva. Paus. 2, c. 17.
Chrvsanthius, a philosopher in the age of Cheysoaspides, soldiers in the armies of
Julian,known for the greatnumber of volumes Persia,whose arms were all covered with ver,
sil-
liewrote. todisplaythe opulence of the prince
CiTRYSANTis, a nymph who told Ceres, whom they served. Justin. 12, c. 7.
when she was at Argos with Pelasgus,
that
her Chrysogonus, a freedman of Sylla. Cic.
had
daughter been caiTied away. Pans. 1. pro Ros. A celebrated singer
in Domitian's
Chrysaor, a son of Medusa by Neptune. reigo. Juv. 6, v 74.
Some report that he sprung from the blood CuRYsoLAUs, a tyrant of Metbymna, "".
of Medusa, armed with a golden sivord,Cnrt. 4, c. 8.
whence his name zf-o-o,"";. He married Callir- Chbysondium, a town of Macedonia. Po-
hoe, one of the Oceanides, by whom he had lyb.5.
Gerj'on,Echidna, and the Chima^ra. Hesiod. Chrysopolis, a promontory and port of
Thevg.V. 293. A rich kingof Iberia. Diod. Asia,opposite Byzantium,now Scutari.
4. A son of Glaucus. Pavs. 5, c, 21. ChbysorrhojE, a peoplein whose country
CiiRvsAOREus, a surname of Jupiter, from are goldenstreams.
his temple at Stratonice,where all the Ca- Chrysorhoas, a river of Peloponnesus,
rians assembled upon any publicemergency. Paus. 2, c. 31.
Strab. 4. Chrvsostom, a bishopof Constantinople,
CiiRYSAoRis, a town of Cilicia. Paus. 5, who died A. D. 407, in his 63d year. He was
C.2. a disciplinarian,
gi'eat and by severely
lashing
Chrysas, a river of falling
Sicily, into the the vices of the age, he procuredhimself many
Simaethus,and worshippedas a deity. Cic. in enemies. He was banished for opposing the
I'er.4, c. 44. raisinga statue to the empress, after having
Chryfeis, the daughterof Cbryses, Vid. displayedhis abilitiesas an elegantpreacher,a
Chitrium, a name given to part of the aiid a second founderof Rome. The vehe-
mence
town of Clazomenae. with which he had
attacked Clodiug,
CiBAL*, now Swileifa town of Pannonia to him
provedinjurious ; and when his enemy
where Licinius was defeated by Constantiue. was made tribune,Cicero was banished fi-om
It the birth placeof Gratian.
was Europ, 10, Rome, though20,000 young men were
porters
sup-
". 4."Marcell. 30, c. 24. of his innocisnce. He was not,however,
CiBARiTis, a country of Asia near the deserted in his banishment. Wherever he
Mseander. went he was received with the highest marks
CiBYRA, now Burun, a town of Phrygia, of of approbation and reverence ; and when the
which the inhabitantsdexterous hunters. factionhad subsided at Rome, the whole senate
were
superior abilities, were anxious for his return; decrease, and Antony come into pow-
er,
and when at lasthe obeyed theirsolicitations, he retired to Athens. He soon after re-
turned,
he applied himself with uncommon diligence but lived in perpetualfear of assassi-
nation.
to oratory, and was soon distinguished
above Augustuscourted the of
approbation
allthe speakersof his age in the Roman forum. Cicero,and expressedliiswish to be his col-
league
VVhen he went to Siciiyas quaestor,he be- in the consulship.
But his wish was not
CI CI
sincere ; he soon forgot his former professions the death of his daughter,Tullia, he repudiate*^
of friendship ; and when the two consuls had her. The works of this celebrated man, of
been killed at Mutina, Augustusjoinedhis in- which, accordingto some, the tenth part is
terest
to that of Antony, and the triumvirate scarce extant, have been edited by the best
was soon after formed. The great enmity scholars in every country. The most valuable
which Cicero bore to Antony was fatal to editions of the works complete,are that of
him ; and Augustus,Antorfy, and Lepidus,Verburgius, 2 vols. fol. Arast. 1724. That of "
the triumvirs, to destroyall cause of quarrel,Olivet,9 vols. 4to. Geneva, 1758" The Oxford
and each to dispatchhis enemies, produced edition in 10 vols. 4to. 1782" and that of Lal-
their listof proscription. About two hundred lemand, 12rao. 14 vols. Paris apud Barbou,
"were doomed to death, and Cicero was among 176S. Plutarch, in vita. Quiniil. Dio. Cox.
" "
the number upon the listof Antony. Augus-tus ^ppian. Florus. C. JVep. in Miic. Eu-
" " "
"
yielded a man to whom he partly owed his trop. Cic. he. "
^Marcus, the son of CicerOj
greatness, and Cicero was pursuedby the emis- saries was taken by Augustusas his colleague in the
of Antony, among whom was Popilius, consulship.He revenged his father's death,
whom he had defended upon an accusation of by throwingpublicdishonour upon the memo- ry
parricide.He had fled in a litter towards the of Antony. He disgraced his father's vir-
tues,
sea of Caieta ; and when the assassins came up and was so fond of drinking, that Pliny
to him, he put his head out of the litter, and it observes,he Avished to depriveAntony of the
was severed from the body by Herennius. honour of being the greatestdrunkard in the
This memorable
event happened in Decem- Roman empire. Pint, in Cic.' Quintus,
Ijer,43 B.C. after the enjoyment of life for the brother of the orator, was Caesar's lieuten-
ant
63 years, 11 months, and five days. The head in Gaul, and proconsulof Asia for thre"
and right hand of the orator were carried to years. He was proscribed Avith his son at the
Rome, and hung up in the Roman forum ; same time as his brother Tully, Plut. in Cic,
and so inveterate was Antony'shaired against Jlppian."
the unfortunate man, that even Fulvia the CicERONis A'lLLA, a placB near Puteoli in
triumvir's wife, wreaked her vengeance upon Campania. Plin. 31, c. 2.
his head, and drew the tongue out of the CicHYRis, a town of Epirus.
mouth, and bored itthroughrepeatedly with a CicoNEs, a peopleof Thrace near the He-
gold bodkin,verifying in this act of inhumani-
ty, brus. Ulysses, at his return from Troy, con-
quered
what Cicero had once observed, that no them, and plundered their chief city
(inimalis morerevengtful than awoman. Cicero Ismarus because they had assisted Priam
has acquiredmore real fame by his literary against the Greeks. They tore to piecesOr-
pheus,
compositions, than by his spirited exertions as for his obscene indulgences, Ovid.
a Roman senator. The learningand the abili- ties Met. 10, v. 83, 1. 15, v. 313." Fir^. G. 4, v.
which he possessed, have been the admi-ration 520, "c." Jlfe/rt,2, c. 2.
of every age and country,and his style CiciJTA,an old avaricious usurer. Horat.
has always been accounted as the true ard
stand- "2. Ser. 3, v. 69.
of pure latinity. The words nascitur poeta CiLiciA, a country of Asia Minor, on the
have been verified in his attempts to write po- etry sea coast, at the north of Cyprus,the south of
; and the satire of Martial,Carmina quod mount Taurus, and the west of the Euphrates.
scribitmusis et Jlpolline nullo,though severe, is The inhabitants enriched themselves by pira- tical
true. He once formed a designto write the excursions,tillthey were conqueredby
history of his countiy,but he was disappointed. Pompey. The country was opulent- and was
He translated many of the Greek writers, po- ets governedby kings, under some of the Roman
as well as historians, for his own ment.
improve- emperors ; but reduced into a proAJnceby Ves- pasian.
When he travelled into Asia, he Avas Cicero presided over it as proconsul.
attended by most of the learned men of his It receives its name from Cilix, the son of Age -
age ; and his stay at Rhodes, in the school of nor. Apollod.3,c. l." Farro. R. R. 2, c. 11.
the famous Molo, conduced not a littleto per-
fect "
Sueion. in Vesp.8. Ihrodot. 2, c. 17, 34."*
"
his judgment. Like his countiymen, he Justin. 11, c. 11. Curt. 3, c. 4. Plin. 5, c.
"
"
was not destitute of ambition, and the arro- 27. Part of the country between i^olia and
which he returned from Troas is also called Cilicia, Strab. 13, calls it
fintexpectatipnj"with
is quaestorsl^lp in Sicily are well known. He Trojan,to distinguish itfrom the other Cihcla.
was of a timid di.sposition; and he who shone P/m. 5, c. 27.
as the father 'of Roman elo(]uence, never cended
as- CiLissA, a town of Phrygia.
the pulpit to harangue, A. ithout feeling CiLix, a son of Phomix, or according to
a secret emotion of dread. His conduct,dur- ing Herodotus, of Agenor, Avho after seekingin
the civil wars, is far from that of a patriot; vain his sister Europa,settled in a country to
and when we view him, dubious and ii*reso- which he gave the name of Cilicia. jJpoilod.
lute,soriynotto follow Pompey, and yet afraid 3, c. l."Herodot. 7, c.91.
to oppose Caesar, the judgment would almost CiLLA, a town of Africa Propria. Diod.
brand him with the name of coward. In his 20. A tOAvii of ^olia. Herodot. 1,c. 149.
privatecharacter, however, Cicero was of an Of Troas, Avhich received its name, cording
ac-
amiable disposition ; and thoughhe was too to Thcopompus, from a certain Cillus,
elated with prosperity, and debased by adver-
sity Avho Avas one of Hippodamia's suitors,and kill-
ed
the affability
r
of the friend conciliated the bv (Enoniaus. Homer. II. 1,v. 38. Ovid."
that theyreturned thanks for his good admin- istration; to pay the fine laid upon him by the Athe- nians
upon which the emperor said,Let ; but he was released from confinement
Cilo be continued two years longerin hia pro- vince.by his sisterand wife Elpinice. [FiU El pinice .J
Inod. GO." Tacit. Ann. 12,c. 21. He behaved with greatcourage at the battle of
CiMBER, TuLL. one of Caesar's murderei*s. Salamis,and rendered himself popularby his
He laid hold of the dictator's robe,which was munificence and valour. He defeated the Per- sian
a signal for the rest to strike. Plut. in Cass. fleet,and took 200 ships, and totally ed
rout-
CiMBEKius, a chief of the Suevl. their land army, the veiy same day. The
CiMBRi, a peopleof Germany, who invaded money that he obtained by his victories, was
the Roman empire with a largearmy, and not appliedto his own private use ; but with
were conqueredby Marius. Flor. 3, c. 3. ithe fortified and embellished the city. He
CiMBRicuM BELLUM, was begun by the some time afterlost allhis popularity, and wa"
Cimbri and Teutones, by an invasion of the Ro- man Ijanished by the Athenians, who declared war
territories, B. C. 109. These barbarians against the Lacedaamonians. He was recalled
were so courageous, and even desperate,that from his exile,and at his return, he made a
theyfastened their firstranks each to the oth- er reconciliation between Lacedaemon and his
with cords. In the firstbattle theydestroy-
ed countrymen. He was afterwards appointed to
80,000Romans, under the consuls Manlius carry on the war against Persia in Egypt,and
and Servilius Caepio. But when Marius,in his Cyprus, with a fleet of 200 ships ; and on the
second consulship, was chosen to carry on the coast of Asia,he gave battle to the enemy,
war, he met the Teutones at Aqpae Sexti", and totally
ruined their fleet. He died as he
where, after a bloody engagement, he left was besiegingthe town of Citium in Cyprus,
dead on the field of battle 20,000, and took B. C. 449, in the 51st year of his age. He
90,000 prisoners, B. C. 102. The Cimbri,who may be called the last of the Greeks, whose
had formed another army, had already trated spirit
pene- and boldness defeated the armies of the
into Italy, where they were met at the barbarians. He was such an inveterate ene-
my
river Athesis, by Marius and his colleague Ca- to the Persian power, that he formed a
tulus,a year after. An engagementensued, planof totally desti-oying it; and in his wars,
and 140,000of them were siain. This last bat-
tle he had so reduced the Persians, that theypro-
mised
put an end to this dreadful war, and the in a treaty,not to pass the Chelido-
two consuls entered Rome in triumph. Flor. nian islands with their fleet,or to approach
3, c. Z."Plin. 1, c. 22, 1. 17,c. 1." Jlfe/a, 3, c. within a day'sjourney of the Grecian seas.
3. Pattrc. 2, c. \2.-^Plui. in Mario. The munificence of Cimon has been highly
CiMiNus,now Viterbe, a lake and mountain extolledby his biographers, and he has been
of Etruria. "
Fi/g.JEn. 7, v. 697. Liv. 9, c. 36. deservedlypraisedfor leavinghis gardens
CiMMERii, a people near the Palus Mceo- open to the public.Thucyd.1,c. 100 and 112!.
tis,v/ho invaded Asia Minor, and seized upon "Justin. 2, c. IS." Diod. U."Plut.^C. Nep:
the kingdom of Cyaxares. After they had in vita. An Athenian,father of Miltiades.
been masters of the country for 28 years, tbey Herodot. 6, c. 34. A Roman, supportedin
were driven back by Alyatteskingof Lydia. prisonby the milk of his daughter. Ah
Herodot. 1, c. 6, Sic.1.4, c. 1, he. Another Athenian,who wrote an account of the war
nation on the western coast of Italy, generallyof the Amazons against his country.
imagined to have lived in caves near the sea-
shore CiN^THON, an ancient poet of Lacedaemon,
of Campania,and there, in concealingkc. Vid. Cinethon.
themselves from the light of the sun, to have CiNARADAS, one of the descendants of Ci-
made their retreat the receptacle of their nyras, wlio presidedover the ceremonies of
plunder. In of this manner of Venus at Paphos. Tacit. 2. Hist. c. 3.
consequence
living, the countiy which they inhabited, was CiNciA LEX, was enacted by M. Cincius,
supposedto be so gloomy, that,to mention a tribune of the people,A. U. C. 649. By itno
greatobscurity, the expression "f Cimmerian man was permittedto take any money as a
darkness has proverbially been used. Homer, gift or a fee in judginga cause. Liv. 34,c. 4.
accordingto Plutarch,drev/ his imagesof hell L. Q. CiNciNNATus, a celebrated Roman,
and Pluto from this gloomy and dismal coun- try, who was informed,as he ploughed his field,
where also Virgil and Ovid have placed that the senate had chosen him dictator. Up- on
the Styx,the Phlegethon, and all the dreadful this,he lefthis ploughed land with regret,
abodes of the infernal regions.Homer. Od. and repaired to the field of battle, where his
13. Virg.JEn.Q."Omd.Met. 11,v. 592, "c. countrymen were closely besieged by the Vol-
"
Sirab. 5. sci and .'Equi.He conqueredthe enemy and
CiMMERis, a town of Troas, formerlycall- ed returned to Rome in triumph: and 16 days
Edonis. FUn. 5, c. 30. after his appointment, he laid down his olfice,
CiMMKRiUM, now Crim, a town of Taurica and retired back to ploughhis fields- In his
Chersonesus, whose inhabitants aie called 80th year he was again summoned against
Ciramerii. Mela, 1,c. 19. Preeneste as dictator; and alter a successful
CiMuLis and Cr:fOLis,a town of Paphla- campaign,he resignedthe absolute power he
":onia. had enjoyed only 21 days,noblydisregarding
CI CI
the rewards that were offered him by the se- nate. upon the sovereign power. Hia conspiracy was
He flourishedabout 460 years before discovered,and be was put to death. Aridot,
Christ. Liv. 3, c. 2G."Flor. 1,c. 11." Ctc. dt CiNNAMUs, a hair-dresser at Rome, ridi- culed
Finib. 4."Plin. 18, c. 3. hy Martial,7, ep. 63
L. CiNcius Alimewtus, a prastorof Si- cily CiNNiANA, a townof Lusitania,famous for
in the second Punic war, who wrote an- nals the valour of its citizens. Vdl. Max. 6, c. 4.
in Greek. Dionys.Hal. 1. Marcus, a CiNXiA, a surname of Juno, who presided
tribune of the people, A. U. C. 549, author of over marriages, and was supposed to untie the
the Cincia lex. girdle of new brides.
CiNEAS, a Thessalian,minister and friend CiNYPs and Cikyphus, a river,and country
to Pyn'hus king of Epirus. He was sent to of Africa, near the Gararaantes, wlience
Borne by his master to sue for peace, which Cinyphius. Virg.G. 3, v. 312. Herodot. 4,"
lie,however, could not obtain. He told Pyr- c. 198." P/iri.6, c. 4.~Martial. 7, ep. 94."
rhus,that the Roman senate were a venerable Ovid. Met. 7, V. 272, 1. 15,v. 755." Lucan. 9,
chariots, and bosing. Like the Greeks, the cia. Mela, 1,c. 18. -
Romans gave the name of Pentathlum or CiTHiERON,a king,who gave his name to
Quiuquertiumto these five exercises. The ce- a mountain
lebration of Bceotia,situate at the south of
continued five days,beginning on the the river Asopus, and sacred to Jupiterand
16th of September. All games in generalthat the Muses. Actseon was torn to piecesby his
were exhibited in the Circus,were soon after own dogson this mountain,and Hercules kil- led
called Circensian games. Some sea-fights and there an immense lion. Virg. JEn. 4, y.
called by the Romans
skirmishes, Nauraachise,
303.~JlpoUod.
2, c. 4.'-^Mela,
2, c. S" Strab
were afterwards exiiibited ia the Circus. 9.~Paus. 9, c. l,kc.~Plin. 4, c. 7."Pto!. 3,
"
Quinta, a daughterof Appius Caecus, whose four wives, one of whom, called Messa-
lina,
statue in the vestibulum of Cybele'stemple he put to death on account of her lust
was unhurt when that edifice was reduced to and debauchery. He was at last poisonedby
ashes. Val. Max. 1, c. 7. Tacit. 4, Ann. another called Agri])pina,
"
who wished to raise
c. 64. Fulcra, a cousin of Agrippina,ac- cused her son Nero to the throne. The poisonwas
of adultery and criminal designsagainstconveyedin mushrooms; but as it did not
Tibeiius. She was condemned. Tacit. Ann. operate fast enough, his physician, by order
4, c. 53. Antonia, a daughterof the em- peror of the empress, made him swallow a poisoned
Claudius,married Cn. Pompey, whom feather. He died in the 63d year of his age,
Messalina caused to be put to death. Her October 13, A. D. 54, after a reignof 13 vears;
second husband, SyllaFaustus,by whom she neither by humanity nor
distinguished age,
cour-
had a son, v.'as killed by Nero, and she shared but debased by weakness and irresolu-
tion.
his fate,^v"hen she refused to marry his mur-
derer. He was succeeded bv Nero. Tacit.Ann.
11, kc" Die. 60." Juv. 6, v. 619." Suet, in
Claudia lex, de comiliis,was enacted vita. The second emperor of that name,
by M. CI. Marcellus,A. U. C. 702. It ordain- ed, was a Dalmatian, who succeeded Gallienus^
that at publicelections of ma;gisti'ates, no He conqueredthe Goths, Scythians,and He-
notice shouldbe taken of the votes of such as ruli, and killed no less than 300,000 in a bat-
tle
were absent. Another, de vsura, which ; and after a reignof about two years, died
forbade people to lend money to minors on of the plague in Paunonia. The excellence
condition of payment afterthe decease of their of his character, marked with bravery, and tem-
pered
parents. Anotlier,de negotia'icne, by Q. with justice and benevolence, is well
Claudius the tribune,A. U. C. 535. It forbade known by these words of the senate, addressed
any senator, or father of a senator, to have any to him : Ciaudi Avguste,tii firater, tu pater,
vessel containing above 300 amphorai,for fear tu amicus, tu bonus senator, in vercprinceps.
of their engaging themselves in commercial Nero, a consul,with Liv. Salinator,
who
schemes. The same law also forbade the same defeated and killed Asdrubal, near the river
thingto the scribes and the attendants of the Metauiura, as he was passingfrom Spaininto
as itwas
quaestors, naturally supposed that peo-
ple to go to the assistance of his brother An-
Italy,
who had any commercial connexions, could nibal. Uv. 27, kc. Uorat. 4, od. 4, v. 37."
"
not be faithfulto their trust, nor promote the Sutt. in Tib. The father of the emperor
interest of the state. Another,A. U. C. 576, Tiberius, quaestorto Caesar in the wars of Alex-
andria.
to permitthe alliesto return to their respec-
tive Polios,an historian. Plin. 7, ep.
cities,after their names were enrolled. 51. Pontius,a general of the Samnites,who
IJiK 41, c. 9. Another, to take away the conqueredthe Romans at Furcae Caudin8e,and
freedom of the city
of Rome from tliecolonists,made them pass under tlieyoke. Liv. 9, c. ""
CL CX
A. V. Cm.
Pctibas,a dictator, the day time. Cicero calls him the father
ice- jln
Appuis, an orator. Brut.
Ctc. %n Vid. Ap- jof the stoics : and out of respect for his vir-
pius. App Cascus, a Roman censor, who tues,the Roman senate raised a statue to him
built an aqueductA. U. C. 441, which brought|in Assos. It is said that he starved himself in
water to Rome from Tuscuium, at the dis- tancehis 90ih year, B. C. 240. Strah. 13. Cic. de
"
tombs over those who had been killedin the the pietyof her sons with the best gift
battle againstMardonius. Herodot. 9, c. 85. that could be grantedto a mortal. They went
Clean DER. one of Alexander's officers, who to rest,and awoke no more : and by this the
killed Parmenjo by the king's command. He goddess showed, that death is the only true
was punishedwith death,for offering violence happyevent that can happen to man. The
to a noble virgin, and givingher as a prosti-
tute Argivesraised them statues at Delphi. Cic.
to his servants. Curt. 7, c. 2, 1. 10, c. 1 Tusc. 1,c. 47." Vol. Max. 5, c. 4" Herodot.
The firsttyrant of Gela.
. Aristol.5, Polit. 1,c. 31." Plui. de Cons. adApol.
c. 12. A soothsay e^ of Arcadia. Herodot. Cleobula, the wife of Amyntor, by whom
6, c. 83. A favourite of the emperor Com she had Phosnix. A daughter ot Boreas
modus, who was put to death A. D. 190, after and Orithya, called also Cleopatra. She mar-ried
o.it water fo::a gardenerin the niglit,and study for her geniti"; learning, judgment^
CL CL
and courage. She composed enigmas,some doors he so stronglysecured, that his
ers
pursu-
of which have been preserved. One of them Avere obligedto break them for access.
runs thus: "A father had 12 children,and When the tomb Avas opened, Cleomedes could
these 12 children had each 30 white sons and not be found either dead or alive. The oracle
30 black daughters, who are immortal,though of Delphi Avas consulted,and gave this an-swer,
they die every day." In this there is no need Ultimus heroum Cleomedes Astypaltnis.
of an (Edipus,to discover that there are 12 Upon this they offered sacrifices to him as a
months in the year, and that every month god. Pavs. 6, c. 9. Plut. in Rom.
"
demand Porus to sun-ender. Curt. 8, c. 13. The 2d, succeeded his brother Agesipolis 2d.
Cleocharia, the mother of Eurotas, by He reigned61 years in the greatesttranquilli-
ty,
Lelex. Apollod. 3, c. 10. and Avas father to Acrotatus and Cleony-
CLEODyETTs, a SDH of Hyllus. Herodot. 6, mus, and Avas succeeded by Areus 1st, son of
c. 52, 1. 7, c. 204, 1. 8, c. 131. He endeavour-
ed Acrotatus. Pans. 3, c. 6. The 3d succeed-
ed
to recover Peloponnesusafter his father's his father Leonidas. He Avas of an enter-
prising
death,but to no purpose. spirit,and resolved to restore the an- cient
exile. Pam. 3, c. 6." Plut. in Jig.and Cleom. of the state, by his intrigues and elo-
quence.
A youth of Ambracia, who tlu-evv him-
self He took Thoron in Thrace, and af-ter
intothe sea, after reading Plato's treatise distinguishing himself in several engage-
ments,
upon the immorlalitv of the soul. Cic.in Tusc. he A\as killed at Amphipolis, in a
1, c. ZA."Ovid. in J'b. 493. battle Avith Brasidas the Spartan general, 422
Cleomedes, a famous athlete of Astypa- B. C. Thucyd.3, 4, kc."Diod. 12. A gen-
eral
loea, above Crete. In a combat a( Olynipia, of Messenia, who disputed Avilh Aristode-
he killed one of his antagonistsby a blow with mus for the sovereignty. A statuary. Pans.
his fist. On account of this accidental murder, 2, c. 8. A poet Avho Avrote a poem on the
he Avas deprived of the victory,and he became Argonauts. An orator of Halicarnassus,
delirious. In his return to Astypala^a, he en-
tered who composed an oration for Lysander,in
a school, and pulled down the pillars Avhich he intimated the propriety of making
Avhich supported the roof, and crushed to the kingdom of Sparta elective. C. Mp. ^
death 60 boys. He was pursuedAvith stones, Plut. in Lys. A Magnesian, who Avrote
And he fled for shelter into a tomb, whose some commentaries, in Avhich he speaksof por-
CL CL
tBntous events, ".c. Pans. 10,c. 4 "
odious,Cleopatrasuffered Lathurus to
ASici-jWas
lian,one of Alexander's flatterers. Curt. 8, c. ascend the throne,on condition, however, that
'6. A tyrant of Sicyon. A friend of he should repudiate his sisterand wife,called
Phocion. Cleopatra, and marry Seleuca, his younger
Cleon^ and Cleona, a village of Pelopon-
nesus, sister. She afterwards raised her favourite,
between Corinth and Argos, Hercules Alexander, to the throne ; but her cruelties
killed the lion of Nemasain itsneighbourhood,were so odious that he fled to avoid her tyran-
ny.
and thence itiscalled Cleonaeus. It was made a Cleopatralaid snares for him ; and when
constellation. Stat. 4, Silv. 4, v. 28. Ovid. Alexander heard it,he put her to death.
" tin.
Jus-
Met. 6, V. 417." 5i7.3, v 32." Pans. 2, c. 15." 39, c. 3 and 4. A queen of Egypt,
Plin. 36, c. 5. A town of Phocis. daughterof Ptolemy Auletes, and sister and
Cleone, a daughterof Asopus. Diod. 4. wife to Ptolemy Diouysius, celebrated for her
Cleonica, a young virginof Byzantium, beautyand her cunning. She admitted Caesar
whom Pausanias, kingof Sparta, invited to his to her arms, to influence him to give her th"
bed. She was introduced into his room when kingdonii, in preference to her brother,who
he was asleep,and unluckilyoverturned a had expelled her,and had a son by him, called
burninglamp which was by the side of the bed. Ca^sarion. As she had supportedBrutus, An- tony,
Pausanias was awakened at the sadden noise. in his expedition to Parthia,summoned
and thinking it to be some assassin,he seized her to appear before him. She arrayedher-self
his sword, and killed Cleonica before he knew in the most magnificent apparel,and ap- peared
who it was. Cleonica often appearedto him, before her judge in the most captiva-
ting
and lie was anxious to make a proper tion
expia- attire. Her artifice succeeded : Antony
to her manes. Paus. 7, c. 17. Plut. in became
"
enamoured of her,and publicly mar-
ried
by jEmyliusthe Roman consul. Sirab. 6. and concealed herself. Antony soon ter
af-
A person so cowardly that Cltonymoti- died of his wounds, and Cleopatra, after
midior became proverbial. she had received pressinginvitations from
Cleopater, an officer of Aratus. Augustus, and even pretendeddeclarations ot
Cleopatra, the grand-daughter of Attalus,love, destroyed herselfby the bite of an asp,
betrothed to Philip of Macedonia, afterhe had not to fallinto the conqueror's hands. She
divorced Olympias. When Philipwas mur-dered had previously attemptedto stab herself, and
by Pausaniasj Cleopatrawas seized by had once made a resolution to starve herself.
order of Olympias,and put to death. Diod. Cleopatrawas a voluptuousand extravagant
l^." Justin. 9, c. I."Plut. in Pyrrh. A woman, and in one of the feasts she gave to
sister of Alexander the Great, who married Antony at Alexandria,she melted pearlsinte
Perdiccas,and was killed by Antigonus, asshe her drink, to render her entertainment more
attemptedto flyto Ptolemy in Egypt. Diod. sumptuous and expensive. She was fond of
16 and 2Ch" Justin. 9, c. 6, 1. 13, c. 6. A appearing dressed as the goddessIsis; and she
harlot of Claudius Caesar. A daughteradvised Antony to make w ar slgainst the rich-
est
of Boreas. [Vid.Cleobula]. A daughter nations to support her debaucheries. Her
of Idas and Marpessa,daughterof Evenus, beautyhas been greatly commended, and her
king of .(Etolia. She married Meleager,son mental perfections so highlycelebrated,that
of king (Eneus. Homer. II. 9, v. 52. Paus. she has been described as capableof giving
"
dience
au-
souy, and compelledto drink it herself, B. C. Pomp, i^Ant. Horat. 1, od. 37, v. 21, he.
" "
120. A wife and sisterof Ptolemy Ever- Strab. 17. A daughterof Ptolemy Epipha-
getes,who raised her son Alexander, a minor, nes, who married Philometor,and afterwards
to the throne of Egypt, in preference to his' Physcon of Cyrene.
elder brother,Ptolemy Lathurus, whose in- 1 CLEOP.iXRis or Arsinor, a fortified t"vrm. "!
terest the people favoured. As Ale\ander'Egypton the Arabiou jjulf.
CL CL
Orpheus.
4,c.31. CuTERNiA, a tow'n of Italy.Mela. 2, c.
son thebrave.st
of Alcibiades, in the Gre-
cian A river of Arcadia.
man Paus. c. 12.
fleet that foughtagainstXerxes. Herodot. Clitoria, the wife of Cimon the Athe-
nian.
8, c. 7.' The father of Alcibiades, killed at
the battle of Coronea. Plut. in Ale. The Clitumnus, a river of Campania, whose
father of Aratus, killed by Abantidas, B. C. waters, when drunk, made oxen white. Pro-
263. Plut. in Arat. A friendof Solon. Id. pirt.2, el. 10, V. 25." Virg. G. 2, v. 146."
in Sol. Plm. 2, c. 103.
Clinippides,an Athenian generalin Lesbos. Clitus, a familiar friend and foster-bro-
ther
f)wd. 12. of Alexander. He had saved the king's
Clinus of Cos, was general of 7000 Greeks, lifein a bloody battle. Alexander killed him
in the pay of kingNectanebus. He was killed with in a fitof anger, because, at a
javelin,a
with some of his troops,by ISicostratus and feast,he preferredthe actions of Philipto
the Argives,as he passedthe JNile. Diod 16. those of his son. Alexander was inconsolable
Clio, the firstof the Muses, daughterof for the loss of a friend,whom he had sacrificed
Jupiterand Mnemosyne. She presidedover in the hour of drunkenness and dissipation.
history.She is representedcrowned with Justin. 12, c. C)."Plut.in Alcx."Curt. 4, Lc.
laurels, holdingin one hand a trumpet,and a A commander of Polyperchon's ships,
book in the other. Sometimes she holds a defeated by Antigonus. Diod. 18. An offi-
cer
with
pl'Xirumor quill a lute. Her name sig- sent with
by Antipater, 240 againsf
ships,
CL CL
the Athenians, whom he conquerednear the kingand
proposinglaws. Another,to re-
establish
Echinades. Diod. 18. kil-
ted
A Trojanprince, the companiesof artists,
which had
by Teucer. A disciple Aristotle, been instituted by Numa; but since his time
ol who
wrote a book on Miletns. abolished.
CloacFna, a goddess at Rome, who pre- Clodii Forum, a town of
Italy.P/m. 3, c.l5
sided over the Cloacae. Some suppose her to Pe. Clodius,a Roman
, descended from an
be Venus, whose statue was found in the Illustrious
family, and remarkable for his licen-
tiousness,
Cloacce, whence the name. The Cloacae were avarice,and ambition. He commit-
ted
largereceptacles for the filth and dung of incest with his three
sisters,
and introdu-
ced
the whole city,begun by Tarquin the el- der, himself m women's clothes into the house
and finished by Tarquin the Proud, ot J, Cssar, whilst Pompeia,Csesar's wife,of
They were built all under the city; so that, whom he was enamoured, was celebrating
accordingto an expressionof Pliny,Rome the of
mysteries Ceres, where no man was
seemed to besuspendedbetween heaven and permitted to appear. He was accused for
earth. The building was so strong,and the this violation of human and divine laws : but
stones so large, that though they were nually he corruptedhis
conti-
judges,and by that means
washed by impetuoustorrents,they re-mained screened himself from justice.He descended
unhurt duringabove 700 years. There trom a patricianinto a
plebeianfamily to be-
come
were publicofficerschosen to take care of the a tribune. He was such an to enemy
Cloaca;,called Curatores Cloacarum urbis. Liv. Cato, that he made him go with
prajtorian
3, c. 48." P/m 5, c. 29. power, in an expeditionagainst
.
of the companions of
Ptolemy king
Cloanthus, one of Cyprus, that,by the
-Sneas, from whom the family of the Cluentii
difficulty
of tiiecam-
paign,
he might ruin his reputation,
and de-
at Rome were descended. Virg.Mn. 5, v. stroyhis interest at Rome
122.
duringhis absence.
Cato, however, by his uncommon success,
Clodia, the wife of Lucullus,repudiatedfrustrated the views of Clodius. He was also
for her lasciviousness. Plut. in Lucull. an inveterate enemy to Cicero ; and by his in- fluence
An opulentmatron at Rome, mother of D. he banished him from
Brutus. Cic. ad Mtic. A
Rome, partly
vestal virgin. on pretence that he had punishedwith death,
Vid. Claudia. Another of the same familyand without trial,the adherents of Catiline.
who successfully repressed the rudeness of a He wreaked his vengeance
upon Cicero's
tribune that attemptedto stop the processionhouse,which he
burnt,and set all his goods to
of her father in his triumphthroughthe streets sale ; which,however, to his
of Rome.
great mortifica-
tion,
Cic.pro M. Ccel. A woman who no one offered to buy. In spiteof Clo- dius,
married Q. Metellus,and afterwards disgraced Cicero was recalled,and all his goods
herselfby her amours with Ccelius,and her restored to him. Clodius was some time after
incest with her brother Publius,for which he murdered by Milo, whose defence Cicero
is severely and eloquently aiTaigned by Cicero. took himself. Plut in Clc."Appian.
upon de,
Ibid. Civ. 2." Cic. pro Milan.
S^pro Domo."Dio.
Clodia lex de Cypro,was enacted by*the -A certain author,
quoted by Plut. .
tribune Clodius,A. U. C. 695, to reduce Cyprus Licmius wrote an history of Rome. Liv. 29,
into a Roman province,and exposedPtolemy c. 22. Quirinalis, a rhetorician in Neros
king of Egypt to sale in his regalornaments. age. Taat. 1, Hiu. c. 7,
Sextus, a rheto-
rician
It empowered Cato to go with the praetorian of Sicily, intimate with M, Antony,
power, and see the auction of the king's goods, whose preceptor he was. Suet, de Clar. Oral.
and commissioned him to return the money to "Cic.in Philip.
Rome. Another, de Magistratibus, A. U. Cl(Elia,a Roman virgin,
C. 695, by Clodius the tribune. It forbade the maidens as
given with otheF
hostages to Porsenna king of Etru-
censors to put a stigmaor mark of infamyup-
on ria. She escapedfrom her
confinement,and
any person who had not been actuallyaccus- swam across the Tiber to Rome. Her unpre-
cedented
edandcondemnedbyboththe censors. other,
An- virtue was rewarded by her coun-
trymen,
de Religione, by the same, A. U. C. 696. with an equestrian statue in the Vi"
to deprive the priest of Cybele,a native of Pes- Sacra. Lw. 2, c.
l3.~Virg.^n. 8, v, 651 "
sinus,of his office, and confer the priesthoodDionys. Hal. 5.~Juv. 8, v. 265. A patrician
upon Brotigonus,a Gallo-grecian, Another, family,descended from Cloelius, of the
one
de Provinciis, A. U. C. 695, which nominated companions of ^neas. Dionys.
the provincesof Syria,Babylon,and Persia, Cl(elia: FossiE, a
place near Rome. Plut.
to the consul Gabinus ; and Achaia, Thessaly,tn Coriol.
Macedon, and Greece, to his colleaguePiso, Cl(elius Gracchus, a generalof the VolscI
with pro-consularpower. It empowered them and Sabines againstRome,
to defraythe expenses of their march
conqueredby Q.
from the Cincinnatus the
dictator. TuUus,a Roinati
public treasury. Another, A. U. C. 695, ambassador put to death
which requiredthe same
by Tolumnius, kin^^
distributionof corn of the Veientes. *
among the people gratis,as had been given Clon'as,a musician. Plut. de Music.
them before at six asses and a triens the bush-
el." Clonia, the mother of Nvcteua. .^poUod.
A, U.
-^-Another, C. 695, by the same, de " ^
3, c. 10.
Judiciis. It called to an account such as had Clonius, a B^otian, who went
with 5"
executed a Roman citizen without a judg-
ment shipsto the Trojan Avar. Homer. IL 2.
of the people, and all the formalitiesof a A Trojan killed
trial.
by Mcssapusin Italy. Viv.
Another, by the same, to pay no at JEn. 10, v. 749.
tention to the appearance of theheavens,while
Another,kUled by
^
Tm-nu".
Id. 9, V. 574.
any affairwas beforethepeople. Another to Clotho, the yotmgest of the three Parry,
make the power of the tribunes free,iu ma- dau"5hter
of Jijpiicr
"nd Themis, or Recording;
CL CL
supposed to presidePresbon, and father of Erginus,Stratius,
t" Hesiod,of Night,
was
that we are born. She held Arrhon, and Axius. He received a wound
over the moment
from a stone thrown by a Theban, of which he
the distaff in her hand, and span the thread ot
her name ("^^^i'v, to spin.) She died. His son Erginus,who succeeded him,
life, whence
with seven made war against the Thebans, to revenge his
was represented wearing a crown
with a variegated robe. death. Pans. 9, c. 37. One of the de- scendants
stars, and covered
Hesiod. 218." "pol- of Hercules, who built a templeto
Vid. Parca?. Theog. v.
Minerva of Cydonia. Id. 6, c. 21. A son
lod. 1, c. 3. of
of Venus, whose statue of Phoroneus. Id. 2, c. 35. A king
Cluacina, a name
where Elis. Id. A son of (Eneus king of Ca-
was erected in that place peace was
his addresses ; upon which he be- sieged his court to Clytemnestra, and publiclylived
who slighted
his town. Clusia threw with her. Her infidelity reached the ears of
and destroyed
to Agamemnon before the walls of Troy, and
herselfdown from a hightower, and came
he resolved to take full revenge upon the
the ground unhurt. Plut. in Parall.
Clusini fontes, baths in Etruria. Horat. adulterers at his return. He w'hs prevented
from puttinghis schemes into execution ;
1, ep. 15, V. 9.
with her adulterer, murdered
Clusium, now Chiusi,a town of Etruria,Clytemnestra,
under Porsenna him at his arrival, as he came out of the
taken by the Gauls Brennus.
was buried there. At the north of Clusium bath,or, accordingto other accounts, as he
called Clusina lacus, which sat down at a feast prepared to celebrate his
there was a lake
northward far Arretium, and hap^iy return. Cassandra, whom non
Agamem-
extended as as
had a communication with the Arnus which had broughtfrom Troy, shared his fate',
have been deprived
falls into the sea at Pisa. Diod. 14. Virg.and Orestes would also
"
JEn. 10,V. 167 and 655. of his life, like his father,had not his sister
Gaul. Polyb. 2. Electra removed him from the reach of Cly- temnestra.
Clusius, a river of Cisalpine
The surname of Janus, when his temple After this murder, Clytemnestra
shut. Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 130. publicly married JEgysthus, and he ascended
was
Cluvia, anoted debauchee, he. Juv. 2, the throne of Argos. Orestes,after an ab- sence
"
chief deityof the place, and had there a fa- mous Virg.JEn. 8, v. 650.
statue made by Praxiteles. Horat. 1, CocTi^ and CoxxiiE, certain parts of the
od. 30." Flin. 36, c. 15. Alps,called after Coctius, the conqueror of
Cnopus, one of the descendants of Co- the Gauls, who was in alliance with Augustus.
drus,who went to settle a colony,".c. Po- ly Tacit. Hist.
cen. 8. CocYTus, a river of Epirus.The word is de- rived
Cnossia, a mistress of Menelaus. Apollod. from xtoxusiv,to weep and to lament. Its
mology,
ety-
3, c. 11. the unwholesomeness of its water,
Cnosus, or Gnossus, a town of Crete, and,above all, itsvicinity to the Acheron, have
about 25 stadia from the sea. It was built by made the jjoets call it one of the rivers of hell,
Minos, and had a famous labyrinth.Paus. hence Cocytia virgo, appliedto Alector,one of
1,0.27. the furies. Virg.G. 3, v. 38, 1.4, v. 479. ^n.
Co, Coos, and Cos, now Zia, one of the Cy- 6, V. 297, 323, 1.7,v. 479." Paw^. 1, c. 17.
clades,situate near the coasts of Asia,about 15 A river of Campania,flowing into the Lucrine
miles from Halicarnassus. Its chief town is lake.
called Cos, and anciently bore the name of Codanus sinus, one of the ancient names
Astypalffia.It gave birth to Hippocrates,of the Baltic. Plin. 4, c. 13.
Apelles,
and Simonides,and was famous for CoDOMANus, a surname of Darius the third,
its fertility,
for the wine and silk-worms which kingof Persia.
it produced, and for the manufacture of silk CoDRiD^, the descendants of Codrus, who
and cotton of a beautifuland delicate texture. went from Athens at the head of several colo-
nies.
The women of the island always dressed in Paus. 7, c. 2.
white ; and their garments were so clear and CoDROPoLis, a town of Illyricum.
thin,that their bodies could be seen through, CoDRUs, the 17th and last of king Athens,
accordingto Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 9. The men
wo- son of Melanthus. When
the Hcraclidaj made
of Cos were changed into cows by Ve-
nus war againstAthens, the oracle declared that
or Juno ; whom they rejjroachedfor suf-feringthe victorywould be grantedto that nation
Hercules to lead Geryon's flocks whose king was killed in battle. The Hera-
through their territories. Tibull. 2, el. 4, v. clidae upon this gave strictorders to spare the
29." Horat. 1, Sal. 2, v. 101." S/ra6. 14.-1 lifeof Codrus ; but the patriotic kingdisguised
Pirn. 11, c. 23. Properl. 1, el. 2, v. 2, 1 "" himself,and attacked one of the by
"
enemy,
el. 1, v. 5, 1. 4, el. 2, v. 23." Ovid. A. k
% whom he was killed. The Athenians obtained
V. 298. the victory, and Codrus was deservedly called
CCE CO
ihe father of his country. He reigned 22 yean, master of his country,by Darius. His coun-
trymen
and was killed 1070 years bsfore the christian stoned him to death, Herodot. 5, c. 11
era. To pay greater honour to his memory, and 38.
the Athenians made a resolution, that no man Casus, a son of Ccelus and Terra. He was
after Codi-us should reignin Athens under the father of Latona, Asteria,fc.c.by Phcebe.
name of king,and therefore the government Hesiod Th. 135 and 405. Virg.G. 1,v. 279.
A river of Messenia, flowing
was put into the hands of perpetual arclions. by Electra.
Paterc. i, c. 2. Justin. 2, c. 6 and T.~-Faus. Pans. 4, c. 33.
"
the wound, sprang the giants,furies,and 9. One of the seven hillsof Rome.
nymphs. The mutilated parts were thrown CoLLiNA, one of the gates of Rome, on
into the sea, and from them, and the foam mount Quirinalis. Ovid. 4. Fast. v. 671.
which they occasioned,arose Venus the god-
dess A goddessat Rome, who j)resided over lulls.
of beauty. Htsiod. k.c. One of the original tribes established bv
CcEN'us,an officer of Alexander,son-in-law Romulus.
to Parraenio. He died of a distemper, in his CoLLuciA, a lascivious woman, "c. Juv.
return from India. Curt. 9, c. 3. Diod. 17. 9, V. 306.
"
of Germany, now Kcllen,near Cleves. Va- ofGades; who wrote, among other works,
lentia,a town of Spain,which now bears the twelve books on agriculture.of
which the tenth,
same name. on gardening,is in verse. The style iselegant,
CoLONos, an eminence near where
Athens, and the work displaysthe genius of a na- turalist,
CEdipusretired during his banishment, from and the labours of an accurate ver.
obser-
which (circumstance Sophocles has giventhe ti-
tle The best edition of Columella is that of
of CEdipusColoneus to one of his tragedies. Gesner,2 vols. 4to. Lips.1735, and reprinted
Colophon, a town of ionia, at a small dis-
tance there 1772.
from the sea, first built by Mopsus the CoLUMN." IIerculis, a name given to
son of Manto, and colonized by the sons of Co- two mountains on tlieextreraest partsof Spain
drus. It was the native country ofMimner- and Africa,at the entrance into the Mediter-
ranean.
mus, Nicander, and Xenophanes, and one of They were called Calpe and Abyla-,
the cities which disputedfor the honour of the former on the coast of Spain,and the latter
havinggivenbirth to Homer. Apollo had a on the side of Africa,at the distance of only 18
miles. They are reckoned
templethere." 5/ra5. U."Plin. 14, c. 20." the boundaries of
Pans. 7, c. S." Tacit, .^nn.2, c. 54." Cic.pro the labours of Hercules,and theywere sed
suppo-
Arch. Pott. 8." Ovid. Met. 6, v. 8. to have been joined, tillthe hero separated;
CoLOSSE and Colossis, alargetown of Phry- them, and opened a communication between
Laodicea, of which the government the Mediterranean and Atlantic Pro-
gia, near seas.
was democratical,and the first ruler called tei.the boundaries ofEg"'pt, or the extent of the
archon. One of the fii-stchristian churches kingdom of Proteus. Alexandria was sed
suppo-
was establishedthere; and one of St. Paul's to be built near them, though Homer ces
plai-
addressed to it. PUji. 21, c. 9. them in the island of Pharus. Odys.4, v.
epistles was
Bhodes, which passed for one of the seven CoLUTiius, a native of Lycopolisin Egypt"
wonders of the world. Itsfeet were upon the who wrote a short poem the rape of Helen,
on
two moles which formed the entrance of the in imitation of Homer. The composition mained
re-
26
CO CO
of the Centaurs killed at the nuptials of Piri- and of the decencies of nature, he
corrupted
thous. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 284. A son of his own sisters,
and kept 300 women, and as
Thestius killed at the chase of the Calydonian many boys,for his illicitpleasures.Desirous
boar. Pans. 8, c. 45. One of the Magi, to be called Hercules,likethat
hero,he adorn-
ed
intimate with Cambyses kingof Persia. Jus- tin. his shoulders with a lion's skin,and
armed
1, c. 9. An adulterer of iEgiale. A his hand with a knotted club. He showed
son of Orestes. himself naked in public, and foughtwith the
CoMETHO, a daughterof Pterilaus,v/ho gladiators, and boasted of his dexterity in kill-
ing
deprived her father of a golden hair in his the wild beasts in the amphitheatre.He
head, upon which depended his fate. She requireddivine honours from the senate, and
was put to death by Amphitryon for her perfi-
dy. they were granted. He was wont to put such
Apollod. 2, c. 4. an immense quantityof golddust in his hair,
Q. CoaiiNius,a Roman knight who wrote that wheji he appeared bare-headed in the
shine,
sun-
some illiberalverses Tiberius.
against Tacit. his head glittered
ns if surrounded with
4, Aim. c. 31. sun-beams. Martia, one of his concubines,
CoMiTiA, (onwi),
an assembly of the Ro- man whose death he had prepared,
poisonedhim;
people.The word is derived from Comi- but as the poisondid not quickly he
operate,
Hum, the placewhere they were convened, was strangled
by wrestler.
a He died in the
qua^i a rum cundo. The Comitium was a 31st year of his age, and the 13th of his
reign,
largehall, which was left uncovered at the A. D. 162. It has been observed, that he never
top, in the firstages of the republic ; so that trusted himself to a barber,but
alwaysburnt
the assemblywas often dissolved in rainywea-
ther. his beard, in imitation of the
tyrantDionysius.
TheComitia were called,some consu- Htrodian.
laria,(o\' the election of the consuls: others CoMMoRis, a village of Cilicia.Cic. Fam.
prmioria,for the election of praetors,"lc. 15, ep. 4.
These assemblies were more generally known CoMON, a general of Messenia. Pans. 4.'
by the name of Comitia, Curiata, Ctnturiata,c. 26.
and Tribula. The Curiata was when the CoMPiTALiA,festivalscelebrated by the Ro-
mans
peoplegave their votes by curia?. The Cen- the 12th of .January
and the 6th of
turiala were not convened in later times. March, in the cross ways, in honour of the
{Vid. Ceiituria.) Another assemblywas called household gods called Lares.
Tarquin the
Comitia Tribvta,where the votes were ceived Proud, or
re-
according to some, Servius Tallius,
from the whole tribes together.At instituted them, on account of an oracle which
firstthe Roman peoplewere divided onlyinto ordered him to ofter heads to the Lares. He
three tribes; but as their numbers increased, sacrificed to them human victims ; but J. Bru-
tus,
the ti'lbes were at last swelled to 35. The after the expulsionof the
Tarquins,
objectof these assemblies was the electing of thoughtitsufficientto ofter to them
onlypoppy
magistrates, and all the publicofficersof state. heads,and men of straw. The slaves were
They could be dissolved bv one of the tribunes,generallythe ministers,and duringthe cele- bration,
if he differed in opinionfrom the rest of his theyenjoyedtheir freedom. Varra
colleagues.If one among the ))eo{)ie was de L. L. 5, c. 2." Ovid. Fast.
5, v. 140." ZK-
taken with the falling sickness,the whole oni/s.Hal. 4.
assemblywas immediatelydissolved, whence CoMPSA, now Consa, a town of the Hirpi-
that disease is called morbis coviitalis. After ni in Italy,at the east of Vesuvius.
the custom of givingtheir vote viid voce had CosipsATDS,a river of Thrace, falling into
been abolished,everyone of the assembly,in the lake Bistonis. Hcrodot. 7, c. 109.
the enactiijg of a law, was presentedwith two CoMPu.5A,a town of Bithynia.
ballots, on one of which were the letters U. R. CoMUM,now Coma, a town at tlienorth of
that is,iitirogas, be it as it is required : on the Insubria,at the bottom of the lake Como, in
other was an A. that is,antiquo, wliich bears the modern duchy of Milan. It was after-
wards
the same meaning as antiqunmvolo, I forbid it, called A''ovo Comum by J. Ccesar, who
the old law is more preferable.If the number transplanteda colonythere, itresumed though
of ballots with U. R. was superior
to the A's, itsancient name. It was the birth placeof the
the law was ; if not, younger
approvedconstitutionally Pliny. Plin. 3, c. 18." Lu-. 33, c.
it was rejected.Only the chief magistrates, 36 and S7." Suet, in Jul. 28." Plin.
1, ep. 3.
and sometimes the pontifices,had the privi-
lege Cic. Fam. 13,ep. 35.
"
Concordia, the goddessof peace and eon- CoNSENTEs, the name which the Romans
cord at Rome, to whom gods,the Dii ma-
Camillus firstraised gave to the twelve superior
a templein the where
capitol, the magistrates
jorum gentium. The word signifies
as much
often assembled for the transaction of publicas consentitntes,that is,who consented to the
business. She had, besides this,other temples deliberationsof Japiter's council. They were
and statues, and was addressed to promote the twelve in number, whose names Ennius has
peace and union of families and citizens. Plat. briefly expressed in these lines :
in Camil. Fliyu 33, c. 1. Cic. pro Domo.
"
"
Juno, Vesta,Minerva, Ceres,Diana, Venus f
"
of Samos, who, to gainthe favour of as his standard. After the death of Diocletian,
Ptolemy Evergetes, publicly declared that the Maximinian, Maxentius,Maximinus, and Li- cinius,
queen'slocks, which had been dedicated in who had reignedtogether, thoughin a
the temple of Venus, and had since disappear-
ed, subordinate manner, Constantine became sole
were become a constellation. He was timate
in- emperor, and began to reform tlie state. He
with Archimedes, and flourished 247 B. founded a cityin a most eligible situation,
C. Catul. Gl."Virg.Ed. 3, v. 40. cian where old Byzantium formerly
A Gre- stood,and cal-
led
mythologist, in the age of Julius Caesar, it by his own name. Const anlinopolia.
who wrote a book which contained 40 fables, Thither he transported part of the Roman ate
sen-
courage,
to the christians. He at firstpersecutedFast. 3, V. 199. Liv. 1,c. 9. Dionys.
"
" Hal.
the Arians, but afterwards inclined to their Consul, a magistrate at Rome, withTegal
opinions. His murder of his son Crispushas authority for the space of one year. There
been desei-vedly censured. By removing the were two consuls, a consulendo, annually
Roman legionsfrom the garrisons on ers, chosen in the Campus Martins.
the riv- The two first
he opened an easy passage to the barba-
rians, consuls were L. Jun. Brutus,and L. Taiquini-
and rendered his soldiers unwarlike. us Collatinus, chosen A. U. C. 244, after the
He defeated 100,000Goths, and received into expulsion of the Tarquins. In the firstages of
his territories300,000 Sarmatians, who had the republic, the two consuls were alwayscho-
sen
been banishedbytheir slaves,and allowed them from patrician families, or noblemen ; but
land to cultivate. Constantine was learned,and the people obtained thcprivilege, A. U. C.
well composed, 388, of electing of the consuls from their
preached, as as many sermons, one
one of which remains. He died A. D. 337, own body ; and sometimes both were plebeians.
after a reignof 31 years of the greatestglory The firstconsul among the plebeians was L.
and success. He leftthree sons, Constantinus, Sextius. It was requiredthat every candi-
date
Constance, and Constantius, among whom he for the consulship should be 43 years of
divided his empire. The first, who had age, called legitimum tempus. He was always
"aul, Spain, and Britain, for his portion,to appear at the election as a privateman,
was conquered by the armies of his brother, without a retinue;and it was requisite, before
Constance, and 'killedin the 25th year of he canvassed for the office, to have discharged
bis age, A. D. 340. Magnentius,the go- the inferior functions of quasstor,edile,and
vernor
of the provinces of Rhastia,murdered praetor. Sometimes these qualifications were
Constance in his bed, after a reignof 13 years disregarded.Val. Corvinus was made a con-
sul
over Italy,Africa,and Illyricum stantius, in his 23d year, and Scipioin his 24th.
; and Con-
the only surviving brother,now come Young Marius, Pompey, and Augustus,
be- were
the sole emperor, A. D. 353, punishedalso under the proper age when they werei
his brother's murderer, and gave way to cru- elty invested with the office, and Pompey had ne- ver
and oppression.He visited Rome, where been quaestoror praetor. The power of
he displayed a triumph, and died in his march the consuls was unbounded, and they knew
against Julian, who had been proclaimedin- dependent
no superior but the gods and the laws : but
emperor by his soldiers. The after the expiration of their office, their con-
duct
name of Constantine was very common to the was minutelyscrutinized by the people,
emperors of the east, in a later period. A and misbehaviour was often punished by tlie
private soldier in Britain,raised on account of laws. The badge of their office was the prce-
insname to the imperialdignity. A ge- neraltexta, a robe fringed with purple,afterwards
of Belisarius. exchanged for the toga pictaor palmata.
Constantius Chlorus, son of Eutropius,They were precededby 12 lictors,cai-rying
and father of the great Constantine, merit- ed the fascesor bundle of sticks,in the middle
the title of Ciesar, which he obtained, of which appeared an ax. The ax, being
by his victories in Britain and Germany. the characteristic rather of tyranny than of
He became the colleague of Galerius,on the freedom, was taken away from the fasces by
abdication of Diocletian ; and after bearing Valerius Poplicola, but it was restored by his
the character of a humane and benevolent successor. The consuls took it by turns,
he died at York, and mads his son monthly, to be precededby the lictors while
Srince,
is successor, A. D. 306. The second son at Rome, lest the appearance of two persons
of Constantine the Great. Vid. Constan-
tinus. with the badges of royalauthority, should
The father of Julian and Gallus, raise apprehensions in the multitude. While
was son of Coiif;lantius by Theodora, and one appeared publicly in state, only a crier
died A. ]). 337. A Roman general of walked before the other, and the lictors fol- lowed
Nyssa, who married Placidia, the sister of behind without the fasces. Their
Honorius, and was proclaimedemperor, an authoritywas equal; yet the Valerian law
honour he enjoyed only seven months. He gave the right of priorityto the older,and
died universally regretted, 421 A. D. and was the Julian law to him vvho had the most
succeeded by his son V^alentinian in the \vett. children,and he was generally called consul
One of the servants of Attila. major or prior. As their power was absolute,
CoNSUAi.ES LuDi, or CoNsuALiA, festivals theypresidedover the senate, and could con- vene
at Rome in honour of Consus, llie god of and dismiss itat pleasure.The senators
counsel, Avhose altar Romulus discovered were their counsellors ; and among the Ro-
mans,
under the ground. This altar was always co-
vered the manner of reckoning their years
except at the festival,when a mule was was by the name of the consuls,and by M.
sacrificed, and games and horse-races exhi-
bited Tail. Cicerone ^ L. Antonio Consulibus, for
in honour of INeptune.It was during instance, the year of Rome 691 was alwaysun-derstood.
these festivalsthat Romulus carried away the This custom lasted from the year
Sabine women who had assembled to be spec- of Rome 244 tillthe 1294,or 541"t year
year
CO CO
of the christianera, when the consular office 248. Sp. Lartius;T. Hcrminius. ries
Victo-
was totally suppressed by Justinian. In public obtained over the Sabines.
assemblies the consuls sat in ivorychairs, and 249. M. Valerius ; P. Postumius. Wars with
held in their hands an ivory wand, called the Sabines continued.
scipio eburneus,which had an eagleon itstop, 250. P. Valerius 4 ; T. Lucretius 2.
as a sign of dignity and power. When they 2oL Agrippa Menenius ; P. Postumius 2.
had drawn by lot the provinces over which The death of Publicola.
they were to preside duringtheir consulship, 252. OpiterVirginius ; Sp. Cassius. Sa-bine
they went to the capitol to offer their prayers war.
to the gods,and entreat them to protect the 253. Postumius Cominius ; T. Lartius. A
republic; after this they departed from the conspiracy of slaves at Rome.
city, arrayedin their military dress,and pre-ceded 254. Serv. Sulpicius ; Marcus TuUius.
by the lictors. Sometimes the provinces 255. P. Veturius Geminusj T. Abulias
were assignedthem, without drawingby lot, Elva.
]"y the will and appointmentof the senators. 256. T. Lartius 2 ; L. Cloelius. War with
At their departure, theywere providedby the the Latins.
state with whatever was requisite duringtheir 257. A. Sempronius Atratinus ; M. Mi-
expedition. In their provinces they were both nucius.
attended by the 12 lictors, and equallyinvest-
ed 258. Aulus Postumius; Tit. Virginius.
with legal authority.They were mittedThe battle of Regillae.
not per-
to return to Rome without the special 259. Ap. Claudius ; P. Servilius. War with
command of the senate, and theyalwaysre- mained the Volsci.
Capitolinus
". The iHStituted.
censorship ;
CO CO
347. L. Furius MeduUinus, "c. Military 383. L. Furius,"c.
tribunes. 384. Q. Servilius ; C. Veturius,he. Tea
348. P. and Cn. Comelii Cossi,".c. Militarymagistrates are chosen to take care of the Si-
bylline
tribunes. This year the Roman soldiers first books.
received pay. 385. L. Q- Capitolinus ; Sp. Servilius, "c.
349. T. Quintius Capitolinu.s, "c. Military 386. Accordingto some writers,Camillus
tribunes. The siege of Veii begun. thisyear was sole dictator, without consuls or
350. C. Valerius Potitus,he. Military tri- tribunes.
bunes.
387. A. Cornelius Cossus ; L. Vetur. Cras-
351. Manlius jEmilius Mamercinus, fcc. sus, he. The Gauls defeated by Camillus,
The Roman cavaliybeginto receive pay. One of the consuls for the future to be elected
352. C. Servilius Ahala, cic. A defeat at from among the plebeians.
Veii,occasioned by a quarrel between two of 388. L. -Srailius, patrician ; L. Sextius,pie.
the military tribunes. beian ; consuls. The offices of
praetorand
353. L. Valerius Potitus 4 ; M. Furius Ca- Curule iEdile, granted to the senate by the
millus 2; "c. A military tribune chosen from people.
among the plebeians. 389. L. Genucius ; Q. Servilius. Camillus
354. P. Licinius Calvus,kc. died.
355. M. Veturius,".c. 390. Sulpitius Paeticus; C. Licinius Stolo.
356. L. Valerius Potitus 5 j M. Furius Ca- 391. Cn. Genucius;L. ^milius.
millus 3. "c. 392. Q. Serv. Ahala 2; L. Genucius 2,
357. L. Julius lulus,"c. Curtius devotes himself to the Dii manes.
358. P. Licinius,he. Camillus declared 393. C. Sulpicius 2 ; C. Licinius 2. Manliu*
dictator. The cityof Veii taken by means of conquers a Gaul in single battle.
a mine. Camillus obtains a triumph. 394. C. Petilius Balbus ; M. Fabius Am-
359. P. Corn. Cossus, he. The people bustus.
wished to remove to Veii. 395. M, Popilius Laenas ; C, Manlius 2,
3"50. M. Furius Camillus, he. Falisci sur-
rendered 396. C Fabius; C. Plautius. Gauls defeat-
ed.
to the Romans.
361. L. Lucret. Flaccus; Servius Sulpicius 397. C. Marcius ; Cn. Manlius 2.
Camerinus, consuls, afterRome had been go- verned 398. M. Fabius Ambustus 2; M. Popilius
by military tribunes for 15 successive Laenas 2. A dictator elected from the plebei- ans
years. Camillus strongly opposes the remov-
ing for the firsttime.
to Veii;and itis rejected. 399. C. Sulpicius Paeticus 3 ; M. Valerias
362. L. Valerius Potitus; M. Manlius. One Poplicola;both of patrician families.
of the censors dies. 400. M. Fabius Ambustus 3 ; T. Quintius.
363. L. Lucretius,he. Militarytribunes. 401. C. Sulpicius Paeticus 4; M. Valerius
A strangevoice heard, which foretold the ap- Poplicola3.
proach
of the Gauls. Camillus goes to banish-
ment 402. M. Valerius Poplicola 4; C. Marcias
to Ardea. The Gauls besiegeClusium, Rutilus.
and soon after march towards Rome. 403. Q. Sulpicius Paeticus 5 ; T. Q. Pennus.
364. Three Fabii militarytribunes. The A censor elected for the firsttime from the
Romans defeated at Allia by the Gauls. The plebeians.
Gauls enter Rome, and set it on fire. Camil-
lus 404. M. Popilius Laenas 3 ; L. Corn. Scipio.
declared dictator by the senate, who had 405. L. Furius Camillus ; Ap. Claudius
retired into the capitol.The geese save the Crassus, Velerius, surnamed Corvinus, after
capitol, and Camillus suddenlycomes and de-
featsconquering a Gaul.
nus. Citizens capableto bear arms, amount- ed 529. L. ^milius Papus ; C. Atilius Regu- lus.
to 297,797. The Gauls defeat the Romans near Clu-
503. L. Csecilius Metellus 2 ; C. Furius Pa- sium. The Romans obtain a victorynear
ttilus. The Romans begin to recover their Telamon.
power by sea 530. T. Manlius Torquatus 2 ; Q. Fulvius^
504. C. Attilius Regulus2; L. Manlius Vol- Flaccus 2. The Boii,part of the Gauls, sur-^
so 2. The Carthaginians defeated near normusrender.
Pa-
in Sicily. One hundred and forty-two 531. C. Flaminius;P. Furius Philus.
elephants taken and sent to Rome. Regulus 532. M. Claudius Marcellus ; Cn, Corn.
advises the Romans not to exchangeprisoners. ScipioCalvus, A new w^ar with the Gauls,
He is put to death in the most excruciating Marcellus gainsthe spoils sailed opima.
torments. 533. P. Cornelius; M. Minucius Rufus.
505. P. Clodius Pulcher ; L. Jun. Pullus. Annibal takes the command of the Carthagi-
nian
The Romans defeated in a naval battle. The armies in Spain.
Roman fleet lost in a storm. 534. L, Veturius;C. Lutatius. The Via
506. C. Aurelius Cotta 2 ; P. ServiliusGe- Flaminia built.
minus 2. 535. M. Livius Salinator; L, .^milius Pau-lus,
507. L. Csecilius Metellus 3 ; Num. Fabius War with lUyricnm,
Buteo. The number of the citizens 252,222. 636. P, Cornelius Scipio;T. Sempronius
508. M. Otacilius Crassus ; M. Fabius Lici- Longus, Siegeof Saguntum,by Annibal. The
BUS. cause of the second Punic war, Annibal
509. M. Fabius Buteo ; C. Attilius Balbus. marches towards Italy, and crosses the Alps.
510. A. Manlius Torquatus2; C. Sempro- nius The Carthaginian fleet defeated near Sicily.
Blaesus. Sempronius defeated near Trebia, by Anni- bal,
511. C. Fundanius Fundulus; C. Sulpicius
Callus. A fleetbuilt by individuals at Rome. 537. Cn. Servilius; C. Flaminius 2. A fa- mous
512. C. Lutatius Catulus ; A. Postumius Al- battle near the lake Tlirasymenus,Fa- bius
binus. The Carthaginian fleet defeated near is appointeddictator. Success of Cn..
the islands iEgates.Peace made between Scipioin Spain,
Rome and Carthage. The Carthaginians eva- 538. C, Terentius Varro ; L. ^milius Pau- lus
c uateSicily. 2, The famous battle of Cannas, Annibal
513. Q. Lutatius Cerco ; A. Manlius Atti- marches to Capua, MarceUus beats Annibal
cus. Sicilyis made a Roman province. The near Nola. Asdrubal beginshis march towards
39th census taken. The citizens amount to Italy,and hrs army ft totallydefeated by di"
260,000. Scipies.
27
CO CO
639. Ti. SemproniusGracchus ; Q. Fabius ; 560. P. Corn. Scipio Africanus 2 ; T, Sem-
pronius
Maximus 2. Philipof Macedonia enters into Longus. Annibal fliesto Antiochus,
an alliance with Annibal. Sardinia revoltsai561,L. CorneliusMerula; Q. Minucius Ther-
and is reconquered by P"Ianlius, The Cartha-
ginians mus. Antiochus prepares to make war against
twice beaten in Spainby Scipio. Rome, and Annibal endeavours in vain to stir
540. Q. Fabius Maximus 3; M. Claudius up the Carthaginians to take up arms.
610. Ser. Sulpicius Galba;L. Aurelius Cotta. gainstJugurthacontinued with vigourby Ma- rius.
611. Ap. Claudius Pulcher; Q. Caecilius
Metellas Macedonicus War against the Cel- 648. C. Atilius Serranus ; Q.' Servilius Cae-
pio.
liberians. Jugurthabetrayedby Bocchus into the
612. L. Metellus Calvus ; Q. Fabius Maxi- hands of Sylla, the lieutenant of Marius.
mus Servilianus. 649. P. Rutilius Rufus; Corn. Manlius
613. Q, Pompeius ; C. Servilius Caepio. Maximus. Marius triumphs over Jugurtha.
614. C. Laelius Sapiens; Q. Servilius Caspio.Two Roman armies defeated by the Cimbri
The wars with Viriatus. and Teutones.
615. M. PopiliusLeenas; Cn. Calpurnius 650. G. Marius 2 ; C. Flavins Fimbria. The
Piso. Cimbri march towards Spain.
616. P. Corn. Scipio Nasica; D. Junius 651. C. Marius3; L. Aurelius Orestes. The
Brutus. The two consuls imprisonedby the Cimbri defeated in Spain.
tribunes. 652. C. Marius 4; Q. Lutatius Catulus. The
617. M. ^milius Lepidus; C. Hostilius Teutones totally defeated by Marius.
Mancinus. Wars against Nuraantia. 653. C. Marius 5; M. Aquillius. The Cim-
bri
618. P.Furius Philus;Sex. Atilius Serranus. enter Italy,and are defeated by Mai'iusand
619. Ser. Fulvius Flaccus; Q. CalpurniusCatulus.
Piso. 654. C. Marius 6 ; L. Valerius Flaccus.
620. P. Corn. Scipio2; C. Fulvius Flaccus. Factions against Metellus.
621. P. Mucins Scavola; L. Calpurnius 655. M. Antonius; A. Postumius Albinus.
Piso Frugi. IVumautia surrenders to Scipio,Metellus is gloriously recalled.
and is entirely demolished. The seditions of 656. L. Caecilius Metellus Nepos;T. Didius.
Ti. Gracchus at Rome. 657. Cn. Corn Lentulus ;P. Licinius Crassus.
622. P. Popilius Laenas;P. Rupilus. 658. Cn. jDomitiusAhenobarbus ; C. Cas-
sius
623. P. Licinius Crassus ; L. Valerius Flac-
cus. Longinus. The kingdom of Cyrene left
by will to the Roman people.
624. C. Claudius Pulcher; M. Perponna. 669. L. Luciuius Crassus ; Q. Mucins Scse-
In the census are found 313,823 citizejis. voia. Seditions of Norbanus.
625. C. Sempronius Tudltanus;M. Aqui- 660. C. Ccelius Caldus ; L. Domitius Ahe- nobarbus.
lius Nepos.,
626. Cn. Octavius JSepos; T. Annius Luscus, 661. C. Valerius Flaccus; M, Herennius
CO CO
Sylla
exhibited a combat of 100 lidnswith men
Lnculhig defeats Tigraneskingof Armenia?
in the circus. and meditates the invasion of Parthia.
662. C. Claudius Pulcher ; M. Perpenna. 686. Q. Martins Rex ; L, Caecilius Metellus.
The allies wish to be admitted citizens of Lucullus defeats the united forces of Mithri-
dates
Rome. and Tigranes.
663. L. Marcius Philippus ; Sex. Julius Cae-
sar. 687. M. Acilias Glabrio ; C. CalpurniusPi-
The alliesprepare to revolt. so. Lucullus fallsunder the displeasureof his
664. M. Julius Caesar;P. Rutilius Rufus. troops,who partlydesert him. Pompey goes
Wars with the Marsi. against the pirates.
665. Cn, Pompeius Strabo;L.Portius Ca- 688. M. ^milius Lepidus; L. Volcatus Tul-
to. The greatvalour of Sylla, surnamed the lus. Pompey succeeds Lucullus to finish th"
Fortunate. Mithridatic war, and defeats the enemy.
666. L. Cornelius Sylla; Q. Pompeius fus.
Ru- 689. L. Aurelius Cotta ; L. Manlius Torqua-
Sylla
appointedto the Mithrida- tus.
conduct Success of Pompey in Asia.
tic war. Marius is empowered to supersede 690. L. Julius Caesar ; C. Martins Figulus.
him ; upon which Syllareturns to Rome with Pompey goes to Syria. His conquests there.
his army, and takes it,and has Marius and his 691. M. Tullius Cicero ; C. Antonius. thridates
Mi-
adherents judged as enemies. poisonshimself. Catiline conspire*
667. Cn. Octavius ; L. Cornelius Cinna. Cin- against tlie state. Cicero discovers the con-
spiracy,
power of the tinbunes. Pompey triumphs 698. Cn. Corn. Lentulus Mai'cellinus ; L.
over Africa. Marcius Philippus. The triumvirate of Cae-
sar,
674. L. Corn. SyllaFelix 2; Q. Cacilius Pompey, and Crassus.
Metellus Pius. War against Mithridates, 699. Cn. Pomperas Magnus 2 ; M. Licinius
675. P. Servilius Vatia ; Ap. Claudius Pul-
cher. Crassus 2. Crassus goes against Parthia. Cse-
Syllaabdicates the dictatorship. sar continued for five years more in the ad-
ministration
676. M. iEmilius Lepidus; Q. Lutatius Ca- of Ganh His conquestof Britain.
tulus. Sylladies. 700. L, Domitius Ahenobarbus ; Ap. Clau-
dius
677. D. Junius Brutus ; Mamercus jJ^milius Pulcher. Great victories of Caesar.
LepidusLevianus. A civil war between pidus
Le- 701. Cn. Domitius Calvinus ; M. Valerius
and Catulus. Pompey goes against Ser- Messala, Crassus defeated and slain in Par- thia.
toriusin Spain. Milo killsClodius.
678. Cn. Octavius ; M. Scribonius Curio. 702. Cn. Pompeius Magnus 3 ; the only con- sul.
900,000. Pontus.
685. Q. Hortcnsius 2; Q. C?eciliusMetellufl. 708. C. Julius Csesar 3 ; M. .aimilius Lepi- / |
CO CO
ins. Caesar defeats Pompey's partisans in Af-
rica,Bithynia,torn in piecesby dogsfor her lasci-
vious
and takes Utica. deportment. Plin. 8, c. 40.
709. C. Julius Czesar 4 ; Consul alone. He CoNTAD"SDUs, a rivcr of Thrace, Herodot.
conqueredthe partisans of Pompey in Spain, 4, c. 90.
and was declared perpetual Dictator and Im- CoNTUBiA, a town in Spain. Flor. 2, c. 17.
perator, he. CooN, the eldest son of Antenor, killed by
710. C. Julius Caesar 5 ; M. Antonius. Caesar Agamemnon. Homer. II.
meditates a war against Parthia. Above sixty Coos, Cos, Cea, and Co, an bland of the
Romans conspireagainstCaesar, and murder iEgean sea. Vid. Co.
Lim ia the senate house. Antony raises him-
self Cop^, a place of Greece, near the Cephi-
to power. The rise of Octavius. sus. Plin. 4, c. 7.
711. C. Vibius Pansa ; A. Hirtius. Antony CoPAis LAcus, now Limne, a lake of Bceo-
judgeda publicenemy. He is opposedby the tia,into which the Cephisusand other rivers
consuls and Augustus. He joinsAugustus.empty themselves. It isfamous for itsexcel-
lent
Triumvirate of Antony, Augustus, and Lepi- eels, Paus. 9, c. 24.
dus. CoPHAS, a son of Artabazus. Curt. 7, c.
712. L. Minucius Plancus ; M. iEmilius Le- 11. A river of India. Dionys.Perieg.
pidus2. Great honours paid to the memory CoPHONTis, a burningmountain of Bactrim
of J. Caesar. Brutus and Cassius join their ana. Plin. 2, c. 106.
forces against Augustus and Antony. CopiA, the goddess of plenty; among the
713. L. Antonius;P. Servilius Isauricus 2. Romans representedas bearing a horn filled
Battle of Philippi, and the defeat of Brutus with grapes, fruit, ".e.
and Cassius. CopiLLus, a generalof the Tectosagae, ken
ta-
714. Cn. Domitius Calvinus ; C. Asinius Pol- by the Romans. Plut. in Syll.
lio. Antony joinsthe son of Pompey against C. CopoNius, a commander of the fleet of
Augustus. The alliance of short duration. Rhodes, at Dyracchium, in the interest of
715. L- Marcius Censorinus ; C. Calvisius Pompey. Cic. 1,de Div. c. 8. Paterc. 2, c. 83. "
Sabinus. Antony marries Octavia, the sister CopRATEs, a river of Asia,falling into the
of Augustus,to strengthentheir mutual alli- ance. Tigris.Diod. 19.
CoPREUs, asonofPelops,who
fled to My-
cenae
716. Ap. Claudius Pulcher; C. Norbanus at the death of
Iphitus.Apollod. 2, c, 6.
Flaccus ; to whom were substituted C. Octa- CoPTUs and CoPTos, now Kypt, a town of
vianus, and Q. Pedius. Sext. Pompey, the Egypt, about 100 leaguesfrom Alexandria, on
CoREssus, a hill near Ephesus. Herodot. and sold their pleasures so dear, that
5, c. 100. many of their lovers were reduced to po-
verty
CoRESus, a priestof Bacchus at Calydon ; whence the proverbof
in Boeotia,who was deeplyenamoured of the JVon cuivis homini contingit adire Corinthum,
nymph Callirhoe,who treated him with dis- dain. to show that all voluptuous indulgences are tended
at-
He complainedto Bacchus, who visited with much expense. .1.Cajsar planted
the country with a pestilence. The Calydo- a colonyat Corinth,and endeavoured to raise
nians were directed by the oracle to appease itfrom its ruins,and restore it to its former
the god by sacrificing Callirhoe on his altar. grandeur. The government of Corinth was
The nymph was led to the altar, and Coresus, monarchical, till779 years B. C. when officers
"who was to sacrifice her, forgot his resent-
ment, called Prytanes were instituted. The war
and stabbed himself. Callirhoe,con- scious which has received the name of Carinthian
of her ingratitude to the love of Coresus, ivar, because the battles were foughtin the
killed herselfon the brink of a fountain, which neighbourhoodof Coz'inth, was begun B. C. 395,
afterwards bore her name. Pans. 7, c. 21. by the combination of the Athenians,Thebans,
CoRETAs, a man who firstgave oracles at Corinthians, andArgives, against Lacedaemon.
Delphi. Pint- de orac. def. Pisander and Agesilausdistinguished selves
them-
CoRFiNiUM, now San Ferino, the capital in that war; the former, on the firstyear
"f the Peligni, three miles from the Aturnus of hostilities,was defeated with the Lacedae-
monian
tirhich fallsinto the Adriatic. Cces. Civ. 1, c. fleet,by Conon, near Cnidus ; while a
IQ." Lucan. 2, v. 478." Si/. 5, v. 522. few days after Agesilaus
slauglitered10,000 of
CoRiA, a surname of Minerva among the the enemy. The most famous battles were
Arcadians. Cic. de. JVat. D. 3, c. 23. foughtat Coronea and
Leuctra; but Agesilaus
CoRiNNA, and celebrated woman of Tana- refused to besiegeCorinth, lamentingthat the
gra, near Thebes, disciple to Myrtis. Her Greeks,instead of destroyingone another,did
lather's name was Archelodorus. It is said not turn their arms againstthe Persian power.
that she obtained five times a poetical prize,Martial 9, ep..5S. Siieton. Jlug."
70. Liv. 45, "
in which Pindar was her competitor ; but it c. 28." F/or. 2,,c. U."Qvid, Met. 2, v. 240."
must be acknowledged, that her beautygreatlyHorat. 1, ep. 17,v. m."Plin. 34, c. 2.~Slat.
contributed to defeat her rivals. She had Theb. 7, V. 106." Paus. 2, c. 1, kc."Strab. 8,
composed 50 books of epigramsand odes, of kc" Homer II. Id." Cic. Tusc. 4, c. 14. in
which only some few verses remain. Propert.Verr. 4, c. 44. de jY. D. 3. An actor at
2, el. 3. Paus. 9, c. 22.
" A woman of Rome. Juv. 8, v. 197.
Thespis, celebrated for her beauty. Ovid's CoRioLANas, the surname of C. Martins,
mistress was also called Corinna. Amor. 2, from his victory over Corioli,where, from a
el. 6. privatesoldier,
he gainedthe amplesthonours.
CoRiNNUs, an ancient poet in the time of When master of the place, he acceptedas the
the Trojan war, on which he wrote a poem. only reward, the surname of Coriolanus,a
Homer, as some suppose, took his subject from horse,and prisoners, and his ancient host,to
the poem of Corinnus. whom he immediately gave his liberty.After a
CoRiNTHiAcus SINUS, IS now callcd the gulfnumber of military exploits, and many services
of Lcpanto. to his country,he was refusedthe consulship by
CO
when
the people, his scarshad for a whileinflu- lodged in the hands of the people.
1 ther,
Ano-
enced them in his favour. This raised hisresent- 1 de Municipiis, by the same ; which re- voked
ment ; and when the Romans had received a [ all the privileges which had been some
present of corn from Gelo kingof Sicily, Corio- 1time before grantedto the several towns that
lanus insisted that itshould be'sold for money, had assisted Marius and Cinna in the civil
and not be givengratis. Upon this the tribunes wars. Another, de Magisiratibus, by the
raised the peopleagainst him for his impru- dent same ; which gave the power of bearinghon- ours
adyice,and evf n wished him to be put to and beingpromotedbefore the legal age,
death. This rigorous sentence was stopped to those who had followed the interest of Syl- la,
by the influence of the senators, and Corio- while the sons and partisans of his enemies,
lanus submitted to a trial. He was banished uho had been proscribed, were deprivedof the
by a majorityof three tribes,and he immedi- ately privilege of standing for any office of the state.
retired among the Volsci,to Tullus Another, de Magistratibiis, by the same,
Aufidius,his greatestenemy, from whom he A. U. C. 673. It ordained that no person
met a most friendlyreception.He advised should exercise the same officewithin ten.
him to make waragainst Rome, and he march- ed years distance, or be invested with tw'o ent
differ-
at the head of the Volsci as general. The magistracies in one year. Another, de
approachof Coriolanus greatlyalarmed the Magisiratibus, by the same, A. U. C. 672. It
Romans, wdio sent him several embassies to divested the tribunes of the privilege of ma-
king
funeral by the Volsci,and tlieRoman matrons deemed as guilty as the offender. Another,
put on mourning for his loss. Some historians de pecimiisrepetundis, by which a man con- victed
say that he died in exile,in an advanced old age. of peculation or extortion in tiieprovin-
ces,
Flat, in vitd"Flor. 2, c. 22. was condemned to suffer the aquce^ig- nis
CoRioLi,and Couiolla, a town of Latium interdidio. Another by the same,
on the borders of the Volsci, taken by the which gave the power to such as were sent
Romans under C. r"lartius, called from thence into the provinceswith any government, of
Coriolanus. PUn. 3, c. 5. Plut. " " Liv, 2,c, 33. retaining their command and appointment,
CoRissus,a town of Ionia. without a renewal of it by the senate, as was
CoRiTus. Fid. Corytus. before observed. Another by the same,
CoRMASSA, a town of Parapyhlla. Liv 38, which ordained that the lands of proscribed
c. 15. persons should be common, especially those
CoRMUs, a river near Assyria.Tacit. 12, about Volaterrae and Fesulffiin Etruria,which
,Qnn. c. 14. Sylladivided among his soldiers. Another
Cornelia lex, de Civitate,was enacted by C. Cornelius,tribune of the people,A. U.
A. U. C. 670, by L. Corn. Sylla. It con- firmed C. 686 ;which ordained that no person should
the Sulpician law, and requiredthat be exemptedfrom any law, accordingto the
the citizensof the eight newly elected general custom, unless 200 senators were sent
pre-
tribes,should be divided among the 35 an-
cient in the senate ; and no person thus ex-empted,
^
CO GO
Fhd. in Cczs. A daughter of Metellus Sci- CoRNicuLUM, a town of Latium. Dioms.
pio,who married Pompey, afterthe death of Hal.
her husband P. Crassus. She has been prais-
ed CoRNiFicius,a poet and generalin the agt
for her great virtues. When her husband of Augustus,employed to accuse Brutus, Sic.
lefther in the bay of Alexandria, to go on His sisterCornificia, was also blessed with a
shore in a small boat,she saw him stabbed by poetical genius. Plut. in Brut. A lieuten-
ant
Achillas,and heard his dyinggroans without of J. Caesar. Id. in Cces. A friend of
the possibilityof aiding him. She attributed Cicero and his colleague in the office of augur.
all his misfortunes to his connexion with her. CoRNiGER, a surname of Bacchus.
Plvi. in Pomp. A daughter of ScipioAfri- CoRNijTus,a stoic philosopher of Africa,
canus, who married Sempronius Gracchus, preceptorto Persius the satirist. He wrote
and was the mother of Tiberius and Caius some treatises on philosophy and rhetoric.
Gracchus. She was courted by a king; but Pers. 5, v. 36. A praetor of Rome, in the age
she preferred beingthe wife of a Roman zen, of Cicero. Cic. 10, ep. 12.
citi- -A Roman, saved
to that of a monarch. Her virtues have from the proscription of Marius, by his ser- vants,
been deservedlycommended, as well as the who hung up a dead man in his room,
wholesome principles she inculcated in her and said it was their master. Plut. in Mario.
two sons. When a Campanian lady made CoRCEBDS, a Phrygian, son of Mygdon
once a show of her jewelsat Cornelia's house, and Anaximena. He assisted Priam in the
and entreated her to favour her with a sightTrojan war, with the hopes of being re- warded
of her own, Cornelia produced her two sons, with the hand of Cassandra for his
saying.These are the onlyjewelsof which I services. Cassandra advised him in vain to
can boast. In her lifetime, a statue was raised retire from the war. He was killed by Pe-
to her, with this inscription, Cornelia maler neleus. Paxis. 10, c. 27. Virg.^n. 2, v.
"
to a greatage, and fed on honey, which was saffron. Horat. 2, Sat. 4, v. 68. " Lu-
producedin greatabundance, though bitter in can. 9, V. 809." Plin. 5, c. 27." Cic. ad Fam.
taste, from the number of yew trees and liem- 12,ej).13. Slrab. 14. "
Another of Ionia,
lock which grew there. Corsica was in pos-
session longthe famous retreat of robbers. ther
Ano-
of the Carthaginians, and conquered at the foot of Parnassus, sacred to the
by the Romans, B. C. 231. The Greeks call- ed muses. Siat. Thsb. 7." Strah. 9.
it Cyrnos. In the age of Plinyit was sidered
con- CoRYDON, a fictitiousname of a shepherd,
as in a flourishing state,as itcontained often occurring in the pastorals of Theocritus
no less than 33 towns, a number far exceeding and Virgil.
its present population.Strah. Martial. 9, "
CoRYLA and Coryleum, a village of Faph-
ep. 27." Plin. 3, c. 6, 1. 7, c. 2." Ovid. 1, lagonia.
jimor. el. 12, v. 10." Virg. Ed. 9, v. 30. CoRYNA, a town of Ionia. Mela, 1, c. 17.
CoRsoTE, a town of Armenia. CoRYMBiFER, a sumame of Bacchus, from
CoRsOR.i, an island in the bayof Carthage.his wearing a crown of corymhi,certain ber- ries
CoRTOKA, an ancient town of Etruria, call- ed that grow on the ivy. Odd. 1. Fast. v. 393.
Coryiumby Virgil.It was at the month of CoRYNETA and CoRYNETEs, a famous rob- ber,
the Thrasymene lake. Dionys. H. 1,c. 20 and son of Vulcan, killedby Theseus. Plut.
26." Lu'. 9, c. 37, 1.22, c. 4. in Thes.
CoRYiNDs, a name given to M. Valerius CoRYPHASiuM, a promontory of Peloponne- sus.
from a crow^ which assisted him when he was Paus. 4, c. 36.
fighting against a Gaul. An orator. Paterc. CoRYPHE, a daughterof Oceanus. Cic. dt
2, c. 36. Messala,an eloquent orator, in the Aat.D.S, c.23.
Augustan age, distinguished for integrity and CoRYTHENSES, a placcof Tegea. Patis. 8,
patriotism, yet ridiculed for his frequent tationsc. 45.
quo-
of Greek in his orations. In his old CoRYTHus, a kingof Corinth. Diod. 4.
age, he became so forgetful as not even to re-
member CoRY'Tus,a king of Etruria,father to .lasius,
his own name. One of this family whom Dardanus is said to have put to deaths
became so poor, that he was obliged, to main-
tain to obtain the kingdom. It is also a town and
himself, to be a raercenai-y shepherd. mountain of Etruria, now Cortomi,near which
Juv. 1, V. 101. Dardanus was born. Virs:.JEn. 3, v. 170,1. 7,
T. CoRUNCANus, the first plebeianwho V. 209." 5?:/.5, V. 123, 1.4^; v. 721.
was made high-priestat Rome. The family Cos, an island. Vid. Co.
of the Coruncani was famous for the number CosA and Cossa, orCoSiE, a town of Etru-
ria.
of greatmen which it supplied, for the service Virs. JEm,. 10, v. 168." Liv. 22, c. 11."
and honour of the Roman republic.Cic. pro Cic. 9, An. Q."Cas. U. C. 1, c. 34.
Donio. Coscomus, a Latin writer. Varro de L. L.
CoRus, a river of Arabia, falling into the A wretched epigram writer. Martial.
Red Herodot. 3, c. 9.
sea. 2, ep.77.
CoRvcANTKS, the priests of Cybele,called Cosingas, a Thracian priestof Juno, h".
also Galli. In the celebration of their festivals, Polifmn. 7, c. 22.
theybeat their cymbals,and behaved as ifde- lirious.Cosis, a brother to the king of Albania?
They firstinhabited on mount Ida, killed by Pompey. Plut. in Pomp.
and from thencepassedinto Crete, and secretly CosMus, an effeminate Roman. Juv. S.
broughtup Jupiter.Some suppose that they CossEA, apaitof Persia. Diod. 17.
receive their name from Corybas son of Jasus Cossus, a surname given to the familyof
and Cybele,who firstintroduced the rights of the Cornelii. A Roman, who killed Vo-
his mother into Phrygia. There was a festival lumnius,king of Veii,and obtained the Spolia
CouYcius, an old man of Tarentum, whose for a dock-yard.Serviui in Virg. JEn. 1,v
time was happilyemployed in takingcare of 431" Z)iW. 3.
hisbees. He 13 by f^rqil.
represented O. 4 I CoTHONEA, the mother of Tripfoleniu""'.
23 fab. 147.
Tfy^in.
CR CR
CoTiso, a king of the Daci, whose
afmy in-
vaded Crambusa, a town of Lycia.
Pannonia, and was defeated by Corn. Cranai, a surname of the Athenians, from
Lentulus, tbe lieutenant of Augustus. It is their kingCranaus. Herodot. 8, c. 44.
said tliat Augustus solicited his daughter in Cranapes. a Persian, ".c. Herodot.
marriage. Suet, in dug. 63. Horat. 3, od. 8, "
his throat,and insulted his misfortunes. The to his disciples,after he had permitted
firmness with which Crassus received the news them their company for 30 daysby way of
of his son's death, who perished in that expe-
dition, trial. Some of his letters are extant. Diog.
has been deservedlycommended ; and invito,. A stoic,son of Timocrates, who
the words that he uttered when he surrender-
ed opened a school at Rome, where he taught
himself into the hands of Surena, equallygrammar. Sueton. A native of Pergamus,
claim our admiration. He was wont often to who wrote an account of the most king
stri-
say, that no man oughtto events of every age, B. C. 165.
be accounted rich, JElian.
if he could not maintain deAnlm.
an 17,c.9.
army. Though
A philosopherof Athens,
he has been called avaricious, yet he showed who succeeded in the school of his mastei'
himself always ready to lend money to his Polemon. An Athenian comic poet.
friends without interest. He was fond of phi-
losophy,Cratesiclea, the mother of Cleomenes,
and his knowledge of historywas who went to Egypt, in hopes of serving her
great and extensive. Plutarch has written country,",o. Plut in Cleon^ .
his life. Flor. 3, c. 11. Fublius,the son Cratesipohs, a queen of Sicyon, who
of the rich Crassus, went into Parthia with severely punishedsome of her subjects, who
his father. When he saw himself surrounded had revolted at the death of Alexander, her
by the enemy, and without any hope of es- cape, husband, "c. PolyoAh8, c. 58.
he ordered one of his men to run him Cratesipidas, a commander of the La-
through. His head was cut off,and sh"wn cedasmonian fleet,against the Athenians,"c.
with insolence to his father by the Parthians. Diod. 13.
Plut. in Crass. L.. Licinius, a celebrated Cratevas, a generalof Cassander. Diod. 19-
Roman orator, commended by Cicero,and in- Crateus, a son of Minos.
ftroducedinbis book de Oratore as the principal CRATHis, a river of Achaia falling into the
speaker. of Crassus the rich,killed bay of Corinth.
A son Sirab. 8." Another in Mag-
na "
in the civil wars, after Caesar's death. Graecia,whose waters were supposed to
Crastinus, a man in Caesar's army, killed givea yellow colour ta the hair and beard of
at the battle of Pharsalia. Cccs. Bell. G. 3, c. those that drank thera. Ovid. 14. Met. v. 315.
-^Paus.7, c. 25." Plin. 31, c. 2.
Cratais, the mother of Sylla,supposed Cratinus, a native of Athens, celebrated
to. be the same as Hecate. Horn. Od. 12, v. for his comic
his fondness for
writings,
and
124. died at the age of 97, B. C. 431
drinking.He
Cratjeus, conspiredagainst Archelaus,"c. years. Quintilian greatly commends his com-
edies,
nes, B. C. 321. He had received for his An historian contemporary with Thucy-
share of Alexanders kingdoms, Greece and dides. Dionys.Hal.
Epiruj. JVep. in Eumen. 2. Justin. 12 "
Cratylus, a philosopher,
a preceptor to
and 13. Curt. 3. Arrian.
" Plut. in Alex.
" " Plato after Socrates.
A physicianof Atticus, mentioned by CRAusia;, two islands on the coast of Pelo-
ponnesus.
Cic. 12. ad Attic, ep. Vi."Horat. 2, Sat. 3,
V. 161. A painter who.se piecesadorned Crausis, the father of Philopopmen.
the publicbuildings of Athens. Plin. 35, c. Crauxidas, a man who obtained an Olym-pic
11. An Athenian, who collected into one crown at a horse race. Pans. 5, c. 8.
body, all the decrees which had passedin the Cremera, a small river of Tuscany, fal- ling
public assemblies at Athens. A famous into the Tiber, famous for the death of
sculptor. the 300 Fabii,who were killed there in a bat-
tle
Crates, a philosopherof Boeotia,son of againstthe Veientes,A. U. C. 277. Ovid.
Ascondus, and disciple of Diogenesthe Cynic, Fast. 2, V. 205." Juv. 2, v. 155,
B. C. 324. He sold his estates, and gave the Cremma, a town of Lycia.
money to his fellow citifiens. He was rally
natu- Cnr.MMYON, and Crommyon, a town neai
deformed, and he rendered himself more Corinth, where Theseus killed a sow of un
hideous by sowing sheep's-skins to his mantle; common bigness. Ovid. Mel. 7, v. 435.
CR CR
Cremni and Cremkos, a commercial placefirstannual archon at Athens, 684 B. C. Paier.
ou the Pains Meeotis. Herodot. 4, c. 2. 1,c. 8.
of Cisalpine
Cri;m(3na, a town Gaul, on the Creoktiades, a son of Hercules by Mega-
Po, Mantua.
near It was a Koman colony, ra, daughterof Creon, killed by his father, cause
be-
and suft'eredmuch w ben Annibal firstpassed he had slain Lycus.
into Italy. Liv. 21, c. 56. Tacit. Hist. 3, c. 4
"
Creophilus, a Samian, who hospitably
and 19. entertained Homer, from whom he received
Cremonis JuGUM, a part of the Alps,over a poem in return. Some say that he was that
which, as some suppose, Annibal passedto en- ter poet'smaster, ";c. Slrab. 14. An histori-
an.
Italy,Liv. 2i, c. o8. Aihtn. 8.
Cremidjjs, a placeof Bithynia. Diod. 14. Creperius Pollio, a Roman, who spent
Crkmutius Cordus, an historian who his all in the most extravagant debauchery,
wrote anaccoujit of Augustus, and of the civil Jav. y, V. 6.
wars, and storied himself for fear of the re Cres, an inhabitant of Crete. The first
sentment of Tiberius, whom he had offended, kingof Crete, Paus. 8, c. 53.
by calling Cassius the last of the Romans. T"- Cresa and Cressa, a town of Caria.
cit.Jinn.55, c. 34,35. Suet, in Aug. 35. in Tib.
"
Cresius, a hill of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 44.
60. in Calig.16. Cresphontes, a son of Aristomachus, who,
Crenis, a nymph mentioned his brotliers Temenus
by Ovid. Met. withand Aristodemus,
12, V. 313. attemptedto recover the Peloponnesus.Paus.
phus.4, c. 3, "LC.
Creon, a kingof Corinth,w^as son of Sisy-
He promised his daughterGlance to Cre ssiirs,belonging to Crete. Virg.j^n. 4,
Jason, who repudiated Medea. To revenge v. 70, 1.8, 294.
the success of her rival, Medea sent her for a Creston, a town of Thrace, capitalof a
presenta go'vn covered with poison. Glaace part of the country called Crestonia. The in- habitants
put it on, and was seized with sudden pains. had each many wives ; and when the
Her body took fire,and she expiredin the husband died,she who had received the great- est
greatesttorments. The house also was sumed
con- share of his affection, was cheerfully
slain
by the fire,and Creon and his family on his grave. Herodot. 5, c. 5.
shared Glance's fate. Apollod. 1, c. 9, 1. 3, c. Cresus and Ephesus, two men who built
7. "
A son of Mencelius, father to Jocasta,the Creta, one of the largest islands of the Me-
diterranean
wife and mother of (Edipus. At the death of sea, at the south of ail the Cycla-
Laius, who had married Jocasta, Creon as- des. It was once famous for its hundred ci-
ties,
scended the vacant tlirone of Thebes. As,the and for the Jaws which the wisdom of
ravages of the Sphinx {Vid.Sphinx)were Minos established there. The inhabitantshave
tolerable,
in-
Creon offered his crown, and daugh-
ter been detested for their unnatural loves,their
in marriage, to him who could explain the falsehood,their piracies, and robberies. Ju- piter,
enigmas whjch the monster proposed. (Edi-pus as some authors report,was educated ia
was happy in his explanations, cended that island by the Corybanles,
and he as- and the Cretans
the throne of Thebes,and married Jo- casta, boasted that theycould show his tomb. There
without knowing that she was his moth-
er, were different colonies from Phrygia, Doris,
and by her he had two sons, Polynices and Achaia, "ie. that established themselves there.
liteoclcs. These two sons mutuallyagreed,The island,after groaningunder the tyranny
after their father's death, to reignin the king-dom, of democraticai usurpation, and feeling the
each Eteocies
ailernateiy. firstascend-
ed scourge of frequentsedition, was made a Ro-
man
the of seniority
throne,by right ; but when i)rovince,B. C. 66, after a war of three
he was once at years, in which the
in power, he refused to resign inhabitants were so tressed,
dis-
the ai (pointedtime, and his brother led agginsi that they were even compelled to
him an army of Argivesto support his right. drink the water of tjieircattle. Chalk was
The war was decided by a singlecombat tweenproduced there,and thence called Creta,and
be-
thebrothers.
two They both killed with it the Romans marked their lucky days
one another, and Creon ascended the throne, in their calendar. Horat. 1,od. 36, v. 10, epod.
tillLeodamas the son of Eteocies should be of 9." Ovid. Fast."3, v. 444. Episi.10,v. 106.
a sufficient age to assume the reins of govern- Val. Max. 7, c. 6. Strab. 10. Lucan. 3,
"
" "
"
person, and the power was transferred to of the Sabines. Liv. 4, c. 9, 1. 42, c. 34.
Persia. Crcesus survived Cyrus. The raan-
"
Virg.JJ'ln. 7, V. 631.
rerof his death is unknown. He is celebrated CrustCminum, a town of Etruria, near
for the immensely rich presents which he Veil;famous for pears ; whence the adjective
Crastumia. Virg.G. 2, v. 88.
CT cu
Crdstumium, Crustuwus, and Crostur- jand extravagances.Plut. in Phoe. A maa
Kenius, now Conca, a river flowingfrom Iwho wrote an historyof Scythia. One of
the Apennines,by Ariminum. Lucan. 2, v. Ithe descendants of Hercules.
406. j Ctimenz, the youngest daughterof Laertes
Crynis, a river of Bithynia. by Anticlea. Homer. Od. 15, v. 334.
Crypta, a passage throughmount Pausily- CuLARo, a town of the Allobroges in Gaul,
pus. Vid. Pausilypus, called afterwards Gratianopolis,
and now
mon at the battle of Cunaxa. He cured the Paierc. 1, c. 4. A city of Campania, near
king'swounds, and was his physicianfor 17 Puteoli,founded by a colonyfrom Chalcis and
years. He wrote an history of the AssyriansCumae, of iEolia, before the Trojan war. The
and Persians,which Justin and Diodorus have inhabitants were called Cumcei and Cumani.
partially preferredto that of Herodotus. There was one of the Sibyls, that fixed her re-
sidence
Some fi*agments of his compositions have been in a cave in tlie neighbourhood, and
preservedby Photius, and are to be found in was called the Cunman Sibyl.Vid. Sibyllae. "
Wesseling's edition of Herodotus. Strab. 1. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 712. Fast. 4, v. 158. Pont.
" Athen. 12. Plut. in Artax.
"
Plin. 35, c. 11. god of love, and love itself. There are
Ctesiphon, an Athenian, son of Leosthe- different traditions concerning his parents.
nes, who advised his fellow-citizens publiclyCicero mentions three Cupids; one, son of
to present Demosthenes with a goldencrown Mercury and Diana ; another,son of Mercury
for his probityand virtue. This was ed
oppos- and Venus ; and the third,of Mai's and Venus.
by the iEschines, the rival of De-
orator Plato mentions two ; Hesiod, the most ancient
mosthenes,
who accused Ctesiphonof sedi-tious theogonist, speaksonlyof one, who, as he says,
views. Demosthenes undertook the de-
fencewas producedat the same time as Chaos and
of his friend,in a celebrated oration still the Earth. There aj'e, according to the more
extant, and ^^schines was banished. Demost. received opinions, two Cupids, one of whom is
^ JEschin. de Corona. A Greek architect,a lively ingeniousyouth, son of Jupiter and Ve-
nus
who made the planof Diana's templeat Epbe- sus. ; whilst the other,son of Nox and Erebus,
An elegiacpoet, whom king Attains is distinguished by his debaucheryand riotous
set over his possessionsin yEolia. Allien. disposition. Cupid is represented
as a winged
13. A Greek historian,wiio wrote an infant,naked, armed with a bow and a quiver
historyof Bceotia, besides a treatise on trees full of arrows. On gems, and all other pieces
and plants. Plut. in Thes. lage of antiquity,
A largevil- he is represented as amusinghim-
self
of Assyria, now Elmodain, on the banks with some childish diversion. Sometimes
where the kingsof Parthia
of the Tigris, erally he appears drivinga hoop, throwing a quoit,
gen-
resided in winter on account of the mild-
ness playingwitli a nymph, catchinga butterfly, ov
of the climate. Strab. 15. Plin. 6, c. tryingto burn with a torch ; at other times he
"
owns the superiority of love. His power for the dispatchof publicbusiness.
was generally known by his riding on the back The
Curia were solemnlyconsecrated by the
of a lion,or on a dolphin, or breaking to pieces Augurs, before a lawful assemblycould be con- vened
the thunderbolts of Jupiter.Among the an- cients there. There were three at Rome
he was worshipped with the same lemnitywhich
so- more particularly claim our attention ;
as his mother Venus, and as his influ-
ence Curia Hostilia, built by king Tullus Hostilius ;
was extended over the heavens, the sea, Curia Pompeii,where Julius Ca3sar was dered
mur-
and the earth, and even the empire of the ; and Curia Augusti, the palace and
dead, his divinity was universally ed,
acknowledg- court of the emperor Augustus. A town
and vows, prayers, and sacrifices were of the Roeti, now Coire,the capitalof the
dailyoffered to him. Accordingto some counts, Grisons.
ac-
the union of Cupid with Chaos gave Curia lex, de Comitiis,was enacted by
birth to men, and allthe animals which inhabit M. Curius Dentalus the tribune. It forbade
the earth,and even the gods themselves were the convening of the Comitia,for the election
the offspring of love before the foundation of of magistrates, without a previouspermission
the world. Cupid,like the rest of the gods,as-sumed from the senate.
different shapes;and we find him in Curias. Vid. Curium.
the iEneid, puttingon, at the requestof his Curiatii, a family of Alba, which was ried
car-
mother, the form of Ascanius, and goingto to Rome by Tullus Hostilius, and entered
Dido's court,where he inspired the queen with among the patricians.The three Curiatii,
love. Virg.JEn.1, v. 693, "^c. Cic. de J\'at. who cnjo^ged
" the Horatii,and lost the victory,
D. 3." Ovid. Met. 1, fab. 10." Hesiod.'Theog. were of this family. Flor. 1, c. 3. Dionys, "
idyll. 3. Moschus.
"
Eurip.in Hippol. Theo-
" " Q. Curio, an excellent orator, who called
erit.Idyll. 3, U, kc. Caesar in full senate. Omnium muUtrum virum,
CuPiENNius, a friend of Augiistus, who et omnium virorum mulierem. Tacit. 21.
made himself ridiculous for the nicetyand ef- feminacy
Anji. c. 7. ^Suet. in C"es. 49.
" Cic, in Brut."
CuRETES, a people of Crete, called also fy C(BS. 49. Vai. Max. 9, c. 1, Lucan. v.
" "
age of fifty. His morals were to be pure and od. 12, V. 41. Flor. L c. 15.
" -A lieutenant
unexceptionable, and his body free from all of Caesar's cavalry,to whom sis cohorts of
defects. The Curiones were elected by their Pompey revolted, kc. Cms. 1. Bell. Civ.
respective Curia?,and above them was a su- perior 24.
follows by her side,carrying a ball in his hand, greater accordingto other mythologists, and
and supporting himself upon a fir-tree, which in the age of Ulysses, Polyphemus was their
is sacred to the goddess. Sometimes Cybele king. [Vid.Polyphemus.] They inhabited
is represented with a sceptrein her hand, with the western pai'ts of the island of Sicily ; and
her head covered with a tower. She is also because they were uncivilized in their man- ners,
seen with many breasts,to show that the the poets speak of them as men-eaters.
earth gives aliments to all livingcreatures ; The tradition of their having only one eye,
and she generally carried two lions under her originates from their custom of wearing small
arras. From Phrygia the worshipof Cybele bucklers of steel which covered their faces,
passedinto Greece, and was solemnly estab- lished and had a small aperturein the middle, which
at Eleusis, under the name of the Eleu- correspondedexactly to the eye. From their
ainian mysteries of Ceres. The Romans, by vicinity to Mount ^tna, they have been sup- posed
order of the Sibylline books, broughtthe sta- tue to be the workmen of Vulcan, and to
of the goddess from Pessinus into Italy; have fabricated the thunderbolts of Jupiter.
and when the shipwhich carried it had run The most solid walls and impregnable fortresses
on a shallow bank of the Tiber,the virtue and were said,among the ancients,to be the work
innocence of Claudia were vindicated in re-moving of the Cyclops, to render them more able,
respect-
it with her girdle. It is supposed and we find that Jupiter was armed with
that the mysteries of Cybeie were firstknown what theyhad fabricated,and that the shield
about 1580 years B. C. The Romans were of Pluto, and the trident of Neptune, were
particularly supei-stitiousin washing every the produce of their labour. The Cyclops
on the 6th of the calends of April,the were reckoned among the gods,and we find
year,
shrine of this goddessin the waters of the ri- ver a temple dedicated to their service at Co-
rinth,
Aim on. There prevailed
many obscenities where sacrifices were solemnlyoffered.
in the observations and
of the festivals, the Apollo destroyedthem all,because they had
prieststhemselves were the most eager to use made the thunderbolts of Jupiter, with which
indecent expressions, and to show their un-
bounded his son ^sculapiushad been killed. From the
licentiousness by the impurity of their different accounts givenof the Cyclopsby the
actions, Vid. Atys,Eleusis, Rhea, Coryban- ancients,it may be concluded that theywere
tes, Galli,he. Augustin.de Cicit, D. Uc.
" all the same
"
people,to whom various functions
Lactant. Lucian.
" in Dea Syr Diod. 3. "
have been attributed,
"
which cannot be recon-
ciled
Virg.JEn. 9, v. 617, 1. 10, v. 252." Lucan. 1, one to the other, without drawing the
V. 566." Onrf. Trigt. 4, v. 210 and 361." pencilof fiction or mythology.Apollod. 1,c.
Plut. de Loquac.-^Cic. ad Attic. Cod. Rliod. 1 and 2. Homer. Od. 1 and 9.
" "
Hesiod. Theog, "
lie made Telamon his successor, because he him. He stripped him of his armour,
had freed the country from a monstrous pent.
ser- and saw him suddenlychanged into a bird of
Pans. 1, c. 35. Plut. in Thes.
" the same name.
" Ovid. Met. 12, fab. 3. A
They perishedboth at the same time. Ovid. of riches,for the negligence of their
12, Met. V. 408. A celebrated horse of dress, and the lengthof their beards. genes
Dio-
Pollux or of Castor, according to Seneca. was one of their sect. They generally
Virg.G. 3, V. 90. slepton the ground. Cic. 1. Off.35 and 41.
Cyllen, a son of Elatus. Paus. 8, c. 4. Cynisca, a daughter of Archidamus king
Cyllene, the mother of Lycaon, bv Pe- of Sparta,who obtained the first prizein the
fesgus.Apollod. 3, c. 8. A naval station of chariot races at the Olympic games. Paus. 3,
Ehs in Peloponnesus. Prats. 4, c. 23. A C.8.
mountain of Arcadia,Avith a small town onfts Cyno, a woman who preservedthe lifeof
declivity, which received itsnamefrom Cyllen.Cyrus. Herodot. 1, c. 110.
Mercurywas born there; hence his surname Cynocephale, a town of Thessaly, where
of Cylleneiiis, which is indiscriminately ed
appli-the proconsulQuintius conquered Philipof
to any thing he invented, or over which he Macedon, and put an end to the fir.st nian
Macedo-
presided. Lucan. 1, v. 663." Hora^ ep. 13,v. war, B. C. 1^7. Lit-.33, c. 7.
i!i.~Paus. 8, c. 17."Virg. Mn. 8, v. 139." Cynocephali, a nation in India,who have
Ovid. Met. 13,V. 146. A A. 3, v. 147. the head of a dog,according to some tions.
tradi-
Cylleneius,a surname of
Mercury, from PHji. 7, c. 2.
his beingborn the mountain
on Cyllene. Cynopho.ntis, a festivalat Argos,observ-
ed
CYLr.YRii, certain slaves at
Syracuse. He-
rodot. duringthe dog-days. It received its name
7, c. 155. killing
xuvsei "^ovuv, dogs,because theyused
aTTo Tou
which bears the same name. It is the same as the daughterof Ctesiphon,to strengthen
the Ursa r"iinor. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 107. himself against the Heraclidae. Paus. 4, c. 3.
Cynthia, a beautiful woman, who was A man of Corinth, son of Eetion, and
mistress to Propertius. A surname of Di-
ana, father of Periander. He destroyedthe Bac-
from mount Cynthus,where she
chiada3,and seized upon the sovereign
was born. power,
Cynthius, a surname of Apollo, from
about 659 years before Christ. He reigned
mount Cynthus. 30 years, and was succeeded by his son. riander
Pe-
Cynthus, a mountain of Delos,so highthat had two sons, Lycophron and selus,
Cyp-
it is said to overshadow the whole island. who was insane. Cypselusreceived his
Apollo was sui'named Ci/n!hius,and Diana name from the Greek word ":v;"x"" a coffer,
Ci/nthia, as they were born on the mountain, because when the Bacchiadai attemptedto kill
which was sacred to them. Virg.G. 3, v. 36. him, his mother saved his life by concealing
"^Ovid. 6. Met. v. 304. Fast. 3, v. 346. in a coffer. Paus. 5, c. 17.
him Cic. Tusc. "
thoughborn of heathen parents, became a her to that part of Africa which iscalled
convert to tlae bishopof his Cyrenaica,
Christianity,
and where she brought forth Aristaeus.
country. To be more devoted to purity and She is called by some daughterof Hypseus,
study,he abandoned his Avife ; and as a proof king of the Lapitha),and son of the Peneus.
of his chanty he distributed his goods to the Virg.G. 4, V. 321. "Justin. 13, c.l." Pindar.
poor. He besides several Pyih.
Avrote 81 letters, 9. A celebrated cityof Libya, to
treatises, de Dei gratia,de mrginum habitu, which who
Aristeeus, was the chief of the
",c.and rendered his compositions valuable by colonists settled there, gave his mother's
the information he conveys of the discipline name. Cyrene was situate in a beautiful and
of the ancient church, and by the soundness fertileplain, about eleven miles from the Me- diterranean
and purity of his theology.He died a mar-tyr, sea.and itbecame the capitalof the
A. D. 258. The best editions of Cyprian country,which was called Pentapolis, on count
ac-
are, that of Fell,fol.Oxon. 1682, and that re-printed of the five citieswhich it contained. It
Arast. 1700. gave birth to many great men, among whom
Cyprus,a daughterof Antony and patra, were
Cleo- Callimachus, Eratosthenes, Carneades,
who married Agrippa. A largeisl-
and Aristippus, k,c. The town of Cyrene was
in the Mediterranean sea, at the south of built by Battus, B. C. 630, and the kingdom
Cilicia. and at the west of Syria,formerlywas bequeathedto the Romans, B. C. 97, by
joinedto the continent near Syria,according king Ptolemy Appion. Herodot. 3 and 4. "
to Fliny.It has been anciently called ^ca"mn- Paus. 10, c. 13." Strab. ll.-Mela, 1, c. 8.".
tis,Aviathusia,"spelia,Ceresiis,
Colonia,or Plin. 6, c. 5." Tacit. Jinn.3,c. 70.
Colinia. Macaria, and Spechia. It has been Cyuiades, one of the thirty tyrantswho
celebrated for givingbirth to Venus, surnamed harassed the Roman empire, in the reign of
who was
Ci/]}riSf the chief deityof the place,Gallienus. He died A. D. 259.
and to whoseservice many placesandtemples Cyrillus, a bishopof Jerusalem, who died
were consecrated. It was ancientlydivided A. D. 386. Of his Avritings, composed in
into nine kingdoms, and it was for some time Greek, there remain 23 catacheses,and a let-
ter
under the power of Egypt, and afterwards of to the emperor Constantine, the best edi-
tion
the Persian?. The Greeks made themselves of which is Milles,fol. Oxon. 1703.
masters of it,and it was taken from them by A bishopof Alexandria,who died A. D. 444.
the Romans. Its length, according to Strabo, The best edition of his writings, which are
is 1400 stadia. There nere three celebrated mostly controversial in Greek, is that of Pa-ris,
teni|)les there, two sacred to V^enus,and the fol 7 vols. 1638.
other to Jupiter.The inhabitants were given Cyrne, a placeof Eubcea.
mucii to plt^asure and dissipation. Strab. 15. Cynnus, a driver in the games which
"Plot. 5, c. 14." JP/or. 3, c. 9."Jiislin. 18,c. Scipio exhibited in Africa,"c. Ital. 16, v.
5."Plin. 12, c. 24, 1.33, c. 5, 1.36,0.26." 342. A man of Argos,u ho founded a city
Mela, 2, c. 7. in Chersouesus. Diod. 6. A river that
the
Cyps"i.iDJBS, name of three princesas fallsinto the Caspiansea. Plut. in Pomp.
CY CY
An island on the coast of Liguria, the same as ought to be. Diod. 1. Herodot. 1, c. 76, "
Corsica;and called after Cyrnus, the son of ";c. Justin. 1, c. 5 and 7. "
The younger
Hercules. Virg.Ed. 9, v. 30." Paw*. 10,c. 17 Cyrus was the younger son of Darius Nothus,
.
as soon as born ; but he was preservedby rashness proved his ruin. It is said
a shepherdess, who educated him as her own that the two royalbrothers met in person, and
son. As he was playingwith his equalsin engaged with the most inveterate fury,and
years, he was elected king in a certain diver-
sion, their engagement ended in the death of Cy- rus,
and hs exercised his power with such an 401 years B. C. Artaxerxes was so ious
anx-
Cytineum, one of the four cities called the island of Cyzicum, built where the island
Tetrapolis^
in Doris. Strab. 9.-~Thucyd.1, is joinedby the bridgesto the continent. It
". 107. has two excellent harbours called Panormus
Cytissorus, a son of Phryxus, ".c. He- and Chytus.The former is naturally largeand
rodot. 7, c. 197. beautiful,and the other owes all itsconvenien-
ces
Cytorus,
now Kudros, a mountain and to the hand of art. The town is situate
town Galatia, built by Cytorus,son
of of partlyon a mountain, and partlyin a plain.
Phryxus,and aboundingin box wood. Catull. The Argonauts built a templeto Cybele,in the
4, V. \3."0vid Met. 4, v. 3\\." Strab. 11." neighbourhood. It derives itsname from Cy-
zicus,
Virg.G. 2, V. 437. who was killed there by Jason. The
Cyzicum, or Cyzicus, an island of the Athenians defeated,near this place,their ene-
mies
about
Propontis, 530 stadia in circumference, of Lacedasmon, assisted by Pharnabazus,
with a town called Cyzicus. Alexander join-
ed B. C. 410. Flor. 3, c. 5, he" Strab." Jlpol-
it to the continent by two bridges, andfrora Ion. 1. Propert.
3, el. 22." Place. 2, v. 636.
D^ DiE
who
Scythia,
now
dwelt the
a large grove,
on where
was
Plataeans,in
they ex-posed,
borders of the Caspiansea. Sil. 13,v. 764. in the open air, piecesof boiled flesh,
"
Lucan. 7, v. 429." Virg.JEn. 1,v. 728. and carefully observed whither the crows that
Daci and Dacje, a warlike nation of Ger- many, came to prey upon them directed their flight.
beyond the Danube, whose country, All the trees upon which any of these
called Dacia, was conqueredby the Romans birds alighted, were immediately cut down,
under Trajan,after a war of 15 years, A. D and with them statues were made, called Dce-
103. The emperor joinedthe country to Mce- dala,in honour of Daedalus. T!"e other festi-
val "
sia,by erecting a magnificent bridgeacross the was of a more solemn kind. It was lebrated
ce-
Danube, considered as the best of his works, every sixtyyears by all the cities of
which however the envy of his successor an
Adri- Bceotia,as a compensationfor the intermission
demolished. Dacia now forms the modern of the smaller festivals, for that number of
countries of JValachia, Transylvania, davia.years, duringthe exile of the Plataeans.
and Mol- teen
Four-
Lucan. 2, v. 53. of the statues, called Dasdala,were buted
distri-
Dacicus, a surname assumed by Domitian by lot among the
Plataeans,
Lebadaeans,
"n his pretendedvictoryover the Dacians. Coroneans, Orchomenians, Thespians,The-
.fuv. 6, v. 204. bans, Tanagraeans,and Chaei-oneans,
because
Dactyli, a name givento the aof Cy-
priests theyhad
bele,
reconciliation among the effected
which some derive from finger,
^^^ tu?.oj Plataeans,and
caused them to be recalled from
because they were ten, the same number as exile, about the time that Thebes was restored
the fingers of the hand. Paus. 1,c. 8. by Cassander, the son of Antipater.During
Daijics, a peopleof Asiatic Scythia. He- this festival, a woman in the habit of a bride-
rodot. 3, c. 91. maid accompanied a statue which was dressed
D^sdala, a mountain and city of Lycia, in female garments,on the banks of the Eurotas.
where Daidalus accordingto Pliny Tiiisprocession
was buried was attended tothetopofmount
5, c. 27. givento Circe,from her Cithaeron, by many of the Boeotians,who had
A name
and to him we are indebted for the invention Plut. de Gen. Socr.
of the wedge, the axe, the wimble, the level, Dah^. Vid. Daae.
and many other mechanical instruments, and Dai, a nation of Persia,allshepherds. He-
the sails of ships. He made statues which rodot. 1,c. 125.
moved of themselves,and seemed to be endow-
ed Daicles, a victor at Olympia, B. C. 753.
with life. Talus, his sister'sson, promised Daides, a solemnity observed by th"
to be as greatas himself, by the ingenuity of his Greeks. It lasted three days. The firstwas
inventions ; and therefore, from envy, he threw in commemoration of Latona's labour
; the
him down from a window ter second in memory
and killed him. Af- of Apollo's birth ; and the
the murderof this youth,Daedalus,with his third in honour of the marriageof Podalirius,
son Icarus,fled from Athens to Crete, where and the mother of Alexander. Torches were
Minos, kingof the country,gave him a cordial always cau-riedat the celebration ; whence the
reception.Dredalus made a famous labyrinth name.
for Minos, and assisted Pasiphae, the queen, to Daimachus, a master of horse at Syracuse
her unnatural passionfor a bull. For ".C. Polyan. 1.
gratify
this action,Daedalus incurred the displeasure Daimenes, a general of the Achaeans. Pans.
of Minos, who ordered him to be confined in 7, c, 6. An officer exposedon a
cross, bj
the labyrinth which he had constructed. Here Dionysiusof Syracuse. Diod. 14.
he made himself wings with feathers and wax, Daiphron, a son of ^Egyptus,killedby his
and carefully fitted them to his body, and to wife,",c. Apollod. 2, c. 1.
that of his son, who was the companion of his Daira, one of the Oceanides,mother of
confinement. They took their flight in the air Eleusis by Mei'cury. Pans. 1,c. 38.
from Crete ; but the heat of the sun melted Daldia, a town of Lydia.
the wax on the wings of Icarus,whose flight Dalmatius, one of the Caesars, in the
age of
was too iiigh, and he fellinto that part of the Constantine,who died A. D. 337.
ocean, which from him has been called the Ica- Dalmatia, a part of Illyricum, at the east
rian sea. The father, by a proper management of the Adriatic, near Liburnia on tlie west,
of his wings,alighted at Cumae, where he built whose inhabitants, called Dalmalcp,, were quered
con-
sails,which in his age might pass at a distance ? and received for answer the daughter
for wings. Pans, l- 7,and 9 " Dioil.4,~ Ovid, of the bravest of the Greeks. He a]"plied
to
DA da
Aristomenes,and obtained his daughterin mar-
riage, she refused to obtain money by the violationof
B. C. 670. Pans. 4, c. 24. her father'scommands. Laert. in Pythag.
Damalis, a courtezan at Rome, in the age Damocles, one of the flatterers of Diony-
ofHorace, lod.36, V. 13. sius the elder,of Sicily.He admired the ty-rant's
Damas, a Syracusan in the interest of Aga wealth,and pronounced him the happiest
thocles. Diod. 19. Dionysiusprevailed
man on earth.
upon him
Damascene, a part of Syrianear mount to undertake for a while the
chargeof royalty,
Libanus. and be convinced of the happinesswhich a
Damascius, a stoic of Damascus, who wrote sovereignenjoyed. Damocles ascended the
a philosophical history, the lifeof Isidorus, and throne,and while he gazed upon the wealth
four books on extraordinary events, in the age and splendourthat surrounded him, he per-
ceived
of Justinian. His works, which are now lost, a sword hanging over his head by a
Trere greatlyesteemed accordingto Photius. horsehair. This so terrified him, that all his
Damascus, a rich and ancient cityof Da- imaginary felicity
mascene vanished at once, and he
in Syria,where Demetrius Nicaiior begged Dionysiusto remove him from a situa-
tion
was defeated by Alexander Zebina. It is the which exposed his life to such fears and
modern Damas or Sham, inhabited by about dangers. Cic. in Tuscul. 6, c. 21.
80,000 souls. Lvcan. 3, v. 215. Justin. 36, Damocrates, a hero, ",c. Pint, in Arist.
"
c. 2."
Mela, 1, c. 11. Damocrita, a Spartan matron, wife of
Damasia, a town called also Augusta,now Alcippus,who severely
punishedher enemies
^^usburg,
in Swabia on the Leek. who had banished her husband,",c. Plut.in
Damasichthon, a king of Thebes. Pans. Parall.
9, c. 5. Damocritus, a timid generalof the Achae-
Damasippus, a captainin Philip'sarmy. ans, "c. Paus. 7,
A Greek writer,
c. 13.
A senator who who composed two treatises,
accompanied Juba when one upon the art
ke entered Utica in of drawing an
triumph. Cces. Bell. C. 2. army in battle array, and the
A great enemy other concerning the Jews.
of Sylla. Patera. 2, c. A man who
22. An orator. Jav. 3, v. 185. A mer-
chant wrote a poetical treatise upon medicine.
of old seals and vessels, who, afterlosing DA.M0N, a victor at Olympia. Olymp. 102.
his all in unfortunate schemes in commerce, Paus. 4, c. 27.
"
A poet and musician of
assumed the name and habit of a stoic philoso-
pher. Athens, intimate with Pericles,and guished
distin-
Horat. 2, Sat. 3. One of IMiobe's for his knowledge of government and
sons. fondness of discipline. He was banished for
Damasistratus, a kingof Plataea, who buri-
ed his intrigues about 430 years before Christ.
Laius. Apollod.
3, c. 5. C. Kep. 15, c. 2. Plut. in
Pericl. A Py-
"
thagorean
Damasithynus, a son of Candaules, gene-
ral philosopher,
intimate with Py-thias.
very
in the army of Xerxes. Herodot. 7, c. 98. When he had been condemned to death
A king of Calyndee,sunk in his shipby by Dionysius,he obtained from the tyrant
Artemisia. Id. 8, c. 87. leave to go and settle his domestic affairs, on
over the Styx. Suidas. it,and therefore their labour was infinite, and
Dasak, the daagliter of Acrisius king of their punishment eternal. The names of the
Argos;by Eurydice. She was confined in a Danaides,and their husbands, were as foUo^vs,
brazen tower by her father, who had been told according to Apollodorus : Amymone married
by an oracle,that his daughtersson would put Enceladus ; Automate, Biisiris; Agave,Lycus;
him to death. His endeavours to preventDanae Scea, Dayphron ; Hippodamia,Ister ; Rhodia^
from becominga mother provedfruitless; and Chalcedon ; Calyce,another Lynceus ; Gor-
Jupiter, who was enamoured of her,introdu- gophone,Proteus ; Cleopatra, Agenor ; Aste*
eed himself to her bed, by changing himself ria,Chaetus;Glance, Aleis ; Hippodamia, Di-
into a golden shower. From his embraces acoiytes; Hippomedusa, Alcmenon; Gorge,
Danae had a son, witli whom she was exposed Hippothous;Iphimedusa,Echenor; Rhode,
on the sea by her father. The wind drove the Hippolitus ; Pirea. Agoptolemus; Cercestis,
bark which carried her to the coasts of the isl- and Dorion ; Pharte, Eurydamas ; Mnestra, -"Egi-
of Seriphus, where she was saved by some us ; Evippe,Arigius; Anaxibia, Archelaus ; Ne-
fishermen,and carried to Polydectes kingof lo, Melachus ; Clite,Clitus ; Stenele,Sene-
the place, whose brother, called Dictys, edu- iu9 ; Chrysippe,
cated Chrysippus; Autonoe, Eury-
the child,called Perseus, and tenderlylochus;Theano, Phantes;Electra, Peristhe-
treated the mother. Polydectes fell in love nes ; Eurydice, Dryas ; Glaucippe, Potamon ;
with her ; but as he was afraid of her son, he Autholea, Cisseus ; Cleodora,Lixus ; Evippe^
sent him to conquer the Gorgons,pretendingImbrus ; Erata, Bromius ; Stygue,Polyctor ;
that he wished Medusa's head to adorn the Bryce,Chtonius ; Actea, Periphas ; Podarce,
nuptials which he was goin^; to celebrate with (Eneus ; Dioxippe,^-Egyptus ; Adyte,Menal-
Hippodamia;the daughierot (Enomaus. When ces; Ocipete, Lampus; Pilarge,Idmon; Hip-
Perseus had victoriously tion, podice,Idas ; Adiante, Daiphron; Callidia,
finished his expedi-
he retired to Argos with Danae, to the Pandion; (Erne, Arbelus;Celeno, Hixbiusj
house of Acrisius,whom he inadvertently ed.
kill- Hyperia, Hippocoristes. The heads of the
Some suppose that it was Proetus the sons of iEgyptus were buried at Argos: but
brother of Acrisius,who introduced himself to their bodies were left at Lerna, where the
Danae in the brazen tower: and instead of a murder had been committed. Apollod.2, c.
1." Herat. 3, od. U."Strab.
golden shower, it was maintained, that the 8.- -Paus.2,c.1".
4, V. 611. ^rt. Am. 3, v. 415. Amor. 2, el. 19.naster the A''eister, was appliedto the Tyras.
V. 21."Horai. 3, od. l^"Hoiner. II. 14,v. 319. Danacs, a son of BelusandAnchinoe, who,
"
Apollod. 2, c. 2 and 4." Stat. Theh. 1,v. 255. afterhis father'sdeath,reigned conjointly witk
"
V^irg.JEn. 7, v. 410. A daughter of Leon- his brother .^gyptuson the throne of Egypt.
tium, mistress to Sophron,governor of Ephe- Some time after,a difference arose between
sus. A daughterof Danaus, to whom tune the brothers,and Danaus set sail with his fifty
Nep-
offered violence. daughtei*s in questof a settlement. He visited
Danai, a name givento the peopleof Ar- gos, Rhodes, where he consecrated a statue to Mi-
ajid promiscuously to allthe Greeks,from nerva,and arrived safe on the coast of Pelopon-
nesus,
i)anaus their king. Virg. and Ovid, passim. where he was hospitably received by
Danaides, the fifty daughtersof Danaus Gelanor, kingof Argos. Gelanor had laiely*
king of Ai'gos. When their uncle iEgyptus ascended the throne,and the firstyeai-s of his
came from Egypt with his fifty sons, theywere reignwere marked with dissentions with hi^
promisedin marriageto their cousins;but be- fore subjects. Danaus took advantageof Gelanor's
the celebration of their nuptials, Danaus, unpopularity, and obliged him to abdicate the
who had been informed by an oracle that he crown. In Gelanor,the race of the Jnachida
was to be killed by the hands of one of his was extinguished, and the Belidcs began to
sons-in-law, made his daughters mise reignat Argosin Danaus.
solemnlypro- Some authors say,
that theywould destroytheir husbands. that Gelanor voluntai'ily resigned the crown t"
They were providedwith daggersby their fa- ther,Danaus, on account of the wi-ath of IN'eptunp,
and all,except Hypermnestra,stained who had dried up all the waters of Argolis, to
their hands with the blood of their cousins,the punishthe impietyof Inachus. The success
iirstnightof their nuptials ; and as a pledgeof of Danaus, invited the fifty sons of .Eeyptns
their obedience to their father's injunctions, to embEU"k for Greece. They were kindly re-
ceived
they presented him each with the head of the by their uncle,who, either apprehen-
sive
murdered sons of iEgyptus. Hypermnestra of their number, or terrifiedby an oracle
was summoned to appear before her father,which threatened his ruin by one of his sons-
and answer for her disobedience in sutfering in-law,caused his daughters, to whom they
iier husband, Lynceus, to escape : but the were promised in marriage,to murder them
unanimous voice of the peopledeclared her the firstnightof their nuptials His fatal or- ders
He died about 1425 years before the Ctiristian Erotic, c. 15. Pans. 8, c. 20.
"
A daughter
era, and afterdeath,he was honoured with a of Tiresias, priestess in the temple of Delphi,
splendid monument in the town of Argos, supposedby some to be the same as Manto.
which stillexisted in the age of Pausanias. Ac- She Avas consecrated to the service of
cording Apollo
to yEschylus, Danaus left Egypt, not by the Epigoni, or, according tO others,by the
to be presentat the marriageof his daughters, goddessTellus. She was called Sibyl^on count
ac-
with the sons of his brother,a connexion which of the wildness of her looks and ex- pressions,
he deemed unlawful and impious. The sliip when she delivered oracles. Her
in. which Danaus came to Greece was called oracles Avere generally in verse, and Homer,
Mrmais, and was the first that had ever accordingto some
peared
ap- accounts, has introduced
there. It is said that the use of pumps laach of her poetry in his compositions. Diod.
was first introduced into Greece by Danaus. 4.
"
Paus. 10, c. 5. A famous grove near
Apollod. 2, c. l."Pav.s. 2, c. 19." Hi/gin. fab. Antioch, consecrated to volui)tuousness and
168, kc."Herodof. 2, c. 91, fce. 7.,c. 94. luxury.
Dandari and DandaribjE, certain inhabi- Davhnephoria, a festi^valin honour of
fants near mount Caucasus. Tacit. 12, Ann. Apollo,celebrated CA^ery ninth year by the
c. 18. Bceotians. It Avas then usual to adorn an olive
Dandon, a man of Illyricum,who, as bough Avith garlands of laurel and other flow-
Fliny7, c. 48, reports,lived 500 years. eis, and placeon the top a brazCn globe,on
Danubius, a celebrated river,the greatestwhich Avere suspendedsmaller ones. In the
in Europe,which rises, accordingto Herodo-
tus, middle Avas placed a number of croAvns, and a
near the town of Pyrene, in the country globeof inferior size, and the bottom Avas
of the Celtae,and after flowingthrough the adorned Avith a sanron coloured garment. The
greatestpart of Europe, fallsinto the Euxine globeon the top representedthe sun, or Apol-
lo
sea. The Greeks called itIster ; but the Ro-
mans ; that in the middle was an emblem of the
distinguished
it by the appellation of the moon, and the others of the stars. ThecroAvns,
Danube ; from its source tillthe middle of its which were 65 in number, represented the
course, and from thence to its mouths, they sun's annual revolutions. This boughAAas car- ried
called it hUr, like the Greek's. It fallsinto in solemn processionby a beautiful
youth
the Euxine throughseven cording of an
mouths, or sis, ac- illustrious family, and Avhose parents
to others. Herodotus mentions five,Avere both living. The youth was dressed in
and modern travellers discover onlytwo. The rich garments Avhich reached to the ground
;
Danube was generallysupposed to be the his hair hung loose and dishevelled, his head
northern boundary of the Roman empii*e in Avas covered Avith a golden croAvn, and he
Europe ; and therefore,several castles were Avore on his feet shoes called fyicraiidce, from
erected on its banks, to check the incursions Ipbicrates, an Athenian,Avho first invented
of the barbarians. It Avas Avorshippedas a theuA. He was called "^=".zv^"?D-jpo:, laurel-bearer ^
deityby the Scythians.Accordingto modern and at that time he executed the office of
priest
geography, the Danube rises in Suabia, and oi Apollo. He Avas preceded by one of his
afterreceiving about 40 navigable fin- nearest relations,
ishes
rivers, bearinga rod adorned Avith
a course of 1600 miles, by emptying it- selfgarlands, and behind him followed a train of
into the Black sea. Dionys.Perieg. Hc- virginsAvith branches in their hands. In this
"
seven miles from Abydos. The two castles and military accomplishments. He be- sieged
built on each side of the straitby the emperor Babylon ; which he took after a siege
Mahomet IV. A. D. 1659, gave the name of of 20 months, by the artifice of Zopyrus,
Dardanelles to the place. Strab. 13. From thence lie marched againstthe Scythi-
ans,
Dardanus, a son of and
.Jupiter Electra, and in his way conqueredThrace. This
who killed his brother Jasius to obtain the expedition was unsuccessful ; and, afterseveral
kingdom of Etruria after the death of his re- puted losses and disasters in the wilds of Scythia,
father Corytus,and fled to Samothrace, the king retired with shame, and soon after
and thence to Asia Minor, where he married turned his arms against the Indians,whom he
Batia, the daughter of Teucer, king of Teu- subdued. The burning of Sardis,which was
cria.' After the death of his father-in-law he a Grecian colonyr incensed the Athenians,and
ascended the throne, and reigned 62 years. a war was kindled between Greece and Persia.
He built tiiecityof Dardania, and was ed
reckon- Darius exasperated
was so against the Greeks,
the founder of the kingdom of Troy. He that a servant every evening,by his order,
was succeeded by Ei-ichtnonius. According repeated these words : '* Remember, 0 king,
to some, Corybas,his nephew, accompanied to punish the Athenians." Mardonius, the
him to Teucria, where he introduced the king'sson-in-law,was intrusted with the care
worshipof Cybele. Dardanus taughthis sub- jects of the war, but his army was destroyedby
to worship Minerva; and he gave them the Thracians: and Daiius, more animated
two statues of the goddess, Que of which is well by his loss,sent a more considerable force,
known by the name of Palladium. Virg.JEn. under the commaifd of Datis and Artapherncs.
3, V. 167." Pans. 7, c. 4."Hygln. fab. 155 and They were conquered at the celebrated bat-
tle
a." Homer. Jl. 20. A Tro-
jan of Marathon, by 10,000 Atlienians; and
275."J3pollod.
killedby Achilles. Homer. II.20, v. 460. the Persians lost in that expedition
no less
DA DA
206,000men
tjifln .
Darius was not dishearten- 381. He asked for water, and exclaimedy
ed by this severe blow, but he resolved to car-
ry when he received it from the hand of a Mace-
donian,
the wai- in person, and immediatelyor-
on dered " It is the
greatestof my misfortunes
stilllargerarmy to be levied. He that I cannot reward thyhumanity.
a Beg Alex-
ander
died in the midst of his preparations, B. C. to accept my warmest thanks for the
485, after a reign of 36 years, in the 65th tenderness with which he has treated my
he. Diod. wretched family,
year of his age. Herodot. 1, 2, whilst I am doomed to perish
"
1. Justin. 1, c. 9.
"
Plut inArist.
" C. JVep.by the hand of a man, whom
"
the guide of his conduct in the management Plut. in Mex. Justin. 10, 11,",c. Curtius.
" "
of the empire,that he might imitate him ? A son of Xerxes, who married Artaynta,
The dictates of justice and of religion, repliedand was killed by Artabanus. Herodot. 9, c.
the expii^ing monarch. Justin. 5, c. 11. 108. Diod. 1 1. "
A son of Artaxerxes decla-
"
red
jyiod. 12. The third of that name was the successor to the throne,as beingthe eld-
est
last kingof Persia,surnamed Codomanus. He prince. He conspiredagainst his father's
was son of Arsanes and Sysigambis, and scended
de- life,and was capitally
punished.Plut.inArtax.
from Darius Nothus. The eunuch Dascon, a man who founded Camarlna.
Bagoas raised him to the throne, though not Thucyd.6, c. 5.
in hopes that
nearlyallied to the royalfamily, Dascylitis, a provinceof Persia. Id. 1,
he would be subservient to his will;but he c. 129.
preparedto poisonhim, when he saw^ him des-
pise Dascylus, the father of Gyges. Herodot.
his advice, and aim at independence.Da-
rius l,c.8.
discovered his perfidy,and made him Dasea, a town of Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 27.
drink the poisonwhich he had prepared against Dasius, a chief of Salapia,who favoured
his life. The peace of Darius was earlydistur-
bed, Annibal. Liv. 26, c. 38.
and Alexander invaded Persia to avenge DassaretjE, Dassarit.", Dassareni, or
the injuries which the Greeks had suffered Dassarith, a peopleof lUyricum,or Mace- donia.
from the predecessors of Darius. The king Plut. in Flam.
of Persia met his adversaryin person, at the Datames, a son of Camissares, governor of
head of 600,000 men. This army was able,
remark- Caria,and generalof the armies of Artax-erxes.
more for its opulenceand luxury, than The influence of his enemies at court
for the militaiy courage of its soldiers ; and obligedhim to flyfor safety, after he had
Athenajus mentions, that the camp of Darius greatly signalized himself by his military ex-
ploits.
was crowded with 277 cooks, 29 waiters, 87 He took up arms in his own defence,
cup-bearers, 40 servants to perfumethe king, and the king made war againsthim. He was
and 66 to prepare garlands and flowers to deck treacherously killed by Milhridates,who had
the dishes and meats which appearedon the invited him under pretence of enteringinto
royal table. With these forces Darius met the most inviolableconnexion and friendship,
Alexander. A battle was fought near the Gran- 362 B. C. C. Nep. in Datam.
icus,in which the Persians were easily ed.
defeat- DatapHernes, one of the friends of Bes-
sus.
Another was soon after foughtnear Issus; After the murder of Darius,he betrayed
and Alexander left 110,000 of the enemy dead Bessus into Alexander's hands. He also re-
volted
fled towards Media. His misfortunes were carried away by Pluto. That citywas so rich
now completed. Bessus, the governor of that the ancients generallymade use of the
Bactriana. took away his life, in hopes of suc-
ceeding word Datos, to express abundance. When
him on the throne; and Darius was the kingof Macedonia conqueredithe called
found by the Macedonians in hi? chariot,co- it Philippifafter his own name. Appian.dt
vfse'd willi wounds, and almost B. C. Civ.
expiriiig,
DE DE
Davara, a hill near mount Taurus, in to Athens,and to all the other Grecian states,
Asia Minor. to collect the laws of Solon, and of the other
Daulis, a nymph fromwhom the cityof Dau- celebrated legislators
Upon the of Greece.
ILsin called "4nacm, received
Phocis,anciently return of the commissioners,it was
universal-
ly
its name. It was there that Philomela and agreed that ten new magistrates called De-
cemviri,
Procne made Tereus eat the flesh of his son, should be elected from the senate, to
and hence the nightingale, into which mela
Philo- put the projectinto execution. Their power
was changed,isoften called Daulias avis. was absolute ; all other offices ceased after
Ovid. ep. 15, v. 154. Strab. 9. Pans. 10,c. their election,
" "
and theypresided over the city
4."Ptol 3, c. 15." Lit'.32, c. 18." "Ptin. 4, c. 3. with regal authority.They were invested
Dauni, a peopleon the eastern part of Italy,with the badges of the consul,in the ment
enjoy-
conquered by Daunus, from whom they re-
ceived of which they succeeded by turns, and
their name. onlyone was precededby the fasces,and had
Daunia, a name the northern
given the power
to of assemblingthe senate and con-
firming
partsof Apulia,on the coast of the Adriatic. decrees. The first decemvirs were
It receives its name from Daunus, who settled Appius Claudius, T. Genutius, P. Se.xtus,
there,and isnow called Capitanata. Virg.JEn. Sp. Veturius, C. Julius, A. Manlius, Ser.
8, v. 146." Si/.9, V. 500, 1. 12, v. 429." Horat. Sulpitius Pluriatius, T. Romulus, Sp. Posthu-
4, od. 6, v. 27. Juturna, the sister of Tur- mius, A. U. C. 303. Under them the laws
nus, was called Daimia, after she had been which had been exposedto publicview, that
made a goddessby Jupiter. Virg.^n. 12, v. eveiy citizen mightspeakhis sentiments, were
139 and 785. publicly approvedof as constitutional, and rati-
fied
Daunus, a son of Pilumnus and Danae. by the priests and augurs in the most so- lemn
He came from Illyricum into Apulia, where and religious manner. These laws were
he reignedover part of the country, which ten in number, and were engravedon tables of
from him was called Daunia, and he was still brass ; two were afterwards added, and they
on the throne Diomedes
when came to Italy.were called the laws of the twelve tables, leges
Ptol. 3, c. I." c. 4." Strab. 5.
Mela, 2, A duodecim tabularum, and legesdecemvirales.
river of Apulia,now Carapelle. Horat. 3, The decemviral power, which was beheld by
od.30. allranks of peoplewith the greatest satisfaction,
Daurifer and Daurises, a brave general was continued ; but in the third year after their
of Darius,treacherously killed by the Carians. creation, the decemvirs became odious,on ac-
count
emperor marched againsthim, and defeated and theygenerally assisted at sales call-
ed
him. He destroyedhimself,and his head was subfiastationes,because a spear, hasla,
broughtto Rome, and Dacia became a Roman was fixed at the door of the placewhere the
province,A. D. 103. Dio. 68. goods were exposedto sale. They were called
Drceleum, or ea, now Biala Castro, a decemviri litihiis judicandis. The officers
small village of Attica,north of Athens ; which, whom Tarquin appointedto guardthe Sibyl- line
when in the hands of the Spartans, proved a books, were alsocalled decemviri. They
very gallinggarrison to the Athenians. The were originally two in number, called duumvi-
ri,
Peloponnesianwar has occasionally been call-
ed till the year of Rome 388, when their
Decelean,because for some time hostilitiesnumber was increased to ten, five of which
were carried on in its neighbourhood.C. were chosen from the plebeians,and five from
JVep.7, c. 4, the patricians.Syllaincreased their number
Decelus, a man who informed Castor and to culled quindeccmvirs.
fifteen,
Pollux, that their sister,whom Theseus had Decetia, a town of Gaul. Cats.
carried away, was concealed at Aphidnse. Decia
LEX, was enacted by M. Decius the
Herodot. 9, c. 73. tribune,A. U. C. 442, to empower the people
Decemviri, ten magistratesof absolute to appointtwo proper persons to fitand repair
authority
among the Romans. The privi-the fleets.
leges
of the patriciansraised dissatisfaction L. Decidius Saxa, a Celtiberian in Cjesar's
among the plebeians
; who, tiiough freed from camp. Cais. Bell. Civ 1.
the power of the Tarquins,still saw that the Decineus, a celebrated soothsayer. Strab.
administration of justicedepended upon the 16.
will and capriceof their superiors, without Decius Mus, a celebrated Roman consul,
any ritten statute to direct them, and con-
m vince who, after many gloriousexploits, devoted
them that theywere governedwith equi-
ty himself to the gods Manes for the safelyof
and impartiality. The tribunes complained his country,in a battle against the Latins,338
to the senate, and demanded that a code of yeai's B. C. His son Decius imitated his ex-ample,
laws might be framed for the use and benefit and devoted himself in like manner
of the Roman people.This petition was plied
com- in his fourth consulship, when fighting against
with, and three ambassadors were sent the Gauts and B. C. 296. His grand-
Samnites,.
DE DE
son also did the same in the war againstPyi-1safe to the opposite
shore. The hero coasent-
rhus and the Tarentines, B. C. 28C. This ac ed ; but no sooner had Nessus gainedthe bank,
tion of devotingonesf If.was of infiniteservice than he attemptedto offer violence to Dejani-
ra,
to the state. The soldierswere animated by and to carry her away in the sight of her
the example,and induced to follow whh intre-pidity, husband. Hercules,upon this, aimed,from the
a commander whoj arrayedin an unu- sual other shore,a poisonedarrow at the seducer,
dress,and addressing himself to the gods and mortally wounded hira. Nessus,as he ex-
pired,
partof the enemy to meet his fate. Liv. 8, murderer; and he gave Dejanira his tunic,
9, kc." Val. Max. 5, c. Q."PoJyb.2."Virg. which was covered with blood, poisonedand
JEn. 6, V. 824. :Brutus,conducted Caesar to infected by the arrow, observing, that it had
the senate-house the day that he was murder the power of reclaiming a husband from un-
lawful
Goths, he pushed his horse in a deep marsh, Deicoon, a Trojan pi'ince, son of Perga-
fVora which he could not extricate himself, sus, intimate with .tineas.He was killed by
and he perished with all his army by the darts Agamemnon. Homer/ II. 5, v. 534. A son
of the barbarians, A. D. 251, after a reignof of Hercules and Megara. Apollod. 2, c. 7.
two years. This monarch enjoyedthe cliarac- Deidamia, a daughterof Lycomedes, king
ter of a brave man, and of a great disciplina-
rian of Scyros. She bore a son called Pyrrhus,
; and by his justice and exemplary life,or iVeoptolemus, to Achilles,who was ed
disguis-
merited the titleof Optimus,which a servile at her father's court in women's clothes,
senate lavished upon him. under the name of Pyrrha. Propert. 2, el. 9.
Decurio, a subaltern officer in tlieRoman Apollod.
"
upon Caesar's life, Cicero ablydefended a vow that ifhe returned victorious, he would
him in the Roman senate. He joinedBrutus yearlyvisit, in a solemn the temple
manner,
with a largearmy, and faithfully supportedof Delos. The persons employed in this an- nual
the republican cause. His wife was barren ; procession were called Ddiastce and The-
but fearing that her husband might die without ori. The ship, the same which carried The-
seus,
issue,she presented him with a beautifulslave, and had been carefully preserved by the
and tenderly educated,asher own, the children Athenians, was called Theoria and Delias.
of this union. Deiotarus died in an advanced When the shipwas ready for the voyage, the
old age. Strab. 12. Luean. 5, v. 55.
"
married Helen. His wife unworthily betrayed at Delos, they offered solemn sacrifices
him, and introduced into his chamber her old to the god of the island,and celebrated a fes- tival
husband Menelaus, to whom she wished to re-
concile in his honour. After this, retired they
herself.
He was shamefully mutilated to their ship, and sailed back to Athens,where
and killed by Menelaus. He had highlydis-
tinguished
all the people of the cityran in crowds to
himself duringthe war, especially meet them. Every appearance of festivity
in his two combats with Merion, and in that prevailedat their approach, and the citizens
in which he slew Ascalaphusson of Mars. opened their doors, and prostrated them-
selves
Virg.JEn. 6, v. 4Qb." Homer. R. 13. A son before the Deliastae, as they walked in
of Hippolytus, who purified Hercules afterthe procession. During this festival, it was lawful
un-
murder of Iphitus.Jlpollod.
2, c. 6. to put to death any malefactor,
and on
Deiphon, brother of Triptolemus,son that account the lifeof Socrates
a was prolonged
of Celeus and Metanira. When velledfor thirty
Ceres tra- days. Xenophon.Memor. in Conv. ^
the world, she stoppedat his fa-
over ther's Plut. in PhcEd.
"
Senec. ep. 70. "
court, and undertook to nurse him and Delia, a surname of Diana, because she
bringhim up. To reward the hospitality of was born in Delos. Virg.Ed. S, v. 67.
Celeus,the goddessbegan to make his son im-mortal, Deliades, a son of Glaucus, killed by his
and every eveningshe placedhim on brother Bellerophon. Apollod. 2, c. 3.
])urningcoals to purifyhim from whatever The priestesses in Apollo's temple. Homer.
mortal particles he stillpossessed The un-common Hymn, ad Ap.
the templeof Apollo,but respectedit with stantine the Great removed its most splendid
the most awful reverence. Apollo,whose ornaments to his new capital.It was univer- sally
image was in the shapeof a dragon,deliv- ered believed,and supported, by the ancients^
there oracles duringthe summer, in a that Delphiwas in the middle of the earth ;
plainmanner withoutanyambiguity orobscure and on that account itwas called Terra umbil-
icus.
jueaning. INo dogs,as Thucydides mentions, This,accordingto mythology,was first
were permitted to enter the island. It was found out by two doves,which Jupiter had let
unlawful for a man to die, or for a child to loose from the two extremities of the earth,
be born there ; and when the Athenians were and which met at the placewhere the temple
ordered to purify the place,theydug up all of Delphiwas built. Apollon. 2, v. 706. Diod.
"
the dead bodies that had been interred there, 16. Plut. de Defect.Orac. he.
"
Pans. 10, c.
"
and transported them to the neighbouring 6, he" Ovid. Met. 10, v. l6S.~Strab. 9.
islands. An edict was also issued, which com-
manded Delphicps, a surname of Apollo, from the
all persons labouring under any mor-
tal worshippaidto his divinity at Delphi.
or dangerousdisease, to be instantly moved
re- Delphinia, festivalsat iEgina,in honour
to the adjacentisland called Rliane. of Apolloof Delphi.
Some mythologists suppose that Asteria, who Delphinium, a placein Boeotia,opposite
changedherself into a quailto avoid the im- Eubcea.
portuning
addresses of Jupiter, was mctamor- Delphis, the priestess of Delphi.Mar-
tial.
phosedinto thisisland,originally called Ortygia 9, ep. 43.
ab ouTvc, a quail.The peopleof Delos are descri-
bed Delphus, a son of Apollo who built Del- phi,
by Cicero Arcad. 2, c. 16 and 18,1.4, c. 18, and consecrated it to his father. The
as famous for rearinghens. Strab. 8 and 10. " name of his mother is differently mentioned.
Ovid. Met. 5, v. 329, 1.6, v. 333."Mela,2, c. 7.-- She iscalled by some Celeeno,by others Me-
Plin. 4, c. V2."Plut. de Solert.Anim. hc.-Thu- laene daughter of Cephis,and by others Thyas
eyd.3, 4, he. "
Delphi, now Caslri,a town of Phocis, Delphyne, a serpent which watched over
situate in a valleyat the south-west side of Jupiter.Apollod.1, c. 6.
mount Parnassus. It was also called Pylho, Delta, a part of Egypt, which received
because the serpentPython was killed there;that name from itsresemblance to the form of
and it received the name of Delphi,from the fourth letterof the Greek alphabet.It lie!!
Delphus,the son of Apollo. Some have also between the CanopianandPelusian mouths of
called it Parnassia JS'ape, the valley of Par- the Nile,and beginsto be formed where
nassus. the
It was famous for a templeof Apollo,river divides itself into several streams. It has
and for an oracle celebrated in every age and been formed totally by the mud and sand,
country. The origin of the oracle, thoughfabu- lous, which are \vashed doM n from the upper parts
is described as somethingwonderful. A of Egyptby the Nile,according to ancient ti-a-
number of goatsthat were feeding on mount dition. Cois. Alex. c. 21 .
"
Strab 15 and 17. "
Parnassus,came near a place which had a deep Herodot. 2, c. 13,he" Pliri.3, c. 16.
and longj)erforation. The steam which issued Demades, an Athenian,who, from a sailor,
from the hole,seemed to inspire the goats,and became an eloquent orator, and obtained much
theyplayedand frisked about in such an uncom- mon influence in the state. He was taken prisoner
manner, thatthe goat herd was temptedto at the battle of Cherontea, by Philip, and in-
gratiated
lean on the hole,and see what mysteriesthe himself into the favour of that prince,
placecontained. He was immediately seized by whom he was greatlyesteemed. He was
with a fitof enthusiasm,his expressions were put to death,with his son, on suspicion of trea-
son,
wild and extravagant,and passedfor prophe- cies. B. C. 322. One of his orations is extant.^
This circumstance was soon known Diod. 16 and 17." Plut. in Dem.
about the country,and many experienced the Demjenetus, a rhetorician of Syracuse,
same enthusiastic insjnration. TJie placewas enemy to Timoleon. C. Nep.in Tim. 5.
revered,and a temple was soon aftererected Demagoras, one of Alexander's flatterers,
in honour of Apollo, and a citybuilt. Accord-
ing An historian wlio wrote concerningthe
to some a"eount?..Apollowas not "kc firstfoundationof Rome. D'aomis.Mat. 1.
DE DE
Djomarata, a daughter of Hiero,fcc. Liv. himself on the throne of Macedonia,by the
24, c. 22. mui'der of Alexander the son of Cassander.
Demaratus, the son and successor of Aris- Here he was
continually at war with the neigh-
bouring
ton on the throne of Sparta, B. C. 526. He states; and the superior power of his
was banished by the intrigues of Cleomenes; adversariesobliged him to leave Macedonia,
his royalcolleague, as being illegitimate. He afterhe had sat on the throne for seven
years.
retired ii"toAsia,and was kindly received by He passedinto Asia,and attacked some of the
Darius son of Hystaspes king of Fersia. When provincesof Lysimachuswith various success;
the Persian monarch made preparations vade but famine and jiestilence
to in-
deslroyed the great-
est
Greece, Demaratus, thoughpersecuted part of his army, and he retiredto the court
by theLacedsemonians, informed them of the of Seleucus for supportand assistance. He met
hostilities which hung over their head. Hero- with a kind reception, buL ..ostilities were soon
dot. 6, c. 75, Lc. 1.6, c. 50, k-c. A rich citi-
zen begun; and after he had gained some ges
advanta-
of Corinth, of the family of the Bacchiadce. over his son-in-law, Demetrius was totally
When Cypselushad usurpedthe sovereignforsaken by his troopsin the fieldof battle, and
power of Corinth,Demaratus,with allhisfa- mily, became an easy
prey to the enemy. Though
migrated lo Italy, aud settled at Tarqui-he WHS kept in confinement by his son-in-
nii,658 years before Christ. His son, Lucu- law, yet he maintained himself like a prince,
mon, was kingof Rome, under the name of and passed his time in hunting and in every
TarquiniusPriscus. Dionys.Hal. A Co-rinthian
laborious exercise. His son Antigonus offer-
ed
exile at the court of Philip kingof Seleucus all his possessions, and even
Macedonia. PLui.inJilex. his person, to
procure his father's liberty;
Demarchus, a Syracusan, put to death by but ail proved unavailing, and Demetrius
Dionysius. died in the 54th year of his
age, after a con- finement
Demareta, the wife of Gelon. Diod. 15. of three years, 286 B. C. His re- mains
Demariste, the mother of Timoleon. were givento Antigonus, and honour- '
expelling the garrison, which was stationed Justin. 1, c. 17, "c. A princewho ceeded
suc-
there under Demetrius Phalereus. After this his father Antigonus on the throne of
successfulexpedition, he besieged and took Macedonia. He reigned11 years, and was
Munychia,and defeated Cassander at Ther- mopylae. succeeded byAntigonus Doson. Justin.26,c. 2.
His reception at Athens,after these "
was taken by the Parthiaiis. Phraates, king had broughthim forth, to show mankind,
Rhodogyne that an exalted geniuscan live securely out
with-
of Parthia, gave him his daughter
in marriage and Cleopatra was so incensed at beingcorrupted b y the vices of (he sur-
rounding
;
thisnew connexion,that she gave herself up ivorld, Senec. Philoslr. in Jipoll.
"
married him. Sidetes was killed in a battle of Byzantium, who wrote on the Greek
against the Parthians,and Demetrius regainedpoets. An Athenian killed at Mantinea,
the possession of his kingdom. His prideand when fighting against the Thebans. Polycen.
rendered him odious, and his sub- jects A writer who published history of the
oppression an
asked a kingof the house of Seleucus, irruptions of the Gauls into Asia. A philo-
logical
from Ptolemy Physcon,king of Egypt ; and writer, in the age of Cicero. Cic. ad
Demetrius, unable to resist the power of his Attic.8, ep. 11. A stage player.Juv. 3,
enemies, fled to Ptolemais,which was then V. 99. Syrus, a rhetorician at Athens. Cic.
in the hands of his wife Cleopatra.Tiie gates in Brut. c. 174. A geographer, surnamed
were shut up against his approach, by Cleopa-
tra; the Calatian. Strab. 1.
and he was killed by order of the gover- nor Demo, a Sibylof Cumag.
of Tyre,wiiither he had fled for protec- tion. Dp;moanassa, the mother of JCgialeus.
He was succeeded by Alexander Zebi- Democ"Des, a celebrated physician of Cro-
na, whom Ptolemy had raised to the throne, tona, son of Calliphon, and intimate with Po-
B. C. 127. Justin. 36, hc."Ap-piande Bell. lycrates. He was carried as a prisoner from
Syr. Joseph. The 3d, surnamed
"
Euce- Samos to Darius kingof Persia, where he ac- quired
rus, was son of Antiochus Gryphus. After the great I'iches and much reputation by
exampleof his brother Philip, who had seized curing the king's foot,and the breast of Atossa.
Syria,he made himself master of Damascus, He was sent to Greece as a spy, by the king,
B. C. 93, and soon after obtained a victoryand fled away to Crotona, where he married
over his brother. He was taken in a battle the daughter of the wrestler Milo. JElian. V.
against the Parthians, and died in captivity. H. 8, c. 18." Herodot. 3, c. 124, "c.
Joseph. 1. Phalereus,a disciple of Theo- Demochares, an Athenian, sent witk
phx'astus, who gainedsuch an influence over some of his countrymen with an embassyto
the Athenians,by his eloquence, and the puri-
ty Philipking of Macedonia. The monarch
of his manners, that he was elected de- gave them audience ; and Vv hen he asked them
eennial archon,B. C. 317. He so embellished what he could do to pleasethe people of
the city, and rejidered himself so popular by Athens .''Demochares replied, "
Hang your-
self."
Lis munificence, that the Athenians raised 360 This impudenceraised the indignation
brazen statues to his honour. Yet in the[ of allthe hearers; but Philipmildlydismissed
midst of allthis popularity, his enemies raised them, and bade them ask their countrymen^
a sedition against him, and he was condemned which deserved most the appellation oi wise
to death,and all his statues thrown down, and moderate, either theywho gave such ill
afterobtaining the sovereign power for 10 language, or he who received it without any
yeai-s. He fled without concern or cation
mortifi- signsof resentment .'' Senec. de Ira, 3. "
to the court of Ptolemy Lagus, w here JElian. V. II. 3, 7, 8, 12" C"c. in Brut. 3, de
Le met with kindnes.s and cordiality. The Oral. 2. A poet of Soli, who composed a
Egyptianmonarch consulted him concerningcomedy on Demetrius Poliorcetes. Plut. in
the succession of his children ; and Deme- trius Dem. A statuary, who wished to make a
advised him to raise to the throne the statue of mount Athos. Vitruv. A general
children of Eurydice,in preference to the of Pompey the younger, who died B. C. 36.
ott'spring of Berenice. This counsel so irri- tated Democles, a man accused of disaftection
Philadeiphus, the son of Berenice,that towards Dionysius,he. Polycen. 6. A
afterhis father'sdeath he sent the philosopher beautiful youth,passionately loved by Deme-
trius
into UpperEgypt, and there detained him in Poliorcetes. He threw himself into ^
DE DE
caldron of boiling
water, rather than sub-
mit 14,c. 27. Diog.in vita." Mian. V. U. 4,
to the unnatural lustsof the tyrant. Pint, 20." Cic. de Finib." Val. Max.
c. 8, c, 7."
in Dem. Sirab. 1 and 15. An Ephesian,who wrote
Democoon, a natural son of Priam, who a book on Diana's temple,k,c. D^og. A
came from his residence at Abydos to protect powerful man of "*axos. Htrodot. 1,%.
46.
his country againstthe Gi'eeks. He was, DiMODiCE, the wife of Cretheus, king of
after a gloriousdefence,killed by Ulysses. lolchos. Some call her Biadice, or Tyro.
Homer, ll.4. Hi/gin. P. A. 2, o. 20.
DiiMucRATES, an architect of Alexandria. DiMoDocHus, a musician at the court of
A wrestler. JFMan. V. H. 4, c. 15. Alcinous;who sang, in the presence of Ulj^s-
An Athenian who foughton the side of Da-
rius, ses, the secret amours of Mars and Venus,fcc
against the Macedonians. Curt. 6, c. 5. Honitr. Od. 8, v. 44." Plat, de Mus. A
D".MocRiTus, a celebrated philosopher of Trojanchief, who came with iEneas into Italy,
Abdera, disciple to Leucippus. He ti'avelled where he uas killed. Virg.Mu. 10,v. 413,
over the greatest part of Europe, Asia, and An historian. Plut. de Flum.
Africa,in quest of knowledge,and r-eturned Demoleus, a Greek, killed bv iEneas in the
home in the greatestpoverty. There was a Trojanwar. Virg.JEn. 6, v. 260.
law at Abdera, which deprivedof the honour Djemoleon, a centaur, killed by Theseu.s
of a funeral the man who had reduced him-self at the nuptialsof Pirithous. Orid. Met. 12, v.
to indigence ; and Democritus,to avoid 356. A son of Antenor, killed by Achilles.
to eradicate all curiosity best editions of his works are tliatof Wolfius,
of appearingin pub-
lic,
he shaved one half of his head. fol. Frankof.
In this 1604, that left unfinished by
solitaryretirement, by the help of a glira-Taylor,Cantab. 4to. and that publishedin 12
roeringlamp, he composed the greatestpart vols. 8vo. 1720, ";c. Lips,by Reiske and his
of his orations, which have ever been the widow. Many of the orations of Demosthe-
nes
admiration of every age, thoughhis contem-
poraries have been publishedseparately.Plut.
and rivals severelyinveighedagainstin vita. Diod. 16. " Cic. in Oral. "c.
" Paus."
them, and observed that they smelt of oil. 1, c. 8, 1. 2, c. 33. An Atlienian general
His abilities, as an orator, raised him to con-
sequence sent to succeed Alcibiades in Sicily.He at- tacked
at Athens, and he was soon ced
pla- Syracuse with Nicias, but his ef- forts
at the head of the government. In this were ineft'ectual. After many calamities
publiccapacity he roused his countrymen he fellinto the enemy's hands, and his army
from their indolence, and animated them was confined to hard labour. The accounts
against the encroachments of Philip donia. about the death of Demosthenes
of Mace- ai-e vaiious ;
In the battle of Cheronaea, however, some believe that he stabbed himself, whilst
Demosthenes betrayedhis pusillanimity, and others suppose that he w as put to death by the
saved his life by flight. After the death of Syracusans, B. C. 413. Pint, in A^ic. Thucyd."
Philip he declared himself warmly against4, ",c. Diod. 12. " The father of the orator
his son and successor, Alexander, whom he Demosthenes. He was very rich, and em- ployed
branded with the appellation of boy; and an immense number of slaves in the
when the Macedonians demanded of the Athe-
nians business of a sword cutler. Plut. in Bern. "
their orators, Demosthenes reminded A governor of Caesarea, under the Roman perors.
em-
his countrymen of the fable of the sheep
which delivered their dogs to the wolves. Demostratus, an Athenian orator.
Though he had boasted that all the goldof Demuchus, a Trojan,son of Philetor,killed
Macedonia could not tempt him ; yet he suf-
fered by Achilles. Homer. It. 20, v. 457.
himself to be bribed by a small golden Demylus, a tyrant who tortured the philo- sopher
cup from Harpalus. The tumults which this Zeno. Plut. de Stoic. Rep.
occasioned, forced him to retire from Athens ; DzNSELETiE, a pcoplcof Thracc. Cic. Pis.
end in his banishment, which he passed at 34.
Troezene and iEgiua,he lived w ith more feminacy
ef- Deobriga, a town on the Iberus in Spain,
than true heroism. When Antipa- now Miranda de Ebro.
ter made war againstGreece, after the death Deodatus, an Athenian who opposed the
of Alexander, Demosthenes wa" publicly re- cruel resolutions of Cleon against the captive
ealled from his exile,and a galleywas sent to prisoners of Mitylene.
fetch him from iEgina. His return was ded
atten- Deois, a name givento Proseri^ine from her
with much splendour, and all the citizens mother Ceres, who was called Deo. This
crowded at the Pirajus to see him land. His name Ceres received, because w hen she sought
triumphand popularity, however, were short. hei- daughterall over the world,all wished her
AnlipaterandCraterus were near Athens, and success in her pursuits, with the word -")"",",
demanded all the orators to be delivered up invenies; a "^"fc", invenio. Ovid. Met.6,y. 114.
into their hands. Denio-ithenes with all his DERiE, a place of Messenia.
adherents fled to the temple of TSeptune ui Derbe, a town of Lycaoniaat the north of
Calauria, and when he saw that all hopes of mount Taurus in Asia Alinor,now Alab-Dag.
safetywere banished,he look a dose of poison,Cic. Fain. 13, ep. 73.
which he always carried in a quill, and expi-
red Derbice."*,a people near Caucasus, who
on tlic day that the Thesniophoriawere killed all those that had reached their 70th
celebi-ated, in the 60th year of his age B. C. year. They buried such as died a natural
322. The Athenians raised a biazen statue death. Slrab.
to his honour with an inscription translated Deuce, a fountain in Spain,whose waters
into Ihii distich: were said to be uncommonly cold.
DE DT
Dercennus, an ancient king is Latium. cd. The stones thrown by Deucalion became
lirg.^n. 11,V. 850. men, and those of Pyrrha,women. ing
Accord-
Derceto and Dercetis, a goddessof Syria, to Justin,Deucalion was not the only one
called also Ater^atis, whom some suppose to who escaped from tlie universal calamity.
be the same as Astarte. She was representedAlanysaved their lives by ascendingthe high- est
as a beautiful woman above the waist, and mountains, or trusting themselves in small
tlie lower part terminated in a fish'stail. Ac- vessels to the mercy of the waters.
cording This de-
luge,
to Diodorus, Venus, whom she had which chiefly happened in Thessaly, ac-
cording
offended; made her passionately fond of a to the relation of some writers, was
young priest, remarkable for the beautyof his producedby the inundation of the waters of
leatares. She had a daughterby him, and be- came the river Peneus, whose regularcourse was
so ashamed of her incontinence,that stopped by an earthquakenear mount Ossa and
she removed her lover, exposed the fruit of Olympus. According to Xenophon, there
her amour, and threw herself into a lake. Her were no less than five deluges. The firsthap-
pened
body was transformed into a fish,and her under Ogyges,and lastedthree months.
child was preserved,and called Semiramis. The second, which w as in the age of Hercules
As she was chiefly worshipped in Syria,and and Prometheus, continued but one month.
representedlike a fish,
the SyriansancientlyDuring the third,which happened in the reign
abstained from fishes. Lucian. de Dea Ser. of another Ogyges, all Attica was
"
laid waste
Plin. 5, c. 13." Ovid. Met. 4, v. 44." Diod. 2. by the waters. Thessalywas totally covered
Dercyllidas, a generalof Sparta, cele-brated by the waters duringthe fourth,which hap- pened
for his militaiy exploits.He took in the age of Deucalion. The last was
nine different cities in eightdays, and freed duringthe Trojan war, and its effects were
Chersonesus from the inroads ot the Thracians sev^erely felt by the inhabitants of Egypt.
bv buildinga wall across the country. He There
prevailed a report in Attica,that the
lived B. C. 399. Diod. 14." Xenoph. Hist. of Deucalion's delugehad disappeared
waters
GrtEc. 1, kc. througha small aperture about a cubit wide,
Dercyllus, a man appointedover Attica near Jupiter Olympus'stemple; emd Pausani-
by Antipater.C. JVep.in Phoc. 2. ^ as, who saw it,further adds,that a yearlyof- fering
Dercynus, a son of Neptune kille^by of flour and honey was thrown into it
Hercules. Apollod 2, c. 5. with religious ceremony. The delugeof De-ucalion,
Ders^i, a peopleof Thrace. so much celebrated in ancient history,
Dertuona. now Tortona,a town of Ligu- is supposedto have happened 1503 years B. C.
ria, between Genoa and Placentia, where a Deucalion had two sons by Pyrrha,Hellen,
Roman colonywas settled. Cic. Div. 11. called by some son of Jupiter, and Amphicty-
Dertose, now Tortosa,a town of Spain on, kingof Attica,and also a daughter, Pro-
near the Iberus. togenea, who became mother of ^Ethlius by
Dercsi/Ei, a peopleof Persia. Jupiter.Find. 9, Oli/mp. Ovid. Met. 1, tab. "
"
and his wife went to consult the oracle of Peloponnesus. Lusitania. Italy, near
Themis, and were directed to re])airthe loss the Alps. Scythia,neai- the Phasis.
of mankind by throvviug behind them thebor^s Caria. Bithynia, and Thessaly.
of their grandmother. This was nothingbut DiACTORiDEs, one of Agarista's suitors.
the stones of the earth ; and aftersome tion
hesita- Herodot. 6, c. 127. The father of Eury-
about the meaning of the orncle.they obey- dunie; the wile of Leutyrhidcs. /rf.6, c. 71.
Dl
Dimvs of Megalopolis,a genera!of the statue of Diana Taurica into Greece*. I'her"
Achasans, who killed himself when his affairs is another tradition which mentions, that Pau-
became desperate.Pans. 7, c. 16. sanias,as he was offeringprayers and sacri-
fices
DiADUMENiANUs, a SOD of Macrlnus, who to the gods,before he engaged with Mar-
enjoyed the titleof Caesar duringhis father's donius,was suddenly attacked by a number
life-time,
az-c. of Lydians who disturbed the sacrifice,and
DiAGON and Diagum, a river of Pelopon-
nesus, were at last repelledwith staves and stones,
flowinginto the Alpheus,and separa-
ting the only weapons with which the Lacedsemo'
Pisa from Arcadia. Pans. 6, c. 21. nians were providedat that moment. In com-
memoration
DiCTYNNA, a nymph of Crete, who first number of Tyrians,to whom the crueltyof
invented huntingnets. She was one of Diana's the tyrantbecame odious. Accordingto some
attendants, and for that reason the goddessis accounts, she threw into the sea the riches of
often called Didynnia. Some have supposed her husband, which Pygmalion so greatly de-
sired
Pans. 2, c. 30, 1. 3, c. 12 A cityof Crete. prostituted themselves on the sea shore, and
DiCTYs, a went with Idome-
Cretan, who gave them as wives to her Tyrianfollowers.
to the It is supposedthat he
Trojanwar. A storm drove her fleet on the African coast,
neus
wrote an historyof this celebrated war, and and she bought of the inhabitants as much
that at his death he ordered it to be laid in his land as could be covered by a bull's hide, cut
where it remained, tilla violent earth-
quake into thongs. Upon this piece of land she
tomb,
in the reignof Nero opened the monu- ment built a citadel called Byrsa, [Vid.Byrsa.}
where he had been buried. This con-
vulsion and the increase of population, and the rising
of the earth threw out his history of the commerce among her subjects, soon obliged
Trojan war, which was found by some herds,her to enlargeher city,and the boundaries of
shep-
and afterwards carried to Rome. This her dominions. Her beauty, as well as the
tradition is deservedly deemed bulous
fa- fame of her enterprise, gained)ier many mirers;
ad-
mysterious
of the Trojan war, and her subjectswished to compel
; and the history
w'hich is now extant, as the compositionof her to marry larbas, kingof Mauritania, who
composed in the loth threatened them with a dreadful war. Dido
Dictysof Crete, was
according to others,in the age of begged three months to give her decisive an- swer;
centuiy,or,
Constantine, and attributedto one of
falsely and during that time, she erected a fu-
neral
the followers The edition of
of Idomeneus. pile,as if wishing,by a solemn sacrifice,
MasellusVenia,4to. xVlediol.1477. to appease the manes of Sichaeus, to whom she
Dictys by
is
A king of the island of Seriphus, son of had promisedeternal fidelity. When all was
Magnes an"dNays. He married tlie nymph prepared, she stabbed herself on the pilein
and made king of Seriphus by of her people, and by this mon
uncom-
Clymene, w^as presence
because he action,obtained the name of Dido, va- liant
Perseus, who deposedPolydectes,
behaved with wantonness to Danae. VuJ..Po-
lydectes. woman, instead of Elissa. Accordingto
9, 1.2, c. 4. A cen- Virgil and Ovid, the death of Dido was caused
Jipollod.
1,c. taur,
killed at the nuptialsof Pirithous, Ovid. by the sudden departure of iEneas, of whom
she was deeply enamoured, and whom she
Mel. 12, V. 334.
employed could not obtain as a husband. This poetical
DiDAS, a Macedonian who was
in the age
by Perseus to render Demetrius suspectedto fiction represents^iieas as living
Liv. 40. of Dido, and introduces an anachronism of
his father Philip.
DiDiA LEX, de Sumptibiis, by Didius, A. near 3"X) years. Dido leftPhcenicia 247 years
U. C. 606, to restrain the expenses that attend-
ed after the'Trojan war, or the age of ^neas,
gical
chronolo-
publicfestivals and entertainments, and that is,about 953 years B. C. This
limit the number of guestswhich generally at-
tended error proceedsnot from the ignoranceof
them, not only at Rome, but in all the the poets,but it is supported by the authority
provincesof Italy.By it,not only those who of Horace,
received in these festive meetings, but " ^ut famam sequere, aut sibi convenieniia
guests
the gueststhemselves, were liable to be fined. finge."
It was an extension of the Oppianand Fanniau While Virgildescribes, in a beautifulepisode,
laws. the desperatelove of Dido, and the submission
he at the
DiDius, a governor of Spain, conquered of iEneas to the will of the gods ;
Sertorius. Plut. in Sert. A man who lime givesan explanation of the hatred
by same
of Rome
Ca;sar the head of Pompey's eldest which existed between the republics
brought
Pluf. A of Britain,un- ajid Cartilage,and informs his readers thst
!*on. governor
Dl DI
their mutual enmity originated in their very devout veneration of their votaries. This im-
mense
firstfoundation,and was apparentlykindled number of deities have been divided
by a more remote cause than the jealousy and into differentclasses,
according to the will and
rJvalship of two flourishing empires. Dido; pleasure of the raytliologists." The Romans,
afterher death, was honoured as a deityby generallyspeaking,reckoned two classesof
her subjects.Jitslrn. 18, c. 4, ^c. Palerc. 1, the gods,ihe dii
"
\n the class
DiDYMA, a place of Miletus. Pmis. 2, c. of the latter,
wereranked all the gods who
9. An island in the Sicilian sea. Pans. 10. were worshipped in different parts of the
c.ll. earth. Besides these,there were
some called
DiDVM^us, a surname of Apollo. dii selecti, sometimes classed with the twelve
DiDVMAON, an excellent artist, famous for greater gods; these were Janus, Saturn, the
makingsuits of armour. Virg.Mn. 5, v. 359. Genius,the Moon, Pluto,and Bacchus. There
DjDYME, one of the Cyclades. Ovid. Met. were also some called denii-gods, that is,who
"],
V. 469. A cityof Sicily.Id. Fast. 4, v. deserved immortality by the gi-eatnessof their
475. One of the Lipariisles,
now Saline. exploits, and for their uncommon semces to
A placenear Miletus, where the Bran- mankind. Among these were Priapus,Ver-
chidae had their famous oracle. tumnus, Hercules, and those whose parents
DinvMUM, a mountain of Asia Minor. were some of the immortal
gods. Besides
DiDiMus, a freed man of Tiberius, k,c. these, there were some called topici, whose
Tac. Ann. 6, c. 24. scholiast on
A mer, worship was
Ho- established at particular places,
surnamed x*A.xarrjf@,, flourished B. C. such as Isisin Egypt, Astarte in
Syria,Ura- nus
40. He wrote a number of books, which are at Carthage, "". In process of time,also,
now^ lost. The editions of his commenta- ries all the passions,and the moral virtues,
were
are, that in 2 vols. 8vo. Venet. apud Aid. reckoned as powerfuldeities, and tem])Jes
1528, and that of Paris,8vo. L330. were raised to a goddessof concord,
peace,
DiKNECEs, a Spartan,who, upon hearing,6I.C. According to the authority of Hesiod,
before the battle of Thermopylae,that the there were no less than 30,000 gods that in- habited
Persians were so numerous that their arrows the earth, and were guardiansof
"^vould darken the lightof the sun, observed, men, all subservient to the
power of Jupiter.
tliatit would be a great convenience, for they To these succeeding
ages have added an most
al-
then should fight in the shade. Herodot. 7, equal number ; and indeed they were
c. 226. so numerous, and their functionsso various,
DiESPiTER, a surname of Jupiter, as ing that w^e find templeserected, and sacrifices
be-
the father of light. offered to unknown gods. It is observable^
DiGENTiA, a small river M'hich watered that all the gods of the ancients have lived
Horace's farm, in the country of the Sabines. i!pon earth as mere mortals : and even ter,
Jupi-
Horat. 1, ep. 18, v. 104. who was the ruler of heaven, is
sented
repre-
DiGMA, a part of the Piraeus at Athens. by the raythologisls as a helpless
Dii, the divinities of the ancient inhab- itants child ; and we are acquaintedwith all the
of the earth were very numerous. particulars that attended the birth and edu- cation
Every objectwhich caused terror, inspired of Juno. In process of time, not
gratitude, or bestowed aflluence, received the onlygood and virtuous men, who had beew
tribute of veneration. Man saw a superior the patrons of learning, and the supporters
agent in the stars, the elements,or the trees, of liberty, but also thieves and pirates, were
and supposedthat the watei-s which nicated
commu- admitted among the gods ; and the Romaa
fertility to his fieldsand possessions. senate courteouslygranted immortality to
Avere under the influence and direction of the most cruel and abandoned of their em- perors.
14 comedies. JElian. de Anim. 6, c. 52. at Salona, and died in the 68th year
DiNoMENES, a tyrant of Syracuse. Paus. of his age. Diocletian is the first sovereign
3, c. 42. who voluntarily resignedhis power ; a philo-
sophical
DiNON, a governor of Damascus, under Pto- lemy, resolution, "which,in a later age, was
"c, Polyain. 4. The father of Cli- imitated by the emperor Charles the fifth ot
tarchus, who wrote an history of Persia in Germany.
Alexander's age. He is esteemed a very thentic
au- DioDoRus, an historian,surnamed Sicuhts,
historian by C.JVep.in Conon. Pint, because he was
"
born at ArgyrainSicily.He
illAlex. "
Diog. wrote an history of Egypt,Persia,Syiia,Me- dia,
DjiS'osTHENEs, a man who made himself a Greece, Rome, and Carthage, which was
statue of an Olympian victor. Paus. 6, c. 16. divided into 40 books, of which only 15 are ex- tant,
14, fab. \0."Apollocl. 1,c.8,].3, c.T."Hy- Dion flourished about the 230th year
Pans. 2, c. 30. of the christian era. The best edition of his
gin.fab. 97, 112 and US"
A king of Thrace, son of xMars and Cyrene, works is that of Reimarus, 2 vols. fol. Hamb.
who fed his horses with human flesh. It was 1750. A famous christianwriter,sumamed
one of the labours of Hercules to destroy him ; C/irysostom, "c.
and accordingly the hero, attended with some DioN^A, a surname of Venus, supposedto
of his friends,attacked the inhuman tyrant,be the daughter of Jupiter and Dione.
and gave him to be devoured by his own horses DioNE, a nymph, daughterof Nereus and
which he had fed so barbarously.Diod. 4. "
Doris. She was mother of Venus, by Jupiter,
Pans. 3, c. 18." Jlpollod. 2, c. 5. A friend according to Homer and others, Hesiod,
of Alcibiades. Plut. in Alcib. A gramma-
rian. however, givesVenus a ditterent origin.[Vid.
Venus.] Venus is herself sometimes called
DioMEDON, an Athenian general, put to Dione. Virg:3, ^7i. v. 19. Homer. 11. 5,V.
"
death for his negligence at Arginusae. Thucyd. 381. Stat, i,Sylv.1, v. 86.
"
great popularity rendered him odious in the with more splendourand ceremonious super^
eyes of the tyrant,who banished him to stition than in any other part of Greece.
Greece. There he collected a numerous force, The years were numbered by their celebra-
tion,
and encouragedby the influence of his name, the archon assisted at the solemnity,
and the hatred of his enemy, he resolved to and the priests that officiated were honoured
free his country from tyranny. He entered with the most dignified seats at the public
the port of Syracuseonly with two ships, and games. At first they were celebrated with,
in three days reduced under his power an greatsimplicity, and the time was consecrated
empire which had already subsisted for 50 to mirth. It was then usual to bringa vessel
vears, and which was guarded by 500 shipsof wine adorned with a vine branch, after
of war, and 100,000 foot,and 10,000horse. which followed a goat, a basket of figs, and
The tyrant fled to Corinth, and Dion kept the "?"AAM. The worshippers imitated in
the power in his own hands, fearful of the their dress and actions the poetical fictions
aspiringambition of some of the friends of concerning Bacchus. They clothed them- selves
Dionysius. He was however shamefullybe-trayed in fawn skins,fine linen,and mitres,
and murdered by one of his familiar they carried thyrsi,tJrums,pipes,and flutes,
friends,called Callicrates,
or Callipus, 354 and crowned themselves with garlands of ivy,
years before the christian era, in the 55th vine,fir, ":c. Some imitated Silenus, Pan, and
year of his age, and four years after his re- turn the Satyrsby the uncouth manner of their
from Peloponnesus. His death was dress, and their fantasticalmotions.
versally
uni- Some
lamented by the Syracusans,and a rode upon asses, and others drove tliegoatsto
monument was raised to iiismemory. Diod. slaughter for the sacrifice. In this manner both
16."
C. JVcp.in vild. A town of Mace-
donia. sexes joinedin the solemnity, and ran aboutthe
Panx. 9, c. 36. Cassius,a native hillsand country,noddingtheir heads,dancing
of iXiccCa in Bithynia. His father's name was in ridiculous postures,and filling the air witli
Apronianus. He was raised to the greatesthideous shrieks and shouts,and ciyingaloud,
offices of ^-tate in the Roman empii'e by Per- Evoe Bacche ! lo ! lo ! Evoe i lacche ! lobac-
tinax and his three successors. Naturally fond che ! Evohe ! With such solemnities were the
of study,he improved himself by unwearied festivalsof Bacchus celebrated by the Greeks,
application, and was ten years in collecting particularly tlie Atlienians. In one of these
materials for an historyof Rome, which he there followed a number of persons carrying
made fiublic in 80 books, after a laborious sacred vessels, one of which contained water.
employment of 12 years in composing it. After these came a select number of noble vir-
gins
This valuable historybegan with the arrival carrying littlebaskets of gold filledwith
of yEneas in Italy, and was continued down all sorts of fruits.This was the most mysterious
lo the reignof the emperor Alexander Se- part of the solemnity. Serpents w^eresome-
vcrus. The 34 firstbooks are totally times put in the baskets,and by their wreath-
lo.st, ing
the 2i) following are mutilated, and fragments and craw ling outtheyamused andastonish-
are all that ^\ e j)ossess of the lai^t20. In the ed the beholdei-s. After the virgins, followed
compilation of his extensive hi.story, Dion pro- a comjjan)- of men carrying poles,at the end
DI DI
"f which were fastened ?xwi. The heads of for tlieinteiferenceof the senate, and the cohs^
these men, who were called ?a\x.j*aesy,were suls Sp. Posthumius Albinus, and Q. Martius
crowned with ivyand violets, and their faces Philippus, made a strictexamination concern-
ing
covered with other herbs. They marched ing
sing- the proprietyand superstitious forms of
the occasion of the festivals, the Bacchanalia. The disorder and pollution
songs upon
called "pyj.j^u" xa-fMrct. lowedwhich was practised
fol-
Next to the "?"".A.u:?ofo" with impunity
by no less
the "J?"^xo" in women's apparel,with than 7000 votaries of either beheld
sex, was
w^hite striped garments reaching to the with horror and astonishment by the
consuls,
ground ; their heads were decked with gar-
lands,and the Bacchanalia w ere for ever banished
and on their hands they wore gloves from Rome by a decree of the senate. They
composedof flowers Their gesturesand ac- tions w^ere againreinstitutedthere in length of time,
were like those of a drunken man. sides but not with such licentiousness as before.
Be-
these, there were a number of persons Eurip.in Bacc "Virg. JEn. 11, v. 737." Diod.
who carried the ".""qv or musical 4."0v4d.
called x"/.vj(f".:" Met. 3, V. 533, I. 4, V. 391, 1,6, vi
van of Bacchus;without their attendance none 687.
of the festivalsof Bacchus were celebrated with DlONVSIDES, two small islands near Crete,
due solemnity, and on that account the god is Festivals in honour of Bacchus. FauSi
often called x"mT";. The festivals of Bacchus 3, c. 13.
were almost innumerable. The name of the DioNv siAs, a fountain. Pans. 4,c. 36.
most celebrated were the Dionysta-f^ai/^Ts -, at DioNvsiDES, a tragic poet of Tarsus.
Limuffi in Attica. The chief persons that offi-
ciated DioNvsioDoRus, a famous geometer. P/iti,
were fourteen women called yie^^eM vene-
rable. 2, c. 109. A Boeotian historian. Diod. 15.
the.city, were the most famous. They were DioNYSius, 1st, or the elder,was son of
supposedto be the same as the preceding. Hermocrates. He signalized
himself in the
The less Dionysia, sometimes CB.WeArxy.:*.-''
xy^.j;. wars which tlie Syracusanscarried on against
because celebrated in tkecountry, m"' '^from M's; the Carthaginians, and taking advantageof the
a wine press, were all appearance
to a paration
pre- power lodgedin his hands,he made himself
for the greater festivals. They absolute at Syracuse. To strengthen himself
were celebrated in autumn. The sia
Diony- in his usurpation,and acquire he
popularity,
observed
:-e'u?ov"*, at Brauron in Attica,increased the pay of the soldiers, and recalled
were a scene of lewdness, extravagance, and those that had been banished. He vowed
debauchery. The Dionysiav-zr^ixiitwere served
ob- eternal enmity against Carthage,and experi-
enced
by the Athenians in honour of Bacchus various success in his wars againstthat
It was
ISyctelius. unlawful to reveal whatever republic.He was ambitious of beingthought
was seen done duringthe celebration.
or a poet,and his brother Theodorus was missioned
com-
y^x" oc! v.ere yearlyobserved in Arcadia, and This victory gave him more sure
plea-
the children who had been instructed in the th.an all the victories he had ever ed
obtain-
music of Philoxenus and Timotheus, were troducedin the field of battle. His tyranny and
in-
in a theatre,where they celebrated crueltyat home rendered him odious in the
the festivalsof Bacchus by entertaining the eyes of his subjects, and he became so suspi-
cions
spectatorswith songs, dances, and different that he never admitted hiswifeor children
exhibitions. There were besides these,others to his privateapartments without a previous
of inferior note. There was also one ed
observ- examination of their garments. He never
every three years called DionysiaTe4STHe"/.a, trusted his head to a barber,but alwaysburnt
and it is said that Bacchus self his beard.
instituted Jt him- He made a subterraneous cave in
in commemoration tion, a rock, said to be stillextant, in the form of a
of his Indian expedi-
in which lie spent three jears. There human ear, which measured 80 feet in height
is also another,cclebi-ated every fifthyear, as and 250 in length. It was called the eai* of
mentioned by the sciioliast of Aristoplianes. Dionysius. The sounds of this subterraneous
All these festivals
in honour of the god of cave were all necessarily directed to one mon
com-
witie, were celebrated by the Creeks with tympanum, which had a communication
great licentiousness, and they contributed with an adjoining room where Dionysius spent
much to the corruption of morals arnpng all the greatestpart of his time to hear whatever
ranks of people. They were also introduced was said by those whom his suspicionand
into Tuscany, and from thence to Rome. crueltyhad confined in the apartments above.
Among the Romans both sexes promiscuouslyThe artiststhat had been employed in making
joinedin the celebration duringthe darkness thiscave were all put to death by order of the
of night. The drunkenness, the debauchery,tyrant,for fear of tiieirrevealing to what pur-
poses
and impure actions and indulgences, which a work of such uncommon construction
^oon prevailed called aluud was
at the soleintiity; to be ajipropriateU. His impiety and
DI
conspicuous as his suspicious gave to the world his Roman aq^tiquities in
Sacrilege
were as
credulily. He took a goldenmantle from the 20 books, of which only the 11 firstare now
statue of Jupiter, observingthat the son of extant, nearlycontainingthe account of 312
Saturn had too warm a coveringfor the sum- mer, years. His compositionhas been greatly
and too cold for the winter, and he pla- ced valued by the ancients as well as the moderns
one of wool instead. He also robbed JEs- for the easiness of his style, the fidelity of his
of his re-
culapiusof his goldenbeard, and plunder- ed chronolog)^, and the judiciousness marks
Greece, and in three days rendered himself for mildness and popularity, his
master of Syracuse, and expelled the tyrantB. death was severelylamented by his subjects*
C. 557. [Vid.Dion.] Dionysiusretired to Lo- He lefttwo sons and a daughter, and appoint-
ed
cri,where he behaved with the greatestop- his widow
pression, queen regent. A surname of
ejectedby the citizens. He Bacchus.
and was A discipleof Charemon. A
recovered Syracuseten years after his espul- native of Chalcis,who Avrote a book entitled
siion,but his triumph was short,and the Co-
rinthians, of cities.
xT"(r:ts or the origin A commander
under the conduct of Timoleus,obli-
ged of the Ionian fleet againstthe Persians, who
him to abandon the city. He fled to Co- went to plunderPhoenicia. Herodol. 6, c. 17.
rinthjwhereto supporthimself he kepta school, A generalof Antiochus Hierax. A
as Cicero observes, that he mightstillcontinue philosopherof Heraclea, discipleto Zeno.
to be tyrant; and as he couldHe starved himself to death, B. C. 279, in the
not command
over men, that he mightstillexercise
Slst year of his age.
his power Diog. An epicpoet
over boys. It is said that he died from an ex-
cess of Mitylene. A sophist of Pei'gamus. Strab.
of joy when he heard that a tragedy of 13. A writer in the Augustan age called
his own compositionhad been rewarded with Fcriegetcs. He wrote a very valuable geo-
graphical
a poetical prize. Dionysiuswas as cruel as treatise in Greek hexameters, still
his father,but he did not, like him, possess the extant. The best edition of his treatise is that
art of retaining his power. This was seen and of Henry Stephens, 4to. 1577, with the scho-
lia,
remarked by the old man, who, when he saw and that of Hill, 8vo. Loud. 1(588. A
his son attempting to debauch the wives of Christian writer, A. D. 492, called /Ircopagita,
The best edition of his vvoiks is that of Ant-
'
36, c. 4. DiPoLis,
a name givento Lemnos, as having
DiopuLis,a name given to Cabira,a town two cities,
Hepliaestia
and Myrina.
of Paphlagooia, by Pompey. Strab. 12. DipsAS, {antis) a river of Cilicia,flowing
DiuKF.s, a friend of ^Eneas, killed by Tur- from mount Taurus. Lucan. 8, v. 255.
nus. He had engaged in the games exhibited {adis), and incontinent
a
profligate woman,
by iEneas on his father's tomb in Sicily. Virg. mentioned by Ovid. Am. 1,v. 8. A kind of
.E/uS, V. 297,1.12,V. 509. serpent. Lucan. 9.
DioRYCTUSja placeof Acarnania, where a DiPYLox,one of the gates of Athens.
canal was cut ('n fe"7o-"*')
to makeLeucadia an DiRa:,thedaughters of Acheron and Nox,who
fsland. Plin. 4, c. 1. persecutedthe souls of the guilty.They are
DioscoRiDEs, a native of Cilicia,who was the same as the Furies,and some
suppose that
physicianto Antony and Cleopatra,or lived they are called Furies in hell, Harpies on
as some suppose in the age of Nero. He was earth,and Dirs in heaven. They were resented
rep-
originallya soldier, but afterwards he applied as standingnear the throne of ter,
Jupi-
himself to study,and
wrote a book upon med-
icinal in attitude which expressed
an theireager-
ness
herbs,of which the best edition is that to receive his orders,and the
of Saracenus, fol. Francof. power of
1598. A man
tormenting the guiltyon earth with the most
who wrote account of the republicof La-
an
excruciating
punishments. Virti. ^T.n 4, v.
cediemon. A nephew of Antigonus. Diod. 473, 1. 8, V. 701.
19. A Cyprian,blind of one eye, in the Dirge, a woman
whom Lycus, king of
age of Ptolemy Philadelphus. A disciple Thebes, married after he had divorced An-
of Isocrates. An astrologer,sent dor
ambassa- tiope.When Antiope became pregnant by
by J. Cajsar to Achillas,";c. Cces. Btll. Jupiter,
Dirce suspected her husband of infi-
delity
Civ. 3, c. 109. to her bed, and imprisoned Antiope,
DioscoRiDis INSULA, island situate at whom
an she tormented with the greatest
filesouth of the entrance
cruelty.
of the Arabic Gulf, Antiope escapedfrom her
confinement,and
and now called Socotara. brought forth Amphion and Zethus on mount
Dioscuri, or sons of Jupiter, a name given Cithaeron. When these children were inform-
ed
to Castor and Pollux. There were festivalsin of the cruelties to which their mother had
their honour, called Dioscuria,celebrated by been
exposed,theybesiegedThebes, put Ly-
the peopleof Corcyra,and chiefly by the La- cus to death, and tied the cruel Dirce to the
cedcemonians. They were observed with tailof a wild bull,who
draggedher over rocks
much jovialfestivity. The people made a and precipices, and exposedher to the most
free use of the gifts of Bacchus, and diverted poignantpains, tillthe gods,pityingher fate^
themselves with sports,of which wrestlingchanged her into a fountain,in the neighbour-
hood
matches always made a part. of Thebes. Accordingto some accounts,
DioscuRiAS, a town of Colchis. Flin. 6. Antiopewas mother of and Amphion Zethus,
6. 28. she was before
confined and exposedto the
DiosPAGE, a town of Mesopotamia, riin. tyranny of Dirce. {Vid.Amphion, Antio|)e.)
6, c. 26. Propert.3, el. 15, t. 37." Paus. 9, c. 26."
DiospuLis, or TuEBJF., a famous cityof JElian. V. H, 12,e. ^l."Lu-can. 3, v. 175,1.4,
Egypt, formerlycalled Hecatompylos. Ftrf. v. ooO.
Tlieba?. DiRCEjJNA, a cold fountain of Spain,near
DioTiJiE,a woman who gave lectures upon
Bilbilis. Martial. 1, cp. 50, v. 17.
philosophy, which Socrates attended. Plut. DiRPiiyA, a surname of Jano, from Dij--
hi Symp. phya.a mountain of Bceotia, where the goddess
Dio'n.Aius, an Athenian skilled in maritime ha"l a temple.
aftKJrs,".C. Polymi.5. A stoic who ished
nour- Dis, a god of the Gauls, the same as Pluto
85 B. C. the god of hell. The inhabitants of Gaul
posed
sup-
DioTREPHES, an Athenian olficer, "tc. Thu- themselves descended from that deity.
qjd.3, c. 75. Cces.Bell. G. 6."TacU. 4, Hist. c. 84.
DioxippE, one of the Danaides, ^pollod. D/scoRDiA, a malevolent deity,daughter
2, c. 1. of iVox, and sister to Nemesis, the Parcai and
Dioxippus, a soldier of Alexander, who kil- Death. She was driven from heaven by Ju- piter,
ied one of his fellow-soldiers in a fury,"ic. because she sowed dissentions
among
JElian. Au Athenian boxer, kc. Diod. 17. the gods,and was the cause of continual quar- rels.
A Trojan killed by Turnus. Vir^.JEii. When the nuptials of Peleus and Thetht
1),V. 574. were celebrated,the goddess of discord wa"?
Dipjk*, a place of Peloponnesus, where a not invited, and this seemingneglect so ted
irrita-
battle was foughtbetween the Arcadians and her, tliatshe threw an appleinto the miti-'
Sj)artans.Herodxjt. 9, c. 35. of the assembly of the gods with the inscrip
DiPinr.AS,a man sent to Rhodes by the tion of detur pulcJiriori. This appleU'as th^
Spartansto destroythe Atlieuinn faction there. cause of the ruin of Troy, and of infinitemis
J)iotf.14. A govemor of Babylon hi t^e ffMtnnes to the C"frpek". (VirfFsvU^ Sh** i"
DO DO
wlUi a look, her gar-
paleghastly ment near R hrazen sftatue,which
held a lash in its
fepresentetl with fire,an(J uand. When the wind blew strong,
is torn, her eyes sparkle the statue
in her bosom she holds a dagger concealed. was agitated, and struck against one of the ket-
Her head is generally entwined with serpents,tlesjwhichcommunicated the motion to allthe
attended by Bellona. She is posed
sup- rest, and raised that clatteringand discordant
and she is
to be the cause of all the dissentions, din which continued for a while, and from
which arise upon which tlie artifice of the priests drew their
murders, wai-s, andquarrels,
earth, pubHc as well as private. Virg.JEn.predictions. Some suppose that the noise was
'i02."Hesiod.
Theogn. 225." Petronius. occasioned by the shakingof the leaves and
g^ y^
DivoDURUM, a town of Gaul, now Mets, in fountain of cool water, which had the power of
Lorrain. lightinga torch as soon as ittouched it. This %
Divus FiDius, a god of the Sabines, wor-
shipped fountain was totally dry at noon day,and was *?*.
also at Rome. Dionys. restored to its full course at midnight, from
DiYLLus, an Athenian historian. Diod. 16. which time tillthe following noon itbegan to ""
A statuary. Fans. 10, c. 13. decrease,and at the usual hour was againde- ' *
DoBERES, people
a of Paeonia. HerodoL privedof its waters. The oracles of Dodona
6, c. 16. were originally delivered by men, but after-
wards
at Rome,
DociLis, a gladiator mentioned by women. {Vid.Dodonides.)Plin. 2,
Horat. 1, ep. 18, 19. \03."Htrodot. c. 2, c. 51." Mela, 2, c. 3."
by v.
Homer. Od. 14. II." Pans. 7, c. 21." Strab. 17.
of Tarentum, deprivedof
DocJMus, a man
called Tmarus, a celebrated oracle of Jupiter. Dodonides, the priestesses who gave ora-
cles
The town and temple of the god were first in the templeof Jupiter in Dodona. cording
Ac-
built by Deucalion, afterthe universal deluge. to some traditions the temple was ginally
ori-
It was supposedto be the most ancient oracle inhabited by seven daughters of Atlas^
of all Greece, and accordingto the traditionswho n"rsed Bacchus. Their names were brosia,
Am-
of the mentioned by Herodotus, it
Egyptians, Eudora, Pasithoe, Pytho, Plexaure,
was a dove.
founded by Two black doves, as Coronis,Tytlie or Tyche. In the latter ages
he relates,took their flight from the cityof the oracles were alwaysdelivered by three old
Thebes, in Egypt, one of which flew to the women, which custom was first established
templeof Jupiter Amraon,and the other to Do- when Jupiter enjoyedthe company of Dione,
dona,where with a human voice theyacquaint-
ed whom he permitted to receive divine honours
the inhabitants of the country that Jupiter in his templeat Dodona. The Boeotians were
had consecrated the ground, which in future the onlypeopleof Greece who received their
would give oracles. The extensive grove oracles at Dodona from men, for reasons whick
which surrounded Jupiters terajile was dowed
en- Strabo 1.9, fully explains.
with the gift of prophecy,and oracles Don, a peopleof Arabia Felix.
were frequently delivered by the sacred oaks, DoLABEM.A P. Conx. a Roman who mar
and the doves whieh inhabited the place.This ried the daughterof Cicero. Duringthecivil
fabulous tradition of the oracular power of the warshewarmlv espo'isedthe interest of J.
doves, is explainedby Herodotus, who ob- serves Caisar, whom he accompanied at the famou*
that some Plicenicians carried away battles at Pharsalia, Africa,and Munda. He
two priestesses from Egypt,one of which went was made consul by his patron, thoughM.
to fix her residence at Dodona, where the ora- cle Antony his colleagueoppo.sed it. After the
was established. It may further be obser-
ved, death of J. Caesar,he received the government
tiiatthe fable might have been founded of Syria, a? his province. Cassius opposedhis
upon the double meaning of the word rrt?.uxi, views,and Dolabella, for violence, and for the
which signifies doves in most partsof Greece, assassination of Trebonius one of Cajsar'.s
while in the dialect of the Epirots, it impliesmurderers, was declared an enemy to the re-
old ivomcn. In ancient times the oracles were
jpublicof Home. He was besiegedby Cassiug
delivered by the minmiiring of a neighbouring in Laodicea,and when he saw that all was lost,
fountain,but the cortoni was afterwards chaji- he killed himself,in the 27th year of his age
ged. Lorge kettleswere suspendedin the "ir He wa? of a ?mall statwre;
which gave occasion
DO DO
Yo bis father-in-law to ask him once when he where he usually walked,he builta wall with
entered his house, who had tied him so clever-
ly shining stone, that from them he might per- ceive
to his sword." "A proconsulof Africa. as in a lookingglasswhether
any body
Another who conqueredthe Gauls,Etrurians,followed him. All these precautions were availing;
un-
and Boii at the lake Vadimonis, B. C. 283. he perished by the hand of an assas-
sin
" The familyof the Dolabellae distinguished the 8lh of September,A. D. 96, in the 45th
themselves at Rome, and one of them, L. Corn, year of his age, and the I5th of his He reign.
conquered Lusitania,B. C. 99. wasthe lastof the 12 Caesars. He
distinguished
DoricHAON, the father of the Hebrusj"lc. himself for his love of learning,and in a little
Virg.JEn. 10, v. 696. treatise,which he wrote
upon the great care
DoLicHE, an island in the ^Egean sea. which ought to be taken of the hair to prevent
2, c. 6.
Jlpollod. A town of Syria-^ of baldness, he displayed much taste and elegance,
Macedonia. Liv. 42, c. 53. accordingto the observations of his biogra-phers.
DoLius, a faithfulservant of Ulysses.Horn. After his death he was publiclyprived
de-
Od. 4, V. 675. by the senate of all the honours which
DoLOMENA, a country of Assyria. Strab. had been profusely heapedupon him, and even
16. his body was leftin the open air without the
DoLON, a Trojan,son of Eumedes, famous honours of a funeral. This disgracemight
for his swiftness. Beingsent by Hector to spy proceedfrom the resentment of the
senators,
the Grecian camp by night,he was seized by whom he had exposed to terror as well as to
Diomedes and Ulysses, to whom he revealed ridicule. He once assembled that august body
the situation, schemes, and resolutioas of his to know in what vessel a turbot might be most
countrymen, with the hopes of escapingwith conveniently dressed. At another time they
his life. He was put to death by Diomedes, received a formal invitation to a feast,and
as a traitor. Homer. II. 10, v. 314. Virg.^n. when they arrived at the palace,theywere in-
"
troduced
12,v. 349, "c. A poet. Vid. Susai-ion. into a largegloomy hall hung with
DoLONci, a people of Thrace. Herodoi. 6, black, and lightedwith a {ew
glimmering
C.34. tapers. In the middle were placeda number
Dur.oPEs,a peopleof Thessaly, near mount of coffins, on each of which was inscribed the
Pindus. Peleus reignedthere,and sent them name of some one of tlie invited senators.
to the Trojan war under Phoenix. They be-
came On a sudden a number of men burst into the
also masters of Scyros,and, like the rest room, clothed in black, with drawn swords
of the ancient Greeks, were fond of migration. and flamingtorches,and after they had for
Virg.JEn. 2, v. 1." Place. 2, v. 10." Liy. 36, c. some time terrified the guests,they permitted
33. " Strab. 9. "
Plut. in Cimon. them to retire. Such were the amusements
DoLopiA, the country of the Dolopes, near and cruelties of a man who, in the firstpart
Pindus,throughwhich the Achelous flowed. of his reign,was looked upon as the father of
DoLOPs, a Trojan,son of Lampus, killed by his people, and the restorer of learningand
Menelau"" Homer. II. 15, v. 525. liberty.Sud. in vild.~-Eutrop.
7.
DoMiDiJcus,a god who presidedover riage.
mar- DoMiTiLLA, Flavia,a woman who married
Juno also was called Domiduca, from Vespasian,by whom she had Titus a year
the power she was supposed
to have in mar- after her marriage,and 11 years after Domi-
tian.
tiages. A niece of the emperor Domitian, by
DominYca, a daughter of Petronius, who whom she was banished.
married the emperor Valens. DoMiTius DoMiTiAJfus, a generalof Dio-
cletian
DoMiTiA LEX de Religione,
was enacted by in Egypt. He assumed the imperial
Domitius Ahenobatbus, the tribune,A. U. C. purple at Alexandria, A. D. 288, and sup- ported
650 It transferredthe rightof electingpriests the dignityof emperor for about two
from the college to the people. years. He died a violent death. Lucius.
DomitiaLongina, a Roman ladywho boast-
ed Vid. MtvobdiVhns. Cn. iEnobarbus, a Ro-man
of her debaucheries. She was the wife of consul, who conquered Bituitus the
the emperor Domitian. Gaul, and left 20,000 of the enemy on tJie
DoMiTiANus, Titus Flavins, son of Vespa-
sian field of battle,and took 3000
prisoners.
and Flavia Domatilla, made himself em-
peror A grammarian in the reign oi Adrian. He
of Rome, at the deatli of his brother was remarkable for his virtues,and his me-
lancholy
destroyedby poison The beginning of his volted from Antony to Augustus. He was
reignpromisedtranquillityto the people, but at the battle of Pharsalia,and forced Pompey
their expectations
were soon frustrated. Do-mitianto fight by the mere force of his ridicule.
became cruel, and gave way to inces- tuous The father of Nero, famous for his cruelties
and unnatural indulgences.He com- manded and debaucheries. Suet, in JVer. A bune
tri-
himself to be called God and Lord, in of the people,who conqueredthe Allo-
all the papers which were presentedto him. broges,Plut. A consul,duringwhose sulate
con-
He passed the greatestpart of the day in peace was concluded with Alexander
watchingfliesand killing them with a bodkin. king of Epirus. Liv. 8, c. 17. A consul
.so that it was wittily answered by Vibius to a under Caligula.He wrote some few thing*
lost. A Latin poet called also Mar-
person who asked him who was with the em-
peror, now
no body, not even a fly.In the lalter sus in the age of Horace. He wrote epigrams,
part of his reignDomitian became suspicious, remarkable for littlebesides their indelicacy,
and his anxieties were increased by the pre- Ovid dc. Pont. 4, el. 16, v. 5,
dictions Afer, an
of astrologers, but stillmore poignantlyorator, who was precej)tor to Quintilian. He
tlie age of Deucalion, inhabited Phthiotis,gia.now Eski Skehr. Plin. 5, " c. 29. Cic. "
goddessof the sea, daughter of Oceanus and DoTus, a generalof the Paphlagonians, ia
Tethys She married her brother Nereus, the army of Xerxes. Herodot. 7, c. 72.
by whom she had 50 daughterscallcd Nereides. DoxANDiiR;a man mentioned by Arid. 5^
Her name is often used to expreinsthe gea it. Polif.
DR DR
T!)racaku5, a mountain where Jupiter Drios, a mountain of Arcadia.
took Bacchus from his thigh, lluocrit. Droi, a people of Thrace. Tfiucyd. 2,
Draco, a celebrated lawgiverof Athens. c. 101.
When he exercised the office of archon, he Drom^cs, a surname of Apolloin Crete.
made a code of laws, JS. C. 623, for the use of Dkopici, a people of Persia. Herodot. 1,
the citizens, which, on account of their severi- ty, c. 124.
were said to be written in letters of blood. Dropion, a king of Pasonia. Paus. 10,
By them, idleness was punishedwith as much c. 13.
seventy as murder, and death was denounced DKaENTics and Druentia, now Durancej
againstthe one as well as the other. Such a a rapid river of Gaul, which falls into the
code of rigorouslaws gave occasion to a cer- tain Rlione between Aries and Avignon. SiU
Athenian to ask of the legislator, why he Hal. 3, V. 468. " Strab. 4.
was so severe in his punishments, and Draco Drugeri, a people of Thrace. Plin. 4,
gave for answer, that as the smallest transgres- sion c. 11. ."
had appearedto him deserving death,he DRuiD.5:Vthe ministers of religion among
could not lindany punishmentmore rigorousthe ancient Gauls and Britons. They were
for more atrocious crimes. These laws were divided into different classes, called the Bardi,
at iirstenforced, but they were often neglect-
ed Eubages,the V^ates,the Semnothei, the Sar-
on account of their extreme severity, and roiiides, and the Saraothei. They were held
Solon totally abolished them, except that one in the greatest veneration by the people.Their
which punisheda murderer with death. The lifewas austere and recluse from the world ;
popularity of Draco was uncommon, but the their dress was peculiar to themselves, and they
gratitude of his admirers proved fatal to him. generally appearedw ith a tunic which reached
When he once appeared on the theatre,he a littlebelow the knee. As the chief power
was received with repeated applause, and the was lodged in their hands, theypunished as
people,accordingto the custom of the Athe- nians, theypleased, and could declare war and make
showed their respect to their lawgiver,peace at their option. Their power was tended
ex-
by throwinggarments upon him. This was not onlyover private families, but they
done in such profusion, that Draco was soon could depose magistrates, and even kings,if
hid under them, and smothered by the too their actions in any manner deviated from the
i;reat veneration of his citizens. Plat, in Sol. laws of the state. They had the privilege of
A man who instructed Plato in music. naming the magistrates which annuallypre- sided
Id (itMusic. ovej" their cities, and the kings were
Dracontides, a wicked citizen of Athens. created only with their approbation.They
Plut. in Soph. were intrusted with the education of youth,
DracuS; a general of the Achajans,conquer-ed and all religious ceremonies, festivals, and sa-crifices,
herbal. Virg.JEn. 3, v. 707." C/f. VeA-. 2, of druidical religion. Their name is de-
rived
c. 57. "
Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 474. A promon-
tory from the Greek word "^-a-, an oaky be- cause
of Peloponnesus. the woods and solitary retreats were the
Drilo, a river of Macedonia, which falls placesof their residence. Cess.Bell. G. 6, c
into the Adriatic at Lissus. IS." Plin. 16, c. 44." Diod. 5.
Drimachus, a famous robber of Chios. Druna, the Drome, a river of Gaul, falling
When a pricewas set upon his head, he or- dered into the Rhone.
a young man to cut it off and go and re- ceive Drusilla Livia, a daughterof Germa-
the money. Such an uncommon stance
in- nicus and Agrippina, famous for her debauch-
eries
of generosity so pleasedthe Chians, and licentiousness. She committed cest
in-
that they raised a templeto his memory, and with her l"rother Caligula, who was so
laws, which had proved fatalto the Gracchi. to Homer, hymn, in Pari.
He was murdered as he entered his house, Dry6p"ia, an anniversary day observed at
though he was attended with a number of cli-
ents Asine in Argolis,in honour of Dryops the son
and Latins,to whom he had the
proposed of Apollo.
of Roman
privileges citizens,B. C. 190. Cic. Dryopes, a people of Greece near mount
ad Her. 4, c. 12. Nero Claudius, a son of (Eta. They afterwards passedinto the Pelo- ponnesus,
Tiberius JNero and Livia, adoptedby Augus- tus. where theyinhabited the towns of
He was brother to Tiberius,who was terwards
af- Asine and Hermione in Argolis.When they
made emperor. He greatly zed
signali-were driven from Asine, by the peopleof Ar-
himself in his wars in Germany and Gaul, gos, theysettled among the Messenians, and
against the Rhceti and Viudelici, and was oured called a town
hon- by the name oftheir ancient ha-
bitation
with a triumph. He died of a fallfiom Asine. Some of their descendants
his horse in the 30th year of his age, B. C. 9. went to make a settlement in Asia Minor gether
to-
He leftthree children, Germanicus, Livia,and with the lonians. Herodot, 1,c. 146, L
Claudius, by his wife Antonia. Dion. M. 8, c. 31." Paus 4, c. M."Strab. 7, 8, 13."
torches lighted, at the publicexpense, every two consuls at Rome. They were sometimes
day while he w^as at supper. There were I precededby tw o lictors with the fasces. Their
some medals struck in commemoration of this !magistracy continued for five years, on which
and
victory, there stillexists a column at Rome, jaccountthey have been called Quinquennales
which was erected on the occasion. Cic. de magisiratus
Senec. " Tacit. Ann.
1, c. 12. Dyagondas, a Theban legislator
who
DuLicHiuM, island of the Ionian sea, abolished all nocturnal sacrifices.Cic. de Les:
an
^*
oppositethe Achelous. It was part of the 2, c. 15.
kingdom of Ulysses. Ovid Trist. 1,el. 4, c. Dyardenses, a river in the extremities of
"7. JWe^ 14,v. 226. R. A. 212." Martial. U, India. Curt 8, c. 9.
ep.-70, v. 3. Virg.Eel. 6, v. 76.
" DymjE, a town of Achaia. Liv. 27, c 31, 1
Ddmnorix, a powerful chief among the 32, c. 22." Paws. 7, c. 17.
_^dui. CcES. Bell. G. 1, c. 9. DYMiEi, a peopleof ^tolia. Diod. 19.
DtJNAX,a mountain of Thrace. Dymas, a Trojan, who joined himself to
DuRATios PicTo, a Gaul, who remained in ^neas when Troy was taken, and was at last
perpetual friendship with the Roman people. killed by his countiymen, who took hi;nto be
C(Bs. Bell. G. 8, c. 26. an enemy because he had dressed himself ia
DuRis, an historian of Samos, who flourish-
ed the armour of one of the Greeks he had slain.
B. C. 257. He wrote Agathocles Virg.JEn. 2, v. 340 and 428.
the lifeof The father
of Syracuse,a treatise on tragedy,
an of Hecuba.
history Ovid. Met. 11,v. 761.
of Macedonia, kc. Strab. 1. Dymnus, one of Alexander's officers. He
DuRius, a largeriver of ancient Spain,now conspiredwith many of his fellow soldiers
called the Duero, which fails into the ocean againsthis master's life. The conspiracywas
line books, which were supposedto contain the Dyris, the name of mount Atlas among the
fate of the Roman empire. These sacred inhabitants of that neighbourhood.
books were placedin the capitol, and secured Dyrrachium, now Durasso, a large city
in a chest under the ground. They were sulted
con- of Macedonia, borderingon the Adriatic sea,
but seldom, and onlyby an order of the founded by a colonyfrom Corcyra,B. C. 623.
senate, when the armies had been defeated in It was ancientlycalled Epidamnus,which the
war, or when Rome seemed to be threatened Romans, considering it of ominous meaning,
by an invasion,or by secret seditions These changed into Dyrrachium. Cicero met with
continued in their original institution a favourable reception there duringhis exile
priests
tillthe year U. C. 388, when a law was posed
pro- Mela, 2, c. 'd."Paus. 6, c. lO."Plut.~Cic 3*
by the tribunes to increase the number Mt. 22.
to ten, to be chosen promiscuously from patri-
cian Dysaules, a brotlier of Celeus, who in- stituted
and plebeianfamilies. They were from of Ceres at Celea?. Pans
the mysteries
their number called Decemviri, and sometime 2, c. 14.
after Syllaincreased them to fifteen,
known by Dyscinetus, an Athenian arcbon. Pavt
the name of Quindecemviri. There were 4, c. 27.
also certain magistrates umviri Dysorum, a mountain
at Rome, called Du- of Thrace. Herodot
perduellionessive capitales. They were 5, c. 22.
firstcreated by Tullus Hostilius,for tryingsuch Dyspontiij a peopleof Elis. Pans. 6, c. 22..
as were accused of treason. This office was
EA m EA
,Sirab.9.
Tliessaly. Earinus, a beautiful
boy,eunuch to Domi*
tian,Slat. 3;Sylv.4.
EC ED
Easium,atown of Acheiia in Peloponnesus. KCHESXRATUS, a son of Agis 1st,kuigor
Paus. 7, c. 6. Sparta,who succeeded his father, B. C. 105a
Ebi)03ie, a festivalin honour of Apollo at Herodot. 7, c. 204.
Athens on the seventh day of every lunar EcHEVETHENSES, a pcopleof Tegeain Ar- cadia.
month, ft \\ as usual to singhymns in honour Pans. 8, c. 45.
of the god,and to carry about boughs of laurel. EcniDNA, a celebrated monster, sprung
' There wasalso another of the same naine, from the union of Chrysaorwith Callirhoe,
celebrated by private familiesthe seventh day the daughterof Oceanus. She is represented
after the birth of every child. as a beautiful woman in tho upper partsof the
Ebon, a name givento Bacchus by the peo-
ple body,but as a serpentbelow the waist. She
of Neapolis. Macrob. 1, c. 18. was mother, by Typhon, of Orthos, Geryon,
Eboua, a town of Portugal, now Evora. Cerberus,the Hydra, Lc. According to He-
rodotus,
Eboracum, York in England. Hercules had three children
by her,
Ebudjc, the western isles of Britaia"now Agathyrsus, Gelonus,and Scytha.Herodot. 3,
Hebrides. c. h"8."Hedod. Theog."jipollod. 2.~~Pam.S,
Eburoices, a peopleof Belgium,now the c. \8."0vid. Met. 9, v 158.
county of Liege. Cces.B. G. 2, c. 4, 1.6, c, 5. EcHiDORus, a river of Thrace. Ptol 3.
' ^The Eburovices Aulerci,were the people EcHiNADEs or EcHiN.?i, five small islands
of Evereux in Normandy. Coes.ib. 3, c. 17. near Acarnania, at the mouth of the river
Ebusus, one of the Baleares,100 miles in Achelous. They have been formed by the
circumference, which produces no hurtful inundations of that river,and by the sand and
animals. It is near the coast of Spain in the mud which its waters carry down, and now
Mediterranean, and now bears the name of bear the name of Curzolari. Plin. 2, c. 85. "
Herodot. 2,
Yvica, and is famous for pasturageand for figs. c 10." Ovid. Met. 8, v. 588. "
Edissa and iEoESSA, a town of Macedonia Elabontas, a river near Antioch. Strab.
taken by Caranus, and called ^gae, or ^eas. ELiEA, a tov*rn ofiEolia. Liv. 36, c. 43. "
she became his wife. This princefrequently of this unexpected success, this festival
visited her, and that he might more fully
success- was instituted to Diana, and observed with the
introduce his laws and new regulations greatestsolemnity, so that even one of the
into the state, he solemnly declared before months of the year, March, was called Ela-
the Roman people,that they were previouslyphebolionfrom this circumstance.
sanctifiedand approvedby the nymph Egeria. Elaptonius, a youth who conspired against
Ovid says that Egeriawas so disconsolate at Alexander. Curt. 8, c. 6.
the death of Numa, that she melted into tears, Eeara, the mother of Tiphyus by Jupiter.^
and was changed into a fountain by Diana. Apollod.1, c. 4. A daughterof Orchome-
She is reckoned by many as a goddesswho nus king of Arcadia. Strab. 9.
the of and Elatea, the largest town of Phocis,nealP
pi'esided over pregnancy women,
6ome maintain that she is the same as Lucina, the Cephisus. Paus. 10, c. 34.
or Diana. lir. 1, c. \9."0vid. Met. 15, v. Elatia, a town of Phocis. Liv. 28, c. 7-
JEn. 7, v.
ft47._KiV^. '71b." Martial. 2, ep. 6, OfThessaly./J. 42, c. 64.
V. 16. Elatus, one of the firstEphori of Sparta^
Egesaretus, a Thessalian of Larissa,who B. C. 760. Plut. in Lye. The father of
fevoured the interest of Ponipey duringthe Cencus. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 497. A moun-
tain
by the river Crinisus. A town of Sicily. Elaver, a river in Gaul falling into the
Vid. TEgesta. Loire, now the Allier.
Eon ATI A MAxiMii.i,A,a woman who accom-
panied Elba, a town of Campania, whence the-
her hiisband into banishment under followers of Zeno were called the Eleaiic sect
JSerO; ".C. Tacit. Jinn. 16,c. 71. A town. Cic. Acad. 4, c. 42. Tusc. 2, c. 21 and 22.
Vid. Gnatia, JV. D. 3, c. 33. of (Eolia.
y. EoNATius, a crafty and perfidiousRo-
man Electra, one of the Oceanides, wife of
in the reignof Nero, who committed the Atlas,and mother of Dai-danus, by Jupiter
greatestcrimes for the sake of money. Tacit. Ovid. Fad 4, v. 31. A daughterof Atlas
Jlist.4, c. 10. ^ and Pleione. She was changed into a con- stellation.
He sent his sons against the Tele- which contributed to the condemna-
tion
Alcmene.
his country,and they of Socrates. The initiated were under
"boans,who had ravaged
allkilled except Lycimnius.Upon this the more particular care of the deities, and
were
his and daughtertherefore their life was supposed to be atten-
ded
Electryonpromised crown
could undertake to with more happinessand real security
in marriageto him who
the Teleboans for the death of his sons. than that of other men. This benefit was not
punish
Amphitryonoffered himself,and succeeded. only granted during life,butit extended be-
yond
perished by the hand the grave, and theywere honoured with
Electryoninadvertently
of his son-in-law. [Vid. Amphitiyon and the first placesin the Elysian fields, while
2, c. A." Paus. others were leftto wallow in perpetualfilth
Alcmena.] Apollod.
Elei, of Elis in Peloponnesus.and ignominy. As the benefits of expiation
a people
They were
their were
formerly called Epei. In so extensive,particular care was taken
also in examining the character of such as were
where
the templeof Jupiter,
country was
celebrated the Olympicgames of which presented for initiation. Such as were guilty
were
Their horses of murder, thoughagainst their will, and sucii
they had the superintendence.
and Eka convicted of witchcraft, any hein-
ous
were in greatrepute,hence Elei equi as were or
ous
lascivi- while the Athenians celebratingthe
Elephantis, a poetesswho wrote were
by Danaus
whom had two daughters.could not be done, because he was a stranger,
2.
Apollod. An island in the river Nile, in and as Eumolpus was unwillingto displease
him on account of his great power, and the
Upper Egypt,with a town of the same name,
by some thors. services which he had dc^ne to the Athenians,
which is often called Ekphanlina au-
suitors. Homer. II. 2, v. 47. sei-ved at Agros near the Ilissus. The greater
Helen's
celebrated at Eleusis,from which place
Eleporus, a river of Magna Grfficia.
were
Eleuchia, a daughterof Thespius. j?po/-Ceres has been called Eleusinia. In later time.'?
the smaller festivals were preparatory to
Eleus, a cityof Thrace. A nver of Me- the greater,and no person could be initiated
aia. A king of Elis. Paus. 5, c. 3. at Eleusis without a previouspurification at
Eleusinia, a great festival observed every Agrai. This purification they performed b y
fourth year by the Celeans, Phliasians, as also keepingthemselves pure, chaste, and unpol- luted
by the Pheneataj, Lacedaemonians, Parrha- duringnine days,after which they came
sians,and Cretans ; but more particulai-iyby and offered sacrifices and prayers, wearing
of flowers,called t"TfM-",or "'^^-^-, and
the peo[)le of Athens, every fifth year, at garlands
i!,lfMtc""
ir, Attica, whore it was introduced by having under their foot A**,- Jupiter's
"u,-:r,v,
EL EL
skin,which was the skin of a victim offered to the sacred family of the Eumolpidae, the other
that god. The person who assistedwas called was one of the Ceryces,and the rest were
vifxvo; from i^tup, ivater,which was used at the from among the citizens. There were also ten
purification, and they themselves were called persons who assistedat this and every other
/""T**,the iniliated. A yeai* afterthis initiation festival, called iiei^cm, because theyoffered crifices.
sa-
at the less mysteries they sacriliced a sow to This festivalwas observed in the
Ceres, and were admitted in the greater, and month of Boedromion or September, and con-
tinued
the secrets of the festivals were solemnly re- vealed nine days,from the 15th tillthe 23d.
to them, from which they were called During that time itwas unlawful to arrest any
*?o,'o"and inspectors.The institution man, or present any petition,
vTtTTTcti, on painof for- feiting
was performedin the following manner. The a thousand drachmas,or, accordingto
candidate?, crowned with myrtle, were ted
admit- others,on pain of death. It was also unlaw- ful
by nightinto a place called mu?'/."" stixs,- (he for those who were initiated to sit upon
mystical temple, a vast and stupendousbuild- ing. the cover of a well, to eat beans, mullets,or
As theyentered the templetheypurified ueazels. If any woman rode to Eleusis in a
themselves by washing their hands in holy chariot,she was obligedby an edict of Ly-
water, and received for admonition that they curgus to pay 6000 drachmas. The designof
were to come with a mind pure and undefiled,tbis law was to destroy alldistinction between
without which the cleanness of the body would the richer and poorer sort of citizens. The
be unacceptable.After this the holy myste- ries firstday of the celebration was called "yeef^s,
were read to thena, from a largebook assembly, as it might be said that the worship-pers
called TTiTcwftx,because made of tuo stones, firstmet together.The second day was
TTiTixi,fitly cemented together.After this the called "'-x oe fj.-jT"',to the sea, you that are
priest, called isqi(^oe"-y,i,
proposed to them cer- tain initiated, because they were commanded to
questions, to which theyreadily answer-
ed. purifythemselves by bathingin the sea. On
After this,strange and amazing objectsthe third day sacrifices, and chiefly a mullet,
presentedthemselves to their sight, the place were offered ; as also barleyfrom the field of
often seemed to quake, and to appear sud- denly Eleusis. These oblations were called "vs*,
resplendent with fire,and immediatelyand held so sacred,that the priests themselves
covered with gloomy darkness and horror. were not, as in other sacrifices, permittedto
Sometimes thundei*s were heard,or flashes of partakeof them. On the fourth day they
lightning appeared on every side. At other made a solemn procession, in which the
times hideous noises and bowlingswere heard, xa^arjcv, holy basket of Ceres, was carried
and the trembling spectatorswere alarmed about in a consecrated cart,while on every
by sudden and dreadful apparitions. This side the peopleshouted %"""" ^/^ims.Hail Ce- res
was called icvtov"x,intuition. After this the ! After these followed women, called
initiated were dismissed with the barbarous ",-ciajOiwho carried baskets,in which were
words of """?,e,";7""?.The garments in which sesamum, carded wool, grainsof salt,a ser- pent,
the people. One of them was chosen from [tomary, therefore, to celebrate them asecondk
34
EL EL
time upon this, that such as had not hitherto spring, and washed and anointed the naoiia-
been initiated,might be lawfullyadmitted. ments ; after which he sacrificed a bull upon a
The ninth and last day of the festival was ed
call- pileof wood, invokingJupiterand infernal
n?."i /uo;/o:"",earthen vessels, because it was Mercury,and inviting to the entertainment the
usual to filltwo such vessels with wine, one of souls of those happyheroes who had perished
which beingplacedtowards the east,and the in the defence of their country. After this he
other towards the west, which, after the re- filleda bowl with wine, saying,
petition I drink to those
of some mystical words, were both who lost their lives in the defence of the liber-ties
thrown down, and the wine beingspilt on the of Greece. There was also a festival of
ground, was ottered as a libation. Such was the same name observed by the Samians in
the manner of celebrating teries,honour of the god of Love. Slaves also,when
the Eleusian mys-
which have been deemed the most cred
sa- they obtained their liberty, k^^pta holiday,
and solemn of allthe festivalsobserved by Avhich they called Elewtheria.
the Greeks. Some have supposedthem to be Eleutho, a surname of Juno Lucina, froos
obscene and abominable, and that from thence her presidingover the delivery of pregnant
proceeded all the mysterioussecrecy. They women. Pindar. Olymp. 6.
were carried from Eleusis to Rome in the reign Eleutherocilices, a people of Ciliciay
of Adrian, where they were observed with never subjectto kings. Cic. 15, ad Fam. ep.
the same ceremonies as before,thoughperhaps 4, 1. 5, ad Alt. 20.
with more freedom and licentiousness. They Eleutheros, a river of Syria,fallinginto
lasted about 1800 years, and were ished the Mediterranean.
at lastabol- Plin. 9, c. 10.
by Theodosius the Great. JEUan. V. H. Eticius, a surname Of Jupiter, worshipped
12, C.24. Cic. de Leg. 2, c. 14. Pans. 10, c. on mount
" " Aventine. Onid. Fast. 3, v. 328.
31, ^c."Plut. Eliensis and EnACA,asect of philosophers
Ei.Eusis, or Eleusin, a town of Attica, founded by Phaedon of Elis,who w^as ally
origin-
equallydistant from Megara and the Piraeus, a slave,but restored to liberty by AI-
celebrated for the festivals of Ceres. [Vid. cibiades, Diog. Strab. "
fence of their country. They carried liba- tions and was killed. Ovid. Met. 14,v. 252. "
of wine and milk in large eared vessels,Homer. Od. 10, v. 552, 1. 11, v. 51.
with jarsof oil and preciousointments. Last Elpinice, a daughterof Miltiades,wlio
of all appeared the chief magistrate, who married a man that promisedto release from
thoughnot permittedat other times touch
confinement
to her brother and husband, whom
iron, or wear garments of any the laws of Athens
colour but had made for
responsible
white, yet appearedclad the fine imposed on
in purple; and ing
tak- his father. C. JVep.in
a water pot out of the citychamber, ceeded
pro- Cim.
throiigii the middle of the town with a Ei.uiNA,a surname of Ceres.
eword in his hand, towards the sepulchres. Elyces, a man killed by Perseus. Oviii.
Tiierc he drew water from a neighbouringMet. 5, fnb.3.
EM EN
Elymais, a country of Persia,between the muchcommended, in which he spoke of the
Persian gulfand
Media. The capital of the various bodies which nature had given him.
country was called Elymais,and was famous He was firsta girl, afterwards a boy, a shrub,
for a rich temple of Diana, which Antiochus a bird, a .fish, and lastly Empedocles. His
Epiphanes attemptedto plunder. The Ely- poetry Avas bold and animated, and his verses
means assisted Antiochus the Great in his wars were so universally esteemed, that they were
against the Romans. None of their kingsare publiclyrecited at the Olympic games with
named in history.Siraho. those of Homer and Hesiod. Empedocles was
Elymi, a nation descended from the Tro-
jans, no less remarkable for his humanity and social
in alliance with the peopleof Carthage.virtues than for his learning.He showed him- self
Fans. 10, c. 8. an inveterate enemy to tyranny, and re- fused
Elymus, a man at the court of Acestes in to become the sovereign of his country.
Sicily. Virg.JEn. 5, v. 73. He taught rhetoric in Sicily, and often alle-
viated
Elyrus, a town of Crete. Id. 10, c. 16. the anxieties of his mind as well as the
Elysium, and Elysii Campi, :i place or isl- and pains of his body with music. It is reported
in the infernal regions, where, according that his curiosity to visitthe flames of the cra-ter
to the mythology of the ancients, the souls of of lEXnSi,provedfatal to him. Some main-
tain
the virtuous were placed aft^r death. There that he wished it to be believed that he
happinesswas complete,the pleasures were was a god, and that his death might be un- known,
innocent and refined. Bovvers, for ever green , he threw himself in the crater and
delightful meadows with pleasantstreams,were perishedin the flames. His expectations,
the most striking objects.The air was whole-
some, however, were frustrated, and the volcano,by
serene, and temperate ; the birds con-
tinually throwingup one of his sandals,discovered to
warbled in the groves, and the inhabi-
tants the world that Empedocles had perished by
were blessed with another sun and other fire. Others report that he lived to an ex- treme
stars. The employment of the heroes who old age, and that he was drowned in the
dwelt in these regions of bliss were various ; sea. Horat. 1, ep. 12, v. 20. Cic. de Orat. 1,
"
to Lucian, they were near the moon ; phon. According to the poets,the flames of
or in the centre of the earth if we tarch.JEtna. proceeded from the breath of Encela-
believe Plu- dus
Virg.Mn. 6, v. G38." Homer. Od. 4." ; and as often as he turned his weary side,
Findar. Tibull. 1, el. 3, v. 57. Lucian.
" "
" the whole island of Sicily feltthe motion, and
Flut. de Consul. shook from its very foundations. Virg.JEn.
Emathia, a name given anciently,and 3, V. 578, k.c. A son of ^S^gyptus.
particularly by the poets, to the countries Encheleje, a town of Illyricum, where
^vhich formed the empiresof Macedonia and Cadmus was changed into a serpent. Lucan.
Thessaly. Virg.G. 1, v. 492, 1. 4, v. 390." 3, V. 189." S/rc". 7.
Lucan. 1,v. 1, 1. 10,v. 50, 1.6, v. 620, 1. 7, v. Endeis, a nymph, daughterof Chiron.
427." Orirf.Met. 5, v. 314. She married ^acus kingof Egina,by whom
Emathion, a son of Titan and Aurora, who she had Peleus and Telamon. Pans. 2, c. 29,
reignedin Macedonia. The country was led "ApoUod. 3, c. 12.
cal-
Emathia from his name. Some suppose Endera, a placeof -Ethiopia.
that he was a famous robber, destroyedby Endymion, a shepherd,son of .(Ethliusand
Hercules. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 313. Justin. 7, c. Calyce. It is said that he required
" of Jupiter
1. A killed at the nuptials
man of Perseus grant to him to be always young, and to
to
and Andromeda. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 100. sleepas much as he would ; whence came the
Emathion, a man killed in the wars proverb of Endymionis so7nmim
of Tur- dor7)iire,to
Rus. Virg.JEn. 9, v. 571. express a long sleep. Diana saw him naked
Embatum, a placeof Asia,opposite Chios.
as he slepton mount Latmos, and was so
Estbolima, a town of India. Curt. 8, c. 12. struck with his beauty that she came dowu
Emerita, a town of Spain,famous for dy- from heaven every nightto enjoyhis company.
ing
wool. Plin. 9, c. 41. Endyraionmarried Chromia, daughterof Ito-
Emessa and Emissa, a town of Phoenicia.nus, oraccording to some, Hyperipna, daughter
EMODA,a mountain of Iidia. of Areas, by vvhom he had three sons. Pa^on,
Empedocles, a philosnrher, torianEpeus,and iEolus, and a daughtercalled Eu-
noet, and his-
of Agrigentumin Sicily,who ilourished rydice; and so little ambitious did he show
444 B. C. He was ihe discipleof Telau- liimselfof sovereignly, that he made his crown
ges the Pythajjcrean, and warmly adopted he prizeof the best racer
1 among his sons, nn
the doctrine of transmigration. He wrote a honourable distinction which was gainedby
f ""em upon the opinionsof Pythagoras, with
very Epeus. The fable of Endymion'? amours
EN EP
Diana, or the moon ,
arises from his knowledge collected from the quotations of ancient a""
of astronomy, and as he passedthe nighton thors. The best edition of these is by Hesse-
some high mountain, to observe the heavenly lius, 4to. Arast. 1707. Ovid. 2, Trist. v. 424.
bodies,ithas been reportedthat he was court-
ed "Cic. de Finib I, c. 4, de Offic.2, c. 18."
by the moon. Some suppose that there Quintit. 10, c. 1. Lucret. 1, v. 117, "c. C.
" "
many whole lines from his poetry into for his privatevirtues and military complishments.
ac-
his own compositions, which he calls pearls His love of truth was so great
from
gathered the dunghill.Enn 'US Avrote in that he never disgraced himself by falsehood.
heroic 18 books of the annals of the Ro-
verse man He formed a most sacred and ipviolable ship
friend-
republic, and displayed much knowledge with Pelopidas, whose life he saved in a
of the world, in some dramatical and satirical battle. By his advice Pelopidasdelivered
compositions. He died of the gout,contracted Thebes from the power of Laced"emon. This
by frequent intoxication, about 169 years be-
fore was the signal of war. Eparainondaswas set
the christian era, in the 70th year of his at the head of the Theban armies,and defeat-
ed
age. Ennius was intimate with the greatmen the Spartansat the celebrated battle of
of his age ; he accompanied Cato in his ques- Leuctra, about 371 years B. C Epaminondas
torship in Sardania,and was esteemed by him made a proper use of this victorious campaign,
of greater value than the honours of a tri- umph and entered the territoriesofLacedajmon with
; and Scipio, on his death bed, ordered 50,0(X) men. Here he gained many friend*
his body to be buried by the side of his poeti-
cal and partisans ; but at his return to Thebes he
friend. This epitaphwas said to be writ-
ten was seized as a traitor for violating the laws of
upon him : his country. While he was making the The-ban
Aspicite, senis Ennii imaginis
o cives, formam ! arms victorious on every side,he neglect-
ed
Hie vestrum pinxitmaxima factaputrum. the law which forbade any citizen to retain
Nemo me lacrymisdecoret, neque funerajletit in his hands the supreme power more than one
Faxit : cur ? volilo virus per era virum. month, and all his eminent services seemed
Conscious of his merit as the firstepicpoet of unable to redeem him from death. He paid
Rome, Ennius bestowed on himself the appel-lation implicit obedience to the laws of his country,
of the Homer of Latium. 01 the tra- and only begged of his judgesthat it might be
gedies,
comedies,annals,and satires which he inscribed on his tomb that he had sufi'ered
wrote, nothingremains but fragments hap];)ily death for savinghis country from ruin. This
EP EP
animated reproachwas felt; he was pardoned,awful solemnity. This celebrated templewas
and invested againwith the sovereign power. burnt on the nightthat Alexander was born,
He was successful in a war in Thessaly,and [Vid.Erostratus] and soon after it rose from
assisted the Eleans against the Lacedaemoni-
ans. its ruins with more splendour and magni-
ficence.
The hostile armies met near Mautinea, Alexander offered to rebuild itat bis
and while Epaminondas was bravelyfightingown expense, if the Ephesians would place
in the thickest of the enemy, he received a upon it an inscription which denoted the name
fatal wound in the breast, and expired ex- of the benefactor.
claiming, This generous offer was
that he died unconquered,when he refused by tlie Ephesians,who observed, iu
heard that the Bojotians obtained the victory,the languageof adulation,that it was per
impro-
in tlie48th year of his age, 363 years before that one deityshould raise templesto the
tlhrist. The Thebans severelylamented his other. Lysimachusordered the town of Ephe- sus
deatb ; in him their power was extinguished, to be called Arsinoe,in honour of his wife ;
for only duringhis lifethey had enjoyedfree- dom but after his death the new appellation was
independence among
and the Grecian lost,and the town was again known by its
states. Epaminondas was frugalas well as ancient name. Though modern authors are
virtuous,and he refused with indignation the not agreed about the ancient ruins of this
rich presents which were oflfered to him by once famed city, some have giventhe barbar-
ous
Artaxerxes the king of Persia. He is repre-
sented name of Ajasaloucto Avhat they con- jecture
years. It was greatlyesteemed by the an- cients. EpicuRUS, a celebrated philosopher, son of
It is now lost. QuintiL10,c. 1. Neocles and Cherestrata,born at Gargettus
Ephyra, the ancient name of Corinth, in Attica. Though his parentswere poor, and
which it received from a nymph of the same of an obscure origin, yet he was earlysent to
name, and thence Ephyreus is appliedto school, where he distinguished himself by the
Dyrrhachium,founded by a Grecian colony.brilliancy of his genius,and at the age of 12,
Virg. G. 2, V. 264." Otic/. Met. 2, v. 239." when his preceptorrepeatedto him this verse
Lucan. 6, Stat. Theb. 4, v. 59."Jlal. from Hesiod, ^
v. 17.
"
were imitated by Plautus. He wrote from vice, but from the enjoyments of the
some treatises upon philosophy and medicine, mind, and the sweets of virtue. This doctrine
and observed that the gods sold all their kind-nesses was warmly attacked by the philosophers of
for toil and labour. Accordingto Aris-
totle the different sects, and particularly by the
and Pliny,he added the two letters j^and Stoics. They observed that he disgraced the
a to the Greek alphabet. He flourished about godsby representing them as inactive, given
440 years before Christ, and died in the 90th up to pleasure, and unconcerned with the af-fairs
year of his age. Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. 58. Diog. of mankind.
"
He refuted all the accusa-
tions
Sand S."Cic. ad Mic. 1, ep. 19. of his adversaries by the purityof his
Epicles, Trojanprince killed by Ajax. morals, and by his frequentattendance
a on
which he made use, was sold some time after Of all the philosophers of antiquity,
his death at 3000 drachmas. His Enchiridion Epicurusis the only one whose writingsde- serve
is a faithfulpicture of the stoic philosophy, attention for their number. He wrote
and his dissertations,which were delivered to no less than 300 volumes, accordingto Dio-
his pupils, were collected by Arrian. His genes Laertius;and Chrysippus was so jealous
styleis concise and devoid of all ornament, of the fecundity of his genius,that no sooner
full of energy and useful maxims. The value had Epicuruspublishedone of his volumes,
of his compositionsis well known from the than he immediately composed one, that he
sayingof the emperor Antoninus,who thanked might not be overcome in the number of his
the gods he could collect from the writings of productions.Epicurus,however, advanced
Epictetus wherewith to conduct lifewith hon-
our truths and arguments unknown before ; but
to himself and advantageto his country. Chrysippus said,what others longago had said,
There are several good editions of the works without showing any thingwhich mightbe
EP EP
calledoriginality.The followers of Epicurus bloody, hot victory declared for the Epigoni,
were numerous in every age and country,his and some of the Thebans fled to Illyricum
with
doctrines were rapidlydisseminated over the Leodamas their general,while others retired
world, and when the gratification of the sense into Thebes,where they were soon besieged,
was substituted to the practiceof virtue,the and forced to surrender. In this war iEgialeuB
morals of mankind were undermined and de-
stroyed.
alone was killed,and his father Adrastus was
Even Rome, whose austere simpli-
city the only person who escaped alive in the
had happilynurtured virtue,felt the at-
tack,firstwar. This whole war, as Pausanifeis ob-
and was corrupted.When Cyneas spoke serves, was written in verse ; and Callinus,
of the tenets of the Epicureansin the Roman who quotes some of the verses, ascribes them
senate, Fabricius indeed entreated the gods to Homer, which opinionhas been adopted
that all the enemies of the republic might be-
come by many writers. For my part, continues
his followers. But those were the feeble the geographer, I own that next to the Iliad
"flFortsof expiring virtue ; and when Lucretius and Odysseyof Homer, I have never seen a
introduced the populardoctrine in his poetical finer poem. Paus. 9, c. 9 and 25." Jlpollod.
composition, the smoothness and beautyof the 1 and 3. Diod. 4. This name"
has been appli-
ed
numbers contributed,with the effeminacyof to the sons of those Macedonian veterans
the Epicureans, to enervate the conquerors of who in the age of Alexander formed connex- ions
the world. Diog. in vita. JElian. V. H. 4,
"
with the women of Asia.
c. IS."Clc. de .Yai. D. 1, c. 24 and25." ru5c. EpiGoNus, a mathematician of Ambracia.
2, c. 22.
3, 49. definib. Epigranea, a fountain of Bceotia. Plin
Epicydes, a tyrant of Syracuse,B. C. 213. 4,c. 7.
Epidamnus, a town of Macedonia on the Epiiand Epei, a peopleof Ells,
Adriatic,nearlyoppositeBrundusium. The Epilaris,a daughter of Thespius..^pol-
led,
Romans plantedthere a colony which they n
called considering
Di/rrachiu77i, the ancient Epimelides,the founder of Corone. Paus.
name {addamnum) ominous. Paus. 6, c. 10. 4, c. 34.
" Plin. 3, c. 23. Plautus,Mtn. 2, ax:t. I,
"
Epidaurus, a town at the north of Argolis While he was tending his flocks one
in Peloponnesus, chiefly dedicated to the wor-
ship day,he entered into a cave, where he fell
of iEsculapius, who had there a famous asleep. His sleepcontinued for 40, or 47, or
temple. It received its name from Epidaurus,accordingto Pliny 57 years, and when he
a son of Argos and Evadne. It is now called awoke he found every objectso considerably
Pidaura. Strab. 8."Virg. G. 3, v. 44." Paus. altered,that he scarce knew where he was.
3, c. 2\."Mela, 2, c. 3. A town of Dalraa- His brother apprized him of the lengthof his
tia,now Ragusi Vecchio. of Laconia. sleepto his great astonishment. It is supposed
EpiDiuM, one of the western that he lived 289 years.
isles of Scot-
land, After death he was
or the Mull revered as a god, and greatly
of Cantyre accordingto honoured by the
^ome. Ptoltm. Athenians, whom he had delivered from a
Epidius, a man who wrote concerningun- usual plague, and to whom he had givenmany good
prodigies.Plin. 16, c. 25. and useful counsels. He is said to be the first
Epidot.", certain deities who presidedwho built templesin the Grecian communities.
over the birth and grouch of children,and Cic. de Div. 1, c. 34." Dfog.in vita" Paus. 1,
were known the Romans by the name c. \4."Plut in Solon." Val. Max. 8, c. 13."
among
of Dii aveminci. They were worshippedby Strab. 10." Plin. 7, c. 12.
1 heLacedaemonians, and chiefly invoked by EpiMETHEus, a son of Japetus and Cly-
iJjose who were persecuted by the ghostsof mene, one of the Oceanides,who inconside-
rately
the dead, he. Paus. 2, c. 17, Lc. married Pandora, by w^hom he had
Epigenes, a Babylonianastrologer and his- Pyrrha,the wife of Deucalion. He had the cu-
torian. riosity
Pli^.
7, c. 56. to open the box which Pandora had
Epigeus, a Greek killed by Hector. brought with her. [Vid.Pandora,] and from
Epigoni, the and descendants
sons of the thence issued a train of evils, which from that
Grecian who
heroes Avere killed in the first mom.ent have never ceased to afflictthe human
Theban war. The war of the Epigoniis fa-mous race. Hope was the onlyone which remained
in ancient history.It was undertaken at the bottom of the box, not havingsuflicient
fen years after the first. The sons of those time to escape, and itisshe alone which com- forts
who had perished in the firstwar, resolved to men under misfortunes. Epimetheus
uvenge the death of their fathers, and march-
ed was changed into a monkey by the gods,and
against Thebes, under the command of sent into the island of Pithacusa. Apollod. |1,
Thersander :accordingto others, of Alc- c. 2 and l."Hygin. fab. Hesiod. Theog.[Vid.
or, "
It was afterwards joinedto the empire of Ma- cedonia, Erato, one of the Muses, who presided
and at last became a part of the Ro-
man over tender,and amorous
lyiic, poetry. She
dominions. It is now called Laria. Strab. is representedas crowned with ro^es and
'7." Mela, 2, c. 3."PtoL 3, c. 14." Plin. 4, c. myrtle,holdingin her righthand a lyre,and
l."rirg.G. 3, V. 121. a lute in her left,musical instruments of
Epistrophus, a son of Iphitusking of which she is considered by
the in- some as
A son of Aloeus, grandsonto Phcebus. of Cyrene,and the second intro' "d with
He reigned at Corinth. Paus. 2, c. 1 and 3. the care of the Alexandrian librijy.H"
One of the Tyrrhene sailors,who dedicated his time to grammatical criticism
tempted
at-
to abuse Bacchus. Ovid. Met. 3, v.
more and but
philosophy,
particularly to poe-
try
619. mathematics. He and
has been called
Eporedorix, a powerfulperson among a second
Plato, the cosmographer,and the
the iEdui, who commanded his couutryraen geometer of the world. He is supposedto be
in their war againstthe Sequani. C(zs.Bell. the inventor of the armillarysphere. With
G.7,c. 67. the instruments with which the muiyficence of
Epulo, a Rutulian killedby Achates. Virg.the Ptolemies suppliedthe library of Alexan-
dria,
JEn. 12, V. 459. -
he was enabled to measure the obliquity
Epvtides, a patronymic givento Periphasof the ecliptic, which he called 20 1-2 degrees.
the son of Epytus,and the companion of As- He also measured a degreeof the meridian,
and games were exhibited in the Campus that Alexander the Great was born. This
Martius. Varro de L. L. 5, c, 3.~ Ovid. Fast. burning, as some writers have observed,was
2, V. 859. not prevented
or seen oifthe
by the goddess
ER ER
place, who was then presentat the labours of Jcules attacked his servants,who came to raise
Olympiag,and the birth of the con(iueror of Ithe tribute,and mutilated them, and he af-
Persia. Eratostratus did this villany merelyIterwards killed Erginus,who attemptedto
to eternize his name by so uncommon an tion. Iavenge
ac- their death by invadingBceotia with
Plat, in .^lex." ral. Max. 8, c. 14. an army. Paus. 9, c. 17. A river of
Eratus, a son of Hercules and Dynaste. Thrace. Mela, 2, c. 2. A son of Neptune.
Apollod. A king of Sicyon,who died B. C. One of the four brothers who kept the
1671. Acrocorinth,by order of Antigonus. Pa- li/ten.
Erbessus, a town of Sicily north of Agri- 6.
gentum, now Monit Bibiiio. Liv. 24, c. 30. Ekgin.vus, a man made master of the
Erchia, a small village of Attica,the birth shipArgo by the Argonauts,after the death
placeof Xenoplion. Laert. 2, c. 48. of Typhis.
Erebus, a deityof hell,son of Chaos and Eribcea, a surname of Juno. Homer. 11.
Darkness. He by whom he 5.
married INlght, The mother of Ajax Telamon. So-
had the lightand the day. The poets often pJiocl.
hell itself,
used tlieword Erebus to signify and Eribotes, a man skilled in medicine, "c.
particularly that part where dwelt the souls Orpheus.
of those who had lived a virtuous life, from Ericetes, a man of Lycaonia,killed by
whence they passed into the Elysiaufields. Messapus, iu Italy. Virg.JEn. 10, v. 749.
Cic. de Kat. D. 3, c. n." Virg. JEn. 4, v. 26. Erichtho, a Thessalian woman famous
Erechtheds, a son of Pandion 1st, was for her knowledge of poisonous
herbs and me-
dicine.
the sixth kingof Athens. He was father of Lncan. 6, v. 507. One of the
Cecrops 2d, Metion, PandoruS; and four Furies. Ovid. Hesiod. 21, v. 151. "
1,c. 48." j\at. D. 3, c. 15. to him, and the manner of harnessing horses
Erechthides, a name given to the Athe-
nians, to draw them. He was made a constellation
from their king Erechtheus. Ovid. afterdeath under the neune of Bootes. Ovid,
Met. 7, v. 430. Met. 2, v. b^."Hygin. fab. 166." Apollod.
Erembi, a peopleof Arabia. 3,c. 14." Paus. 4, c. 2." Virg.G. 3, v. 113.
Eremus, a country of ^Ethiopia. A son of Dardanus who reignedin Troy,
Erenea, a villageof Megara. Pam. 1, and died 1374 B. C. after a long reign oi
c. 44. about 75 years. Apollod. 3, c. 10.
Eressa, a town of -^Eolia. Ericinium, a town of Macedonia.
Eresus, a town of Lesbos, where Theo- Ericusa, one of the Lipariisles,
now
Tiber, whence came the adjectiveEretinus. in heaven. Cic. in Aral. 145. " Clau-
Virg.JE"-. 7, V. lU."TibulL 4, el.S, v. 4. dian de Cons. Hon. 6, v. 175. " Ovid. Met.
Ereuthalion, a man killed by Nestor 2, fab. 3. Paus. 1, c. 3. SlraJ).5. Lucan.
"
" "
in a war between the Pyliansand Arcadians. 2, V. 409." Virg.G. 1,v. 482." JEn. 6, v. 659.
Homer. II. Erigone, a daughterof Icarius,who hung
Ergane, a river whose waters intoxicate herselfwlien she heard tliat her father had
as wine. A surname of Minerva. Paus. 5, been killed by some shepherdswhom he had
c. 14. intoxicated. She was made a constellation,
Ergenxa, a celebrated soothsayer of Etru- now known under the name of Virgo. Bac-
chus
ria. Pers. 2. v. 26. deceived her by changing himself into
EuciAS, a Rhodian, who wrote an history of a beautiful grape. Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 4." "
ghapeand became againhis property. Oind. withthe Persian gulf, and that of Ara- bia
Met. fab. 18. or the Red Sea, it has often been mistaken
EuiTHiJs,a eon of Actor, killed by Per- seus. by ancient writers,who by the word Ery-
Ovid. Met. 5. threan, understood indiscriminately either the
Ekixo, a Roman knight condemned by the Red Sea or the Persian gulf It received this
peoplefor having whippedhis son to death. name either from Erythras,or from \\\ered-
ii:encc,1,da Clem. 14.
ET ET
ness{"e"3^e!"?,
ruber)of itssand or waters. Curt. giveup the crown to his brother accordingto
S, c. 9."Plin. 6, c. 23." Herodot. 1,c. 180 andtheir mutual agreement. Polynices, resolving
189,L 3, c. 93, 1.4,c. 37." Mela, 3, c. 8. to punish such an open violation of a solemn
Erythras, a son of Hercules. Apollod.engagement, went to implorethe assistance of
A sonof Perseus and Andromeda, drown-
ed Adrastus,king of Argos. He received that
in the Red Sea, which from him was called king's daughterin marriage,and was soon af- ter
Erylhrczum. Arrian. Ind. 6, c. 19. Mela, 3. assisted with a strongarmy, headed by sev-
"
en
c. 7. famous generals.These hostile prepara-
tions
Erythrion, a son of Athamas and The- were watched by Eteocles,who on his
mistone. Apollod. part did not remain inactive. He chose seven
Erythros, a placeof Latium. brave chiefs to oppose tiie seven leaders of the
Eryx, a son of Butes and Venus, who rely-
ing Argives, and stationed them at the seven gates
upon his strength, challengedall strangers of the city. He placed himself againsthis
to fight with him in the combat of the cestus. brother Polynices, and he opposedMenalippus
Hercules acceptedhis challengeaftermany to Tydeus,Polyphontesto Capaneus,Mega-
had yielded to his superior and reus to Eteoclus,Hyperbiusto Parthenopaeus,
dexterity,
Eryx was killedin the combat, and buried on and Lasthenes to Amphiaraus. Much blood
the mountain, where he had built a
templeto was shed in light and unavailing skirmishes,
Venus. Virg.JEn. 5, v. 402. led and it was at lastagreedbetween the two broth-
An Indian kil- ers
by his subjects for opposingAlexander,kc. that the war should be decided by single
Curt. 8, c. 11. A mountain of Sicily, now combat. They both fellin an engagement con- ducted
Giuliano near Drepanum, which received its with the most inveterate furyon either
name from Eryx,who was buried there. This side,and it is even said that the ashes of these
mountain was so steepthat the houses which two brothers, who had been so inimical one to
were builtupon itseemed every moment dy
rea- the other,separated themselves on the burn-
ing
to fall. Dasdalus had enlarged
the top,and pile,as if even afterdeath,sensible of re-sentment,
enclosed it with a strongwall. He also conse-
crated and hostile to reconciliation. Stat.
there to Venus Erycinaa goldenheifer,Theh." Apollod.3, c. 5, hc."JEschyl.Sept.
which so much resembled life,
that it seemed atUe Theb. Eurip in JPhcenis. Pans. 5, c. "
"
to exceed the power of art. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 9, 1. 9, c. 6. A Greek, the firstwho raised
478." Hi/gm.tab. 16 and 260." Lu'. 22, c. 9." altars to the Graces. Paus.
Mela, 2, c. 7."Paus. 3, c. 16. Eteoclus, one of the seven chiefs of the
Eryxo, the mother of Battus,who artfully army of Adrastus, in his expedition against
_
killed the tyrant Learchus who courted her. Thebes, celebrated for his valour, for his disin-
terestedness
Herodot. 4, c. 160. and mananimity. He was killed
EsERNus, a famous gladiator.Cic. by Megareus, the son of Creon, under the
EsQ,uiLi.gE,and Esquilinus mons, one of walls of Thebes. Eurip. Apollod.3, c. 6. "
^
EsTiiEoTis,
a district of Thessaly,
on the the enemy had obtained some advantageous
river Peneus. victory, and he raised the siege. Diod. 13. "
EsTiAiA, solemn sacrifices to Vesta, of gentleand mild nature, very common for five
which it was unlawful to carry away thing or six weeks in the months of springand au-
tumn.
any
or communicate it to any body. Lucret. 5, v. 741.
Etearchus, a king of Oaxus in Crete. Ethalion, one of the Terrhene sailors
After the death of his wife,he married a wo-
man changedinto dolphuisfor carryingaway Bac-
chus.
who made herselfodious for her tyranny O^nd. Met. 3, V. 647.
over her step-daughter
Phronima.
Etearchus Etheleum, a river of Asia,the boundaryof
i^ave all the accusations which
ear to were Troas and Mysia. Slrab.
broughtagainst his daughter, and ordered her Ethoda, a daughter of Amphion and
to be thrown into the sea. led Niobe.
She had a son cal-
Battus,who led a colonyto Cyrene. He- rodot. Ethemo.n, a person killed at the marriage
4, c. 154. of Andromeda. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 163.
Eteocx.es,a son of CEdipusand Jocasta. Etias, a daughterof .apneas. Paus. 3,
After his fathers death,it was agreedbetv.enn c. 22.
him and his brother Polynices, timt theyshould ETrs, a town of Peloponnesus. Id.ib.
Itoth share the royalty, and reignalternately EtrCria. Vid. Hetruria.
each a year. Eteocles by rightof seniority Etrusci, the inhabitants of Etruria, fa-
firstascended the throne, but after the first inous for their superstitions and enchantments
year of hi? reignwas expired,he reftised to i^id.Hetruria. Cic. ad. fom. 6, ep. 0." I"r
2, c. 34.
EV EU
Etylus, the father of Theocles. Id. 6, altars. He gave .^neas tb"
assistanceagainst
". 19. himself by his hos-
Rutuli,and distinguished pitality.
daughterof Iphisor Iphicles
EvADNE, a of It is said that he first broughtthe
Argos,who slightedthe addresses of Apollo, Greek alphabetinto Italy,and introduced
and married Capaneus one of the seven chiefs there the worshipof the Greek deities. He
who went againstThebes. When her hus-
band was honoured as a god after death by his sub-
jects,
had been struck with thunder by Jupi-
ter who raised him an altar on mount Aven-
for his blasphemies and impiety,and his tine. Paus. 8, c. 43." Liu. 1, c. I."Iial.l,
ashes had been separated from those of the V. 18. Dionys.Hal. 1, c. 7. "
Ovid. Fast. 1, "
rest of the Argives,she threw herself on his v. 500, 1. V. 9\." Virg.JEn. 8, v 100, he.
burningpileand perishedin the flames. Virg.A philosopher of the second academy, who
JEn. 6, V. 44T."Propert.1, el. 15, v. 21. flourished B. C. 215.
"Stat. Theb. 12, v. 800. A daughterof EvANGELus, a Greek historian. A comic
the Strymon and Neaera, She married Ar-
gus, poet.
by whom she had four children, jipol- EvANGORiDES, a man of Elis,who wrote an
lod.2. account of all those who had obtained d prize
EvAGEs, a poet famous for his geniusbut at Olyraj/ia, where he himself had been victo-
rious.
not for his learning. Pans. 6, c. 8.
EvAGORAs, a king of Cyprus who retook EvATHES, a man who planteda colony in
Salamis,which bad been taken from his father Lucania at the head of some Locrians. A
by the Persians. He made war againstAr- celebrated Greek poet. An historian of Mi-
letus.
taxerxes, the king of Persia, with the assist-
ance A philosopher of Saraos. A wri-
ter
of the Egyptians, Arabians,and Tyrians, of Cyzicus. A son of (Enopion of
and obtained some advantage over the fleet of Crete, who migrated to live at Chios. Paus.
his enemy. The Persians however soon paired 7, c. 4.
re-
their losses,
and Evagoras saw himself EvARCHTTs, a river of Asia Minor flowing
defeated by sea and land, and obligedto be into the Euxine on the confines of Cappadocia^
to the power
tributary of Artaxerxes, and to 102.Flac.6,Y.
be strippedof all his dominions except the native of Phrygia,
Evas, a who nied
accompa-
town of Salamis. He was assassinated soon iEneas into Italy, where he was killed by
afterthis fatal changeof fortune, by an eunuch, Mezentius. Virg.JEn. 10, v. 702.
374 B. C. He left two sons, Nicoeles,who Evax, an Arabian princewho wrote to Ne- ro
succeeded him, and Protagoras, who deprived concerningjewels,".C. P/m. 25, c. 2.
his nephew Evagoras of his possessions goras
Eva- EuBAGES, certain priests held in greatvene-
ration
tigonusDoson, and Ptolemy of Egypt. It was to succeed afterthe death of his master. He
also commonly givento the kingsof Syriaand conquered Paphlagonia and Cappadocia,of
Pontus, and we often see among the former an which he obtained the government, tillthe
Alexander Evergetes, and among the latter a power and jealousyof Antigonusobliged him
Mithridates Evergetes. Some of the Roman to retire. He joined his forces to those of
emperors also claimed that epithet, so expres-
sive Perdiccas,and defeated Craterus and Neop-
of benevolence and humanity. tolemus. Neoptolemus perished by the hands
EvESPERiDEs, apeopleofAfrica. Herodoi: of Eumenes. When Craterus had been killed
4, c. 171. duringthe war, his remains received an hon- ourable
EuGANEi, a peopleof Italyon the borders funeral from the hand of the conquer-
or
of the Adriatic,who, upon beingexpelled by ; and Eumenes, after weeping over the
the Trojans, seized upon a part of the Alps. ashes of a man who once was his dearest
Sil. 8, v. G04."Liv. I,c. 1. friend, sent his remains to his relations in
EuGEON, an ancient historian before the Macedonia. Eumenes foughtagainstAnti-
Peloponnesian
war. paterand conqueredhim, and after the death
EuGENius, an usurper of the imperial title of Perdiccas,his ally,
his arms directed
were
afterthe death of Valentinian the 2d,A. D. 392. againstAntigonus,by whom he was quered,
con-
EuHYUs and Evius, a surname of Bacchus, himself a retreat, and he fled with only
givenhim in the war of the giantsagainst Ju- 700 faithfulattendants to Nora, a fortified
piter.
Horat. 2, Od. 11, v. 17. place on the confines of Cappadocia,where
EviPPE, one of the Danaides who married he was soon besiegedby the conqueror. He
and murdered Imbras. Another.
" ." Apollod.supportedthe siegefor a year with courage
2, c. 1. The mother of the Pierides,who and resolution,but some disadvantageous
were changed into magpies. Ovid. Met. 5, skirmishes so reduced him, that his soldiers,
V. 303. grown desperate, and bribed by the oflfersof
Evippus, a son of Thestius, kingof Pleu- the enemy, had the infidelity to betray hira
pon, killed by his brother Iphiclus in the chase into the hands of Antigonus. The conqueror,
of the Calydonianboar. Apollod. 1,c. 7. from shame or remorse, had not the courage
A Trojan killed by Patroclus. Homer. II. 16, to visit Eumenes ; but when he was asked by
V. 417. his in what
officers, manner he wished him to
EuLiMENE, one of the Nereides. kept,he answered, Keep him as carefully
be
EuAtachius, a Campanian who wrote an as you would keep a lion. This severe com-
mand
he learned the art of agriculture. Pans. 7, revered him ; and Antigonus, by whose
c. 18. One of the followers of ^neas, who orders he perished, honoured his remains with
first informed his friends that his fleet had a splendid funeral, and conveyed his ashes to
been set on fire by the Trojan women. Virg.his wife and family in Cappadocia.It has been
.fEn. 5, V. G65. One of the Bacchiadae,who observed that Eumenes had such an universal
wrote, among other a poetical
thing?; influence
history over the successors of Alexander,
EU EU
that none duringhis lifetime dared to assume slon,they received after they had ceased to
the titleof king; and itdoes not a littlereflect
persecute Orestes,who in gratitude offered
to his honour, to consider that the wars he them sacrifices, and erected a temple in hon-our
carried on were not from private or interested of their divinity. Their worshipwas most
al-
motives, but for the good and welfare of his universal,and people presumed not to
deceased benefactor'schildren. Plut. S/- C.JVep.mention their names or fix their eyes upon
in Tita. Diod. 19
" Justin. 13. Curt. 10.
"
rifices
Arian. A king of Pergamus,who ed
succeed- and libations, and in Achaia theyhad a
his uncle Phileta^rus on the throne, B. C. temple,which when
entered by any one ty
guil-
263. He made war against Antiochus the son of crime, suddenlyrendered him furious,
of Seleucus, and enlargedhis possessions by and deprived him of the use of his reason.
seizing upon many of the citiesof the kingsof In their sacrifices the votaries used
branches of
Syria. He lived in alliance with the Romans, cedar and of alder,hawthorn,saffron,
'
and ju-
and made war niper,
against Prusias, kingof Bithynia. and the victims were
genei-ally turtle
He was a great patron of learning, and given doves and sheep, with libationsof wine
and
much to wine. He died of escess in drinking,honey. They w-ere
after a reignof 22 years.
generally represented with
He was succeeded a grim and frightful
aspect,with a black and
by Attains. Strab. 15. The second of that bloody
gai-ment;and serpentswreathing round
name succeeded his father Attains on the their heads instead of hair.
throne of Asia and Pergamus. His kingdom
They held a burn-
ing
torch in\)ne hand, and a whip of
was small and poor, but he rendered it
scorpions
ful
power- in the other, and were always attended by-
and opulent,and his alliance with the terror,
rage, paleness, and death. In hell
they
Romans did not a littlecontribute to the in- crease
were seated around Pluto's throne,as the
of his dominions after the victories ob- tained
ministers of his vengeance. Mschyl.in Eumen.
over Antiochus the Great. He carried "
Sopkocl. in (Edip.Col.
his arms againstPrusias and Antigonus,and EuiMENiDiA, festivalsin honour of the Eu-
died B. C. 159, after a reignof 38 yeai-s,lea%-- menides, called
by the Athenians Ti^u.** dw.,
ing the kingdom to his son Attains 2d. He has venerable (roddesses.They were celebrated
been admii-ed for his benevolence and mag-
nanimity,once every year with sacrifices of pregnant
and his love of learning greatlyen-
riched ewes, with offerings of cakes made
the famous library of Pergamus,which
by the
most eminent youths, and libationsof honey
had Been founded by his predecessors in imita-
tion and wine. At Atliens none but free-born
of the Alexandrian collection of thePtolo- citizens were admitted, such as had led a life
mies. His brothers were so attached to him, the most virtuous and unsullied. Such
and devoted to his interest,
only
that they enlisted were acceptedby the goddesses who punished
among his body guardsto show their fraternal all sorts of wickedness in a
severe manner.
fidelity. Strab. 13. Justin. 31 and 34.
"
Po-
"
EuMENius,a Trojan killed by Camilla in
lyb. A celebrated orator of Athens about Virg.Mn. 11,v. G66.
Italy^
the beginning of the fourth century. Some of EU3I0LPE, one of the Nereides.
his harangues
Apollod.
and orations are extant. An EuMOLPid:, the priests of Ceres at the cele-
bration
historicalwriter in Alexander's army. of her festivalsof Eleusis. All
causes
El MENiA, a cityof Phrygia,built by Atta- ins relating to impiety or profanation were ferred
re-
in honour of his brother Eumenes. A to their judgment, and their decisions,
cityof Thrace, of Cari.a. Ptin. 5, c. 29. though
occasionally severe, were considered
-of Hyrcaaia. as generally
impartial.
The Eumolpid"ewere
EuMENiDEs andEumenes, a man ed
mention- descended from Eumolpus, a kingof Thrace,
Ovid. 3. Trist.el. 4, v. 27. who was made priest
of Ceres by Erechtheus
EuMi.viDEs,a name givento tiie Furies by kingof Athens. He became so powerfulafter
the ancients. They sprang from the dropsof his appointment to the priesthood, that he
blood which flowed from the wound which maintained a war againstErechtheus. This
Ccelus received from his son Saturn. Accord-
ing war provedfatal to both ; Erechtheus and Eu- molpus
to others theywere daughters of the earth, were both killed,and
peace was established
re-
and conceived from the blood of Saturn.
amon^ their descendants, on dition
con-
Some make them daughters of Acheron and that the priesthood should ever remain
Night,or Pluto and Proserpine, or Chaos and in the family of Eumolpus, and the
regalpow-
er
Terra, accordingto Sophocles, or as Epirae- in the house of Erechtheus. The priest- hood
nides reports,of Saturn and Evonyme. cording
Ac- continued in the family of Eumolpus for
to the most received opinions, they 1200 years ; and this is stillmore remarkable,
were three in number, Tisiphone, Megara,and because he who was once appointedto the
Aleclo, to w hich some add Nemesis. Plutarch holy oiiice,was obligedto remain in perpe-
tual
mentions onlyone, called Adrasta,daughter of celibacy.Paus. 2, c. 14.
Jupiter arid Necessity.They were supposed Eumolpus, a king of Thrace, son of Nep- tune
to he the ministers of the of the gods, and Chione. He thrown
vengeance was into the
and llierefore appeared stern and inexorable
; sea by his mother, who wished to conceal her
alwaysemployed in punishing the guilty
upon shame from her father. Neptune saved his
earth,as well as in tiieiiifernalregions.They life,and carried him into
j^thiopia,
where he
inflicted their vengeance upon earth by wars, vv as brought up by Amphitrite,
and afterwards
pestilence, and di.ssentions, and by the secret by a woman of the country, one of whose
stings of conscience ; and in hell theypunished daughters he married. An act of violence to
the guiltyby continual (lagellation and tor-
ments. hissister-in-law obliged him to leave -(i^thiopia,
They were f.lso called Furies,Erin- and he lied to Thrace w^ith his son Ismarus,
nyes, and Diroi,and the appellation of Eume- where he married the daughterof Tegyrius,
uides,which signifies benevolence and corapas- the kingof the country. This connc.\iou with
EU EU
family,
the royal rendered him ambitious ; he pursuitof some pirates.During the absence
conspiredagainsthis father-in-law,and fled, of Ulysseshe wasone of the most importun-
ing
when the conspiracy was discovered,to Atti-
ca, lovers of Penelope. Homer. Od. 16.
where he was initiated in the mysteries of EuPHAEi, succeeded Androcles on the
Ceres of Eleusis,and made Hierophantesor throne of Messenia, and in his reignthe first
High Priest. He was afterwards reconciled to Messenian war began. He died B. C. 730.
Tegyrius,and inherited his kingdom. He Paus. 4, c. 5 and 6.
made war againstErechtheus, the king of EuPHANTus, a poet and historian of Olyn-
Athens, who had appointedhira to the office thus,son of Eubulides,and preceptorto Auti-
of highpriest, and perished in battle. His de- gonus king of Macedonia.
scendants Diod. in End.
were also invested with the priest-
hood, EuPHEMEj a woman who was nurse to the
which remained for about 1200 years in Muses, and mother of Crocus by Pan. Patw.
that family. Vid. Eumolpidae. Apollod. 2, c. EuPHEMUs, a son of Neptune and Europa,
5, ",c. Hygin. fab. 73. JHod. 5. Paus. 2, c. who was
"
" "
EuMONiDES, aTheban, "ic. Plut. and light that he could run over the sea with-
out
EunjEus, a son of Jason by Hypsipyle, scarce wettinghis feet. Pindar. Pyth 4.
daughter of Thoas. Homer. II.7. Apollod.1,c. 9. Paus. 5, c. 17.
" "
One of
EuNAPius, a physician, sophist, rian, the Greek captains
and histo- before Troy. Homer. II.2,
born at Sardis. He flourished in the V. 353.
reign of Valentinian and his successors, and EupHORBUS, a famous Trojan, son of Pan-
wrote a history of the Caesars, of which few thous, the firstwho wounded Patroclus,whom
fragmentsremain. His lifeof the philosophers Hector killed. He perishedby the hand of
of his age is stillextant. It is composed with Menelaus, who hung his shield in the temple
fidelity and elegance,precision and correct-
ness. of Juno at Argos. Pythagoras, the founder of
the doctrine of the metempsychosis,or trans- migration
EuNoMiA, a daughterof Juno, one of the of souls,affirmed that he had been
Horae. Apollod. once Euphorbus,and that his soul recollect-
ed
EuNOMLs, a son of Prytanes,who succeed- ed many exploits which had been done while
his father on the throne of Sparta. Paus. it animated that Trojan'sbody. As a further
2, c. 36. A famous musician of Locris,rival proofof his assertion, he showed at firstsight
to Ariston,over whom he obtained a musical the shield of Euphorbus in the templeof Juno.
prizeat Delphi. Strab. 6. A man killed by Ovid. Met. 15, v. 160." Pau^. 2, c. 17." Ho- mer.
Hersules. Jlpollod. A Thracian,who ad- vised 16 and 17. A physician of Juba, king
Demosthenes not to be discouraged by of Mauritania.
his illsuccess in his firstattempts to speak in EuPHORioK, a Greek poet of Chalcis in
public. Plut in Dcm. The father of Ly- Euboea, in the age of Antiochus the Great.
Gurgus, killed by a kitchen knife. Plut. in Tiberius took him for his model for correct
Lye. and
writing, was so fond of him that he hung
EuNus, a Syrianslave,who inflamed the his pictures
in all the publiclibraries. His fa-
ther's
minds of the servile multitude by pretended name was Polymnetus. He died in his
inspiration and enthusiasm. He filleda nut 56th year, B. C. 220. Cicero de Nat. D. 2, c.
with sulphurin his raouth, and by artfully 64, calls him Obscurum. The father of
conveyingfire to it,he breathed out flames to jEschylus bore the same name.
the astonishment of the people, who believed EupHRANOR, a famous painterand sculptor
him to be a god, or somethingmore man. of Corinth.
than hu- Plin. 34, c. 8. This name was
Oppressionand miserycompelled2000 common to many Greeks.
slaves to joinhis cause, and he soon saw self
him- Euphrates, a disciple of Plato who verned
go-
at the head of 50,000 men. With such a Macedonia with absolute authority in
force he defeated the Roman armies, tillPer- the reignof Perdiccas,and rendered himself
penna obliged him to surrender by famine, and odious by his cruelty and jjedantry.After the
exposedon a cross the greatestpart of his fol- lowers,
death of Perdiccas,he was murdered by Par-
B. C. 132. Plut. in Serf. menio. A stoic philosopher in the age of
EuoNYMos, one of the Lipariisles. Adrian, who destroyed himself,with the em- peror's
EuoRAS, a grove of Laconia. Pans. 3, c. 10. leave, to escape the miseries of old
EuPAGiUM, a town of Peloponnesus. age, A. D. 118. Dio. A large and cele-
brated
EuPALAMON, one of the hunters of the river of Mesopotamia, risuigfrom
Galydonianboar. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 360. mount Taurus in Armenia, and discharging
EuPALAMus, the father of Daedalus and of itself with the Tigrisinto the Persian gulf.
Matiadusa. Apollod. 3, c. 15. It is very rapid in its course, and passes
EuPATOR, a son of Antiochus. The sur-
name through the middle of the cityof Babylou,
of FAipalorwas given to many of the It inundates the country of Mesopotamia at a
Asiatic princes, such as Mithridates, ".c. Strab. certain season of the year, and, like the Nile,
in Egypt,happilyfertilizes the adjacent fields.
EuPATOKiA, a town of Paphlagonia, built Cyrus dried up itsancient channel,and chang-
ed
by Mithridates,and called afterwards Pom- the course of the waters when he besieged
peipolis by Pompey. Plin. 6, c. 2. ther
Ano- Babylon. Strab. U."Mela, 1, c.2, 1. 3, c. 8.
called Magnopolisin Pontus, now TeJie- "Plin. 5, c. 24.- -Virg. G. 1,v. 609, I. 4, v.
nikeli. Strab. 22. 560.
EuPEiTHEs, a princeof Ithaca,father to Euphron, an aspiring man of Sicyon,who
Antinous. In the former part of his lifehe enslaved his country by bribery. Diod. 15.
had fled before the vengeance of the Thespro- EuPHRosYNA, one of the Graces, sister to
tians,whose territories he had laid waste in the Aglaiaand Thalia. Paus. 9, c. 35.
EU EU
fioPL/EA,an island of the Tyrrhenesea, Andromache, Electra,Hippolytus, Ipliigenia
Bear Neapolis. Stat. 3, Silv. 1, 149. in Aulis,Iphigeniain Tauris, Hercules and
EupoLiS; a comic poet of Athens, who the Troades. He is peculiarly happy in ex-pressing
flourished435 years before the Christian era, the passionsof love, especially the
and severely lashed the vices and immoralities more tender and animated. To the pathoshe
of his age. It is said that he had composed 17 has added sublimity, and the most common
dramatical pieces at the age of 17. He had a expressions have received a perfect polish
dog so attached to him, that at his death he from his pen. In his person, as it is reported,
refused all aliments, and starved himself on he Avas noble and majestic, and his deport-
ment
his tomb. Some suppose that Alcibiades put was always grave and serious. He was
Eupolistodeath because he had ridiculed him slow in composing,and laboured with dilficul-
in a comedy which he had written against the ty,from which circumstance afoolisli and ma- levolent
Baptag;the priests of the goddessCotytto, and poet once observed,that he had writ-
ten
the impure ceremonies of their worship; but 100 verses in three days,while Euripides
Suidas maintains that he perished in a sea figiil had written only three. True, says Euripides,
between the Athenians and the Lacedaemo-
nians but there is this difference between your poetry
in the Hellespont, and that on that ac-count and mine; yours will expirein three days,
his countrymen, pityinghis fate,de- creedbut mine shall live for ages to come. Euripi-'
that no poet should ever aftergo to war. des was such an enemy to the fairsex, that
Horat. 1,Sat. 4, 1. 2, Sat. 10." Cic. ad Mtic. some have called him huroyw^; woman haters
6, ep. I. JElian.
"
and perhapsfrom this aversion arise the im- pure
EupoMPUs, a geometrician of Macedonia. and diabolical machinations which appear
A painter.Plin. 34, c. 8. in his female characters; an observation, hov/*
EuRiANASSA, a town near Chios. Plin. 5, ever, which he refuted by sayinghe had faith- fully
C.31. copiednature. In spite of allhis antipathy
EuRiPiDESj a celebrated tragic poet, born he was married twice,but his connexions were
at Salamis the day on which the army of Xerx- es so injudicious, that he was compelledto divorce
was defeated by the Greeks. He studied both his wives. The best editions of this great
eloquenceunder Prodicus, ethics under So- crates, poet are that of Musgrave,4 vols, 4to. Oxon.
and philosophy under Anaxagoras. He 1778; that of Canter apud Commelin, 12mo.
himself to dramatical composition, and 2 vols. 1597 ; and that of Barnes, fol.Cantab.
applied
his writings became so much the admiration 1694. There are also several valuable editions
of his countrymen, that the unfortunate Greeks of detached plays. Diod. 13. Val. Max. 3, c. "
who had accompanied Nicias in his expe- dition 7." Cic. In. 1,c. 50* Or. 3, c. 7 " Arcad. 1,4.
against Syracuse, were freed from Qffic. 3 ; Finib. 2. Tusc. 1 and 4, "c.
slavery, only by repeatingsome verses from EuRipns, a narrow strait wdiich separates
the piecesof Euripides.The poet often re- tired the island' of Eubcea from the coast of Bceotia.
from the society of mankind, and con- fined Its flux and reflux, which continued regular
himself in a solitary cave near Salamis, during18 or 19 days,and were uncommonly
where he wrote and finished his most lent
excel- unsettled the rest of the month, was a mattef
tragedies. The talents of Sophocles were of deep inquiryamong the ancients, and itis
looked "upon by Euripideswith jealousy, and said that Aristotle thr^w himself into it be-cause
the greatenmity which always reignedbe- tween he was unable to find out the causes of
the two poets,gave an opportunityto that phaenomenon. Liv. 28, c. 6. Melui 2, c. "
exposed,obligedhim at last to remove f:om its name from Eiiropa, who was carried
Athens. He retired to the court of Arche- there by Jupiter.Mela, 2, c. 1. Plin. 3, "
the most conspicuous marks of royal munifi- cence V. 222. A daughter of Agenor kingof Phoe-
nicia
and friendship. His eurl was as deplor a- and Telephassa.Siie was so beautiful,
ble as it was uncommon. It is said that the that Jupiter became enamoured of her, and
dogs of Archelaus n.et him in his solitary the better to seduce her, he assumed the shape
walks, and tore iiisbody to pieces407 year:- of a bull,an^ mingledwith the licrds of Age- nor;
before the christian era. In the 7Sth year of while Europa, with her female atten- dants,
his age Euripideswrote 75 tragedies, of were gathering flowers in the meadows.
which only 19 are extant ; the most approved Europa caressed the beautiftd animal, and at
of wliich are his PhoenissaE?, Orestes,Medea, last had the courage "o situpon his back. The
36
EU EU
*;o(ltook advantageof her situation, and with the stars. Hesiod. A daughter of Pontw
precipitate steps retired towards the shore, and Terra, mother of Astraeus,Pallas, an*
and crossed the sea with Europa on his back, Perses,by Crius. A daughter of Thespius-
and an'ived safe in Crete. Here he assumed .^pollod.
his original shape,and declared his love. The EuRYBiADES, a Spartangeneralof the Gre- cian
nymph consented,though she had once made fleet at the battles of Artemisium and Sa-
vows of perpetual celibacy, and she became lamis against Xerxes. He has been charged
the mother of Minos, Sarpedon,and Rhada- with want of courage, and with ambition. He
manthus. After this distinguishedamour with ottered to strike Themistocles when he wished
Jupiter,she married Asterius king of Crete. to speak about the manner of attackingthe
This monarch seeinghimself without children Perjfians, upon which the Athenian said,Strike
by Europa, adopted the fruit of her amours me, but hear me. Herodot. 8, c. 2, 74, Lc "
god.Laurels, reeds,myrtles, and olives, grew killed by Diomedes duringthe Trojan war.
on its banks in great abundance. Strab. 8. " Homer. II. 5, v. 148. One of Penelope's
Paus. 3, c. \."Liv. 35, c. ^9." Virg.Ed. 6, suitors. Od. 22, v. 283.
A wrestler of Cy-
V. 82. " Ptol. 4. A river in Thessalynear rene, who, in a combat, had his teeth dashed
mount Olympus, called also Tilaresus. It to pieces by his antagonist,
which he swallow-
ed
joinedthe Peneus, but was not supposedto without showing any signsof pain,
or discon-
tinuing
incorporatewith it. Strab. 6. Plin. 4, c. 8.
" the fight.Mlian. V. H. 10,c. 19.
EuROTO, a daughterof Danaus by Polyxo. A son of iEgyptus. Apollod.
JlpoUod. EuRYDAME, the wife of Leotychides,king
EuRus, a wind blowing from the eastern of Sparta. Herodot.
partsof the world. The Latins sometimes EuRYDAMiDAS,a king of Lacedaemon, of
called it Vulturnus. Ovid. Trist. 1,el.2. Met. the familyof the Proclidae. Paus. 3, c. 10.
11, he. EuRYDxcE, the wife of Amyntas, king of
EuRYALE, a queen of the Amazons, wlio Macedonia. She had by her husband ander,
Alex-
assisted jJ^etes, fcc. Flacc. 4. A daughter Perdiccas,and Philip, and one daughter
of Minos, mother of Orion by Neptune. A called Euryone. A criminal partiality for her
daughter of Prcetus king of Argos. One of daughter's husband, to whom she offered
the Gorgons who was immortal. Hesiod. her hand and the kingdom, made her conspire
Theog.V. 207. againstAmyntas, who must have fallen a
EuRYALus, one of the Peloponnesianchiefs victim to her infidelity, had not Eur)'onedis-covered
who went to the Trojan war with 80 ships. it. Amyntas forgave her. Alexander
Homer. II. 2. An illegitimate son of Ulys-
ses ascended the throne after his father's death,
and Evippe. Sophocl. A son of Melas, and perished by the ambition of his mother.
taken prisonerby Hercules, "c. JSpollod. 1, Perdiccas, who succeeded him, shared his fate ;
c. 8. A Trojan who came with iEneas but Philip, who was the next in succession,
into Italy, and rendered himself famous for secured himself against all attempts from his
his immortal friendship Avilh Nisus. Vid. mother, and ascended the throne with peace
I^isus. Virg.JEn. 9, v. 179. A pleasantand universal satisfaction. Eurydice fled to
placeof Sicily near Syracuse. Liv. 25, c. 25. Iphicrates the Athenian generalfor protection.
A Lacedaemonian generalin the second The manner of her death is unknown. C. JYep.
Messenian war. in Iphic.3.' A daughter of Amyntas, who
EuRYBATKs, a herald in the Trojan war married her uncle Aridaeus,the illegitimate
who took Briseis from Achilles by order of son of Philip.After the death of Alexander
Agamenmon. Homer. II. 1, v. 32. "
Ovid. the Great, Aridaeus ascended the throne of
Heroid. 3. A warrior of Argos, often victo- rious Macedonia, but he was totally governed by
at the Nemean games, ".c. Paus. 1, c. the intrigues of his wife,who called back Cas-
"J9. One of the Argonauts. sander, and joined her forces with his to
fijjRYBiA, the mother of Lucifer and all march againstPolyperchonand Olyrapiaf*
EU EU
Earydicewas forsaken by her troops,Aridoeus EuRToNE, a daughterof Amyntas king ef
tvas piercedthroughwith arrows by order of Macedonia, by Eurydice.
Olympias,who commanded Eurydice* stroy EuRYPON, a king of Sparta,son
to de- of Sous.
herself either by poison,the sword, or His reignwas so glorious, that his descendants
the halter. She chose the latter. The were called Eurypontida. Paus. 3, c. 7.
wife of the poet Orpheus. As she fled before EuRYPiLE, a daughterof Thespius.
AristcBus, who wished to offer her violence, EuRYPYLUs, a sou of Telephus and Asty-
she was bit by a serpent in the grass, and oclie, was killed in the Trojanwen- by Pyrrhu*.
died of the wound. Orpheus was so discon-
solate He made his court to Cassandra. Homer. II.
that he ventured to go to hell,where, 11. A Grecian at the Ti'ojan war. Honur.
by the melody of his lyre,he obtained from II.2. A princeof Olenus who went with
Pluto the restoration of his wife to life, vided Hercules
pro- against Laomedon. Paus. 7, c. 19.
he did not look behind before he came -A son of Mecisteus who signalized himself
upon earth. He violatedthe conditions,as his in the war of the Epigoui againstThebes.
eagerness to see his wife rendered him forget-ful. Apollod. 3. A son of Temenus kingof Mes-
He looked behind,and Eurydicewas for senia,who conspired againsthis father's life.
ever taken from him, [Fit/.Orpheus.] Virg.Id. 3, c. 6. A son of Neptune killedby Her- cules.
G. 4,v. 457, he" Pans. 9, c. ^O."Ovid. Met. Id. 2, c. 7. -One of Penelope's suit-
ors.
10, v. 30, ";c. A daughterof Adrastus. Id 3, c. 10. =--^AThessalianwho became
"
Apollod. 3, c. 12. One of the Danaides who delirious for looking into a box which fellto his
married Dyas. Jd. 2, c. 1. ^The wife of share after the plunderof Troy. Paus. 7, c.
Lycurgus,king of iS^emaea in Peloponnesus.19. A soothsayer in the Grecian camp be-
Jd. 1, c. 9. -A daughterof Actor. Id. foi'eTroy, sent to consult the oracle of Apol- lo,
A wife of jEneas. Paus. 10,c. 26. A daugh-
ter how his countrymen could return safe
of Amphiaraus. Id. 3, c. 17. A daugh-
ter home. The result of his inquiries was the in-
junction
of Antipater, who married one of the Pto-
lemies. to offer an human sacrifice. Virg,
Id. 1, c. 7, -A daughter of king ^n.2,v.U4.-^0vid,
Philip. Id. 5, c. 17. A daughterof Lace- EuRYSTHENEs, a SOU of Aristodcmus, who
daemon. Id. 3, c. 13. A daughterof Cly- lived in perpetual dissention with his twin bro- ther
menus, who married Nestor. Homer. Od. Procles,while theyboth sat on the Spar- tan
A wife of Demetrius, descended from Miltia- throne. It was unknown which of the two
des. Plut. in Demetr. was born first; the mother, who wished to
EuRYGASiA, a wife of (Edipus.j9poUod. see both her sons raised on the throne, refused
EuRYLEON, a kingof the Latins,called also to declare it,and they were both appointed
Ascani'js. kingsof Spartaby order of the oracle of Del-phi,
EuRYLocHus, one of the companions of B. C. 1102. After the death of the two
Ulysses,the only one who did not taste the brothers, the Lacedaemonians, who knew not
potionsof Circe. His prudence however for- sook to what familythe right ojfseniority and suc-
cession
now lost. Tlie best edition of his Praeparatio EuxANTHius, a daughterof Minos and
find Denion.stratio Evangelica, isbyVigerus, 2 Dexithea. .^pollod.
vols, folio ; Rotliomagi,1628 ; and of his eccle- EuxExi DAS, a painter, "c. P/m, 35.
fiiuslical
history
by Reading,(olioCantab. 1720, EuxENCs, a man who wrote a poetical
EU EX
of the fabulous ages of Italy,Dionys. Trist.3, el, 13, 1. 4,
history el. 4, V, 54.--5iraA, 2,
Hal. 1. kc. Mela, 1, c. 1. -Plin.
Herodot. 4,
" 3. "
EuxiNDS between
PoNTDs, a Asia and
sca c. 85.
Europe, partlyat the north of Asia Minor EusiPPE, a woman who killed herself be-
cause
and at the west of Colchis. It was anciently the ambassadors of Spartahad offered
called ";"o-, inhospitable, on account of the violence to her virtue, "c.
savage manners of the inhabitants on itscoasts. ExADius, one of the Lapithae at the nuptials
Commerce with foreign nations,and the plan-
tationof Pirithous Homer. II. 1, v, 264, Ovid, "
FA FA
festi\'alsat Rome in honour of'ged the enemy without the command of the
FABARIA,
Carna \v\ff.tS
wife
Carna whp.n
oi"Janus, when hftana ( fah{F\ dictator.
beans (fabce)
.Tanns;. He was five times consul,twice dic-
tator,
were presentedas an oblation. and once censor. He triumphedover
Fabaris, now Far/a,a river of Italyin the seven different nations in the neighbourhood
territories of the Sabines, called also Farfar- of Rome, and rendered himself illustriousby
us. Orid.Met. 14,v. 334." Virg.JEy}. 7, v. 715. his patriotism. Rusticus, an historian ia
Fabia. Vid. Fabius Fabricianus. the age of Claudius and Nero. He was mate
inti-
Fabia lex, de to circumscribe
ambiiu,was with Seneca, and the encomiums which
the number of Sectat ores,
attendants which or Tacitus passes upon his style,makes us regret
were allowed to candidates in canvassing for the loss of his compositions. Marcellinusi
some high office It was proposed,but did Ian historian in the second century. A Ro-
man
not pass, lawyer,whom Herat. 1, sat. 2, v. 134,
Fabia, a tribe at Rome, Horat. 1, ep. 7 lidicules as havingbeen caught in adultery.
v. 52. A vestal virgin, sister to Terentia, Q. Maximus, a celebrated Roman, first
Cicero's vvife. surnamed Verrucosus,from a wart on his lip,
Fabiani, of the Luperciat Rome, in-
some stituted
and Agnicula. from his inoffensive manners.
in honour of the Fabian familv. From a dull and unpromisingchildhood he
Fabii, a noble and powerful family at iburst into deeds of valour and heroism, and
Rome, who derived their name from faba, was gradually aj
raised by merit to the highest
bean, because some of their ancestors culti- offices of the state. In his firstconsulship, he
vated this pulse. They were said to be de- obtained a victoryover Liguria, and the fatal
scended from Fabius, a supposedson of Her- battle of i'hrasymenus, j
occasioned his election
cules by an Italian nymph ; and they were \to the dictatorship. In this importantoffice
once so numerous, that they took upon them-j be began to oppose Annibal, not by fighting
selves to wage war against the Veientes. The} him in the open field like his predecessors,
came to a generalengagement near the Cre- but he harassed
continually his army by termarches
coun-
There only remained one, whose tender Such operations for the commander of the Ro-
man
age had detained him at Rome, and from armies,gave offence to some, and Fabius
him arose the noble Fabii in the following was even accused of cowardice. He, however,
ages. The familywas divided into six diffe-
rent stillpursuedthe measures which prudenceand
branches, the Jlmbusli,the Maximi, the refiection seemed to dictate as most salutary to
Vibulani; the Bnleones, the Dorsones, and the Rome, and he patiently bore to see his master
Pictures, the three fiistof which are frequentlyof horse I'aised to share the dictatorial dignity
mentioned in the Roman history,but the with himself,by of his enemies
means at
others seldom. fJionys.
9, c. 5 " Lii\ 2, c. 46, home. Wlienhehad
laid down his office of
Lc."Flor. I, c. 2." Odd. Trist. 2, v. 235." dictator,his L-uccessors, for a while,followed
Virg.J"n. (",v. S45. his plan; but the rashness of V'arro,and his
Fabius Maximus Rullianus,was the firstof contempt for the operations of Fabius, occa-
sioned
cheerfully obeyed,embracinghis son, and say- ing, ornaments Fabricius wished to inspire
I wished to know whether you knew what among the people; and during his censorship
it is to be consul. He died before his father, he banished from the senate Cornelius Rufinus,
and the Cunctator, with the moderation of a who had been twice consul and dictator,be- cause
philosopher, delivered a funeral oration over he kept in his house more than ten
the dead body of his son. Plut. in Fabio, pound weight of silver plate. Such were the
Pictor,the firstRoman who wrote an cal
histori- manners of the conqueror of Pyrrhus, who ob
account of his country, from the age of served,that he wished ratherto command those
Romulus to the year of Rome 536. ished that had money
He flour- than possess it himself. He
B. C. 225. The work which is now tant, lived and
ex- died in the greatest poverty. His
and which is attributedto spu- body was
rious him, is a buried at the publiccharge,and the
composition. A loquaciousperson Roman people were obligedto givea dowry
mentioned by Horat. 1, Sat. 1,v. 14. man to his two daughters,
A Ro- when theyhad arrived to
consul,surnaraed Ambustus, because he marriageable years. Val. Max. 2, c. 9, 1. 4, c.
was struck with lightning. A lieutenant of 4^." Flor. 1. c. 18." Cic. 3, de Offic."Plut.iH
Caesar in Gaul. Fabricianus,a Roman Pyrrh. Virg.JEn. 6, v. 844.
sassinated
as- "
A bridgeat
by his wife Fabia, that she might Rome built by the consul Fabricius, over th"
more freelyenjoy the company of a favourite Tiber. Horat. 2. Ser. 3, v. 36.
youth. His son was saved from his mother's Fabulla, a prostitute, he. Juv. 2, v. 68.
cruelties,and when he came of age he avenged Facelina, a small placeon the north of Si*
his father's death by murdering his mother cily, where Diana had a temple. Serviui ail
and her adulterer. The senate took cognizance Virg.Mn. 9, v. 111." Hygin.261.
of the action,and patronized the parracide. Fadus, a Rutulian killed in the nightby Eu-
Plut. in Parall. A chief priestat Rome ryalus. Virg.JFm. 9,v. 344.
when Brennus took the city. Plut. A Ro-
man FjesIjl^, now Fitsale,a town of "truna"
sent to consult the oracle of Delphi, while famous for its augurs. Cic. Mur. 24. Ital. "
Annibal was in Italy. Another chosen dic- tator 8, v.AlQ."Sallust. Cat. 27.
merely to create new senators. A Falcidia lex was enacted by the tribune
lieutenant of Lucul lus, defeated by Mithridates. Falcidius,A U.C. 713, concerningwills and
A son of Paulus JCmilins,adoptedinto the the rights of heirs.
familyof the Fabii. A Roman surnamed Faleria, a town of Picenum, now Fallero-
Allobrogicus, from his victory over the Allo- na, of which the inhabitants were called Fa-
broges,iiic. Flor. 2, c. 17. Another chosen lerienses. Plin. 3^ c. 13,
generalfigainstthe in Italy.He
Carthaginians Falejui, (orium) now Palari, a town of
and fellwounded
lost all his forces in a battle', Etruria,of which the inhabitants are culled
by the side of Annibal. Plut. in Parall. Falisci. The Romans borrowed some of th^ir
A consul with J. Cccsar,who conquered Pom- laws from Falerii. The placew as famous for
poy's adherents in Spain. A high priestitspastures, and for a peculiarsort of
sausage.
who wrote some annals,and made war againstVid. Falisci. Martial. 4, ep. 46. Liv. 10, c. "
Viriathus in Spain. Liv. 30, c. 26. Flor. 3, 12 and m.-^Ovid. Fast. 1, v, 84.~PoTit. 4, el.
"
Virg.G. 2, v. 9ti.
"
by order of A'ero. Caius Luscinv.s,a cele- "Horat. 1, od. 20, v. 10. 2 6W. 4, v. 15."
""ral.cdRoman, who, in his firstconsulship ob- Sirab. 5, Flor. 1,c. 15. "
Macedonian colony. When theywere be/ieg- FauN'i, certain deities of the country,re- presented
Of italy.
Ital. 8, v. 597. PUn. 14,c. 15. were also called Februa, whence the name of
Martial. 2, ep. 74. the month of February,duringwhich the ob-
lations
Faveria, a town of Istria. Liv. 41, c. 11. were made.
do, because he had assisted the Romans, or a their audience the failings and vices of their
feriendo, because he had conquered their ene-
mies and by a satiricalhumour
adverearies, and mer-
riment
opima were always carried. Only two nuptials, and many lascivious expressions were
generals obtained these celebrated spoils after used for the genei'al diversion,as also at har- vest-home,
the age of Romulus. Liv. 1,c. 10. Plut. in "
w hen gestures were made adapted
Rom."C. Mp. in Ait. 20. to the sense of the unpolished verses that were
FERiiE LATiNiE, festivalsat Rome tuted used.
insti- They were proscribed by Augustus as
by Tarquinthe Proud. The principal of immoral tendency. Plin. 3, c. 5. Virg. "
ferioiimperative, were appointedonly by the 14,15, and 27, 1. 2, c. 19, 1.4, c. 17 and 21.
command of the consul,dictator,
or pnetor,as FiDENTU, a of Gaul on the south of
town
a f)ublic for some
rejoicing importantvictorythe Po, between Placentia and Parma. Veil.
gainedover the enemy of Rome. The /ma 2, c. 2S."Plin. 3, c. 15." Cic. In. 2, c.54.
XuTfdincz Avcre regular days,ii\ which the FiDi:s, the goddessof faith, oath?,and
FL FL
honesty,worshippedby the Romans. Numa uncommon success. The Greeks gi'adually
was the firstwho paidher di\ine honours. declared themseWes his firmest supporters,
FiDicijLiE,a placeof Italy. VcU. Max. 7, and he totallydefeated Philip on the confines
c. 6. ' of Epirus,and made all Locris,Phocis, and
FiDics Dius, a divinity
by the mans
whom
Ro- Thessaly,tributaryto the Roman
power.
generallyswore. He was also called He grantedpeace to the conqueredmonarch,
Sancus or Sanctus and Semipater, and he was and proclaimedall Greece free and indepen-dent
solemnlyaddressed in prayers the 5th of June, at the Isthmian games. This cele-
brated
which was yearlyconsecrated to his service. action procured the name of patrons
Some suppose him to be Hercules. Ovid. of Greece to the Romans, and insensibly
Fast. 6, V. 213." Varro de L. L. 4, c. 10." Di- paved their way to universal dominion.
onys. Hal. 2 and 9. Flaminius behaved among them with the
Fimbria, a Roman officer who besieged greatestpolicy, and by his ready compliance
Mithridates in Pritane,and failed in his at- with their national customs
tempts and prejudices,
to take him prisoner.He was ed
desert- he gaineduncommon popularity, and received
by his troops for his cruelty, upon which the name of fatlierand deliverer of Greece.
he killed himself. Plut. in Lxicull. He was afterwards sent ambassador to king
FiRMUM, now Fermo, a town of Picenum Prusias,who had given refugeto Annibal,
on the Adriatic, the port of which was called and there his prudence and artifice hastened
CasUllum Firmanum. Cic. 8, Att. 12. Plin. out of the world a man
"
who had long been
7, c. 8. Velleius. 1,c. 14.
" the terror of the Romans. Flaminius was
M. FiRsiius, a powerfulnative of Seleucia found dead in his bed, after a life spent ia
who proclaimedhimself emperor, and was at the greatest glory, in which he had imitated
last conqueredby Aurelian. with success the virtues of his model Scipio.
FiscELLCs, a part of the Apennine moun- tains Plut. in vild. Flor. Lucius, the brother
"
in Umbria, where the Nar rises. Hal. 8, of the preceding,signalized himself in the
V. 518." J'/i/i.3, c. 12. wars of Greece. He was expelledfrom the
Flacilla Antonia, a Roman matron in senate for killing a Gaul, by Cato, his brother's
Nero's age, ".c. Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 7. colleague in the censorship, an action which
Fi.ACCus, a consul who marched againstwas highlyresented by Titus. Plat, in Flam.
Sylla, and was assassinated by Frimbria. Plut. Calp.Flamma, a tribune,who at the head
A poet. l^id. Valerius. A governor of 300 men saved the Roman army in Sicily,
of Egypt who died A. D. 39. Verrius,a B. C. 258, by engagingthe Carthaginians and
grammarian, tutor to the two grandsons of cutting them to pieces.
Augustus,and supposedauthor of the Capito- Flanaticus sinus, a bay of the Flanates^
line marbles. A name of Horace. Vid. in Liburnia,on the Adriatic, now the golfof
Horatius. Carnjero.Plin. 3, c. 19 and 21.
^LiA Flacilla, the mother of Arcadius Flavia lex agraria,by L. Flavius, A.
and Honorius, was daughter of Antonius,a U. C. 693, for the distribution of a certaia
prefectof Gaul. quantityof lands among Pompey's soldiers,
Flaminia Lex agraria,by C. Flaminius and the commons.
the tribune, A. U. C. 525. It requiredthat Flavianum, a town of Etruria, on the
the lands of Picenum, from which the Gauls Tiber,called also Flavinium. Virg.JEn. 7, r.
Senones had been expelled, should be divided 696." Sil. 8, V. 492.
among the Roman people. Flavinia, a town of Latium, which sisted
as-
Flaminia Via, a celebrated road which led Turn us againstJEaeas. (^irg.
JEn. 7,
from Rome to Ariminum and Aquileia.It v. 696.
received its name from Flaminius,who built Flavius, a senator who conspiredmtk
it,and was killed at the battle of Thrasymenus Piso against^'ero, kc. Tacit. A tribune
against Ann ibal. Agate of Rome opening of the peopledeposedby J. Caesar. A Ro-
man
to the same road,now delpopolo. who informed Gracchus of the violent
C. Flaminius, a Roman consul of a turbu-
lent measures of the senate againsthim. A
disposition, who was drawn into a battle brother of Vespasian, ^. A tribune who
near the lake of Thrasymenus,by the artifice wounded one of Annibal's elephantsin an
of Annibal. He was killed in the engagement, engagement. A schoolmaster at Rome in
Avilh an immense number of Romans, B. C. the age of Horace. 1 Sat. 6, v. 72. One of
217. The conqueror wished to give a burial the names of the emperor Domitian. Juv.
to his body,but it was not found in the heaps 4, V. 37.
of slain. While the tribune of the people,he Flevus, the rightbranch of the Rhine,
proposed an agrarianlaw againstthe ad- vice which formed a largelake on its falling int"
of his friends,of the senate, and of iiis che sea, called Flevo, now Zuider-Zee. It was
own father. Cic. de Inv. 2, c. 17. " Liv. 22, afterwards called Htliam, now Ulie,when its
c. 3, }iat."Polyb."Flor.
2, c. 6."Val. Max. breadth became more contracted, and a fort
1; c. 6. erected there obtained the name of Flevutit
T. Q. Flaminius or FlamixInus, a brated Frisiorum. Tacit. An. 2, c. 6, 1.4,v. 73.
cele- Plin. "
tliatthe venerable senator was treated with the Greece, and in Achaia; her statue held the.
most uncommon applauseas he retired. Val. horn of plentyin one hand, and had a winged
Max. 2, c. IQ." Varro de L. L. l"Faierc. Cupid at itsfeet. In Boeotia she had a statue
c. l."Plin. 18,c. 29. which representedher as holdingPlutus the
'
Florentia, atownof Italyon the Arnus, god of riches in her arms, to intimate that for- tune
now Florence,the capital of Tuscany. Tacit, is the source whence wealth and honours
^n. 1, c. 79." FZor. 3, c. 21." Piwi. 3, c. 5. flow. Bupaluswas the firstwho made a statue
Florl\nus, a man who wore the imperialof Fortune for the peopleof Smyrna, and he
purple at Rome onlyfor two months, A. D.27d. represented her with the poplarstar upon her
Florus, L. Anna3us Julius, a Latin historian head, and the horn of plentyin her hand. The
of the same family which produced Sen- eca Romans paid particular attention to the god-
dess
and Lucan, A. D. 116. He wrote an of Fortune, and had no less than eight
abridgmentof Roman annals in four books, ditferent temples erected to her honour in
composedin a floridand poetical style, and ra-
ther their city. Tullus Hostilius was the firstwho
a panegyric on many of the greatactions built her a temple, and from that circumstance
of the Romans, than a faithfuland correct re- cital it is easily known when her worshipwas first
of their history.He also wrOte poetry, introduced among the Romans. Her most
and entered the lists againstthe emperor famous templein Italywas at Antium, in La-
Adrian,who satirically reproachedhim vyith tium, where presents and offerings were gularly
re-
frequenting taverns and placesof dissipation. sent from every part of the country.
The best editions of Florus are Duker's, 2 vols. Fortune has been called Pherepolis, the pro-
tectress
8vo. L Bat. 1722 and 1744; and that of J. of cities, Acrea, from the temple of
Frid. Fischer,8vo. Lips. 1760. Julius,a Corinth on an eminence, cuS-.s. She was called
friend of Horace, who accompanied Claudius Prenesline at Prajneste in Italy, where she had ;
Nero in his militaiy expeditions.The poet also a temple. Besides she was worshipped
has addressed two epistles to him. among the Romans under different names, such
Fluoma, a surname of Juno Lucina, who as Female fortune,Vhile fortune.Equestrian,
under that appellation was invoked by theKo- Evil, Peaceful, Virgin,".c. On the 1st of
num matrons to stop excessive dischargesof April, which was consecrated to Venus among
blood. Ftst. de V. fig. the Romans, the Italian widows and marriage-
able
Folia, a woman of Ariminum, famous for virgins assembled in the temple of Virile
her knowledge of poisonous herbs,and for her fortune,and after burningincense and strip- ping
petulance.Ilorat. ep. 5, v. 42. themselves of their garments,theyentrea- ted
FoNS SoLis,a fountain in the provinceof the goddessto hide from the eyes of their
Cyrene,cool at mid-dayand warm at the rising husbands whatever defectsthere might be on
and setting of the sun. Hervdot. 4, c. 181. their bodies. The goddessof Fortune is rep- resented
FoNTANus, a poet mentioned by Ovid. on ancient monuments with a horn oi
Pont. 4, el. 16. jilenty, and sometimes two in her hands. She
FoNiEiA, a vestal virgin. Cic. is blind-folded, and generally holds a wheel ia
FoNTKius Capito, au intimate friend of her hand as an emblem of her inconstancy.
Horace. 1 i"at.5, v. 32. A Roman who Sometimes she appears with wings,and tread"
FO FU
upon the prow of a ship,and holds a rudder times the word is used in the plural, Fossce'
in her hand. Dionys.Hal. 4. Ovid. Fast. as if more than one canal had been formed by
"
rum, a town of Insubria. Polyh. Sempro- Liv. K), c. l."Sil. 8, v. 399." Cir. Ait. 11,
nii,a town of Umbria, he. other pla- Many
ces ep. 4 and 13.
bore the name of Forum
wherever there FCciNus, a lake of Italyin the countryof
was a public market, or rather where the praj- the Marsi,at the north of the Liris,attempted
tor held his court of justice, (ferum vel con- to be drained by J. Caesar and afterwards by
ventus,) and thence they were called some-
times Claudius,by whom 30,000 men were ed
employ-
conventusas well as/om,into which pro-vinces for eleven years to perforate
a mountain to-
Avere generally divided under the ad- ministration
convey the water into the Lids, but with no
of a separate governor. Cic. permanent success. The lake surrounded by
Ver. 2, c. 20, I.4, c. 48, 1.5, c, 11." Fa^m, 5, a ridgeof highmountains isnow called Celano,
Fam. 3, ep. 6 and 8." Attic. 5, ep. 21. and is supposed to be 47 miles in circumfe-
Fosi, a people of Germany near the Elbe, i"ence, and not mo?e than 12 feet deep on an
considered as the Saxons of Ptolemy. Tacit. average. Plin. 36, c. 15. Tacit. Ann. 12,c. "
It forbade to leave as a
any person
proposedbut rejected,
-, ^ ^
"^TutviA,
bold and a
ambitious woman who 42. "Liv. 35.
goddessof robbers, worshipped
FuRiNA, the
Clodius,
tribune and afterwards
married the she is the same
She took a at Rome. Some say that
Curio, and at last M. Antony. the Furies. Her festivalswere called Furi-
of her husband s virate
trium- as
part in all the intrigues ualia. Cic. de Kat. 3, c. S."Varro de L. L.
well as re-
and showed herself cruel as
vengeful.
cut 5, 3.
When Cicero's head had been c.
3. A Roman actor,
Fundi, a town of Italynear Caieta, on the Co"s. Bell. G. T, c.
Horace ridicules. 2 Sat. 3, v. 60. He
small deep whom
Appianroad,at the bottom of a intoxicated himself; and when on the stage,
Horal. 1, Sat. 5,
bay called Lacus Fundanus. Ilione,
19, I. 38, c. 36." he fell asleep whilst he personated
V M^Liv. 8, c. 14 and roused and mo-
ved
where he ought to have been
Plin. 3, c. 5." Cic. Rail. 2, c. 25.-r-Tacit.
Ann.
by the cries of a ghost}but in vain.
4, c. 59." S/m6.5.
GA GA
people of Aquitain. Plm. 4, of Cadis. Geryon,whom Hercules kill-
ed,
GABLES,
19.c.
a name
fixed his residence there. Hercules, sur-
It was taken by the artificeof 5extus,the son the Senones in takingand plundering
of Tarquin,who gainedthe confidence of the Rome under Brennus. Strab. 5.
inhabitantsby deserting pretend- diTULiA, a country of Libya, near
to them, and ing the
that his father had illtreated him. Romu-
lus Garamantes, which foi-med part of kingMasi-
and Remus were educated there,as it was nissa's kingdom. The country was the fa-
vourite
the custom at that time to send there the retreat of wild beasts, and is now ed
call-
young nobility, and Juno was the chief deity Bildulgerid.Sallust. in Jug. SU, 3, v "
that no action should be granted for the re- covery the jealousy of Juno ; and concluded that
of any money borrowed upon small in-terest,the old woman, who continued at the door al- ways
to be lent upon larger.This was an in the same unchanged posture,was the
usual practice at Rome, which obtained the instrument of the anger of the goddess. With
name of vcrsuram facere. Another againstsuch suspicions Galanthis ran out of the house,
fornication. and with a countenance expressive of joy,she
in the reign of informed the old woman
Gabinianus,a rhetorician, that her mistress had
Vespasian. justbroughtforth. Lucina, at the words, rose
Gabinius, a Roman historian. Aulius, from her posture,and that instant Alcmena
a Roman consul,who made war in Juda)a,andwas safelydelivered. The uncommon laugh
re-established tranquillity there. He suffered which Galanthis raised upon this, made na
Luci-
himself to be bribed,and replacedPtolemy suspectthat she had been deceived. She
Auletes on the throne of Egypt. He was cused, seized Galanthis by the hair,
ac- and threw her on
at his return, of receiving cero,the ground ; and while she attemptedto resist,
bribes. Ci-
at the requestof Pompey, ablydefended she was changedinto a weazel,and condemn-
ed
him. He was banished, and died about 40 to bringforth her young, in the most nizing
ago-
years before Christ,at Salona. A lieuten-
ant pains, by the mouth, by which she had
of Antony. A consul, who behaved uttered falsehood. This transformation al- ludes
with uncommon rudeness to Cicero. to a Vulgar notion among the ancients,
Gades {iwn,)Gadis (is)and Gadira, a who believed this of the weazel, because she
small island in the Atlantic,on the Spanish carries her young in her mouth, and continu- ally
coast, 25 miles from the columns of Hercules. shiftsfrom placeto place. The Boeotians
It was sometimes called Tartessus,and Erylhia paidgreatveneration to the weazel, which, as
according to Pliov, and is now known by the theysupposed, facilitatedthe labours of Ale-
GA GA
Galaxy,
, ..
the inhabitants of Galatia Vid. showed himself the most impartial judge,for-
got
Galatia. the duties of an emperor, and of a father
GiLATiEA and Galath^a, a sea nymph, of his people. Suet on. ^ Pint, in vita. "
Brennus, some time afterthe sackingof and said that he had received allhis know-
ledge
Rome. Strah. \2.~Justin. 37, c. A."Liv. 38, from enchantments. He was very inti-
mate
c. 12,40" Lwcaw. 7, v. bAO." Cic. 6, Mt. 5." with Blarcus Aurelius, the emperor,
Plin. 5, c. S2."Ptol. 5, c. 4. The name of after whose death he returned to Pergamus,
ancient Gaul among the Greeks. where he died in his 90th year, A. D. 193.
Galaxia, a in which
festival, they boiled a He wrote no less than 300 volumes, the great-
est
mixture of barley,pulse, and milk, called part of which were burnt in the temple of
by the Greeks.
TxKctt.t'i Peace at Rome, where theyhad been deposi-
ted.
Galba, a surname of the firstof the Sul- Galenus confessed himself greatly in-
debted
pitii,from the smallness of his stature. The to the writings of Hippocrates, for his
^
v^ord signifies a small worm, or, according to medical knowledge, and bestowed great en-
comiums
the cause of adulterers witii great 1538, Galen was likewise edited, together
warmth, as being one of the fraternity. race with Hippocrates,
Ho- by Charterius,13 vols, fol.
ridicules him, 1. Sat. 2, v. 46. Servius Paris 1679, but very incorrect,
Sulpicius, a Roman who rose gradually to the GaleoljE, certain prophetsin Sicily,Cic.
greatestoffices of the state, and exercised his Galeria, one of the Roman tribes.
power in the provinceswith equityand un- remittedThe wife of Vetellius, Cas. Tacit. Hist. 2, c.
diligence.He dedicated the great-est 60. Fustina,the wife of the emperor An- toninus
part of his time to solitary pursuits,chiefly Pius,
to avoid the suspicions of Nero. His disap-
probation Galerius, a native of Dacia, made empe-
ror
of the emperor'soppressivecom- mand of Rome, by Diocletian, Vid. Masi-
in the provinces, was the cause of new raianus.
disturbances. Nero ordered him to be put to Galesus, now Galeso, a river of Calabria
death, but he escapedfrom the hands of the flowinginto the bay of Tarentum. The po-
ets
executioner, and was publiclysaluted empe-
ror. have celebrated it for the shadygroves in
When he was seated on the throne, he its neighbourhood, and tlie fine sheep which
suftered himself to be governed by favourites, feed on its fertile banks, and w hose fleeces
who exposedto sale the goods of the citizens were said to be rendered soft when they bath-
ed
to gratify their avarice. Exemptions were in the stream. Martial. 2, ep. 43, 1, 4,
sold at a highprice, and the crime of murder ep. 2S." Virs. G. 4, v. 126." Horat. 2, od.
was blotted out, and impunitypurchasedwith 6j V. 10. A rich person of Latin m, killed
a largesum of money. Such irregularitiesin as he attemptedto make a reconciliationbe-tween
theemperor'sministers,greatly
displeasedthe the Trojans and Rutulians, when As-
people; and when Galba refused to pay the canius had killed the favourite stag of Tyrr-
soldiers the money which he had promisedheus ; which was the prelude of all the en-
mities
them, when he was raised to the throne,they between the hostile nations. Virg. JEn.
assassinated him in the 73d year of his
age. 7, v. 335.
GA GA
pile. Children, among them, never ap- and revered the sacerdotal order,as
peai-edin the presence of their fathers, before if they had been gods. (Vid. Druidee.)They
they were able to bear arms in the defence of long maintained a bloodywar against the Ro-
mans
theu- country. Cces.Bell. G. " Stmb. 4." cit.
Ta- ; and
Caesar resided 10 years in their
Vid. Gallia. The of Cybele, country before
priests he could totally subdue them.
who received that name from the river Galljus,CcBs.Bell. Gall. Fans. 7, c. 6. Strab. 5, ".e.
"
"
were elected,and no less than thirty tyrants against his benefactor, and was publicly
aspired to the imperial purple. Gallienus re- solved condemned to be beheaded, A. D. 354. A
boldlyto oppose his adversaries ; but small river of Phrygia,whose waters were
in the midst of his preparations, he was sinated
assas- said to be very efficacious, if drank in modera-
tion,
at Milan by some of his officers, in the in curingmadness. Plin. 32, c. 2. Ovid,
"
himself indolent and cruel,and beheld with 20, V. 2S\." Virg. JEn. 5, v. 252." Or/rf. Met.
the greatest indifference the revolt of his pro- vinces, 10,v. Ibb."Horat. 4, od. 4.
and the invasion of his empireby the Gar.t.ticum,a town of Africa.
barbarians He was at last assassinated by his Garamantes (sing.Garamas,) a peoplein
.^oldicrs, A. P. 263. Flavins Claudius Con- the interiorparts of Africa,now called the
.-^*v-
GA GE
deserts of Zaara. They lived in common, and Gebekx A, a town and mountain of Gaul,
acknowledgedas their own onlysuch children Lucan. 1, v. 435.
as resembled them, and scarce clothed them-
selves, Gedrosia, a barren province of Persia,
on account of the warmth of their cli-mate.near India. Strab. 2.
Virg.Mn. 4, v. 198, 1.6, v. 795." Lu- Geganii, a family of Alba, part of which
ean. 4,v. 334." Strab. 2."Plin. 5, c. 8."Sil. migratedto Rome, under Romulus. One of
It. 1,v. 142,1.11,V. 181. the daughters, called Gegani,was the firstof
Garamantis, a nymph who became ther
mo- the vestals created by Numa. Plui. in JVum.
of larbas, Phileus,and Pilumnus, by Ju- piter. Gela, a town on the southern partsof Si- cily,
Virg.^11. 4, v. 198. about 10 miles from the sea, according to
Garamas, a king of Libya,whose daughterPtolemy,which received itsname from a small
was mother of Ammon by Jupiter. river in the neighbourhood, called Gelas. It
Garatas, a river of Arcadia, near Tegea, was built by a Rhodian and Cretan colony,713
on the banks of which Pan had a temple.years before the Christian era. After it had
Paus. 8, c. 44. continued in existence 404 years, Phintias,ty- rant
Gareat^, a people of Arcadia. Pam. 8, of Agrigentum, carried the inhabitants to
e. 45. Phintias, a town in the neighbourhood, which
Gareathyra, a town of Cappadocia.he had founded, and he employed the stones
Strab. 12. of Gela to beautify his own city.Phintias was
Garganus, now St. Angela,a loftymoun- tain also called Gela. The inhabitants were called
of Apulia, which advances in the form of Gelemes,Geloi,and Gelani. Virg.JEn. 3, v.
a promontory into the Adriatic sea. Virg.702." Paw;?. 8, c. 46.
"Sln 11, v. 257. " Lucan. 5, v. 880. Gelanor, a king of Argos,who succeeded
Gargaphia, a valleynear Plataea,with a his father,and was deprived of his kingdom
fountain of the same name, where Actaeon was by Danaus the Egyptian. Paus. 2, c. 16.
torn to pieces by his dogs. Ovid. Met. 3, v. 156. Vid. Danaus.
Gargaris, a king of the Curetes, who Gellia Cornelia lex, de Civitate,by
firstfound the manner of collecting honey. L. Gellius and Cn. Cornel. Lentujus,A. U. C.
He had a son by his daughter,whom he at- 681.
tempted It enacted,that all those who had been
in vain to destroy. He made him his presentedwith the privilege of citizens of
successor. Justin. 44, c. 44. Rome by Pompey, should remain in the pos- session
Gargarus, (plur.a, orum,)a town and of that liberty.
mountain of Troas, near mount Ida, famous Gelhas, a native of Agrigentum,famous
for its fertility. Virg.G. 1, v. J03. Macrob. for his munificence and his hospitality.
" Died.
5, c. 20." Strab. 13." Plin. 5, c. 30. \3."Val.Max. 4, c. 8.
Gargettus, a villageof Attica,the birth Gellius, a censor, he. Pint, in Pomp.
placeof Epicurus. Cic, Fani. 15,ep. 16. A consul who defeated a party of Ger- mans
Gargittius, a dog which kept Geryon's in the interest of Spartacus.Plid.
flocks. He was killed by Hercules. Aulus Gellius. a Roman grammarian in
Gargilius Martialis, an historian. the age of M. Antoninus, about 130 A. D.
A celebrated hunter. Horat.l, ep. 6, v. 57. He published a work which he called JVoctes
Gabites, a peopleof Aquitain,in Gaul. Mtic(E,because he composed it at Athens
Garumna, a river of Gaul, now called duringthe long nights of the winter. It is a
Garonne, rising in the Pyrenean mountains, collection of incongruous matter, which con- tains
and separating Gallia Celtica from Aquitania. many fragments from the ancient writers,
It fallsinto the bay of Biscay, and has,by the and often serves to explainantique monu- ments.
persevering labours of Lewis 14th,a commu- It was originally composed for tho
BJcation with the Mediterranean by the canal improvement of his children,and abounds
of Languedoc,carried upwards of 100 miles with many gi'ammatical remarks. The beit
throughhills, and over vallies. Mela, 3, c. 2. editionsof A. Gellius are, that of Gronovius,
Gastron, a generalof Lacedaemon, ",c. 4to. L. Bat. 1706,and that of Conrad, 2 vols.
Polycen.
2. 8vo. Lips.1762.
GATHE.aE, a town of Arcadia. Paus.
Gelo 8, and Gelon, a son of Dinomenes,
6.34. who made himself absolute at Syracuse, 491
Gatheatas, a river of Arcadia. Id. lb. years before the Christian era. He conquer-
ed
Gaugamela. a village near Arbela beyond the Carthaginians at Himera, and made his
the Tigris, where Alexander obtained his 3d oppressionpopularby his great equityand
victoryover Darius. Curt. 4, c. 9. Strab. 2 moderation.
"
He reignedseven years, and his
and 16. death was universally lamented at Syracuse.
Gaulus and Gauleon, an island in the He was called the father of his people,and
Mediterranean and honoured as a demi-
god.
sea, oppositeLibya. It pro- duces the patron of liberty,
no venomous creatures. Plin. 3, c. 8 His brother Hiero succeeded him.
Gaurus, a mountain of Campania, famous Paus. 8, c. 42."Herodol. 7, c. 153,kc."Diod.
for its wines. Lucan. 2, v. 667. Sil. 12,v. 11.
" A man who attemptedto poisonPyrr-
160." 67a/. 3, Sylv. 5, v. 99. hus. A governor of Bceotia. A son of
Gaus andGAOs, a man who followed the Hiero the younger. Paus. 6, c. 9. A gene-
ral
interestofArtaxerxes,
from whom he revolt-
ed, of Phocis,destroyed with his troopsby the
and by whom he was put to death. Diod. Thessalians. Paus. 10, c. 1.
35. Geloi, the inhabitants of Gela. Virg.Mn.
Gaza, a famous town of Palestine, once 3, V. 701.
well fortified,as being the frontier place on Gelones and Geluni, a people ofScythia,
the confines of Egypt. Alexander took it after inured from their youth to labour and fatign*
a siege of two months. Diod. 17. They paintthemselves to appear more l"rrl'
38
GE GE
ble in battle. They were descended from on the same called Opera
subject, and Hits.
Gelonus, a son of Hercules. Virg.G. 2, V. 15. Georgius Pisida. Vid. Pisida.
-.^Ew, 8,
V. 725." Mela, 1,c 1. Claudian in
"
Gephyra, Seleu- one of the cities of the
Ruf. 1, V. 315. cidas in Syria. Strab. 9.
Gelds, a port of Caria. Mela, 1, c. 16. G1"VRYKS.1, a people of Phoenicia,who
Gemini, a sign of the zodiac which repre-
sents passedwith Cadmus into Bceotia,and from
Castor and Pollux,the twin sons of Leda. thence into Attica. Herodot.5,c. 57.
Geminius, a Roman, who acquaintedM. Ger^stus, a port of Eubcea. Liv. 31, c. 45.
Antony with the situation of bis affairs at Gerania, a mountain between Megara and
Rome, "ic. An inveterate enemy of Ma- Coi'inth.
rius. He seized the person of Marius, and Gerantk-se,a town of Laconia. Pans. 3,
carried him to Minturnae. Plut. in Mario. c. 2.
-Afriend of Pompey, from whom he re-
ceived Geresticus, a harbour of Teios in Ionia,
a favourite mistress, called Flora. Plut. Liv. 37, c. 27.
Geminus. an astronomer and mathematician Gergithum, a town near Cumae in .^o-
of Rhodes, B.C. 77. lia. Plin. 5, c. 30,
GsMONi;^, a placeat Rome where the Gergobia, a town
casses
car- of Gaul. Cces. B. G.
of criminals were thrown. Suel. Tib. 7,c. 9.
53 and 61." Tacit. Hist. 3, c. 74. Gerion, an ancient augur.
Genabum, a town of Gaul, now Orleam, Germakia, an extensive country of Eu-
rope,
"on the Loire. Cces. 5. C. 7, c. 3."" Lxtcan. at the
Its inhabitants east of Gaul.
1, V. 440. were ways
al- and
warlike,fierce,and uncivilized,
Genauni, a people of Vindelicia. Horat. proved a watchful enemy againstthe
4, Od. 14, V. 10. Romans. Cajsar firstentered their country,
Geneva, an ancient, populous, and well but he rather checked their fury,than con-
quered
fortifiedcity,in the country of the Allobroges them. His example was followed by
xm the lake Lemanus, now of Geneva. his their generals,
imperialsuccessors
or who
Genisus, a man of Cyzicus,killed by the
entered the country to chastise the
sometimes
Argonauts,he. Place. 3, v. 45. of the inhabitants.
insolence The ancient
Genius, a spirit or dsmon, which, accor-
ding Germans were very superstitious, and, in
to the ancients, presidedover the birth many instances, their religion was the same as
and lifeof every man. Vid. Daemon. that of their neighbours,the Gauls; whence
Genseric, a famous Vandal prince,who some have concluded that these two nations
passedfrom Spain to Africa,where he took were of the same origin.They paid uncom- mon
Carthage. He laid the foundation of the Van- respect to their women, who, as they
clal kingdom in Africa,and in the course of believed,were endowed with somethingmoi*e
his militaryexpeditions, invaded Italy, and than human. They built no templesto their
sacked Rome in July455. gods,and paid great attention to the heroes
Gektius, a king of Illyricum, who impri-
soned and warriors which their country had produ- ced.
the Roman ambassadors at the request Their rude institutions graduallygave
of Perseus king of Macedonia. This offence rise to the laws and manners which stillpre-
vail
was highlyresented by the Romans,and Gen- in the countries of Europe, which their
tiu3 was conqueredby Anicius,and led in tri-
umph arms invaded or conquered.Tacitus, in whose
with his family, B. C. 169. Lii\ 43, c. age even letters were unknown among them,
19, "c. observed their customs with nicety,and has
Genua, now Genoa, a celebrated town of delineated them with the geniusof an histo- rian,
Liguria, which Annibal destroyed. It was re and the reflection of a philosopher.Ta- cit,
built by the Romans. Lzt\21, c. 32, 1.28,c. de Morib. Germ. Mela, 1,c. 3, 1. 3, c. 3. "
children, one of whom, Caligula, disgraced the Sc"lhia, near the Daci. Ovid, who was ban-ished
name of his illustriousfather. Germanicus in their country,describes them as a sa- vage
has been commended, not onlyfor his milita- ry and warlike nation. The word Geticus^
accomplishments, but also for his learning, is frequently used for Thracian. Ovid, de
humanity, and extensive benevolence. In the Pont. Prist.5, el.7, v. ni."Strah. 7. Stat.2.
midst of war, he devoted some moments to "Sylv. 2, V. 61,1.3, s. 1,v. ll."Luean. 2, v.
study,and he favoured the world witli two 54, 1.3, V. 95.
Greek comedies, some epigrams, and a trans-
lation Getulia. Vid. Gaetulia.
of Aratus in Latin vei*se. Sueton. GiGAKTEs, the sons of Ccelus and Terra,
This name was common in the age of the em- perors, who, according to Hesiod, sprang from the
not onlyto those who had obtained vic- toriesbloodof the wound which Ccelus received from
over the Germans, but even to those his son Saturn ; whilst Hyginus calls them
who had entered the borders of their country sons of Tartarus and Terra. They are re- presented
at the head of an army. Domitian applied the as men of uncommon stature,with
name of Germanicus^which he himself had strength proportioned to their gigantic size.
vainlyassumed, to the month of September Some of them, as Cottus,Briareus,and Gy-
in honour of himself. Suet in Dom. 13. "
ges, had 50 heads and 100 ai-ms, and ser- pents
Martial. 9, ep. 2, v. 4. instead of legs.They were of a terrible
Germanii, a peopleof Pereia. Herodot. 1, aspect, their hair hung loose about their
c. 125. shoulders, and their beard was suffered to
Gerrh^, a people of Scythia,in whose grow untouched. Pallene and itsneighbour-
hood
country the Borysthenes rises. The kingsof was the placeof their residence. The
Scythiawere generally buried in their territo-
ries. defeat of the Titans,with whom theyare of-ten
Id. 4, c. 71. ignorantly confounded,and to whom they
Gerus and Gerrhus, a river of Scythia. were nearlyrelated,incensed them against
Id. 4, c. 56. Jupiter, and they all conspired to dethrone
Geronthrje, a town of Laconia,where a him. The godwas alarmed,and called allthe
yeai'ly festival, called Geron/Arcea, was ed
observ- deitiesto assisthim against a powerful enemy,
in honour of Mars. The god had there a who made use of rocks,oaks, and burning
temple with a grove, into which no woman woods for their weapons, and who had already
was permitted to enter during the time of the heaped mount Ossa upon Pelion,to scale with,
solemnity.Paus. Lacon, more facility the walls of heaven. At the sight
Gervon and Geryones, a celebrated mon- ster, of such dreadful adversaries, the gods fled
born from the union of Cbrysaorwith with the greatestconsternation into Egypt,,
Callirhoe,and represented by the poets as where theyassumed the shape of different-
having three bodies and three heads. He animals to screen themselves from their pur- suers.
lived in the island of Gades, where he kept Jupiter, however, remembered that
numerous flocks,which were guardedby a theywere not invincible, providedhe called a
two-headed dog, called Orthos,and by Eury- mortal to his assistance ; and by the advice of
thion. Herculusjby order of Eurystheus, went Pallas,he armed his son Hercules in his cause.
to Gades, and destroyed Geryon,Orthos,and With the aid of this celebrated hero,the giants
Eurythion, and carried away allhis flocks and were soon put to flight and defeated. Some
herds to Tirynthus. Hesiod. Theos- 187. " were crushed to piecesunder mountains or
Virg.^m. 7, v. 661, 1. 8, v. 202." Ital.1,v. buried in the sea ; and others were flayed alive/
Til .-"Apollod. 2."Lucret. 5, v. 28. or beaten to death with clubs. (Vid.Encela-
Gessat^, a peopleof Gallia Togata..FliU. dus, AloideSjPorphi/rion, Typkon, Otus, Ti-
in Marc ell. taiies, fcc.)The existence of giants has beea
Gessoriacum, a town of Gaul, now Bou- logne, supportedby all the writers of antiquity,
in Picardy. and received as an undeniable truth. Homer
Gesses, a river of Ionia. tells-us, that Tityus,when extended on the
Geta, a man who raised seditionsat Rome ground,covered nine acres ; and that Poly- phemus
in Nero's reign, "g. Tacit.Hist. 2, c. 72. eat two of the companionsof Ulysses
Septimius, a son of the emperor Severus,bro- ther at once, and walked alongthe shores of Sicily,
to Caracalla. In the eighth year of his age leaningon a staff which mighthave served
he was moved with compassionat the fate of for the mast of a sliip. The Grecian heroes,,
someof thepartisansoflSigerand Albinus,Avhoduringthe Trojan war, and Turnus in Italy,
had been ordered to be executed ; and hb fa- ther, attacked their enemies by throwingstones^
struck with his humanity,retracted his which four men of the succeeding ages would
sentence. After his father'sdeath he reignedbe unable to move. Plutarch also mentions,
at Rome, conjointly with his brother; but Car-
acalla, in supportof the gigantic stature, that Serto-
who envied his virtues, and was jealousrius opened the grave of Antasus in Africa, and
of his popularity, ordered him to be poisoned;found a skeleton which measured six cubits ins
and when this could not be effected, he mur-
dered length.Apollod. 1,c. 6. Paus. 8, c. 2, ",c.
" "
him in the armsofhis mother Julia, who, Ovid. Met. 1,v. 151. Pint, in Sertor. Hygin.
" "
in the attempt of defending the fatalblows fab. 28, kc" Homer. Od. 7 and 10." Virg.G..
from his body,received a wound in her arm, 1,V. 280, ^n. 6,V. 580.
from the hand of her son, the 28th of March, GiGARTUM, a town of Pheenicia.
A. D. 212. Geta had not reached the 23d Gjsis,one of the female attendants of Pa-
year of his age, and the Romans had reason rysatis, who was privyto the poisoning of Sta-
to lament the death of so virtuous a prince, tira. Plut. m Artax.
while they groaned under tlie cruelties and GiLDo, a governor of Africa,in the ceigUi
"ppression of Caracalla. of Arcadius. He died A. D. 3t"8.
^p
GL GL
tiiLLO, an in Juvenal's
infamous adulterer, quisiteto be known. When they were first
age. Juv. 1,V. 40. brought upon the arena, they walked round
GiNDANES, a peopleof Libya, who fed on the placewith greatpomp and solemnity, and
the leaves of the lotus. Herodot. 4, c. 176. after that they were matched in equal pairs
GiNDES, a river of Albania flowinginto the with greatnicety. They firsthad a skirmish
Cvrub. Another of Mesopotamia. Tibul. with wooden c"\\edrudesor
liles,
arma lusoria.
4,'
el. 1,V. 141. After this the
effective weapons, such as
GiNGE. Vid.
Gigis. swords, daggers,"c. called arma decreloria
GiNGUNUM, a mountain of Umbria. were giventhem, and the signalfor the en- gagement
Gippius, a Roman who pretendedto sleep, was givenby the sound of a trum- pet.
that his wife mightindulge her adulterous pro-
pensities, As theyhad all previously sworn to fight
".C. tilldeath, or sufter death in the most excru-ciating
Gisco, son of Hamilcon the Carthaginian torments, the fight was bloodyand ob- stinate,
general, was banished from his country by the and when one signified his submission
influence of his enemies. He was afterwards by surrendering his arms, the victor was not
recalled, and empowered by the Carthagi-
nians permittedto grant him his life without the
to punish,in what manner he pleased,leave and approbation of the multitude. This
those who had occasioned his banishment. was done by clenching the fingers of both hands
He was satisfied to see them prostrateon the between each the thumbs
other, and holding
ground, and to placehis foot on their neck, uprightclose together,or by bending back
their thumbs.
showingthatindependenceandforgivenessare The firstof these was called
two of the most brilliant virtues of a great pollicempremerej and signified the wish of the
mind. He was made a general soon after,in peopleto spare the lifeof the conquered.The
Sicily,against the Corinthians,about 309 other sign,called poUicem vertere, signified
years before the christian era 5-and by his suc-
cess their disapprobation, and ordered the victor
and intrepidity, he obliged the enemies of to put his antagonist to death. The victor
his country to sue for peace. was generally rewarded with a palm,and other
Gladiatorii ludi, combats originally hibited expressive
ex- marks of the people's favour. He
on the grave of deceased persons at was most commonly presentedwith a piZetts
Rome. They were first introduced at Rome and rudis. When one of the combatants ceived
re-
by the Bruti, upon the death of their father, a remarkable wound, the people ex- claimed
more than three pairof gladiators exhibited called f^ef^^ti"',whence their name.
by the Bruti. Their numbers, however, in- The hoplomachi,
creased were completelyarmed from
with the luxuryand power of the city; head to foot, as their name implies.The
and the gladiators became so formidable, armed afterthe manner
that satmiiies, of the Sam-
Spartacus, one of their body, had courage to nites,wore a large shield broad at the top,
take up arms, and the success to defeat the and growingmore narrow at the bottom, more
Roman armies,onlywith a train of hisfellow- conveniently to defend the upper parts of the
suflferers.The prudent of the Romans
more body. The essedarii, generallyfoughtfrom
were sensible of the
dangerswhich threatened the essedum, or chariot used by the ancient
the slate, by keepingsuch a number of despe-
rate Gauls and Britons. The andabaim, ""?""",
men in arms, and therefore,many tary fought
salu- on horseback, with a helmet that cov-ered
laws were proposedto limit their number and defended their faces and eyes. Hence
as wei! as to settle the time in which the show andabalarum folded.
blind-
more pugiuire, is to fight
could be exhibited with safctyand convenience. The merldiani,engaged in the after-
noon.
Under the emperors, not only senators and The postulatiiii, were men of great
knights, but even women engagedamong the skill and experience,and such as were rally
gene-
gladiators, and seemed to forget the inferiority producedby the emperors. The fiscales
of their sex. When there were to be any were maintained out of the emperor's treasury,
.shows,hand-bills were circulated to giveno- tice Jiscus. The dimachfzri foughtwith two swords
to the people,and to mention the place,in their hands, whence their name. After
number, time, and every circumEtance re- these cruel exhibitions had been continued f"r
GL GL
the amusement of the Roman populace,they He is representedlike the other sea deities
were abolished by Constantine the Great, near with a longbeard, dishevelled hair, and shag-
gy
600 years aftertheir first institution. They eyebrows,and with the tailof a fish. He
were, however, revived under the reign of received the giftof prophecy from Apollo,
Constantius and his two successors, but Ho- and accordingto some accounts he was the
norius for ever put an end to these cruel bar- barities.
interpreter of Nereus. He assisted the Ar- gonauts
in their expedition, and foretoldthem,
Glanis, ariverof Cumae. Of Iberia. that Hercules, and the two sons of Leda,
Of Italy. Ital.8, v. 454. would one day receive immortal honours.
Glanum, a town of Gaul, now St. Remi, The fable of his
metamorphosishas been ex- plained
in Provence. by some authors,who observe that
Glaphyre and Glaphyra, a daughterof he was excellent diver,who was
an devoured
Archelaus the high-priest of Bellona in Cap- by fishes as he was
swimming in the sea.
padocia,celebrated for her beauty and in- trigues.
Ovid. Met. 13, v. 905, hc."Hygin.fab. 199."
She obtained the kingdom of Cap- Mhen. 7." ipollon. l."Diod. 4. Bristol, de
"
padocia for her two sons from M. Antony, Rep. Del" Pans. 9, c. 22. A son of Sisy-
phus
whom she corruptedby defiling the bed of kingof Corinth,by Merope the daughter
her husband. This amour of Antony with of Atlas,born at
Potnia,a village of Bceotia.
Glaphyra,highlydispleased his wife Fulvia, He prevented his mares from having any com-merce
who wished Augustusto avenge his infidelity, with the stallions, in the expectatioa
by receiving f rom her the same favours which that they would become swifter in running,
Glaphyra received from Antony. Her
upon which Venus inspired the mares with
grand-daughter bore the same name. She was such furythat they tore his body to
pieces as
a daughterof Archelaus king of Cappadocia,he returned from the games which Adrastus
and married Alexander, a son of Herod, by had celebrated in honour of his father. He
whom she had two sons. After the death of was buried at Potnia.
Hygin.fab. 250. Virg.
"
A bay and river of Libya. Trajan, by his mother's side. In the greatest
gium in Italy.
Of Peloponnesus. Of Colchis,falling affluence,he cultivated learning, and was an
and Messenians. 4.Polyb. and the father, worn out with age, and grown
Ariadne, because she lived,or was born at Gordian Us, was instructed by Serenus Samno-
Gnossus. The crown which she received ticus,who left him his library, which sisted
con-
Virg.JEn. 6, v. 23." Slrab. 10." Homer. Od. character of lieutenant to his father, who
bad obtained that province,and seven
GoBANiTio, a chief of the Arverni, uncle years
to Vercingetorix. Cces. Bell. G. 7, c. 4. afterhe
elected emperor, in conjunction
was
marched
with him.againstthe partisans
He
GoBAR, a governor of Mesopotamia,who
checked the course of the Euphrates, that it ofMaximinus, his antagonist, in Mauritania,
mightnot run rapidly through Babylon.Plin. and was killed in a bloody battle on the 25th
26. of June, A. D. 236, after a reignof about six
6, c.
GoBAREs, a Persian governor, who surren- dered weeks. He was of an amiable disposition,
but
to Alexander, "ic. Curl. 5, c. 31. he has been justly blamed by his biographers,
GoBRYAS, a Persian,one of the seven blemen on
no- account of his lascivious propensities,
which
who conspiredagainst the usurper reduced him to the weakness and infirmitiesof
,
Smerdis. Vid. Darius. Herodot. 3, c. 70. old age, though he was but in his 46th year at
GoLGi, (orum) a place of Cyprus, sacred the time of his death. M. Antonius Pius,
to Venus Golgia, and to Cupid. Paus. 8, c. 5. grandsonof the firstGordian,was but 12 years
GoMPHT, a town of Thessaly,near the old when he was honoured whh the titleof
springs of the Peneus at the foot of the Pindus. Cassar. He was proclaimedemperor, in the
GoKATAS, one of the Antigoni. Kith year of his age, and his election was tended
at-
GoNiADES, nymphs in the neighbourhood with universal marks of approbation.
#f the river Cytherus.Slrab. 8. In the 18th year of his age, he married Furia
GO GO
Sabina Tranquillina, daughterof Misitheus,a GoRGiAS, a celebrated sophist and orator^
man celebrated for his eloquenceand publicson of Carmantides, surnamed Leontinus, cause
be-
virtues. Misitheus was intrusted with the born at Leontium in Sicily.He was
most important offices of the state by his son- sent by his countrymen to solicitthe assistance
in-law ; and his administration provedhow de- of the Athenians against the Syracusans, and
~
servinghewasof the confidence and aft'ection was successful in his embassy. He lived to
of his imperial master. He corrected the va-rious hb 108th year, and died B. C. 400.
Onlj
abuses which prevailed in the state, and tw^o fragments of his compositions are extant.
restored the ancient discipline among the diers.
sol- Pans. 6, c. 17." Cic. In Orat. 22, he. Seneet.
By his prudenceand political sagacity, 15, in Brut. 15." quintil.3 and 12. An
all the chief towns in the empu-e were stored officer of Antiochus Epiphanes. An Athe-
nian,
with provisions, which could maintain the who wrote an account of all the
emperor and a largearmy during15 daysupon prostitutes of Athens. Athen. A Macedo-
nian,
any emergency. Gordian was not less active forced to war with Amyntas,^c. Curt.
than his father-in-law ; and when Sapor,the 7, c. 1.
kingof Persia,had invaded the Roman vinces GoRGo, the wife of Leonidas kingof Spar-
pro- ta,
in the east, he boldlymarched to meet "c. The name of the ship which ried
car-
him, and in his way defeated a largebody of Perseus,afterhe had conqueredMedusa,
Goths, in Mcesia. He conqueredSapor,and GoRGoNEs, three celebrated sisters, ters
daugh-
took many flourishing citiesin the east, from of Phorcysand Ceto, whose names were
his adversary In this success the senate de-
creedStheno, Euryale,and Medusa, all immortal
him a triumph, and saluted Misitheus as except Medusa. According to the mytholo-
the guardian of the republic. Gordian was gists,
sassinated
as- their hairs ^vere entwined with serpents,
in the east, A. D. 244, by the means their hands were of brass,their wings of the
of Philip, who had succeeded to the \irtuous colour of gold,theur body was covered with
Misitheus, and who usurped the sovereignimpenetrable scales,and their teeth were as
power by murdering a w^arlike and amiable long as the tusks of a wild boar, and they
prince. The senate, sensible of his merit,ho- noured turned to stones all those on whom theyfixed
him with a most splendidfuneral on theireyes. Medusa alone had serpents in her
the confines of Persia, and ordered that the hair,according to Ovid, and this proceeded
descendants of the Gordians should ever be from the resentment of Minerva, in whose
free,at Rome, from all the heavy taxes and temple Medusa had gratified the passionof
burdens of the state. During the reign of rseptune, who was enamoured of the beauti-
ful
Gordianus,there was an uncommon eclipse of colour of her locks, which the goddess
the sun, in which the stars appeared in the changed into serpents. ^Eschylus
says, that
middle of the day. theyhad only one tooth and one eye between
GoRDiuM, a town of Phrygia. Justin. 11. them, of which they had the use each in her
c. l."Liv. 38, c. \Q."Curt. 3, c. 1. turn ; and accordingly it was at the time that
GoRDiDs, a Phrygian,who, though origi- nally they were exchangingthe eye^ that Perseus
a peasant,was raised to the throne. Du-
ring attacked them, and cut off Medusa's head.
a sedition,the Phrj^gians consulted the Accordingto some authors,Perseus, when he
oracle,and were told that all their troubles went to the conquest of the Gorgpns, was
would cease as soon as they chose for their armed with an instrument like a scytheby
king,the firstman they met goingto the tem- ple Mercury, and providedwith a looking-glass
of Jupitermounted on a chariot. Gor- by Miner\'a,besides winged shoes,and a hel-
met
dius was the object mediately of Pluto,which rendered all objects
of their choice,and he im- clear-
ly
consecrated his chariot in the tem-
ple visible and open to the view, while the
of Jupiter.The knot which tied the yoke person wiio w^ore itremained totally invisible.
to the draughttree, was made in such an artful With weapons like these,Pei-seus obtained an
manner that the ends of the cord could not be easy victory ; and after his conquest returned
perceived. From this circumstance a report his arms to the differentdeities whose favours
was soon spread,that the empire of Asia was and assistance he had so recently
experienced.
promisedby the oracle to him that could untie The head of Medusa remained in his hands ;
the Gordian knot. Alexander,in his conquest and after he had finishedall his laborious ex- peditions,
of Asia,passedby Gordium ; and as he wished he gave it to Minerva, who placed
to leave nothingundone which might inspire it on her ajgis, with which she turned into
his soldiers with courage, and make his ene- mies stones all such as fixed their eyes
upon it. It
believe that he was born to conquer Asia, is said,that after the conquest of the Gorgons,
he cut tlieknot with his sword ; and from that Perseus took his flight in the air towards
circumstance asserted that the oracle was ly
real- .-Ethiopia ; and that the dropsof blood which
lultilled, and that his claims to universal fell to the ground from Medusa's head were
empire were fully justified. Jmlin. 1 1,c. 7. "
changed into serpents,which have ever since
Curl. 3, c. 1. .irrian. 1.
" A tyrantof Co- rinth.infested the sandydesertsof Libya.The horse
Arislot. Pegasusalso arose from the blood of Medusa;
GoKGASus, a man who received divine ho- noursas well as Chrysaor with his golden sword'
at Pherae in Messenia. Paus. 4, c. 30. The residence of the Gorgons was
beyondthe
Gorge, a daughterof Gilneus,kingof Ca- ocean towards the west, according to Hesiod.
lydon,by Althea,daughterof Thestius. She iEschylusmakes them inhabit the easteru
married Andremon, by whom she had Oxiius,parts of Scythia; and Ovid, as the most re- ceived
who headed the Heraclidae when they made opinion, supportsthat theylived in the
an attempt upon Peloponnesus. Her tomb inland partsof Libya,near the lake of Triton,
was seen at Amphissain Locris. Pans. 10, c. or the gardensof the Hesperides.Diodorus
3B."Apollod.1 and 2.~0dd. Met. 8, v. 542. and others explain the fable of the Gorgons,
"
One of 'he Danaide^. ,^^oUod,
2, c. 1. that they were
by supposing a warlike race of
GR GR
women near the Amazons, whom Perseus, either in the senate or at the head of the ar-
mies.
ed.
destroy-
with the helpof a largearmy, totally He made war in Gaul, and met with
Hesiod. Theog. ^ Scut. "pollon.4. "
" much success in Spain. He married Sempro-
2, 1 and 4, he. Homer. II.5 and nia,of the family of the Scipios, of
Apollod. c. "
a woman
by Q.
whence they were driven by Constantine. Cincinnatus. A Roman consul, defeated
They plundered Rome, under Alaric,one of by Annibal, he. C. J\cp. in Ann.
their most celebrated kings,
A. D. 410. From Gradivus, a surname of Mars among the
becoming the enemies of the Romans, the Romans, ])erhaps from K^"^""viM, brandishing a
Goths graduallybecame their mercenaries ; spear. Though he had a temple without the
and as they were powerfuland united,they walls of Rome, and though Numa had estab- lished
soon dictated to their imperialmasters, and the Salii,yet his favourite residence was
introduced disorders, anarchy,and revolutions supposedto be among the fierce and savage
in tiic wejt of Eui'ope. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 2, Thracians and Getaj, over whom he particu-
larly
".C. presided. Virg.^n. 3, v. 35. Homer. "
generallydivided into four largeprovinces: their militaryexploits, the arts and sciences
Macedonia, Epinis,Achaia or Hellas, and were assisted by conquest,and received fresh
Peloponnesus. This country has been reck- oned lustre from the application and industryof
superior to every other partof the earth, their professors. The labours of the learned
on account of the salubrity of the air,the were received with admiration,and the merit
temperature of the climate,the fertility of the of a composition was determined by the ap-
plause
soil,and, above all, the fame, learning,and arts or disapprobation of a multitude. Their
of itsinhabitants. The Greeks have severally generalswere orators; and eloquenceseemed
been called Achseans,Argians.Dauai, Delopes,, to be so nearlyconnected with the military
Hellenians, lonians.Myrmidons, and Pelas- profession, that he was despisedby his sol-diers
gians. The most celebrated of their cities vv^ho could not address them upon any
were Athens,Sparta,Argos,Corinth,Thebes, emergency with a spirited and well-delivered
Sicyon,Mycenaj,Delphi,Trozeno, Salarais, oration. The learning, as well as the virtues
country, and born from tiieearth where they the occupationsand accomplishmentsof the
dwelt ; and they heard with contempt the pro- bable Greeks,their languagebecame almost uni%'er-
conjectures, which traced their originsal,and their country was the receptacle of
among the firstinhabitants of Asia, and the the youthsof the neighbouring states,where
colonies of Egypt. In the firstperiods of their they imbibed the principles of libertyand
history, the Greeks were governedby mon- moral virtue. The Greeks plantedseveral
archs ; and there were as many kingsas there colonies, and totally peopledthe western coasts
were cities. The monarchical power ally of Asia Minor.
gradu- In the eastern partsof Italy,
decreased ; the love of liberty established there were also many settlements made; and
the republicangovernment ; and no part of the country received from its Greek tants
inhabi-
Greece, excej)tMacedonia, remained in the the name of Magna Grctcia. For some
hands of an absolute sovereign.The expedi-
tion time Greece submitted to the yoke of Alexan-
der
of the Argonautsfirstrendered the Greeks and his successors ; and at last,after a
respectable among their neighbours ,
and in spirited though ineffectual strugglein the
the succeeding age the wars of Thebes and Achaean league,it fell under the power of
Troy gave opportunityto their heroes and Rome, and became one of its dependent
demi-gods their
to display valour in the field provinces,
governedby a proconsul.
of battle.The simplicity of the ancient Greeks Grjecia magna, a partof Italy,where the
rendered them virtuous ; and the establish-
ment Greeks plantedcolonies,whence the name.
of the Olympic games in particular, Its boundaries are very uncertain ; some say
where the noble reward of the conqueror was tliatit extended on the southern parts of Italy,
a laurel crown, contributed to their aggran-dizement, and others suppose that iMagna Graecia com- prehended
dreadful calamities v/hich arise from civil dis- cord Granius Petronius, an officerwho being
and longprosperity, and the success with taken by Pompey's generals, refused the life
Wiiich the goldand the sword of Philip and of which was tendered to him; observing that
his son corrupted and enslaved Greece, fatally CjBsar's soldiers received not, but grantedlife
proved that when a nation becomes indolent He killed himself Pint, in Cces. A ques-
and dissipated at home, it ceases to be respec-
table tor whom Syllahad ordered to be strangled,
in the eyes of the neighbouring states. only one day before he died a natural death.
The annals of Greece however abound with Plul. A son of the wife of Marius, by a
singular proofsof heroism and resolution. The former husband. Quintus, a man intimate
bold retreat of the ten thousand,who had as- sisted with Crassus and other illustrious men of
Cyrusagainst his brother Artaxei-xes, minded Rome,
re- whose vices he lashed with an unspar- ing
their countrymen of their superiority hand. Cic. Brut. 43 and 4(5. Oral. 2, c. 60.
ever all other nations ; and taughtAlexander Gr.\ti", three goddcsso?. Vid. Cliarit""^
39
GR GY
GiRATiANUs, a native of Pannonia, father of the iSicene creed. His styleis represented
to the emperor Valentinian 1st. He was ed
rais- as allegoricaland affected ; and he has been
to the throne,thoughonly eightyears
old : accused of mixingphilosophy too much with
and after he had reigned for some time con-
jointly
theology.His writings consist of commenta-
ries
with his father,he became sole empe-
ror on scripture, moral discourses, sermons
of Origen,afterwards bishopof Neo- wont to send their culprits there. Ovid. 7. "
found onlyseventeen Christians. Of his works after the death of Anchises in Sicily,
are extant his gratulatory oration to Origen, Virg.JEn. 5, v. 118, "c. A part of the
a canonical epistle, and other treatises in territories of Syracuse,in the possession of
Greek, the best edition of which is that of Dionysius. A Rutulian, son of Melam-
Paris, fol. 1622. iSanzianzen, surnamed pus, killed by iEneas in Italy. Virg. JEn. 10,
the Divine, wa"i bishop of Constantinople, V. 318.
x\ hich he resigned on its beingdisputed. His GvG^us, a lake of Lydia, 40 stadia from
wriiinas rival those of the most celebrated Sardis. Propcrt. 3, el. 11,v. 18.
orators of Greece, in eloquence,sublimity, GvGK, a maid of Parysatis.
and variety. His sermons are more for phi- Gyges or Gyes, a son of Co?lus and Ter- ra,
lo'ophersthan common hearers, but leplete represented as having 50 heads and a hun-
dred
with seriousness and devotion. Era?inus said, hand.s. He, with his brothers, made war
that he was afraid to translate his works, from against the gods,and was afterwards punished
the apprehension of not transfusing into ano-
ther in Tartarus. Ovid. Trist. 4, el. 7, v. 18.
language the smartness and acumen of A Lydian. to whom Candaules, king of the
liisstyle, and the statelinessand happy diction country,showed his wife naked. The queen
of the whole. He died, A. D. 389. The best was so incensed at this instance of imprudence
edition is that of the Benedictines, the first and infirmity, in her husband, that she ordered
volume of which, in fol. was publishedat Gygcs,eitl.erto j)repare for death himself,or
^aris, 1778. A bishopof JSyssa,author murder Candaules. He ehose the latter, and
GY GY
married the queen, and ascended the vacant to bringtheir adversaiyto the ground,
terity
throne, about 718 years before the christian and the boxers had their hands armed with
era. He was the firstof the Mermnada;, who
gauntlets, called also cestusrTkeir blows were
reignedin Lydia. He reigned 38 years, and dangerous,and often ended in the death of one
distinguished himself by the immense presents of the combatants. In wrestlingand boxing,
which he made to the oracle of Delphi. Ac- the athletes were
cording often naked, whence the
to Plato, Gyges descended into a word Gymnasium, yuiuio;, nudus. They anointed
chasm of the earth,where he found a brazen themselves vyith oil to brace their limbs, and
horse,whose sides he opened, and saw within to render their bodies slippery,and more
the body the of a man of uncommon
carcass difficult to be grasped. Plin. 2. Ep 17. C. "
boxing, which was called by the Greeks without the assistance of the men, who
rrsiTa^Aov,and by the Romans quinquertia.In were not permitted to appear at this religious
riding,the athlete led a horse, on which he ceremony. Pnus. 8, c. 48.
sometimes was mounted, conductinganother Gyndes, now Zeindeh, a river of Assyria,
by the bridle,and jumping from the one upon falling into the Tigris. AVhen Cyrus marched
the other. Whoever came first to the goal, againstBabylon,his army was stoppedby this
and jumped with the greatestagility, obtained river,in which one of his favourite horses was
the prize. In running a-foot the athletes drowned. This so irritated the monarch, that
were sometimes armed, and he who came first he ordered the river to be conveyed into 360
was declared victorious. Leaping was an use-
ful different channels by his army, so that after
exercise: its primary object was to teach this division it hardlyreached the knee. He-
the soldiers to jump over ditches,and pass over rodot. 1, c. 189 and 202.
eminences during a siege,or in the field of Gytheom, a sea-porttown of Lacouia, at
battle. In throwing the quoit, the prizewas the mouth of the Eurotas, in Peloponnesus,
adjudged to him who threw it farthest. The built by Hercules and Apollo,who had there
quoitswere made either with wood, stone, or desisted from their quarrels.The inliabitantf
mslal. The wrestlers employed all their dex- were called Ch/theata'.Cic. OJ'w.3. r. 11
HA HA
H ABIS, a kingof Spain, who firsttaughttime cityof Caria, in Asia Minor, where the
his fcc. Justin. 44, mausoleum, one of the seven
agriculture,
subjects wonders of the
C.4. world, was erected. It was the residence of
HadbianopoliS; a town of Thrace,on the the
sovereignsof Caira,and was celebrated for
Hebrus. having given birth to Herodotus,Dionysius,
Hadrianus, a Roman emperor. Vid. Heraclitus,
".c. Maxhn. Tyr.35. Vitruv. de "
Adrianus. C. Fabius, a praetorin Africa, Arch. Diod. 17. Htrodot.% c. 178. "
Strah. "
"
who was burnt by the people of Utica, for 14.~-Liv. 27, c. 10 and 16,1. 33, c. 20.
conspiring with the slaves. Cic. Verr. 1,c. 27, HALicYiE, a town of Sicily, near Lilyba;-
I. 5, c. 26. um, now Saltme. Plin. 3, c. 8. Cic. Verr. "
when she was carried away by Pluto. the same name. Ovid. Met. 3, v. 176.
Colum. Halyattes. Vid. Alyattes.
Halia, one of
Nereides. the Jipollod. Haevcus, now Platani,
a river at the soutb
A festival at Rhodes in honour of the of Sicily.
.sun. Halys, now Kizil-ermark,a river of Asia
Haliacmon, a river which separatesThes- saly Minor, rising in Cappadocia,and falling inta
from Macedonia, and falls into the Sinus the Eusine sea. It received its name "n9 tou
Harpalion, a son of Pylaemenesking of ofhis fingers on his mouth, and from thence
Paphlagonia,who assisted Priam duringthe he is called the god of silence,and intimates,
Trojan war, and was killed by Merion. Ho- that the mysteries of religionand philosophy
vier. 11. 13, V. 643. ought never to be revealed to tlie people.
Harpalus, a man sures The Romans
intrusted with the trea- placedhk statues atthe entrance
of Babylonby Alexander. H is hopes that of their temples. CaluU. 75." Varro de. L. L.
Alexander would perish in his expedition, ren 4, c. 10.
dered hun dissipated, negligent, and vicious. Harpocration, a Platonic philosopher
When he heard that the conqueror was re- of Argos,from whom Stobajus compiled his
ttu-uing with groat resentment, he fled to eclogues. A sophist called also yElius.
Athens, where, with his money, he corruptedValerius,a rhetorician of Alexandria,author
the orators,among whom was Demosthenes. of a Lexicon on ten orators, Another,sia-
"When broughtto justice, he escapedwith im- nained Caius.
punity
to Crete,where he was at lastassassin-
ated winged monsters, who had the
HARPYi.ffi,
by Thimbro, B C. 325. Pint, in Phoc. face of a woman, the body of a vulture,and
"Diod. 17. A robbor who scorned (lie had theirfeet and fingers arnud with sharp
claws. They were three in uumbcr, AeUf"..
HA HE
of Neptune raised the drooping
Ocypete,and Celeno, daughters spirits of his soldiers hy
and Terra. They were sent by Juno to plun-
der a superstitious artifice. He secretly wrote in
the tables of Phineus, whence they were his hand the word vu^ victory, in large charac-
ters,
driven to the islands called Strophadesby and holding the entrails of a victim in
Zethesand Calais. They emitted an tious
infec- his hand tillthe impressionwas ted
communica-
smell, and spoiled whatever they touch-
ed to the flesh, he showed it to the soldiers,
by their filthand excrements. They plun-
dered and animated them by observing,that the
.Eneas duringhis voyage towards Italy,godssignified their approaching victories evea
which at-
and predicted many of the calamities by markingit in the body of the sacrificed an-
tended imals.
without groaning, and aftermuch eff'usion of .storing gods and men to the vigourof youth,
blood, the haruspex foretold prosperity. she, at the instance of her husband, perform-
ed
When the body of the victim was opened, that kind office to lolas his friend. Hebe
fach partwas scrupulously examined. If any was worshippedat Sicyon,under the name of
thingwas wanting,ifithad a double liver, or Dia, and at Rome under the name of Juven-
a lean heart, the omen was unfortunate. If tas. She is representedas a young virgin
the entrails fellfrom the hands of the hams- crowned with flowers,and arrayed in a varie-
gated
pex, or seemed besmeared with too much garment. Pans. 1, c. 19, 1. 2, c. 12. "
blood, or if no heart appeared, as for instance Ovid. Met. 9, v. 400. Fast. 9, Wl".".^pollod.
it happenedin the two victims which J. Cassar I,c.3,1.2, c. 7.
oftered a littlebefore his death,the omen was Hebesus, a Rutulian,killed in the night by
equallyunlucky. When the flame was ly
quick- Euryalus. Virg.w5En. 9, v. 344.
kindled,and when it violentlyconsumed Hebrus, now Marissa, a river of Thrace,
and arose
the sacrifice, pure and bright, and which was supposed to roll its waters upon
like a pyramid, without any paleness, smoke, golden sands. It falls into the ^Jgean sea.
sparkling,
or the
crackling, omen was able.
favour-
The head of Orpheus was thrown into it after
But the contrary augury drawn
was ithad been cut off by the Ciconian women. It
when the fire was kindled with difficulty, and received its name from Hebrus son of Cyssan-
was extinguished before the sacrifice was to- der,a king of Thrace, who was said to have
totally consumed, or when it rolled in circles drowned himself there. Mela, 2, c. 2.-t-
round the victim with intermediate spaces be- tweenStrab. '7." Virg.JEn. 4, v. 463." Ovid. Mif.
the flames. In regardto the frankin-
cense, II,v. 50. A youth of Lipara,beloved by
meal, water, and wine, if there was Neobule. Horat. 3, od. 12. A man of Cy-
any deficiency in the quantity, if the colour zicus,killed by Pollux. Flacc. 3, c. 149.
was different, or the quality was changed, or A friend of ^Eneasson of Dolichaon,killed by
if any thingwas done with irregularity, it Mezentius in the Rutulian war. Virg.JEn.
was deemed inauspicious. This custom of 10, V. 696.
"on.sulting the entrails of victims did not ori-
ginate Hecale, a poor old woman who kindlyre-
ceived
the same as Proserpine,or Diana. She was than SI of the most valiant of the enemy ished
per-
called Luna in heaven, Diana on and
eai-th, by his hand. When Achilles had driven
Hecate or Proserpinein hell,whence her back the TrojanstowEirds the city, Hector,too
name of Diva irifonnis, ttrgemina,triceps. greatto fly, waited the approachof his enemy
She was supposedto presideover magic and near the Scean gates, though his father and
enchantments, and was generally represented mother, with tears in their eyes, blamed his
like a woman with tliree heads,that of a horse, rashness,and entreated him to retire. The
a dog,or a she appeared sight
boar, and sometimes of Achilles tei'rifiedhim, and he fled be-
fore
with tiiree different bodies,and three different him in the plain. The Greek pursued,
faces only with one neck. Dogs, lambs, and "md Hector was killed, and his body was ged
drag-
honey, were generally offered to her, espe-
cially in cruel triumphby the conqueror round
in highways and cross roads, whence the tomb of Patroclus,whom Hector had kil-
led.
she obtained] the name of Trivia. Her power The body,after ithad received the gros-
sest
was extended over heaven, the earth,sea, insults,was ransomed by old Priam, and
and hell ; and to her khigs and nations sup- posed the Trojansobtained from the Greeks a truce
themselves indebted for their prosperity. of some days to pay the last oflJces to the
Ovid. 7, Met. v. 94. Hesiod. Tlieog.Horat. greatestof then* leaders. The Thebans boas-
"
ted
3, od. 22." Pans. 2, c. 22." Virg. .En. A, in the age of the geographer Pausanias
V. 511. that they had tbe
ashes of Hector preserved
Hecatesia, a yeai'lyfestival observed by of an oracie : which prom-
in an urn, by order
ised
the Stratonicensians in honour of Hecate. them undisturbed felicity if they were Ih
The Athenians paidalso particular worshipto possession of that hero's remains. The thet
epi-
this goddess,who was deemed tbe patroness of Hectoreus is appliedby the poets to
of families and of childi-en. From this cu"- the Trojans, as best expressive of valour and
cumstance the statues of the goddess were intrepidity. Homer. II. 1, ".c. llr^. JEn. 1, "
erected before the doors of the houses, and kc."Ovid. Met. 12 and V3."Diclys. Cref.
upon every new moon a public supper was Dares. Phryg. Hygin. fab. 90 and 112.
" " "
alwaysprovided at the expense of the richest Paiis.l. 3, and 9, c. 18, Quintil.Smyrn. 1 "
people,and set in the streets v.here the poorest and 3. A son of Parmenio drowned in the
of the citizens were permittedto retire and iSile. Alexander honoured his remains with a
feast upon it,while they reportedthat Hecate magnificent funeral. Curl. 4, c. 8, 1. 6, c. 9.
had devoured it. There were also expiatory Hecuba, a daughterof Dymas, a Phrygian
offerings, to supplicate the jioddessto remove prince,or accordingto others,of Ci?? .:, a
whatever evils might impend on the head of Thracian kiug,was the second wife of Prieini
the public, ",c. king of Troy,and proved the chastest of wo- men,
Hecato, a native of Rhodes, pupilto Panse- and the most tender and unfortunate of
tius. He wrote on the duties of man,
mothers. AVhen she was
hue. pregnant of Paris,
Cic. 3, Of. 15. she dreamed that she had brought into the
Hecatomboia; a festival celebrated in nour
ho- world a bmning torch which had reduced her
of Juno, by the Argians and peopleof husband's palaceand all Troy to ashes. So
iEgina.It receives itsname from i'-xrov,ic B^^^,alarminga dream was explainedby the sooth-
sayers,
a sacrifice of a hundred bulls,which were ways
al- w ho declared that the son she should
offered to the goddess, and the flesh dis-
tributed
bringinto the world w ould prove the ruin of
among the poorestcitizens. There his country When Paris was bom, she ex-
.
posed
v^ere also publicgames first instituted by Ar- him on mount Ida to avert the ca-
lamities
chinus, a kiug of Argos, in which the prize w^hich tlireatened her family; but
was a shield of brass w ith a crown of m^Ttle.her attemj)tsto destroy him were fruitless,
Hecatompiio.sia, a solemn sacrifice offered and the predictionof the soothsayers was
honours the grave of Achilles. During their shipsto assist the Romans againstPerseus
stay the heros ghostappeared to them, and kingof Macedonia.
demanded, to ensure the safety of their return, Hegesinous, a man who wrote a on
poem
Polyxena,Hecuba's
the sacrifice of daughter.Attica. Pans. 4, c. 29.
and Polyxena was
They coaij"Ued, torn from Hegesinus, a philosopherof Pergamus,
her mother to be sacrificed. Hecuba was in- of the second
consolable, academy. He flourished B. C.
and her grief was stillmore sed
increa- 193.
at the the body of her son Polydo-
sightof Hegesippus, an historian who wrote some
rus washed on the shore, who had been re- things
commended
upon Pallene,he.
by his father to the care and hu-
manity Hegesipyle, a daughterof Oloinis king of
of Polymnestor king of the couatiy. Thrace, who mamed Miltiades,and became
[Vid.Polydorus.]She determined to revenge mother of Cimon. Plut.
the death of her son, and with the greatest dignation
in- Hegesistratus, an Ephesianwho consult-ed
went to tlie house of his murderer, the oracle to know in what particular
and tore his eyes and attempted to .deprive placehe should fix his residence. He was di- rected
him of his life. She was hindered from exe-
cuting to settle where he found peasants dan-
cing
her bloodypurpose, by the arrival of with crowns of olives. This was in Asia,
8ome Thracians,and she fled with the female where he founded Elea, "c.
companions of her captivity.She was ed,
pursu- Hegetorides, a Thasian, who, upon see-
ing
and when she ran afterthe stones that were his country besiegedby the Athenians,
thrown at her,shefound herself suddenlychan-
ged and a law forbidding
one
any on painof deatli
into a bitch,and when she attempted to to speak of
peace, went to the market place
speak,found that she could only bark. After with a rope about his neck, and boldlytold
this metamorphosisshe threw herself into the his countrymen to treat him as they pleased,
sea, according to Hyginus,and that placewas, providedtheysaved the cityfrom the calami-
ties
from that circumstance,called Cywjv.m. He- cuba which the continuation of the war seemed
had agreat number of children by Priam, to threaten. The Thasians were awakened,
among whom were Hector, Paris,Deiphobus, the law was abrogated,and Hegetoridespar-
doned,
Pammon, Helenus, Polytes,Antiphon,Hippo- he. Polyccn.
2.
nous, Polydorus,Troilus, and among the Helena, the most beautiful woman of her
Creusa, Ilione,Laodice, Polyxena, age, sprung
daughters, from one of the eggs which Leda,
and Cassandra,Ovid. Met. 11, v. 761, 1. 13, the wife of kingTyndarus,broughtforth after
V. ^\o.-'Hygin. fab. III." Virg. JEn. 3, v. 44. her amour with .Jupitermetamorphosed into
" Tuv. 10, v. 27l."Slrab. 13." Dictys.Cret. a swan, [Vid.Leda.] Accordingto some thors,
au-
4 and 5."
"pollod.
3, c. 12. Helen was daughterof IVemesis by Ju-piter,
Hecub^e, Sepulciirum, a and Leda
promontory was of
only her nurse ; and to
Thrace. reconcile this varietyof opinions, some gine
ima-
KedI'la, a poetessof Samos. that Nemesis and Leda are the same sons.
per-
Hedon^um, a of Bffiotia. Pans. 9.
village Her beautywas so universally admired,
C.31. even in her infancy,that Theseus, with his
Hedui. Vid. ^dui. friend Pirithous,carried her away before she
Hedymeles; an admired musician in Do- had attained her tenth year, and concealed
Hiitian'sage. The word signifiessweet music. her at Aphidnai, under the care of his mother
Juv. 6, V. 381. ijBthra. Her brothers.Castor and Pollux, re-covered
Hegzluchus, a generalof 6000 Athenians her by force of arms, and she return-
ed
.-:entto Mantinea to stop the progress of Epa- safe and unpolluted to Sparta,her native
miiiondas. Dlod. 15. An Egyptian gene-
" "
ral country. There existed,however, a tradition
who flourished B. C. 128. recorded by Pausanias, that Helen was of nu-
bile
Hegemok, a Thracian poet in the age of years when carried away by Theseus,and
Alciblades. He wrote a poem called Giganto-that she had a daughterby her ravisher, who
raachia,besides other works. JElian. V. H. was intrusted to the care of Clytemnestra.
4, c. 11. Another poet who wrote a poem This violence offeredto her virtue did not in
on the war of Leuctra, "lc. JFIian. V. H. the least diminish,but it rather augmented,
8, c.ai. her fame, and her hand was eagerlysolicited
Hegesianax, an historian of Alexandria, by the young princesof Greece. The most
wlio wrote an account of the Trojan war. celebrated of her suitors were Ulyssesson of
Hegesius, a t3-rant of Ephesus under the Laertes, Antilochus son of JNestor,Slhenelus
patronage of Alexander. Polyxn. 6. A son of Capaneus,Diomedes son of Tydeus,
philosopher who so eloquently convinced his Amphilochus son of Cteatus, Meges son of
auditors of their failings and follies, and per- Phileus,Agapenor son of Ancaeus, Thalpus
suarJedthem that there were no dangersEifterson of Eurytus,Mnestheus son of Peteus,
death;that many were guiUyof suicide. Ptole-
my Schedius son of Epistropiius,Polyxenusson of
forbade him to continue his doctrines. Agasthenes, Amphilochusson of Amphiaraus,
Cic. Tusc. 1, c. 34. An historian. A fa-
mous Ascalaphusand lalmus sons of the god Mars,
orator of Magnesia,who corruptedthe Ajax son of Oileus,Eumelus son of Admetus,
elegantdiction of Attica,by the introduction Polypcetes son of Pirithous,Elphenor son of
"f Asiatic idioins. Cic. oral. 67, 69. BrvA.S'3. Chaleodon, Podalirius and Machaon sons of
"Stmb. 9.-^PluL i7iAltx. iEsculapius, Leontcs son of Coronus, Philoc-
Hegesilochus, one of the chief magis-
trates tetes son of Ptean,Protesilaus son of Iphiclus,
of Rhodes in the reignof Alexander and Eurypilusson of Evenion, Ajax and Teucer
his father Philip. Another native ofRliodcs, sons of Telamon, Patroclus son of Menoetius,
171 vears before the christianera. He cii2:a- Menelaus son of AUeus, Thoas, Idomeneus,
HE HE
and Merion. Tyndarus was rather alarmed poleraushad been killedin the Trojan ^va^^
than pleasedat the sight of such a number of which had been caused by the debaucheries
illustriousprinces, who eagerlysolicitedeach of Helen ; therefore she meditat'ed revenge.
to become his son-in-law. He knew that he While Helen one day retired to bathe in the
could not preferone without displeasing all river,Polyxo disguised her attendants in the
the rest,and from this perplexity he was at habits of furies,
and sent them with orders to
lastdrawn by the artificeof Ulysses, who be- murder her enemy. Helen was tied to a tree
gaa to be already known in Greece by his pru-
dence and strangled, and her misfortunes were wards
after-
and sagacity.This prince, who clearlv remembered, and the crimes of Polyxo
saw that his pretensionsto Helen would not expiatedby the temple which the KhodianS
probablymeet with success in oppositionto raised to Helen Dendrltis,or tied to a tree.
so many Tynda- There
rivals,proposed to extricate rus is a tradition mentioned by Herodotus,
ifhe would promise which
from allhis difficulties, says that Paris was driven as he re- turned
him his niece Penelope in marriage. Tynda- rus from Sparta, upon the coast of Egypt-
consented, and Ulysses advised the kingto where Proteus,king of the country,expelled,
bind, by a solemn oath,all the suitors, that him from his dominions for his ingratitude
theywould approve of the uninfluenced choice to Menelaus, and confined Helen. From
which Helen should make of one among them; that circumstance,therefore, Priam informed
and engage to unite togetherto defend her the Grecian ambassadors that neither Helen
person and character ifever any attemptswere nor her possessionswere in Troy, but in the
made to ravish her from the arms of her hus-band. hands of the king of Egypt. In spiteof this
The advice of Ulysses was followed, the assertion the Greeks besiegedthe town, and
princesconsented,and Helen fixed her choice took it after ten years siege,and Menelau?
upon Menelaus, and married him. Hermione by visiting Egypt, as he returned home, re- covered
was the earlyfruitof this union,Avhich contin- ued Helen at the court of Proteus,and
for three years with mutual happiness.was convinced that the Trojan war had beea
After this,Paris, son of Priam king of Troy, undertaken on very unjustand unpardonable
oame to Lacedaeraon on pretence of sacrificing grounds. Helen was honoured after death as
to Apollo. He was kindlyreceived by Mene- laus, a goddess, and the Spartans builther a temple
but shamefully abused his favours, and in at Therapne, which had power of giving
his absence in Crete he corrupted the fidelity beautyto all the deformed women that en-
tered
of his wife Helen, and persuaded her to follow it. Helen, accordingto some, was ried
car-
him to Troy,B. C. 1 198. At his return Mene- into the island of Leuce after death,
lausjhighly sensible of the injury he had receiv-
ed, where she married Achilles,who had beew
assembled the Grecian p"rinces,and ed
remind- one of her warmest admirers. The age of
"
them of their solemn promises. They re- solved Helen has been a matter of deep inquiry
to make war againstthe Trojans,but among the chronologists. If she was born of
they previously sent ambassadors to Priam to the same eggs as Castor and Pollux,v.'ho ac- companied
demand the restitutionof Helen. The influence the Argonautsin their expeditioa
of Paris at his father'scourt prevented the res- against
toration, Colchis about 35 veare before the Tro
and the Greeks returned home out
with- jan war, accordingto some, she was no less
receivingthe satisfactionthey required.than 60 years old when Troy was reduced to
Soon aftertheir return their combined forces ashes, supposing that her brothers were only
assembled and sailed for the coast of Asia. The 15 when they embarked with the Argonauts.
behaviour of Helen duringthe Trojanwar is But she is representedby FJomerso incompa- rably
not clearly known. Some assert that she had beautiful duringthe siegeof Troy,that
willingly followed Paris,and that she warmly though seen at a distance she influenced the
supportedthe cause of the Trojans; while counsellors of Pj-iam by the brightness of her
cLhers believe that she alwayssighedafter her charms ; therefore we must su[)pose with
husband, and cursed the day in which she had others,that her beauty remained long undi- minished,
provedfaithless to his bed. Homer represents and was extinguished only at her
her as in the last instance, and some have ad-ded death. Pau^. 3,c. 19,hc."Apollod. 3, c. 10,
that she often betrayed-the schemes and ^(^""Hygin. fab. 77."Herodot. 2, c. 112."
resolutions of the Trojans, and secretly ed
favour- Pint, in Thes. hc."Cic. de offic. S."JIoraL
the cause of Greece. When Paris' was led, 3, od. 3.~Dicty3.
kil- Orel. 1, fcc" Qww/. Smyrn.
in the ninth year of the war, she volun-
tarily 10, 13, he" Homer. II. 2. and Od. 4 and 1"."
married Deiphobus,one of Priam's sons, A young woman of Sparta,often con- founded
and when Troy was taken she made no scruple with the daughter of Leda. As shft
i:o betray him, and to introduce the Greeks in- was goingto be sacrificed, because the lot had
to his chamber, to ingratiate herself with Me- nelaus. fallen upon her, an eaglecame and carried
She returned to Sparta, and the love away the knife of the pnest, upon which sho
of Menelaus forgave the errors which she had was released,and the barbaraus custom of of- fering
committed. Some however say that she ob- tained human victims \A.as abolished. Aa
her lifeeven with difficulty from herhus- island on the coast of Attica, where Kelea
band,whose resentment she had kindled by her came after the siegeof Troy. Piiu. 4, c. 12.
Infidelity. After she liad livedfor some years A daughteroftiie emperor Constantiue,'
at Sparta, xMenelaus died,and she was driven who married Julian, The mother of Con*
from Peloponnesus byMagapenthesand Nicos- stantine. She died in her 80th year, A. D. 328.
tratus,the illegitimate sons of her husband,and HfiLENiA,a festivalin Laconia, m honour
she retired to Rhodes, where at that time Po- of Helen, who received ihere divine honours.
j
lyxo,a native of Argos,reignedover the coun- try. ' Ft was celebrated by viro ins riding upon mulcS;
Polyxoremembered that her widowhood land in chariots made of reeds and bullrushcs,
originated in Helen, and that hrr hu5band Tle- \ Hklkn-or. a Lydian princewho occompa-
40
HE HE
"med ^neas to Italy,
and was killed by the Ru- Helic.\on, a Trojan prince,son of Ab-
tulians. His mother's name v/as Licymnia. tenor. He married Laodice, the daughterof
Virg.Mn. 9, v. 444, he. Priam, whose form Iris assumed to inform
Helekus, a celebrated soothsayer, son of Helen of the state of the rival armies before
Priam and Hecuba, greatlyrespectedby all Troy. Helicaon was wounded in a nighten-
gagement,
the Trojans. When Deiphobus was givenin but his life was sparedby Ulysses,
marriageto Helen in preferenceto himself, who remembered the hospitality he had re-ceived
he resolved to leave his country,and he re- tired from his father Antenor. Hom(^. Id.
to mount Ida, where Ulyssestook him 2, V. 123.
prisonerby the advice of Chalcas. As he was Helice, a star near the north pole,gene- rally
well acquainted with futurity, the Greeks called Ursa Major. It is supposed ta
made use of prayers, threats, and promises,receive its name from the town of Helice, of
to induce him to reveal the secrets of the Tro- jans, which Calisto, who was changed into the
and either the fear of death or gratifica-
tion Great Bear, was an inhabitant. Lucan. 2,
of resentment, seduced him to disclose to V. 237. A town of Achaia, on the bay of
the enemies of his countiy, that Troy could Corinth, overwhelmed by the inundation of
not be taken whilst it was in possession of the the sea. Plin. 2, c. 92." Or/rf. Met. 15, v.
Palladium,nor before Polydectescame from 293. A daughterof Silenus,king of iEgi-
bis retreat at Lemnos, and assisted to support ale. Pans. 7, c. 24. A daughter of Lycaon^
the siege. After the ruin of his country, he king of Arcadia.
fellto the share of P5Trhusthe son of Achil-
les, Helicon, now Zagaro-Vouni,a mountain
and saved his life by warning him to of Bceotia,on the borders of Phocis. It was
avoid a dangeroustempest, which in reality sacred to the Muses, who had there a temple.
provedfatal to all those who set sail. This The fountain Hippocrene flowed from this
endeared him to Pyrrhus,and he received mountain. Strab. 8." Ovid. Met. 2, v. 219.
from his hand Andromache, the widow of his -Pans. 9, c. 28, he" Virg.JEn. 7, v. 641.
brother Hector, by whom he had a son called A river of Macedonia near Dium. Paus.
Cestrinus. This marriage, accordingto some, 9, c. 30.
was consummated after the death of Pyrrhus, Heliconiades, a name givento the Muses
who lived with Andromache as his wife. He- because they lived upon mount Helicon,
ienus was the only one of Priam's sons who which was sacred to them.
survived the ruin of his country. After the Heliconis, a daughterof Thespius. Apol-
death of Pyrrhus,he reignedover part of lod.
Epirus,which he called Chaonia in memory Heliodorus, one of the favourites of
of his brother Chaon, whom he had inad-
vertently
Seleucus Philopator, king of Syria. He at- tempted
killed. Helenus received jEneas as to plunderthe temple of the Jews,
he voyaged towards Italy, and foretold him about 176 years before Christ, by order of
some of the calamities which attended his his master, he. A Greek mathematician
fleet. The manner in which he received the of Larissa. A famous sophist, the best edi-
tions
fi;ift of prophecyis doubtful. Vid. Cassandra. of whose entertaining romance, called
^Horner. II.6, v. 76, 1. 7, v. 47." Virfr. JEn. 3, JElhiopica, are Commelin, 8vo. 1596, and
V. 295, he" Pans. 1, c. 11, 1.2, c. 33." Ovid. Bourdelot, 8vo. Paris, 1619. A learned
Met. 13, v. 99 and 723, 1. 15, v. 437. Greek rhetorician in the age of Horace.
Butulian killed by Pallas. Virg. JEn. 10,v. 388. A man who wrote*^ treatise on tombs. A
Hflerm Lucus, a place near Rome. poet. A geographer. A surgeon at
Ovid Fast. 6, v. 105. Rome in Juvenal's age. Juv. 6, v. 372.
Heles or Hales, a river of Lucania near Heliogabalus, a deity among the Phoe- nicians.
Velia. Cic. ad Att. 16, ep. 7, Fum. 7, ep. 20. Aurelius
M. Antoninus, a Ro- man
Heliades, the daughtersof the Sun and emperor, of V'arius Marcellus,called
son
Clymene. They were three in number, Heliogabalus, because he had been priest of
Lampetie,Phaetusa,and Lamp.thusa, or se- ven in Phamicia.
that divinity After the death of
accordingto Hygin,Merope,Helie,j'Egle,Macrinus he was invested with the imperial
Lampetie, Pha-be, iEtheria, and Dioxippe.pur[)le, and the senate, however unwilling to
They were so alUicted at the death of their bro- ther submit to a youthonly 14 years of age, ap- proved
Phaeton,[Fiti. Phaeton]that they Avere of his election,and bestowed upon hira
changed by the gods into poplars, and their the titleof Augustus. Heliogabalus made his
tears into precious amber, on the banks of the gmnd-mother Mcesa, and his mother Scemia?,,
river Po. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 340." Hi/gin. fab. ills colleagues on the throne ; and to bestow
154. The firstinhabitants of Rhodes. This more dignity upon the sex, he chose a senate
islandbeingcovered with mud when the world of women, over which his mother presided^
was firstcreated,was warmed by the cherish-
ing and prescribed all the modes and fashions
beams of the sun, and from thence sprang which prevailed in the empire. Rome ever
how-
seven men, which were called Heliades,"roTou soon displayed a scene of cruelty and de-
bauchery
K?^"0',from the sun. The eldest of these,called ; the imperialpalace was full of
Ochlmus, married Hegetoria,one of the prostitution, and the most infamous of the
nymphs of the island, and his brothers fied populacebecame the favourites of the prince.
from the country, for havingput to death, He raised his horse to the honours of the con- sulship,
throughjealousy, one of their number. Diod.b. and obligedhis subjects to pay ado-
ration
Heliasta;, a name givento the judges of to tiie god Heliogabalus, which was
the most numerous tribunal at Athens. They no other than a largeblack stone, whosr.
consisted of 1000, and sometimes of 1500 ; figure resembled that of a cone. To this ri-
they were seldom assembled,and only upon jdiculous deitytempleswere raised at Rome,.
Hiattere of the greatest importance. Dtjuvsth. \and the altarsof the godsplundered to deck
contr. Tim.-^Dios. m Svt.
HE BE
tiiose of the new In
divinity. the midst of his He LLANO CRATES, E man of Larissa,fcc
extravagances, Hehogabalus married four Aristot. Polit. 5, c. 10.
wives,and not satisfiedwith following the plain Hellas, an ancient name of Thessaly,
Jaw s of nature, he proiessed himself to be a more generallyappliedto the territories of
woman, and gave himself up to one of his otfi- Acarnania, Attica,iEtolia, Doris,Locris,Bce-
"ers, called Hierocles.In this ridiculous farce otia, andPhocis, and also to all Greece. It
from
he suffered the greatest indignities his received this name from Deucalion, and now
pretended husband without dissatisfaction, and iorms a part of Livadia. Plin. 4, c. l."Slrab
Hierocles,by stoopingto infamy, became the 8." Mela, 2, c. S."Pans. 2, c. 20. A beauti-
ful
most powerfulof the lavourites, and enriched woman, mentioned by Horace as beloved
himself by selling favours and offices to the by Marius; the lover killed her in a fitof
pas-
sion,
people. Such licentiousness soon displeased and afterwards destroyedhimself. Ho-
liie populace, and Heliogabalus, unable to ap-
peaserat. 2, sat. 3, v. 277.
the seditions of the soldiers,whom his Helle, a daughterof Athamus and Ne-
rapacityand debaucheries had irritated, hid phele,sisterto Phryxus. She fled from her
himself in the hlth and excrements of the camp, father'shouse with her brother,to avoid the
where he was found in the arms of his mother. cruel oppression of her mother-in-law, In".
His head was severed trom his body the lOtli According to some accounts she was carried
of i\larch, A. D. 222, in the 18th year of his throughthe air on a golden ram which her
age, alter a reignof three years, nine months, mother had received from Neptune, and in
and four days.He was succeeded byAlexander her passage she became giddy,and fellfrom
Severus. His cruelties were as conspicuous as her seat into that part of the sea which from
his licentiousness. He burdened his subjectsher received the name of Hellespont.Others
with the most oppressive taxes, his halls w ere say that she was carried on a cloud, or rather
covered with carpetsof goldand silver tissue, upon a ship,from which she fellinto the sea
and his mats were made with the down of and was drowned. Phryxus, after he had
hares,and with the soft feathers which were givenhis sister a burial on the neighbouring
found under the wings of partridges. He w as coasts, pursuedhis journey,and arrived safe
fond of covering his shoes with preciousstones, in Colchis. [Vid. Phryxus.]Ovid. Heroid
to draw the admiration of the peopleas he 13, ^c. Met. 4, fab. 14. Pindar. 4. Pyth. " "
walked alongthe
streets, atid he was the first "Paus. 9, c. 34.
Ronaan who ever w ore a dress of silk. He of- ten Hellen, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha,
invited the most of the peopleto reigned in Phthiotis about 1495
common years before
share his banquets, and made them sit down the Christian era; and gave the name of Hel-
on largebellows full ot wind, which, by sud- denly lenians to his subjects.He had, by his wife
emptying themselves,threw the guests Orseis,three sons Dorus, and
; iEolius, Xuthus,
on the ground,and left tliem a prey to w ild who gave their names to the three different
beasts. He often tied some of his tavourites nations known under the name of .^olians,
on a largewheel, and was ed
delight-
particularly Dorians, and lonians. These last derive their
to see them whirled round like Ixious,and name from Ion, son of Xuthus, and from the
sometimes suspended in the air, or sunk be-
neathdifference either of expression,or pronuncia-
tion,
the water. in their respective languages, arose the
Heliopolis, Matarea,a famous city differentdialects well known in the Greek lan-
now guage.
of Lower Egypt, in which was a temple sa-
cred Paus. 3, c. 20, 1.7, c. l."Diod. 5.
to the sun. The inhabitants worshipped Hellenes, the inhabitants of Greece. Vid
a bull called Mnevis, with the same nies
ceremo- Hellen.
as the Apis oi Memphis. Apollo hud an Hellespontias,a wind blowingfrom the
oracle there. Cic. jY. D. 3, c. ^\."Flin. 36, north east. Plin. 2, c. 47.
c.26."iitrab. lH."Diod. 1. There was a small the Dardanelles,
Hellespontus, now a,
village of the same name without the Delta narrow^ strait between Asia and Europe, near
near Babylon. A town of Syria, now Bal- the Propontis, which received its name from
beck. Plin. 5, c. 22. Helle,who was drowned there in her voyage
Helisson, a town and river of Arcadia to Colchis. [Vid.Helle.] It is about 60
Pans. 8, c. 29. miles long,and, in the broadest parts, the
Helium, a name givento the mouth of the Asiatic coast is about three miles distant from
Maese in Germany. Plin. 4, c. 15. the European,and onlyhalf a mile in the nar-
rowest,
with a myrtlegarland no less than twenty cu- bit? the Messeniaris in their war against
in circiiinference, called *?jj"ts The other Sparta, after it had been overthrown by a vio-
lent
k.c
women, escapedby flight, except Hellotis and ^rist. Polit. 2. Paus. Lacon "
her sisterEur\-tione, who took shelter in Mi- nerva's Helot.c and Helutes, the publicslaves of
for salety upon the Spai'ta, kc. Vid. Helos.
temple, relyjjig
a vestal virgin struck dead witk
sanctity of the place".When this v.as known, Helvetia,
the Dorians set fire to the t"mple, and the tn o lightning in Trajan's r eign.
sisters perished in the flames. This wantoji Helvetii, an ancient nation of Gaul, con- quered
either to give them their liberty, or to sell .\chille3,captivated by her chai-ms, offered
them in any other countJ-y. To completetheir her violence. She was rescued from his em-brace
gai'menti, exposed
which them the assistance of the gods. Vid. Te- nes.
wear peculiar
ridicule. They ne- Paus. 10, c. 14." /"iorf.4.
to greatercontempt and ver
Tliere remains of his compositions a treatise ; and as the word y-w-*^ signifies both an apple
entitled Enchiridion de metris "^ poemaie, the and a sheep, some youths, acquainted with the
best edition of which is that of Pauiv, 4to. ambiguityof the word, offered applesto the
Ultraj. 1726. god,with much sportand festivity. To repre-
sent
HEPHiESTioN, E Macedonian famous for the sheep, they raised an appleupon four
bis intimacywith Alexander. He accompani-
ed sticks as the legs,and two more were placed
the conqueror in his Asiatic conquests, and at the top to representthe hox*ns of the victim,
was so faithfuland attached to him, that Alex- ander Hercules was delighted with the ingenuity of
often observed that Craterus was the the youths, and the festivals were ever ued
contin-
friend of the king,but Hephsestion the friend Avith the offering of apples. Pollux. 8, g.
of Alexander. He died at Ecbatana 325 years 9. There was also a festivalat Sicyonin hon- our
before the christian era, accordingto some of Hercules. It continued two days,the
from excess of drinking, or eating. Alexan-
der firstwas called 9io,'x:"t"c, the second K(sK\ttx.
was so inconsolable at the death of this At a festivalof the same name at Cos, the
faithful subject, that he shed tears at the in- priest
telligence, officiated with a mitre on his head, and
and ordered the sacred fire to be in women's apparel." "At'Lindus, a solemni-ty
extinguished, which was never done but at the of the same name was also observed,and at
death of a Persian monarch. The physicianthe celebration nothingwas heard but execra-
tions
"who attended Hephaestionin his illness, was and profanewords, and whosoever dentally
acci-
accused of negligence, and by the king's order droppedany other words, was accus-
ed
inhumanly put to death, and the games were of havingprofanedthe sacred rites.
interrupted. His body was intrusted to tlie Heracleum, a promontory of Cappadocia.
care ot Perdiccas,and honoured with the most A town of Egypt near Canopuson the
magnificentfuneral at Babylon, He was so western mouth of the Nile, to which it gave
like tlie kingin features and stature, that he its name. Diod. 1. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 60.
" "
was often saluted by the name of Alexander. Sirab 2 and 17. The port town
" of Gnossus
Curt. Arrian.
"
"ules were not more kindlytreated by Eurys- An historian of Pontus surnamed Lenihusy.
theus, than their father had been, and they who flourished B. C. 177."-^ A man who, af-
ter "
"were obligedto retire for protectionto the the retreat of Dionysiusthe younger from
court of Ceyx,king of Trachinia. Eurystheus Sicily,
raised cabals
againstDion, in whose
pursuedthem thither;and Ceyx, afraid of his hands the sovereignpower was lodged. He
resentment, beggedthe Heraclidee to depart was put to death by Dion's order. C. JVep. in
from his dominions. From Trachinia they Dion.'"^A youth of Syracusein the battle in
earae to Athens, where Theseus, the king of which JVicias was defeated.- A son of Aga-
the countiy who had accompanied their fatlier thocles."
,
A man"
placed over a garrison at
in some of his expeditions, received them with Athens by Demetrius. A sophist of Lycia"
great humanity, and assisted them againstwho opened a school at Smyrna in the age of
their common enemy, Eurystheus. Eurj^stheusthe emperor Severus. A painterof Mace- donia,
tvas killed by the hand of Hyllushimself,and in the reign of king Perseus.- An
his children perishedwith him,,and all the ci- ties architect of Tarentum, intimate with Philip
of the Peloponnesusbecame the undisput-
ed king of Macedonia. He fied to Rliodes on
property of the Heraclidae. Their triumph, pretence of a quarrelwith Philip, and set fire
however, was short, their numbers w^ere sened to the Rhodian
les- fleet. Polycen. -A man of
by a pestilence, and the oracle informed Alexandria.
them that they had taken possession of the Pe- Heraclitus, a celebrated Greek sopher
philo-
ioponnesusbefore the godspermittedtheir re- turn. ot Ephesus, who flourished about 500
Upon this they abandoned Peloponne-
sus, yeajs before the chiistian era. His father's
and came to settle in the territoriesof the name was Hyson, or Heracion. Katurally of
Athenians, where Hyllus,obedient to his fa- ther'sa melancholydisposition, he passedhis time ia
commands, married lole,the daughter a solitary and unsocial manner, and received
of Eurytus. Soon after he consulted the ora- cle, the appellation of the obscure phiIosoj)her, and
anxious to recover the Peloponnesus, and the mourner, from his unconquerablecustom
the ambiguityof the answer determined him of weeping at the foUiei^, frailty, and vicissi-
tude
to make a second attempt. PJie challengedto of human affairs. He employed his time
singlecombat Atreus, the successor of Eurys-
theus in writingciiflerenttreatises, and one particu- larly,
on the throne of Mycena?, and it was in which he supportedthat there was a
mutually agreed that the undisturbed posses- sion fatal necessity, and that the world was created
of the Peloponnesusshould be ceded to irom fire, which he deemed a god omnipotent
whosoever defeated his advein^ary. Echemus and omniscient. His opinions about the origin
acceptedthe challengefor Atreus, and Hyllus of thingswere adoptedby the Stoics,and Hip-
was killed,and the Heraclidae a second time pocrates entertained
the same notions of a
departedfrom Peloponnesus. Cleodoeus the power. Heraclitus deserves the ap-
supreme pellation
son of Hyllus,made a third attempt,and was of man-hater for the rusticity with
and his son Aristomachus
equallyunsuccessful, which he answered the politeinvitations of
some time aftermet with the same ble
unfavoura- Darius king of Persia. To remove himself
reception, and perished in the field of bat-
tle. totally from the society of mankind, he retired
Aristodemus, Teraenus, and Chresphon-to the mountains, where for some time he fed
tes, the three sons of Aristomachus, encoura-
ged on grass in common with the wild inhabitants
by the more expressiveand less ambiguous of the place. Such a diet was soon productive
word of an oracle,and desirous to revenge the of a dropsical complaint,and the philosopher
death of their assembled
progenitors, a nume- condescended to revisit the town. The enig-
matical
i'ous force,and with fleetinvaded allPelopon-
a nesus, manner in which he consulted the phy-
sicians
Their expedition was attended with made his applications unintelligible, and
success, and aftersome decisive battles theybe- came he w as left to depend for cure onlyupon him-
self.
mastei-s of all the peninsula, which they He fixed his residence in a dunghill, in
divided among themselves two years after. hopes tliat the continual warmth w hich pro-
ceeded
The recovery of the Peloponnesusby the de- scendants from it mightdissipate the watery ac-cumulation
of Hercules forms an interesting and restore him to the enjoyment
epoch in ancient histoiy, Vv'hichis universally of his former health. Such a remedy proved
believed to have happened 80 years after the ineifectuaJ, and the j)lii!osopher despairing of
Trojan war, or 1104 years before the christiar)a cure by the application of ox-dung,suffered
era. This conquest was totally achieved about himself to die in the OOth year of his age.
320 years after the first attempt of Hvllus. Some say that he was torn to piecesby dogs.
Apoltod. 2. c. 7, hc"Herodot. 9, c. 2(i."Paus. Diog. in vita. Ctcw. /ll^x. Str.b.
"
A lyric
1, 17. Paterc. 1, c. 2,
c-. " ClemtTis. Mex.
"
poet.- A writer of liaiitarnassus, intimate
Strom. 1. Thucyd. 1, c. 12, he.
" Diod. 1, with Callimachus.
" He was remarkable for
k.c."AristoL de Kep. 7, c. 26. the elegance of his style.- A native of
Hebaclides, a philosopher of Heraclea Lesbos, who wrote an history of Macedonia.
in Pontus, for some time disciple of Seusippus A writer of Sicyon,"c.
"
Plut.
and Aristotle. He wished it to be believed HEFuiCLius,a river of Greece. Pans. 10,c.
that he was carried into heaven the very day 37." "A brother of Conslantine,".c. A
"ifhis death,and the more firml}to render it Roman emperor, k.c.
credible,he begged one of his friends to put a Hek^sa, a town of Arcadia, Festivals at
serpent in his bed. The serpentdisappoint-
ed Argos in honour of Juno, who wasthepatron-
him, and Iho noiJ^e v^i^ck fbe nnmber of CKS of thf"tcitv. Thev were also observed br
HE HE
tijecolonics of the Argiveswhich had been manuscripts; and utensils,
palYitings, which 6o
plantedat Samos and Mginat. There were al-ways not a littlecontribute to* enlargeour notions
two processionsto the templeof the god- concerningthe ancients,and develope many
rlesswithout the citywalls. Tlie firstwas of classical obscurities. The valuable antiquities,
the men in armour, the second of the women, so miraculously
recovered, are ia
presei-ved
whom the priestess, a woman of the the museum of
Portici, a small town in the
among
first quality, was drawn in a chariot by white neighbourhood,and the engravings, "c. ably-
taken from them, have been munificently
oxen. The Argivesalways reckoned their sented
pre-
as the Athenians to tlie differentlearned bodies of Eu-
years from her priesthood,
from their archons, or the Romans from their rope. Seneca. JSTat.Q. 6, c. 1 and 26 "Of
consuls. When they came to the templeof Alt. 7, ep. 3." Mela, 2, c. 4."Paierc. 2, c. IQ.
the goddess, they offered a hecatomb of oxen. Hercules, a celebrated hero, nho, after
Hence the sacrifice is often called =^"tviuUx.and death, was among the gods,and
ranked ceived
re-
presidedover marriages, births. "c. There there were many persons of the same
who obtained the victory was rewarded with thus;or, accordingto Diodorus, at Thebes^-
erowns and obtained a part of the ox
of olives, and before he had completedhis eighthmonth*
that was offered in sacrifice,and was permitted the jealousy of Juno, intent upon his destruc-
tion,
to dedicate her picture to the goddess. sent two snakes to devour him The
There was also a solemn day of mourning at child, not terrified by the sight of theserpents"
Corinth,which bore the same name, memoration boldlyseized
in com- them in both his hands, and
of Medea's children, who were squeezed them to death, while his brother
buried in Juno's temple. They had been slain Iphiclus alarmed the house with his frightful
by the Corinthians ; who, as itis reported,to shrieks. [Vid.Iphiclus.] He was early in-
structed
avert the scandal which accompanied so bar- barous in the liberal arts,and Castor,the son
a murder, presented Euripides with a ot lyndarus, taughthim how to fight, Eury-
largesum of money to write a play,in which tus how to shoot with a bow and arrows, Auto-
Medea is representedas the murderer of her lycusto drive a chariot, Linus to play on the
children. Another festival of the same lyre,and Eumolpusto sing.He, like the rest
name at Pallene, with games, in w^hich the ot his illustriouscontemporaries,soon after
victor was reAvarded with a garment. became the pupilof the centaur Chiron,and
Herjei montzs, a chain of mountains at the under him he perfected and rendered himself
north of Sicily.Diod. 14. the most valiant and accomplishedof the age"
HjsR.5:iM, a templeand grove of Juno, sit- uate In the 18th year of his age, he resolved to de- liver
between Argos and Mycenee. A town the neighbourhoodof mount Cithseron
of Thrace. trom a huge lion which preyed on the flocks
Hr.RBESsus,a town of Sicily, at the north ot Amphitryon, his supposed father,and
of Agiigentum,built by a Phoenician or Car- thaginian wnich laid waste the adjacent country He
colony. -Si7.14,v. 265. went to the court of Thespius,kingof Thes-
Herbita, an inland town of Sicilv. Qie pis, who shared in the general calamity, and
^^.2, c. 64, 1.3,c. 32. he received there a tender treatment,and was
Herceius, an epithet^iren Jupiter entertained during
to fifty-
days.The fifty dauHi-
Olid. lb. 2i"6."Lucan. 9, v. 979. tersof the kingbecame all mothers by Hercu
Hercclant.v via, a mound raised between les,during his stayat Thespis,and some say
the Lucrine lake and the sea, called also Hcr- tnat It was effected in one night After he had
"culenm tier. Sil. 12, v. 1 18. destroyedthe lion of mount Cithajron, he de-
livered
Herculan'eum, a town of Campania, swal-lowed his country from the annual tributeof
up, with Pompeii,by an earthquake,an hundred oxen which it paid to Erginu^
producedfrom an eruption of mount vius, [Vid. Erginus.]Such publicservices became
Vesu-
August 24lh, A. D. 79, in the reiim of univei-sally known, and Creon, who then sat
Titus. After being buried under the lava for on the throne of Thebes, rewarded the patri-
otic
more than 16(X" years, these famous cities deeds of Hercules by givinghim his daugh-
ter
were discovered in the beginning of the in marriage, and him
intrusting with the
*ast century: Ht-rculaneum in 1713, about 24 government of his
kingdom. As Hercules by
feet under ground, by labourers digging for a the will of Jupiter was subjectedto the power
well,and Pompeii,4U years after, about 12 feet of Eurystheus, [Vid.Eurystheus,] and obliged
below the surface, aiidfrom the houses and to obey him in every respect,Eurystiieus, quainted
ac-
ihe streets,wliich in a great measure remain with his successes and risingpower-
h^ve been drawn
-stillperfect, bncts,ct^tyes. ordered him to jippcarat Mycenaeand perform
HE HE
of birthhe was
priority
the labours Which by brazen feet. This celebratedanimal frequent-'
empoweredto imposeupon him. Hercules ed the neighbourhood of (Enoe, and Hercules
refused,and Juno, to punishhis disobedience,was employedfor a whole year in continually
rendered him so delirious that he killed his pursuing it,and at last he caughtitin a trap,
own children by Megara,supposing them to or when tired, or according to others by slight-
ly
be the offspring of Eurystheus. [Vid.Megara.] woundingit and lessening itsswiftness. Ag
When he recovered the use of his senses, he he returned victorious, Diana snatched the
was so struck with the misfortunes which liafd goat from him, and severelyreprimanded
proceeded from his insanity, that he concealed him for molesting an animal which wassacred
himself and retired from the societyof men to her. Hercules pleadednecessity: and by
for some time. He afterwards consulted the representing the commands of Eurystheus, he
oracle of Apollo, and was told that he must appeasedthe goddessand obtained the beast.
be subservient for twelve j^ears to the will of The fourth labour was to bringalive to
Eurystheus, in compliance with the commands Eurystheusa wild boar which ravaged the
of Jupiter : and tiiat after he had achieved neighbourhood of Erymanthus. In this expe*
the most celebrated labours,he should be reck- oned dition he destroyedthe centaurS; [Vid.Cen-
in the number of the gods. So plain and tauri,] and caughtthe boar by closely pursuing
expressive an answer detennined him to go to hira through the deep snow. Eurystheus was
Mycenae,and to bear with fortitude whatever so frightened at the sight of the boar,that,ac- cording
godsor men imposedupon him. Eurystheus to Diodorus,he hid himself in his bra- zen
seeingso gi'eat a man totally subjected to him, vessel for .some days. In his fifth labour
and apprehensive of so powerfulan enemy, Hercules was ordered to clean the stables of
oommanded him to achieve a number of en- Augias,where 3000 oxen had been confined
terprises
the most difficultand arduous ever for many years. [Vid.Augias.] For his
known, generally called the 12 labours of Her- cules. sixth labour he was ordered to killthe carni- vorous
The favours of the godshad completely birds which ravagedthe country neap
armed him when he undertook his labouj-s.He the lake Stymphalis in Arcadia. [Vid.Stym-
had received a coat of arms and helmet from phalis.] In his seventh labour he brought
Minerva, a sword from Mercury,a horse from alive into Peloponnesus a prodigious wild bull
Neptune,a shield from Jupiter, a bow and ar- which laid waste the island of Crete. ^Inhis
Bows from Apollo, and from Vulcan a golden eighth labour he was employed in obtaining
Guirass and brazen buskin,with a celebrated the mares of Diomedes, which fed upon human
club of brass, according to the opinion of some flesh. He killed Diomedes, and gave him to
writers,but more generally supposedto be of be eaten by his mares, which he broughtto
v.'ood, and cut by the hero himself in the for- est Eurystheus.They were sent to mount pus
Olym-
of Nema?a. " The first labour imposedupon by the kingof Mycena?,where theywere
Hercules by Eurystheus, was to killthe lion of devoured by the wild beasts ;or, according to
Kemaga, which ravagedthe countrynear x\Iy- others,theywere consecrated to Jupiter, and
cena3. The hero, unable to destroy him with theirbreed stillexisted in the age of Alexander
his arrows, boldlyattacked him with his club, the Great. For his ninth labour he was
pursuedhim to his den, and after a close and commanded to obtain the girdle of the queen
sharp engagement he choked him to death. of the Amazons, [Vid. Hippolite.] In his
He carried the dead beast on his shoulders to tenth labour he killed the monster Geryon,
Mycenaj, and ever after clothed himself with kingofGades, and broughtto Argos his nu- merous
the skin. Eurystheus was so astonished at the Hocks which fed upon human flesh.
Sight of the beast,and at the courage of Her- cules, [Vid.Geryon.] The eleventh labour was
that he ordered him never to enter the to obtain apples from the gardenof the Hcs-
gatesof the citywhen he returned from his perides.[lid.Hesperides.] The twelfth
expeditions, but to wait for his orders without and last,and most dangerousof his labours,
the walls. He even made himselfa brazen ves- sel, was to bringupon earth the three-headed dog
into which he retired whenever Hercules Cerberus. This was cheerfully undertaken by
returned. "
The second labour of Hercules was Hercules, and he descended into hell by a cave
fo destroy the Lerniean hydra, which had seven on mount Tasnarus. He was permitted by
heads according to Apollodorus, 50 accordingPinto to carry away his friends Theseus and
to Simonides,and 100 according to Diodorus. PirithouK,who were condemned to punish-
ment
This celebrated monster he attacked with his in hell;and Cerberus also was granted
arrows, and soon afterhe came to a close en- to his prayers, provided
gagement, he made use of no
and by means of his heavy club he arms, but onlyforce to dragliim away. cules,
Her-
"destroyed the heads of his enem)-. But this as some report,can-ied him back to
was productive of no advantage, for as soon as hell, after he had broughthim before Eurys- theus.
one head was beaten to pieces by the club,im- mediately " Besides these arduous labours, which
two sprang up, and the labour of the jealousy of Eurystheus imposedupon him,
Hercules would have remained unlinishod had he also achieved others of his own accord
not he commanded his friend lolas to burn, equallygreat and celebrated. [Vid.Cacus.
with u hot iron,the root of the head which he AntaMis, Busiris,Eryx, "c.] He accompa- nied
hfid crushed to pieces.This succeeded,{Vid. the Argonautsto Colchis before he de-f
Hydra,]and Hercules became victorious, open- livered himself up to the kingof Mycenaj. He
e(ithe bellyof the monster, and dippedhis ar- rows assisted the gods in their wars again,st the;
in the gall to render the wounds which giants, and it was throughhim alone that Ju- piter
he gave fataland incurable. He was ed
order- obtained a victory.[Vid.Gigantes.j
in his third labour to bringalive aud unhurt He conqueredLaomedon, and pillaged Troy.
into the presence of Eurystheus a stag, famous [Vid.Laomedon.] When lole,the daughter
for\{?ioc FcdibleSAviftners, itsgoldenhorn?,, .lad of Eurytus, kingof (Echalia; of wliom he was.
HE HE
enamoured,
"?eeply was refused to his en- poisonof the Lernaean hydrapenetratethrougii
treaties,
he became the prey of a second fit his bones. He attempted to pulloff tiiefatal
of insanity, and he murdered Ipliitus, the dress,but it was too late,and in the midst of
the
only one of the sons of Eurytus who favoured his painsand tortures he inveighedin
his addresses to lole. [Vld.Iphitus.]He most bitter imprecations against the credu-
lous
some time, after purified of the murder, Dejanira, the cruelty of Eurystheus, and
was
"old as a slave. Here he cleared allthe coun- try s'ers and tyrants. The gods applaudedJupi- ter's
from robbers ; and Omphale, who was as- tonished resolution,the burningpilewas suddenly
at the greatnessof his exploits, tored
res- surrounded with a dark smoke, and afterthe
him to liberty, and married him. cules mortal partsof Hercules were
Her- consumed, he
had Agelaus, and Lamon accordingto was carried up to heaven in a chariot drawn by
others,by Omphale, from whom Croesus king four horses. Some loud clapsof thunder ac- companied
of Lydiawas descended. He became also en-amoured his elevation, and his friends, una-
ble
janira's suitors,and married her afterhe had the same religious ceremonies. His worship
overcome allof his rivals.[Vid.Achelous.] He soon became as universal as his fame, and Ju- no,
was obligedto leave Calydon, his father-in- who had once persecutedhim with such
law's kingdom,because he had inadvertently inveterate fury, forgother resentment, and
killed a rnan with a blow of his fist, and itwas gave him her daughter Hebe in marriage.
on account of this expulsion that he was not Hercules has received many surnames and
presentat the huntingof the Calydonianboar. epithets, either from the placewhere his wor- ship
From Calydon he retiredto the court of Ceyx, was established, or from the labours
king of Trachinia. In his Avay he was stopped which he achieved. His temples w^ere nu- merous
by the swollen streams of the Evenus, where and magnificent, and his divinity vered.
re-
the centaur Nessus attemptedto otfcr vio- lence No dogs or fliesever entered his tem- ple
to Dejanira, under the perfidious pi'e- at Rome, and that of Gades, according to
tence of conveyingher over the river. Her- cules Strabo,was alwaysforbidden to women and
and pigs. The
perceivedthe distress of Dejanira, Phoenicians offered quails on his
killed the centaur, who as lie expired gave her altars, and as it was supposedthat he presided
a tunic,which as he observed had the power over dreams, the sick and infirm were sent to
of recalling a husband from unlawful love. sleep in his temples, that theymight receive
[Vid.Dejanira.]Ceyx, kingof Trachinia re- ceived in their dreams the agreeable presages of the-ir
him and his wife -with great marks of a[)proaching recovery. The white poplarwas
friendship, and purified him of the murder particularly dedicated to his service. Hercules
which he had committed at Calydon. Hercu- les is generallyrepresented naked, with strong
was stillmindful that he had once been re- fused and well proportioned limbs ; he is sometimes
the hand of lole ; he therefore made covered with the skin of the Nemaean lion,and
war againsther father Eurytus,and killed lioldsa knotted club in his hand, on which he
him with three of his sons, lole fellinto the often leans. Sometimes he appears crowned
hands of her father's murderer, and found that with the leaves of the poplar, and holding tlie
she was loved by Hercules as much as before. horn of plentyunder his ai'ra. At other times
She accompanied him to mount (Eta, where he is represented standing with Cupid,who in- solently
lie was goingto raise an altar and otter a so- lemn breaks to pieces his arrows and his clubj"
sacrifice to Jupiter.As he had not then to intimate the passion of love in the hero,who
tlietunic in which he arrayedhimself to otier suffered himself to be beaten and ridiculed by
a sacrifice,he sent Lichas to Dejanirain or- der Omphale, who dressed herself in his armour
to providehimself a proper dress. nira, while he was
Deja- sitting to spinwith her female
informed of her husband's tender attach- ment servants. The cliildjcnof Hercules are as
to lole,sent him a philter, or more bably numerous
pro- as the labours and dilRculties winch
the tunic which she had received from he underwent, and indeed they became so
sed
"-C. Apollod.1 and 2. Pans. 1. 3, 5, 9, and
"
of such unusual properties,
"
as to give fe-cundity
10. Hesiod. in Scut. Here. "c.
" Hygin. fab. to women and cause madness in men.
"
29, 32, k,c."Ovid. Met. 9, v. 236, kc."Hcr. JElian. V. H. 13, c. Q.~Plin. 14, e. 18."
9. .^mor. Trist. fcc. Homer. II. 8, he. Pans. 8, c. 24." Plot. 3, c. 16.
"
"
-^Senec. in Here, farent.4^ (E.I- PUn. 4 c. pey, ho,. Pint. A centurion sent in pur-
"
suit
6, 1. 11,hc."Philost. Icon. 2, c. ^."Hnodot. of Cicero by Antony. He cut oif the ora- tor's
part of Africa. They were called by the an- and disciple of Epicurus, B. C. 257.
eients Myla and Calpe. They are reckoned Herji^, statues of JNlercury in the cityof
the boundaries of the labours of Hercules,and Athens. Cic. ad Mlic. 1, cp. 4 and 8. C. "
according to ancient tradition theywere Joined A^epin Alcib. Two youths who attended
togethertilltiiey were severed by the arm of those who consulted the oracle ofTrophonius.
theherOjanda communication openedbetween Paus. 9^ c. 39.
the Mediterranean and Atlantic seas. Dionys. Herm^a, a festivalhi Crete, when the
1, v. U2."Mela^
Perie^."Sil. 1, c. 5, 1.2, c. masters waited upon the servants. It was
6. Plin. 3, c. 1.
" Monaici Portus,now Mo- also observed at Athens and Babylon, Paus.
staco,a porttown of Genoa. Tacit. H. 3, c. 8, c. 14.
42."Lucan. 1,v. 405." Virij;.JEn. 6, v. 830. Hi:RMJEUM, a town of Arcadia. A pro-
montory
Labronisrc/ Liburni Portus, a sea port the east
at of Carthage,the most
town, now Leghorn. Promontorium,acape northern Bon. pointof all Africa,
now Cape
at the bottom of Italy, on the Ionian sea, nov,' Liv. 29, c. 27." Slrab. 17.
Spartivento. Insulas, two islands near dinia. Hf.rmagoras
Sar- iEoLiDES, a famous torician,
rhe-
Plin. 3, c. 7. Portus,a sea port of who came to Rome in the age of Au-
gustus.
the Brutii,on the western coast. Lucus, a A philosopher of Amphipolis. " -^
caughtthere.
(5co/"6ro*,) Sirab.S. HermandGJbi, a people of Germany,cal-
led
Hercyna, a nymph who accompanied also Hermuriduri.
Ceres us she travelled over the world. A Hermanni, a peopleof Germany.
yiver in Btaotia \so\c hev name. Pans. 9, HEr.MAPHRuDiTus,a son of Venus an^
HE HE
Mercupy, educated on mount Ida by the with stealinghis affections from her. Her
At the age of 15 he began to travel
ISaiades. jealousyof Andromache, accordingto some,
to gratify his curiosity.When he came to iiidiicedher to unite herself to Orestes,and to
Caira, he bathed himself in a fountain,and destroyPyrrhus. She gave herself to Orestes
Salmacis,the nymph who presided over it,be- after this murder, and received the kingdom
eame enamoured (k him, and attemptedto se- duce of Spartaas a dowry. Homer. Od. 4.
Eurip^"
Ovid. Met. 4, v. 347. Hygin.fab. 271. Strab. 8." Mela, 2, c. 3.~Ptol. 2, c. 16."
"
son of Agamemnon; but her father,ignorant 1571,and Laurentius Genev. 1614. He died
of this pre-engageraent, gave her hand to A. D. 161, and it is said that his body was
Pyrrhusthe son of Achilles,whose services he opened,aud his heart found hairy and of an
had experiencedin the Trojan war. Pyrrhus,extraordinary size. At the age of 25, as is
at his return from mione reported,
Troy, carried home Her- he totally lost his memory. A
and married her. Hermione, tenderlylawyer in the age of Diocletian, X musi-
cian.
attached to her cousin Orestes,looked upon Horat. 1, Sat. 3, v. 129. A sophist
Pyrrhus with horror and indignation.Ac- of Tarsus, of such brilliant 'talents,
cording tiiat at
to others,however, Hermione ed
receiv- the age of 15 he excited the attejition and
the addresses of Pyrrhuswith pleasure, and gainedthe paLi'onage of the emi)eror M. Aih
i'vcn ropryachedAndi'oruachc, his cpiJicubine, toninus.
HE HE
Macedonian
sius, and afterwards that of
Hermolaus, a young among Antony. He was
the attendantsof Alexander. As he was
made king of Judaea by means
one of Antony,
day huntingwith tlie king he killed a wild
and afterthe battle of Actium he was continu-
ed
boar which was coming toAvards him. Alex-
ander, in his power by his flattery and submission
who followed close behind him, was so to Augustus, He rendered himself odious
by
disappointed because the beast had been killed his cruelty, and as he knew that the day of his
before he could dart at him, that he ordered death would become a day of mirth and fes-tivity,
Hermolaus to be severelywhipped This he ordered the most illustrious of his
treatment irritated Hermolaus, and he conspi-
red subjectsto be confined and murdered the ve- ry
to take away the king's life,with others moment that he expired, that every eye
who were displeased with the cruel treatment in the kingdom might seem to shed tears at
he had received. The plotwas discovei'ed by the death of Herod. He died in the 70th
of the conspirators, and Alexander seized year of his age, after a reignof 40
one years. Jo-
them, and asked what had impelledthem to sephus. Antipas, a son of Herod the Great,
conspireto take his life. Hermolaus answered governor of Galilaea, ",c. Agrippa,a i"w,
for the rest, and observed that it was thy
unwor- intimate with the emperor Caligula, he. This
of
Alexander to treat his most faithful name was common to many of the Jews, Jo^
and attached friends like slaves,and to shed sephus. Atticus. Vid. Atticus.
their blood without the least mercy. Alexan-
der Herodianus, a Greek historian-who flour- ished
ordered him to be put to death. Curt, 8, A. D. 247. He was born at Alexandria,
c. 6. and he was employed among the officersof the
Hermopolis, two towns of Egypt, now Roman emperors. He wrote a Roman history
jSshmwiein and
Demenkur. Plin. 5, c. 9. in eightbooks ; from the death of Marcus relius
Au-
Hermotimus, a famous prophetof Clazo- to Maximinus, His style is peculiarly
menae. It is said that his soul separated itselfelegant, but it wants precision, and the work
from his body, and wandered in every part too plainlybetraysthat the author was not a
of the earth to explainfuturity, after which perfectmaster of geography. He is accused
it returned again and animated his frame. of being too partial to Maximinus, and too
His wife, who was acquaintedwith the severe upon Alexander Severus. His book
frequentabsence of his soul, took advantage comprehends the historyof 68 or 70 years,
of it and burnt his body, as if totally dead, and he asserts that he has been an eye-witness
and deprived the sou) of itsnatural receptacle. of whatever he has written. The best editions
Hermotimus received divine honours in a of his history are that of Politian, 4to. Dovan,
temple at Clazomenae, into which it was un- lawful 1525, who afterwards published a very valua-
ble
for women to enter. Plin. 7, c. 52, Latin translation, and that of Oxford, 8vo.
"ic. " Lucian. 1708.
Hermunduri, people of Germany, sub-
a dued Herodicus, a physiciansurnamed Gyni-
by Aurelius. They were at the north who flourished B. C. 443.
nastic, A gram-
marian
of the Danube, and were considered by Ta-
citus surnamed Craleleus,B. C. 123.
as a called,to-
tribe of the Suevi, but
gether Herodotus, a celebrated historian of Ha-
by Pliny licarnassus,
with the Suevi, Hermiones whose fathers name was Lyxes,
4, c. 14. Tacit. Jinn. 13; extra.
" Veil. 2, c. and that of his mother Dryo. He fled to Sa-
"
roid. 17 and 18." Virg.G. 3, v. 258. of the most celebrated nations in the world.
Heruues, surnamed the Great and ,^sca- Herodotus had written another historyof
followed the interestof Brutus
lonitaj and Cas- Assyriaand Arabia,which isnot extsint. The
HE HE
lifeof Homer, generally attributed to him, is. Herse ; but throughjealousy,
Aglauros, dis-
not to be the production of covered the amour. Mercury was so offend
supposedby some
son of Antigonus. He was six feet Consualia. She was givenand married to Ro-mulus,
and a half in height, and he ale generally tvi^en- thoughaccordingto some she married
ty pounds of flesh, with bread in proportion, Hostus, a youth of Latium, by whom she had
at each of his meals. Mhen. 16. Another, Hostus Hostilius. After death she was sented
pre-
whose victoriesare celebrated by Pindar. with immortality by Juno, and receiv-
ed
divine honours under the name
Heroes, a name which was given by the of Ora,
such born from god, or Liv. 1, c. 11 Olid. Met. 14, v. 632.
ancients to as were a "
and seemed to deserve immortality the Germans, supposedto be the same as the
actions,
earth. She had a templeand a chai'iot dedi- cated
by the service they had rendered their coun- try.
The heroes which Homer describes, such to her service in a remote island,and
as Ajax,Achilles,"c. were gious was supposedto visitthe earth at stated times,
of such a prodi-
strength,that they could liftup and when her coming was celebrated with the
throw stones which the united force of four or greatestrejoicings and festivity. Tacit, de
of his age could not have moved. Germ.
live men
The heroes were supposedto be interested in Heruli, a savage nation in the northern
mankind after death, and parts of Europe who attacked the Romaa
the affairsof they
were invoked with much solemnity. As the power in its decline.
altars of the godswere crowded with sacrifices Hes^nus, a mountain near Pasonia.
and libations, so the heroes were often hon-
oured Hesiodus, a celebrated poet born at As-
with a funeral solemnity, in which their cra, in Bceotia. His father'sname was Dius,
great exploits were enumerated. The originand his mother's Pycimede. He lived in the
of heroism might proceed from the opinionsage of Homer, and even obtained a poetical
w^ho that the prize in competitionwith him, accordingto
of some philosophers, taught
souls of great men were often raised to the Varro and Plutarch. Quintilian, Philos-
tratus, and others, maintain that Hesiod
stars, and introduced among the immortal
lived before the age of Homer ; but Val. Pa-
gods. Accordingto the notions of the Stoics,
the ancient heroes inhabited a pure and se- rene terculus, ^c. support that he flourished about
situate above the moon. 100 years after him, Hesiod is the firstwho
climate,
wrote a poem on agriculture. This compo-
Herois, a festival,
celebrated every ninth sition
of is called,T/ie Works and the Days;
year by the Delphians, in honour a roine.
he-
There was in the celebration a great and, besides the instructions which are given
number of mysteriousrites,with a represen- to the cultivator of the field, the reader is
tation
of somethinglike Semele's resurrection. pleasedto find many moral reflections worthy
of a refined Socrates or a Plato. His 2Vie~
Heron, two mathematicians,one of whom
is called the ancient and the other the younger. ogony is a miscellaneous narration executed
The former, who lived about 100 years before without art, precision, choice,judgment, or
of Ctesibius, and wrote connexion, yet it is the more valuable for the
Christ,was disciple a
curious book translated into Latin, under the faithfulaccount it givesof the gods of anti- quity.
titleof Spiritualium Liber,the only edition of His Shield of Hercules is but a frag- ment
which is that of Baldus. of a largerpoem, in w^hich it is suppo-
.^ug.Vind. 1616. sed
of the Arabic he gave an account of the most celebrated
Heroopoi.is,a town Egypt on
heroines among the ancients. Hesiod, without
gulf.
being master of the fireand sublimity of Ho-
mer,
Herophila; a Sybil,who, as some suppose,
of is admired for the eleganceof his dic- tion,
came to Rome in thereign Tarquin. {Vid.
Paus. 10, c. 12. and the sweetness of his poetry. Be-
sides
Sibyllae.)
these poems, he wrote others,now lost.
HerophTlus, an impostor in the reignof
J. Ceesar, who pretendedto be the grandson Pausanias says, that in his age, Hesiod's
of Marius. still written on tablets in the
He was banished from Rome by verses were
Caisar for his seditions, and was afterwards templeof the Muses, of which the poet was
strangledin prison. A Greek physician, a priest. If we believe Clem. Mexand. 6,
about 570 years before the Christian era. He Strom, the poet borrowed much from Mu-
was oneof the firstwho dissected bodies. Pli-
ny, sans. One of Lucian's dialoguesbears the
Cicero, and Plutarch have greatlycom- name of Hesiod, and, in it,the poet is intro-
duced
ftiended him. as speakingof himself Virgil,in his
Herostratus, Vid. Erostratus. Georgics,has imitated the compositionsof
Herpa, a town of Ca]}j)adocia. Hesiod, and taken his opera and dies for a mo-
del,
soon alter, to the Trojan war. Lycophron however, isreduced by some to only one
mentions, that Hercules threw himself,armed head. Those that attempt to explainmytholo-
from head to foot,into the mouth of the mon-
ster observe that the Hesperideswere
g}'^, certain
to which Hesione was that persons who had an immense
exposed,and number of Hocks,
iie tore his belly to pieces, safe and that the ambiguous w^ord ,""i"-oi,
and came out which sig-
nifies
only with the loss of his hair,after a confine-
ment an apjjie,and a sheep,gave rise to the
of three davs. Homer. II. 6, v. 6!^. fable of the goldenapplesof the Hesperides.
"
Diod. 4."JpoUvd. 2, c. 6, kc."Ovid. Met. 11, Biod. 4." Ovid. Met. 4, v. 637, ice. 1.9, v. 90.
T". 212. The wife of Nauplius. Hygin. fab. 30. Jlpollod.
"
3, c. 5. Hesiod. "
"
Vetuloni, Volaterrani, Russellani, Volscinii, who disgraced himself by his vices and tyranny,
and Caeretani. The inhabi-
Falisci,
Tarquinii, tants Diod. 11. The second of that name, king-
were partieulaflyfamous for their sujier- of Syracuse,was descended from Gelon. He
stition,and greatconfidence in omens, dreams, was unanimouslyelected kingby all the stated
au_guries,S^c. They all proved powerfuland of the island of Sicily, and appointedto carry
Fesolute enemies to the rising empu-e of the on the war againstthe Carthaginians.He
Romans, and were conqueredonly after much joinedhis enemies in besieging Messana, which
effusion of blood. Plin. 3, c. 5. Strab. 5. had surrendered to the Romans,
"
"
but he was
Pint, in Ro77i."Mela,2, c. 4. beaten by Appius Claudius,the Roman sul,
con-
1. 25, c. 24, 1. 32, c. 39. ing the fifty-nine years of his reign,that thfc
Hiarbas or Iarbas, a kingof Gastulia. Vid. Romans never had a more firm, or more tached
at-
Jarbas. ally. He died in the 94th year of his
HiBER, a name appliedto a Spaniard,as age, about 225 years before the Christian era.
livingnear the river Hiberus or Iberus. Vid. He was universally regretted,and all the Sici-
lians
Iberus. sliowed,by their lamentations,that they
HiBERifiA and Hvbernia, a largeisland at had lost a common father and a friend. He li- berally
the west of Britain,now called Ireland. Some pErtronized the learned,and employed
of the ancients have called it Ibernia,Juver- the talents of Archimedes for the good of hi"
Da, Iris,Hierna, Ogygia,Iveruia. Juv. 2, v. country. He wrote a book on agriculture, now
JQO. "Strab. A." Orpheus. Aristot. " lost He was succeeded by Hieronvmus.
HiBRiEDES, an Athenian general.Dionys.JElian. V. H. 4, S." Justin. 23, c. 4."F'lor. 2,
Hal. 7. c. 2 " Liv. 16. An Athenian, intimate with
HicETAON, of Laomedon, brother to Nicias the general. Phii. in J\'ic.
a son A Par-
thian,
Priam, and father of Menalippus. Homer. kc. Tacit
Jl, 3. The father of Thymoetes, who HiERoc.5:sAREA, a town of Lvdia. Tacit,
oame to Italywith ^neas. Virg.JEn. 10, .4. 2, c. 47, 1.3,c, 62.
T. 123. HiERocKPiA, an island near Paphos in
HicETAS, a philosopher of SjTacuse,who Cyprus.
believed that the earth moved, and that all HiERocLES,apersecutoroftheChrrstians der
un-
HiERAPuLis, a town of Syria, near the He flourislied A. D 485. The best edition is
Euphrates. Another of Phrygia,famous that of Asheton and Warren, Svo. London,
for hot baths,now BambvJckalasi. Another 1742. A general in the interest of Deme-
trius.
"f Crete. Polyan.5. A governor of Bithj-nia
HiKR vx, a youth who awoke Arrr.isto in-
form and Alexandria,under Diocletian," "An offi
him that Mercury was stealing lo. Mer- cer. Vid. Heliogabalus,
ciny killed him, and changed him into a bird HiERODtLVii, a town of Libya.
"fprey. .ipollod. 2, c. 1. Antiochus king HiERo*"iCA LEX, by Hiero, tyrantof Sicily,
of Syria,and brother to Seleucus, received to settle the quantityof corn, the price and
the surname of Ilierax. Justin. 37, c. 3. time of receiving it, between the fanners oi
An Egyptianphilosopher in the third century. Sicily, and the collectors of the corn tax a*
HiERicHus, (unlis) the name of Jericho in Rome. This law, on account of itsjusticeand
llie holy land, called the cityof Palm-trees,|candour, was continued by the Romans whcR
from its abounding in datt^^ /*//?*5. c. 14. {tliey
became masters of Sicily.
Tacit. H. 5, c 6 |
Hierosymvs, a tyrant of Sicilywho sur -
HI til
creeled hisfather or grandfather Hi6ro,when Liv. 34, c. 6, 1.25, c. 49. The ancient namd
"
only 15 years old. He rendered himself odious of the Eurotas. Strab. 6 -Mela, 2, c. 7. "
"Pans. 2, c. 22, 1. 3, c. 19. .Festivals at between their real and apparent position,
Rome in honour of the mother of the gods. viewed from the centre, and from the sur- face
only edition is that of the Benedictine monks, first foundations of trigonometiy, so tial
essen-
of Athens after the death of his father, with the rewards which his well-directed
his brother Hipparchus. He was willingto labours claimed, and while he lived in the
revengethedeathofhis brother,who had been greatestpopularity, he was carefully ed
employ-
assassinated,and for this violent measure he in obser\'ing the symptoms and the growth,
was driven from his country. He fled to king of every disorder,and from his judicious marks,
re-
are two of the same nsune in Africa,one of is stillvenerated at Cos, and the present
which by way of distinction is called Regius.inhabitants of the island show a small house,
Plin. 5, c. 3, 1.9, c. H."Mela, 1, c. l."Lir. 29, which Hippocrates, as they mention, once habited.
in-
c. 3 and 32. Also a town of Spain. Liv. The best editions of his works are
39, c. 30. of the Brutii. tiat of Fassius, Genev. fol. 1657; of Linden,
Hippobotes, a largemeadow near the Cas-
pian 2 vols. 8vo. Amst. 1665; and that of Mackius,
sea, where 50,000 horses could graze. 2 vols. fol.Viennae,1743. His treatises, cially
espe-
Hippobotus, a Greek historian,who com- posed the Aphorisms, have been published se-
parately.
teen had alreadybeen conquered, and for- feited Neptune severely to punishthe incon-
tinence
their lives, when Pelopscame from Ly- of his son. Hippolytusfled from the
dia and entered the lists. Pelopspreviouslyresentment of his father, and, as he pursued
bribed Myrtilus, the charioteer of (Enomaus, his way alongthe sea shore, his horses were
and ensured himself the victory.In the race, so frightened at the noise of sea-calves, which
(Enomaus, mounted on a broken chariot,whichNeptune bad purposelysent there,that they
the corruptedMyrtilus had purposely provi-ran among the rocks tillhis chariot was bro-
ded ken
for him, was easilyovercome, and was and his body torn to pieces.Temples
killed in the course; and Pelops married were reused to his memory, particularly at
Hippodamia,and avenged the death of (Eno- maus, Trojzene,where he received divine honours.
by throwing into the sea the perfidious Accordingto some accounts, Diana restored
Myrtilus, who claimed for the reward of his him to life. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 268. Met. 15,
treachery, the favour which Hippodamia could V. 469." Virg.JEn. 7, v. 761, fee. A son of
grant onlyto her husband. Hippodamia be-came Ropalus,king of Sicyon,greatlybeloved by
mother of Atreus and Thyestes, and itis Apollo. Plut. in JVum.- "A giant,killed by
said that she died of grief for the death of her Mercury. A son of iEgyptus. Apollod. 1
father, which her guilty correspondence wnth and 2. A Christian writer in the third cen- tury,
Pelopsand Myrtilushad occasioned. Virg. whose works have been edited by Fa-
G. 3, v. 7. Hygin.fab. 84 and 2,o3."Paus. 5, bricius,
" Hamb. fol.1716.
c. 14,hc."Diod. 4." Ovid. Heroid. 8 and 17. HippoMACHus, a musician, who severely
A daughter of Adrastus,king of Argos, rebuked one of bis pupils because he was prais-
ed
who married Pirithous,kingof the Lapitha?. by the multitude, and observed,that it was
The festivity which prevailed on the day of the greatestproofof his ignorance,JElian.
her marriagewas interrupted by the attempts 2, V. H. c. 6.
of Eurytusto offer her violence. ('Hrf. thous.) HippoMEDON,
Piri- a son of Nisimachus and
She is called Ischomache by some, Mythidice,who was one of the seven chiefs
and Deidamia by others. Ovid. Met. 12. who went against "
Thebes. He was killed by
Flut. in Thts. A daughter of Danaus. Ismarus, son of Acastus. Jipollod. 3, c. 6."
Apollod. A mistress of Achilles,daughterPaus. 2,c, 36.
of Brises. A daughter of Anchises, who HippoMEDusA,a daughter of Danaus. lod.
Apol-
married Alcathous. Homer. II. 13,v. 429.
Hipp6DAMus,a man of Miletus,who^set- HippoMENEs, an Athenian archon, who
tled republicwithout any previousknow-
a ledge exposedhis daughterLimone to be devoured
of government. Aristot.2. Polit. A by horses,because guiltyof adultery.Ovid.
in lb. 459.
Pythagorean philosopher, An Athenian A son of Macareus and Me-
who gave his house to his country when he rope, who married Atalanta (Vid. Atalanta,)
knew such a concession would improve the with the assistance of Venus. These two fond
port of the Piraeus. An Athenian archon. lovers were changedinto lions by Cybele,
" "A man famous for his voracious appetite. whose templethey had profaned in their im- patience
HiPPODicE, one of the Danaides. Jipollod. to consummate theirnuptials.Ovid.
HippoDROMUs, a son of Hercules. Id. Met. 10, V. 585, "c. The father of Me-
A Thessalian,who succeeded in a school at gareus.
Athens, in the age of M. Antony. Pldlostr. HippoMOLGi, a peopleof Scythia,who, as
A placewhere horse races were ed.
exhibit- the name implies,lived upon the milk of
Martial. 12, ep. 50. horses. Hippocrates has given an account of
HippoLA, a town of Peloponnesus.Paus. their manner of living. De aqua 4^" aer. 44.
3, c. 25. Dionys.Perieg.
HippoLocHUS, a of Bellerophon,
son father HippoN and Hippo, a town of Africa.
to Glaucus, who commanded the Lyciansdu-
ring HippoNA, a goddess who presidedover
the Tf ojanwar. A son of Glaucus also horses. Her statues were placed in horses'
bore the same Homer. II. 6, v. 119. stables. Juv. 8, v. 157.
name.
A son of Antimachus, slain in the Trojan HippoNAx, a Greek poet, born at Ephe-
war. /r/.11, V. 122. sus, 540 years before the Christian era. He
HippoLYTE, a queen of the Amazons, given cultivated tbe same satiricalpoetry as Archi-
in marriageto Theseus by Hercules,who bad lochus,and was not inferiorto him in tbe
conqueredher, and taken away her girdle by beautyor vigourof his lines. His satirical
order of Eurj'stheus. {Vid.Hercules.)She railleiy obligedhim to flyfrom Epbesus. As
had a son by Theseus, called Hip[)olytus. be was naturally deformed,two brothers,Bu-
Plut. in Thes. Propcrt.4, el.3.
"
The wife pbalusand Anthermus, made a statue of him,
of Acastus, who fellin love with Peleus, who vvbicb,by tbe deformity of itsfeatures, sed
expo-
was in exile at her husband's court. She ac-
cused the poet to universal ridicule. Hipponax
him of incontinence, aiid of attempts resolved to avenge the injury, and be wrote
her virtue, before Acastus, only because such bitter invectives and satirical
upon lampoons
he refusedto her
gratify desires. She is alio against
them, that theyhanged themselves in
despair.Cic. adfamil.7, ep. 24.
HI HO
HiPPONiATES, a bay in the country of buted. The styleis inferiorto that of Caesar's
the Brutii- Commentaries. The author,who was Caesar's
HiPPo.NiuM, a city in the country of the friend,and Cicero's pupil,is supposedto be
Brutii, where Agathocles built a dock. Strab. no other than the consul of that name.
HiPPONous, the father of Periboea and HisBON, a Rutuiian,killed by Pallas. Virg.
Capaneus. He was killed by the thunderbolts Mn. 10,V. 384.
of Jupiter before the walls of Thebes. Apol- HisPALis,an ancient town of Spain,now
lod. 1, c. 8, 1.3, c. 1. The first name of called Seville. Plin. 3, c. 3."C(bs. Fam. 10,
Bellerophon. A son of Priam. ep. 32.
HippoPODEs, a people of Scythia,who HisPANiA or Hispanic:, called by the poets
feet.Dionys.Perieg.
have h"yrses' Iberia, Hesperia,and HesperiaUltima, a
HiPPOSTR-LTus, a favourite of Lais. lai-gecountry of Europe, separatedfrom
HiPPOADEs, the patronymic of ^olus, Gaul by the Pyrenean mountains, and bound-
ed
grandsonof Hippotas.by Segesta, as also of on every other side by the sea. Spainwas
Amastrus, hisson, who was killed in the Ru- firstknown to the merchants of Phoenicia, and
tulian war. Virg.Mn. 11, v. 674. Ovid. from them passed to the Carthaginians,
"
to
JIfef.11, V. 431. whose power it long continued in
subjection.
HippoTAS or HippoTES, a Trojan prince The Romans became sole masters of it at the
changed into a river. {Vid.Crinisus.) The end of the second Punic war, and divided it at
father of iEolus, who from thence is called firstinto citerior and ulterior, which last was
Hippotades. Horn. Od. 10, v. 2. Ovid. Her. afterwards separated into Boetica and Lusita-
"
18,V. 46. Met. 14,v. 224. nia by Augustus. The Hispaniaciterior was
HiPsiDES,a Macedonian, "c. Curt. 7, c. 7. Ccdled Doris, from Dorus the son of
HiRA, a maiitirae town of Peloponnesus.Deucalion, and inhabited by the Pelasgi. The
Homer. II. 12. Pelasgiwere driven from the country by the
HiRpiNi, a people of the Samnites. Sil. Cad means, and these last were also disposses-
sed
8, v. 560. by the Perrhaebeans,who gave to their
Q. HiRPixus, a Roman, to whom Horace newly-acquired possessions the name of Histi-
dedicated his 2od. 11, and also 1, ep. 16. aeoiis,or Estiaeotis, from Estiaea, or Histiaea, a
HiRTUs, a debauched fellow, "ic. Jui\ 10, town of Eubcea, which they had then lately
V. 222. destroyed, and whose inhabitantstheyhad car- ried
HiRTiA LEX de magistraiibus, by A. Hir- to Thessaly with them. Strab. Herodot. "
most ancient of all the profane writers. The man who travelled
and examined with the
critical accuracy whatever deserved
age in which he lived is not known, though
most
some suppose it to be about 168 years afterthe notice and claimed attention. Modern lers
travel-
Trojan war, or, accordingto others, 160 years are astonished to see the different scenes
before the foundation of Rome. Accordingto which the pen of Homer described about 3000
Paterculus, he flourished 968 years before the years ago, stillexisting in the same unvaried
Christian era, or 884, accordingto Herodotus, form, and the sailor,who steers his course
who supposedhim to be contemporary witii alongthe iEgean,sees allthe promontories and
Hesiod. The Arundelian Marbles fix his era rocks which appearedto Nestor and Menelaus,
907 years before Christ,and make him also when they returned victorious from the Tro-
jan
contemporary with Hesiod. This diversity of war. The ancients had such veneration
opinionsproves the antiquity of Homer: and for Homer, that they not only raised temples
the uncertainty prevailsalso concerningthe and altars to him, but oftered sacrifices, and
placeof his nativity.No less than seven il- worshippedhim as a god. The inhabitants of
lustrious
cities disputed the rightof having Chios celebrated festivals every fifth year in
givenbirth to the greatest of poets,as it is well his honour, and medals were struck, which re-
presented
hymns, and an Herodot. 2, c. 53. Athens, after he had received the lessons of
index.
" Theocrit. Id."Jristot. Poet."Strab."Dio. the best masters at Rome. Horace followed
Chrys. 33. Orat."Paus. 2, 9, 10." Helio- Brutus from Athens, and the timidity which
ilor. ^." Milan. V. H. 13." Vol. Max. 8, c. he betrayed at the battle of Philippiso ef-fectually
S."quintU. 1, 8, 10, 12." Paterc. 1, c. 5." discouragedhim, that he for ever
abandoned the professionof arms, and, at his
Dionys. Hal. Plut. in Alex. "ic.
" One
of the Greek called Pleiades,born at return to Rome, he appliedhimself to culti-
poets vate
B.C.
Hierapolis, 263. 45 tragedies,
He wrote poetry. His risingtalents claimed the
all lost. There were other poets, attention of Virgiland Varius,who
seven mended
recom-
of Honorius, who fixed then* residence himself out of the world to accompany
at Rome, were called the emperors of the west, his friend. The 17th ode of his second book,
and the successors of Arcadius,who sat on the which was written during tlie last illness of
throne of Constantinople, were distinguished Mecccnas, is too serious to be considered as a
by the name of emperors of the eastern man
Ro- poetical rhapsody,or unmeaning effusion, and,
empire. This division of power proved indeed;the poet survived the patrononly three
fatal to both empires,and they soon looked w^eeks, and ordered his bones to be buried
upon one another with indifference, contempt, near those of his friend. He leftall his pos- sessions
and jealousy. to Augustus. The poetry of Horace,
found to be that of Basil,fol. 1580, illustrated HoRTA or HoRTiNUM, a town of the Sabines,
by eightycommentators ; that of Baxter's,on the confluence of the Nar and the Tiber.
edited by Gesner, 8vo. Lips.1752; and that of Virg. JEn. 7, v. 716.
Glasgow, 12rao. 1744. Suet, in Jiug. 0^-id. Q. Hortensius, a celebrated orator, who
"
pretendingto llyfrom the field of battle,he are not extant. Quintilian mentions them
easilyseparatedhis antagonists, and, in at- as undeserving
tacking the greatcommendations which
them one by one, he was enabled to Cicero had so liberally bestowed upon them.
conquer them all. As he returned victorious Hortensius was very rich,and not less than
to Rome, his sister reproached him with the 10,000 casks of Arvisian wine were found in
mm'der of one of the Curiatii, to whom she his cellar after his death. He had written
was promisedin marriage. He was incensed piecesof amorous poetry,and annals,alllost.
at the rebuke, and killed his sister. This vio- lence Cic. in JBriit.ad Mtic. de Oraf. "lc. rarro "
of the Roman peopleto pay implicit obedience great for the death of Hyacinthus, that they
to whatever was enacted by the commons. did not adorn their hair with garlands during
The nobility, before this law was enacted,had their festivals, nor eat bread,but fed onlyupon
claimed an absoluteexemption. sweetmeats. They did not even singpaeans in
HoRTA, a among the Romans, who
divinity honour of Apollo,or observe aqy of the so*
HY HY
lemnltieswhich were usual at other sacrifices. Hyantis, an ancient name of Boeotia.
On tbe second day of the festivalthere were a Hyarbita, a man who endeavoured to
number of diflferentexhibitions. Youths,with imitate Timogenes, ".c. Horat. 1, ep. 19,
their garments girtabout them, entertained V. 15.
the spectators,by playing sometimes upon the Hyas, a son of Atlas,of Mauritania, by
flute, or upon the harp, and by singing anapestic/Ethra. His extreme fondness for shooting
songs, in loud echoingvoices, in honour of provedfatalto him, and, in his attemptsto rob
Apollo. Others passed across the theatre a lioness of her whelps,he w^a3 killed by the
mounted upon horses richlyadorned, and at enragedanimal. Some say that he died by
the same time, choirs of young men came the bite of a serpent, and others that he was
on
up-
the stagesinging their uncouth rustic songs, killed by a wild boar. His sistersmourned his
and accompanied by persons who danced at death with such constant lamentations, that
the sound of vocal and instrumental music, Jupiter, in compassionto their sorrow, chan-
ged
accordingto the ancientcustom. Some virgins them into stars. [Vid. Hyades.j Hygin.
were also introduced in chariots of wood, cov-ered tab. 192." Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 170.
at the top, and magnificently adorned. Hybla, a mountain in Sicily,called after-
wards
Others appearedin race chariots. The citybe- gan Megara,where thyme and odoriferous
then to be filledwith joy, and immense flowers of all sorts grew in abundance. It is
numbers of victims were offered on the altai-s famous for its honey. There is,at the foot of
of Apollo,and the votaries liberally ed
entertain- the mountain, a town of the same name.
their friends and slaves. During this latter There is also another near mount .3:tna, close
partof the festivity, all were sent to Catana.
eager to be pre- Paus. 5, c. 2S."Strab. 6."Melay
at the games, and the citywas almost de- 2,c. 7. Cic. Verr. 3, c. 43, 1.5, c. 25."SiL
solate, "
that he changed his blood into a flower,which Hydaspes, a river of Asia,flowingby Su-
bore his name, and placedhis body among the ssL." Virg.G. 4, v. 211. Another in India,
constellations. The Spartans also established now Behut or Chelum, the boundaries of
yearlyfestivalsin honour of the nephew of Alexander's conquestsin the east. It fallsinto
their king. {Vid.Hyacinthia.] Paus. 3, c. the Indus. Curt. 5, c. 2. Lucan. 8, v. 227. "
a Spaniard, very intimate with Ovid. He was murdered by the Lapithae.Ovid. Met. 12, v
appointedlibrarian to the library of mount 405.
Palatine, and he was able to maintain himself Hyloph.Xgi, a peopleof ^Ethiopia. Diod. 3.
by the liberality of C. Licinius. He wrote a HymenjEus and HyiMen, the god of mar- riage
mythological history, which he called fables, among the Greeks, v/as son of Bacchus
and Poeticon ^5/7-onowtcon,besides treatises on and Venus, or, accordingto others,of Apollo
the citiesof Italy, on such Roman families as and one of the muses. Hymenaeus,according
were descended from the Trojans,a book on to the more received opinions, was a young
agriculture, commentaries on Virgil, the lives Athenian of extraordinary beauty,but ignoble
of greatmen, he. now lost. The best edition origin.He became enamoured of the daugh-
ter
of Hyginus is that of Munkerus, 2 vols. 8vo. of one of the richest and noblest of his
Amst. 1681. These compositions have been countrymen, and, as the rank and elevation of
greatlymutilated,and their incorrectness and his mistress removed him from her presence
their bad Latinity, have induced some pose and conversation,he contented himself to fol-
to sup- low
that they are spurious. Sutton, de Gram. her wherever she went. In a certain pro-
cession,
Hyla and Hylas, a riv^erof Mysia,where in which all the matrons of Athens
Hylas was drowned. Virg.Q. 3, v. 6. A went to Eleusis, Hymenreus,to accompany his
colony of Phocis. mistress,disguised himself in woman's clothes,
Hylactor, one of Actagon's dogs, from his and joinedthe religious troop. His youth,and
barking(uXc"/.too latro.)Ovid. Met. 3. the fairness of his features,favoured his dis- guise.
Hylje, asmall town of Bojotia. Plin.4, c.7. A greatpart of the procession was ed
seiz-
Hyla'.us,a name given to some centaurs, by the sudden arrival of some pirates, and
one of whom was killed by Hercules on mount Hymen teus, who shared the captivity of his
Pholoe. Virg.Mn. 8, v. 294. Another by mistress,encouragedhis female com])anions,
Theseus, at the nuptials of Pirithous. Stat. and assassinated their ravishers while they
Th. 7, v. 267." Ovid. Met. 12, v. 378. were asleep. Immediatelyafter this,Hyme- naeus
Another killed by Bacchus. 67a/. Th. 6, v. repairedto Athens, and promisedto re- store
530." r/rg.G. 2, v. 457. A fourth killed to liberty the matrons who had been en- slaved,
of his
Jtal 2, V. 228, 1. 14,v. 200." P/in. 36, c. 3." client, upon which the judges, influenced by
HoraL 2, od. 18,v. 3, 1.2, Sat. 2, v. 15." Cic. the sight of her
beauty,acquitted Plut. her.
%fm. 34. inDemost."Cic. in Or at. l,"ic."Quiniil.
10,"c.
Hypjepa or Ipep^, now Berki, a town of Hyperion, a son of Ccelus and Terra, who
Lydia,sacred to Venus, between mount Tmo- married Thea, by whom he had Aurora, the
lus and the Caystrus. Strab. 13. Ovid. sun and moon.
"
Hyperion is often taken by
Met. 11,V. 152. the poets for the sun itself. Hesiod. Theog.
"
'
Hypjesia, a countiy of Peloponnesus. Apollod.1,c. 1 and 2. "
Homer, hymn, ad Ap.
Hypanis, a river ot European Scythia,now A son of Priam. Jipollod. 1,c. 2. "
called Bog,which fallsinto the Borysthenes, Hypermnestra, one of the fifty daughters
and with it into the Euxine. Herodot. 4, c. 52, of Danaus, who married Lynceus, son of
Uc. Odd. Met. 15, v. 285. A river of In-
dia. ^Egyptus. She disobeyedher father's
bloody
Another of Pontus. Cic. Tusc. 2, c. commands, who had ordered her to murder
39. A Trojanwho joinedhimself to ^neas, her husband the firstnightof her nuptials, and
and was killed by his own people,who took suffered Lynceus to escape unhurt from the
bim for one of the enemy in the night that bridal bed. Her father summoned her to ap-
pear
Troy was burned by the Greeks. Virg.JE71. before a tribunal for her disobedience,
% v. 428. but the peopleacquitted her,and Danaus was
HypARiuus, a son of Dion, who reigned at reconciled to her and her husband,to whora
Syracusefor two yeare after his father. he left his kingdom at his death. Some
say,
The father of Dion. that Lynceus returned to Argos with an
army,
Hypates, a river of Sicily, near Camarina. and that he conqueredand put to death his
Ital. 14,V. 231. father-in-law, and usurpedhis crown. Vid,
Hypatha, atown of Thessaly. Liy.41,c. 25. Danaides. Paus. 2, c. 19. Apollod. 2, c. 1. "
"
Mela,3, c. 5." Virg.G.l,v. 240, 1.3, v. 169 and Hypsicrates, a Phoenician, who wrote au
'SSl."ilerodol. 4, c. 13,"LC."Cic. JV. D. 3, c. of
history his country, in the Phoenician guage.
lan-
23, 1.4, c. 12. This historywas saved from the
Hyperea
and Hyperia, a fountain of flames of Carthage,
whetj that city was taken
Thossttly,
with a town of the same name. by Scipio,
and translatedinto Greek
43
HY HY
Venus, whose altars had been universally 170. A town of Isauria,on the Calycadnus.
slighted,punished the Lemnian women, and Hyrieus and Hvkkus, a peasant, or, as
rendered their mouths and breath so tremely some
ex- aprince of Tanagra, son of Nep-
tune
say,
offensive smell, to the that their hus-
bands and Alcyone, who kindly entertained
abandoned
them, and gave themselves Jupiter, Neptune, and Mercury, when velling
tra-
was highlyresented by all the women of Lein- as he promised his Vrife,who was ly
late-
nos, and
they resolved on and all dead, and whom he
tenderly loved, that
revenge,
unanimously put to death their male relations, he never would marry again. Tiie gods, to
Hypsipyle alone excepted, who spared the life reward the hospitality of Hyreus, made water
of her father Thoas, Soon after this cruel in the hide of a bull,which had been sacrificed
murder, theArgonauts landed at Lemnos, in the day before to their divinity,and they or- dered
their expedition to Colchis, and remained for him to wrap it up and bury it in the
some time in the island. During their stay the ground for nine montlis. At the expiration
rendered the Lemnian of the nine months, Hyreus opened the earth,
Argonauts women
mothers, and Jason, the chief of the Argonau- and found a beautiful child in the bull's hide,
tic expedition,left Hypsipyle pregnant at his whom he called Orion. Firf. Orion.
departure, and promised her eternal fidelity. Hyrmina, a town of Eiis, in Peloponnesus.
againstThebes, they met Hypsipyle, and is also applied to Hippocoon. Id. 5, v. 492.
obligedher to show them a fountain, where Hysia, a town of Bceotia, built by Nycteus,
they might quench their thirst. To do this Antiope's father. A villageof Argos.
more expeditiously,she laid down the child on A city of Arcadia The royal residence of
the grass, and in her absence he was killed by the king of Parthia.
" serpent. Lycurgus attempted to revenge Hyspa, a river of Sicily. Ital. 14, v. 228.
tlie death of his son, but Hypsipyle was screen Hyssus and Hyssi, a port and river of
ed from his resentment by Adrastus, the lead- er Cappadocia, on the Euxine sea.
hill,{Vid.Janus) which was on the oppositethe wild inhabitants of Italy. His temple,which
shore of the Tiber,was joinedto the cityby was always open in time of war, was shut only
the bridgeSublicius,the'first ever built across three times during above 700 years, under
that river, and perhaps in Italy. It was less Numa, 234 B. C. and under Augustus;and
inhabited than the other partsof the city,on duringtljatlongperiodof time, the Romans
account of the grossness of the air,though were continually employed in war. Ovid.
from its top, the eye could have a command-
ing Fast. 1, v. 65, he" Virg.^n. 7, v. 607."
view of tliewhole city. It is famous for Varro de L. L. 1, Macrob. Sat. 1.
" A street
the burial of king Nuraa and the poet Itali- at Rome, near the temple of Janus. It was
cus. Porsenna, king of Etruria, pitchedhis frequentedby
generally usurers and money-
camp on mount Janiculum, and the senators brokers,and booksellers also kepttheir shops
took refugethei-e in the civil wars, to avoid there. Horat. 1,ep. 1,
the resentment of Octavius. Liv. 1,c. 33, he. Japetjdes, a musician at the nuptials of
"Dio. 47." Ovid. 1, Fast. v. 246." Virg.8, v. Perseus and Andromeda. Ovid. Met. 5, v.
358." Mart. 4, ep. 64, 1. 7, ep. 16. 111.
lAriiRA, one of the Nereides. JAPiiTus,a son of Goelus or Titan,by Ter-ra,
LvNTiiE,a girlof Crete, who married Iphis. who married Asia,or, accordingto others,
{Vid.Ii)his.) Ovid. Met. 9, v. 714, ",c. Clymene, by whom he had Atlas,Menoetius,
Ianthea, one of the Oceanides. One of Prometheus, and Epimetheus. The Greeks
the Nereides. Pans. 4, c. 30. "Homer. II. 8, looked upon him as the fatherof all mankind,
"
Janus, the most ancient king who reigned frequerjtiy called Japeti. His sons received
native of Thessaly,and the of lapelionidfs.
patronymic Ovid. Met. 4,
in Italy, He was a
JA JA
V. 6^1." 136 and
Hesiod. Tlieog. 508."^pollod.
was usurped
by Pelias,and iEson the lawful
1,c. 1. successor was driven to retirement and obscu-
rity.
Iapis; an iEtolian,who founded a cityupon The education of young Jason was trusted
in-
the banks of the Timavus. Virg.G. 3, v. 475. to the care of the centaur Chiron,and
of Apollo,from whora he he
A Trojan,favourite was removed from the presence of the
received the knowledge of the power of me-
dicinal usurper, who had been inform.ed by an oracle
herbs. Id. JEn. 12, v. 391. that one of the descendants of ^olus would
Iapydia, a district of Illyricura,now Car- dethrone him. After he had made the most
niola, Liv. 43, c. b."Tyhull.4, v. 109." Cic. rapid progress
in every branch of science,
Balb. 14. leftthe centaur, and by his advice went
Jason
Iapvgia, a country on the confines of Italyto consult the oracle. He was ordered to go
in the form of the peninsula between Taren- to lolchos his native country, covered with
tum and Brundusiura. It is called by some the spoilsof a leopard,and dressed in the
Messapia, Peucetia,and Saleniinum. Plin. 3, garments of a Magnesian. In his journey he
c. 1 1." Strah. 6. was stoppedby the inundation of the river
Iapyx, a son of Daedalus,who conquereda Evenus or Enipeus,over which he was ried
car-
part of Italy, which he called Japygia. Ovid. by Juno, who had changed herself into
Met. 14,V. 458. A wind which blows from an old woman. In crossingthe streams he
Apulia,and is favourable to such as sailed lost one of his sandals,and at his arrival at
from Italy towards Greece. It was nearlythe lolchos, the singularity of his dress and the
same as the Caurus of the Greeks. Horal. 1, fairnessof his complexion, attracted the notice
od. 3, V. 4, L 3, od. 7, v. 20. of the people,and drew a crowd around him
Iarbas, a son of Jupiterand Garamantis in the market place. Pelias came to see him
kingof Gaetulia,from whom Dido boughtland with the rest, and as he had been w arned by
to build Carthage. He courted Dido, but the the oracle to beware of a man who should "
arrival of jEneas preventedhis success, and appear at lolchos with one foot bare, and the
the queen, rather than marry Iarbas,destroyedother shod, the appearance of Ja.son,who
herself. Vid. Dido. Virg.Mn. 4, v. 36, ",c. had lost one of his sandals,alarmed him. His
Justin. 18, c. Q."Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 552. terrors were soon aftj^raugmented. Jason,
Iaechas and Jarchas, a celebrated Indian accompanied by his friends,repairedto the
philosopher. His seven ringsare famous for palaceof Pelias, and boldlydemanded the
their power of restoring old men to the bloom kingdom which he had unjustly usurped.The
and vigourof youth,accordingto the tradi- tions boldness and popularity of Jason intimidated
of P/iilostr.in "poll. Pelias ; he was unwillingto abdicate the
Iardanus, a Lydian, father of Oraphale,crown, and yet he feared the resentment of
the mistress of Hercules. Herodot. 1, c. 7. his adversary. As Jason was young and am- bitious
Corybas, ^vho introduced the worship and to promise such military fame. His in-
tended
mysteries of his mother in Phrygia. He had expeditionwas made known in every
also a daughter,whom he exposed as soon part of Greece, and the youngest and bravest
as born, sayingthat he would raise only male of the Greeks assembled to accompany him,
chilriien. The child,who was suckled by a and share his toils and glory.They embarked
she-bear and preserved, rendered herself fa-mous on board a ship called Argo, and after a
afterwards under the name of Atalanta. series of adventures, they arrived at Colchis.
Jasion was killed with a thunderbolt of Ju- piter,(Vid.Argonauta?.)JEeles promised to re- store
and ranked among the gods after death, the goldenfleece,which was the cause
by the inhabitantsof Arcadia. Hesiod. Theog. of the death of Phryxus, and of the voyage
970." Virg.JEn. 3, v. l6S.--Hygin.Poet. of the Argonauts, providedthey submitted to
2, c. 4. his conditions
to tame Jason was
bulls who
Iasis,a name given to Atalanta,daughterbreathed llames, had feet and horns
and who
of lasius. of brass,and to plough with them a field
Iasius,a son of Abas, king of Argos. A sacred to JMars. After this he was to sow
son of Jupiter. Vid. Iasion. in the ground the teeth of a serpent from
Jason, a celebrated hero, son of Alcimede, which armed men would arise,whose fury
daughterof Phylacus,by ili^son the son of would be converted against him who ploughed
Crelheus, and Tyro the daughterof Salmo- (he field. He was also to kill a monstrous
neus. Tyro, before her connexion with Cre- dragon who watched night and day at the
theus the son of iEoIus, had two sons, Pe-' foot of the tree on which the jroldenfleece
lias and Neleus, by Neptune. JKson was! was suspended. All were concerned for the
)dngof lolchos,and at his death the throne jfale
of the Argonauts-,but Juno, who watched
JA IB
with an anxious eye over the safety of Ja-
son, in Med. Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 2, 3, "c. Dtod.
" "
she pledged herselfto deliver her lover ad Lycophr.175,",c. Athen. 13. A native
"
from all his dangersif he promisedher ^er- of Argos, who wrote an history of Greece in
^r-
nal fidelity. Jason, not insensible t 1%^
^
four books, which ended at the death of Alex-
ander.
charms and to her promise,vowed eternal He lived in the age of Adrian. A
fidelity in the temple of Hecate, and ceived tyrantof Thessaly
re- who made an alliancewith
from Medea whatever instruments the Spartans,and cultivated the friendship of
and herbs could protect him againstthe ap- Timotheus.
proaching Trallianus,a man who wrote
dangers. He appeared in the field tragedies, and gainedthe esteem of the kings
of Mars, he tamed the fury of the oxen, of Parthia. Polycen. 7.
ploughed the plain, and sowed the dmgon's Jasonid.s:, a patronymic of Thoas and
teeth. Immediatelyan army of men sprang Euneus, sons of Jason and Hipsipyle.
from tlie field,and ran towards Jason. He Iasus, a kingof Argos, Avho succeeded his
threw a stone amoug them, and they fell one father Triopas. Paus. 2, c. 16. A son of
upon the otiier tillall were totally destroyed.Ai-gus father of Agenor. A son of Argus
The vigilance of the dragon was lulled to sleep and Ismena. A son of Lycurgusof Arcadia.
by the power of berbs,and Jason took from the An island w ith a town of the same name
tree the celebrated golden fleece,which was on the coast of Caria. The bay adjoining was
the sole objectof his voyage. These actions called lasius sinus. Plin. 5, c. 28. Liv. 32, c. "
so instrumental in his Aservation. Upon this Iaziges, a peopleon the borders of the Pa- ins
iEetes, desirous to revPigethe perfidyof his Mseotis. Tacit. A. 12, c. 29." Ovid. Trist,
daughterMedea, sent bis son Absyrtusto pur- sue 2, V. 191. Pon^. 4, el. 7,V. 9.
the fugitives. Medea killed her brother, Ibkria, a country of Asia between Colchis
and strewed his limbs in her father's way, that on the west, and Albania on the east, governed
she might more easilyescape, while he was by kings. Pompey invaded it,and made great
employed in collecting the mangled body of slaughter of the inhabitants, and obligedthem
his son. (Vid.Absyrtus.)The return of the to surrender by setting fireto the woods where
Argorjautsin Thessalyw as celebrated with uni- versalthey had fled for safety.It is now called
festivity; but ^son, Jason's father, was Georgia. Plut. in Luc. Jinton. ";c. Dio. 36. "
"
of old age. This obstruction was removed, and An ancient name of Spain,derived from
Medea, at the requestof her husband, restored the river Iberus. Lucan. 6, v. 258. " Horat. 4,
iKson to the of youth. od. 14, V.
vigourand sprightliness 50.
(Vid./Eson.) Telias the usurper of the crown a river of Spain,now
Iberus, called Ebro,
of loiciios wished also to see himself restored after the conclusion of the Punic
which war,
to \he (iort-erof youth,and his daughters, per- separatedthe Roman from the Carthaginian
suaoed by Medea, who wished to avenge her possessions in that countrv. Lucan. 4, v. 335.
husband's wrongs, cut his body to pieces, and Plin. 3, c. 3." Horat. 4, od. 14, v. 50. A
placeahis limbs in a caldron of boilingwater. river of Iberia in Asia, flowingfrom mount
The/: j.puulity was severelypunished. Me- dea Caucasus into tlieCyrus. Sirab. 3. A fab-
ulous
salr-reJ the flesh to be consumed to the king of Spain.
bor.es, uiid Felias was never restored to life^Ibi,an Indian nation.
This inhuman action drew the resentment of Ibis, a poem of the poet Callimachus, in
the po^-ulace upon Medea, and she fled to Co- rinth which he bitterly satirises the ingratitude of
with her husband Jason, where theylived his pupilthe poet Apollonius.Ovid has also
in perfect union and love duringten successive written a poem v.hich bears the same name,
years. Jason's partialilyfor Glance, the daugh-
ter and which, in the same satirical language,
of the king of the country,afterwards dis- seems, accordingto the 0])inion of some, to in-
veigh
turb(;d Liicirmatrimonial happiness, and Medea bitterly againstHyginus, the supposed
was divorced that Jason might more freelyin-
dulgehero of the composition. Suidas.
his amorous propensities. This infidel-
ity Ibvcus, a lyric poet of Rhegium about 540
was severelyrevenged by Medea, {Vid. years before Chri.-(. He was murdered by
Glauce) who destroyed her children in the robbers, and at the moment of death he
presence of their fatlier. (Vid. Medea.) Af-
ter imploredthe assistance of some cranes which
from Medea, Juson lived an
his separation at that moment flew over his head. Some
unsettled and melancholylife. A? he was one lime aflej-,as the nmrderers "vere in the mar-
ket
day reposinghimself by the side of the ship place,one of them observed some cranes
which had carried liim to Colchis, a beam fell in the uir,and said to his companions,a- I^um*
lie was crushed to death. 1 5"xc" -ajs."r"" , there are
upon his head, and the birds that arc con-
scious
This tragical event iiad been predicted to him of the death of Ibycus. These words
before by Medea, accordingto the relation of and the recent murder of Ibycusraised suspi-
cions
same authors. Some say that he afterwards in the people: the assassins were seized
returned to Colchis,where he seized the king-
dom, and tortured, and thev confessed their guilt.
and reignedin great security.Eurip. Cic. Tunc. 4, c. 43.-^vi:/"o;j. V. IL The
IC m
hujsband of Chloris whom Horace ridicules,
3, IcKN^, a towH of Macedonia, whence The*
od. 15. mis and Nemesis are called Ichnae. Homer
IcADius, a robber killed by a stone, "c. in Jipoll.
Cic. Fat. 3. IcHNusA, an ancient name of Sardinia,
IcARiA, a small island in the ^gean sea, which it received from itslikeness to a humaa
between Chio, Samos, and Myconus, where foot. Pans. 10, c. 11." Hal 12, v. 358."
the body of Icarus was thrown by the waves, Plin. 3, c. 7.
and buried by Hercules. Ptol. 5, c. 2. Mela, " IcHONOPHis, a priest of Heliopolis,at whose
house Eudoxus resided when he visited Egypt
2, c. I."Strab. 10 and 14.
IcARis and Icariotis, a name given to with Plato. Diog.
Penelopeas daughterof Icarius. IcHTHYOPHAGi, a pcoplcof .Ethiopia, who
received this name from their eatingfishes.
IcARiuM MARE, a part of the -SIgeansea
near the islands of Mycone and Gyaros. Vid. There was also an Indian nation of the same
Icarus. name, who made their houses with the bones
Icarius, an Athenian, father of Erigone.of fishes. Diod. S."Strab. 2 and 15." Plin.
He gave wine to some peasants, who drank it 6, c. 23, 1. 16,c. 7.
with the greatestavidity, ignorantof itsintox-
icating IcHTHYs, a promontory of Elis in Achaia.
nature. They were soon deprivedof Strab. 11.
their reason, and the furyand resentment of L. IciLius,a tribune of the people who
their friends and neighbours made a law A. U. C. 397, by which mount
were immediately
turned upon Icarius,who perishedby their Aventine was givento the Roman peopleto
hands. After death he was honoured with build houses upon. Lit. 3, c. 54. A tri-
bune
festivals, and his led to who made a law A. U. C. 261, that for-
bade
public daughterwas
discover the placeof his burial by means of his any man to oppose or interrupt a tribune
faithful dog Mcera. Erigone hung herself in while he was speakingin an assembly.Liv. 2,
A tribune who himself by
despair, and was changedinto a constellation c. 58. signalized
called Virgo. Icarius was changed into the his inveterate enmity against the Roman nate.
se-
star Bootes, and the dog Mcera into the star He took an actuae partin the manage- ment
Canis. Hygin.fab. 130." jSpollod. 3, c. 14. of affaii'safter fce 'murder of Virgi- nia,
A son of ffibalusof Lacedaemon. He gave his ".C. W
IcAnus, a son of Dsp.dalus, who, with his of that country. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 177. The
father, fied with wings from Crete to escape mother of Minos 2d. A celebrated moun-tain,
the resentment of i\Iinos. His flight beingtoo or more properlya ridgeof mountains
highproved fatal lo him, the sun melted the in Troas, chieflyin the neighbourhoodof
wax wliich cemented his wings,and he fell Troy. The abundance of its waters became
into that pail of the ^^gean sea which was
the source of many rivers,and particularly of
called after his name. [Fit/. Diedalus.] Ovid. the Simois, Scamander, yEsepus, Granicus,
Mel. 8, V. 178,he. A mountain of Attica. k.c. It was on mount Ida that the shepherd
of Paris adjudged the prizeof beautyto the god- dess
Iccius, a lieutenant Agrippa in Sicily.
Horace writes to him, 1 od. 29, and ridicules Venus. It was covered with green wood,
him for abandoning the pursuits of philosophyand the elevation of itstop opened a fine ex- tensive
and the muses, for military view of the Hellespontand the adja- cent
employments.
One of the Rhemi in Gaul, ambassador to Cae-
sar. countries, from whicli reason the poets
C("s. B. G. 2, c. 3. say that it was frequented by the godsdaring
IcKLos, one of the sons of Somnus, who tlie Trojan war. Strab. 13. Me-la,1, c. 18.
"
chanp;cd himself into all sorts of animals, -Homer II. 14, v. 283." Fir^.^En. 3, 5, "c.
whence the name {^fixoi si?nilis). Ovid. Met. "Olid. Fast. 4, v. 19."Horut. 3, od. 11.
11, V. 640. A mountain of Crete,the highest in the island,
IcTNi, a peopleof Britain,who submitted where it is reported that Jupiter was educated
to tlie Roman power. They inhabited the by the Coiybantes,who, on that account,
modern counties of Suffolk,Norfolk, Cam- bridge, were called Idaji. Strab. 10.
"i.c. Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 31. "
C(ES. G. Id^a, the surname of Cybele, because
she was worshippedon mount Ida. Lucret.
6, c. 21.
IcETAS, a man who obtained the supreme 2, V. 611.
at Syracuse after the death of Dion. Id^tas,a surname of Jupiter. An arm-
power
He attemptedto assassinate Timoleon, for bearer and charioteer of king Priam, killed
which he was conquered,fcc. B. C. 340. C. duringthe Trojan war. Virg.w5Rn. 6, v. 487.
One of the attendants of Ascanius. /rf
Akp. in Tim.
P, V. 500.
ID JE
iuALiSjthecountiyround mount Ida. Lu- iDofliiiNE, of Pheres,who
a daughter ed
marri-
can. 3,V. 204. Amythaon. JipoUod.1,c. 9.
Idalus, a mountain of Cypms, at the foot Idomeneus, succeeded his father Deuca-
lion
of which is Idalium,a with a grove sa-
town cred on the throne of Crete,and accompanied
to Venus, who was called Idaloea. Virg.the Greeks to the Trojan war, with a fleet of
Mn. 1,V. QSb."Catull. 37 and 62." Proper^2, IK)ships.During this celebrated war he ren- dered
lod. tycEn. 7.
Idessa,a town of Iberia on the confines of Idubeda, a river and mountain of Spain.
Colchis. Slrab. 11. Strab. 3.
Idex, a small river of Italy, now Jdice, near Idume and Idumea, a country of Sjnria,
Bononia. famous for palm trees. Gaza is its capital,
Idistavisus, a plain,now Hasteubach, where Cambyses depositedhis riches,jjishe
where Germanicus defeated Arminius, near was going to Egypt. Lucan. 3, v. 216, Sil. "
Ilecaones and Ilecaonenses,a peopleof Diana. She presidedover the travails of wo-
men
S"a, between Ualyand Corsica,celebrated for in honour of Inachus ; or, accordingto others,
its iron mines. The peopleare called Iluates. of Ino's misfortunes. A courtezan in the
Liv. 30, c.39.~Virg.Mn. 10, nS."Plin.
v. age of Horace. Epod. 12.
3, c. 6, 1.34, c. 14. Inachidj;, the name of the eightfirstsuc-
cessors
gean sea, near Thrace, 32 miles from Samo- to the emjteror Antoniiujs,Trajan,
ihrace, with a small river and town of the he. India is divided into several provinces.
same name. Imbros was governedfor some There is an India extra Gangem, an India ?'//-
time by itsown laws, but afterwards subjectedira Gangem, 'dnd mi lnd\a propria ; but thes^i
to the power of Persia,Athens, Macedonia, divisions are not particularly noticed bythfr
and tlie kingsof Pergamus. It afterwards be- came ancients, who, even in the age of Augustus,
a Roman province. The divinities par- gave the name
ticularly of Indians to the ^.thioplan tions.
na-
Mela, 3, r
"
places,
or who become
were gods from men, built. Strab. 5." Tacit, ^nn. 11, c. 23." P/in.
as Hercules, Bacchus, "c. Some derive the 3, c. n."Liv. 5, c. S4."Ptol. 3, c. 1.
word from inde 4^geniti, born at the same Intaphernes, one of the seven Persian
place where they received their worship.noblemen who conspired against Smerdis,who
riVg.G. 1, v. 498." Ovid. Met. 14,v. 608. usurpedthe crown of Persia. He was so appointed
dis-
Indigeti, a people of Spain. for not obtaining the crown, that he
Indus, now Sinde, a largeriver of Asia, fomented seditions againstDarius,who had
from which the adjacent country has received been raised to the throne after the death of the
the name of India. It falls into the Indian usurper. When the king had ordered him
ocean by two mouths. Accordingto Plato, it and all his familyto be put to death,his wife,
was largerthan the Nile ; and Plinysays that by frequently the palace,excited the
visiting
19 rivers dischargethemselves into it,before compassionof Darius,who pardoned her,and
it fallsinto the sea. Cic. JY. D. 2, c. 52." permittedher to redeem from death any one
"Strab. 15." Curt, 8, c.9."Diod.2."Ovid. of her relations whom she pleased. She ob-
tained
Fast. 3, v. 720." P/w. 6, c. 20. A river of
her brother ; and when the king ex-
pressed
Ino, a daughterof Cadmus and Harmonia, have another brother, as her father and
who nursed Bacchus. She married Athamas, mother were dead. Intapherneswas put to
king of Thebes, after he had divorced Ne- death. Herodot. 3.
phele,by whom he had two children,Phryxus Intemelium, a town at the west of Ligu-
and Helle. Ino became mother of Melicerta ria,on the sea-shore. Cic. Div. 8, c. 14.
and Learchus,and soon conceived an implaca-
ble Interamna, an ancient city of Umbria,
hatred againstthe children of Nephele, the birth placeof the historian Tacitus, and
because they were to ascend the throne in of the emperor of the same name. It is situ-
ate
preference
to her own. and Helle
Phryxus between two branches of the Nar, (inter:
were informed of Ino's machinations,and they amnes) whence its name. Varro. L. L. 4, c.
escapedto Colchis on a golden ram, [Vid. 5. Tacit. Hist. 2, c. 64. " A colony on the
Phryxus.] Juno, jealousof Ino's prosperity,confines of Samnium, on the Liris.
resolved disturb her peace ; and more
to Intercatia, a town of Spain.
particularly,because she was of the descend-
ants Interrex, a supreme magistrate at Rome,
of her greatest enemy, Venus. Tisi- who was intrusted with the care of the govern-
ment
phone was sent by ovdev of the goddess to afterthe death of a king,till the elec-
tion
the house of Athamas ; and she filledthe whole of another. This office was exercised by
palace with such fury, that Athamas, taking the senators alone, and none continued in
Ino to be lioness,and her children whelps, power longerthan five days, or, accordingto
a
pursued her, and dashed her son Learchus Plutarch,only 12 hours. The first interrex
againsta wall. Ino escapedfrom furyof mentioned in Roman history,
the is afterthe death
her husband, and from a high rock
she threw of Romulus, when the Romans quarrelled
herself into the sea, with Melicerta in her with the Sabines concerningthe choice of a
arms. The gods pitied her fate,and Neptune king. There was sometimes an interrex dur-
ing
made her a sea deity,which was afterwards the consular government ; but this hap- pened
called Leucothoe. Melicerta became also a only to hold assemblies in the absence
sea god, known by the name of Pala^mon. of the magistrates, or when the election of
Homer. Od. 5. Cic. Tusc. de A'ut. D.S,c.
any of the actingofficers was disputed, Liv.
"
48." Plut. Sipnp.5." Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 13, 1, c. 17. Dionys. 2, c. 15.
"
";c. Pans. 1,2, ",c. Jipotlod. 2, c. A."Hy- Inui castrum. [Vid. Castrum Inui.] It
gin.fab. 12, 14, and 15. received its name from Inuus, a divinity posed
sup-
Inoa, festivalsin memory of Ino, celebrated to be the same as the Faunus of the
yearlywith sportsand sacrifices at Corinth. Latins,and worshippedin this city.
An anniversary sacrifice was also offered to Invcus,a cityof Sicily.Herodot.
Ino at Megara,where she was firstAvorship- Id,daughterof Inachus, or, according to
ped, under the name of Leucothoe. ther
Ano- others,of Jasus or Pirenes, was priestess to
in Laconia, in honour of the same. It .luno at Argos. Jupiterbecame enamoured
usual at the celebration to throw cakes of of her of his intrigues, covered
dis-
was
; baitJuno, jealous
ilour into a pond, which, if they sunk, were the objectof his affection,and sur- prised
presages of prosperity ; but if they swam on him in the company of lo, though he
the surface of the waters, theywere cious had shrouded himself in all the obscurityof
inauspi-
and very unlucky. clouds and thick mists. his
Jupiterchanged
Inous, a patronymicgiven to the god Pa- mistress into a beautiful heifer ; and the god-
dess,
leemon, as son of Ino. Virg.JEa. 5, v. 823. who well knew the fraud,obtained from
Inopus, a river of Delos, which tlieinha-
bitantsher husband the animal,whose beauty she had
suppose to be the Nile,coming from condescended to commend, .luno command-
ed
Egypt under the sea. near It
its banks
was the hundred-eyed Argus to watch the
thatApolloand Diana born. PLia. 2, c. heifer;
were but Jupiter,anxious for the situation
103." F/acc. 5, v. \Qb." Strab. 6." Pans. 2, c. 4. of lo,sent Mercury to destroyArgus, and to
lNsi;BRES, the inhabitants of Insubvia,a restore her to liberty. [Vid. Argus.] lo,
country near the Po, supposedto be of Gallic freed from the vigilance of Argus, was now
origin.They were conqueredby the Romans, presecutedby Juno ; who sent one of the
10 10
furies,or rather a malicious insect, to toi*ment Phocis,where lovei'sused to go and bind them"
her. She wandered over the greatest part of selves by the most solemn oaths of fidelity,
the earth,and crossed over the sea, tillat last consideringthe place as sacred to love and
she stoppedon the banks of the Nile, still friendship. According to Diodorus and Pau-
exposed to the unceasing torments of Juno's sanias,lolas died and was buried in Sardinia,
insect. Here she entreated Jupiter to restore where he had gone to make a settlement at
her to her ancient form ; and when the god the head of the sons of Hercules by the fifty
had changed her from a heifer into a woman, daughters of Thespius. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 399.
she brought forth Epaphus. Afterwards Apollod.
"
2, c. 4. Paus. 10,c. 17.
" A com-
piler
she married Telagonus king of Egypt, or of a Phoenician history. A friend of
Osiris, accordingto others,and she treated iEneas, killed by Catillus in the Rutulian wars.
her subjectswith such mildness and humani-
ty, Virg.JEn. 1 1, v. 640. A son of Antipater,
that,afterdeath, she received divine hon-
ours, cup-bearerto Alexander. Plut.
and was worshippedunder the name of loLcnos,a town, of Magnesiaabove Deme-
Isis. Accordingto Herodotus,lo was carried trias,where Jason was hoi-n. It was founded
away by Phoenician merchants, who wished by Cretheus, son of .^olus and Enaretta.
to make reprisals for Europa,who had been Mela mentions it as at some distance from the
stolen from them by the Greeks. Some suppose sea, thoughall the other ancient geogi*aphers
that lo never came to Egypt. She is some- times place it on the sea shore. Paus. 4, c, 2. "
zomeH"e, Ephesus,Lebedos, Teos, PhocaDa, suicide, and when they had all dravvn
Krythrae, Smyrna, and the capitalsof Samos lots to kill one another, Josephusfortunately
and Chios. The inhabitants of Ionia built a remained the last, and surrendered himself to^
temple,which they called Pan Ionium, from Vespasian.He gainedthe conqueror'sesteem
the concourse of people that
flock there by foretelling that he would become one day
from every part of Ionia. After they had the master of the Roman empire. Josephus
enjoyed for time their freedom and in-
dependence,
some was presentat the siegeof Jerusalem by Ti-
tus,
they were made tributary to the and received all the sacred books whicU
power of Lydia by Cra"8us. The Athenians itcontained from the conqueror's hands. He
assisted them to shake ott'the slavery of the came to Rome with Titus, where he was hon-
Asiatic monarchs ; but they soon forgot their ouied with the name and yuivileges of a Ro-
man
duty and relation to their mother country, citizen. Here he made himself esteemed
and joinedXerxes when he invaded Greece. by the emperors Vespasianand Titus, and
*
They were delivered from the Persian yoke dedicated his time to
study. He wrote the
by Alexander, and restored to their originalhistory of the wars of the Jews, firstin Syriac"
independence. They were reduced by the and afterwards translated itinto Greek. This
Romans under the dictator Sylla. Ionia has
compositionso pleasedTitus,that he authen- ticated
been alwayscelebrated for the salubrity of the it by placing his signature upon it,and
climate, the fruitfulnessof the ground,and by preserving it in one of the public libraries.
the geniusof itsinhabitants. Hcrodot. 1,c. 6 He finished another work, which he divided
and 28. Strab. 14. Mela, 1,c, 2, he. Pans. into the history of
" " "
warmly,
loPAS,a kingof Africa,among the suitors of writer.
Josephus died A. D. 93, in the 56th
Dido. He excellent musician,poet,
year of his age. The best editions of his works
was an
and philosopher, and he exhibited his superiorare Hudson's,2 vols. fol.Oxon. 1720, and Ha-
abilitiesat the entertainment which Dido gave 2 vols. fol.Amst. 1726, Sueton. in
vercamp's,
10 jEneas. Virg.M.n. 1, v. 744. Vcsp.he.
laPE and JoppA, now Jafa,a famous town JoviANus Flavius Claudius, a native of
of Phojnicia,more ancient than the deluge,Pannonia, elected
emperor of Rome by the
accordingto some traditions. It was about soldiers afterthe death of Julian. He at first
fortymiles from the capital of Judaea, and was refused to be invested with the imperial pur-
ple,
remarkable for a sea-port much frequented, because his subjects followed the religious
thoughvery dangerous, on account of the great
principles of the late emperor ; but theyre- moved
rocks that lie before it. Strab. 16, he. "
his groundlessappreT)ensions.and,when
Propert.2, el. 28, v. 51. A daughterof they assured him that they were warm for
Iphiclesj who married Theseus. Plut. he accepted the crown. He made
Christianity,
loPHON, a son of Sophocles,who accused a disadvantageous
treaty with the Persians,
his father of imprudence in the management
againstwhom Julian was marchingwith a vic- torious
of his affairs,he. Lncian. de Macrob. A Jovian died seven months and
army.
poet of Gnossus, in Crete. Paus. 1, c. 34. twenty daysafterhis ascension, and was found
JoRDANEs, a river of Judaea, illustrious in his bed suffocated by the
vapours of char-
coal,
in sacred history.It rises near mount Liba- which had been lighted in his room, A. D.
nus, and after runningthroughthe lake Sa- 364. attribute his death to intempe-
Some rance,
raachonites,and that of Tiberias, it falls,after and say that he was the son of a baker.
a course of 150 miles, into the Dead sea. He burned a celebrated library at Antioch.
Slrab. l(n. MarctUin.
JoRNANDEs, an historianwho wrote on the of Prcetus, kingof
IrniANAssA, a daughter
Goths. He
died A. D. 552.
Argos,who, with her sisters Iphinoeand Ly-
los, now Aio, an island in the Myrtoan sea, Vid.Ptai.WAes.
sippe,ridiculed Juno, he.
at the south of iSaxos, celebrated, as some The wife of Ejidymion.
say,
for the tomb of Homer, and the birth of hik
JrniLi.cs,or Iphicles, a son ef Amphi-
xiiuLlicr.Pliii.4, c. 12.
IP IP
tryonand Alctnena,borii at
same birth took the knife in his hand, and, as he waa
the
withHercules. As these
children were
two goingto strike the fatalblow, Iphigenia sud-
denly
togetherin the cradle,Juno, jealousof cules,
Her- disappeared, and a goat of uncoramoa
sent two largeserpentsto destroyhim. size and beautywas found in her placefor the
At the sight of the serpents, Iphicles alarmed sacrifice. This supernatural changeanimated
the house ; but Hercules, though not a year the Greeks, the wind suddenly became fa- vourable,
old, boldlyseized them, one in each hand, and the combined fleetset sailfrom
and squeezedthem to death. ApoUod. 2, c. Aulis. Iphigenia's innocence had raised the
4." Theocrit. 'A kingof Phylace, in Phthio- compassionof the goddesson whose altar she
tis,son of Phylacusand Clymene. He had was goingto be sacrificed, and she carried
bulls famous for their bigness,and the mon-
ster herto Taurica, where she intrusted her with
which keptthem. Melampus, at the re-
quest the care of her temple. In this sacred office
of his brother,[Fid.Melampus] attempt-
ed Iphigenia was obliged,by the command of
to steal them away, but he was caughtin Diana, to sacrifice all the strangerswhich
the fact,and imprisoned.Iphiclussoon ceived came
re- into that country. Many had already
some advantagesfrom the propheticalbeen offered as victims on the bloody altar,
knowledge of his prisoner, and not only re- stored when Orestes and Pylades came to Taurica.
him to liberty, but also presented him Their mutual and unparalleledfriendship,
with the oxen. Iphiclus, who was childless,[Fi(i. Pylades and Orestes] disclosed to Iphi-
genia
learned from the soothsayer how to become a that one of the strangers whom she was
father. He had married Automedusa, and goingto sacrifice was her brother ; and, upon
afterwards a daughterof Creon, kingof The- bes. this, she conspired with the two friends to
He was father to Podarce and Protesi- flyfrom the barbarous country, and carry
laus. Homer. Od. 11,//. 13." ,^pollod. 1, c. 9. away the statue of the goddess. They suc- cessfully
JEschyl.Euripid.
"
Iphitus, a son of Eurytus,kingof (Echa- Iresus,a delightful spotin Libya,near Gy- rene,
lia. When his father had promisedhis daugh- ter where Battus fixed his residence. The
lole to him who could overcome him or Egyptianswere once defeated there by the in- habitants
his sons in drawingthe bow, Hercules accept- ed of Gyrene. Herodot. 4, c. 158, he.
the challenge and came off victorious. Eu- rytus Iris,a daughterof Thaumas and Electra,
refused his daughterto the conqueror, one of the Oceanides,messenger of the gods,
observingthat Hercules had killed one of his and more particularly of Juno. Her office
wives in a fury,and that loIe mightperhaps was to cut the thread which seemed to detain
share the same fate. Some time after,Auto- the soul in the body of those that were ing.
expir-
lycusstole away the oxen of Eurytus, and Her-
cules She isthe same as the rainbow,and, from
was suspected of the theft. Iphitus was that circumstance, she is representedwith
sent in quest of the oxen, and, in his search, wings with all the variegatedand beautiful
he met with Hercules,whose good favours he colours of the rainbow, and appears sitting hind
be-
had gained by advising Eurytusto givelole to Juno, ready to execute her commands.
tiie conqueror. Hercules assisted Iphitus in She is likewise described as supplyingthe
seekingthe lost animals; but when he recol- lected clouds with water to delugethe world. Hesiod.
the ingratitude of Eurytus,he killed Thcog.V. 266. "
Ovid. Met. 1, v. 271 and seq.
Iphitus by throwinghim down from the walls 1. 4, V. 481, 1. 10, V. 5S5." Virg. JEn. 4,
ofTirynthus. Homer. Od. 21. JlpoUod.%c. V. 694.
" A river of Asia Minor, risingin
6. A Trojan,who survived the ruin of his Cappadocia,and falling into the Euxine sea.
country,and fled with /Eneas to Italy. Virg.Flacc. 5, v. 121. A river of Pontus.
JEn. 2, v. 340, fcc. A king of Elis,son of Irus, a beggarof Ithaca,who executed the
Praxonides,in the age of Lycurgus. He re- commissions
established of Penelope'ssuitors. When
the Olympic games 338 years after Ulysses returned home, disguised in a beggar's
their institution by Hercules, or about 884 dress,Irus hindered him from enteringthe
years before the christian era. This epoch is gates, and even challengedhim. Ulysses
famous in chronological history, as every thing brought him to the ground with a blow, and
previousto it seems involved in fabulous ob- draggedhim out of the house. From his po-
scurity. verty
Paterc. 1, c. 3. Pans. 5, c. 4.
"
at the east of Savoy, and falls into the deities,as some authors observe,com-
prehended
IsAURA, (cE,or orum,) the chief town of in Egj'pt, but the rebellion of Typhon,
Isaura. Plin. 5, c. 27. the brother of Osiris,proved fatal to this
IsAURiA, a country of Asia Minor, near sovereign.[Vid.Osiris and Typhon] The
mount Taurus, whose inhabitants were bold ox and cow were the symbols of Osiris and
and warlike. The Roman emperors, particu-
larly Isis, because these deities, while on earth,had
Probus and Gallus, made war againstdiligently appliedthemselves in cultivating the
them and conquered them. Flor. 3, c. 6. earth.
"
[Vid.Apis.] As Isis was supposed
Slrab." Cic. 15. Fam. 2. to be the moon and Osiris the sun, she was
IsADRicus, a surname of P. Servilius,from represented as holding a globein her hand,
his conquests over the Tsaurians. Ovid. 1. with a vessel full of ears of corn. The Egyp-
tians
Fa^. 594." Cic. 6, Mt. 21. believed that the yearlyand regular inun-
dations
IsuARus, a river of Umbria, falling into the of the Nile proceededfrom the abund-
ant
Adriatic. Another in Magna Graecia. Lu- can. tears which Isis shed for the loss of Osiris,
2, v. 406. whom Typhon bad basely murdered. The
IscHENiA, an festival at Olympia, word Isis,
annual accordingto some, signifies ancientf
in honour of Ischenus, the grandsonof Mer-
cury and, on that account, the inscriptions on the
and Hierea, who, in a time of famine, statues of the goddess were often in these
devoted himself for his country,and was oured words : / am all that has been, that shall bet
hon-
with a monument near Olympia. and none among mortals has hitherto taken off
IscHOLAUS, a brave and prudent generalmy veil. The worshipof Isiswas universal in
of Sparta, he. Polycen.. Egypt ; the priests were obligedto observe
IscHOMACHUs, a uoble athlete of Crotona, perpetualchastity, their head was closely
about the consulship of M. Valerius and P. shaved, and they always walked barefooted,
Posthumius. and clothed themselves in linen garments.They
IscHOPOLis, a town of Pontus. never eat onions,they abstained from saltwith
IsciA. Vid. (Enotrides. their meat, and were forbidden to eat the flesh
IsDEGERDF.s, a king of Persia,appointed,of sheepand of hogs. During the nightthey
by the will of Arcadius, guardianto Theodo- were employed in continual devotion near the
sius the Second. He died in hfe 31st year, statue of the goddess. Cleopatra, the beauti-
ful
A. D. 408. queen of Egypt,was wont to dress herself
IsiA,certain festivals observed in honour of like this goddess,and affected to be called a
Isis,whicli continued nine days. It was usual second Isis. Cic. de Div. 1, Plut. de Isid. "
to carry vessels full of wheat and barley,4" Osirid. Diod. 1. Dionys.Hal. 1. Hero-
" " "
ing burial to her brother Polynicesagainst the about 338 years before Christ, Isocrates he?
tyrant'spositiveorders, declared herself as alwaysbeen much admired for the sweetness
guiltyas her sister,and insisted upon being and graceful simplicity of his style, for the
equallypunishedwith her. This instance of harmony of his expressions, and the dignity of
generosity was strongly opposedby Antigone,his language. The remains of his orations ex- tant
who wished not to see her sister involved in inspire the world with the highestvene- ration
her calamities. Sophocl. in Antig. Jlpollod. 3, " for his abilities,as a moralist, an orator,
c. 5. A daughterof the river Asopus, who and, above all,as a man. His merit, how-
ever,
married the hundred-eyed Argos,by whom is lessened by those who accuse him of
she had Jasus. Apollod. 2, c. 1. plagiarismfrom the works of Thucydides,
IsMENTAs,a celebrated musician of Thebes. Lysias,and others, seen particularly in his
When he was taken prisoner l)ythe Scythi-
ans, panegyric. He was so studious of correctness
Atheas,the kingof the country, observ-
ed, that his lines are sometimes poetry. The
that he liked the music of Ismenias better severe conduct of the Athenians againstSo-crates
than the brayingof aji ass. Pint, in Apoph. highlydispleased him, and, in sphe of
A Tbeban, bribed by Timocrates of all the undeserved impopularity of that great
Rhodes, that he mightuse his influence to pre-vent philosopher, he put on mourning tlie day of
the Athenians and some other Grecian his death. About 31 of his orations are tant,
ex-
statesfrom assisting
Laceda:mon, againstwhich Isocrates was honoured after death with
Xerxes was engaged in a war. Paus. 3, c. 9. a brazen statue by Tiraotheus, one of his
Theban
A general,sent to Persia with an and Aphareus,his adopted son.
pupils, The
embassy by his countrymen. As none were best editions of Isocrates are that of Battle,2
admitted into the king's tratingvols. 8vo. Cantab. 1729, and that of Auger, 3
presence without pros-
themselves at his feet,Ismenias had vols. 8vo. Paris, 1782. Pint, de 10 Orat. kc"
recourse to artifice to a^")id doing an action Cic. Orat. 20 de Jnv. 2, c. 126. in Brut. c. 15.
which would prove disgraceful to his coun-
try. de Orat. 2, c. 6." Qum/t7. 2, Uc."Pattrc. 1,
When he was introduced he droppedhis c. 16. One of the officers of the Pelopon-
ring,and the motion he made to recover it nesian fleet, "c. Thucyd. One of the dis-
ciples
from the ground was mistaken for the most of Isocrates. A rhetorician of Syria^
submissive homage, and Ismenias had a satis- factoryenemy to the Romans, he.
audience of the monarch. A river IssA, now Lissa,an island in the Adriatic
of Bceotia, falling into the Euripus,where sea, on the coast of Dalmatia. A town of
Apollohad a temple,from which he was called Illyricum. Melaf 2, c. 7. Strab. 1, he. " "
I."K)crates was f)revented by an unconquerablethan 130 foot and 150 horse. According to
timidity from speakingin the popularassem- blies. Curtius,the Persians slain amounted to 100;000
He opened a school of eloquenceal foot andlO,000 horse;andlhoseof Alexander
Atliens,where he distinguished himself by the to 32 foot, and 150 horse killed,and 504
number, character,and fame of his pupils,wounded. This spot is likewise famous for
and by the immense riches which he amassed. the defeat of Niger by Severus, A. D. 194. J
He was intimate with Philipof Macedon, and Pint, in Alex. "Justin 11, c. 9." Curt. 3, r. |
regularly correspondedwith him ; and to his l."Arrian.-Diod. n."Cic. 6, Atl. 20. Fam.
familiarity with that monarch the Athenians 2, ep. 10.
Mere indebted for some of the few peaceful IsTER and IsTRus,an historian, disciple tf"
years which theypassed. The aspiring am-
bition Calimachus. Diug. A largeriver of Eu-rope,
of Philip,however, displeased Isocrates, falling into the Euxine sea, called also
and the defeat of the Athenians at Cheronasa the Danube. [Vid. Danubius.] A son of
had such an etlect upon his spirit', that he did yEgyptus. Apollod.
not survive the disgraceof his i^otinfiy, but IsTHMiA, sacred games among the Greeks,
ilied, afterhe had been four day^ a tak- which received their name from the isthmus of
in"r Mriv^ nlirnrrif. in the 99tli vca. ul liii age, Corinth,where they were observed. Thev
IT IT
%vere celebrated in commemoration of Me- 1in that part of Europe. The boundaries of
licerta,who was changed into a sea deity,|Italyappearedto have been formed by nature
when his mother
Ino had thrown herself into itself, which seems to have been particularly
the sea with him
in her arms. The body of 1careful in supplyingthis country with what-
Melicerta,accordingto some traditions,
when ever may contribute not only to the support,
cast upon the sea-shore,received an honour-
able but also to the pleasures and luxuries of life.
burial,in memory of which the Isthmian It has been called the gardenof Europe ; and
games were instituted, B. C. 132d. They the panegyricswhich Pliny bestows upon it
were interrupted after they had been cele-
brated seem not in any degreeexaggerated.The an- cient
with great regularityduring some inhabitants called themselves Aborigines ,
years, and Theseus at last reinstituted them offspring of the soil, and the country was soon,
in honour of Neptune, whom he publicly led after peopledby colonies from Greece.
cal- The
his father. These games were observed Pelasgiand the Arcadians made settlements
every third,or rather fifthyear, and held so there,and the whole country was divided into
sacred and inviolable,that even a public as many different governments as there were
calamity could not prevent the celebration. towns, tillthe rapid increase of the Roman
When Corinth was destroyedby Mummius, power [Hrf. Roma] changed the face of Italy,
the Roman general, they were observed with and united all its states in support of one
the usual solemnity, and the Sicyonians were common cause. Italyhas been the mother of
intrusted with the superintendence, which arts as well as of arms, and the immortal
had been before one of the privileges of the monuments which remain of the eloquence
ruined Corinthians. Combats of every kind and poeticalabilities of its inhabitants are
were exhibited,and the victors were reward- ed universally known. It was divided into ele-
ven
with garlands of pine leaves. Sometime small provinces or regionsby Augustus,
afterthe custom was changed, and the victor though sometimes known under the three
received a crown of diy and withered parsley. greaterdivisions of Cisalpine Gaul, Italy perly
pro-
The years were reckoned by the celebration so called,and Magna Grecia. The sea
of the Isthmian games, as among mans above
the Ro- was called Superum, and that at the
from the consular government. Paus. south Inferum. Plol. 3, c. 1. Dionys.Hat. "
1, c. 44, 1.2, c. 1 and 2." P/m. 4, c. b."Plut. Diod. 4. Justin. 4, fee. C. Kep. in Dion.
" "
"
ItyliJs,a son of Zetheus and ^don, killed JuGALis, a surname of Juno, because she
by his mother. [Vid.ui^don.]Homer. Od. presidedover marriage. Festiis.de V. Sig.
19,v. 462. JuGANTEs, a peopleof Britain. Tacit. Ann.
IxYRJEi,a peopleof Palestine. Vid. Ituraea, 12,c. 32.
Itys, a son of Tereus king of Thrace, by JuGARius, a street in Rome below the
Procne, a daughter of Pandion, kingof Athens. capitol.
He was killed by his mother when he was JuGURTHA, the illegitimate son of Mana-
about six years old, and served up as meat fore stabal,the brother of Micipsa. Micipsaand
be-
his father. He was changedinto a pheas-
ant, Manastabal were the sons of Masinissa, king
his mother into a swallow, and his father ofNumidia. Micipsa, who had inherited his
into owl.
an [Vid.Philomela.] Ovid. Met. father's kingdom,educated his nephew with
6, V. 620. Amor. 2, el. 14, v. 29."Harat. 4, his two sons Adherbal and
Hiempsal; but as
od. 12. A Trojan, who came to Italywith he was of an aspiring he sent him
disposition,
iEneas,and was killedby Turnus. Virg.JEn. body of troops to the assistance of
with a
9, V. 574. Scipio, who was besieging hoping
IS'uraantia,
JuBA, a king of Numidla and Mauritania, to lose a youth whose ambition seemed to
who succeeded his father Hiempsal,and fa-
voured
threaten the tranquillity of his children.
the cause of Pompey againstJ. Caj- His hopes were frustrated; Jugurtha showed
sar. He defeated Curio, whom Cajsar had
himself brave and active,and endeared self
him-
sent to Africa,and after the battle of Phar-
to the Roman general. Micipsa ap- pointed
salia he joined his forces to those of Scipio. him successor to his kingdomwith
He was conquered in a battle at Thapsus, his two sons, but the kindness of the father
and totally abandoned by his subjects.He l)roved fatal to the children. Jugurtha de- stroyed
killed himself with Petreius,who had shared Hiempsal,and stripped Adheibal of
his good fortune and his adversity. His his possession, and obliged him to flyto
kingdom became a Roman province, of Rome for safety.The Romans listened to
which Sallust was the firstgovernor. Flat, the well-grounded complaintsof Adherbal,but
in Pomp. ^ C'ces. Flor. 4, c. 12. Suet, in Jugurtha's
"
"
64. The second of that name was the son Ca^^ciliusMetellus was at last sent against
of Juba the First. He was led among the Jugurtha, and his firmness and success soon duced
re-
captives to Rome, to adorn the triumph of the crafty Numidian, and obliged him to
Ceesar. His cajjtivity was the source of the llyamong his savage neighboursfor support.
to study Marius
greatesthonours, and his application and Sylla succeeded Metellus, and
him
procured more he could have
glorythan fought with equal success. Jugurthawas at
obt"uned from the inheritance of a kingdom. last betrayedby his father-in-law Bocchus,
He gainedthe heart of the Romans by the from whom he claimed assistance,and he wa?
courteousness of his manners, and Augustus delivered into the hands of Sylla, after carry-
ing
rewarded his fidelity by givinghim in mar-
riage on a war of five years. He was exposedto
Cleopatra, of Antony,'
the 'daughter the view of the Roman and draggedin
people,,
JU JIJ
chains to adorn tbetriumph of Marius. He libertini,or children of those that had been
was where
afterwards put in a prison, he died liberti,
or servants manumitted. Horace ludes
al-
six days after of hunger, B. C. 106. The to it when he speaksof lex marita. .
such as, duringthe civil wars, had remained called M. Vinucius,at the age of 16,and
the constant friends of the republican liberty. enjoyedthe most unbounded favours in the
When that civilwar was at an end, allthe Ital-
ians court of her brother Caligula,who is ac-
cused
were admitted as free denizens,and com-posed of being her firstseducer. She was
bus,by J. Cassar. It confirmed the Pompeian Claudius recalled her; but she was
law in a certain manner, requiring the judges soon after banislied by the powerful in- trigues
to be chosen from the richest peoplein every of Messalina,and put to death aboufe^
century,allowingthe senators and knightsin the 24th year of her age. She was no
the number, and excluding the tribuni ara- strangerto the debaucheries of the age, and
rii. xVnother, de ambitu, by Augustus. It she prostituted herself as freelyto the mean-
est
privileges, which had been destroyedby the some suppose, was banished to Corsica for
ambition and briberyof J. Caesar.- ther, havingseduced her.
Ano- A celebrated woman,
by Augustus,de adulterio and pudicitid. born in Phcnnicia. She is also called Domna.
It punishedadultery with death. It was wards She appliedherself to the study,
after- of geometry
confu'med and enforced by Domitian,. and philosophy, and rendered.herselfcon-
",^c. spicuous,
Juvenal. Sat.2, v. 30,alludes to it. Another, as much by her mental as by her per-sonal
called also,Papia, or Papia Popp(Ba,which charms* She came to Rome, where her "
was the same as the following, only enlargedlearning recommended her to all the literati,
by the consuls Papins and Poppaeus, A. U. C. of the age. She married SeptimiusSeverus,
792. Another, (/e maritanJis orditiibus, by who, twenty years afterthis matrimonial con- nexion,
againstthe emperor, but she resolved to blot, enemy ; but the country of Assyriahad
by patronizing literature,the spots which her been desolate by the Persians,and Julian ^
debauchery and extravagance bad rendered without corn or provisions, was obligedto re-
tire.
indelible iu the eyes of virtue. Her influence, As he could not convey his fleet again
after the death of Severus, was for some time over the streams of the Tigris, he took the
productive of tranquillity and cordial union resolution of marching up the sources of the
between his tsvo sons and successors. Geta river,and imitate the bold return of the ten
at last,however, fell a sacrifice to his brother thousand Greeks. As he advanced through the
Caracalla,and Julia was even wounded in the country he defeated the officers of Sapor,the
arm while she attemptedto screen her favour-
ite kingot Persia;but an engagement proved fa- tal
son from his brother's d-agger.According to him, and he received a deadly wound a"
to some, Julia committed incest with her sou he animated his soldiers to battle. He expired
Caracalla, and publiclymarried him. She the following night,the 27th of June, A. D.
starved herself when her ambitious views were 363, in the 32d year of his age. His last mo- ments
JuLiANUs, a son of Julius Constantius,the of his death. Julian's character has been ad- mired
brctlier of Constantine the Great, born at by some, and censured by others,but
Constantinople.The massacre which attend-
ed the malevolence of his enemies arises from
the elevation of the sons of Constantine the his apostacy. As a man and as a monarch he
Great to the throne, nearlyproved fatal to demands our warmest commendation ; but we
Julian and to his brother Galius. The two must blame his idolatry, and despise his bigot-
brothers were privatelyeducated together,ted principles. He was moderate in his suc-
cesses,
and taughtthe doctrines of the Christian reli-gion, merciful to his enemies,and amiable in
and exhorted to be modest, temperate, his character. He abolished the luxuries which
and to despisethe gratification of all sensual reignedin the court of Constantinople, ^d
pleasures.Galius received the instruction of dismissed with contempt the numerous officers
bis piousteachers with deference and submis-
sion, which waited upon Constantiu.?, to anoint his
but Julian showed his dislike for Chris-
tianity head or perfumehis body. He was frugal in
by secretly cherishing a desire to be-
come his meals,and slept little,reposinghimself on
one of the votaries of Paganism. He a skin spreadon the ground. He awoke at
gave sufi"cient proofs of this propensity when midnight, and spent the rest of the night in
he went to Athens in the 24lh year of his age, readingor writing, and issued early from his
where himself
he applied to the studyof magic
tent to pay his daily visitsto the guardsaround
and astrology.He was time after ap-
some the camp.
pointed He was not fond of publicamuse-
ments,
over Gaul, with the titleof Caesar,by but rather dedicated his time to study
Constans, and there he showed himself worthy and solitude. When he passedthrough An-
of the imperial dignityby his prudence,va- lour, tioch in his Persian expedition, the inhabitants
and the numerous victories he obtained of the place, offended at his religious ments,
senti-
over the enemies of Rome in Gaul and Ger-
many. ridiculed his person, and lampooned
His mildness,as well as his conde-scension,him in satiricalverses. The emperor made
gainedhim the hearts of his soldiers;use of the same arms for his defence,and ra- ther
orders of Constans. They even compelledJu- lian, of Scipioand Alexander, and laid no
by threats and entreaties, to accept of the temptation for his virtue by visiting some male
fe-
titleof independent emperor and of Augustus; captives that had fallen into his hands,
and the death of Constans, which soon after In his matrimonial connexions, Julian rather
lefthim
happened, sole master of theRoman pire,
em- consulted policythan inclination,and his mar- riage
doctrines of Christianity, and oifered solemn than to obey the laws of nature. He
sacrifices to all the gods of ancient Rome. This was buried at Tarsus,and afterwards his body
change of religious opinionwas attributed to was conveyed to Constantinople.He distin- guished
the austerity with which he received the pre- cepts himself by his writings, as well as by
of Christianity, or, according to others, his militarycharacter. Besides his Misopo-
gon,
to the literary conversation and persuasive quence
elo- he wrote the historyof Gaul. He also
of some of the Athenian philosophers. wrote two letters to the Athenians; and be- sides,
From this circumstance, therefore, Julian has there are now extant sixty-four letters
been called Jipostale. After he had made his on various subjects.His Caesars is the most
publicentry at Constantinople, he determined famous of all his compositions, being a satire
to continue the Persian war, and check those upon all the Roman from J. Ceesar
emperors
barbarians, who had for 60 years derided the to Constantine. It is written in the form of a
indolence of the Roman emperors. When he dialogue, in which the author severely attacks
had crossed the Tigris, he burned his fleet, and the venerable character of M. Aurelius, whom
advanced with boldness into the enemy's coun- try. he had projiosed to himself as a pattern,and
His march was that of a cofiqueror, he speaksin a scurrilous and abusive languageof
JU JU
his relationConstantine. It has been observed dictator. He died as he was on his
putting
ot Julian,that,like Caesar, he could employ shoes. Celsus, a tribune imprisonedfor
at the same time his hand to write, his ear to conspiring
againstTiberius. Tacit. Aim. 6, c.
listen,his eyes to read, and his mind to dic-
tate. 14. Maximinus, a Thracian, who, from a
The best edition of his works isthat of shepherd,became an emperor of Rome. {^Vid.
Spanheim. fol.Lips.1696; and of the Caesars, Maximinus.]
that of Heusinger, 8vo. Gothae, 1741. Julian. luLus, the name of Ascanius, the son of
"
Sficrat. Eutrop. Ainm.
"
Liban, k.c.
" " JEneas. [Vid.Ascanius.] A son of Asca-nius,
A of Constantine.
son maternal Auncle born in Lavinium. In the succession of
of the emperor Julian. Roman ror.A
empe- the kingdom of Alba, ^neas Sylvius,the son
[Vid.Didius.] A Roman, who pro- of iEneas and Lavinia, was
claimed preferred to him.
himself emperor in Italyduringthe He was, however, made chief priest.Dionys.
reign of Diocletian, fee. A governor of 1. Virg.JEn. 1, V. 271.
" A son of Antony
Africa. A counsellor rian.of the emperor
Ad- the triumvir and Fulvia. {Vid.Antonius Ju- lius.]
A general in Dacia, in Domitian's
reign. JCnia lex Sacrata-,by L. Junius Brutus,
J^Lii,a familyof Alba,broughtto Rome by the firsttribune of the people,A. U. C. 260.
Romulus, where they soon rose to the great-
est It ordained that the person of the tribune
honours of the state. J. Caesar and Au-
gustusshould be held sacred and inviolable ; that
were of this family; and it was from the consuls to
said, an appeal might be made
that
perhaps through flattery, li- the tribune;and that no senator
neally they were should be
descended from .dEneas, the founder of able to exercise the office of a tribune.
Laviniura. Another, A. U. C. 627, which excluded all
JuLioMAGus, a cityof Gaul, now Angersin foreigners from enjoying the privileges or
Cic. ad Her. 2, c. 13. Agrippa,banished daughterof Saturn and Ops. She was
from Rome by Nero, after the discoveryof sister to Jupiter, Pluto, Neptune,Vesta, Ce-
res,
the Pisonian conspiracy. Tacit. Ann. 15, c. "c. She was born at Argos,or, accord-
ing
71. "Solinus, a writer
'"
"
{Vid.Solinus.] to others,in Samos, and was intrusted to
Titianus,a writer in the age of Diocletian. His the care of the Seasons,or, as Homer and
son became famous for his oratorical po^^ers,Ovid mention, to Oceanus and Tethys.Some
and was made preceptorin the familyof Max- of the inhabitants of Argolis supposed,that
iminus. Julius wrote a history of allthe pro-
vincesshe had been brought up by the three daugh-
ters
of the Roman empire,greatlycom-
mended of the river Asterion ; and the peopleof
by the ancients. He also wrote some Stymphalus,in Arcadia, maintained,that she
letters,in which he happilyimitated the stylehad been educated under the care of Temenus,
and eleganceof Cicero,for which he was led the son of Pelasgus. Juno was
cal- devoured by
the ape of his age. Africanus, chro-
Saturn,accordingto some
a mythologists ; and,
nologer,who flourished A. D. 220. accordingto ApoUodorus, she was again re-
Con- stored
w^as unparalleled. She persecutedHercules and even had the privilege of hurling the thun-
der
and his descendants with the most inveterate of Jupiter when she pleased.Her temples
fury; and her resentment against Paris,who were numerous, the most famous of which
had giventhe goldenapple to Venus in pre-
ference
were at Argos, Olympia, ",c. At Rome no
to herself,
was the of the Tro-
cause jan woman of debauched character was permitted
war, and of allthe miseries which happen-
ed to enter her templeor even to touch it. The
to the unfortunate house of Priam, Her surnames of Juno are various, they are de-
rived
severities to Alcmena, Ino, Athamas, Seraele, either from the function or things over
".C. are also well known. Juno had some dren which she presided,
chil- or from the placeswhere
by Jupiter.According to Hesiod, she her worship was established. She was the
was mother of Mars, Hebe, and Ilithya, or
queen of the heavBns; she protected ness,
cleanli-
Lucina ; and besides these,she broughtforth and presided over marriageand child-
birth,
Vulcan, without havingany commerce with and particularly patronizedthe most
the other sex, but only by smellinga certain faithfuland virtuous of the sex, and severely
plant. This was in imitation of Jupiter, who punishedincontinence and lewdness in ma- trons.
had producedMinerva from his brain. Ac- cording She was the goddess of all power and
to others, it was not Vulcan, but empire, and she was also tlie patroness of
Mars, or Hebe, whom she broughtforth in riches. She is represented sitting on a throne
this manner, and this was after eatingsome with a diadem on her head, and a goldenscep- tre
lettuces at the table of Apollo. The dailyand in her righthand. Some peacocksgen- erally
repeated debaucheries of Jupiter at last pro-
voked sat by her,and a cuckoo often perched
Juno to such a degree, that she retired on her sceptre, while Irisbehind her displayed
to Eubffia,and resolved for ever to forsake his the thousand colours of her beautifulrainbow.
bed. Jupiterproduceda reconciliation, after She is sometimes carried through the air in a
he had appliedto Citha3ron for advice, and rich chariot drawn by peacocks. The Roman
afterhe had obtained forgiveness by fraud and consuls,when they entered upon office,were
artifice. [Ttf?. Daedal a.] This reconciliation, alwaysobligedto offer her a solemn sacrifice.
however cordial it might appear, was soon The Juno of the Romans was called Matrona
dissolved by new offences;and, to stop the or Romana. She was generally represented
complaintsof the jealousJuno, Jupiterhad as veiled from head to foot,and the Roman
often recourse to violence and blows. He matrons alwaysimitated this manner of dres-
sing
even punishedthe cruelties which she had ex- ercised themselves, and deemed it indecent in
upon his son Hercules, by suspendingany married woman to leave any part of her
her from the heavens by a goldenchain, and body but her face uncovered. She has receiv-
ed
tyinga heavy anvil to her feet. Vulcan was the surname of Olympia,Samia, Lacedaj-
punishedfor assisting his mother in this de-
grading monia, Argiva,Telchinia,Candrena, Rescin-
situation, and he was kicked down thes, Prosymna, Imbrasia, Acrea, Cithaero-
from heaven by his father,and broke his leg neia,Bunea, Ammonia, Fluonia, Anthea, Mi-
by the fall. This punishmentrather irritated gale, Gemelia, Tropeia,Boopis, Parthenos,
than pacified Juno. She resolved to revenge Teleia,Zera, Egophage,Hyperchinia, Juga,
it, and she engagedsome of the gods to con-
spire Ilithyia, Lucinia, Pronuba, Caprotina, Mena,
against Jupiterand to imprisonhim, but Pupulonia,Lacinia, Sospita, Moneta, Curis,
Thetis delivered him from this conspiracy, by Doniiduca, Februa, Opigenia,".c. Cic. de
bringing to his assistance the famous Briareus. A'at. D. 2."Paus. 2, kc."JlpoUod.1,2, 3."
Apollo and Neptune were banished from ApoUon. 1. Argon. Horn. II. 1, ".c. Virg.
" " "
heaven for joining in the conspiracy, though JEn. 1, Lc."Herodot. 1, 2, 4, hc."Sii. I."
some attribute their exile to different causes. Dionys.Hal.i."Liv. 23, 24, 21,"LC.~0vid.
The worshipof Juno was universal,and even Met. 1, "c. Fast. 5, Plut. qiioest.
" Rom. "
more than that of Jupiter, accordingto some Tilmll. 4, el. 13." Atfien. lo."Plin. 34.
authors. Her sacrificeswere offered with the "TuNON.YLiA and Junoni.\, festivals at Rome
greatest solemnity. She was particularly in honour of .Juno, the same as the He-
worshippedat Argos,Samos, Carthage,and rasa of the Greeks. [Vid.Herxdi.] Liv. 27 ",
his father because he had broughtup and those below the waist carefully ed,
cover-
male children. The Titans were conquered, as ifto show that he is visible to the gods
and Saturn set at liberty by the hands of his above, but that he is concealed from the sight
son. Saturn,however, soon after, apprehen- of the inhabitants of the earth. Jupiterhad
sive
of the power of Jupiter, conspired againstseveral oracles,the most celebrated of which
his life,and was, for this treachery, driven were at Dodona, and Ammon in Libya. As
from his kingdom and obliged to flyfor safetyJupiter was the king and father of gods and
into Latium. Jupiter,now become the sole men, his power was extended over the deities,
master of the empire of the world, divided it and every thing was subservient to his will,
with his brothers* He reserved for himself except the Fates. From him mankind re- ceived
the kingdom of heaven, and gave the empireof their blessings and their miseries, and
the sea to Neptune,and that of the infernalre- gions they looked upon him as acquaintedwith
to Pluto. The peaceful beginningof every thingpast,present,and future. He
his reignwas soon interrupted by the rebel-
lion was represented at Olympia with a crown like
of the giants, who were sons of the earth, olive branches, his mantle was variegated with
and who wibhed to revenge the death of their different flowers,particularly by the lily,^and
relations the Titans. They were so powerful the eagleperchedon the top of the sceptre
that theyhurled rocks,and heaped up moun- tains which he held in his hand. The Cretans
upon mountains, to scale heaven,so that represented Jupiterwithout ears, to signify
all the godsto avoid their furyfled to Egypt, that the sovereign master of the world ought
where they escapedfrom the dangerby as- suming not to givea partial ear to any particular son,
per-
the form of ditterent animals. Jupiter, but be equallycandid and propitious to
however, animated them, and by the assistance all. At LacedaBmon he appeared with four
of Hercules, he totally overpowered the heads,that he mightseem to hear with greater
giganticrace, which had proved such tre- mendous readiness the differentprayers and solicitations
enemies. [Vid. Gigantes.]Jupi- ter, which were dailypoured to him from every
now freed from every apprehension, part of the earth. It is said that Minerva
gave himself up to the pursuitot" pleasures. came all armed from his brains when he
He married Metes, Themis, Euronyme, Ce- res, ordered Vulcan to open his head. Paus. 1,2,
Mnemosyne, Latona, and Juno. [Vid. Ju- no.] k.c. Liv. 1, 4, 5, "c.
"
Diod. 1 and 3."
"
He became a Proteus to gratify sions.Homer. Id. 1,5, ".c. Od. 1, 4, ",c. Ifymn.
his pas- "
shower of gold; he corruptedAntiopein the Olynip.1, 3, 5. Apollon.1, ".c. Htsiod. " "
^;vvan; he became a bull to seduce Europa,and Lycophron.in Cass. Virg.JEn. 1, 2, ^c. "
Roman enipires, he. in a neat and elegant claims our attention as a perfect poetical com-
position.
style. It is repletewith many judiciousre- flections The best editions are those of Ca-
and animated harangues; but the au-
thor saubon, 4to. L. Bat. 1695, with Persius,and
is often too credulous, and sometimes amines of Hawkey, Dublin, 12rao. 1746,and
ex- of Gra;-
events too minutely,while others are vius cum notis varioruin, 8vo. L. Bat. 1684.
related only in a few words too often obscure. JuvENTAs or JuvENTus, a goddessat Rome,
The indecency of many of his expressions who presidedover youth and vigour. She is
is deservedlycensured. The best editions the same as the Hebe of the Greeks, and
resented
rep-
of Justin are that of Ab. Gronovius, 8vo. L. as a beautiful nymph, arrayedin va- riegated
Bat. 1719, that of Hearne, 8vo. Oxon. 1703, garments. Liv. 5, c. 54j 1. 21, c. 62,
and that of Barbou, 12mo. Paris,1770. 1.36, c. 36. Ovid, ex Pont. 1,ep. 9, v. 12,
"
are that of Paris, fol. 1636. Of his a])ologies, to Diodorus, of Antion, by Perimela
logue daughterof Amythaon.
2 vols. 8vo. 1700 and 1703, and Jebb's dia- He mm-ried Dia,
with Trypho, publishedin London, daughter of Eioneus or Deioneus, and
sed
promi-
1722. An emperor of the east who reigned his father-in-lawa valuable present for the
nine years, and died A. D. 526. Another choice he had made of him to be his daughter's
who died A. D. 564, after a reignof 38 years. husband. His unwillingness, however,to ful-
fil
Another, who died 577 A, D. aftera reign his promises, obligedDeioneus to have re-course
Aquinum in Italy. He came earlyto Rome, him to heaven, and introduced him at
and passed some time in declaiming;after the tables of the gods. Such a favour, which
which he appliedhimself to write satires, 16 oughtto have awakened gratitudein Ixion,
of which are extant. He spoke with virulence served only to inflame his lust ; he became
againstthe partiality of Nero for the panto- enamoured of Juno, and attempted to se-
mime duce
Paris, and though all his satire and de-clamation her. Juno was willingto gratify the pas-
sion
were pointedagainstthis rulingfa- vourite of Ixion,thoughaccordingto othei-sshe
of the emperor, yet Juvenal lived in informed Jupiterof the attempts which had
security duringthe reign of Nero. After the been made upon her virtue. Jupitermade a
death of Nero, the effects of the resentment cloud in the shape of Juno, and carried it to
of Paris were severelyfelt,and the satirist the placewhere Ixion had appointedto meet
was sent by Domitian as governor on tiers Juno.
the fron- Ixion was caught in the snare, and
of Egypt. Juvenal was then in the 80th from his embrace with the cloud, he had the
year of his age, and he suffered much from Centaurs,or according
to others Centaurus.
the trouble which attended his office,or ther
ra- [Vid. Centauri.] Jupiter,displeasedwith
his exile. He returned,however, to Rome the insolence of Ixion, banished him from
after the death of Paris,and died in the reign heaven ; but when he heard that he had sedu-
ced
of Trajan,A. D. 128. His writingsare fiery Juno, the god struck him with his thun- der,
and animated,and they abound with humour. and ordered Mercury to tie him to a
He is particularly wheel in hell which continually
severe upon the vice and dis-
sipation whirls round.
of the age he lived in ; but the gross The wheel was perpetually in motion, there-
fore
and indecent manner in which he exposes to the punishment of Ixion was eternal.
ridicule the folliesof mankind, rather encour-
ages Diod. 4."Hi/gi7i. fab. 62." Pindar. 2. Pylk.2.
than disarms the debauched and licen-
tious. "
LA LA
youth,brother to Nicocra- 1, V. 4. Crudum manduces Priamum, Pria-
LAANDER, a
"
L9,c.5. 4"- ^^ lum, which became a Roman colony about
Labdalon, a promontory of Sicily,
near four centuries B. C. Mn.
Virg. 7,v. 796. " Liv.
Syracuse. Diod. 13. 2, c. 39, 1.4, c. 47.
Labealis, a lake in Dalmatia, now ri,
Scuta-
Labienus, an officer of Caesar in the wars
of which the neighbouring
inhabitants
of Gaul. He deserted to Pompey, and was
were led
kil-
called Labeates. Liv. 44, c. 31, 1.45, c. 26. at the battle of Munda. Ccrs. Bell. G. 6,
L(beo, Antistius, a celebrated lawyer in ".C. Lucan. 5, v. 346. A Roman
"
who lowed
fol-
the age of Augustus, whose views he opposed, the interest of Brutus andCassius,and
and whose offers of the consulship he refused. became general oftheParthiansagainst Rome.
His works are lost He was wont to enjoy the He was conqueredby the officersof Augustus.
company and conversation of the learned for Slrab. 12 and 14." i)io.48.
Titus, an rian
histo-
six months, and the rest of the year was spent and orator at Rome in the age of Augus-
tus,
in writingand composing. His father, of the who admired his own with
compositions
same name, was one of Cassar's murderers. all the prideof superior geniusand incompar-
able
He killed himself at the battle of Philippi. excellence. The senate ordered his papers
Horace 1, Sat. 3, v. 32,has unjustly taxed him to be burnt on account of their seditious con-
tents
with insanity, because no doubt he inveighed ; and Labienus,unable to survive the loss
against his patrons.Appian.Alex. 4. Suet, in of his writings,
"
known by the name of Lelegia, from the Le- the field, and their moderation and temper-
ance
leges, the i st inhabitants of the country, or at home, they were courted and revered '
from Lclex, one of their kings; and Qilbalia, by all the neighbouringprinces,and tiieir
from (Ebalus, the sixth king from Eurotas. It assistance was severally imploredto protect
was also called Hecaiompolis, from the hundred the Sicilians, Carthaginians,Thracians, Egyp-
tians,
cities which the whole provinceonce contain-
ed. Cyreneans,kc. They were forbidden,
Lelex is supposedto have been the first by the laws of their countiy, [Vid.Lycurgus,]
LA LA
to visit foreign
states,lest theirmorals should Laches, an Athenian generalin the age of
be corrupted
by an intercourse with effeminate Epaminondas. Diod. 12. An Athenian
nations. The austere manner in which their sent witli Caiias at the head of a fleet in the
children were educated, rendered them un- daunted firstexpedition undertaken against Sicilyin
in the field of battle, and from this the Peloponnesianwar. Justin. 4, c. 3.
circumstance,Leonidas with a small band was An artistwho finished the Colossus of Rhodes.
enabled to resistthe millions of the army of Lachesis, one of the Parcae, whose name
Xerxes at Thermopylae. The women were as is derived from "^-xa*v,to measure out by lot.
courageous as the men, and many a mother She presidedover futurity, and was sented
repre-
has celebrated with festivalsthe death of her as spinning the thread of life, or, ac-
cording
son who had fallenin battle,or has coolyput to others,holding the .spindle. She
him to death if by shameful flight or loss of generallyappeared covered with a garment
his arms, he broughtdisgrace upon his coun-
try. variegated with stars,and holdingspindles ia
As to domestic manners, the Lacedeemo- her hand. [Vid.Parcae.] Stat. Theb, 2, v.
nians as widelydiffered from their neighbours249." Martial. 4, ep. 64.
as in political concerns, and their noblest wo- men L^ciDAs, a Greek philosopherof Cyrene,
were not ashamed to appear on the stage who flourished B. C. 241. His father's name
hired for money. In the affairsof Greece, the was Alexander. He was discipleof Arcesilaus,
interestof the Lacedaemonians was often pow-
erful, whom he succeeded in the government of the
and obtained the superiority for 500 second academy. He was greatly esteemed
years. Their jealousy ness by kingAttains,
of the power and great- who gave him a gardenwhere
of the Athenians is well known. The he spent his hours in study. He taught his dis-
ciples
authority of their monarchs was checked by to suspend their judgment, and never
the watchful eye of the Ephori,who had the speakdecisively. He disgraced himself by the
power of imprisoning the kings themselves if magnificent funeral with which he honoured
guilty of misdemeanors. [Firf.Ephori.]The a favourite goose. He died throughexcess of
Lacedaemonians are remarkable for the honour drinking.Diog.4.
and reverence which they paid to old age. Lacides, a village near Athens, which de- rived
The namesof Lactdxmon and Spartaare pro- miscuously its name from Lacius, an Athenian
appliedto the capital of Laconia, hero, whose exploitsare unknown. Here
and often confounded together.The latter Zephyrus had an altar sacred to him, and like- wise
was appliedto the metropolis, and the former Ceres and Proserpinea temple. Pans.
was reserved for the inhabitants of the suburbs, 1,c. 37.
or rather of the country contiguousto the Lacinia, a surname of Juno from her
walls of the city.This propriety of distinction temple at Lacinium in Italy,which the Cro-
was originally observed, but in process of time tonians held in great veneration, and where
it was totallylost,and both appellatives were there was a famous statue of Helen by Zeuxis.
soon synonymous and indiscriminately applied[Vid.Zeuxis.] On an altar near the door
to the city and country. [Vid.Sparta,Laco- nia.] were ashes, which the wind could not blow
The placewhere the citystood is now away. Fulvius Flaccus took away a marble
called Paleo Chori, (the old town,) and the piecefrom this sacred placeto finish a temple
ne^vone erected on itsruins at some distance that he was buildingat Rome to Fortune
on the west is called Misatra. Liv. 34, c. 33, Equestris ; and it is said,that for this sacri-
lege
I 45, c. 28."Strab. 8."Thucyd. l."Paus. 3. he afterwards led a miserable life, and
" Justin. 2, 3, fcc. Herodot. 1, he.
"
Plut. in died in the greatest
"
and was banished B. C. 296. Polyctn.4. the south, and the bay of Argos at the east.
An Athenian three times taken prisoner. He Its extent from north to south was about 60
deceived keepers,and escaped,".c. Id. miles. It is watered by the river Eurotas.
his
3. A son of AlithridatPs king of Bospho- The capital is called Sparta,or Lacedcemon.
rus. He was received into alliance by Lucul- The inhabitants never went on an expedition
lus. .\ robber condemned by M. Antony. or engaged an enemy but at the full moon.
An Egyptianburied in the labyrinth near [Vid.Laceda-'mon.] The brevity with which
Arsiiioe.
theyalways expressedthemselves is now come Africanus the elder in his campaigns
be- in Spaie
and by the epithet
proverbial, of Laco-
nic and Africa. Archelaus,a famous gramma-
rian.
we understand whatever is concise and not Suet.
loaded with unnecessary words. The word and Le^na, the mistress of Har-
L^NA
Laconicum is appliedto some hot baths used and Arlstogiton.Being tortured be-
modius cause
among the ancients,and firstinvented at La- she refused to discover the conspirators,
cedffimon. Cic. 4, M. 10." Slrab. l."Ptol. she bit off her tongue, totally to frustrate the
3, c. 16." Mela, 2, c. 3. violent efforts of her executioners. A maa
Lac RATES, a Theban generalof a ment
detach- who was acquaintedwith the conspiracyform-
ed
by Artaxerxes
sent to the assistance of against
Cassar.
the Egyptians. Diod. 16. a surname of the Popiliiat Rome.
LjEnas,
Lacrines, a Lacedagmonian ambassador to a river of Crete, where L^neus,
Jupiter
Cyrus. Herodot. 1,c. 152. broughtthe ravished Europa. Strab.
Lactantius, a celebrated Christian ter,
wri- L^PA Magna, a town of Spain. Mela, 3.
whose principalworks
are de ird divind, c. 1.
de Dei divine institutions, Laertes,
operibus,and his a king of Ithaca,son of Arce
in seven books, in which he proves the ti'uth sius and Chalcomedusa, who married Anti-
of the Christian religion, refutes the objec-
tions, clea, the daughterof Autolycus. Anticlea ,
and attacks the illusions and absurdities was pregnant by Sisyphuswhen she married
of Paganism. The expressive elegance,Laertes,and eightmonths afterher union with
purity,
and energy of his stylehave gained him the the king of Ithaca she brought forth a son
name of the Christian Cicero. He died A. D. called Ulysses.[Firf. Anticlea.]Ulysseswas
325. The best editions of his works are treated with paternal care by Laertes,though
that of Sparke, 8vo. Oxon. 1684, that of not reallyhis son, and Laertes ceded to him
Biineman, 2 vols, 8vo. Lips.1739, and that of his crown and retired into the country,where
Du Fresnoy, 2 vols. 4to. Paris, 1748. he spent his time in gardening. He Avas found
Lacter, a promontory of the island of Cos. in this mean employmentby his son at his re-
turn
An Arcadian who followed .^neas into Laertes was one of the Argonauts, accor-
ding
V. 413. One of ActEeon's dogs. Ovid. Met. and 24." Ovid. Met. 13, v. 32."Heroid. 1, v.
3, V. 216. 98. A cityof Cilicia which gave birth to
L^LAPS, of Actaeon's dogs. Ovid. Met.
one Diogenes, surnamed Latrtius from the place
3. Thedog of Cephalus,^ven him by of his birth.
Frocris. [Hrf.Lelaps,",c.] Id. Met. T. Laertius Diogenes, a writer born at Laer-
tes.
La:LiA, a vestal virgin. [Vid.Diogenes.]
L^LiANus, a general,proclaimedemperor LjEstrygones, the most ancient inhabitants
in Gaul by his soldiers,A. D. 268, after the of Sicily.Some suppose them to be the same
death of Gallienus. His triumph was short;as the peopleof Leontium, and to have been
he was conqueredand put to death aftera few neighboursto the Cyclops. They fed on hu- man
months reignby another generalcalled Post- flesh,and when Ulyssescame on their
humus, who aspired to the imperial puipleas coasts, they sunk his shipsand devoured his
"well as himself. companions. [Fiti. Antiphates ] They were
C. La:lius, a Roman consul, A. U. C. of a gigantic stature,accordingto Homer, who
614, surnamed Sapiens,so intimate with Af- however does not mention their country,but
ricanus the younger, that Cicero represents onlyspeaksof Lamus as their capital. A colo-
ny
him in his treatise De Amkitia, as explain-
ing of them, as some suppose, passedover into
the real nature of friendship, with its at- tendantItaly,with Lamus at their head, where they
pleasures.He made war with suc-
cess bnilt the town of Formiae, whence the epithet
againstViriathus. It is said,that he as- sisted of L("strygonia is often used for that oi For-
Terence in the compositionof his co- medies. miana. Plin. 3, c. 5." Ovid. Met. 14, v. 233,
His modesty,humanity,and the man- ner "c. Fast. 4. ex Pont. 4, ep. 10. Tzetz. in "
LiETORiA LEX Ordered that proper per- sons allglowedwith indignation. Ptolemy praised
should be appointed to providefor the the humour of the grammarian, and showed
of such as were his moderation and the mildness of his tem-
per,
securityand the possessions
insane or squandered away their estates. It by taking him under his patronage. Pans.
made it a high crime to abuse the weakness Attic. Justin. 33.
" "Curt. 4. Pint, de ird
"
HoraL 1, Sat. 6, v.
by no good quality. 12. of princes,
noblemen, philosophers,
tors,
ora-
Lagia, a name of the island Delos. Vid. show how much commendation is
Delos. owed to her personalcharms. The expenses
Lagides, Vid. Lagus. which attended her pleasures,
gave rise to
Laginia, a town of Caria. the proverb of J^fon cuivis homini contingit
Lagus, a Macedonian of mean extraction. adire Corinthum. Even Demosthenes himself
He received in marriageArsinoe the daughter visited Corinth for the sake of Lais, but
of Meleager, who was then pregnant of king when he was informed by the courtezan,
that
Philip,and beingwilling to hide the disgraceadmittance to her bed was to be boughtat
of his wife,he exposedthe child in the v/oods. the enormous sum of about 2001. English
An eaglepreserved the life of the infant, fed money, the orator departed,and observed,
him with her prey, and sheltered him with that he would not buy repentance at so dear
her wingsagainstthe inclemency of the air. a price. The charms which had attracted
This uncommon preservation was divulgedby Demosthenes to Corinth, had no influence
Lagus, who adoptedthe child as his own, and upon Xenocrates. When Lais saw the phi-
losopher
called him Ptolemy, conjecturing that as his unmoved by her beauty,she visited
lifehad been so miraculously preserved,his his house herself; but there she had no rea- son
days would be spentin grandeurand affluence. to boast of the licentiousness or easy sub- mission
This Ptolemy became king of Egypt after the of Xenocrates. Diogenes the cynic
death of Alexander. According to other ac- counts, was one of her warmest admirers,and though
Arsinoe was nearly related to Philipfilthy in his dress and manners, yet he gained
king of Macedonia, and her marriage with her heart and enjoyed her most unbounded
Lagus was not considered as dishonourable,favours. The sculptorMycon also solicited
because he was opulentand powerful. The the favours of Lais, but he met with cold- ness;
first of the Ptolemies is called Lagus, to dis- tinguish he, however, attributed the cause of
him from his successors of the same his illreceptionto the whiteness of his hair,
name. Ptolemy, the firstof the Macedonian and dyed it of a brown colour,but to no
kingsof Egypt, wished it to be believed that purpose : Fool that thou art, said the cour- tezan,
he was the legitimate son of Lagus, and he to ask what I refusedyesterday to thy
preferred the name of Lagidesto all other ap- father. Lais ridiculed the austerity
pellations. of phi-
losophers,
It is even said that he established and laughed at the weakness of
a military order in Alexandria,which was ed
call- those who pretendedto have gaineda superi- ority
Lageion. The surname of Lagides was over their passions, by observingthat the
transmitted to all his descendants on the Egyp- tian sages and philosophers of the age were not
throne tillthe reignof Cleopatra, ny's
Anto- above the rest of mankind, for she found them
mistress. Plutarch mentions an anecdote, at her door as often as the rest of the Atheni- ans.
which serves to show how far the legitimacy The success which her debaucheriea
of Ptolemy was believed in his age. A pedan-
tic met at Corinth encouragedLais to pass into
grammarian, says the historian, once playing
dis- Thessal}^ and more jiarticularly to enjoy the
his great knowledge of antiquity in company of a favourite youth called Hippo-
the presence of Ptolemy,the kingsuddenlyin- terrupted
stratus, She was however disappointed; the
him with the question of. Pray, tell women of the place,jealousof her charms,
vie, sir,ivho was the fatherof Peleus? Tell tne, and apprehensive of her corru])ting the fidelity
repliedthe grammarian, without hesitation,of their husbands, assassinated her in the tem- ple
tellme, if you can, 0 king! who the fatherof of Venus, about 340 years before the
Lagus was? This reflection on the meanness Christian era. Some suppose that tiiere were
of the monarch's birth did not in the least two persons of this name, a mother and her
irritatehis resfutment; though the courtiers 1daughter. Cic. ad Vam. y, cp. 26. Ovid
"
LA LA
^imor. 1, el.5. Plut. in Alcih. Fans. 2, c.
" " 2.
appointedcommander of a numerous forcfj
Laius, a son of Labdacus, who succeeded to and marched against Antipater, who then pre-
sided
the throne of Thebes, which his grandfather over Macedonia. Antipaterentered
Nycteus had leftto the care of his brother Thessaly at the head of 13,000 foot and 600
Lycus,tillhis grandson came of age. He was horse, and was beaten, by the superiorforce
driven from his kingdom by Araphion and of the Athenians and of their Greek confede- rates.
Zethus,who were incensed against Lycus for Antipaterafterthis blow fled to La- mia,
the indignities which Antiope had suffered. B. C. 323, where he resolved with all
He was afterwards restored, and married the courage and sagacity of a careful gene-
ral,
Jocasta the daughterof Creon. An oracle in-
formed to maintain a siegewith about the 8 or
him that he should ["erish by the hand 9000 men that had escaped from the field of
of his son, and in consequence of this dread-
ful battle. Leosthenes, unable to take the city
intelligence he resolved never to approach by storm, began to make a regular siege.His
his wife. A day spentin debauch and intox- ication operations were delayedby the frequent lies
sal-
made him violate his vow, and Jocasta of Antipater ; and Leosthenes beingkilled
broughtforth a son. The child as soon as born by the blow of a stone, Antipater made his es- cape
was givento a servant, with orders to put him out of Lamia, and soon after,with the
to death. The servant was moved with assistance of the army of Craterus broughtfrom
compassion,and only exposedhim on mount Asia,he gave the Athenians battle near Cra-
Cithaeron,where his life was preservedby non, and thoughonly 500 of their men were
a shepherd.The child called (Edipuswas slain, yet they became so dispirited, that they
educated in the court of Polybus,and an un- sued for peace from the conqueror.
fortunate ter
Antipa-
meetingwith his father in a narrow at last with difficulty consented, provided
road proved his ruin. (Edipusordered his theyraised taxes in the usual manner, received
fiatherto make way for him without knowing a Macedonian garrison,defrayedthe expenses
who he was ; Laius refused, and was instantly of the war, and lastly delivered into his hands
murdered by his irritated son. His arm-bearer Demosthenes and Hyperides,the two orators
or charioteer shared his fate. [Vid.(Edipus.] whose prevailing eloquencehad excited their
Sophod. in CEdip. Hygin.9 and 66. Diod. countrymen against
" "
him. These disadvanta-
geous
4."Apollod. 3, c. b."Paus. 9, c. 5 and 26." terms were acceptedby the Athenians,
Plut. de Curios. yet Demosthenes had time to escape and son
poi-
Lalage, one of Horace's favourite mistres-
ses. himself Hyperideswas carried before
Horat. 1, od. 23, ".c. Propert. 4, el. Antipater,
"
who ordered his tongue to be cut
7. A woman censured for her cruelty. off,and afterwards put him to death. Plut.
Martial. 2,ep. 66. in Demost. Diod. 17. Justin. 11, "c. " "
jin ancient Sibyl,by Jupiter.Paus. 10, c. Poet. V. 340." Plut. de Curios." Dion.
12. A famous courtezan, mistress to De- metrius Lamias yEnus, a governor of Syria un-
der
of their chief;but they carried away and kil- led Strab. 13." Pans. 9, c. 31." Herodot. 5, c.
some oxen. The watchful keepers 117.
of the C. J\'ep. in Themist. c. 10. Ovid. 1.
"
"
complainedto their father,and Jupiter,at the Trist. 9, v. 26. Fast. 8, v. 345." Liv. 33, c.
requestof Apollo,punishedthe oftence of the 38, 1.35, c. 42." Martial. 11, ep. 17,52.
Greeks. The hides of the oxen appeared to Lamptera, a town of Phocaea in Ionia.
walk, and the flesh which was roasting by the Lti;.37,c.31.
firebegan to bellow,and nothingwas heard but Lampteria, afestivalatPellene in Achaia,
dreadful noises and loud lowings. The com-
panions in honour of Bacchus, who was surnamed
of Ulyssesembarked on board their Lampter from t^stpt^av, to shine, because ring
du-
ships,but here the resentment of Jupiter lowed
fol- this solemnity,which was observed in the
them. A storm arose, and theyall per-
ished night,the worshippers went to the temple of
daughterof Agatho-
Sicily.Justin. 4, c. 3. cles,who mai'ried Pyn'hus,whom she soon
Lampridius JElius,a Latin historian in afterforsook for Demetrius. Plut.
the fourth centuiy, who wrote the livesof some Lancea., a fountain,
"c. Paus.
of the Roman emperors. His styleis inele-
gant, Lancia, a town of Lusitania. Flor. 4, c. 12.
and his His
arrangement injudicious. Landi, a peopleof Germemy conqueredby
lifeof Commodus,Heliogabalus, Alexander Se- Caesar.
verus,".C. isstillextant, and to be found in the
Langia, a river of Peloponnesus,falling
works of the Historice, Augusta Scriptores.into the bay of Corinth.
Lamprus, a celebrated musician, "lc. C. Langobardi, a warlike nation of Germany,
"
was succeeded byDoryssus his son. PaM5.3,c.2.Theseus,when he came with Diomedes from
Laocoon, a son of Priam and Hecuba, or, the Greeks to Troy with an embassyto de- mand
according to others,of Antenor,or of Capys. the restoration of Helen. She obtained
As beingpriest of ApoHo, he was ed
commission- an interview and the gratification of her desires
by the Trojansto offer a bullock to Nep-
tune at the house of Philebia, the wife of a gover-
nor
to render him propitious. During the of a small town of Troas,which the Greek
sacrificetwo enormous serpentsissiiedfrom ambassador had visited. She had a son by Aca- mas,
the sea, and attacked Laocoon's two. sons whom she called Munitus. She after-
wards
who stood next to the altar. The father im- mediately married Helicaon son of Antenor, and
attemptedto defend his sons, but Telephuskingof Mysia. Some call her Asty-
oche. Accordingto the Greek scholiast of Ly-
the serpents falling upon him squeezedhim in
their complicated wreaths,so that he died in cophron, Laodice threw herself down from the
the greatest agonies.This punishmentwas in- top of a tower and was killed when Troy was
flicted
sacked by the Greeks. Dictys. Cret. 1. Paus.
upon him for his temerity in dissuading "
the Trojansto bringinto the citythe fatal 13,c. 26." Homer. II.3 and 6. One of the
wooden horse which the Greeks had consecra- ted Oceanides. A daughter of Cinyras,by
to Minerva,as also for his impietyin hurl- ing whom Elatus had some children. ApoUod.3,
a javelin against the sides of the horse as it c. 14. A daughter of Agamemnon, called
entered within the walls. Hyginus attributes also Electra. Homer. II.9. A sisterof Mi-
thisto Illsmarriage against the consent of Apol-lo, thridateswho married Ariarathes kingofCap-
or, according to others, for his polluting the padocia, and afterwards her own brother Mi-
temple,by his commerce with his wife Anti- thridates. Duringthe secret absence of Mi-
JEn. 2, thridates, she prostituted herself to her ser-
ope, before the statue of the god. Virg.
vants,
Laodamia, a daughter of Acastus and As- 2d.] She was murdered by order of
tydamia,who married Protesilaus,the son of PtolemyEvergetes, B. C. 246. A daughter
of The parture
de- of Demetrius shamefully put to death by Ara-
Iphiclus king of a part Thessaly.
of her husband for the Trojanwar was raonius the tyrannical minister of the vicious
the source o( grief to her,but when she heard Alexander Bala,kingof Syria. A daughter
that he had fallen by the hand of Hector her of Seleucus. The mother of Seleucus.
son*ow was increased. To keep alive the Nine months before she broughtforth,she
she had tenderlydreamt that Apollo had introduced himself into
niemoiy of a husband whom
statue to be made her bed,and had presented her with a precious
loved, she ordered a wooden
her bed. This stone, on which was engraved the figure of an
and regularly placed in was
seen by one of her servants, who informed anchor,commanding her to deliver it to her
Iphiclus, that liisdaughter's bed was daily led
defi- son as soon as born. This dream appeared
unknown I phiclus watched the more wonderful, when in the morningshe
by an stranger.
his daughter, and when he found that the intel- ligencediscovered in her bed a ringansweringthe
was false, he ordered the wooden image same description. Not onlythe son that she
his daugh- brought forth, called Seleucus,but also all his
to be burned,in hopesof dissipating ter's
had
grief.He did not succeed. Laodamia successors ofof the house of tiie Seleucidae,
threw herself into the flames with the image, the mark an anchor upon their thigh.Jas-
and perished. This circumstance has givenoc-tin. Appian.in Syr.mentions
" this anchor,
casion to fabulous traditions related by the thoughin a differentmanner.
poets,which mention,that Protesilaus was re- stored LAooicEA, now Ladik,a cityof Asia,on the
to life, and to Laodamia, for three hours, borders of Caria,Phrygia, and Lydia, ted
celebra-
the for its commerce, and the fine softand
and that when he was obliged t o return to
infernal regions, he persuaded his wife to ac- companyblack wool
of itssheep. It was originally led
cal-
Diospolis, and afterwards RJioas;and re-
him. Virg.JEn. 6, v. 447. Ovid. "
ceived
mone the daughter of king lobates. She had Sirab, 12. Mela, I,c. 15. Cic. 5, Alt. 15.pro
" "
JpoUod. 3, c. 12. A son of Apollo and Laonome, the wife of Polyphemus, one of
Phthia. Id. 1; c. 7. the Argonauts.
LaogS-Vus, a son of Bias, brother to Dar- Laonomene, a daughter of Thespius,by
danus, killed by Achilles at the siegeof Troy. whom Hercules had two sons. Teles and Me-
Horn. II. 20, v. 461. A priestof Jupiter,nippides,and two daughters, Lysidiceand
killed by Merion in the Trojan war. Homer. Stentedice. Apollod.2, c. 7.
II. 16, V. 604. Laothoe, a daughterof Altes, a king of
Laogoras, a king of the Dryopes, who the Leleges, who married Priam, and became
accustomed his subjects to become robbers. mother of Lycaon and Polydorus. Homer.
He plundered the templeof Apolloat Delphi,II. 21, V. 85. One of the daughters of
and was killed by Hercules. ApoUod.2,c. 7. Thespius,mother of Antidus, by Hercules.
"Diod. 4. Apollod.
2, c. 7.
Laogore, a daughterof Cinyrasand Me- Laous, a river of Lacedasmon.
tharme, daughterof Pygmalion. She died in Lapathus, a cityof Cypi-us.
14. Laphria, a surname of Diana at Patrze in
Egypt. Apollod.
3, c.
Laomedon, son king of Troy,mar-
of Ilus ried Achaia,where she had a templev.'itha statue
Strymo,called by some Placia, or Leu- of gold and ivoiy,which represented her in
whom he had Podarces, afterwards the habit of a huntress. The statue was made
cippe,by
known by the name of Priam, and Hesione. by Menechm js and Soidas,two artistsof ce-lebrity.
He built the walls of Troy,and was assisted This name was givento the goddess
by Apolloand Neptune, whom Jupiterhad from Laphirus, the son of Delphus,who con-secrated
banished from heaven, and condemned to be the statue to her. There was a tival
fes-
subservient to the will of Laomedon for one of the goddessthere,called also Laphria,
When the walls were don
Laome-
finished, of which Paus. 7, c. 18, givesan account.
year.
refused to reward the labours of the gods, Laphystium, a mountain of Boeotia,where
and soon afterhis territorieswere laid waste Jupiterhad a temple,whence he was called
Laphystius.It was here that Athamas
by the god of the sea, and his subjects were pared
pre-
visitedby a pestilence sent by Apollo. Sacri-
fices to immolate Phryxus and Helle,whom
were offered to the offended divinities, Jupiter saved by sendingthem a golden ram,
but the calamities of the Trojans increased, whence the surname and the homage paid to
and nothingcould appease the godsaccordingthe god. Paus. 9, c. 34.
to the words of the oracle,but annually to ex-
pose Lapideus, a surname of Jupiteramong
to a sea monster a Trojanvirgin. ever
When- the Romans.
the monster appeared the marriageable LapIth^, a people of Thessaly.[Vid.
maidens were assembled, and the lot decided Lapithus. ]
which of them was doomed to death for the Lapitho, a cityof Cyprus.
good of her country. When this calamity had Lapithus, a son of Apollo,by Stilbe. He
continued for five or six years, the lot fellupon was brother to Centaurus, and married Orsi-
Hesione, Laomedon's daughter.The kingwas nome, daaghterof Eiironymus,by whom he
unwillingto part with a daughterwhom he had Phorbas and Periphas. The name of
loved with uncommon his Lapilhcc
tenderness, but was given to the numerous children
refusalwould irritatemore strongly the wrath of Phorbas and Periphas, or rather to the in- habitants
of the gods. In the midst of his fears and of the country of which they had
hesitation,Hercules came and offered to de-
liverobtained the sovereignty. The chief of the
the Trojansfrom this publiccalamity,Lapithai assembled to celebrate the nuptials of
if I,aomedon promisedto reward him with Pirithous,one of their number, and among
a number of line horses. The king consent-
ed them were Theseus, Dryas,Hopleus,Mop-
the monster destroyed, he sus, Phalerus,Exadius,Proiochus, Titaresius,
; but when was
refused to fulfilhis engagements, and Her- cules ".C. The Centaurs v. ere also invited to par-take
was obligedto besiegeTroy, and take the common festivity, and the amuse-
ments
it by force of arms. Laomedon was put to would have been harmless and innocent,
death after a reign of 29 years, his daughter had not one of the intoxicated Centaurs offer- ed
Hesione was given in marriage to Telamon, violence to Hippodamia,the wife of Pirith- ous.
one of the conqueror's attendants, and Podar-
ces The Lapithse resented the injury, and
was ransomed by the Trojans, and placed the Centaurs supported their companions,up- on
According to Hy- which the quaiTcl became universal, and
upon his father's throne.
gin'.if, the wrath of Neptune and Apollowas ended in blows and slaughter.Many of the
kindied againstLaomedon, because he re-
fused Centaurs were slain,and they at last were
to offer on Iheir altars,as a sacrifice, all obliged to retire. Theseus among the Lapi-
thse
the firstborn of his cattle, accordingto a showed himself brave and intrepid in sup-
porting
vow he had made. Homer. II.21. Virg.JEn. "
the cause of his friends,and Nestor al-
so
2 and 9." OyiV/. Met. 11, fab. Q."Apollod.2, was not lessactive in the protection of chas-
tity
c. 6." Pans. 7, c. 20."Horat. 3, od. 3."Hy- and innocence. This quarrelarose from
giyi. 89. A demagogue of i\Iessana in Si- cily.the resentment of Mars, whom Pirithous for-
got
A satrap of Phoenicia, Lc. Curt. 10, or neglectedto invite among the other
c. 10. An Athenian, k,c. Plui. An gods,at the celebration of his nuptials, and
Orchomeuian. Id. thereforethe divinitypunished the insult by
L.^oMiiDONTEUs, an epithet appliedto thf' sowing dissention among the festiveassembly.
Trojans from their kii^
Laomedon. Firg.[yid.Centauri.]Hesiod has described the
JEn. 4,v. 542, 1. 7, v. 105,1.8, v. 18. battle of the Centaurs and Lapilhae, as also
601, 1. 7, V. 305." Ovid. Met. 12, v. 530, 1. 14, 4. Mt. 12,1. 7, ep. 13." Liv. 22, c. 18,1.27, c.
V. 670. Hesiod. in Scut. Diod. 4. Find. 2.
" " " 40." CcB^. a 1, c. 23.
"Pylh. "Strab.9."Slat. Thth. 7, v. 304. Larissa, a daughterof Pelasgus,
who gave
LAPiTHiEUM, a town of Arcadia. Paus. 3, her name to cities in Greece.
some Paus. 2,
c. 20. c. 23. A citybetween Palestine and Egypt,
Lailv or Laranda, one of the Naiads, where Porapey was murdered and buried ac-
cording
sea, Viales over the roads, Patellarii, he. 27, c. 31." Paus. 8, c. 43.
According to the opinionof some, the wor- ship Larius, a lai'ge lake of CisalpineGaul,
of the gods Lares,who are supposedto throughwhich the Addua runs in its way into
be the same the manes,
as arises from the an-cient the Po, above Cremona. Virg.G. 2, v. 159.
custom among the Romans and other Larnos, a small desolate island on the coast
nations of buryingtheir dead in their houses, of Thrace.
and from their belief that their spirits ually
contin- Laronia, a shameless courtezan in Juve-
nal's
hovered over the houses, for the protec-
tion age. Jul'. 2, V. 86.
ofits inhabitants. The statues ofthe Lares, Lars Tolumnius, a kingof the Veientes,
resemblingmonkies, and covered with the conqueredby the Romans, and put to death,
skin of a dog, were placed in a nich behind A. U. C. 329. Liv. 4, c. 17 and 19.
the doors ofthe houses,or around the hearths. T. Lartius Florus, a consul,who
ed
appeas-
At the feet of the Lares was the figureof a a sedition raised by the poorer citizens,
dog barking,to intimate their care and vigi- lance. and was the first dictator ever chosen at
Incense was burnt on their altars,Rome, B. C. 498. He made SpuriusCas-
and a sow was also otfered on particular days. sius his master of horse. Liv. 2, c. 18.""
Their festivals were observed at Rome in the Spurius, one of the three Romans who alone
'month of May, when their statues were withstood the furyof Porsenna's army at the
crowned with garlands of flowers,and ofter- head of a bridge, while the communication wa"
ings of fruit presented.The word Lares cuttingdown behind them. His compa-
nions
seems to be derived from the Etruscan word were Codes and Herminius. [Vid.
Lars, which signifies conductor or leader. Codes.] Liv. 2, c. 10 and 18. DionysHal.
Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 129." Juv. 8, v. 8."PluL in Val. Max. 3, c. 2.
"
The name of Lartius
QucEst. Rom. Varro de L. L. 4, c. 10. Horat. has been common
"
"
to many Romans.
3, od. 23." Plant, in jiul.^ Cist. Lartol^etani, a peopleof Spain.
Larga, a well known prostitute in Juve-
nal's Larv^, a name givento the wicked spirits
age. Juv. 4, v. 25. and apparitions which, accordingto the
Largus, a Latin poet who wrote a poem notions of the Romans, issued from their
on the arrival of Antenor in Italy, where he graves in the night,and came to terrify the
built the town of Padua. He composed with world. As the word larva signifies amaskf
ease and elegance. Ovid, ex Font. 4, ep. 16, whose horrid and uncouth appearance often
V. 17. serves to frightenchildren,that name has
Larides, a son who been givento the ghostsor spectreswhich
of Daucus
Dauuus or
the Frentani on the Tiferuus before itfalls Larvsium,a mountain of Laconia. Paus.
3, c. 22.
LA LA
Lassia,an ancient name of Andros. 1itwas should
that the quarrel
agreed, be de*
Lassus or Lasus, a dithyrambicpoet 1cided by the two rivals, and Latinus promised
born at Hermione in Peloponnesus,about Ihis daughterto the conqueror. jJLneas ob-
600 years before Christ, and reckoned among I tained the victory, and married Lavinia. the
La-
wise men of Greece by some. He is tinus soon after died,and was succeeded by his
particularly known by the answer he gave son-in-law. Virg.JEn. 9, k.c. Ovid. Met. 13, "
to a man who asked him what could best he" Fast. 2, kc."Dionys. Hal. 1, c. 13."
render life pleasantand comfortable.' Ex- perience.
Liv. I, c. 1, "c. Jitslin.43, c. 1." A son
He was acquaintedwith music. of Sylvius^neas, surnamed also Sylvius.
Some fragmentsof his poetry are to be found He was the 5th king ef the Latins,and suc- ceeded
in Athenaeus. He wrote an ode upon the his father. He was father to Alba his
Centaurs, and an hymn to Ceres, without successor. Dionys.1, c. 15." -Lit'. 2, c. 3.
letter
insertingthe S in the Athtn.
composition. A son of Ulyssesand Circe also bore this
10. name.
Lasthenes, a governor of Olynthus cor- rupted Latium, a country of Italy near the river
A Tiber.
by Philipking of Macedonia. It was originallyvery circumscribed,
Cretan demagogue conquered by Metellus extendingonly from the Tiber to Circeii,
the Roman general. A cruel minister at but afterwards it comprehended the territo^
the court of the Seleucidae, kingsof Syria. ries of the Volsci,iEqui,Hernici, Ausones,
Lasthenia, a woman who disguisedher-
self Umbii, and Rutuli. The first inhabitants
to come and hear Plato's lessons. Diog. were called AborigineSf and received the
Latagus, a king of Pontus who assisted name of Latini from Latinus their king.
lEXes against the Argonauts, and was killed Accordingto others the word is derived from
Flacc. 5, 584. One of the lateo,to conceal,because Saturn concealed
by Darapes. v.
Latialis, a surname of Jupiter,who was Ovid. Trist 2, v. 299. Art. Am. 3, v. SS," Plin,
worshippedby the inhabitants of Latium upon 4, c. 29." Strab. 14." Cic. 1, Tus. 28.
mount Albanus at stated times. The festivals Latobius, the god of heaUh among the
which were first institutedby Tarquin the Corinthians.
proud,lasted 15 days. Liv. 21. [Vid.Fe- Latoerigi, a peopleof BelgicGaul.
riee Latinae.] Latois, a name of Diana as being th"
LATiNi,the inhabitants of Latium.
[Vid. daughter of Latona. A country hous"
Latium.] near Ephesus.
Latin lus Latiaris, a celebrated informer, LatobUjE. [Vid.Latumia}.]
Stc. Tacit. Latona, a daughterof Cceus the Titan and
Latinus, a son of Faunus by Marica, king Phoebe, or, accordingto. Homer, of Saturn.
of the Aborigines, in Italy,who from him were She was admired for her beauty,and cele- brated
called Latini. He married Amata, by Avhom he for the favours which she grantedto
had a son and a daughter. The son died in his Jupiter. Juno,, always jealousof her hus- band's
infancy, and the daughter, called Lavinia,was amours, made Latona the objectof
secretly promised in marriageby her mother her vengeance, and sent the serpentPython to
to Turnus king of the Rutuli,one of her most disturb her peace and persecuteher. Latona
powerfuladmirers. The gods opposed this wandered from place to place in the time
union, and the oracles declared that Lavinia of her pregnancy, continually alarmed for
must become the wife of a foreign prince.fear of Python. She was driven from heaven ,
he claimed Lavinia as his lawful wife, and above, and sometimes below, the surface
preparedto supporthis cause by arms. iEneas of the sea. Latona, changed into a quailby
took up arms in his own defence,and Latium Jupiter, came to Delos, w^here she resumed
was the seat of the war. After mutual losses her original shape,and gave birth to Apolli?^
LA LA
and Diana, leaningagainst a palm tree or an Lavinium, or Lavinum, a town of Italy,
olive. Her repose was of short duration ; built by iEneas, and called by that name in
Juno discov^eredthe placeof her retreat,and honour of Lavinia,the founder's wife. It was
obligedher to flyfrorjiDelos. She wandered the capitalof Latiura during the
reign of
over the greatest part of the world, and in ^neas. Virg.Mi. 1, v. 262."Strab. 5."
Caria, where her fatigue compelled her to Dionys.Hal. 1. Liv. 1, c. 2. Justin. 43, " "
Latreus, one of the Centaurs, who, after Laurion, a place of Attica, where were
Ivillius Halesus was himself slain by Cseneus, goldmines, from which the Athenians drew
Ovid. Xet. 12,V. 463. considerable revenues, and with which they
Laudamia, a daughter of Alexander king built their fleets by the advice of Themis-
of Epirusand Olympiasdaughterof Pyrrhus, tocles. These mines failed before the age
killed in a temple of Diana, by the enraged of Strabo. Tliueyd.2. Pans. 1, c. 1." "
oracle,thai Spartawouid lose the superiority Met. 6, V. 109." Hesiod. 17,v. 55." Hygin.fab.
over Greece when conqueredby the Thebans 77. Isocr.inHel. " " Homer. Od. 11. Eurip.in
"
Augustusmaintained a stand-
ing
33. army of twenty-threeor twenty-five le-
gions,
Lebena, a commercial town of Crete, and this number was seldom diminished.
with a temple sacred to ..Esculapius. Paas. In the reignof Tiberius there were 27 legions,
2, c. 26. and the peace establishment of Adrian main-tained
Lebinthos and Lebynthos, an island in the no less than 30 of these formidable bri-
gades.
JEgean sea, near Patmos. Strab. 10. "
Mela, They ^vere distributedover
the man Ro-
2; c. 7." Ovid. Met. 8, v. 222. empire,and their stations
settled were
agineJ that tie fable was unknown to these ja wuii wa.? tliestandard,in honour of Romu-
LE LE
lus ;afterthatahog,because that animal was ge- the proverb
nerally of Lemnian actiont, which is ap-
plied
sacrificedat the conclusion of a treaty, to all barbarous and inhuman deed*.
and therefore itindicated that war is underta-
ken The firstinhabitants of Lemnos were the Pe-
for the obtaining of peace. A minotaur lasgi,or rather the Thracians,w ho were dered
mur-
was sometimes the standard,to intimate the by their wives. After them came the
secrecy with which the generalwas to act, in children of the Lemnian widows by the Argo-
nauts,
commemoration of the labyrinth. Sometimes whose descendants were at last expelled
a horse or a boar was used,tillthe age of Ma-
rias, by the Pelasgi, about 1100 years before the
who changed all these for the eagle,be- ing christian era. Lemnos isabout 1 12 miles in cir-
cumference,
representation
a of that bird in silver,
hold-
ing according who says, that
to Pliny,
sometimes a thunderbolt in its claws. itisoften shadowed by mount Athos,thoughat
The Roman eagleever after remained in use, the distance of 87 miles. It has been called
though Trajan made use of the dragon. Hipsipyle, from queen Hipsipyle.It is famous
Leitus, or Letus, a commander of the for a certain kind of earth or chalk, called
Boeotians at the siegeof Troy, He was saved terra Lemnia, or terra the from
sigillaia,
from the victorious hand of Hector and from seal or impressionwhich it can bear. As
death by Idomenus. Homer. II. 2, 6, and 17. the inhabitants were blacksmiths, the poets
One of the Argonauts,son of Alector. have taken occasion to fixthe forges
of Vulcan
Apollod.
2, c. 9. in that island,and to consecrate the whole
Lelaps, a that never
dog failed to seize country to his divinity.Lemnos is also cele-
brated
and conquer whatever animal he was ordered for a labyrinth, which, according to
to pursue. It was given to Pocris by Diana, some traditions,surpassed those of Crete and
and Pocris reconciled herself to her husband Egypt. Some remains of it were stillvisible
by presenting him with that valuable present.in the age of Pliny. The island of Lemnos,
According to some, Pocris had received it now called Slalimene,was reduced under the
from Minos, as a reward for the dangerous power of Athens by Miltiades,and the Ca-
wounds of which she had cured him. Hygin. rians,who then inhabited it,obligedto emi- grate.
fab. \2S."0vid: Met. 7, v. 771." Paiw. 9, c. Virg.JEn. 8, v. 454. Homer. 11. 1,v. "
19. One of Actaeon's dogs. Ovid. Met. 3, 593." C. Mp. in Milt." Strab. 1,2, and 7."
V. 211. Herodot. 6, c. 140. Mela, 2, c. 7. Apollon.
"
1, "
bad carried
away to become their wives. Met.4,v. 14. A leai'ned grammarian, or- dered
These two acts of*^ cruelty have given rise to by Pompey to translateinto Latin some
LE LE
of the physicalmanuscripts of Mithridates, Leodamas, a son of Eteocles,one of the
kingof Fontus. seven Theban chiefs who defended the city
Lentolus, a celebrated familyat Rome, against the Argives. He killed ^gialeus,
and
which produced many greatmen in the monwealth. was
com- himself killed by Alcmaeon. A son of
The most illustrious were
L. Hector and Andromache. Dictys.
Crtt.
Corn. Lentulus,a consul,A. U. C. 427, who Leodocws, one of the Argonauts. Flacc.
dispersed some robbers who infested Umbria. an Athenian debauchee, wh"
Leogoras,
Batiatus Lentulus, a man who trained the courtezan
maintained Myrrhina.
up some gladiatorsat Capua, which escaped Leon, a kingof Sparta. Herodot. 7, c. 204.
from his school. Corn. Lentulus,surnaraed A town of Sicily, near Syracuse. Liv. 24,
Suri. He joinedin Catihne's conspiracy, and c. 25.
assisted in corrupting the Allobroges.He was Leona, a courtezan, called also Lasna. Fit?.
convicted in full senate by Cicero, and put in Laena.
prison, and afterwards executed. A consul Leonatus, one of Alexander's generals.
who triumphed over the Samnites. Cn. His father'sname Eunus. He distinguish-
was ed
Lentulus,surnamed Gadulicus,was made con-
sul, himself in Alexander's conquest of Asia,^
A. D. 26, and was, some time after,put and once saved the king'slifein a dangerous
to death by Tiberius, who was jealousof his battle. After the death of Alexander, at the
greatpopularity.He wrote an history, tioned
men-
generaldivision of the provinces, he received
by Suetonius,and attemptedalso poe- try. for his that
portion of which bor-
part Phrygia ders
L. Lentulus, a friend of Pompey, the Hellespont. He was
on empowered
put to death in Africa. P. Corn. Lentulus, by Perdiccas to assistEumenes in making him-
self
a prcetor,defeated by the rebellious slaves master of the province of Cappadocia,
in Sicily. Lentulus Spinther,a senator, which had been allotted to him. Like the rest
kindlyused by J. Caesar,""c. A tribune at of the
generals of Alexander, he was ambitious
the battle of Cannae. P. Lentulus, a friend of and dominion. He
power aspiredto the
of Brutus,mentioned by Cicero (rfeOral. 1,c. sovereignty of Macedonia, and secretly municated
com-
48,)as a greatand consummate statesman. "
Eutrop,
"
to his countrymen, and he was always sent c. 8." Justin. 13, c. 2. Diod. 18. C. JVep.in " "
of
Justin. 2. Val. Max.
"
of the Proclidae. He
" Plut. in Lye.^ Cleom. A king of Sparta was set over the Grecian fleet, and by his cour-
age
after Areus II. 257 years before Christ. He and valour he put an end to the Persian
was driven from his kingdom by Cleombrotus, war at the famous battle of Mycale. It is said
his son-in-law,and afterwards re-established. that he cheered the spirits of his fellow sol-
diers
-A preceptor to Alexander the Great at Mycale, who were anxious for their
A friend of Parmenio, appointedcommander, countrymen in Greece, by raising a reportthat
by Alexander, of the soldiers who lamented a battle had been foughtat Plataea,in which
the death of Parmenio, and who formed a se- parate the barbarians had been defeated. This suc-
ceeded,
cohort. Curt. 7, c. 2. A learned and the information "was false,
though
man of Rhodes, commended
greatly by Stra-
yet a battle was
foughtat Phvta^a, in which the
bo, ",c. Greeks obtained the victory the same day that
Leontium and Leontini, a town of Sicily, the Persian fleet was destroyedat Mycale.
about five miles distant from the sea-shore. Leotychides was accused of a capital crime by
It was built by a colonyfrom Chalcis,in Eu- the Ephori, and, to avoid the
punishment
boea,and was, accordingto some accounts, which his guilt seemed to deserve, he fled to
the habitation of the Laestrigones, for the
once
temple of Minerva at Tegea, where he
which reason the neighbouring fieldsare often perishedB. C. 469, after a
reignof 22 years.
called L(Bsirigonii campi. The country was He was succeeded by his grandsonArchida-
extremelyfruitful, whence Cicero calls it the mus. Paus. 3, c. 7 and 8. Diod. 11. A son "
bed
Leoktium, a celebrated courtezan of Athens, his lawful son andheir,and Agesilauswas
who philosophyunder Epicurus,and ap-pointed
studied in his place. C. JVep.in Ages. "
Leos, a son of Orpheus, who immolated who had gainedthe heart of his soldiers by ar-
his three daughtersfor the good of Athens. tilice, and that of their commander by his ad-
dress.
Vid. Leocorion. When his influence and |)Ower among
Leosthenes, an Athenian general, who, the soldiers had made him one of the trium- virs,
after Alexander's death, drove Antipaterto he showed his cruelty, like his colleagues,
Thessaly,where he besiegedhim in the town by his proscriptions, and even suffered his own
of Lamia. The success which for a while at- brother to be sacrificed to the dagger of the
tended
his arms was soon changedby a fatal triumvirate. He received Africa as his por- tion
blow whichhe rcceivedfrom aelone thrown by in the division of the empire; but his in- dolence
the besieged, B, C. 323. The death of Leos-
thenes soon rendered him despicable in the
was followed bv a totaldefeat of the eyes of his soldi'jrs and of his colleagues ; and
LE LE
Augustus,who was well acquaintedwith the jthat Hercules killedthe famous hydra. Virg.
unpopularityof Lepidus,went to his campion.6, v. 803, 1. 12, v. 517. Strah.^.-'M''lay "
and obliged him to resign the power to which -2, c. 3. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 597.
"
Lucret. 5. " "
he was entitled as beiug a triumvir. After Slat. Theb. 4, v. 638." Apollod. 2, c. 15.
this degradingevent, he suuk into obscurity, There was a festival, called Lerruza, cele-
brated
and retired, by order of Augustus, to Cerceii, there in honour of Bacchus, Proser-
pine,
a small town on the coast of Latium, where and Ceres. The Argivesused to cariy
he ended his days in peace, B. C. 13, and tire to this solemnityfrom a temple upon
where he was forgotten as soon as out of power. mount Crathis,dedicated to Diana. Paus.
Appiaa. Pint, in Aug. Fior. 4, c. 6 and 7.
"
"
Lero, a small island on the coast of Gaul,
" ^-A Roman consul, sent to be the guardiancalled also Lerina.
of young PtolemyEpiphanes, whom his father Leros. Vid. Leria.
had left to the care of the Roman people. Ta-
cit. Lesbos, a largeisland in the -(Egeansea,
Aim. 2, c. 67. Justin. 30, c. 3.
" A son now known by the name of Metelin,168
of Julia,the grand-daughter of Augustus. He miles in circumference. It has been severally
was intended by Caius as his successor in the called JEgira,Lasia,JEihiope, and Pelasgiay
Roman empire. He committed adultery with from the Pelasgi, by whom itwas firstpeopled;
Agrippina when young. Dion. 59. An Macaria, fi'om Macareus who settled in it,
orator mentioned by Cicero in Brut. A and Lesbos from the son-in-law and successor
censor, A. U. C. 734. of Macareus who bore the same name. The
LepinuS; a mountain of Italy. Colum. 10. chief towns of Lesbos were Methymna and
Lepontii, a people at the source of the Mitylene. Lesbos was originallygoverned
Rhine. Plin. 5, c. 20. by kings, but they were afterwards subjected
Lepreos, a son of Pyrgeus,who built a to the neighbouring powers. The wine which
town in Elis, which he called afterhis own it produced was greatlyesteemed by the an- cients,
name. He laid a wager that he would eat as and stillis in the same repute among
much as Hercules ; upon which he killed an the moderns. The Lesbians were celebrated
ox and eat it up. He afterwards challengedamong the ancients for their skillin music,and
Hercules to a trialof strength, and was killed. their women for their beauty; but the general
Paus. 5, c. 5. character of the peoplewas so debauched and
Leprium or Lepreos, a town of Elis. Cic. dissipate, that the epithet of Lesbian was often
6. Atl. 2." Plin. 4, c. 5. used to signify debaucheiyand extravagance.
Leptines, a general of Demetrius, who Lesbos has givenbirth to many illustriousper- sons,
ordered Cn. Octavius,one of the Roman bassadors,
am- such as Arion,Terpander, "c. The best
to be put to death. A son of verses w ere by way of eminence often called
Hermocrates, of Syracuse,brother to Dio- Leshoum carmen, from Alca^us and Sappho,
nysius. He was sent by his brother againstwho distinguished themselves for their poeti-cal
the Carthaginians, and experiencedso much compositions, and were also natives of the
success, that he sunk fifty of their ships. He place. Diod. b."Strab. 13." Virg.G. 2, v.
was afterwards defeated by Mago, and banish- ed 90." Horat. 1, ep. U." Herodot. l,c. 160.
by Dionysius.H" always continued a Lesbus or Lesbos, a son of Lapithas,
faithful friend to the interests of his brother, grandsonof ^olus, who married Methymna,
thoughnaturally an avowed enemy to tyranny daughterof Macareus. He succeeded his fa- ther-in-law,
and oppression. He was killed in a battle with and gave his name to the island
the Carthaginians. Diod. 15. A famous over which he reigned.
orator at Athens,who eudeavoured to unload Lesches, a Greek poet of Lesbos,who flour- ished
the peoplefrom oppressive taxes. He was posed
op- B. C. 600. Some suppose him to be the
by Demosthenes. A tyrantof Apol- author of the littleIliad,of which onlyfew
lonia,in Sicilv, who surrendered to Timoleon verses remain quotedby Paus. 10, c, 25.
Diod. 16. Lestrygones. Vid. Laestiygones.
Leptis, the name of two cities of Africa, Letanum, a town of Propontis, built by the
one of which, called Major,now" Lehida,was Athenians.
near the Syrtes,and had been built by a Ty- Leth^sus, a river of Lydia,flowing by Mag-
nesia
rian or Sidonian colony. The other, called into the Meander. Sfrab. 10, Lc.
Minor, now Lemta, was about eighteenRo- man Another of Macedonia. Of Crete.
miles from Adrumetum. It paidevery Lethe, one of the rivers of hell,whose wa- ters
day a talent to the republic of Carthage,by the souls of the dead drank after they had
way of tribute. Lucan. 2, v. 2o\."Plin. been confinedforacertain space of time in Tar- tarus.
5, c. 19. Sallust. in Jug. 77. Mela, 1, c. 8.
" "
It had the power of making them for- get
"Strab. 3, v. 257." Cce*. C. 2, c. 38." Cic. 5. whatever they had done, seen, or heard,
Verr. 59. before,as the name implies, oblivion.
^"iJ"i,
Lerja, an island in the ."gean sea, on the Lethe is a river of Africa,near the Syrtes,
coast of Caria, about eighteenmiles in cir- which runs
cumference, under the ground,and some time
peopled by a Milesian colony.after risesagain, whence the origin of the fable
Its inhabitants were very dishonest. Slrab. of the Lethean streams of oblivion. There
10." Herodot. 5, c. 125. is also a river of that name in Spain. other
An-
Lerina or Pl.\nasia, a small island in the in Boeotia, whose waters werednmkby
Mediterranean, on the coast of Gaul, at the those who consulted the oracle of Trophonius.
east of the Rhone. Tacit. Ann. 1,c. 3. Lucan. 9, v. 355. " Ovid. Trisi. 4, el. 1, v. 47.
Lerna, a country of Argolis,celebrated "
on the west of Crete, appearing at a distance 14. A son of Athamas and Themisto.
like white clouds,whence the name. Pans. 6, c. 22. A kingof Pontus killedby
Leucippe, one of the Oceanides. his brother,whose bed he bad defiled. Ovid.
Leucippides, the daughters of Leucippus.in lb. 3. A town of Africa near Cyrene.
Vid. Leucippus. Herodot. 4, c. 160.
Leucippe, a celebrated philosopher of Leucone, a daughterof Aphidas,who gave
Abdcra, about 428 years before Christ,disci-
ple her name to a fountain of Arcadia. Pans.
to Zeno. He was the firstwho invented 8, c.44.
the famous system of atoms and of a vacuum, Leucones, a son of Hercules. J^pollod.
which was afterwards more fullyexplained by Leuconoe, a daughterof Lycambes. The
Democritus and Epicurus. Many of his hy- potheses
Leuconoe to whom Horace addresses his 1 od.
have been adoptedby the moderns, 11, seems to be a fictitiousname.
with advantage. Diogenes has written bis life. Leucopetua, a placeon the isthmus of Co- rinth,
A brother of Tyndarus king of Sparta, where the Achaeans were defeated by
who married Philodice daughterof Inachus, the consul Mummius. A promontory six
hy whom he had two daughters, Hilaira and miles east from Khegium in Italy, where the
Plioibe,known pides. Appcninesterminate and sink iuto the sea.
by the patronymicof Leucip-
They were carried away by theircou- sins Leucopiirys, a temple of Diana, with a
Castor and PoUax, as they were goingto city of the same name, near the Maeander.
LE LI
The goddess
was under
represented the figure
I Leuttchides, a Lacedaemonian, made kin*
of a woman many breasts, and crowned
with Iof Spartaon the expulsion of Demaratus. He-
with victory. An ancient name of Tenedos. [rodot. 6, c. 65, "c. Vid. Leotvchides. "
Pam. 10, c. U."Slrab. 13 and 14. Lexovii,a peopleof Gaul, at the mouth of
Leccopolis, a town of Caria. the Seine, conquered with great slaughter by
Leccos, a river of Macedonia near Pydna. a lieutenant of J. Cajsar. Cks. Bell. G.
A man, k,c. Vid. Idomeneus. LiBAMus, a celebrated sophistofAntioch,
Leucosia, a small island in the Tyrrhene in the age of the emperor Julian. He was
f^a. It received its name from one of the educated at Athens, and opened a school at
companions of iEneas, who was drowned Antioch,which producedsome of the best and
there,or from one of the Sirens, who was most of the literary
characters of the age.
thrown there by the sea. Strab. 5. " Ovid. Libanius was naturally
vain and arrogant, and
Met. 15, V. 708. he contemptuouslyrefused the offers of the
Leucosyrii, a peopleof Asia Minor, called emperor Julian, who wished to purchasehis
afterwards Cappadocians. Strab. 12. The friendship and intimacyby raising him to offi-
ces
same name is givento the inhabitants of Cili- of the greatest splendourand affluence in
,
cia where it borders on Cappadocia. C. JVep.the empire. When Julian had imprisoned
14, c. 1. the senators ofAntioch for their impertinence,
Leucothoa or Leucothea, the wife of Libanius undertook the defence of his fellow-
Athamas, changed into a sea deity. [Vid. citizens, and paid a visit to the emperor, in
Ino.] She was called Mutura by the Romans, which he astonished him by the boldness and
"who raised her a temple,where all the peo- ple, independenceof his expressions, and the firm-
ness
partfcularly women, offered vows for and resolution of his mind. Some of his
their brother's children. They did not entreat orations, and above 1600 of his letters, are tant;
ex-
the deityto protecttheir own children,be-cause they discover much affectation and ob- scurity
Ino had been unfortunate in her's. No of style, and we cannot perhapsmucli
female slaves were permittedto enter the regretthe loss of writingswhich afforded no- thing
temple, or iftheir curiosity tempted them to but a display of pedantry, and quotations
transgressthis rule,they were beaten away from Homer. Julian submitted his writings
with the greatest severity.To this supplica- ting to the judgment of Libanius with the greatest
for other people's children,Ovid alludes confidence,and the sophist freely rejectedor
in these lines : Fast. 6. approved,and showed that he was more tached
at-
JVon tamcn hanc,pro stripe tuupiamaieradorat, to the person than the fortune and
Ipsaparumfelixvisa fuisst pareiis. greatnessof bis prince. The time of his death
A daughterof king Orchamus by Eury- is unknown. The best edition of Libanius
nome. Apollobecame enamoured of her, and seems to be that of Paris,fol. 1606, with a se- cond
to introduce himself to her with greater facili- ty, volume published by Morell, 1627. His
he assumed the shape and features of her epistles have been edited by Wolf. fol. 1738.
mother. Their happiness was complete,when LiBANus, a high mountain of Syria, famous
Clytia, who tenderlyloved Apollo,and was for itscedars. Strab. 6.
jealousof his amours with Leucothoe, disco-vered LiBENTiNA, a surname of Venus, who had
the whole intrigue to her father, who a temple at Rome, where the young women
ordered his daughterto be buried alive. The used to dedicate the toys and childish amuse- ments
lover,unable to save her from death,sprinkled of their youth, when arrived at nubile
nectar and ambrosia on her tomb, which pene-
trating years. Vairo. de L. L. 5, c. 6.
as far as the body,changed it into a LiBER, a surname of Bacchus, which fies
signi-
beautiful tree, which bears the frankincense. received this name from his de-
/ree. He
livering
Ovid. Met. 4, v, 196. An island in the Tyrr-
hene
some citiesof Bceotia from slavery, or
which Epaminondas the Theban generalob- tainedCic. in Ver. 4, c. 48. A name given to
over the superiorforce of Cleombro- Ariadne by Bacchus, or Liber, when he had
tus, kingof Sparta, on the 8th of July,B. C. married her. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 513.
371. In this famous battle 4000 Spartans LiBERALiA, festivalsyearly celebrated in
were killed, with their kingCleombrotus, and honourof Bacchus the 17th of March. Slaves
no more than 300 Thebans. From that time were then permitted to speak with freedom,
the Spartans lost the empireof Greece, which and every thingbore the appearance of inde-
pendence.
they had obtained for near 500 years. Plui. They are much the same as the
of liberty, and impatient when confined. Liv. LiBYcuM MARE, that part of the Mediter-
ranean,
24, c. it",1. 25, c. T."Ovid. Trist. 3, el. 1,v. which lies on the coast of Cyreue.
72." P/uf. in Grac."Dio. Cas. 44, Strab. 2.
LiBETHRA, a fountain of Magnesiain Thes- LiBYCus and Libystis. [Fid.Libya.]
saly,or of Boeotia accordingto some, sacred LiEYs, a sailor, ".c. Ovid. Met. 3.
to the Muses, who from thence are called LiBYSSA, a river of Bithynia,with a town
Libethrides. Virg.Ecl.l, v. 21." P/in. 4, c. of the same name, where was the tomb of
9." Mela, 2, c. S."Strab. 9 and 10. Annibal, stillextant in the age of Pliny.
LiBETHmDES, a name givento the Muses LicATEs, a peopleof Vindelicia.
from tlie fountain Libethra, or from mount LiCHA, a citynear Lycia,
Libethrus in Thrace. LicHARDEs, small islands near Caeneum, a
LiBici, LiBECii, or LiBRi, a peopleof Gaul promontory of Euboea, called from Lichas.
who passedinto Italy, A. U. C. 364. Liv. 5, c. [Vid. Lichas.J Ovid. Met. 9, v. 155, 218."
35, 1.21, c. 38." Flin. 3, c. V."Polyb. 2. Strab. 9.
at Rome
LiBiTiNA,a goddess who presided LicHAS, a
servant of Hercules,who brought
over funerals. According to some she is the him the poisoned tunic from Dejanira. He
same as Venus, or rather Proserpine. Servius was thrown by his master into the sea with
TuUius first raised her a temple at Rome, greatviolence,and changed into a rock in the
where every thingnecessary for funerals were EuboEsan sea, by the compassion of the gods.
exposedto sale,and where the registers of Ovid.Met.9,v.'2U.
the dead were usuallykept. Dionys.Hal. 4. LicHES, an Arcadian, who found the
"Liv. 40, c. 19." Fa/. Max. 5, c. 2."Plut. bones of Orestes buried at Tegea, "c. He-
Quasi. Rom. rodot.
LiBo, a friend of Pompey, who watched LiciNiA LEX, was enacted by L. Licinius
over fleet,":c. Plut.
the A Roman zen, Crassus,and Q. Mutius, consuls,A. U. C. 657.
citi-
Horat. 1, ep. 19.
".C. A friend of the It ordered all the inhabitants of Italy to be en-
rolled
first triumvirate,who killed himself and was on the listof citizens in their respective
condemned after death. cities. Another by C. Licinius Crassus the
LiBON, Greek architect who built the fa-
a moustribune,A. U. C. 608. It transferredthe right
temple of JupiterOlympius. He flour-
ished of choosing priests from the collegeto the
about 450 years before the Christian people. It was proposed but did not pass.
era. Another, by C. Licinius Stolo the tribune.
LiBOPHOENicES, the inhabitants of the try
coun- It forbade any person to possess 500 acres of
near Carthage. land,or keep more than lOO head of large
LiBURNA, a town of Dalmatia. cattle, or 500 of small. Another by P. Lici-
nius
LiBURNiA, now Croatia, a country of Illyri- Varus, A. U. C. 545, to settle the day
cum, between Istriaand Dalmatia, whence a for the celebration of the Liidi ApoUhmris,
colony settle in Apulia,in Italy.
came to which was before uncertain. Another by
There were a number of men
at Rome whom P. Licinius Crassus Dives, B. C. 110. It was
the magistrates employed as publicheralds,the same as the Fannian law, and farther re-
quired
who were called Liburni,probablyfrom being that no more tiian 30 a^ts should be
originallyof Liburnian extraction. Some spent at any table on the calends, nones, or
shipsof a but with strong nundinae, and only three pounds of fresh and
construction
light
beaks also called Liburnian.
were Propert.one of salt meat, on ordinarydays. None of
a, el. 11, V. 44." Juv. 4, v. 15." Martial. 1, the fruits of the earth were forbidden.
ep. 50, V. 33. Horat. 1, od. 37, v. 30.
" Another de sodalitiis, by M. Licinius the con-
"
sul,
married a patrician, and who seemed to be of and fled to Nicomedia,where soon the
a higher dignityin beingthe wife of a consul. conqueror obliged him to surrender,and to re- sign
he grew so desperatethat he killed himself. He was honoured with the titleof Caesar when
Plut. P. Crassus, a Roman, sent againstscarce 20 months old. He was involved in his
Perseus king of Macedonia. He was at first father's ruin,and put to death by order of Con- stantine.
defeated,but afterwards repairedhis losses,
and obtained a completevictory,"c. A LiciNus, a barber and freedman of Au"
consul sent against Annibal. Another who gustus, raised by his master to the rank and
defeated the robbers that infested the Alps. dignity of a senator, merely because he hated
A highpriest. Caius Imbrex, a comic Pompey's family.Horat. Art. P. 301.
poet in the age of Africanus, preferred by some LicYMNiDS,a son of Electryonand brother
in merit to Ennius and Terence. His Naevia of Alcmena. He was so infirm in his old age,
and Ne2era are quotedby ancient authors,but that when he walked he was alwayssupported
of all his poetry onlytwo verses are preserved.by a slave. Triptolemus, son of Hercules,see-
ing
AuL Gel. A consul,".c. Lucullus. [Firf. the slave inattentive to his duty, threw a
Lucullus.] Crassus. [Vid, Crassus.] stick at him, which unfortunately killed Li-
Mucianus, a Roman who wrote about the his- tory cymnius. The murderer fled to Rhodes. A-
and geographyof the eastern countries,pollod. 2, c. I."Diod. 5." Homer. II.2. Pind. "
country between Caucasus and the river Pha- LiNTERNA Palus, a lake of Campania.Ital.
sis. Some suppose them to be a colonyof the 7, V. 278.
Ligyes of Europe, more commonly called LixNTERNUM, a town of Campania at th"
Ligures. Herodot. 7, c. 72. Dionys.Hal. 1, mouth of the river Clanis,where
"
ScipioAfri-
c. \0."Strab. 4."Diod. 4. caniis died and was buried. Liv. 34, c. 45."
LiGYRGUM, a mountain of Arcadia. Sil. 6, V. 654, 1. 7, V. 278." Ctc. 10. Alt. 13."
LiL^A, a town in Achaianear the Cephi-Ovid. Met. \^,v.113.
sus. Stat. Theb. 7, v. 348. Linus. This name is common to diftierent
LilybjEum, now Boca, a promontory of persons whose history is confused, and who are
Sicily, with a town of the same name near often taken one for the other. One was son
the jEgates, now Marsella. The town was of Urania and Amphimarus the son of Nep-
tune.
strong and very considerable,and it main- tained Another was son of Apollo by P?am-
long siegesagainstthe Cartliaginians, mathe daughterof Crotopus king of Argos,
Romans, he. particularly one of ten years Martial mentions him in his 78 ep. 1. 9. The
against Rome in the first Punic war. It had third, son of Ismenius,and born at Thebes in
a port largeand capacious, which the Ro- mans, Bosotia, taughtmusic to Hercules,who in a fit
in the wars with Carthage,endeavour-
ed of anger, struck him on the head with his lyre
in vain to stop and fillup with stones, on and killed him. He was son of Mercury and
account of itsconvenience and vicinity to the Urania,according to Diogenes, who mentions
coast of Africa. Nothingnow remains of this some of his philosophicalcompositions,in which
once powerfulcitybut the ruins of temples he asserted that the world had been created in
and aqueducts, Virg.JEn. 3, v. 706. Mela, an instant. He was killed by Apollo,for pre-
"
suming
% c. 7. " Cic. in Verr. 5.
Strab. t". "
C(es. de "
to compare himself to him. Apollodo-
Bell. Afric."Diod. 22. rus, however, and Pansanias, mention that his
LiMiEA, a river of Lusitania. Strab. 3. ridicule of Hercules on his awkwardness in
Limenia, a town of Cyprus. Id. 14. holdingthe lyrewas fatal to him. Apollod. 2,
Limn.*, a fortified place on the borders of c. 4."Diog. h" Virg.Eel. 4." Pans. 2, c. 15,
Laconia and Messenia. Paus. 3, c. 14. I.9, C.20. A fountain in Arcadia, whose
A town of the Thracian Chereonesus. waters were said to prevent abortion. Plin.
LmsjEVM, a temple of Diana at Limnae, 31, c. S.
from which the goddesswas called Limnaea, LioDES, one of Penelope'ssuitors,killed
and worshipped under that appellationat by Ulysses.Homer. Od. 22, fcc.
Spartaand Achaia. The Spartanswished to LiPARA, the largest of the iEolian islands
fteize the templein the age of Tiberius,but on the coast of Sicily, now called the Ldpari.
the emperor interfered, and gave it to itslaw-
ful It had a cityof the same name, which accord-
ing
possessors, the Messenians. Paus. 3, c. 14, to Diodorus it received from Liparusthe
1.7, c. 20." 2'acit...^nn.4, c. 43. son of Auson, king of these islands,whose
LiMNATiDiA, a festival in honour of Diana, daughterCyane was married by his successor
?*urnamed Limnutis,from Limnae, a school of ^olus, accordingto Pliny. The inhabitants
exercise at Trozp.ne, where she was ped,
worship- of this island were powerfulby sea, and from
or from i^'f^v^;
ponds,because s})e pre^i-the greattributes which theypaidto Dionysiu."^,
ded over fishermen.
LI LI
of
the tyrant Syracuse, theymay be calledvery daughter of L. Dfusus Calidianus. She mar- ried
opulent. The island was celebrated for the Tiberius Claudius Nero, by whom she
varietyof its fruits, and its raisins are stillin had the emperor Tiberius and Drusus Germa-
generalrepute. It had some convenient har-
bours,nicus. The attachment of her husband to the
and a fountain whose waters were much cause of Antony was the beginningof her
frequented on account of their medicinal pow-
ers. greatness. Augustussaw her as she fledfrom
Accordingto Diodorus,iEolus reignedat the dangerwhich threatened her husband,and
Liparabefore Liparis.Lvv. 5, c. 28. Plin. 3, he resolved to marry her,thoughshe was then
"
c. 9."ItaL 14,V. bl." Virg.JEn. 1,v. 56, 1.8, pregnant. He divorced his wife Scribonia,and,
V. A\l."Mtla, 2, c. I."Strah. 6. A town with the approbation of the augurs, he cele-
brated
of Etruria. his nuptials .with Livia. She now took
Liparis, a river of Cilicia, whose waters advantageof the passionof Augustus, in the
were like oil. Plin. 5, c. ^I." Vitruv. 8, c, 3. share that she enjoyed of his power and im- perial
LiPHLUM, a town of the -Squi,taken by the dignity.Her children by Drusus were
Romans. adoptedby the complyingemperor; and that
LiPODORUS, one of the Greeks settled in she might make the succession of her son
Asia by Alexander, "c. Tiberius more easy and undisputed, Livia is
L1Q.UENTIA, now lAvenza, a river of Cisal-
pine accused of secretly involving in one common
Gaul, falling into the Adriatic sea. Plin. ruin,the heirs and nearest relations of Augus-tus.
3, c. 18. Her crueltyand ingratitude are still
LiRc^us, a fountain near Nemaea. Stat. more strongly marked, when she is charged
Theb. 4, V. 711. with havingmurdered her own husband, to
LiRioPE, one of the Oceanides, mother of hasten the elevation of Tiberius. If she was
Narcissus by the Cephisus. Ovid. Met. 3, v, anxious for the aggrandizementof her son,
311. A fountain of Boeotia on the borders Tiberius proved ungrateful, and hated a wo-
man
of Thespis, where Narcissus was drowned cording
ac- to whom he owed his life,his elevation,
to some accounts. and his greatness. Livia died in the 86th
year
LiRis, now Garigliano,a river of Campa-
nia, of her age, A. D. 29. Tiberius showed self
him-
which it separatesfrom Latium. It falls as undutiful afterher death as before, for
into the Mediterranean sea. Mela, 2, c. 4. he neglectedher funeral,and expressly
"
com-
Horat. 3, od. 17. Lucan. 2, v. 424.
" A war-
rior ralmded that no honours,either private or pub-
lic,
killed by Camilla,"-c. Virg.JEn. 11,v. should be paidto her memory. Tacit. Ann.
670. 1, c. 3. Suet, in Aug. ^ Tib. Dion. Cass. "
tiie highrank wiiich Livy holds among rians book concerningpoets. Diog.
histo-
will never be disputed.He is always LocEus, man who conspired
a against Alex-
ander
great,his style laboured
isclear and intelligible, Dymnus, ".c. Curt. 6, c. 7.
with
without atFectation, ditfusive without tedious- LocHA, a largecity of Africa,taken and
ness, and argumentative without pedantry.In soldiers.
plunderedby Scipio's
his harangueshe is bold and animated, and in Lochias, a promontory and citadel of Egypt
his narrations and descriptions, he claims a de-
cidednear Alexandria.
superiority. He is always elegant, and LocRi, a town of Magna Graecia in Italyon
though many have branded his provincial the Adriatic,not far from Rhegium. It was
words with the name of Patavinily, yet the founded by a Grecian colony about 757 years
expressions, or rather the orthographyof before the Christian era, as some suppose.
words, which in Livy are supposed to distin-
guish The inhabitants were called Locri or Locrenses.
a native of a provinceof Italyfrom a Virg.JEn. 3, v. 399."Strab."Plin."Ltv. 22,
native of Rome, are not loaded with obscurity, c. 6, 1. 23, c. 30. A town of Locris in
and the perfect classic is as familiarly ed
acquaint- Greece.
with the one as with the other. Livy has LocRis, a country of Greece, whose habitants
in-
been censured, and perhaps with justice, for are known by the name of Ozolce,
beingtoo credulous,and burdeninghis histo- ry Epicnemidii, and Opuniii. The country of
witii vulgarnotions and superstitious tales. the Ozolae, called also Epizephyrii, from their
He may disgust when he mentions that milk westerlysituation,was at the north of the
and blood were rained from heaven, or that an bay of Corinth,and extended above 12 miles
ox spoke,or a woman changed her sex, yet he northward. On the west it was separated
candidlyconfesses that he recorded only what from -ffitolia by the Evenus, and it hali
made an indelible impression upon the minds Phocis at the east. The chief citywas called
of a credulous age. His candour has also been Naupactus. The Epicnemidii were at the
called in question,and he has sometimes north of the Ozolae,and had the bay of Malia
.7hown himself too partialto his countrymen, at the east, and OEta at the north. They re-
ceived
Caesar and Nero. It has been severally called things which were purified by lustrations,
Londinium, Limdinum, he. Ammianus calls whence the name (a luendo.)She is supposed
it retustam oppidum. It is represented as a to be the same as Ops or Rhea.
Greek philosopher and critic of Athens. He Strah. 6." Plin. 3, c. 5." Mela, 2, c. 4."Liv 8,
was preceptorof the Greek language,and af- terwards
c. 17, 1.9, c. 20, 1. 10,c. U."Horat. 2, ep.
^ 2,
minister to Zenobia, the famous V. 178.
queen of Palmyra, and his ardent zeal and Q. LucANius, a centurion in Caesar'sarmv,
spirited activity to her cause proved,at last,he. CcEsar.Bell. G. 5.
fatal to him. When the emperor Aurelian LucANus, M. Ann^us, a native of Coi-
entered victorious the gatesof Palmyra, Lon- duba in Spain. He was earlyremoved to
ginuswas sacrificed to the furyof the Roman Rome, where his rising talents and more ticularly
par-
soldiers, A. D. 273. At the moment of death his lavished pi-aiseg and panegyrics -
he showed himself great and resolute,and recommended him to the emperor Nero
with a philosophical and unparalleled ness This intimacywas
firm- soon productive of honour,
of mind, lie even repressed the tears and and Lucan was raised to the dignity of an au-
gur
sighsof the spectatorswho pitied his miserable and qucestor before he had attained the
end. Longinus rendered his name immortal proper age. The poet had tlie imprudence
by his critical remarks on ancient authors. to enter the listsagainsthis imperial patron ;
His treatise on the sublime, givesthe world he chose for his subjectOrpheus,and Nero
reason to lament the loss of his other valuable took the tragical storyof Niobe. Lucan tained
ob-
compositions. The best editions of this author an easy victory, but Nero became jea- lous
are tiiatof ToUius,4to. Traj.adRhen. 1G94, of his poeticalreputation,and resolved
and that of Toup, Svo. Oxon. 1778. Cassius,upon revenge. The insults to which Lucan
a tribune driven out of the senate for favouring was dailyexposed,provoked at last his re- sentment,
the interest of J. Cajsar. He was made gover- nor and he joined Piso in a couspiracv
of Spainby Caisar,he. A governor of against the emperor. The whole was ered,
discov-
Judaea. A proconsul. A lawyer whom, and the poet had nothing left but to
though blind and respected, Nero ordered to choose the manner of his execution. He had
be put to death, because he had in his posses- sion his veins opened iu a warm bath, and as hr
a picture of Cassius one of Caesar's mur- derers. expiredhe pronounced with great energy the
Jav. 10, V. 6. lines which, in his Pharsalia,1. 3, v. 039
LoNGOBAUoi, a nation of Germany. Ta- 642, he had put into the mouth of a soldier,
: d. de Germ. who died in the same manner as himself.
LoNcijLA,a town of Latium on the bor- Some have accused him of pusillanimitviu tb""
49
LU LU
moment of his death, and say that,to free LocERiA,atown of Apulia, famous for wool,
himself from the punishmentwhich threatened Liv. 9, c. 2 and 12,1. 10, c. 35." Horat. 3, od,
him, he accused his own mother, and involved 15, v. 14. Lucan. 2, v. 473.
"
her in the crime of which he was guilty.This LucERius, a surname of Jupiter, as the fa-
ther
circuaistance, which throws an indelible blot of light.
upon the character of Lucan, isnot mentioned LucETius, a Rutulian,killed by Ilioneus.
by some writers, who observe that he expiredVirg. Mn. 9, v" 570.
with all the firmness of a philosopher.He LuciANUs, a celebrated writer of Samo*
died in his 26th year, A. D. 65. Of all his sata. His father was poor in his circumstan-
ces,
compositions none but his Pharsalia remains. and Lucian was earlybound to one of his
This poem, which is an account of the civil uncles,who was a sculptor.This employ-
ment
wars of Cassar and Pompey, is unfinished. highly displeased him ; he made no pro-
ficiency
Opinionsare various as to the merit of the po- etry. in the art, and resolved to seek bis
It possesses neither the fire of Homer, livelihoodby better means. A dream in which
nor the melodious numbers of Virgil.If Lu-can Learning seemed to draw him to her, and to
had lived to a greaterage, his judgment promiselame and immortality, confirmed hia
and geniuswould have matured; and he might resolutions, and he began to Avrite. The arti-
fices
have claimed a more exalted rank among the and unfair dealings of a lawyer,a life
of the Augustanage. His expressions, which he had embraced, disgusted him, and he
Eoets
owever, are bold and animated, his poetry began to studyphilosophy and eloquence.He
entertaining, though his irregularities are merous, visited difterent places,
nu- and Antioch, Ionia,
and to use the words of Quintilian,Greece, Italy,Gaul, and more particularly
he is more an orator than a poet. He wrote Athens, became successively acquainted with
a poem upon the burningof Rome, now lost. the depthof his learningand the power of his
It is said that his wife Polla Argentara, not eloquence. The emperor M. Aurelius was
only assisted him in the compositionof his sensible of his merit, and appointedhim re- gister
poem, but even corrected it after his death. to the Roman governor of Egypt. He
Scaligersays, that Lucan rather barks than died A. D. 180, in his 90th yeai*, and some of
sings. The best editions of Lucan are those the moderns have asserted that he was torn
of Oudendorp, 4to. L. Bat. 1728, of Bent- to piecesby dogsfor his impiety,particularly
ley, 4to. printed 1760, for ridiculing
at Strawberry-hfll, the religion of Christ. The
and 1767.
of Barbou, 12mo. Pai'is, QuirUil.works of Lucian, which are numerous, and
10." Suet." Tacit. Ann. 15, he" Martial written in the Attic dialect,consist partly of
7, ep. 20. Ocellus or Ucellus,an ancient dialogues,in which he introduces different
Pythagorean philosopher, whose known. characters with
age is un- much dramatic propriety.
He wrote, in the Attic dialect, a His style is easy, simple,elegant, and anima-
ted,
book on the nature of the universe,which he and he has stored his compositions with
deemed eternal,and from it were drawn the many lively sentiments, and much of the true
systems adoptedby Aristotle,Plato,and Philo Attic wit. His frequent obscenities, and his
Judaeus. This work was firsttranslated into manner of exposingto ridiculenot only the
Latin by Nogarola. Another book of Ocellus religion of his country, but also that of every
on laws, written in the Doric dialect,was other nation, have deservedlydrawn upon
greatly esteemed by Archytas ment him the censure
and Plato,a frag- of every age, and brand- ed
of which has been preserved by Stobaeus, him with the appellation of atheist and
of which, however, Ocellus is disputed to be blasphemer. He also wrote the lifeof Sostra-
the author. There is an edition of Ocellus, tes, a philosopher of Bceotia,as also that of
with a learned commentary, by C. Emman. the philosopher Demonax. Some have also
Vizzanius,Bononise,1646, in 4to. attributed to him, with greatimpropriety, the
LucARiA or LucEaiA, festivals at Rome, lifeof ApolloniusThyaneus. The best edi- tions
celebrated in a largegrove between the Via of Lucian are that of Graevius,2 vols.
Salaria and the Tiber,where the Romans hid 8vo. Amst. 1687, and that of Reitzius, 4 vols.
themselves when besieged by the Gauls. 4to. Amst. 1743.
Tacit. Ann. 1,c. 77. LxTciFER, the name of the planetVenus,
L. LuccEius, a celebrated historian, asked or morning star. It is called Lucifer, w hen
by Cicero to write a history of his consulship. appearingin the morning before the sun ; but
He favoured the cause of Pompey, but was terwards
af- w hen it follows it, and appears some time after
pardonedby J. Caisar. Cic. ad Fam. its setting, it is called Hesperus.According
5, ep. 12,Uc. to some mythologists, Lucifer was son of Ju-
piter
LuccEius Albinds, a governor of Mauri- tania and Aurora. A Christian writer
after Galba's death, Lc. Tacit. Hist. whose work was edited by the Coleti, fo!.Ve-
2, c. 68. net. 1778.
LuGENTUM, (or ia)a town of Spain,now LuciFERi FANUM, a towu of Spain.
.iiirani. C. LuciLius, a Roman knightborn at Au-
LucERES, a body of horse composedof Ro- man runca, illustriousnot onlyfor the respectability
knights, firstestablished by Romulus and of his ancestors, but more deservedly for the
T"tius. It received its name either from Lu- uprightness and (he innocence of his own maculate
im-
cumo, an Etrurian who assisted the Romans character. He lived in the greatest in-
timacy
againstthe Sabines, or from lucus,a grove with Scipio the firstAfricanus, and even
where Romulus had erected an asylum, or a attended him in his firstwar against Numantia.
placeof refuge for all fugitives, cides, He islooked upon as the founder of satire,
slaves,homi- and
",c. that he mightpeoplehis city. The as the first great satirical writer among the^
Latereswere some of these men, and they Romans. He is superiorto his poetical pre-
were with the legions.
incorporated -decessors
Prap^rt. at Rome ; and thoughhe wrote with
"^
4, el. 1. v. 31.
LU LU
great roughness and inelegance,but with [ians. A consul,he. A writer,calledby
much facility,
he gainedmany admirers, whose Isome Saturantius Apuleius. He was born in
praiseshave often been lavished with too libe-
ral IAfrica,on the borders of Nuraidia. He studied
a hand. Horace compares him to a river Ipoetry,music, geometiy, ",c. at Athens, and
which rolls upon its waters precioussand ac- warmly embraced the tenets of tliePlatonists.
companied
with mire and dirt. Of the thirtyHe cultivated magic,and some miracles are
satires which he wrote, nothingbut a few attributed to his knowledge of enchantments.
verses remain. He died at Naples,the 46th He wrote in Greek and Latin,with greatease
year of his age, B. C. 103. His fragments have and simplicity ; his style, however, is some-
times
been collected and publishedwith notes b}' affected,though his eloquence was
Fr. Dousa, 4to. L. Bat. 1697,and lastly by the greatly celebx-ated in his age. Some fragments
Vulpii, 8vo. Patav. 1735. quintil.10,c. 1." of his compositions are stillextant. He dour-
Cic. de Oral. 2. Horai.
"
Luclnus, a fa- mousished in the reignof M. Aurelius. A bro-
ther
Roman who fled with Brutus afterthe of Vitellius,"c. A sorr of Agrippa,
battle of Philippi.They were soon after adoptedby Augustus. A man put to death
overtaken by a party of horse, and Lucilius for his incontinence, ";c. The word Lucius
suftered himself to be severelywounded by is a praenomen common to many Romans, of
the dart of the enemy, exclaiming that he was whom an account is givenunder their family
Brutus. He was taken and carried to the con- querors, names.
his life, A. D. 185. The plotwas discovered, of such a treatment, and, in Vie dead
Lucilla was banished, and soon after put to of night,he introduced himself to Lucretia,
death by her brother,in the 38th year of her who refused to his entreaties what her Tear of
shame grantedto his threats She yielded to
LuciNA, a goddess, daughter of Jupiterand her ravisher when he threatened to murder
Juno, or, accordingto others,of Latona. As her,and to slayone of her slaves, and put him.
her mother brought her into the world with- out in her bed, that this apparent adultery might
pain,she became the goddesswhom wo- seem to have met with the punishment it de- served.
itien in labour invoked, and she presided Lucretia,in the morning,sent forher
over the birth of children. She receives this husband and her father,and, aftershe had
name either from lucus,or from lux^ as Ovid revealed to them the indignities she had suf-
fered
explains it: from the son of Tarquin,and entreated
Gratia Lucince, dedil hcec iibinomine lucus; them to avenge her wrongs, she stabbed her- self
Aut quiaprincipium tu, Dea, luds habes. with a daggerwhich she had previously
Some suppose her to be the same as Diana and concealed under her clothes. This fatal
Juno, because these two goddesses were also blow was the sign of rebellion. The body
sometimes called Lucina, and presided over of the virtuous Lucretia was exposed to the
the labours of women. She is called Ilythia eyes of the senate, and the violence and bar- barity
by the Greeks. She had a famous templeat of Sextus,joinedwith the unpopularity
Rome, raised Varr. de L. L. 4. and oppressionof his father,
A. U. C. 396. so irritated the
" Cic. de JVal. D. 2, c. 27." Ovid. Fast. 2, v. Roman populace,that that moment they ex-
pelled
449. Horat. Carm. Stc.
"
the Tarquinafor ever from Rome.
Lucius, a Roman soldier killed at the siegeBrutus,who was presentat the tragical deatU.
of Jerusalem,by savingin his arms a man who of Lucretia,kindled the flames of rebellion*
jumpeddown from one of the walls. Joseph.and the republicanor consular government
A brother of M. Antony. [Fid.L. Anto- was established at Rome A. U. C. 244. Liv.
nius.] A Roman generalwho defeated the 1, c 57, he. Dionys.Hal. A. c. 15. Ovid."
"
Etrurians,
he. A relation of J. Cajsar. Fast. 2, V. lAl." Val.Max. 6, c. l."^/"^" " "
A Roman August.deCiv. D. 1, c. 19
ambassador, murdered by the Illyr- The wife oS
Numa. Plut.
LU LU
LucRETiLis, now Libretti,
a mountain in and his history
of his consulship,
which he
ihe country of the Sabines,hanging over a wrote with greatveracity, convinces us of his
pleasant valley, near which the house and farm literary talents. That history is lost. Cic. da
of Horace was situate. Horaf. 1,od, 17,v. Orat. "
Varro de L. L. Flor. 2, c. 2.
"
C.
i."cic.7,m. 11. Catulus,a Roman consul,who destroyed the
T. Lucretius Carus, a celebrated Roman Carthaginian fleet. Vid. Catulus.
poet and philosopher, who was earlysent to LucuLLEA, a festival established by the
Athens, where he studied under Zeno and Greeks in honour of Lucullus, who had behav-
ed
Phffidrus. The tenets of Epicurusand Em- with great prudenceand propriety in his
pedocles,which then prevailedat Athens, province.Plut. in Luc.
Mere warmly embraced by Lucretius, and LucuLLi HORATi, gardensof Lucullus situa- ted
when united with the infiniteof Anaxiraander, near Neapolis,"-c. Tacit. Ann. 11, c
and the atoms of Democritus, they were plained 1.
ex- Villa, a country seat near mount Mise-
and elucidated in a poem, in six books, nus, where Tiberius died. Tacit. Ann. 6,
which is called i)e reram nalurd. In this c. 50.
poem the masterly geniusand unaffected ele- gance Lucullus, Lucius Licinius, a Roman brated
cele-
of the poet are every where conspicu- ous for his fondness of luxuryand for his
; but the opinionsof the philosopher are military talents. He was born about 115 years
justlycensured,who givesno existence of before the Christian era, and soon distinguished
power to a supreme Being,but is the devoted himself by his proficiency in the liberal arts,
advocate of atheism and impiety, and earnestly particularly eloquenceand philosophy. His
endeavours to establish the mortality of the firstmilitary campaign was in the Marsian
soul This composition,
.
which has littleclaim war, where his valour and cool intrepidity commended
re-
to be called a heroic poem, was written and him to public itotice. His mild- ness
finished while the poetlaboured under a violent and constancygainedhim the admiration
delirium,occasioned by a philtre, which the and confidence of Sylla, aud from thisconnex-ion
jealousy of his mistress or his wife Lucilia had hederived honour, and during his quaestor-
administered. Itissaid that he destroyed him- shipin Asia,and pretorship
self in Africa,he ren- dered
in the 44th year of his age, about 54 years himself more conspicuousby his justice,
before Christ. Cicero,after his death,revised moderation,and humanity. He was raised to
and corrected his poems, which had been part- ly the consulship A. U. C. 680, and intrusted with
written in the lucid intervals of reason and the care of the Mithridatic war, and firstdis- played
of sense. Lucretius, whose poem shows that his military talents in rescuing his col-
league
he wrote Latin better than any other man ever Cotta,whom the enemy had besieged
did,would have provedno mean rival of Virgil, in Chalcedonia. This was soon followed by a
had he lived in the polished age of Augustus. celebrated victory over the forces of Mithri-
The best editions of his works are that of dates, on the borders of the Granicus, and by
Creech, 8vo. Oxon. 1695 ; that of Havercarap,the conquestof all Bithynia.His victories by
2 vols. 4to. Lug.Bat. 1725 ; and that of Glas- gow, sea were as greatas those by land,and Mith-
12mo. 1759. Paterc.2,c. 36. Quintil.
"
ridates lost a powerful fleet near Lemnos.
3, c. 1,1. 10,c. 1. Quintus, a Roman who Such considerable lossesweakened the enemy,
killed himself because the inhabitants of Sul- and Mithridates retired with precipitation wards
to-
rao, over which he was appointed with a gar-
rison, Armenia, to the court of kingTigranes,
seemed to favour the cause of J. Cssar. his father-in-law. His flight was perceived,
C("s. Bell. Civ. 1, c. 18. He is called Ves- and Lucullus crossed the Eu{)hrates with great
pillo. Sp.Tricipitinus, father of Lncretia,expedition, and gave battle to the numerous
wife of Collatinus,was made consul afterthe forces which Tigranes had alreadyassembled
death of Brutus, and soon after died himself. to support the cause of his son-in-law. Ac-
Horatius Pulvillus succeeded him. Liv. 1, c. cordingtotheexaggerated account of Plutarch,
58. Plut.in Pub.
" An interrex at Rome. no less than 100,000 foot and near 55,000
A consul. Osella,a Roman, put to horse,of the Armenians, losttheir lives in that
death by Sylla because he had applied for the celebrated battle. All this carnage was made
consulship without his permission.Pint. by a Roman army amountingto no more thau
LucuiKUM, a town of Apulia. 18,000men, of whom onlyfive were killed and
LucRiNus, a small lake of Campania, op- posite 100 wounded duringthe combat. The taking
Puteoli. Some believe that itwas made of Tigranocerta, the capital of Armenia, was
by Hercules when he passedthroughItalythe consequence of thisimmortal victory, and
with the bulls of Geryon. It abounded with Lucullus there obtained the greatestpart of
excellent oysters, and was united by Augus-
tus the royaltreasures. This continual success,
to the Avernus, and a communication howcver,was attended with serious consequen- ces.
formed with the sea, near the harbour called The severity of Lucullus, and the haugh-
tiness
Julius Portus. The Lucrii^e lake disappeared of his commands, offended his soldiers,
on the 30th of September,153S, in a violent and displeased his adherents at Rome. Pom-
earthquake, which raised on the spota moun pey was soon aftersent to succeed him, and to
tain 4 miles in circumference, and about 1000 continue the Mithridatic war, and the inter- view
feet t igh, with a crater in the middle. Cic. 4. which he had with Lucullus began with
.^tl. lO."Strab. 5 and 6" Mela, 2, c. 4." acts of mutual kindness, and ended in the most
Properl. 1, el. 11,v. lO."Virg.G. 2, v. 161. inveterate reproaches, and open enmity. Lu- cullus
"HoTui. 2, od. 15. was permittedto retire to Rome, and
C. LucTATius Catulus, a Roman consul only 1600 of the soldiers who had t-hared his
with Murius. He assisted his colleague in fortune and his glories were suffered to accom-
pany
conqueriiig the Cjtiibrians. \^Via. Cimbricum him. He was received with coldness at
bollum.] He was eloquentas well as valiant.Rome, and he obtained with difficuhy a tri-
LU LU
deservedlyclaimed by his Batavorum, the Rhine, justas
umpb, which was a town on
Lucullus fellinto a delirium in the last part It was supposedthat magiciansand en- chanters,
of his life,and died in the 67th or 68th year of particularlythose of Thessaly, had
his age. The peopleshowed their respectfor an uncontrollable power over the moon, and
his merit,by their wish to give him an ourablethat theycould draw her down
hon- from heaven
burial in the Campus Martius; but at pleasure by the mere force of their incan-
tations.
their oflferswere rejected, and he was ly
private- Her eclipses, accordingto their opi-
nion,
buried,by his brother,in his estate at Tus- proceeded from thence ; and, on that
culum. Lucullus has been admired for his account, it was usual to beat drums and cym-
bals,
many accomplishments, but he has been cen-
sured to ease her labours,and to render the
for his severity and extravagance. The power of magic less effectual. The dians
Arca-
expenses of his meals were immoderate, his believed that they were older than the
halls were distinguished by the different names moon. Olid. Met. 12, v. 263, hc."Tihull. 1,
of the gods; and when Cicero and Pompey at- el. 8, V. 2\."Uesiod.
tempted Theog." Virg.Ed. 8,
to surprisehim, theywere astonished V. 69. A maritime town of Etruria,fa-
mous
at the costliness of a supper which had been for the white marble which it produced,
had and called also Lunensis portus. It contained
prepared upon the word of Lucullus,who
merely said to his servant that he would sup in a fine capaciousharbour, and abounded in
the hall of Apollo. In his retirement Lucullus wine, cheese,"c. The inhabitants were turally
na-
was fond of artificial variety ; subterraneous givento augury, and the observation of
cav'es and passages were dug under the hillson uncommon phaenomena. Mela, 2, c. 4. Lu- "
the coast of Campania, and the sea water was can. 1, V. 596." P/"i. 14,c. 6." Lip. 34, c. 8.
conveyed round the house and pleasure"Sill. 8, V. 481.
grounds,where the fishesflocked in such abun-dance LuPA, (a she-wolf) was held in great ve-
neration
that not less than 25,000 pounds worth at Rome, because Romulus and Re-
mus,
were sold at his death. In his publiccharacter accordingto an ancient tradition, were
Lucullus was humane and compassionate, and suckled and preserved by one of these animals.
he showed his sense of the vicissitudes of hu-
man This fabulous storyarises from the surname of
affairsby shedding tears at the sightof one which was
Lupa,prostitute, givento the wife
of the citiesof Armenia, which his soldiers re- duced of the shepherdFaustulus,to whose care and
to ashes. He was a perfect master of humanitythese children owed their preserva-
tion.
the Greek and Latin languages,and he em- ployed Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 415. Plut. in RomuL
"
himself for some time to write a con-cise Lupercal, a place at the foot of mount
history of the Marsi in Greek hexameters. Aventine,sacred to Pan, where festivalscalled
Such are the striking characteristicsof a man Lupercalia were yearlycelebrated, and where
who meditated the conquest ofParthia, and for the she- wolf was said to have broughtup Ro-mulus
a while gainedthe admiration of allthe inhab-
itants and Remus. Virg.JEn. 8, v. 343.
of the east, by his justiceand modera-
tion, Lupercalia, a yearly festiv^alobserved at
and who might have disputed the empire Rome the loth of February, in honour of the
of the world with a Caesar or Pompey, had not, god Pan. It was usual first to sacrifice two
at last,his fondness for retii'ement withdrawn goatsand a dog, and to touch with a bloody
liim from the reach of ambition. Cic.pro ^rch. knife the forehead of two illustrious youths,
4. "
Qu("st.Ac. 2, c. 1. Plxd. in vita. Flor.
" " who always were
obligedto smile while they
3, c. 5. Strab. Jippian.
" " in Millir. ".c. Oro- "
touched. The blood was
were wiped away
sius 6, ".C. A consul who went to Spain, with soft wool dippedin milk. After thisthe
"c.- A Roman, put to death by Domitian. skins of the victims were cut in thongs, with
"A brother of Lucius Lucullus, lieutenant which whipswere made for the youths. With
under Sylla. A praetorof Macedonia. these whips the youths ran about the streets
LucuMO, the firstname of Tarquinius Pris- all naked except the middle, and whipped
cus, afterwards changed into Lucius. The freelyallthose they met. Women in particu-
lar
word is Etrurian,and signifies princeor chief. were fond of receiving the lashes,as they
in honour of the god Pan, to whose service C. LuTORius Prjscus, a Roman knight,
they were dedicated. This order of priestsput to death by order of Tiberius,because
was the most ancient and respectable of all he had written a poem In which he had be- wailed
the sacerdotal offices. It was divided into the death of Germanicus, who then
two separate colleges,called Fabiani and laboured under a severe illness. Tacit.Ann.
Quintiliani, from Fabius and Quintilius, two 3, c. 49, kc.
of their highpriests.The former were tuted
insti- Ly^sus,a surname of Bacchus. It is de-
rived
in honour of .Romulus,and the latterof from "'W"i', solvere,because wine, over
Remus. To these two sacerdotnl bodies,J. which Bacchus presides, givesfreedom to the
Cassar added a third,called, from himself,the mind, and delivers it from ^11 cares and me-
lancholy.
Julii, and this action contributed not a littleto Horat. ep. 9. Lucan. 1,v. 675,
"
render his cause unpopular,and to betrayhis Lybas, one of the companionsof Ulys- ses,
aspiringand ambitious views. [Vid.Luper- calia.] "c.
Fans, in Rom. Dio. Cas. 48.
" "
Virg. Lybya or LvBissA, a small village of Bi-
JEn. 8, v. 663. thynia, where Annibal was buried.
LuPERcus, a grammarian in the reign of Lycabas, an Etrurian, who had been
the emperor Gallienus. He wrote some matical banished from his country for murder.
gram- He
pieces, which some have preferred to was one of those who offeredviolence to Bac-chus,
Herodian's compositions. and who were changedinto dolphins.
LupiAS or LupiA, now Lippe,a town of OijU Met. 4, v. 624. One of the Lapi-
Germany, with a small river of the same name, thae,who ran away from the battle which was
falling into the Rhine. Tacit. Ann. 1,"c. fought at the nuptials of Pirithous. Id. Met.
Lupus, a generalof the emperor Severus. 12, V. 302.
A governor of Britain. A quaestorin Lycabetus, a mountain of Attioa,near
the reignof Tiberius, ".c. A comic writer Athens. Stat.
of Sicily, who wrote a poem on the return of Lycvea, festivals in Arcadia in honour of
Menelaus and Helen to Sparta, after the des- Pan, the god of shepherds.They are the
truction
of Troy. Ovid, ex Pont. 4, ep. 16, v. same as the Lupercaliaof the Romans.
26. P. Rut, a Roman, who, contraryto the A festival at Argos in honour of Apollo
omens, marched against the Marsi, and was Lycaeus,who delivered the Argivesfrom
killed with his army. He has been taxed with wolves, "c.
impiety,and was severely censured in the Au-gustan Lyceum, a celebrated place near the
age. Horat. 2, Sat. 1, v. 68. banks of the Ilissus, in Attica. It was in
LusiTANiA, a partof ancient Spain,whose this pleasantand salubrious spot that Aris- totle
extent and situation have not been accurate-
ly tatight philosophy,and as he generally
defined by the ancients. According to the instructed his pupilsin walking,they were
better descriptions, itextended from the Tagus called Peripatetics, a ambulo.
wi^tTrceTiu,, The
to the sea of Cantabria,and comprehended philosopher continued his instructionsfor 12
the modern kingdom of Portugal.The inha- bitantsyears, till, terrified by the false accusations of
were warlike,and were conqueredby Eurytoedon, he was obligedto flyto Chalcis.
the Roman army under Dolabella,B. C. 99, Lyc^us, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred
with great difficulty. They generallylived to Jupiter, where a templewas built in hon-
our
upon plunder, and were rude and unpolished of the god by Lycaon, the son of Pelas-
in their manners. It was usual among them also sacred to Pan, whose tivals,
fes-
gus. It was
to expose their sick in the high roads, that called Lycop.a, were celebrated there.
their diseases mightbe cured by the directions Virg.G. 1,V. 16. ^n. 8, v. 343.Strab. 8."
and advice of travellers. They were derate Horai. 1, od. 17,v. 2." Ovid. Met. 1,v. 698.
very mo-
in their meals,and never eat but of one Lycambes, the father of Neobule. He
dish. Their clothes were commonly black, promised his daughterin marriage to the
and they generally warmed themselves by poet Archilocus,and afterwards refused to
means of stone, heated in the fire. Stra^. 3. fulfil his engagement when she had been
"Mela, 2, c. 6, 1.3, c. l."Liv. 21, c. 43, 1. couited by a man whose opulence had more
7, G. 20.
LY LY
influence than the fortune of the po"t. This Lyce, one of the Amazons, kc. Flaec. ".
irritatedArchilocus ; he wrote a bitter invec-
tive v. 374.
against Lycambes and his daughter,and Lyces, a town of Macedonia. Lii\ 31, c.
Catul ep. IG."Paus. 8, c. 2, ",c." Ano-ther himself there. The inhabitants have been
kingof Arcadia,celebrated for his cruel- ties. greatlycommended by all the ancients,not
He was changed into a wolf by Ju- only for their sobriety
piter, and justice, but their
because he offered human victims on greatdexterity in the management of the bow.
the altars of the god Pan. Some attribute They were conqueredby Crcesus,kingof Ly-
this metamorphosis to another cause. The dia, and afterwards by Cyrus. Though they
sins of mankind, as they relate,were become were subject to the power of Persia, yet they
so enormous, that Jupiter visitedthe earth to were governedby Uieir own kings,and only
punish wickedness and impiety. He came paida yearlytribute to the Persian monarch.
to Arcadia, where he was announced as a They became partof the Macedonian empire
god, and the people began to pay proper when Alexander came into the east,and after-
wards
adoration to his divinity.Lycaon, however, were ceded to the house of the Seleucidse.
who used to sacrifice all strangers to his wan-
ton The country was reduced into a Roman vince
pro-
cruelty, laughed at the piousprayers of his by the emperor Claudius. Apollohad
subjects, and to try the divinity of the god, there his celebrated oracle at Patara, and the
he served up human fleshon his table. This epithet hybernais appliedto the country, be- cause
impiety so irritated Jupiter, that he diately
imme- the god was said to pass the winter in
destroyedthe house of Lycaon, and his temple. Virg.JEn. 4, v. 143 and 446, 1. 7,
changed him into a wolf. Ovid. Met. 1, v. v. 816." S^ra6. Theb. 6, v. ^Q."Herodot. 1,c.
198, kc. These two raonarchs are often n^."Slat. 13." Lw. 37, c. 16,1.38, c. 39.
confounded together, though it appears that Lycidas, a centaur killed by the Lapithae
they were two different characters,and that at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. Met. 12,
no less than an age elapsed between their V. 310. A shepherd's name. Virg.Eel.
reigns. A son of Priam and Laothoe. He A beautiful youth, the admiration of
was taken by Achilles,and carried to Lemnos, Rome in the age of Horace. Horat. 1,od. 4,
whence he escaped. He was afterwards killed V. 19.
by Achilles in the Trojanwar. Homer. II.21, Lycimma, a town of Peloponnesus.
",c. The father of Pandarus, killed by Lycimnia, a .slave,mother of Helenor by a
Diomedes before Troy. A Gnossian artist,Lydian prince. Virg.M,n. 9, v. 446.
who made the sword which Ascanius gave to LYCisrus, an Athenian arch on.- """A Mes-
Euryalus. Tirg.^n. 9, v. 304. senian of the family of the .ffipytidae. When
Lycaonia, a country of Asia, between his daughterswere doomed by lot to be
Cappadocia,Pisidia,Pamphylia,and Phrygia,sacrificed for the good of their country, he
made a Roman province under Augustus. fled with them to Spai-ta, and Aristodemus
Iconium was the capital.Sirab. 10. Mela, upon this cheerfully
"
gave his own children,
1, c. 2."Liv. 27, c. 54, 1.38, c. 39. Arcadia and soon aftersucceeded to the throne. Paus.
bore also that name from Lycaon, one of 4, c. 9. A youth of whom Horace was
its kings. Dionys.Hal. An island in the enamoured.
Tiber. Lycius, a son of Hercules and Toxicreta.
Lycas, a priestof Apolloin the interest of A son of Lycaon. An epithet givento
Turnus. He was killed by jEneas. Virg.Apollofrom his temple in Lycia, where he
JEn. 10,v. 315. Another officer of Turnus. gave oracles,particularly
at Patara,where the
Id. 10, c. 561. appellation of Lycics,
sortes was givento his an-
swers,
Lycaste, an ancient town of Crete,whose and even to the will of the Fates. Virg
inhabitants accompanied Idomeneus to the JEn. 4, v. 346. A surname of Danaus.
Trojan war. Homer. II. 2. A daughterof Lycomedes, a kingof Scyros,an island in
Priam by a concubine. She married Polyda- the JEge"n sea, son of Apolloand Parthenope.
mas, the son of Antenor. A famous zan
courte- He was secretlyintrusted with the care of
of Drepanum, called Venus on account of young jvhora his mother
Achilles, Thetis had
her greatbeauty. She had a son called Eryx disguisedin woman's clothes,to remove him
by Butes, son of Amycus. from the Trojanwar, whei*e she knew he must
Lycastum, a town of Cappadocia. unavoidably perish.Lycomedes has rendered
Lycastus, of Minos L
a son He was fa-
therhimself famous for his treacheiy
to Theseus,
of Minos II. by Ida,the daughterof Co- who had imploredhis protection when driveji
rybas. Diod. 4. A son of Minos and Phi- from the throne of Athens by the usurper
lonome, daughterof Nyctimus. He succeed- Mnestheus. Lycomedes, as it is reported,
e d his father on the thfone of Ai'cadia. Ptius. eitherenvious of the fame of his illustrioif'
8, c. 3 and 4.
LY LY
guest,or bribed by the emissaries of Mnee- 1596; and that of Potter, fol. Oxon. 17t".
fheus,led Theseus to an elevated place,on Ovid, in lb. 533." Stat. 5. Sylv.3.
pretence of showing him the extent of his do- Lycopolis, now Siut, a town of Egypt.
threw him
miniotis,and perfidiously down a It received this name on account of the im-
mense
precipice, where he was killed. Plut. in Thes. number of wolves, a-wo.,which repelled
"Pans. 1, c. 17,1. 7, c. 4."ApoUod. 3, c. 13. an army of Ethiopians, who had invaded
An Arcadian,wlio,with 500 chosen men, Egypt. Diod. l.Strab. 17.
put to flight 1000 Spartans, and 500 Argives, Lycopus, an Etolian who assisted the Cy-
"c, Diod. 15. A seditious person at Te- reneans against Ptolemy. Polycen. 8.
gea. A Mantinean general,"lc. An Lycorea, a town of Phocis at the top of
Athenian, the firstwho took one of the ene-
my Parnassus,where the people of Delphitook
's shipsat the battle of Salamis. Plat. refugeduringDeucalion's deluge,directed by
Lycon, a philosopher of Troas, son of As- the bowlings of wolves. Paus. Phoc. 6.
tyonax, in the age of Aristotle. He was great-
ly LycoreuS; the supposedfounder of Lyco-
rea,
esteemed by Eumenes, Antiochus,he. He on mount Parnassus, was son of Apollo
died in the 74th year of his age. Diog.in vit. and Corycia. Hygin.fab. 161.
A man who wrote the lifeof Pythagoras. Lycorias, one of the attendant nymphs of
A poet. A writer of epigrams. A Cyrene. Virg.G. 4, v. 339.
player, greatlyesteemed by Alexander. 'A Lycoris, a freedwoman of the senator Vo-
Syracusan who assisted in murdering Dion. lumnius, also called Cytheris, and Volumnia,
A peripatetic philosopher. from her master. She is celebrated for her
LycoNE,acity of Thrace. A mountain beauty and intrigues.The poet Gallus was
of Argolis.Paus. 2, c. 24. greatlyenamoured of her, and his friend Vir^
Lycophron, a son of Periander, king of gilcomforts him in his 10th eclogue,for the
Corinth. The murder of his mother Melis"^a,loss of the favours of Cytheris, who followed
by his father,had such an effect upon him, M. Antony'scamp, and was become the As-
that he resolved never to speakto a man who pasiaof Rome. The charms of Cleopatra,
had been so wantonly cruel against his rela-
tions. however, prevailed
over those of Cytheris,and
This resolution was strengthenedby the unfortunate courtezan lost the favours of
the advice of Procles, his maternal uncle,and Antony and of all the world at the same time.
Periander at last banished to Corcyra a son Lycoriswas originallv a comedian. Vii^.Ed.
whose disobedience and obstinacy had render-
ed TlO." Ovid. ^.^.3, v. 537.
him odious. Cypselus,the eldest son of Lycormas, a river of Etolia, whose sands
Periander,beingincapableof reigning, phron were
Lyco- of a goldencolour. It was afterwards
was the onlysurviving child who had called Evenus from king Evenus, who threw
any claini to the crown of Corinth. But, when himself into it. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 245.
the infirmities of Periander obliged him to Lycortas, the father of Polybius,who
look for his successor, Lycophron refused to flourished B. C, 184. He was chosen general
come to Corinth while his father was there, of the Achaean league,and he revenged the
and he was induced to leave Corcyra,only on death of Philopcemen, fee. Plut.
promisethat Periander would come and dwell LycostJra, a citybuilt by Lycaon on mount
there while he remained master of Corinth. Lycaeusin Arcadia.
This exchange,however, was prevented.The Lyctus, a town of Crete, the country of
who
4;^ircyreans, were apprehensive of the ty- Idomeneus, whence he is often called Lyctius.
murdered Lycophron be- Virg.JEn.3,v.4Q\.
itanny of Periander,
lore he leftthat island. Herodul. 3. Arislot. "
orator of Athens? surnamed Ibis,in the age year, and their education was left to the wis-
dom
of Demosthenes, famous for his justiceand of the laws. They were taughtearlyto
when
impartiality at the head of the govern-
ment. think,
to answer in a short and laconic man- ner,
He was one of the thirty orators whom and to excel in sharp
repartee. They
the Athenians refused to deliver up to Alex- ander. were instructedand encouraged to carry things
Some of his orations are extant. He by surprise, but if ever the theftwas ed
discover-
died about 330 years before Christ. Diod. 16, they were subjected to a severe ment.
punish-
A king of Tegea,son of Aleus,by Neaera, Lycurguswas happyand successful in
the daughterof Pereus. He married Cleo- establishing and enforcing these laws, and by
phile, called also Eurynome, by whom he had his prudence and administration the face of
AmphidamaSj "c. Apollod.3, c. 9. Homer. affairsin Lacedaemon was totally
"
changed, and
II. 7. A celebrated lawgiverof Sparta;it gave rise to a set of men distinguished for
son of kingEunomus, and brother to Polydec- their intrepidity, their fortitude, and their mag- nanimity.
tes. He succeeded his brother on the Spartan After this, Lycurgus retired from
throne ; but when he saw that the widow of Spartato Delphi,or accordingto others to
Polydecteswas pregnant, he kept the king- dom Crete,and before his departurehe bound all
not for himself,but till Charilaus, his the citizens of Lacedaemon by a solemn oath,
nephew, was arrived to years of maturity.He that neither they nor their posterity, would
had previously refused to marry his brother's alter, violate, or abolishthe laws which he had
widow, who wished to strengthen him on his establishedbefore his return. He soon after
throne by destroying her own son Charilaus,put himself to death,and he ordered his ashes
and leavinghim in the peaceful possession of to be thrown into the sea, fearfullest if they
the crown. The integrity with which he act- ed, were carried to Spartathe citizens should call
when guardianof his nephew Charilaus, themselves freed from the oath which they
united with the disappointment and the resent-
ment had taken,and empowered to make a revolu- tion.
of the queen, raised him many enemies, The wisdom and the good effectof the
and he at last yieldedto their satire and ma- laws of Lycurgus have been firmlydemon-
levolence,
and retired to Crete. He travelled trated at Sparta, where for 700 years they re- mained
like a philosopher, and visited Asia and Egypt in fullforce, but the legislator has beea
without suffering himself to be corrupted by censured as cruel and impolitic.He has
the licentiousness and luxuiywhich prevailedshown himself inhumane in ordering mothers
there. The confusion which followed his de- parture to destroy such of theirchildren, whose feeble-
ness
from Sparta,now had made his pre- sence or deformity in their youth seemed to
promiseincapability of action in maturer
totally necessary, and he returned home years,
at the earnest solicitationsof his countrymen. and to become a burden to the state. His re-gulations
minorityof Labdacus the son of the daughterprovinceof the Persian empire. There were
of Nycteus. He was farther enjoined to make three different races that reigned in Lydia,
war Epopeus,who
against had carried away by the Atyadae, Heraclidae, and Mermnadae. The
force Antiopethe daughterof Nycteus. He historyof the firstisobscure and fabulous; the
was successfulin this expedition,
Epopeus was Heraclidae began to reignabout the Trojan
and Lycusrecovered Antiopeand mar-
killed, ried war, and the crown remained in their family
herthoughshe was his niece. This new for about 505 years, and was alwaystransmit-
ted
connexion highly displeased wife Dirce,
his first from fatherto son. Candaules was the last
and Antiope was delivered to the unfeeling of the Heraclidae; and Gyges the first, and
and tortured in the most cruel manner. Croesus the last of the Mermnadse. The Ly-
queen,
Antiope at last escaped,and entreated her dians were greatwarriors in the reignof the
sons, Zethus and Amphion, to avenge
her Mermnadae. They invented the art of coining
The children, incensed on account gold and silver,and were the firstwho exhibit-
ed
wrongs.
of the cruelties which their mother had suf-
fered, publicsports, ".c. Herodot. 1,c, 6, 1. 3, c.
besieged Thebes, killed Lycus,and tied 90, 1.7, c. 14." Strab. 2, 5, and \3."Mela, 1,
Dirce to the tailof a wild bull,who dragged c. 2. Plin 3, c. 5. Dionys.
" Hal. 1. Diod. 4.
" "
II
LY LY
LvNCESTES, asoa of Amyntas, inthe army the neighbouring states. Lysanderwell knew
of Alexander, kc. Curt. 7, ".c. ander, how
Alex- to take advantage of his victory, and
a son-in-law of Antipater, who spired
con- the followingyear Athens, worn out by a
againstAlexander, and was put to long war of 27 years, and discouragedby its
death. Ibid. misfortunes, gave itselfup to the power of
Lyncestius, a river of Macedonia, whose the enemy, and consented to destroythe
waters were of an intoxicating quality. Ovid. Piraeus, to deliver up all itsships, except 13^
Met. 17, V. 329. to recall all those who had been banished,
Lynceus, son of Aphareus,was among the and in short to be submissive in every de-
hunters of the Calydonianboar,and one of the gi-ee to the power of Lacedaemon. Besides
there he returned home in his 47th year. He Justin. 15, c. 3. An historian of Alex-
andria.
distinguished himself by his eloquence, and by A son of Aristides, rewarded by
the simplicity, correctness, and purityof his the Athenians on account of the virtue of his
orations, of which he wrote no less than 425 father. A chief priestamong the Jews,
accordingto Plutarch,thoughthe number may about 204 years before Christ,he. Jose-
with more probability be reduced to 230. Of pfius. A physician greatlyattached to the
these 34 are extant, the best editions of which notions of Hippocrates. A governor of He-
are that of Taylor, 8vo. Cantab. 1740, and that raclea in Pontus, ".c.
of Auger,2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1783. He died in Lysimelia, a marsh of Sicily near cuse.
Syra-
the 81st year of his age, 378 years before the
Christian era. Plut. de Orat. Cic de Brut.
" Lysinoe, now Agassolon,a city of Asia,
de Orat. Quintil.3, k.c. Diog. 2.
" " An near Pamphylia. Liv. 38, c. 15.
Athenian general, ",c. A town of Phry- Lysippe, Prcetus.
a [Vid,
daughterof
gia. Strab. Another of Syria,now Ber- daughterof Thespius.
Prcetides.] A
siech near Emesa. A tyrant of Tarsus, Lysippus, a famous statuary of Sicyon.
B.C. 267. He was originallya white-smith,and wards
after-
LysrcLES, an Athenian sent with Chares appliedhimself to painting, till his
to stop the conquests of Philiptalents and
into Bceotia, inclination taugnt him that he
of Macedonia. He was conquered at Cha^- was born to excel in sculpture.He flour- ished
ronaea, and sentenced to death for his illcon-
duct about 325 yearsbefore the Christian
there. era, in the age of Alexander the Great. The
Lysidice, a daughterof Pelops and Hip- monarch was so partialto the aitist,that
podamia,who married Mastor the son of he forbade any sculptorbut Lysippus to
Perseus and Andromeda. Apollod.2, c. 4. make his statue. Lysippus excelled in ex-
pressing
" Paus. 8, c. 14. A daughterof Thespius. the hair, and he was the first who
Apollod. made and the
the head of his statues less large,
daughter of Abas the son body
Lysimeche, a smaller than usual, that they might
ofMelampus. Apollod.
1,c.9. A daughterappear taller. This was observed by one of
of Priam. Id. 3, c. 12. his friends, and the artist gave for answer,
Lysimachia, now Hexamili, a city on that his predecessors had represented men in
the Thracian Chersonesus. Paus. 1, c. 9. their natural form, but that he represented
A town of ^tolia, built by Lysimachus. them such as theyappeared. Lysippus made
Strab. 7 and 10. Another in ^olia. Mela, no less than 600 statues, the most admired
% c. 2. of which were those of Alexander;one of
Lysimachus, of Agathocles,who
a son Apolloof Tarentum, 40 cubits high; one of
was among the generals of Alexander. After a man coming out of a bath, with which
the death of that monarch, he made self Agrippaadorned his baths ; one
him- of Socrates ;
master of part of Thrace, where he and those of the 25 horsemen "who were
built a town which he called Lysimachia,drowned in the Granicus. These were so
He sided with Cassander and Seleucus againstvalued that in the age of Augustus,they
Antigonusand Demetrius, and fought with were bought for their weightin gold. Plut.
them at the celebrated battle of Ipsus. He in Alex. Cic. in Brut. c. 164. ad Her. 4, c.
"
near it. It is said that the love and respectof who ever made a statue with wax. Plin.
Lysimachusfor his learned master Callisthenes 34, c. 8, 1.35,c. 12.
proved nearlyfatal to him. He. as .Justin Lysituous, a son of Priam. Apollod.
mentions, was i}iron\'ninto the den of a hungry Lyso, a friend of Cicero, o:c. Cie. 13,
by order of Alexander,for having given fam.
iion, 19.
LY LY
LvsTRA, a town of Laconia. jdeath by the Athenians. Apollod.
JLvTiA, a daughterof Hyacinthus,
put to I Lyzanias, a kingof Chalcis,
ha.
MA MA
peopleof Arabia Felix. Mtla, 3, ded the throne 786 B. C. Thurimus,774, Per^
MAGiE, c. 8.
a
They are placedin Africa near the diccas 729, Argaeus678, Philip640, .^ropas
largerSyrtisby Herodot. 4, v. 175. Sil. 3, v. 602, Alcetas or Alectas 576, Amyntas 547, Al-
" exander
275, 1.5,v.i94. 497, Perdiccas 454, Archelaus 413,
Macar, a son of Criasius or Crinacus,the Amyntas 399, Pausanias 398, Amyntas 2d. 397,
firstGreek who led a colonyto Lesbos. His Argaeus the tyrant390, Amyntas restored 390,
four sons took possession of the four neigh-
bouring Alexander 2d. 371, Ptolemy Alorites 370, Per- diccas
islands,. Chios, Samos, Cos, and 3d. 366, Philip son of Amyntas 360, Al- exander
Rhodes, which were called the seats of the Ma- the Great 336, PhilipAridasus 323,
cares or the blessed ('/."""r, beatus.) Dionys. Hal. Cassander 316, Antipater and Alexander 298,
I." Homer. II. 24."Diod. 5." Mela, 2, c. 7. Demetrius king of Asia 294, Pyrrhus287, Ly-
Macareus, an ancient historian. A son simachus 286, Ptolemy Ceraunus 280, Melea-
of jSlolus, who debauched his sister Canace, Iger two months, Antipaterthe Etesian 45
and had a son by her. The father beingin- days,AntigonasGonatas 277, Demetrius,243,
formed
of the incest, ordered the child to be AntigonusDoson 232, Philip 221,Perseus 179,
exposed,and sent a sword to his daughter, and conqueredby the Romans 168 B. C. at Pydna.
commanded her to destroyherself reus
Maca- Macedonia has been severally called ^monia,
fled to Delphi,where he became priestMygdonia, Paeonia, Edonia, i^Emathia,"c.
of Apollo. Ovid. Met. mroid. U.in lb. 563. The inhabitants of Macedonia were naturally
"One of the companions of Ulysses, leftat warlike,and thoughin the infancyof their em- pire
Caieta in Italy,where ^neas found him. theywere littleknown beyond the borders
Ovid. Met. 14,v, 159. A son of Lycaon. of their country, yet they signalized them-
selves
Jipollod. 3, c. Q."Paus. 8, c. 3. greatly in the reignof Philip, and added
Macaria, a daughterof Hercules and De- the kingdom of Asia to their European domi- nions
janira. After the death of Hercules, Eurys- by the valour of Alexander. The Ma-
cedonian
theus made war against the Heraclidae, whom phalanx,or body of soldiers,was
the Athenians supported,and the oracle de- clared,
always held in the highestrepute,and it re- sisted
that the descendants of Hercules should and subdued the repeatedattacks of the
obtain the victory, if any one of them devoted jbravest and most courageous enemies. Liv.
himself to death. This was cheerfully ed
accept- \44."Just. 6, c. 9, 1.7, c. 1,k,c.Strab. 7."Me-la,
by Macaria, who refused to endangerthe 1,c. 3,"c." P/wi. 4, c. 10,kc."Curt. 3 and
life of the children of Hercules by suffering 4. Pans. 8, c. 7.
"
rose command
to the highest in the array, Plin. 7, c. 48." Fa/. Max. 8, c. 3.
and proclaimedhimself emperor when rian
Vale- Macrobius, a Latin writer who died
had been made prisonerby the Persians, A. D. 415. Some suppose that he was cham- berlain
A. D. 260. His liberality supportedhis usur-
pation to the emperor Theodosius II. but
; his two sons, Macrianus and Quietus, this appears groundless,when we observe
were invested with the imperial purple,and that Macrobius was a follower of paganism,
the enemies of Rome were severely defeated and that none were admitted to the confidence
either by the emperors or their generals. of the emperor, or to the enjoyment of high
When he had supportedhis dignity for a year stations, except such as were of the Christian
in the eastern parts of the world, Macrianus religion.Macrobius has rendered himself
marched towards Rome, to crush Gallienus,famous for a composition called Saturnalia,a
who had been proclaimed emperor. He was miscellaneous collection of antiquities and
defeated in Illyricum by the lieutenant of Gal- criticisms, supposedtQ have been the result
MM
of tt conversationof of the learned Ro-
mans, the Taipeianrock, for aspiring
some to tyrannyat
duringthe celebration of the
Saturnalia. Rome, in the earlyages of the republic.
This was written for the use of his son, and the M^MACTERiA, sacrifices offered to Jupi- ter
bad latinity which the author has often intro-
duced, at Athens in the winter month Maemacte-
proves that he was not born in a part rion. The god surnamed Mamades was treated
en-
of the Roman empirewhere the Latin tongue to send mild and temperate weather,
was spoken,as he himself candidlyconfesses. as he presided over the seasons, and was the
The Saturnalia are useful for the learned re- god oi the air.
flections
for
they contain, and particularly MiENADEs, a name of the Bacchantes,or
curious observations on the two greatestpriestesses
some of Bacchus. The word is derived
epicpoetsof antiquity.Besides this,Macro- from /Mit^ofKu,to be furious, because in the cele-
bration
bius wrote a commentary on Cicero's somnium of the festivalstheir gesturesand ac-
tions
Scipionis, which is likewise composed for the were those of mad women. Ovid. Fast
improvement of the author's son, and dedica-
ted 4, V. 458.
to The best editions are
him. that of Mjsnala, a town of Spain.
Gronovius,8vo. L. Bat. 1670,and that of Lips. MiENALus, (plur. Maenala,;a mountain of
8vo. 1777. Arcadia sacred to the god Pan, and
greatly
Macrochir, a Greek name of Artaxerxes, frequented by shepherds. It received itsname
the same as Longimanus. This surname from Maenalus, a son of Lycaon. It was cov-
ered
arises from his having one hand longer than with pinetrees, whose echo and shade
the other. C. JVep. in Reg. have been greatly celebrated by allthe ancient
Macrones, a nation of Pontus, on the fines
con- poets. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 216. Virg.G. 1,v. "
of Colchis and Armenia. Flacc. 5, v. 17. Ed. 8, v. 24." Paw*. 8, c. S."Strab. 8."
153." Herodot. Mela, 2, c. 3. A town of Arcadia. A
Mactorivm, a town at the south
of Sicily son of Lycaon. The father of Atalanta.
near Gela. MiENius,a Roman consul. A dictatorac-
cused
Maculonos, a rich and penuriousRoman, and honourablyacquitted,
"c.- A
he. Juv. 7,v. 40. spendthrift
at Rome. Horat. 1,ep. 15,v. 26.
Madaura, a town on the borders of Nu- M^NON, atyrantof Sicily, B. C. 285.
midia and Gajtulia,of which the inhabitants MvENus,a river of Germany, now called the
called Madaurensis. It was the native falling
were
Mayne^ into the Rhine at Mayence.
placeof Apuleius.^pul Met. 11. MiEoNiA, country of Asia
Minor, the a
MiECENAS. Vid. Mecaenas. Ovid. Fast 3, el. 12. ep. Sab. 2, v. 9. Virs "
Magas, king of Cyrene m the age ot Mccander, about 15 miles from Ephesus,now
a
called Guzelhiser. It is celebrated for the
Ptolemy Philadelphus.He reigned50 years,
died B. C. 257. Polymn.2. death of Themistocles,and for a battle which
and
Magella, a town about the mid-
of Sicily dle was foughtthere 187 years before the Chris-
tian
of the island. era, between the Romans and Antiochus
Maget^;, a peopleof Africa. king of Syria. The forces of Antiochus
Magi, a religious sect among the eastern amounted to 70,000 men, accordingto Ap-
nations of the world, in Per-
and particularly sia. pian,or 70,000 foot and 12,000horse,accord-
ing
had in the politi-
cal
great influence to Livy,which have been exaggerated by
They
as well as religiousaflfairsof the state, Florus to 300,000 men ; the Romanarmy con-
sisted
and a monarch seldom ascended the throne of about 28, or 30,000 men, 2000 of
without their previousapprobation. aster which were
Zoro- employed in guarding the camp.
was founder of their sect. They paid The Syrianslost 50,000 foot and 4000 horse,
particular homage to fire,which they deemed and the Romans only300 killed with 25 horse.
in itself,and the purifier of It was founded by a colonyfrom Magnesia in
a deity, as pure
tenets they had Thessaly, and was commonly called Magnesia
all things.In their religious
good, the source of every ad Mceandrum, to distmguish it from another
two principles, one
from whenc6 called Magnesia ad Sipylum, in Lydia, at
thinggood; and the other evil,
of ills. Their professional the foot of mount Sipylus. This last was de- stroyed
sprung all manner
the mathematics and philosophy dered
ren- by an earthquake in the reignof Ti-berius.
skillin
to them, and from A country on the eastern partsof
every thingfamiliar
of the Thessaly, at the south of Ossa. It was
their knowledge of the phaenomena times
some-
the word Magi was applied to all called JEmonia and Magnus Campus.
heavens,
learned men; and in process of time, the The capital was also called I^lagnesia. A
from their experience and profession, promontory of Magnesia in Thessaly. Liv.
Ma^i,
we?econfounded with the magicianswho 37. Flor. 2. Appian. "
"
; these were preservedby Scipioat the the western extremities ofthe island of Eubcea,
takingofCarthage, and presentedto the Ro- man has received the name ofthe gulfof Malia,
senate. They were translated into Greek Maiacum Fretum or Maliacus Sinus. Some
by Cassius Dionysiusof Utica,and into Latin call It the gulfof Lamia from itsvicinity to La-
mia
by order of the Roman senate, thoughCato It IS often taken for the Sinus Pelasgicits
had already written so copiously upon the sub-
ject
i^^^"cients. Paiis. 1, c. 4.~Herodot
has been obser- Malii, a peopleof Mesopotamia.
; and the Romans, as it
ved,consultedthe writings of Mago with great-
er Malis, a servant maid of Omphale,beloved
earnestness than the books of the Sibylline by Hercules.
verses. Columella. A Carthaginian sent MALiEA or Mallia aqua. Vid. Malia.
by his countrymen to assistthe Romans against Malleolus, a man who murdered his
Pyrrhusand the Tarentines, with a fleet of mother, ";c. Clc. ad Heren. 1,c. 13.
120 sail. This offer was politely refused by Mallius, a Roman consul defeatedby the
'
the Roman senate. This Mago was father of Gauls,kc.
Asdrubal and Hamilcar. Val. Max. MA;i.LOPHORA, (lanam ferens,) a surname
Magon, a river of India falling into the under which Ceres had a temple at Megara.
Ganges. Jlrrian. because she had taughtthe inhabitantsthe uti- lity
AlAGONTiACDM or Magontea, a large ot wool, and the means of tendingsheep
cityof Germany, now called Ments. Tacit. to advantage.This temple is represented as
4, Hist. 15 and 23. so old in the
age of Pausanias, that it was fai-
ling
Magus, an officer of Turous, killed by to decay. Paus. 1, c. 44.
JEneas. Virg.Mn. 10, v. 522. Mallos, a town of Cilicia. Lucan. 3, v.
Maherbal, a Carthaginianwho was at
the siegeof Saguntum,and who commanded Malthinus,a name under which Horace
the cavalryof Annibal at the battle of Canna. has lashed some of his friends or enemies. 1,
He advised the conqueror immediately to Sat. 2, v. 27.
march to Rome, but Annibal required time to Mamaus, a river of Peloponnesus.
consider on so bold a measure; upon which Mamercus, a tyrantof Catana, who sur- rendered
Maherbal observed,that Annibal knew how to to Timoleon. His attempts to speak
of ma publicassembly
conquer, but not how to make a proper use at Syracusewere received
victory. with groans and hisses, upon which he dashed
Maia, a daughterof Atlas and Pleione,his head againsta wall, and endeavoured to
mother of Mercury by Jupiter.She was one destroy himself. The blows were not fatal,
of the Pleiades,the most lu tinous of the se- ven and Mamercus was soon after put to death as
sisters. [Vid.Pleiades.] Apollod.3, c. a robber,B. C. 340. Polya^n. 5.~C. JVep. in
\0." Virg.M.n.1, v. 301. A surname of Tim. A dictator at Rome, B. C. 437.
Cybele. A consul with D. Brutus.
Majestas,a goddess among the Romans, Mamerthes, a Corinthian who killed his
daughterof Honour and Reverence. (J^id,
brother'sson in hopesof reigning
; upon which
he to piecesby his brother. Ovid.
6, Fast. 5, V. 25. \yastorn
Majorianus, Jul. Valerius, an emperor m lb.
of the western Roman empire, raised to the Mamertina, a town of Campania,famous
imperialthrone A. D. 457. He signalized tor Its wines. A name of Messana in Si-
himself by his private virtues. cily. Martial. 13,ep. Ul."Strab.l.
as well as public
Mamilius Octavius, a son-in-law of Tar- over to Caesar in Gaul. His father, Im-
quin,who behaved with uncommon bravery manuentius, was kingin Britain, and had been
at the battle of Regillfe. He is also called put to death by order of Cassivelaunus. Cos.
Manilius. Vid. Maniiius. Bell. G. 5, c. 20.
Mammea, the mother of the emperor Se- a cityof Calabria, near
Manduria, Ta-
verus, who died A. D. 235. whose inhabitants were
rentum, famous for
Mamurius Veturics, a worker in brass in eatingdog'sflesh. Plin, 2, c. 103. Liv. 27, "
sias,endowed with the gift of prophecy. She c. 3. Plut. in Parol. A king of Attica,son
"
"
was made prisonerby the Argiveswhen the of Epopeus, who gave his name to a small
cityof Thebes fellinto their hands,and as she village there. Paus. 2, c. 1. A kingof Si-
was the worthiest part of the booty,the con-
querors cyon.
Manto, often called Daphne, remained for Marc"Lla, a daughterof Octavia the sis-
ter
some time at Delphi,where she officiated as of Augustusby Marcellus. She married
and where
priestess, she gave oracles. From Agrippa. .
opima, by killing with his own hand Virido- The suddenness of his death,at the
marus the king of the enemy. Such success earlyage of eighteen, was the cause of much
rendered him popular, and soon after he was lamentation at Rome, particularly in the fami-
ly
intrusted to oppose Annibal in Italy. He was of Augustus,and Virgilprocured himself
tlie firstRoman who obtained some tage
advan- greatfavours by celebrating the virtues of this
over this celebrated Carthaginian,
and amiable prince. [Vid.Octavia.] Marceilus
showed his countrymen that Annibal was not was buried at the publicexj^iense. Virg.^n.
invincible. The troubles which were raised 5ue/. in Aug."Plut. in MarcelL"
6, V. 883."
in Sicilyby the Carthaginians at the death Senec. Consol. ad Marc. Paterc. 2, c. 93.
"
of Hieronymus, alarmed the Romans, and The son of the greatMarceilus who took Sy- racuse,
Marceilus, in his third consulship,was sent was caughtin the ambuscade which
with a powerfulforce against Syracuse. He proved fatal to his father, but he forced his
attacked itby sea and land,but his operationsway from the enemy and escaped.He receiv-
ed
proved ineffectual, dustry the ashes of his father from the conqueror.
and the invention and in-
of a philosopher[Vid.Archimedes] Plut. in MarcelL A man who conspired
were able to baffleallthe efforts,
and to destroyagainst Vespasian. The husband of Octa- via
all the greatand stupendous machines and mi-
litary the sister of Augustus. A conqueror of
enginesof the Romans cessive Britain.
duringthree suc- An officer under the emperor Ju-
lian.
years. The perseverance of Marceilus A man put to death by Galba. A
at last obtained the victory. The inattention man who gave Cicero information of Catiline's
of the inhabitants duringtheir nocturnal cele-
brationconspiracy. A colleagueof Cato in the
of the festivalsof Diana, favoured his quaestorship. A native of Pamphylia,who
operations ; he forciblyentered the town, and wrote an heroic poem on physic, divided into
made himself master of it. The conqueror 42 books. He lived in the reign of Marcus
enriched the capital of Italywith the spoils of Aurelius. A Roman drowned in a storm,
Syracuse, and when he was accused of rapa- "c.
the conquered cityof
ciousneso, for stripping Marcia lex, by Marcius Censorinus. It
all its paintings and ornaments, he confessed, forbad any man to be invested with the office
that he had done it to adorn the publicbuild- ings of censor more than once.
of Rome, and to introduce a taste for the Marcia, the wife of Regulus. When she
fine artsand elegance of the Greeks among his heard that her husband had been put to death
countrymen. After the conquest of Syracuse,at Carthagein the most excruciating manner,
Marceilus was called upon by his country to retorted the punishment,and shut up some
oppose a second time Annibal. In this cam-
paign Carthaginian prisoners in a barrel, which she
he behaved with greatervigourthan be- fore had previously filled with sharp nails. The
; the greatestpart of the towns of the senate was obligedto stopher wantonness and
Samnites,which had revolted, were recovered cruelty.Diod. 24. A favourite of the em-
peror
Rome with Numa, and itwas he who advised Mareotis, now Siwah, a lake in Egypt,
Ts'uraa to accept of the crown which the Ro-
mans near Alexandria. Its neighbourhood is fa- mous
offered to him. He attemptedto make for wine, though some make the Ma-
himself kingof Rome in opposition to TuUus reoiicum vinum grow in Ejiirus, or in a cer-
tain
by his father-in-law. He was father of An- Marginia and Margiania, a town and
cus Martius. Plut. in JVuma. A Roman country near the river Oxus, at the east of
who accused Ptolemy Auletes,kingof Egypt, Hyrcania,celebrated for itswines. The vines
of misdemeanor, in the Roman senate are so uncommonly largethat two men can
A Roman consul,defeated by the Samnites, scarcely grasp the trunk of one of them. Curt.
He was more successful againstthe Cartha-
ginians, 7, c. 10." Ptol. 5.
and
obtained a victory,".c. Margites, a man againstwhom, as some
Another consul,who obtained a victory over suppose, Homer wrote a poem, to ridicule his
the Etrurians. Another, who defeated the superficial knowledge,and to expose his afi'ec-
Hernici. A Roman who fought againsttation. When Demosthenes wished to prove
Asdrubal. A man whom Catiline hired to Alexander an inveterate enemy to Athens,he
assassinate Cicero. called him another Margites.
Marcius Saltus, a place in Liguria,
":c. Margus, a river of Mcesia fallinginto the
Marcomanni, a people of Germany, who Danube, with a town of the same name, now
dwelt
originally on the banks of the Rhine Kastolats.
and the Danube. They provedpowerfulene- mies Mariaba, a city in Arabia near the Red
to the Roman emperors. AugustusSea.
grantedthem peace, but theywere afterwards Maria lex, by C. Marius, the tribune,
subdued by Antoninus and Trajan,"c. Pa- A. U. C. 634, It ordered the plankscalled
terc. 2, c. 109." Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 46 and 62, pontes,on which the people stood up to give
G. 42. their votes in the comitia,to be narrower,
Marcus, a praenomen to many of that no other might stand there to hinder the
common
j
the Romans. Vid. .^milus, Lepidus, he. proceedingsof the assemblyby appeal,or I
A son of Cato, killed at Philippi, fee. other disturbances. '"Another, called also
"
Mela, 1,c. 2 and 19, 1.2, c. 7. fourth time invested with the consulship.At
Marias U3, a surname given to Jupiter,lasttwo engagements were fought, and not less
from a temple built to his honour by Marius. than 200,000of the barbarian forcesof the Am-
It was in this temple that the Roman senate brones and Teutones were slain in the field of
assembled to recall Cicero, a circumstance battle, and 90,000 made prisoners.The fol- lowing
communicated to him in a dream. Vol, Max. year was also marked by a total over-
throw
His father bore the same name as of Marius disarmed the courage of
himself,and his mother was called Fulcinia, the executioner,and, when he heard the ex-
clamation
He forsook the meaner occupationsof the of Tune homo, audes occidere Caium
country for the camp, and signalized himself Marium, the daggerdropped from his hand.
under Scipioat the siegeof INumantia. The Such an uncommon adventure awakened the
Roman generalsaw the courage and intrepi-
dity compassion of the inhabitants of Minturnae.
of young Marius, and foretold the era of They released Marius from prison,and fa-voured
his future greatness. By his seditions and his escape to Africa,where he joined
at Rome,
intrigues while he exercised the his son Marius, who had been arming the
inferior offices of the state, he rendered him- self princesof the country in his cause. Marius
known; and his marriage with Julia, landed near the walls of Carthage, and he re-
ceived
who was of the familyof the Cajsars,contri-
buted no small consolation at the sight of the
in some measure to raise him to conse- venerable ruins of a once powerfulcity, which
f]uencc. He passedinto Africa as lieutenant like himself had been exposed to calamitv,
to the consul Melellus againstJugurtha, and, and felttliecruel vicissitudeof fortune. This
after he had there ingratiated himself with ihe placeof his retreat was soon known, and the
soldiers, and raised enemies to his friend and governor of Africa, to conciliate the favoui*sof
benefactor,he returned to Rome, and canvas- sed Sylla, compelledMarius to flyto a neighbour-
ing
for the.consulship. The extravagantpro- mises island. He soon after learned that Cinna
he made to the people,and his malevo- had embraced his cause at Rome, when the
tent insinuations about the conduct of Metel- Roman senate had strippedhim of his consu-
lar
lus,proved successful. He was elected,, and dignityand bestowed it upon one of his
MA MA
enemies. This intelligence animated Marius ; "One of the Greek fathersof the 5th cen- tury,
be set sail to assist his friend, onlyat the head whose works were edited by Garner, 2
of a thousand men. His army, however, gra- duallyvols.fol. Paris,1673; and Baluzius,ib. 1684.
increased,and he entered Rome like a M. Aurelius, a native of Gaul, who, from
to some opinions, remains doubtful, though Maronea, a cityof the Cicones, in Thrace,
some have chargedhim with the crime of near the Hebrus, of which Bacchus is the
suicide. Among the instances which are men- tioned chief deity.The wine has alwaysbeen reck- oned
of his firmness this may be recorded : excellent, and with it,it was supposed,
a swelling in the legobliged him to applyto a Ulysses intoxicated the CyclopsPolyphemus.
physician, who urgedthe necessity of cuttingPlin.U,c.4."Herodot."Mela, 2, c. 2." Ti-
it oft*. Marius gave it,and saw the operationbull. 4, el. 1, V. 57.
performedwithout a distortion of the face, and Marpesia, a celebrated queen of the Am-
azons,
without a groan. The physicianasked the who wageda successful war against the
other, and Marius cave it with equalcompo- inhabitants of mount Caucasus. The moun-
tain
Caius,the son of the great Marius, was Marpessa, a daughterof the Evenus, who
as cruel as his fatlier,and shared his good and married Idas,by whom she had Cleopatra, the
his adverse fortune. He made himself consul wife of Meleager. Marpessa was tenderly
in the 25th year of his age, and murdered all loved by her husband ;and when Apolloendea- voured
the senators who opposedhis ambitious views. to carry her away, Idas followed the
He was defeated by Sylla, and fled to Praeneste, ravisher with a bow and arrows, resolved on
where he killed himself Plut. in Mario.- revenge. Apolloand Idas were separated by
Fii?cus,a governor of Africa,accused of ex- tortionJupiter, who permittedMarpessato go with
in his provinceby Plinythe younger, that of the two lovers whom she most approved
and banished from Italv. J"/m. 2, ep. 11. of. She returned to her husband.
" Homer. II.
Juv. 1, V. 48. A lovJr, kc. Vid. Hellas. 9, V. 649." Owd. Met. 8, v. 305." v?po"orf. 1,
c. l.-.Pau^. 4, c. 2. 1-5,c. 18.
MA MA
Marpesus, a town of Mysiau A moun-
tain were firstinstituted by Numa, and their chief
of Pares, abounding in white marble, office was to guard the sacred Ancylia,one of
whence Marptsia cautes. The quarriesare which, as was supposed,had fallen down from
stillseen by modern travellers. FzVg.JEn. 6, heaven. Mars was generallyrepresentedin
V. 471."
P/m. 4, c. 12, 1.36, c. 5. the naked figure of an o!d man, armed with a
Marres, a kingof Egypt,who had a crow lielmet,a pike,and a shield. Sometimes he
sed. appearedin a military
which conveyed his letters wherever he plea- dress,and with a long
He raised a celebrated monument to this flowingbeard,and sometimes without. He
faithfulbird near the cityof Crocodiles. JEli- generally rode in a chariot drawn by furious
an. An. 6, c. 7. horses,which the poets call Flight and Ter-
ror.
Marruciki, a people of Picenum. Si7.//. His altars were stained with the blood
15, V. 564. of the horse, on account of his warlike
rit,
spi-
Marruvium or Marrubium, now San and of the wolf, on account of his fe-
rocity.
Bentdetto,a place near the Liris,in Italy. Magpies and vultures were also
Virg."En. 7, v. 750. " Sil.It. 8, v. 497. offered to him, on account of their greediness
Mars, the god of war among the cients, and
an- voracity.The Scythiansgenerally offer-
ed
was the son of Jupiter him asses, and the people of Caria dogs.
and Juno, cording
ac-
with the most inveterate furythe children kc. Hesiod. Theog. Pindar, od. 4, Pyth.
"
" "
among the Romans were called Salii : they enjoyedby the cifi;ren" of Rome, B C. ^\
MA MA
This though supportedby
petition, the Inter-
est, intimacywhich subsisted between Bacchus
eloquence, and the integrity
the of the and Marsyas,as the emblems of liberty.It
tribune Drusus, was received with contempt was also erected at the entrance of the Roman
by the Roman senate; and the Marsi,with forum, as a spotwhere usurers and merchants
their allies,showed their dissatisfactionby resorted to transact business, beingprincipal-
ly
taking up arms. Their resentment was creased intended in terrorem
in- litigaiorum
; a circum-
stance
when Drusus, their friend at Rome, seems to which Horace
to allude,1 Sat.
had been basely murdered by the means of 6,V. 120. At Celaenae,the skin of Marsyas
the nobles;and they erected themselves into was shown to travellers for some time ; itwas
a republic, and Corfinium was tal suspendedin the publicplacein the form of a
made the capi-
of their new empire. A regularwar was bladder or a foot-ball.Hygin.(ah. 165. Ovid. "
now begun,and the Romans led into the field Fast. 6, V. 707. Met. 6, fab. I."Diod. 3.-"
an army of 100,000 men, and were opposed Hal. 8, v. 503." P/in. 5, c. 29, 1. 7, c. 56."
by a superior force. Some battles were fought,Pans. 10, c. SO." Apotlod.1, c. 4. The
in which the Roman generals were defeated, sources of the Marsyas were near those of the
and the alliesreapedno inconsiderable advan-
tages Maeander, and those two rivers had their con- tinence
grown dejecteda nd tired of hostilities which put to death by Dionysius,the tyremt of Si-cily.
had already continued for three years, sued
for peace one by one, and tranquillity was at Martha, a celebrated prophetess of Sy-
ria,
last re-establishedin the republic, and all the whose artifice and fraud proved of the
states of Italywere made citizens of Rome. greatestservice to C. Marius in the numerous
The armies of the alliesconsisted of the Marsi, expeditions he undertook. Plut. in Mario.
the Peligni, the Vestini,the Herpini,Pora- Martia, a vestal virgin,
put to death for
peiani,Marcini, Picentes, Venusini, Feren- her incontinence. A of Cato.
daughter Vid.
tanee, Apuli, Lucani, and Samnites. The Marcia.
Marsi were greatlyaddicted to magic. Horat. Martia aqua, water at Rome, celebrated
ep. 5, V. 76, ep 27, v. 29. Jlppian. Val. for its clearness
" " and salubrity.
It was veyed
con-
.Vax. 8. Paterc. 2.
" Plut. in Sert. Mario,
"
to Rome, distance of above 30 at the
TO." Cic. pro Balb. Strah. Tacit. Ann.
"
1, mileS; from the lake Fucinus, by Ancus
" tins,
Mar-
{g 50 and 56. G. 2. whence it received its name. Tibull.
Marsigni, a people of Germany. Tacit. 3, el. 7, v. 26." P/m. 31, c. 3, 1.36, c. 15.
P
r. 43. Martiales LUDi, games celebrated at Rome
Marsus Domitius, a Latin poet. in honour of Mars.
.|
r. Marsyaba, a town of Arabia. Ma.rtialis, Marcus Valerius,a native of
Marsyas, a celebrated piper of Celaena;,Bilbilisin Spain,who came to Rome about the
^n Phrygia,son of Olympus, or of Hyagnis, 20th year of his age, where he recommended
-or CEagrus. He was so skilfulin playingon himself to notice by his poeticalgenius. As
the flute,
that he is generallydeemed the in- he was the panegyristof the emperors, he
Ventor of it. Accordingto the opinionof some gainedthe greatesthonours, and was reward-
ed
'he found it when Minerva had thrown itaside in the most liberal manner. Domitian
on account of the distortion of her face when gave him the tribuneship; but the poet, mindful
un-
she playedupon it. Marsyas was enamoured of the favours he received, after
of Cybele,and he travelled with her as far as the death of his benefactor,exposed to ri-
dicule
Nysa, where he had the imprudence to chal- lenge the vices and cruelties of a monster
Apolloto a trialof his skill as a musician. whom, in his life time, he had extolled as
The god acceptedthe challenge, and it was mu-tually the pattern of virtue,goodness,and excel-lence.
agreedtliathe who was defeated should Trajantreated the poet with coldness;
be flayedalive by the conqueror. The Muses, and Martial,after he had passed thirty-five
or accordingto Diodorus,the inhabitants of years in the capital of the world, in The great-
est
Nysa, were appointedumpires. Each exerted splendourand affluence, retired to his na-
tive
his utmost skill, and the victory, with much dif- ficulty, country, where he had the mortification
was adjudged to Apollo. The god, to be (he objectof malevolence, satire,and
upon this, tied his antagonist to a tree and ridicule. lie received some favours from his
flayedhim alive. The death of Marsyas was friends,and his poverty was alleviated by the
universally lamented ; (he Fauns, Satyrs, and liberality of Plinythe younger, whom he had
Dryads, wept at his fate, and from their panegyrizedin his poems. Martial died about
abundant tears,arose a river of Phrygia,well the I04th year of the Christian era, in the 75th
% knoAvn by the name of Marsyas. The unfor-tunate year of his age. He is now well known by the
Marsyas is often represented on ments
monu- fourteen books of epigramswhich he wrote,
as tied,his hands behind his back to a and whose merit is now best described by
tree, while Apollostands before him with his the candid confession of the author in this
lyrein his hands. In independentcities among line,
the ancients the statue of Marsyas was rally Hunt bona, sunt qu("dam
gene- mediocria,sunt maJa
erected in the forum, to represent the plura.
MA MA
had saluted him king to be imprisoned. He upon his head, and without showing the
"was of
deprived hisJ. Cssar. least marks of fatigue.This strength
consulshipby of mind
Pint, A governor of Judaea. A Latin and body he chiefly owed to the temperance
poet in the reignof M. Aurelius. He satirized which he observed. He was seen eatingbrown
the emperor with greatlicentiousness,but his bread at the door of his tent, like a private
invectives were diregarded, and himself des-
pised.soldier,the day after he had obtained an im-
mortal
victoryover the armies of Carthage.
Mards, (theMorava) a river of Germany, He left ^fty-foursons, three of whom were gitimate,
le-
which separatesmodern Hungary and via.
Mora- Micipsa,Gulussa, and Manastabal.
Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 63. The kingdom was fairlydivided among thera.
Massa B^sb, an informer at the couet of Do- by Scipio,and the illegitimatechildren recei-
ved,
mitian. Juv. 1, v. 35. as their portions,
very valuable presents.
.
Mas^esylii, peopleof Libya, where Sy-
a The djeath of Gulussa and Manastabal soon
phax reigned. Massy\a.
Vid. after leftMicipsasole raasterof the large
sessions
pos-
Masinissa, son of Gala, was king of a of Masinissa. Strah. IJ. Polyb. " "
his person. Masinissa was struck with the of theirswiftness. When their parents
generous action of the Roman general, he for-
got had come certain age, theygenerally
to a put
all former hostilities,and joinedhis troops them to death,and eat their flesh mixed with
to those of Scipio.Thi.s changeof sentiments that of cattle. Authors are divided with res-
pect
was not the eflect of a waveringor unsettled to the place of their residence. Some
mind, but Masinissa showed himself the most placethem near the Caspiansea, others at the
attached and the firmest allythe Romans ever north of the Danube, and some confound them
had. It was to hi.sexertions they owed many with the Getae and the Scythians Horat..Jj
MA MA
Oil.35, V. 40. Dionys.Per. 738. Herodot. 1, of Mars, celebrated by married women, in com-
" "
memoration
now preserves its ancient character. Plin. small town, now Wisbaden oppositeMentz.
14, c. Q."Horat. 1, od. 1,v. 19." Kirg.G. 2, Tacit, de Germ. 29. An. 1,c. 56.
V. 143. Etrurian prince,who
An assisted Matuta, a deity among the Romans, the
JEneas against Turnus with 1000 men. Virg.same as the Leucothoe of the Greeks. She
JEn. 10, V. 166,"c. was originallyIno, who was changedinto asea
Massilia, a maritime town of Gaul Narbo- deity,[Vid.Ino and Leucothoe,] and she was
nensis, now called Marseilles,founded B. worshipped by sailors as such, at Corinth in
C. 539, by the people of Phocasa, in Asia, a temple sacred to Neptune. Only married
who quittedtheir country to avoid the tyran-ny women and freeborn matrons were ted
permit-
of the Persians. It is celebrated for its to enter her templesat Rome, where they
laws, itsfidelity for the Romans, and for its generally brought the children of their rela-tions
beinglong the seat of literature. It acquired in their arms. Liv. 5, ".c. Cic. de J^at. "
(i"w.o".)
"
Ann. 4, c. 44. Agr.4. Martial. 5, ep. 29, 1. 12, ep. 67." Si7. Ital.
Massyla, an inland
part of Mauritania, 4, V. 569, 1. 10, V. 402.'-Mela,1, c. 5, 1.3,c. 10.
near mount Atlas. When
the inhabitants,
led
cal- Justin. 19, c. 2. Sallust. Jug. Virg. JEn.
" " "
suppose them to be the same as the Masaesylii, the west by the Atlantic,south by Gaetulia,
though others say half the country belonged and north by the Mediterranean, and is some- times
onl v to this last mentioned people. Liv. 24, c. called Maurusia. It became a Roman
48,'l. 28, c. 17,1.29, c. 32." 5t7.3, v. 282, 1. 16, provincein the reignof the emperor Claudius.
V. Ml." Lucan. 4,v. 682." Firg. ^n. 4, v. 132. Vid. Mauri.
Mastramela, a lake near Marseilles,mer Maitrus, a man who flourishedin the reign
de Mariegues. Plin. 3, c. 4. of Trajan,or accordingto others,of the Anto-
Masurius, a Roman knight under Tiberius,nini. He was governor of Syene, in Upper
learned,but poor. Pers. 5, v. 90. Egypt. He wrote a Latin poem upon the
Masus Domitius,a Latin poet. Vid. Domi- rules of poetry and versification.
tius.
Maurusii, the peopleof Maurusia, a coun-
try
pannical,and he often feasted his eyes with the corpulence; he generally eat fortypounds of
sightof dyingwretches, w^hom his barbarityflesh every day, and drank 18 bottles of wine.
had delivered to bears and wild beasts. His His strength was proportionable to his gigantic
aversion to learned men arose from his igno-
rance shape; he could alone draw a loaded waggon,
of letters ; and, if he was deprivedof and, with a blow of his fist, he often broke the
the benefits of education,he proved the more teeth in a horse's mouth ; he broke the hard- est
cruel and the more inexorable. Lactant. de stones between his fingers, and clefttrees
M. P. 33." Eusebius 8, c. 16. with his hand. Htrodianus. Jornand. de reb.
"
shepherd,and, by heading his countrymen invested with the purple,and his choice was
againstthe frequent attacks of the neighbour-
ing unanimouslyapprovedby the senate, by the
barbarians and robbers,he inured himself people,and by the array. Galerius Vale-
rius,
to the labours and to thecamp. of
fatigues a a shepherdof Thrace, who was raised to
He entered the Roman
armies, where he the imperialdignityby Diocletian,A. D. 305.
graduallyrose to the firstoffices ; and on the He was nephew to Galerius Maximianus, by
death of Alexander Severus he caused him-
self his mother's side,and to him he was indebted
to proclaimed emperor, A. D. 233. for his rise and consequence
be in the Roman
The popularitywhich he had gained when armies. As Maximianus was ambitious and
generalof the armies, was at an end when fond of power, he looked with an eye of jea- lousy
he ascended the throne. He was delighted upon those who shared the dignity of
with acts of the greatestbarbarity, and no emperor with himself. He declared war against
less than 400 persons lost their lives on the Licinius, his colleague on the throne,but a de-
feat,
false suspicionof having conspiredagainst which soon after followed,on the 30th of
the emperor'slife. They died in the greatest April, A. D. 313, between Heraclea and Adri-
torments, and, that the tyrant might the bet-
ter anopojis, lefthim without resources and with-
out
entertain himself from their sutterings, friends. His victoriousenemy pursuedhim,
some wei'e exposed to wild beasts,others ex-pired and he fled beyond mount Taurus,forsaken and
by blows, some were nailed on crosses, almost unknown. He attemptedto put an end
while others were shut up in the bellies of ani-
mals to his miserable existence, but his efforts were
justkilled. The noblest of the Roman ineffectual, and though his death is attributed
citizens were the objects of his cruelty ; and, by some to despair,it is more universally lieved
be-
as if they were more conscious than others that he expiredin the greatestagonies,
of his mean origin,he resolved to spare no of a dreadful distemper, which consumed him
means to from his presence a number
remove day and nightwuth inexpressible pains,and
of men whom
he looked upon with an eye of reduced him to a mere skeleton. This miser-
able
envy, and who, as he imagined,hated him for end, accordingto the ecclesiastical wri-
ters,
his oppression, and despisedhim for the po-
verty was the visible punishmentof heaven, for
and obscurity of his earlyyears. Such the barbarities which Maximinus had exercis-
ed
is the character of the suspiciousand tyran-
nical againstthe followers of Christianity, and
Maximinus. In his militarycapacityfor the many blasphemies which he had utter-
ed.
he acted with the same ferocity; and in an Lactant. Euseb. "
^A minister of the
expedition in Germany, he not only cut down Valerian.
emperor One of the ambassadore
the corn, but he totally ruined and set fire of young
Theodosius toAttilakingof the Huns.
to the whole country, to the extent of 450 Maximus, Magnus, a native of Spain,who
miles. Such a monster of tyranny at last proclaimedhimself emperor, A. D. 383. The
provokedthe peopleof Rome. The Gordians unpopularity of Gratian favoured his usurpa-
tion,
were proclaimederaperors,but their innocence and he was acknowledgedby his troops.
and pacific virtues were unable to resistthe Gratian marched against him, but he was de-feated,
fury of Maximinus. After their fall,the Ro-man and soon after assassinated. Maximus
senate invested twenty men of their num-
ber refused the honours of a burial to the remains
whh the imperialdignity, and intrusted of Gratian ; and, when he had made himself
into their hands the care of the republic. master of Britain,Gaul, and Spain, he sent
These measures so highlyirritated Maximi-
nus, ambassadors into the east, and demanded of
that,at the firstintelligence, he howled the emperor Theodosius to acknowledge him
like a wild beast,and almost destroyedhim- self as his associate on the ihrone. Theodosius
by knockinghis head againstthe walls of endeavoured to amuse and delay him, but
his palace. When his fury was abated, he Maximus resolved to support his claim by
marched to Rome, resolved on slaughter. arms, and crossed tlie Alps. Italywas laid
His bloodymachinations were stopped, and his desolate,and Rome opened her gates to the
soldiers,ashamed of accompanying a tyrant conqueror. Theodosius now determined to
whose cruelties had procured him the name revenge the audaciousness of Maximus, and
of Busiris,Cyclops,and Phalaris, assassinated had recourse to artifice. He began to make a
him in his lent before the walls of Aquileia, naval armament, and Maximus, not to appear
A. D. 236, in the 65th year of his age. The inferior to his adversary,had alreadyembark-
ed
news of his death was received with tlie great-
est his troops,when Theodosius, by secret and
rejoicings at Rome, publicthanksgivings hastened marches, fell upon him, and besieged
were oll'ered,and whole hecatombs flamed on him at Aquileia.Maximus was betrayedby
the altars. Maximinus has been representedhis soldiers, and the conqueror, moved with
MA ME
compassionat the sightof his fallenand deject-
ed eral of Trajan,
killed in the eastern provinces,
enemy, granted him life, but the multitude One of the murderers of Domitian, he.
refused him mercy, and instantly struck ofi'his A philosopher, a native of Byzantium,in
head, A. D. 388. His son Victor, who shared the age of Julian the emperor.
the imperial dignitywith him, was soon after Mazaca, a largecity of Cappadocia,the
sacrificed to the furyof the soldiers. Petro- capital of the province.It was called Caisarea
aius,a Roman, descended of an illustriousfam- ily. by Tiberius in honour of Augustus.
He caused Valentinian III. to be assas-
sinated, Mazaces, a Persian governor of Memphis.
and ascended the throne, and, to He made a sallyagainst the Grecian soldiers
strengthen his usurpation, he married the em- press, of Alexander, and killed great numbers of
to whom he had the weakness and im-
prudencethem. Curt. 4, c. 1.
to betraythat he had sacrificedher Maz^us, a satrapof Cilicia,under Artax-
husband to his love for her person. This de- claration
erxes Ochus. A governor of Babylon,son-
irritated the empress ; she had re- course in-law to Darius. He surrendered to Alexan-
der,
to the barbarians to avenge the death "ic. Curt. 5, c. 1.
of Valentinian, and Maximus was stoned to Mazares, a satrapof Media, who reduced
death by his soldiers, and his body thrown into Priene under the power of Cyrus. Herodot.
the Tiber, A. D. 455. He reigned only 77 1,c. 161.
days. Pupianus.Vid. Pupianus. "A cel- ebrated Mazaxes,
"
(sing. Mazax.) a peopleof Afri-
ca,
cynic philosopherand magician of famous for shootingarrows. Lucan. 4, v.
Ephesus. He instructed the emperor Julian 681.
in magic, and, accordingto the opinionof Mazeras, a river of Hyrcania,falling into
.some it was
historians, in the conversation and the Caspiansea. Plut.
that the apostacy of Ju-
lian Mazices and Mazyges, a peopleof Libya,
company of Maximus
originated.The emperor not onlyvisited very expert in the use of missile weapons.
the philosopher, but he even submitted his The Romans made use of them as couriers,
writings
to his inspection and censure. mus
Maxi- on account of their great,swiftness. Suet, in
refused to live in the court of Julian,and JVer.30." Lucan. 4, v. 684.
the emperor, not dissatisfied with the refusal, Mecenas or Mec(enas, C. Cilnius,a cele-
brated
appointedhim highpontiff in the provinceof Roman knight,descended from the
Lydia,an office which he discharged with the kings of Etruria. He has rendered himself
and justice. When Julian immortal by his liberal patronage of learned
greatestmoderation
went into the east, the philosopher promised men and of letters; and to his prudence and
him success, and even said that his conquests advice Augustus acknowledged himself in- debted
would be more numerous and extensive than for the security he enjoyed. His fond-
ness
those of the son of Philip. He persuaded his for pleasure removed him from the reach
imperial pupilthat,accordingto the doctrine of ambition,and he preferred to die,as he was
of metempsychosis, his body was animated by born, a Roman knight, to all the honours and
the soul which once animated the hero whose dignities which either the friendship of Augus-
tus
greatnessand victories he was goingto eclipse. or his own popularitycould heap upon
After the death of Julian, Maximus was almost him. It was from the result of his advice,
sacrificed to the furyof the soldiers, but the against the opinionof Agrippa,that Augustus
of his friends saved his life, and resolved to keep the supreme in his
interposition power
he retired to Constantinople.He was soon hands, and not by a voluntaryresignation to
afteraccused of magicalpracticesbefore the plungeRome into civilcommotions. The em-
peror
rhetoricaltreatises,
some of which were cated
dedi-
given,and he was not displeased
were with the
to Julian. They are all now lost, dm- liberty of his friend,who tlu'ew a paper to him
mian. Tyrius,a Platonic philosopher, in with these words. Descend from the tribunal,
the reignof M. Aurelius. This emperor, who thou butcher! while he sat in the judgment-
fond of study,became of seat,and betrayedrevenge and impatiencein
was naturally one
best editions of which are that of Davis,8vo. of his lands,and Horace was proud to
Cantab. 1703 ; and that of Reiske,2 vols. 8vo. boast that his learned friend had obtained his
Lisp.1774. One of the Greek fathers of forgiveness from the emperor, for joining the
the seventh century,whose works were edited cause of Brutus at the battle of Philippi. Me-
by Combesis, 2 vols. fol. Paris, 1675. Pau- cojnas was himself fond of literature, and ac-
cording
the piances of heroic and lyricpoetry,among Jason for Glauce, the king'sdaughter, soon
by Polydamas. Homer. 11. 6, v. 28, iic. with him. From her connexion with .S^geus
A son of Lycaon. Apollod. Medea had a son, who was called Medus.
Mecrida, the wife of Lysimachus. Po-
ly Soon after,when Theseus wished to make
cen. 6. himself known to his father,[Vid.iEgeus,]
celebrated magician,
Medea, a daughterof Medea, jealousof his fame and fearfulof his
^etes, kingof Colchis. Her mother's name, power, attemptedto poison him at a feast
accordingto the more received opinion of which had been preparedfor his entertain-
ment.
Hesiod and Hyginus,was Idyia,or according Her attempts,however, failed of suc-cess,
certain herbs,she restored to him the vigour assassin of her own children. And besides,
and sprightliness of youtli. This sudden change that this opinionmight be the better credited,
in -/Eson astonished the inhabitantsof lolchos, festivals were in which the mother
appointed,
and the daughters of Pelias were also desirous was representedwith all the barbarity of a
to see their father restored, by the same er,
pow- fury murdering her own sons. [P'id.He-
to the vigourof youth. Medea, willing to raea.] Apollod. 1, c. 9."Hygin. fab. 21, 22,
vevenge the injuries which her husband's fa-
mily23, "ic. Plut. in This. Dionys. Perieg. " " "
and making it again,in their presence, a 7, fab. 1, in Med."Strab. l."Cic. de ^'at. D. " I
young lamb, she totally
determined them to3, c. 19. Apollon.Arg. 3, Lc.
"
"
Orpheus."
try the
same experimentupon their father's Place. Lucan. 4, v. 556.
"
647; who was succeeded by Cyaxares,B. C. c. 2. A man killed in the Trojan war.
625. His successor was Astyages, B. C. 585, jEneas saw him in tbe infernal regions.Virg.
in whose reignCyrus became master of Me-
dia, Mn. 6, V. 483. A statuaryof Laceda?mon,
B. C. 551 ; and ever after the empire was who made a famous statue of Miner%'a, seen
transferredto the Persians. The Medes were in the templeof Juno at Olympia. Paus. 7, c.
warlike in the primitive ages of their power ; 17.-:" One of the Centaurs,kc.
" Ovid. Met.
theyencouragedpolygamy,and were remark- able 12, V. 303. One of the Tyrrhene sailors
for the homage which theypaidto their changed into dolphinsby Bacchus. Id. Met.
sovereigns, who were styledkingsof kings.3, V. 671. A river of Peloponnesus. An
This title was afterwards adopted by their illegitimate son of Ajax Oileus. Homer.-
conquerors, the Persians, and it w^as still One of Penelope'ssuitors. Ovid. Heroid. li
in use in the age of the Roman emperors. A man of C}'^icus, killed by the Argo- nauts.
Justin. 1, c. 5. "
Herodot. 1, ".c. Polyb. 5
" A kingof Argos, who died about
and lO."Curt. 5, hc."Diod. Sic. IS." Cfe- 990 years B. C. A son of Pyladesby Elec-
sias. tra. Paus. 2, c. 16.
Mj:dias, a tyrantof Mysia,"ic. Medontias, a woman of Abydos, with
Medicus, a princeof Larissa,in Thessaly,whom Alcibiades cohabited as with a wife.
who made war againstLycophron, tyrantof She had a daughter, ".c. Lysias.
Phera). Di^d. 14 Meduacus, two rivers,(Major, now Brenta"
Mediolanum, now Milan, the capitalof and Minor, now Bachilione) falling near nice
Ve-
Insubria at the mouth of the Po. Liv. 5, c. 34, into the Adriatic sea. Plin. 3, c. 16. "
the columns of Hercules? and with the Eux- V. 21. A son of iEgeus and Medea, who
ine throughthe JEgean. The word Mediter- gave his name to a country of Asia. Medus,
raneum does not occur in the classics; but it when arrived to years of maturity,went to
is sometimes called internum,nostrum, or me- seek his mother, whom the arrival of Theseus
dius liquor, and is frequently denominated in in Athens had driven away. [Vid.Medea,]
Scripturethe Great Sea. The first naval He came to Colchis,where he was seized by
power that ever obtained the command of his uncle Perses,who usurped the throne of
It, as recorded in the fabulous epochs of the iEetes,his mother's father, because the ora-
cle
"
Jipollon. 4. Hygin. fab. 151.
" A daugh-
ter Megalapolitani.Strab. 8. Paus. 9, c. 14. "
"
killinga lion Avhich threatened his life in Megara, a daughter of Creon, king of
hunting. This act of affection in Megabyzus Thehes, givenin marriageto Hercules, because
was looked upon with envy by the king. He he had delivered the Thebans from the tyran-
ny
was discarded and afterwards reconciled to of the Orchomenians. [Vid.Erginus.]
the monarch by means of his mother. He When Hercules went to hell by order of Eu-
died in the 76th year of his age B. C. 447, lystheus, violence was offered to Megara by
greatlyregretted.Ctesias. Lycus,a Theban exile, and she would have
Megacles, an Athenian arcbon who in-
volved
yieldedto her ravisher,had not Hercules re- turned
the greatestpart of the Athenians in that moment and punished him with
the sacrilege uhich was committed in the death. This murder displeased Juno, and she
conspiracyof Cylon. Pint, in Sol. A bi-o- rendered Hercules so delirious, that he killed
ther of Dion, who assisted his brother against and the three children he had by her
Megara
"c.
Dionysius, A son of Alcmwon, who
in a fitof madness, thinking them to be wild
revolted with some Athenians afterthe depar-ture beasts. Some say that Megai a did not perish
of Solon from Athens. He was ejectedby the hand of her husband, but that he after-
wards
by Pisistratus. A man who exchangeddress married her to his friend lolas. The
with Pyrrhuswhen assisting theTarentines in names of Megara'schildren by Hercules were
Italy. He was killed in that disguise. A Creoiitiades,'iherimachus, and Deicoon. gin.
Hy-
native of Messana in Sicily, famous for his in-
veterate fab. 82. Stutc. in Here. ApoUod. 2, r
" "
buried there, or from Megareus a son of they wantonlyplayedaround him, and softly
governedby twelve
Apollo. It was originally licked his ears. This awoke Melampus, who
and
kings,but became afterwards a republic, was astonished at the sudden change which his
fell into the hands of the Athenians, from senses had undergone. He found himself ac- quainted
whom it was rescued by the Heraclida3. At with the chirping of the birds,
and with
the battle of Salamis the people of Megara all their rude notes, as they flew around him.
furnished 20 shipsfor the defence of Greece; He took advantageof this supernaturalgift, and
and at Plataea they had 300 men in the army soon made himself perfect in the knowledge of
of Pansanias. There was here a sect of phi- futurity,
losophers and Apolloalso
instructed him in the
called the Me^aric,who held the art of medicine.
He had soon after the hap-
piness
world to be eternal. Cic. Arcad. 4, c. 42. of curingthe daughtersof Pratus, by
Oral. 3, c. 17."Att. 1, ep. S."Paus. 1, c. 39. givingthem ellebore, which from this circum-stance
" Strab. 6. Mela, 2, c. 3.
" A town of ly
Sici- has been called melampodium,and as a
founded by a colony from Megara in Atti- ca, reward for his trouble he married the eldest of
about 728 years before the Christian era. these princesses.[Vid.Proetides.] The ty-
ranny
It was destroyedby Gelon, kingof Syracuse; of his uncle Neleus, kingof Pylos,obli- ged
and before the arrival of the Megareau colotiy him to leave his native country, and Prce-
it was called Ht/bla, Slrab. 26, iic. Virg.tus, to show himself more
"
sensible of his ser-
vices,
.En. 3, V. 689. gave him part of his kingdom, over
Megareus, the father of Hippomenes, was which he established himself. About this time
son of Onchestus. Ovid. Met. 10,v. 605. the personal charms of Pero, the daughterof
A son of Apollo. Neleus,had gainedmany admirers, but the fa- ther
Megaris, a small country of Achaia, be- tween promised his daughter only to him who
Phocis on the west and Attica on the brought into his hands the oxen of Iphiclus.
east. Its capital citywas called Megara. [Vid. This condition displeased many ; but Bias,who
Megara.] Strab. S."Flin. 3, c. S."Mela, 2, c. was also one of her admirers, engaged his
3 and 7. brother Melampus to steal the oxen, and de- liver
Megarsus, a town of Sicily of Cilicia. them to him. Melampus was caughtin
A river of India. the attempt, and imprisoned, and nothingbut
Megasthenes, a Greek historian in the his services as a soothsayerand physicianto
age of Seleucus Nicanor, about 300 years be- fore Iphiclus would have saved him from deaths
Christ. He wrote about the Oriental All this pleadedin favour of Melampus, but
nations, and particularly tlie Indians. His when he had taughtthe childless Iphiclus how
history is often quoted by the ancients. to become a father,he not only obtained his
What now passes as his compositionis spu- rious. liberty, but also the oxea, and with them he
compelledNeleus to givePero in marriageto
Meges, of
Helen's suitors,governor
one Bias. A severe distemper,which had render-
ed
of Dulichium and of the Echinades. He \vent the women of Argos insane,was totally moved
re-
for beauty,and mentioned by Horat. 1, od. himself^ and where his posterity
27, V. 11. reignedduringsix successive generations. He
Megista, an island of Lycia, with an har- bour received divine honours after death,and tem-
ples
of the same name. Liv. 37, c. 22. were raised to his memory. Homer. Od.
Megistias, a soothsayer tans 11,V. 287, 1. 15, v. 225." Herodot. 2 and 9."
who told the Spar-
that defended Thermopylae,that theyall Apollod2, c. 2." Pans. 2, c. 18, 1. 4, c. 3."
should perish, k.c. Htrodot. 7, c. 219, kc. Virg.G. 3, v. 550.
"
--
The father of Cisseus
A river. [^Vid.
Mella.] and Gyas. Virg.^n. 10. A son of Priam.
Mela Pomponius, ished
a Spaniard who
flour- ApoUod. 3. One of Action's dogs. Ovid..
about the 4oth yeair of the Christian Mtt.3.
era, and distinguished himself by his geogra-
phy Meeampvges, a surname of Horcules,from
divided into three books, and written the black and hairyappearance of his back;
withelegance,with great perspicuity and
brevity.The best editions of this book, cal-
led Melanch^tes, one of Actaeon's dogs,so
dt situ orbis, are those of Gronovius, called from his black hair. Ovid. Met. 3.
8vo. L. Bat. 1722, and Reinhold, 4to. Eton. Melanchj.veni, a peoplenear the Cimme-
rian
1761. Bosphorus.
Mel^en*, a of
village Attica. Siat. Theb. Melanchrus, a tyrantof Lesbos who died
12, V. 619. about 612 B. C.
Melampus, a celebrated soothsayerand Melane, the same as Samothrace.
Peloponnesus. His servants once killed two Ovid. Mel. 12.- -One of Action's
largeserpents who had made their nests at dogs. Id. 2. An Ethiopiankilled at the
the bottom of a largeoak, and Melampus paid nuptials of Perseus. Id. 5.
so much regardto these two reptiles, that he Mkeaniua, a surname of VenHs.
raised a burningpile and burned them upon it. Mei, ANION, the same as Hippomenes, who
He also took particular care of their young married Alalanta according to some n\vt!iOiO-
ones, and fed tb"?m with ruifk. Some time irists. .-hmllod.3.
ME
father put out both her eyes, and confined her 37 years. Paus. 2, c. 18. -A man of Cy-
in a prison. Her children,who had been ex- posed zicus. Flacc. A river of European Sarma-
and preserved, delivered her from con- into the Borysthenes. Ovid. Pont.
finement, tia falling
lized
son of Mars, who became enamoured of Co- himself in the Argonatic expedition,
metho, a priestess of Diana Triclaria. He and afterwards delivered his country from the
concealed himself in the temple,and ravished neighbouringinhabitants,whomadewar against
his mistress,for which violation of the sanc- tity his father,at the instigation of Diana, whose
of the place,the two lovers soon after altars (Eneus had neglected.[Vid.(Eneus.]
perished by a sudden death, and the country No sooner were they destroyed, than Diana
was visited by a pestilence, which was stopped punishedthe negligence of (Eneus by a greater
only after the offering of a human sacrifice calamity. She sent a hnge wild boar, which
by the direction of the oracle. Pans. 7, c. 19. laid waste all the country, and seemed invin- cible
A Trojankilled by Antilochus
in the Tro-
jan on account of its immense size. It be-
came
war.Homer. II. 15. Another killed by publicconcern, allthe neighbour-
soon a ing
Patroclus. Another killed by Teucer. princesassembled to destroythis terrible
A son of Agrius. Another of Priam.- A "
animal, and nothingbecame more famous in
son of Theseus. mythological history,than the huntingof the
Melanosyri, a peopleof Syria. Calydonian boar. The princesand chiefs
Melanthii, rocks near the bland of Sa- who assembled, and who are mentioned by
mos. mythologists,are Meleager, son of (Eneus,
Melanthius, a man who wrote an history Idas and Lynceus, sons of Aphareus, Dryajj
of Attica. A famous painterof Sicyon. son of Mars, Castor and Pollux sons of Ju-
piter
Plin. 35. A tragic poet of a very malevo-
lent and Leda, Pirithous son of Ixion, The-
seus
disposition, in the age of Phocion. Plul. son of JEgeus, Anceus and Cepheus
A Trojan killed by Eurypylus in the sons of Lycurgus,Admetus son of Pheres,
Trojan war. Homer. Od. A shepherdin .Tason son of iEson, Peleus and Taleraon sons
Theocrit. Idyll. A goat-herdkilled by Te- of yEacus, Iphicles son of Amphitryon, Enry-
lemachus afterthe return of Ulysses. Ovid. trion son of Actor, Atalanta daughterof Schoe-
],Heroid. An elegiac poet. Plut. neus, lolas the friend of Herculus, the sons of
Melantho, of Proteus,ravished Thestius,Amphiarausson of Oileus,Protheus,
a daughter
the news of this celebrated conquest had al- which he had shown
readydeath for the ingratitude
reached Calydon,and Althaea went to to Timagoras. Perns. 1, c. 30. A king of
the of the gods to return thanks for Lydia, who succeeded his father Alyattes,
temple
the victorywhich her son had gained. As she about 747 years before Christ. He was father
"went she met the corpses of her brothers that to Candaules,
were broughtfrom the chase, and at this Melesigenes, or Melesigena, a name
mournful spectacle she filled the whole city givento Homer. Fid. Meles.
with her lamentations. She was upon this in-formed Me HA, a daughterof Oceanus, who ried
mar-
that theyhad been killed by Meleager, Inachus. A nymph, Ike. Apollod. "
says that the death of Toxeus and Plexippus Melibcea, a daughter of Oceanus, wiio
so irritated Althaea,that she uttered the most married Pelasgus. A daughter of Am-
horrible curses and imf)recations upon the head phion and Niobe. Apollod. A maritime
of her son, Meleagermarried Cleopatra, the town of Magnesia in Thessaly, at the foot of
daughterof Idas and Marpessa,as also Ata- mount Ossa, famous for dying wool. The
lanta,according
to some accounts. Apollod. 1, epithetof Mdibmus is appliedto Philoctetes
c. %."Apollon.1,arg. 1, v. 997, I.3, v. 518." because he reigned there. Firg.Mn. 3, v.
Flacc. 1 and Q.~Paus. 10, c. 3l.-^Hygin.14. 401, 1. 5, V. 261." Herodot. 7, c. 188.
" Ovid. Met. 8. Homer. Jl. 9.
" A general,Also an island at the mouth of the Orontes in
who supportedAridaeus when he had been Syria, whence Melibos perpura. MtL 2, c. 3.
made king after the death of his brother Al- exander Melib(eus, a shepherd introduced in Vir- gil's
the Great. A brother of Ptolemy, eclogues.
made kingof Macedonia B. C. 280 years. He Melicerta, Melicertes, or Melicer-
was but two months invested with the regal Tus, asonof Athamas and [no. He was ved
sa-
authority. A Greek poet in the reign of by his mother, fi-omthe furyof his father,
Seleucus the last of the Seleucidae. He was who preparedto dash him against a wall as he
born at Tyre and died at Cos. It is to his had done his brother Learchus. The mother
Avell-directed labours that we are indebted for was so terrifiedthat she threw herselfinto the
the anthofogia,
or collection of Greek sea, with Melicerta in her arms.
grams,
epi- Neptune had
which he selected from 46 of the best compassionon the misfortunes of Ino and her
and most esteemed poets. The original tion
collec- son, and changed them both into sea deities.
of Meleagerhas been greatly altered by Ino was called Leucothoe or Matuta, and Me-
licerta
succeedingeditors. The best edition of the was known among the Greeks by the
anlhologia, is that of Brunk, in 3 vols. 4to. and name ofPalgeraon,and among the Latins bythat
.8vo. Agenlor,1772. ofPortumnus. Some suppose that the Isthmian
Meleagrides, the sisters of Meleager,games were in honour of Melicerta. Vid. IstU-
daughtersof (Eneus and Althtea. They were miau. Apollod. 1,c. 9, 1. 3, c, 4. Paus. 1, c. "
Meleager,that they refused all aliments,and 529, ";c. Plid. de Symp. "
were, at the pointof death,changedinto birds MeligCnis, one of the ^Eolian islands near
called Meleagrides, whose feathers and eggs, Sicily.
as it is supposed, are of a different colour. The Melina, a daughterof Thespius, mother
youngest of the sisters. Gorge and Dejanira,of Laomedon, by Hercules.
who had been married, escaped this meta-
morphosis. Melisa, a town ofMagna Graecia.
Apollod.1, c 8. " Ovid. Met. 8, Melissa, a daughterof Mellssus king of
V. 540." P/m. 10,c. 26. Crete, who with her sister Amaltha^a,fed Ju-
piter
Melesandkr, an Athenian generalwho with the milk of goats. She first found
diedB. C. 414. out the means of collecting honey ; whence
Meles (etis,)a river of Asia Minor, in some have imagined that she was changed
Ionia near Smyrna. Some of the ancients into a bee, as her name isthe Greek word for
supposed that Homer was born on the banks that insect. Colunietl.- One of the Ocean-
of that river, from which circumstance they ides,who married Inachus,by whom she had
call him Melesigenes, and his compositionsPhoroneus and iEgialus. A daughterof
MetetcEce c/iartcr. It is even supportedthat Procles,who married Periander, the son of
he composed his poems in a cave near the Cypselus, by whom in her pregnancy she was
source of that river. Strab. 12. Stat. 2." killed vv ith a blow of hisfool,by the false accu-
"
sation
Hiflv.7, V. 34." Tibull. 4, el. 1, v. 201." of his concubines. Diog.Laert. Paus. "
settled there A. D. 1630, by the con-cession young woman wiUi a serious countenance.
of Charles V. after their expulsionHer garments were splendid ; she wore a bus-
kin,
from Rhodes by the Turks. Strab. 6. Mela, "
and held a daggerin one hand, and in the
2, C.7. Cic.in Veri'.4,c.46.
" Another on other a sceptreand crowns. Horat. 3, od. 4.
the coast of Illyricumin the Adriatic, now Hesiod. Theog.
"
yearlyto of Memnon,
the tomb in Troas, and Ephesus,by whom she had Libya. She
gave
repeat the bloodyengagement, in honour her name
same to the celebrated cityof Memphis.
of the hero, from whom they received their Apollod. 2, c. 1. The wife of Danaus. Jipel-
name. The iElhiopians or Egyptians,over lod. 2, c. 1.
whom Memnon reigned, erected a celebrated Memphitis, a son of Ptolemy Physeon
statue to the honour of their monarch. This kingof Egypt. He was put to death by his
statue had the wonderful property of uttering father.
a melodious sound every day,at sun-rising, Me5a, a goddessworshippedat Rome, and
like that which is heard at the breaking of the supposedto preside over the monthly infirmi-
ties
string of a harp when it is wound up. This of women. She was the same as Juno.
was effected by the rays of the sun when they Accordingto some, the sacrifices offered to
fell upon it. At the setting of the sun, and in her were young puppiesthat stillsucked their
the night, the sound was lugubrious.Tlws is mother. Aug. d" Civ. D. 4, e. 2. FUn. 29, "
c. 1. Palerc. 1, c. 16.
" A man who wrote Tiberius. A Greek historian of Nysa,
an account of embassies, ho,. A king of disciple to Aristarchus, B. C. 119. Strab. 16
Bactria,whose ashes were divided among his An Ephesianarchitect who wrote on agri- culture.
subjects, ".C An historian of Ephesus. Varro de R. R. An historian.
Another of Pergamus. An Athenian ral
gene- A man appointed to settle the dispute:^ of
defeated at ^Egospotamosby Lysander. the Athenians and Lacedaemonians in the 8th
An Athenian sent to Sicily with Nicias. A year of the Peloponnesianwar. His father's
man put to death by Alexander for desertingname was Amphidorus. An officer in the
a fortressof which he had the command. fleet of Pompey the son of Pompey the Great.
An officer under Mithridates sent against Lu- Menedemus, an officer of Alexander killed
cullus. by the Daha;. Curt. 7, c. 6. A Socratic
Menapii, a people of Belgic Gaul, near philosopher of Eretria,who was originally a
the Mosa. Cczs. B. Gall. tent maker, an employment which he left for
Menapis, a Persian exHe made satrapof the profession of arms. The persuasive elo-
quence
Hyrcania,by Alexander. Curt. 6, c. 4. and philosophical lectures of Plato had
Menas, a fx'eedman of Pompey the Great, such an influence over him that he gave up bis
who distinguished himself by the active and offices in the state to cultivate literature. It is
perfidious parthe took in the civilwars which said that he died throughmelancholywhen
were kindled between the younger Pompey Antigonus,one of Alexander's generals, had
and Augustus. When Pompey invited Augus-
tus made himself master of his country,B. C.301,
to his galley, Menas advised his master to in the 74th year of his age. Some attribute
seize the person of his enemy, and at the same his death to a different cause, and say, that he
time the Roman empire,by cutting the cables was falsely accused oflreason,for which he be- came
of his ship. No, repliedPompey, 1 would so desperatethat he died after he had
have approvedof the measure if you had done passedseven dayswithout taking any aliments.
it without consulting me ; but I scorn to break He was called the Eretrian Bull, on account
my word. Suet, in Oct. Horace ep. epod.4, of his gravity. Strab. 9. Diog.
" A Cynia "
has ridiculed the prideof Menas, and recalled philosopher of Lampsacus, who said that he
to his mind his former meanness and obscurity. was come from hell to observe the sins and
Menchkres, the 12th king of Memphis. wickedness of mankind. His habit was that of
Mjendes, a cityof Egypt near Lycopolis,the furies, and his behaviour was a proof of his
on one of the mouths of the Nile,called the insanity. He wasdiscipleofColotes of Lamp-
sacus.
Mendesian mouth. Pan under the form of a Diog. An officer of Lucullus.
goat was worshippedtliere with the greatest A philosopher of Athens. Cic. de Orat. 1,
solemnity.It was unlawful to killone of these c. 19.
animals, with which the Egyptianswere not Menegetas, a boxer or wrestler in Phi- lip
ashamed to have public commerce, to the dis-
grace of Macedon's army, ":c. Polyain.
of human nature, from the superstitiousMenelai portus, an harbour on the coast
notion that such embraces had givenbirth to of Africa, between Cyrene and Egypt.
ihegreatestheroes of antiquity, as Alexander, C. jYep.in Ages. 8. Strab. 1. Mons, a "
Scipio,
",c. Herodot. 2, c. 42 and 46. Strab. hill near "
Sparta,with a fortification, called
XT."Diod. 1. MenetaiuTii. Liv. 34, c. 28.
Menecles, an orator of Alabanda in Caria, Mi:xi:LAiA,a festival celebrated at The-
who settledat Rhodes. Cic. de Orat. 2, c. 63. rapna3 in Laconia, iu honour of Menelaus.
" S/m6. 14. He had there a temple, where he was shipped
wor-
Meneclides, a detractor of the character with his wife Helen as one of the preme
su-
of Eparainondas. C. JVep.
in Epam. gods.
Menecrates, a physician of Syracuse, Menelaus, a king of Sparta,brother to
famous for his vanityand arrogance. He Agamemnon. His father'sname was Atreus,
was generally accompanied by some of his accordingto Homer, or according to the more
patients whose disorders he had cured. He probableopinionof Hesiod, Apollodorus, kc
disguised one in the habit of Apollo,and the he was the son of Plislhenes and JErope.
other in that of iEsculapius, while he reserv-
ed IVid.Plisthenes. ] He was educated with his
for himself the titleand name of Jupit#r, brother
Agamemnon in the house of Atreus,
whose power was extended over those inferior but soon alter the death of this monarch, Thy-
deities. He crowned himself like the master estcs his brother U5ur{)ed the kingdomand ban- ished
of the gods,and in a letter which he wrote the two children of Plislhenes. laus
Mene-
to Philip king of Macedon, he styledhimself, and Agamemnon came to the court of
in these words, Menecrates Jupiterto king ttneus king of Calydonia, who treated them
Philip^greeting.The Macedonian monarch with tenderness and paternal care. Trom lydonia
Ca-
answered, Philipto Menecrates,greeting, and they went to Sparta,where, like the
better sense. Philipalso invited him to one of rest of the Grecian princes, they solicited (he
his feasts,but when the meats were served marriageof Helen the daughterof kingTyn-
up, a table was put separate for the physician, darus. By the artificeand advice of Ulysses,
on which he was served only with perfumesHelen was permitted to choose a husband, and
and frankincense, like the father of the gods. she fixed her eyes and married
upon Menelaus
This entertainment displeased Menecrates suitors had solemnly
; him, afterher numerous
lie remembered that he was a jnortal. and bound themselves bv an oath to defend her,
ME ME
and protecther person againstthe violence the town of Memphis as it is generally suppo%
or assault of every intruder. [Firf. Helena.] "ed,and deserved,by his abilitiesand popula-
rity,
As soon as the nuptials were celebrated.Tyn- to be called a god after death. Herodot
darus resigned the crown to his son-in-law, and 2, c. 1 and 90." Diod. 1.
ibeir happiness was complete.This was, how- ever, Menesthjei Portus; a town of Hispa-
of short duration ; Helen was the fairest nia Bffitica.
woman of the age, and Venus had pi'omised Menesteus, or Menestheus, or Mnes-
Paris the son of Priam to reward him witli THEUS, a son of Pereus, who so insinuated
such a beauty. [F/d.Paris.]The arrival of himself into the favour of the peopleof A-
Paris in Spartawas the cause of greatrevolu-
tions. thens,that,during the long absence of The- seus,
The absence of Menelaus in Crete gave he was elected king. The lawful mo=
opportunities to the Trojanprince to corrupt narch at his return home was expelled, and
the fidelity of Helen, and to carry away home Mnesthcas established his usurpation by his
what the goddessof beauty had promised to popularity and great moderation. As he had
him as his due. This action was highlyre- sented been one of Helen's suitoi's, he went to the
by Menelaus \ he reminded the Greek Trojanwar at the head of the peopleof Athens,
princesof their oath and solemn engagements and died in his return in the island of Melos.
when theycourted the daughterof Tyndarus, He reigned23 years, 1205, and was succeeded
and immediatelyall Greece took up arms to by Deraophoon, the son of Theseus. Pint, in
defend his cause. The combined forces assem-
bled Thes. A sonof Iphicrates who distinguish-
ed
at Aulis inBoeotia, where theychose Aga- memnon himself in the Athenian armies. C. JS'e-p,
for their general,and Calchas for in Tim.
their high priest ; and after their applications Menesthius, a Greek killed by Paris in
to the court of Priam for the recoverj-^ of He- len the Trojan war.
had proved fruitless, they marched to meet Menetas, a man set governor over lon
Baby-
their enemies in the field. Duringthe Trojan by Alexander. Curt. 5, c. 1.
war Menelaus behaved with great spirit and Meninx, or LoTopflAGiTis Insula, now
courage, and Paris must have fallen by bis Zerbi, an island on the coast of Africa,
hand, had not Venus interposed and redeem-
ed near the SyrtisMinor. It was peopled by
him from certain death. He also expressedthe peopleof Neritos,and thence called XerU
his wish to engage Hector, but Agamemnon tia. Plin. 5, c. H."Strab. 17 ."Si/. It. 3, v.
hindered him from fighting with so powerful 318.
an adversary.In the tenth year of the Tro- jan Menippaj one of the AiBazoos vvho assist--
war, Helen, as it is reported, obtained the ed ^etes, "i.c.
forgiveness and the good graces of Menelaus Menippides, a son of Hercules. Apollod.^
by introducing him, with Ulysses, the nightthat AIenippus,a Cynic philosopher of Phoeni-
cia.
Troy was reduced to ashes,into the chamber He was origmallya slave,and obtained
of Deiphobus,whom she married after the his liberty with a sum^^ of money, and became
death of Paris. This perfidious conduct to- tallyone of the greatest- usurers at Thebes. He
reconciled her to her firsthusband; and grew so desperate fronithe continual reproach^
she returned with him to Sparta, duringa voy-age es and insults to which he was dailyexposed
of eightyears. He died some time after on account of his meanness, that he destroyed-
his return. He had a daughter called Her- himself. He wrote 13 books of satires which
mione, and Nicostratus accordingto some, have been lost. M. Van-o composed satires,
by Helen, and a son called Megapenthesby a in imitation of his style, and called them Jlfe-
concubine. Some say that Menelaus went to nippean. A native of Stratonice who was
Egypt on his return from the Trojan war to preceptor to Cicero for some time. Cic.
obtain Helen, who had been detained there by Br. 91.
the king of tiie country. [Fif/. Helena.]The Menius, a plebeianconsul at Rome. He
palacewhich Menelaus once inhabited was was the firstwho made tlje rostrum at Rome
stillentire in the days of Pausanias,as well as with the beaks (rostra) of the enemy's ships.
the temple which had been raised to his me- mory A son of Lycaon, killed by the same tliun
by the people of Sparta. Homer. Od. derbolt which destroyedhis father. Ovid,
4, he. n. 1,hc."Apolloil. 3, c. 10." Pauj. 3, lb. 472.
c. 14 and 19. Diclys.
"
Cret. 2, "c. Virg.Mn. "
Mennjs, a town of Assyria, abounding in
2, ",c. Quiniil.
"
Sniyrn. 14. Ovid. Heroid. 5 bitumen.
" Curt. 5, c. 1.
and 13. Hygin.f-dh.
"
79. Eurip.inIphig. "
Menodotus,
"
a physician.-A Samiaii
Proptrt.2. Sophocles. A lieutenant of historian.
"
infancyof the consular government by repeat- ing the Thebans to sacrifice one of the
the well known fable ofthebelly and limbs. descendants of those who sprang from the dra- gon's
He flourished495 B. C. Liv. 2, c. 16, 32, 33. teeth, a"d he killed himself near the
A Roman consul. An insane person in cave where the dragon of Mars bad formerly
the age of Horace. resided. The gods required tUs sacrifice be-^
MenephroN) a man who attempted to cause the dragonhad been killed by Cadmus,,
offer violence (o his own mother. He was and no sooner was Creon dead than his coun-
trymen
changed into a wild beast. Ovid Met. 7, v. obtained the victory. Slat. Theb. 10"
367. V. 614.
"
Eurip. Phttn. Apollod.3, c. 6.-"
"
Menyllus, a Macedonian set over the invention of the lyreand its seven strings is
garrisonwhich Antipaterhad stationed at ascribed to him. This he gave to Apollo,and
Athens. He attemptedin vain to corrupt the received in exchange the celebrated caduceus
innocence of Phocion, Plut, with which the god of poetry used to drive the
Mera, a priestof Venus. Stat. Theb. 8, flocks of king Admetus. Caduceus.] Ia
[F^/rf.
V. 478. A dog of Ecarius, who by Jiiscries the wars of the giantsagainst the gods. Mer-
cury
showed Erigone where her murdered father showed himself brave, spirited, and ac-
tive.
had been thrown. Immediatelyafter this dis-covery, He delivered Mars from the long con-
finement
lens and Coronis ; a son of the Nile ; a son of well as his amours. He was father of Auto-
Jupiterand Maia; and another called by the lycus,by Chione; Myrtillus,by Cleobula;
EgyptiansThaut? Some add a sixth,a son Libys,by Libya; Echion and Eurytus,by
ME ME
Antianira; Cephalus,by Creusa; Prylis, by cause both those placeshad been benefitted
Issa;and of Priapus, according to some. He by the intrigues or the influence of courtezans.
was also fatherof Herraaphroditus, by Venus ; Athen. 13.
of Eudorus, by Polimela; of Pan,by Dryope, Meriunes, a charioteer of Idoraeneus king
or Penelope. His worshipwas Avellestablish-
ed, of Crete duringthe Trojan war, son of Mo-
particularly in Greece, Egyjjt, and Italy. lus,a Cretan prince,and Melphidis.He sig- nalized
He was worshipped at Tanagra in Boeotia, himself before Troy, and foughtwith
under the name of Criophorus, and repre-
sented Deiphobusthe son of Priam, whom he wound-
ed.
as carrying a ram on his shoulders, cause
be- He was admired by the Cretans,
greatly
he delivered the inhabitants from a pes- who even
tilence paidhim divine honours after death.
by telling them to carry a ram in that Horat. 1, od. 6, v. \b." Homer. It. 2, "c."
manner round the walls of their city. The Dictys. Cret. 1,":c. Ovid. Met 13,fab. 1.
"
Koman merchants yearlycelebrated a festival A brother of Jason son of ^son, famous for
the 15th of May, in honour of Mercury, his great
on
opulence and for his avarice. Po- ly
in a temple near the Circus Maximus. A an. 6, c. 1.
pregnant sow was then sacrificed and some-
times Mermeros, a centaur. Ovid. Met. 12, v.
a calf,and particularly the tongues of 305. A Trojankilled by Antilochus. ^A
animals were offered. After the votaries had son of Jason and Medea, who was father to
sprinkledthemselves with water with laurel |Ilus of Corinth. Pav^. 2, c. 3.
leaves,they offered prayers to the
divinity, Mermnad^:, a race of kings in Lydia of
and entreated him to be favourable to them, which Gyges was the first. They sat on the
and to forgive whatever artfulmeasures, false Lydian throne tillthe reignof Croesus,who
oaths or falsehoods they had used or uttered was conqueredby Cyruskingof Persia. They
in the pursuit of gain. Sometimes Mercury were descendants of the Heraclidae, and pro-
bably
appears on monuments with a largecloak received the name of Mermnadae from
round his arm, tied under his chin. The of their own
or Mermnas, one family.They
chief ensigns of his power and oifices are his were descended from Lemnos, or according
his
caducensj jjetasus, and his talaria. times
Some- to others,from Agelausthe son of Omphale by
he is represented sitting upon a cray Hercules. Herodot. 1,c. 7 and 14.
fish,holdingin one hand his caduceus, and Meroe, now Nuabia, an island of Ethiopia
in the other the claws of the fish. At other with a town of the same name, celebrated for
times he is like a young man without a beard, its wines. Its original name was Saba, and
holdingin one hand a purse, as beinga tute- lary
Cambyses gave it that of Meroe from his sis- ter.
god of merchants, with a cock on his Strab. n." Herodot. 2, c. 31." P/in. 2,
wrists as an emblem of vigilance, and at his c. \r6."Mela, l."Lucan. 4, v. 333, 1. 10,v.
feet a goat,a scorpion, and a fly. Some of his 163 and 303.
statues representedhim as a youthfacino Merope, one of the Atlantides. She mar- ried
erecto. Sometimes he rests his foot upon a tor-
toise. of j5]o1us,and, like her
Sisyphus son
In Egypt his statues represented him sisters, was changed into a constellation after
with the head of a dog, whence he was often death. [Vid.Pleiades.]It issaid,that in the
confounded with Anubis, and received the constellation of the Pleiades the star of Me- rope
sacrifice of a stork. Offerings of milk and ho- ney dim and obscure than the
appears more
were made because he was the god of rest, because she, as the
poets observe, mar-ried
eloquence, whose powers were sweet and a mortal, while her sistersmarried some
persuasive.The Greeks and Romans offered of the gods,or their descendants. Ovid. Fast.
tongues to him by throwingthem into the fire,4, V. 175." D/od. 4."Hygin. fab. 192." Apol-
as he was the patron of speaking, of which the lod. 1, 0. 9. A daughterof Cypseluswho
tongue is the organ. Sometimes his statues married
Cresphontesking of Messenia, by
representhim as without arms, because, ac- cording whom she had three children. Her husband
to some, the power of speechcan pre- vail and two of her children were murdered by
over every thingeven without the assist-
ance Polyphontes.The murderer obligedher to
of arms. Homer. Od. 1, ",c.II. 1, "ic.
maiTy him, and she would have been forced
Hymn, in Merc. Lucian. in Mort. Dial.
"
her
Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 667. Met. 1, 4, II, 14." 3d son, revengedhis father's death by assassi- nating
Martial. 9, ep. 35. Stat. Theb. 4. Pans. 1,
" "
the age of Osiris, and wrote 40 books on the- ology,Apollod. S."Hygin. P. A. 2, c. 16. A cele-
brated
medicine,and geography,from which soothsayer of Percosus in Troas, who
Sanchoniathon the Phoenician historian has foretold the death of his sous Adrastus and
taken his theogonia.Diod. 1 and 5. Plut. de
Amphius, who were
"
Bacchus was educated upon it,whence arose the consul Atticus Vistinus whom Nero
the fable that Bacchus was confined in the murdered. She received with greatmarks of
thigh(mi^"") of his father. Mela, 2, c. 7. tenderness her husband's murderer, and mar-
" ried
Plin. 8, c. 13." Curt. 8, c. 10." Diod. 1. him. She had married four husbands be-
fore
Merula Corn, a Roman who fought against she came to the imperialtbrone ; and af-
ter
the Gauls,and was made consul by Octavius the death of Nero she retired to literary
in the place of Cinna. He sometime after pursuits, and peacefuloccupations. Otho
killed himself in despair, "c. Plut. courted her, and would have married her had
Mesabates, an eunuch in Persia, flayedhe not destroyedhimself In his last moments
alive by order of because he had cut he wrote her a very pathetic
Parysatis, and consolatory
off the head and righthand of Cyrus. Plut. letter,he. Tacit. Ann.
in .irtax. Messalinus M. Vai.er, a Roman officer in
Mesabius, mountain
a of Bceotia hangingthe reignof Tiberius. He was appointedgo-
vernor
over the Euripus. Paas. 9, c. 22. of Dalmatia, and rendered himself
Mesapia, an ancient name of Bceotia. known by his oppositionto Piso, and by his
Mesaubios, a servant of Eumaeus ward attempts to persuade the Romans
the ste- of the ne-
cessity
to defend the innocence of the females. This in Greece, and though almost a private
account, accordingto the Spartantraditions, quarrel,it soon engaged the attention of zdl
is contradicted by the Messenians, who servethe neighbouringstates, and
ob- kindled the
that Teleclus with a chosen body of flames of dissention every where. Every
Spartansassembled at the temple,before men- tioned, state took up arras as if in its own defence,or
disguisedin women's clothes,and all to prevent additional power and dominion
secretlyarmed with daggers. This hostile to be lodgedin the hands of its rivals. The
preparation was to surprisesome of the neigh-
bouring descendants of the Messenians at last returned
inhabitants; and in a quarrel which to Peloponnesus,
B. C. 370, after a long ban-
ishment
soon after arose, Teleclus and his associates of 300 years. Paus. Mess. he. " tin.
Jus-
were all killed. These quarrels were the cause 3, c. 4, hc."Strab. 6, Lc." Thucyd.1,",c.
of the first Messenian war, which began B. C. Diod. 11,k.c."Plut. in Cym. hc"Polycen. 3.
743 years. It was carried on with vigourand "Polyb. 4, kc.
spiriton both sides,and after many obstinate Messenia, a province of Peloponnesus,
and bloody battles had been foughtand con- tinued situate between Laconia, Elis, Arcadia, and
for 19 years, it was the sea.
at last finished by Its chief city is Messena. [Vid.
the takingof Ithome by the Spartans, a place Messene.]
which had stood a siege of ten years, and been Mestor, a son of Perseus and Andromeda,
defended with all the power of the Messe-
nians. who married Lysidice, daughterof Pelops,by
The insults to which the conquered whom he had Hippothoe. A son of Pteri-
Messenians were continually exposed,at last laus. Of Priam. Apollod.
excited their resentment, and theyresolved to Me SOLA, a town of Italy,
in the countryof
shake off the yoke. They suddenlyrevolted, the Sabines.
and the second Messenian war was begun 685 Metabus, a tyrant of the Privernates,
B. C. and continued 14 years. The Messeni-
ans He was father of Camilla, whom he conse-
crated
at firstgainedsome advantages, but a fatal to the service of Diana, when he had
battle in the third year of the war so totallybeen banished from his kingdom by his sub- jects.
disheartened them that theyfled to Ira,where Virg.JEn. 11, v. 540.
they resolved to maintain an obstinate siege Metagitnia, a festivalin honour of Apol- lo,
againsttheir victorious pursuers. The Spar-
tans celebrated by the inhabitants of Melite,
were assisted by the Samians in besiegingwho migratedto Attica. It receives itsname
Ira,and the Messenians were at last obligedfrom its beieg observed in the month called
to submit to the superiorpower of their ad- Metagitnion.
versaries.
The takingof Ira, by the Lace- Metakira, the wife of Celeus, king of
dajmonians, after a siegeof 11 years, put an Eleusis,who firsttaughtmankind agriculture
end to the second Messenian war. Peace was She isalso called Meganira. jjpollod. 1, c. 5.
se-established for some time in Peleponnesus, Metapontum, a town of Lucania in Italy,
but after the expiration of 200 years, the founded about 1269 years B C. by Metabus,
Messenians attempteda third time to free the father of Camilla, or Epeus, one of the
themselves from the power of Laceda3mon, companions of IS'estor. Pythagorasretired
B. C. 465. At that time the Helots had re- volted there for some time, and perishedin a sedi- tion.
from the Spartans,and the Messeni- ans, Annibal made it his head quarterswhen
by joiningtheir forces to these wretched in that part of Italy,and its attachment to
slaves, looked upon tlieirrespective calamities Carthagewas afterwards severely punishedby
as common, and tliought themselves closelythe Roman coiiquerors, who desti'oyed its lib-
erties
interested in each other's welfare. The Lace- daemonians and indei^endence.A few broken pil- lars
were assisted by the Athenians, of ncarble are now the only vestiges of
but they soon grew jealousof one another's Metapontum. Strab. 5. Mela, 2, c. 4." Jus-
"
tin.
power, and their political connexion ended 12, c. 2."lAv. 1,8, 25, 27, he.
in the most inveterate enmity, and at last ii" Metapontus, a son of Sisyphus,who
open war. Ithome was the placev\ Aluch the mrmri'd Thenna. fVid. Theana] Ht/'j;in.
Messenians had a ?econd time all tab. 186.
gaiijered .
ME ME
Metaurus, now Metro, a town a was with
Marcus, and of these four brothers it is
small river of the same name in the country of remarkable, that two of them triumphedin
the Brutii The river Metaurus fallsinto the one day, but over what nations is not men-
tioned
priest.He lost his sightand one of his arms who commanded in Africa,"ic. Val. Max.
in doingit,and the senate, to reward his zeal "Plin."Plut."Liv." Paterc. 2."Flor. 3, c.
and piety,permittedhim always to be drawn 8. Paus. 7, c. 8 and 13. Cic. in Tusc. he.
" " "
Jug.
also gaineda greatvictoryover the Carthagi-
nians Metharma, a daughterof Pygmalion king
umph of Cyprus,and
in the firstPunic war, and led in his tri- mother of Adonis by Cinyras,
13 generals,and 120elephants taken from ".C. Apollod. 3, c. 14.
the enemy. He was honoured torship, Methion, the father of Phorbas,"c. Ovid.
with the dicta-
and the office of master of horse,",c. .WeL5, fab.3.
Q.Caicilius CeIer,anotherwho distinguish-
ed Methodius, a bishopof Tyre, who tained
main-
himself by his spirited exertions againsttiline.
Ca- a controversy against Porphyry. The
He married Clodia the sisterof Clodius, best edition is that of Paris,fol.1657.
who disgraced him by her incontinence and las- Methone, a town of Peloponnesus, where
civiousuess. He died 57 years before Christ. king Philipgained his first battle over the
He was greatly lamented by Cicero,who shed Athenians, B. C. 360. A town of Mace-
donia,
tears at the loss of one of his most faithfuland south of Pella,in the siegeof which,
valuable friends. Cic. de Ccel. accordingto Justin. 7, c. 6, Philiplost his
L. Cajcilius,
a tribune in the civilwai*sof J. Caesar and Pom- right eye. Another in Magnesia. Homer.
pey. He favoured the cause of Pompey, and II. 2, V. 71.
great treasures, upon which they were broke of the island of Lesbos, which receives its
open by Caesar,and Metellus retired,when name from a daughter of Macareus. It is
threatened with death. Q. Caecilius,the the second city of the island in greatness,
grandson of the highpriest, who saved the pal-
ladium
population, and opulence,and its territory
from the flames,was a warlike general,is fruitful, and the w ines it produces,excel-
lent.
who, from his conquest of Crete and Macedo-
nia, It was the native placeof Arion. When
was surnamed Macedonicus. He had six the whole island of Lesbos revolted from the
sons, of which mentioned
four are pai-ticularly power of the Athenians,Methymna alone re- mained
by Plutarch. surnamed
Q. Caecilius, Balea- firm to its ancient allies. Diod. 5. "
ricus,from his conquest of the Beleares. Thucyd. 3." Horat. 2, sat. 8, v. 50." Virg.
L. Cajcilius,
surnaajed Diadematus, but sup-
posed G. 3, V. 90.
the that called Lucius
same as with Metiadusa, a daughter of Eupalamus,who
the surname of Dabnaiicus, from a victorymarried Cecrops,by whom she had Pandion.
obtained over the Dalmatians duringhis con-sulship Apollod. 3, c. 15.
with Mutius Sca^vola. Caius cilius, Metiha
Cae- Lex, was enacted A. U. C. 536,
surnamed Caprarius, who was consul to settle the power of the dictator and of his
with Carbo, A. U. C. 641. The fourth master of horse,
witUia certain bounds.
ME ME
Metilii, a patricianfami^jrbroughtfrom the heavens. This is called by the moderes
Alba to Rome, by TuUus Hostilius. Dionys. the goldennumbers. He flourished B. C. 432.
Hal. Plut. in Kicia.
Vitruv.A native of
1. "
were afterwards expelledby Pandion's chil-dren. for reward oxen, goats, and sheep,
Jipollod. 3, c. ]5. Paus. 2, c. 6. " which she presentedto Eresichthon. Some
Metis, one of the Oceanides. She was say that she had received from JNeptune the
Jupiter's firstwife, celebrated for her great power of changingherself into m hatever ani- mal
prudence and sagacityabove the rest of the she pleased, and that her father sold her
gods. Jupiter, who was afraid lest she should continually to gratify his hunger,and that she
bringforth into the world a child more ning
cun- instantly
assumed a different shape,and be-
came
and greater than himself,devoured her againhis property. Ovid.Met.8,fab. 21.
in the firstmonth of her pregnancy. Some Metragyrte, one of the names of Tellus
time afterthis adventure the god had his head or Cybele.
opened,from which issued INIinerva armed Metrobius, a playergreatlyfavoured by
from head to foot. Accordingto Apollodorus,Sylla. Plut.
1, c. 2, Metius gave a potionto Saturn, and Metrocles, a pupilof Theophrastus, who
obligedhim to throw up the children he had had the care of the education of Cleombrotus
devoured. Hesiod. Tiieog.
v. 890. Apollod.and Cieomenes. He suffocated himself when
"
proved victorious. The Romans obtained the sent as ambassador to Tigranes, kingof Arme-
nia.
victory, and Tullus ordered Metius to be tied He was remarkable for his learning,
between two chariots,which were drawn by moderation, humanity,and justice.He was
four horses two different ways, and his limbs put to death by his royalmaster for his infi-
delity,
were torn away from his body,about 669 years B. C. 72. Strab."Plut. Another, of
before the Christian era. Liv. 2, c. 23, "-c. a very retentive memory.
"Flor. 1, c. 3." Virg.^n. 8, v. 642. Metrophanes, an otficer of Mithridates,
A critic. Vid. Tarpa. Carus, a celebrated who invaded Euboea, "c.
informer under Domitian, who enriched him- self Metropolis, a town of Phrygia on the
with the plunderof those who were rificed Mseander.
sac- Another of ThessalynearPhar-
to the emperor's suspicion. salia.
Metcecia, festivalsinstituted by Theseus in Mettius, a chief of the Gauls, imprisoned
commemoration of the peopleof Attica hav-
ing by J. Ca?sar. Cces. Bell. G.
removed to Athens. Mettus. Vid. Metius.
Meton, an astrologer
and mathematician Metulum, a town of Libumia, in besieg-
ing
of Athens. His father's name was Pausanias. of which Augustus was wounded. Diog,
He refused to go to Sicilywith his country-
men, 49.
and pretendedto be insane,because he Mevania, now Bevagna, a town of Ura-
foresaw the calamities that attended that ex- bria,on the Clitumnus, the birth-place
pedition. of the
In a book called Enneadecaterides, poet Propertius.Lucan. 1,v. 473. Propert. "
" "
by his subjects, and fled to Turnus, who Hi/gin. fab. 191,274." ."aa;. Tyr.30." Pans. 1,
employedhim in his war against the Trojans.c. 4." Fa/. Max. 1, c. Q."Uerodol. 1,c. 14."
He was l"illedby .S^neas,with his son Lausus. JElian. V. H. 4 and 12." Cic. de Div. 1, e. 36,
Dionys.Hal. 1, c. 15. " Justin. 43, c. 1. Liv. 1. 2: c. 31.
"
kingdom between his sons Adherbal and Hy- ed~of Atalanta. He is supposedby some to
empsal,and his nephew Jugurtha. Jugurtha be the same as Meleageror Hippomanes-
abused his uncle's favours by murderinghis Ovid. Art. Jim. 2, v. 188. A son of Am-
two sons. Salhist. de Jug. Flor. 3, c. 1." phidamas. "
Italy, His father's name was Diotimus. He Dio. 40. A general of the forces of Pyrrhus*
earlyaccustomed himself to carry*the greatestHe was made governor of Tarentum, and that
burdens,and by degreesbecame a monster in he might be reminded of his duty to his sove*
strength.It is said that he carried on his reign, Pyrrhussent him as a presenta chain,
shoulders a youn^^ bullock four years old, for which was covered with the skin of JSiciasthe
above forty yai'ds; and afterwards killed itwith physician, who had perfidiously offered the
one blow of hi? fist; and eat itup in one day. Romans to poisonhis royalmaster for a sura
He was seven times crowned at the Pythian of money. Polycen. 8, k.c. A tyrant of
games, and six at Olympia. He presentedPisa in Elis,thrown into the river Alpheusby
himself a seventh time, but no one had the his subjects for his oppression.Ovid, in lb-
courage or boldness to enter the lists againstV. 325.
him. He was one of the disciples goras, MiLONius, a drunken buffoon at Rome, ac-
of Pytha- customed
and leftthe event of the battle to depend upon c. 137, 1. 6, c. 34, kc."Plut. in Cim." Val.
his superior abilities. He obtained an impor- tant Max. 5, c. 3. Justin. 2. Pans.
" "
An archon
victoryIVid.Marathon] over the more at Athens.
numerous forces of his adversaries; and when MiLTo, a favourite mistress of Cyrus the
he had demanded of hisfellow-citizens an olive younger. [^'^iW. Aspasia.]
crown as the reward of his valour in the field MiLA-^ius, a parasite at Rome, he. Horat. 2,
of battle, he was not onlyrefused, but severe-
ly sat. 7. A bridgeat Rome over the Tiber,
reprimandedfor presumption.The only now called Pont de Molle. Cic. ad Mt. 13,ep.
reward, therefore, that he received for a vic- tory 33." Sal. Cat. 45." Tacit. A. 13,c. 47.
which provedso beneficial to the interests MiLYAS, a country of Asia Minor, better
of universal Greece,was in itselfsimpleand known by the name of Lycia. Its inhabi- tants,
inconsiderable, thoughtrulygreatin the opin- ion called Milyades, and afterwards Salymiy
of that age. He was represented in the were of the numerous nations which formed
front of a picture among the rest of the com- manders the army of Xerxes in his invasion of Greece.
who foughtat tiie battle of Mara- thon, Herodot.
" Cic. Verr. 1,c. 38,
and he seemed to exhort and animate MiMALLoNEs, the Bacchanals, who when
his soldiers to fight with courage and intre- pidity.they celebrated the orgiesof Bacchus put
Some time afterMiltiades was intrust- ed horns on their heads. They are also called
with a fleet of 70 ships, and oi*dered to Mimallonides,and some derive their name
punishthose islands which had revolted to the from the mountain Mimas. Pers. 1,v. 99."
Persians. He was successful at first, but a Ovid. A. A. v. 541." 5/af Thth. 4, v. 660.
.
sudden reportthat the Persian fleetwas com- ing Mimas, a giantwhom Jupiterdestroyed
to attack him, changedhis operations as with thunder. Horat. 3, od. 4. A high
he was besieging Paros. He raised the siegemountain of Asia Minor, near Colophon. Ovid.
and returned to Athens, where he was cused Met.
ac- 2, fab. 5. A Trojan,son of Theano
of treason, and particularly of holding and Amycas, born on the same nightas Paris,
correspondence with the enemy. The falsity with whom he lived in great intimacy. He
of these accusations might have appeared,if followed the fortune of i5i)neas, and was killed
Miltiades had been able to come into the as- sembly.by Mezentius. Virg.JEn. 10,v. 702.
A wound which he had received be- fore MiMNERMus, a Greek poet and musician
Paros detained him at home, and his ene- mies, of Colophon in the age of Solon. He chiefly
takingadvantageof his absence,became excelled in elegiac poetry,whence some have
more eager in their accusations and louder in attributed the invention of it to him, and, in- deed,
their clamours. He was condemned to death, he was the poet who made elegyan
but the rigour of his sentence was retracted amorous poem, instead of a mournful and
on the recollection of his greatservices to the melancholy tale. In the expression of love,
Athenians, and he was put into prisontillhe Propertius prefers him to Homer, as this verse
had paida fine of 60 talents to the state. His shows :
inability to discharge so great a sum detained Plus in amore valet Mininermi rcrsvs Homero.
him in confinement,and soon after his wounds In his old age Mimnermus became oured
enam-
became incurable, and he died about 489 years of a young girlcalled Nanno. Some
before the christian era. His body was somed
ran- few fragmeiiis of his poetryremain collected
by his son Cimon, who was obliged to by StobcKus. He is supposedby some to b"
borrow and pay the 50 talents, to givehis fa- ther the inventor of the pentameter verse, which
a decent burial. The crimes of Miltiades others however attribute to Callinus or Ar-
were probablyaggravatedin the eyes of his chilochus. The surname of Ligustiades, Kty^
countrymen, when theyremembered how he (shrill voiced), has been applied to him, though
made himself absolute in Chersonesns ; and in some imaginethe word to be the name of his
condemning the barbarity of the Athenians father. Strab. 1 and 14."Paus. 9, c, 29."
towards a general, who was the source of their Diog. 1. Proper " I. 1, el. 9, v. 11. Horat. 1,
"
Ji
MI MI
MiN'iiDES,the daughtersof Mlnyas or Mi- the force of Vulcan proved ineffectual, and
neus, king of Orchomenos, in Bceotia. They her chastity was not violated,though the god
were three in number, Leuconoe, Leucippe,left on her body the marks of his passion;
and Alcithoe. Ovid calls the two lirst Cly- and,from the impuritywhich proceededfrom
mene and Iris. They derided the orgiesof this scuffle, and which Minerva threw down
Bacchus, for which impietythe god inspiredupon the earth wrapped up in wool, was born
them mth an unconquerabledesire of eatingErichthon, an uncommon monster. [Vid.
human flesh. They drew lots which of tliem Erichthonius.]Minerva was the first who
should give up her son as food to the rest. built a ship,ajjd itwas her zeal for navigation,
The lot fell upon Leucippe,and she gave up and her care for the Argonauts, which placed
her son Hippasus,who was instantly ed
devour- the prophetic tree of Dodona behind the ship
by the three sisters. They were changed Argo,when goingto Colchis. She was known
into bats. In commemoration of this bloody among the ancients by many names. She wa"
crime, it was usual among the Orchomenians called Athena, Pallas. [Vid. Pallas.] Parthe^
for the high priest, as soon as the sacrifice nos, from her remainingin perpetual celibacy ;
was finished,to pursue, with a drawn sword, Tritonia,because worshipped near the lake
all the women who had entered the temple, Tritonis ; Glaucopis, from the blueness of
and even to killthe firsthe came up to. Ovid. her eyes ; Argorea,from her presiding over
Met. 4, fab. 12." Plut Quc^t. Gr. 38. markets ; Hippia,because she firsttaughtman- kind
Minerva, the goddessof wisdom, war. and how to manage the horse ; Stratea and
all the liberal arts, was produced from Jupi- ter's Area, from her martial chai-acter; Corypha-
brain without a mother. The god, as it genes, because born from Jupiter's brain: SaiS|
is reported,married Metis, whose superiorbecause worshipped at Sais, he. Some at- tributed
prudence and sagacity above the rest of the to her the invention of the fiute^
gods,made him apprehend that the children whence she was surnamed Andon, Luscinia,
of such an union would be of a more exalted Musica, Salpiga, ",c. She, as it is reported,,
nature, and more intelligent than their father. once amused herselfin playingupon her fa- vourite
To prevent this,Jupiterdevoured Metis in flute before Juno and Venus, but the
her pregnancy, and some time after, to relieve goddesses ridiculed the distortion of her face
the pains which he saffered in his head, he in blowing the instrument. Minerva, con- vinced
ordered Vulcan to cleave it open. Minerva of the justnessof their remarks by
came all armed and grown up from her fa- lookingat herself in a fountain near
ther's mount
brain, and immediately was admitted Ida, threw away the musical instrument,and
into the assemblyof the gods, and made one denounced a melancholy death to him who
of the most faithful counsellors of her father. found it. Marsyas was the miserable proof
The power of Minerva was great in hea-ven of the veracit)^ of her expressions. The wor-
ship
; she could hurl the thunders of Jupiter, of Minerva was universally established:
prolongthe lifeof men, bestow the gift of pro-
phecy,she had magnificent templesin Egypt, Phoe- nicia,
and, indeed, she was the only one of all parts of Greece, Italy,Gaul, and
all the divinities, whose authority and conse-
quence Sicily. Sais,Rhodes, and Athens, particularly
were equalto those of Jupiter.The claimed her attention, and it is even said,that
actions of Minerva are numerous, as w'ell as Jupiter rained a shower of goldupon the island
the kindness by which she endeared self of Rliodes,which had paid so much
her- tion
venera-
to mankind. Her quarrelwith Neptune and such an earlyreverence to the divi-
nity
concerning the right of giving a name to of his daughter. The festivalscelebrated
the capital of Cecropia deserves attention. in her honour were solemn and magnificent
The assembly of the gods settled the dispute[Vid. Panatliensea.] She was invoked by-
by promisingthe preferenceto which ever every artist,and particularly such as worked
ofthe two gave the most useful and neces-sary in wool, embroidery,painting, and sculpture.
present to the iniiabitants of the earth. It was the duty of almost every member of
Neptune, upon this,struck the ground with societyto implorethe assistance and patron- age
his trident,and immediately a horse is- sued of a deitywho presided over sense, taste,
from the earth. Minerva produced and reason. Hence the poets have had occa- sion
the olive, and obtained the victoryby the to say,
unanimous voice of the gods, who observ^ed Tu nifdl invitcLdiceSf faeiesve Minerva j
that the olive,as the emblem of peace, is far and,
preferable
to the horse, the symbol of Qui bene placarif
war Pallade,doefus erit.
and bloodshed. victorious deity called Minerva
The was representedin different ways,
the capitalAlhtnai,and became the tutelar accordingto the different chai'actersin which
goddessof the place. Minerva was always she appealed. She generally appearedwith a
very jealousof her power, and the manner in countenance full more of masculine firmness
which she punishedthe prestimption of Ar- and composure, than of softness and grace.
achne is well known. [Fit/.Arachne.] The iVIostusuallyshe was representedwith a hel- met
attempts of Vulcan to offer her violence,are on her head, with a largeplume nodding
strong marks of her virtue. Jupiter had in the air. In one hand she held a spear, and
sworn by the Styx to give to Vulcan, who in the other a shield,with the dying head of
made him a complete suit of armour, ever
what- Medusa upon it. Sometimes this Gorgon's
he desired. Vulcan demanded Minerva, head was on her breast-plate, with living ser-
pents
and the father of the gods,who had permitted writliuig round it,as well as round her
Minerva to live in })erpetual celibacy, con-
sented, shield and helmet. In most of her statues she
but privately advised his daughterto is represented as sitting, and sometimes she
make all the resistance she couhl to frustrate holds,in one hand a distaff, instead of a spear^
the attemptsof her lover. Tb" prayers and When she appeared as the goddessof tUe lib"".
MI MI
ral arts,she was arrayedin a variegated veil, rewarded for his equity,after death, with
which the ancients called peplum.Sometimes the office of supreme and absolute judge
Minerva's helmet was covered at the top with in the infernal regions. In this capacityhe
the figure of a cock, a bird which, on account IS representedsitting in the middle of the
of his great courage, is properly sacred to the shades, and holdinga sceptre in his hand.
goddessof war. Some of her statues repre-
sented The dead pleadtheir different causes before
her helmet with a sphinxin the middle, him, and the judge shakes the fatal
impartial
supportedon either side by griflBns. In some urn, which is filled with the destinies of man-
kind.
medals, a chariot drawn by four horses,or He married Ithona,by whom he had
sometimes a dragonor a
serpent,with winding Lycastes,who was the fatlier of Minos 2d.
spires,
appear at the top of her helmet. She Homer. Od. 19,v. 118.- Virg.JEn. 6, v.
432,
was partial
to the olive tree ; the owl and the "
Jlpollod.
1. Hygin. fab. 41.
3, c. "
Diod. 4. "
cock were her favourite birds,and the dragon Horai. 1,od. 28.
"
The 2d. was a son of
among reptiles w^as sacred to her. The func-
tions, Lycastes,the son of Minos 1. and king of
offices, and actions of Minerva, seem so Crete. He married Pasiphae,the daughter
numerous, that they undoubtedly originate in of Sol and Perseis, and by her he had many
more than one person. Cicero speaksof five children. He increased his paternal dominions
persons of this name ; a Minerva, mother of by the conquest of the neiglibourhitg islands,
Apollo; a daughter of the Nile,who was shipped
wor- but he showed himself cruel in the war which
at Sais,in Egypt a third,born from he carried on against the Athenians,^vho had
;
Jupiter's brain;a fourth, daughterof Jupiterput to death his son Androgens. [Vid.An-
and Coryphe ; and a fifth, of Pallas,drogeus. He took Megara by the treachery
daughter
generally representedwith winged shoes. This of Scylla,[Vid. Scylla,]and, not satisfied
last put her father to death because he at- with a victory,
tempted he obligedthe vanquishedto
her virtue. Pans. 1, 2, 3, fcc" bringhim yeaj-ly to Crete seven chosen boys
Eorat. 1, od. 16, 1. 3, od. of virgins, to be devour-
ed
4."Virg. Mn. 2, and the same number
hc."Strab. 6, 9, and IS."Phihst. Icon-2." the Minotaur. {Vid. Minotaurus.]
Ovid. Fast, S, Lc, Met. 6."Cic. de JVat. D. 1, This
by
at last abolished
bloody
tribute was
c. 15, 1. 3, c. 23, hc"^pollo(l.
1, k,c.~Pm- Theseus had destroyedthe monster.
when
dar. Olymp. 1.-^Lucan. 9, v. 354.^5ojt7/jocZ. [F?rf.Theseus.] When Dtedalus, whose in- dustry
CEdip. "Homer. Jl. kc. Od. Hymn. ad. Pall." and invention had fabricated the laby-
rinth,
JDiod. b."Hcsiod.
Theog."JEschyl. in Eum. and whose imprudence in assisting siphae,
Pa-
" Lucian. Dial Cltm. Mex."
Strom. 2. in the gratification
" of her unnatural
Orpheus,Hymn. 31." Q. Sm^n. 14, v. 448. desires,had offended IVIinos, fled from the
^Jlpollon. l."Hygin. fab. 168." Slat. Thtb. 2, place of bis confinement with wings, [Vid,
V. 721,1. 7, hc.-^Callim. in Cerer."JElian, V. Daedalus,] and arrived safe in Sicily, the in-
censed
H. 12." C. Mp. in Pans. -Plut. in resolved
Lye."c. monarch pursuedthe offender,
"Thucyd. 1,"Herodot.5, to punish his infidelity. Cocalus, king of
MiNERY^ Castrum, a town of Calabria, Sicily, who had hospitably received Daidalus,
now Castor.i Promontorium, a cape at the entertained his royal guest with dissembled
most southern extremity of Campania. fi-iendship ; and that he might not deliver to
MiNERVALiA,festivalsat Rome in honour of him a man whose ingenuity and abilitieshs
Minerva,celebrated in the months of March so well knew, he put Minos to death. Some
and June. During the solemnities scholars say that it was the daughtersof Cocalus who
obtained some relaxationfrom their studious put the king of Crete to death,by detaining
pursuits, and the present, which it was usual him so long in a bath till he fainted,after
for them to offer to
their masters, was called which they suffocated him. Minos died about
Mmerval, in honour of the goddessMinerva, 35
years before the Trojan war. He was
"who patronizedover literature,Varro dt R. father of Androgens, Glaucus, and Deuca- lion,
-R. 3, c. 2." Ovid Trist.
3, v. e09,r-Liv,9, and two daughters, Phecdia and Ariadne,
Many authors have confounded the two raon-
MiNio, now Mgrwne, a riyer of Etruria, aichs of this name, the grandfather and the
lallmg into the Tyrrhene sea. Virg.Mi. 10, grandson,but Homer, Plutarch,and Diodo-
y. 183.- "One olthe favourites of Antiochus, rus, prove plainly that they were two different
kmg of Syria. persons. Paus. iuJlck. 4, Plut. in 2'hes. "
"
MiNN/Ei,a peopleof Arabia,on the Red sea, Hygin.fab. 41." Ovid. Met. 8, v. 141." DioJ.
Phn. 12,0. 14. 4." VirgJEn. 6, v. 2\."Plut. in Min." Mien.
MiNo, a town of Sicily, built by Minos, Place. 14.
when he was pursuingDaedalus, and called Minotaurus, a celebrated monster, half
also Heracha. A town of and half a bull,accordingto this
Peloponnesus.
a man verse
' A town of Crete. ofOvid, ,^..5.2, v. 24.
MiNois, belonging
to Minos. Crete is cal-
led Semibovemquevirum. semivirumque bovem.
Mtnoia regna, as being the legislator's
It was the fruitof pasiphae 'samour with a bull.
kingdom. Virg.JF.n. 6, v. 14. A patrony- Minos refused to sacrificea white bull to iSep-
^^l?^Ai'adne. Ovid.Mt.8,\. 157. tune, an animal which he had received from
MiNos,a king of Crete,son of Jupiterand the god for that
f"''5^Pa'^vho
age ot the
gave laws to his subjects
J-lOb, vyhich
B. C.
stillremained jn fullforce in the
philosopher Plato. His justice
moderation procured him the
the favouriteof the
and be made
purpose,
enamoured
This offended Nep-
tune,
Pasiphae,the wife of Mi-
nos,
of this fine bull, which had
and been refused to his altars. Da;dalus prostitu-
appellation of
ted
his talents in being subservient to the
i
gods,the confident of Ju- queen'sunnatural desires,
piter, and, by his means,
the wise legislator,
in every city of Pasiphae'shorrible passionswere gratified,
urpece ; gjid, according
to the poets, he was and the Minotaur came into the world. Mir
MI MI
nos confined in the labyrinth a monster which the insults of the people,he. Another,de- feated
eonvinced the world of his wife's lascivious- by the .iS^qui,and disgraced by the dic-
tator
ness and indecency,and reflected disgrace Cincinnatus. An officerunder Ceesar,
his family. The Minotaur usually voured
de- in Gaul, who afterwards became one of the
upon
the chosen young men and maidens, conspirators againsthis patron. Cos. B. G. 6,
whom the tyranny of Minos yearly exacted c. 29. A tribune who warmly opposed the
from the Athenians, Theseus delivered his views of C. Gracchus. A Roman chosea
country from this shameful tribute, when it dictator, and obligedto lay down his office,
had fallen to his lot to be sacrificed to the vo- racity because, during the time of his election,the
9.ai consequently the fable of the Minotaur. and the inhabitants stillretained their ori-
ginal
Odd. Met. S. lab, 2."Hygin. fab. 40." Plut. in appellation in contradistinction to the
Thes."Palaphal."Virg. JEn. 6, v. 26. Orchomenians of Arcadia. A colony of Or-
TvIiNTHE,a daughterof Cocytus,loved by chomenians passedinto Thessaly, and settled
Pluto. Proserpinediscovered her husband's in lolchos ; from which circumstance the peo-
ple
amoui, and changed his mistress into an herb, of the place,and particularly the Argo-
nauts,
called by the same name, mint. Ovid. Met. were called Minyas. This name they
10, V, 729, received,accordingto the opinionof some,
MiNTURi^.E, a town of Campania, between not because a number of Orchomenians had
Sinuessa and Formiae. It Vvas in the marshes, settled among them, but because the chief and
in its neighbourhood,that Marius concealed noblest of them were descended from the
himself in the mud, to avoid the partisans of daughters of Minyas. Part of the Orchome-
nians
Sylla. The peoplecondemned him to death, accompanied the sons of Codrus when
but when his voice alone had terrified the ex- they migratedto Ionia. The descendants of
ecutioner,
S, 10, 1. 10, c.
c. 21, 1. 27, c. ZQ.-^Paterc. 2, c. their husbands. They were driven
14. Lucan. 2, v. 424.
" from Lemnos by the Pelasgiabout 1160 years
MiNLTiA, a vestal virgin,
accused de- before the Christian era, and came
of bauchery to settlein
on account gance Laconia, from whence
of the beautyand ele- theypassedinto Cal-
of her dress. She was condemned to listewith a colonyof Lacedaemonians. Hygin.
be buried alive because a female supported the fab. 14. Pans. 9, c. 6. .Mpollan. 1, arg.
"
" "
jEneas to Italy, and was drowned on the coast by his son Pharnaces. The VI, suc-
ceeded
of Campania, Isecause he had challenged one his father Pharnaces. He was the first
of the Tritons. iEneas afterwards found his of the kingsof Pontus who made alliance with
the sea-shore, and buried it on a pro- the Romans. He furnisned them with a fleet
body on montory
which bears his name, now Miseno. in tiie third Punic war, and assisted them
There was also a town of the same name on against Aristonicus,whohad laid claim to the
the promontory,at the west of the bay of Na- ples, kingdom of Pergamus. This fidelity was warded
re-
the sun, or accordingto others,Venus Urania. whole months in the country,and ma- king
His worshipwas introduced at Rome, and the the frozen snow and the earth the place
Romans raised him altars, on which was this of his repose. Naturally ambitious and cruel,
inscription, Deo Soli MitlircR,or Soli Deo in- he sparedno painsto acquirehimself power
victo Milhrce. He is generally represenU.d as and dominion. He murdered the two sons
whose head is covered \v:'h a whom his sisterLaodice had hadby Ariarathes,
a young man,
of the Persian?. He kingof Cappadocia, and placedone of his own
turban, after the manner
his knee a bull that lies en the children, only eight years old, on the vacant
supports upon
alarmed
ground,and one of whose horns he holds in throne. These violent proceedings who had married
one hand, while with the other he plunges a Nicomedes, kingof Bithynia,
Laodice, the widow of Ariarathes. He sub-
orned
daggerinto his neck. Stat. Theh. 1,v. 720. "
after the murder of Dariusby Bessus. to Rome to imposeupon the senate, and assure
them that her third son was now alive,and that
Curl. 5.
MiTHRADATEs, a herdsman of Astyages,his pretensions to the kingdom of Cappadocia
Persia, and his attempts to make himself in- Mithridates. This intricate affairdispleased
dependent the
fruitless. He Roman senate, and, to settlethe dispute
finally
proved was quered
con-
in a battle,and obtained peace with between the two monarchs, the powerfular-
biters
called aloud for revenge. Aquilius, and found a safe retreat among the Scythians,
soon after Sylla, marched against Mithridates and, thoughdestitute of power, friends,and
with a lai-ge army. The former was made rosources, yet he meditated the destruction of
but Syllaobtained a victory over the the Roman empire,by penetrating into the
prisoner,
and another decisive engage-
ment heart of Italy by land. These wild projects
king'sgenerals,
rendered him master of all Greece, Ma- cedonia,
were rejectedby his followers, and he sued
Ionia, and Asia Minor, which had for peace. It was denied to his ambassadors,
submitted to the victorious arms of the mon-
arch and the victorious Pompey declared, that,to
of Pontus. This ill-fortune was ted
aggrava- obtain it,Mithridates must ask it in person.
the loss of about 2(X).000 men, who were He scorned to trust himself in the hands of
by
killed in the several engagements that had
his enemy, and resolved to conquer or to die.
infantry, and 16,000horse,which consisted of to stab himself. The blow was not
his own forces and those of his son-in-law mortal ; and a Gaul, who was then present,at
kingof Armenia.
Tigranes, Vvith such a nu- merous his own request, gave him the fatal stroke,
made himself master about 63 years before the christian era, in the
army, he soon
of-the Roman provincesin Asia ; none dared 72d year of his age. Such were the misfor-
tunes,
to oppose his conquests,and the Romans, lying
re- abilities,and miserable end of a man,
on his fidelity;had withdrawn the great-
est who supportedhimself so long againstthe
of their armies from the country. of Rome, and who, accordingto the
part power
The news of his warlike preparations was no declaration of the Roman authors,proved a
sooner heard, than LucuUus, the consul, more powerfuland indefatigable adversaryto
marched into Asia, and without delay,he the capitalof Italy, than the great Annibd,
blocked up the camp of Mithridates, who was and Pyrrhus, Perseus, or Antiochus. dates
Mithri-
then besiegingCyzicus. The Asiatic mon-
arch has been commended for his eminent
escaped from him, and fled into the virtues,and censured for his vices. As a
heart of his kingdom. LucuUus pursuedhim commander he deserves the most unbounded
with the utmost celerity, and would have applause, and it may create admiration to see
taken him prisoner after a battle, had not the him waging war with such success duringso
avidity of his soldiers preferred tlieplundering many years, against the most pow^erful people
of a mule loaded with gold,to the takingof a on earth, led to the field by a Sylla,a Lucul-
monarch who had exercised such cruelties lus,and a Pompey. He was the greatest
againsttheir countrymen, and shown himself monarch that ever sat on a throne,according
so faithlessto the most solemn engagements. to the opinionof Cicero ; and, indeed, no
After this escape, Mithridates was more ful
care- better proofof his militaiy character can be
about the safety of his person, and he even brought,than the mention of the greatre-
joicings
mooii-light, and as the moon then shone in As a man of lettershe also deserves attention.
the face of the enemy, the lengthened shadows He was acquaintedwith the Greek language,
of the arms of the Romans having induced and even wrote in that dialect a treatise on
Mithridates to believe that the two armies botany. His skillin physiciswell known, and
Were close together, the arrows of his soldiers even now there is a celebrated antidote which
were darted from a great distance,and their bears his name, and is called MUhridate.
ettbrts rendered inelloctual. An universal Superstition,
as well as nature, had united to
overthrow ensued, and Mithridates,bold in render him great; and if we relyupon the
his misfortunes, rushed through the thick authority of Justin,his birth was ed
accompani-
ranks of the enemy, at the iiead of 800 horse-
men, by the appearance of two large comets,
500 of wiiich perishedin the attempt to whioh were seen for seventy days successive-
ly,
foUow him. He Tigranes,but that
fled to aud whose splendoureclipsed the mid-day
monarch refused an asylum to his father-in-sun, and covered the fourth-part of the
M! MI
heavens. Justin. 37, c. 1, ".c. Strab.
" submit to his power, yet all Greece was sodrt
"
He was afterwards imprisonedby Cali- gula, his power; but Athens shut her
and set at liberty by Claudius. He was gatesagamsttheRoman commander, and Ar- chelaus,
murdered by one of his own nephews,and his who defended it,defeated, with the
familyw^ere involved in his ruin. Tacit.Ann. greatestcourage, all the efforts and opera- tions
Another, king of Armenia. A king of the enemy. This spirited defence
of Pergamus, who warmly embraced the was of short duration. Archelaus retreated
cause of J. Caesar, and was made kingof into Boeotia,where Syllasoon followed him.
Bosphorusby him. Some supposedhim to The two hostile armies drew up in a line of
be the son of the great Mithridates by a con- cubine. battle near Chaeronea, and the Romans tained
ob-
He was murdered, "c. A king the victory, and, of the almost innu- merable
of Iberia. Another of Comagena. A forces of the Asiatics, no more than
celebrated kingof Parthia,who enlargedhis 10,000 escaped. Another battle in Tliessaly,
possessions by the conquest of some of the near Orchomenos, proved equallyfatal to the
neighbouring countries. He examined with a kingof Pontus. Dorylaus,one of his gene- rals,
careful eye the constitution and political lations
regu- was defeated,and he soon after sued for
of the nations he had conquered,and peace. Syllalistened to the terms of ac-
commodation,
framed from them, for the service of his own as his presence at Rome was
subjects,
a code of laws. Justin. Orosius.
" become
now necessary to quell the commotions
Another, who murdered his father,and and cabals which his enemies had raised against
made himself master of the crown. A king him. He pledgedhimself to the kingof Pon- tus
of Pontus, put to death by order of Galba, "tc. to confirm liim in the possession of his do-
minions,
A man in the armies of Artaxerxes. He and to procure him the titleof friend
was rewarded by the monarch for having and allyof Rome ; and Mithridates consented
wounded Cyrus the younger ; but,when he to relinquish Asia and Paphlagonia, to deliver
boasted he had killed him, he Avas cruelly put Cappadocia to Ariobarzanes,and Bithyniato
to death. Plut. in Artax. A son of Ario- Kicomedes, and to pay to the Romans 2000
barzanes, who baselymurdered Datames. C. talents to defraythe expenses of the war,
JVep.in Dot. and to deliver into their hands 70 galiies
MiTHRiDATicuM Bellum, begun 89 years with all their rigging.Though Mithridates
B. C. was one of the longestand most brated seemed
cele- to have re-established peace in his
wars ever carried on by the Romans dominions, yet Fimbria, whose sentiments
againsta foreignpower. The ambition of were contrary to those of Sylla,and who
IWithridates, from whom it receives its name, made himself master of an army by intrigue
may be called the cause and originof it. and oppression, kept him under continual
His views upon the kingdom of Cappadocia,alarms, and rendered the existence of his
of which he was strippedby the Romans, power precarious.Sylla, who had returned
first engagedhim to take up arms against the from Greece to ratify the treaty which had
republic.Three Roman L. Cassius, been
officers, made with Mithridates,rid the world
theproconsul, M. Aquilius, posedof the tyrannical
and Q. Oppius,op- Fimbria; and the king of
Mithridates with the troopsof Bithynia,Pontus, awed by the resolution and deter-
mined
Cappadocia,Paphlagonia,and Gallo-graecia. firmness of his adversary, agreed to
The army of these provinces,togetherwith the conditions, though with reluctance. The
the Roman soldiers in Asia, amounted to hostile preparations of Mithridates, which
70,000 men, and 6000 horse. The forces of continued in the time of peace, became sus- pected
the king of Pontus were greatlysuperiorto by the Romans, and Mura?na, who
these ; he led 250,000 foot,40,000 horse,and was left as governor of Asia in Sylla's sence,
ab-
130 armed chariots, into the fieldof battle,un-
der and who wished to make himself
the command of Neoptoleraus and Arche- known by some conspicuousaction,began
laus. His fleet consisted of 400 shipsof war, hostilities by takingComana, and plundering
well manned and provisioned.In an engage-
ment the temple of Bellona. Mithridates did not
the king of Pontus obtained the victory,oppose him, but he complainedof the breach
and dispersed the Roman forces in Asia. He of peace before the Roman senate. Mtirsena
became master of the greatestpart of Asia, was publiclyreprimanded;but as he did not
and the Hellespontsubmitted to his power. cease from hostilities,it was easily understood
Two of the Roman generalswere taken, and that he acted ^y the privatedirections of the
M. Aquilius, who was the principal cause of Roman people. The king upon this marched
the war, was carried about in Asia,and expos-
ed against him, and a battle was fought, in which
to the ridicule and insults of the populace,both the adversaries claimed the victory. This
and at last put to death by Mithridates,who was the last blow which the king of Pontus
ordered melted gold to be poured down his received in tliiswar, which is called the se- cond
throat,as a slur upon the avidityof the Ro- mans. Mithridatic war, and which continued
The conqueror took every possiblefor about three years. SyMa, at that time,
advantage; he subdued all the islands of the was made perpetual dictator at Rome, and he
.'Egcan.sea, and, though Rhodes refused to commanded Murjena to retire from tlie king-
Ml MI
dona of Mithridates. The death of Sylla the Romans, tillthe time of his d^th. Jip~
changed the face of affairs; the treatyof peace pian.in Afithrid. Justin. 37, ";c. Flor. 2,
"
"
an. 5. V. 102.
reservoir for the superfluous waters duringthe JVcp.2, c. S."Virg. G.3, v. 495.~-Horat. 2,
inundation of the Nile. There were two ramidsSal. 6, V. 114.
py-
in it,600 feet high,half of which lay Molossia, or Molossis. Vid. Molossi.
under the water, and the other appearedabove MoLossus, a son of Pyrrhusand mache.
Andro-
the surface. Herodot. 2, c. 4, "c. Mela, 1, " He reignedin Epirusafter the death
c. 6." P/in. 36, c. 12. of Helenus, and part of his dominions received
M(EDi, a people of Thrace, conqueredby the name of Molossia from him. Paus. 1,c.
Philipof Macedonia. 11. A surname of Jupiterin Epiius.
MffioN,a Sicilian, who poisonedAgatho- An Athenian general,kc. Id. in Thes.
cles,he. The father of Merion of Crete. [^Vid. Molus.]
McERA, a dog. [Vid.Mera.] Homer. Od. 6.
McEsiA, a country of Europe, bounded on MoLPADiA, one of the Amazons, "c.
the south by the mountains of Dalmatia, north Plut.
by mountHa?mus, extendingfrom the con-fluence MoLPus, an author who wrote an his*
of the Snvus and the Danube to the tory of Lacedaemon.
shores of the Kuxhio. It M'as divided into MoLUP, a Cretan, father of Merione^t-
MO MO
Homtr. Od. 6. A son of Deucalion."" whence he is called Monoecius,and the har-
bour
Another, son of Mars and Demonice. iiercu/wPortiw. Slrab.4. Virg..^n. 6,"
raisinga mask from his face,and hold-ing beingpermittedby his master to follow Dio-genes
a small figurein his hand. Hesiod. in the cynic,pretendedmadness, and ob- tained
Theog. " Lucian. in Henn. his liberty.He became a great admi-
rer
MoNA, an island between Britain and Hi- of the philosopher,and also of Crates,and
inhabited
bernia, anciently by a number of even wrote something in the form of face-
tious
Druids. It is supposed by some to be the stories. Diog.Laert.
modern \sls.ndo(Anglesey, and by others,the MoPHis, an Indian prince conquered by
island oiMan. Tacit. 14. Ann. c. 18 and 29. Alexander.
MoNiESES, a king of Parthia, who favoured MopsiuM, a hill and town of Thessaly,be-
tween
the cause of M. Antony againstAugustus. Tempe and Larissa. Liv. 42.
Horat. 3, od. 6, c. 9. A Parthian in the age MopsopiA, an ancient name of Athens,from.
of Mithridates, Lc. Mopsus one of its kings,and from thence the
MoNDA, a river between the Durius and epithetof Mopsopiusis often appliedto aa
Athenian.
Tagus, in Portugal. Ptin. 4, c. 22.
MoNESos, a generalkilled by Jason at Col-
chis, Mopsuhestia, or Mopsos, a town of Cili-
"ic. cia near the sea. Cic Fani. 3, c. 8.
MoNETA, a surname of Juno among the Mopsos, a celebrated prophet, son of
Romans. She received itbecause she advised Manto and Apollo,during the Trojan war.
them to sacrifice a pregnant sow to Cybele,to He was consulted by Amphimachus, king of
avert an earthquake. Cic. de Div. 1, c. 15. Colophon, who wished to know what success
"
MoNi.-\rus,a philosopher of Syracuse. would bringforth. Calchas confessed his ig- norance,
MoNODUS, a son of Prusias. He had one and Mopsus immediatelysaid, that
continued bone instead of a row of teeth,
the sow would bringforth on the morrow ten
whence his name "^Q')-PUn. 7, c. 16
(/-ux^' young ones, of which only one should be a
MoNCEcus, now Monaco, a town and port male, all black, and that the females should
of Liguria,where Hercules had*a temple, all he known by their white "'treats. THc
MO MU
morrow provedthe veracityof his prediction,
jloryof his countiy in his own mother tongue,
and Calchas died of the grief
by which
excess | A philosopherof
He is supposed Sidon.
his defeat produced.Mopsus after death was the founder of anatomical
[tobe philosophy,
'
ranked among the gods; and had an oracle at Strab. A Greek bucolic poet in the age of
Malia, celebrated for the true and decisive Ptolemy Philadelphus.The sweetness and
answers which it gave. Strab. 9. Pans. 7, c. eleganceof his eclogues,which
" are stillex-
tant,
3. Ammian.
"
14, c. 8. Plut. de orac. defect.
" make the world regretthe loss of poeti-
cal
A son of Arapyx and Chloris,born at Ti- piecesno way inferior to the productions
taressa in Thessaly. He was the prophetand of Theocritus. The best edition of Moschus
soothsayer of the Argonauts,and died at his with Bion is that of Haskin, 8vo. Oxon. 1743.
return from Colchis by the bite of a serpentin A Greek rhetorician of Pergarausin the
Libya.Jason erected him a monument on the age of Horace, defended by Torquatusin an
sea shore,where afterwards tlie Africans built accusation of having p")isonedsome of his
him a temple where he gave oracles. He has friends. Herat. 1, ep. 5, v. 9.
often been confounded with the son of Manto, MosELLA, a river of BelgicGaul falling
as their professions andtheirnames were alike. into the Rhine, at Coblentz, and now called
Hygin. fab. 14, 128, 173." Strab. 9. A the Moselle. Flor. 3, c. 10.
" Tadt. Jin. 13,
shepherdof that name in Virg.Ed. c. 53.
MoRGANTiuM of Sicily, Moses, a celebrated legislator
(or ia), a town and general
near the mouth Cic. in Vtr. among
of the Simethus. the Jews, well known in sacred history.
3, c. 18. He was born in Egypt, 1571 B. C. and after
MouiNi, a people of BelgicGauh on the he had performed his miracles before Pha- raoh,
shores of the British ocean. The shortest pas-
sage conducted the Israelites throughthe
in Britain was from their Territories. Red Sea, and given them laws and ordinan- ces,
They were called extremi hominurn by the Ro- mans, duringtheir peregrination of 40 years in
because situate on the extremities of the wilderness of Arabia ; he died at the age
Gaul. Their city,called Morinorum caslel- of 120. His writingshave been quoted and
lum, is now Mount Cassel,in Artois } and Mo-
rinorum
commended by several of the heathen au- thors,
MoscHi, a peopleof Asia, at the west of unacquaintedwith the value of the paintings
the Caspian sea. Mela, 1,c. 2, I. 3, c. 5. and works of the most
" celebrated artists of
Lucan. 3, v. 270. Greece, which were found in the plunderof
MoscHioN, a name common to four diffe-
rent Corinth,that he said to those who conveyed
writers,whose compositions, character,them to Rome, that if they lost them or in- jured
and native place are unknown. Some ments
frag- them, they should make others in their
of their writingsremain, some few stead. Paterc. 1, c. \3."Sirah. 8." Plin. 34,
verses and a treatise ne mortis mulierum, edi-
ted c. 7, 1. 37, c. Ti.~Flor. 2, c. e."Paus. 5, c.
by Gesner, 4to. Basil. 1566. 24. P^blius, a man commended by C.
Moscuus, a Phccnician who wrote the his- Publicius for the versatility
of his mind, and
MU MU
the of his
propriety manners. Cic. de Orat. 1head of the armies of the republic
in Asia by
2. A poet. Macrobius. 1. Satur. 10. ISylla. He invaded the dominions of Mithrt-
Latin
M. a praetor. Cic. in Ver. Spurius, a (dates with success, but soon after met with a
brother of Achaicus before mentioned, dis- Idefeat. He was
tinguished honoured with a triumphat
as an orator, and for his fondness his return to Rome. He commanded one of
for tliestoic philosophy. Cic. ad Brut. 25. ad the wings of Sylla's army at the battleagainst
Att. 13, ep. 6. V lieutenant of Crassus de- Archelaus near
feated, Chaeronea. He was ablyde-
fended
".C. Plut. in Crass. in an oration by Cicero,when his char-
acter
MuNATius, Plancus, a consul sent to the was attacked and censored. Cic. pre
rebellious army of Germanicus. He was most Mur.
al- Appian. de Mithrid. A man
"
put t"
killed by the incensed soldiery, pected death for conspiring
who sus- againstAugustus,B.C. 22.
throughhim that they had
that it was MuRciA. [Vid.Murria.]
not all been pardoned and indemnified by a enemy of the triumvirate of
MuRCus, an
decree of the senate. Caipurnius rescued him J. Caesar. Statins,a man who murdered
from their fury. An orator and disciple of Piso in Vesta's templein Nero's reign. Tacit.
Cicero. His father,grandfather, aiid great-
grandfatherH.l.c. 43.
bore the same name. He was MuRGANTiA, a town of Samnium. Liv.
with Caesar in Gaul, and was made consul 25, c. 27.
vvith Brutus. He promisedto favour the re- publican MuRRHENDS, a friend of Turnus killed by
cause for some time,but he deserted iEneas, he. Virg.JEn. 12,v. 529.
again to Caisar. He was long Antony'sfa- vourite, MuRSA, now Essek, a town of Hungary,
but he lefthim at the battle of Actium where the Drave fallsinto the Danube.
to conciliate the favoui-s of Octavius. His MuRTiA, or Myrtia, (a /"wfT"3) a supposed
services were greatin the senate ; for,through surname of Venus, because she presidedover
his influence and persuasion, that venerable the myrtle. This goddess was the patron of
body flattered the conqueror of Antony with idleness and cowardice. Varro de L. L. 4,
the appellation of Augustus.He was rewarded C.32.
with the office of censor. Piut. in Ant. Mus, a Roman consul. [Vld.Decius.]
Gratus, a Roman knightwho conspiredwith MusA Antokius, a freedman and physician
Piso against Nero. Tacit. Ann. 15, c. 30. of Augustus. He cured his imperial master
Suet, in Aug. 23. A friend of Horace, ep. 3, of a dangerousdisease under which he labour-
ed,
V. 31. by recommending to him the use of the
MuNDA, a HispaniaBsetica,cold bath. He was greatly
small town of rewarded for this
celebrated for a battle which was foughtthere celebrated cure. He was honoured with a
on the ITth of March, B. C. 45, between brazen statue by the Roman senate, which
Ceesar and the republicanforces of Rome, was placednear that of iEsculapius, and Au-
gustus
under Labienus and the sons of Pompey. permittedhim to wear a golden ring,
Caesar obtained the victoryafter an obstinate and to be exempted from all taxes. He was
and bloody battle,and by this blow put an not so successtui in recommending the use of
end to the Roman republic. Pompey lost the cold bath to Marcellusas he had been to
30,000 men, and Caesar only 1000, and 500 Augustus, and his illustrious patientdied un-
der
wounded. Sil. Ital. 3, v. 400." his care.
/fiW. Bell. The cold bath was for a Jong
Hisp.27. Lucan. 1.
" time discontinued, till Charmis of Marseilles
MuNiTus, a son of Laodice, the daughterof introduced it again,and convinced the world
Priam by Acamas. He was intrusted to the of itsgi-eat benefits. Musa was brother to Eu-
eare of ^thra as soon as born, and at the tak-
ing phorbus the physicianof kin^Juba. Two
of Troy he was made known to his fa-
ther,small treatises, de herbd Bolaruca, and de iu-
who saved his life,and carried him to enda Vulttudint,
are supposedto be the ductions
pro-
Thrace, where he was killed bythe bite of a of his pen. A daughter
of Nico-
serpent. Parthen. 16. medes, kingof Bithynia. She attemptedto
MuNj'CHiA, port of Attica,be-
(and m) tweenrecover
a her father'skingdom from the Ro-
mans,
the Piraeus and the promontory of Su- but to no purpose, though Caesar es* "
niura, called after kingMunydius, who built pousedher cause. Palerc. 2. "
Suet, in Cces.
there a templeto Diana, and in whose honour
MusiE, certain goddesseswho presided over
he instituted festivals called Munycliia.The poetry, music, dancing, and all the liberal
templewas held so sacred that whatever crim- inals arts. They were daughtersof Jupiterand
fled there for refugewere pardoned. Du- ring Mnemosyne, and were nine in number; Clio,
the festivals theyoffered small cakes which Euterpe, Thalia, Melpomene, Terpsichore -
they called aviphipiionlesi "vi to-j u.u?"^"*"-,from Erato, Polyhymnia, Calliope,and Urania
shiningall around, because there were lightedSome suppose that there were in ancient times
torches hung round when they were carried to only three muses, Melete, Mneme, and Ace-
the temple,or because they we re otfcred at de^ others four, TeLxiope,Acede, Arche,
the full moon, at which time the solemnity was Melete. They were, according to others,
oljserved. it was particularly in honour of daughters of Pierus and Antiope, from which
Diana, who is the same as the moon, because it circumstance theyare all called Pierides.The
was full moon when Themistocles conquered name of Pierides might probably be derived
the Persian fleetat Salamis. The port of Mu- from mount Pierus where tlieywere born.
nycbia was well fortified, and of great conse-
quence They have been severallycalled Castalide.-.
; therefore the Lacedcemonians, when Aganippides, JUbethrides, Aonides, Ikliconi-
sovereigns of Greece, always kept a regularades,6lc. from the placeswhere they were
garrisonthere. Plut. Olid. Met. 2, v. 709. worshipped,or over which
"
they presided
h)lrab.'2.Pans. l,c. 1.
"
and taller by the head than his followers. This occasioned a noise, and Mutius,
None of the poet'scompositionsare extant. unable to escape, was seized and brought be-fore
The elegantpoem of the loves of Leander the king. He gave no answer to the in-
quiries
and Hero, was written by a Musaeus who of the courtiers,and onlytold them that
jSourished in the fourth century, according to he was a Roman, and to givethem a proof of
the more received opinions. Among the his fortitude, he laid his righthand on an altar
good editions of Musaeus two may be selected of burningcoals, and sternlylookingat the
as the best, that of Rover, 8vo. L. Bat. 1727 ; king and without uttering a groan, he boldly
and that of Schroder, 8vo. Leovard, 1743. told him, that 300 young Romans like himself
Virg.JEn. 6, v. 677. Diog. " A Latin poet had conspired against his life,and entered his
whose compositions were very obscene. Mar-
tial. camp indisguise,determined either to destroy
12, ep. 96. A poet of Thebes who ed
liv- him or perishin the attempt. This extraordi-
nary
duringthe Trojan war. confession astonished Porsenna ; he
MusoNius RuFus, a stoic philosopher of made peace with the Romans and retired from
Etruria in the reign of Vespasian. Tadt. their city. Mutius obtained the surname of
Hist. 3, c. 81. because
"Sccevula, he had lost the use of his
MuTA, a goddesswho presided over silence righthand by burningit in the presence of
among the Romans, Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 580. the Etrurian
Plut. in Par. Flor. 1, c.
king. "
Thrace. His son Corcebus was called Myg- Myron, a tyrant of Sicyon. A man of
donides from hira, Virg.JEn. 2, v. 341. Priene, who wrote an historyof Messenia.
"
Myrmidoxes, a people on tije sotithern victorious from the race. Myrtilus, who
borders ofThessaly, who accompaniedAchilles was enamoured of Hippodamia,gave an old
to the Trojanwar. They received their name chariot to (Enomaus, which broke in the
from Myrmidon,a son of Jupiterand Eury- course and caused his death. Peiopsgained
roedusa, who married one of the daughters of the victory, and married Hippodamia ; and
iEolus,son of Helen. His son Actor married when Myrtilushad the audacityto claim the
JEgina,the daughter of the Asopus. He gave reward promised to his perfidy, Peiopsthrew
his name to his subjects who dwelt near the him headlong into the sea, where he perished.
river Peneus in Thessaly.Accordingto some, The body of Myrtilus accordingto some was
the Myrmidons received their name from carried by the waves to the sea shore,where
theirhavingbeen originally ants, fjeyf/'i. [Vid. he received an honourable burial,and as he
iEacus.] Accordingto Strabo,they received was the son of Mercury, he was made a con- stellation.
^p-
e. 11. pian.in Mithrid. A festival in honour of
Myrtuntium, a name given to that Ceres,surnamed Mysia from Mysias,an Ar-
part of the sea which lies on the coast give,who raised her a temple near Pallene in
of Epirusbetween the bay of Ambracia and Achaia. Some derive the word ^- reu nxxrtxv, to
Leu c as. cloyor satisfy, because Ceres was the first
Myrtusa, a mountain of Libya, Callim. who satisfiedthe wants of men by givingthem
in ^poll. corn. The festival continued during sevea
Mys, (myos,)an artist famous in working days,"c.
and polishing silver. He beautifully sented
repre- Myson, a native of Sparta,one of the se- ven
the battle of the centaure and Laplthae wise men of Greece. When Anacharsis
on a shield in the hand of Minerva's statue consulted the oracle of ApoUe, to know whicli
made by Phidias. Pans. 1, c. 28. Martial. was the wisest man
"
in Greece, he received
8, ep. 34 and 51, 1. 14,ep. 93."Propert. 3, el. for answer, he who is now ploughinghis
9, V. 14. fields. This was Myson. Diog. in V^il.
MvscELLUs, or MiscELLUs, a native of Mystes, a son of the poet Valgius,whose
Rhypaein Achaia, who founded Crotona in earlydeath was so lamented "by the father,
Italy, accordingto an oracle, which told him that Horace wrote an ode to allaythe grief of
to build a citywhere he found rain with fine his friend. Horat. 2, od. 9.
weather. The meaning of the oracle long Mythecus, a sophistof Syracuse.He
perplexed him, tillhe found a beautiful wo- man studied cookery,and when bethoughthimself
all in tears in Italy, which circumstEmce sufficiently skilled in dressing meat, he went
he interpreted in his favour. According to to Sparta, where he gained much practice,
some, Myscellus,who was the son of Her-
cules, especially among the younger citizens. He
went out of Argos,without the per-
mission was soon afterexpelled the cityby the magis-trates,
of the magistrates, for which he was who observed that the aid of Mythecus
condemned to death. The judgeshad put each was unnecessary, as hungerwas the best sea-
soning.
NA NA
officer of Darius third 4, 63. Juv. 11, v. 126. Seneca, wt
NABAZANES, an
Bessus to murder his royal master, either to N.\Bi3,a celebrated tyrantof Lacedeemon^
obtain the favour of Alexander, or to seize who in all acts of crueltyand oppression
the kingdom. He was pardoned by Alexan-
der. surpassed a Phalaris or a Dionysius. His
Curt. 3, kc."Diod. 17. iiouse was filledwith flatterersand with spies,
Nabath^a, a country of Arabia, of which who were continually employed in watching
the capitalwas called Petra. The word is the words and the actions of his subject*.
"f"ten applied to any of the eastern countries When he had exercised every art in plunder-
ing
of the world by the poets, and seems to be the citizens of Sparta, he made a slatut,
derived from Nabath the son of Ismael. Ovid. which in resemblance was like his wife, and
M9t. I, r. "1, 1. i, V. l^.-Strab 16." Lu- was clothed in the most magniMcent appartl,
67
NA NA
and vrhenever any one refused to deliverup Itieswho presided over rivers,springs,welilV
iis riches,the tyrant led him to the statue,Iand fountains. The Naiades generally inhab*
which immediately, by means of secret springs,
jited the country, and resorted to the woods
seized him in its arms, and tormented him in Ior meadows near the stream over which they
the most excruciating manner with bearded presided,whence tlie name (fxmvto Jlow.)
pointsand prickles, hid under the clothes. They are represented as young and beautiful
To render his tyranny more popular,Nabis virgins,often leaning upon an urn, from
made an alliance with Flaminius, the Roman which flows a stream of water. JEg]e was
general,and pursued with the most invete-
rate the fairestof the Naiades, according to Vir-
gil.
enmity the war which he had undertaken They were held in great veneration
againstthe Achaeans. He besiegedGythium, among the ancients,and often sacrifices of
and defeated a naval
in
Philopcemen battle. goats and lambs were offered to them with
His triumph short,the generalof the libations of wine, honey, and oil. Some-
was times
Achaeans soon repaired his losses,and Nabis they received only offerings of milk,
uas defeated in an engagement, and treache-
rously fruit,
and flowers. [Vid. Nymphaj.]Virg.Eel.
murdered as he attempted to save his fi."Ovid. Met. 14,v. 328." Homer. Od. 13.
lifeby flight,B. C. 192, after an usurpation of Nais, one of the Oceanides,mother of
14 years. Polyh. 13." Justin. 30 and 31." Chiron or Glaucus, by Magnes. JipoUod.1,
Pint, in Phil." Pans. 7, c. S."Flor. 2, c. 7. c. 9. A nymph, mother by Bucolion of
""A priest of JupiterAmmon, killedin the ^gesus and Pedasus. Homer. II. 6. A
second Punic war, as he foughtagainst the nymph in an island of the Red Sea, who by
Romans. Sil. 15, v. 672. her incantations turned to fishes allthose who
Nabonassar, a king of Babylon after the approachedher residence after she had admit-
ted
division of the Assyrianmonarchy. From them to her embraces. She was herself
him the JVabonassarean epochreceived itsname, changed into a fish by Apollo. Ovid. Met. 4,
agreeingwith the year of the world 3237, or V. 49, ".C. The word is used for water by "
tiutTiy which was still in beingin the age of the modern provincesof Languedoc,
Augustus. The ra^or and flint were buried Provence, Dauphine,and Savoy.
near it under an attar, and it was usual among Narceus, a son of Bacchus and Physcoa.
the Remans to make witnesses in civilcauses Pau3. 6, c. 16.
swear near it. This miraculous event of cut- ting Nakcea, a surname of Minerva in Elis,
a flint with a razor, though believed by from her temple there erected by Narcaeus.
some writers, is treated as fabulous and im- probableNarcissus, a beautiful jouth,son of Cephi-
by Cicero, who himself had been an sus and the nymph Liriope,born at Thespia
augur. Dionys.Hal. Liv. 1, c. 36.
"
Cic. de in BcBotia.
" He saw his image reflected in a
divin. 1, c. n', de A'.D. 2, c. 3, 1.3, c. 6, fountain, and became enamoured of it,think-
ing
N.s:voLus, an infamous pimp in Domitian's it to be thenymph of the place. His fruit-
less
reign. Juv. 9, v. 1. attempts to approachthis beautifulobject
Naharvah, a peopleof Germany. Tacit. so provoked him that he grew desperate and
Germ. 43. killed himself. His blood was changed into a
image still awakened tender sentiments. assistthe peopleof Massilia. After the battle
Pans. 9, c. 2\."Hygin. fab. 271." Ovid. Met. of Pharsalia,he followed the interest of Pom-
3, V. 346, "LC. PhilostraL1." A freed-man pey'schildren,and afterwards revolted to An--
and secretary of Claudius, who abused his lony. Appian.
trust and the infirmities of his imperial
master, of J Caesar.
Naso, one of the murderers
and plunderedthe citizens of Rome to enrich One of Ovid's names. Vid. Ovidius.
himself. Messalina,the emperor'swife, en- deavoured Nassus or Nasus, a town of Acarnania,
to remove him, but Narcissus sacri-
ficed near the mouth of the Aehelous. Liv. 26,
her to his avarice and resentment. Agrip- c. 24." "Also a part of the town of Syra-
cuse.
pina, who succeeded in the place of
Messali-
na,
was more successful. Narcissus ished
ban- was Nasua, a generalof the Suevi, when Cae-.
by her and
intrigues, compelledto kill sar was in Gaul.
himself,A. Natahs
regretted
D. 54. Nero greatly his Ahtonius, a Roman knightw^fao
loss,as he had found him subservient to his conspiredagainst Nero with Piso. He was
Belisarius, "ic. A Persian general, ";c. the cities of Lycia from the interest of
Narthecis, a small island near Samos. Brutus.
Narycia, or VM, Naucratis,
or a cityof Egypt oa
Narvx, a town the left
of
JMagnaGraecia,built by colony of Locrians side of the Canopic mouth of the Nile, It
a
after the fallof Troy. The place in Greece was celebrated for itscommerce, and no ship
from which they came bore the same name, was permittedto land at any other place,but
and was the country of Ajax Oileus. The was obligedto sail directly to the city,there
word JVarycianis more universally understood, to depositits cargo. It gave birth to Atiie-
as applying to the Italian colony, near which naeus. The inhabitants were called Kaucra-
pines and other trees grew in abu"4.ance. lilcE or A'aucrafiotce. Herodot. 2, c, 97 and-
f^irg.G. 2, V. 438. JEn. 3, v. 399." Olid. Met. 119." Plin. 5, c. 9.
Navius AcTius, a famous augur. Vid.
15,V. 705.
Nasamones, a savagepeopleof Libya near Naevius.
the who maritime
lived upon plunder. Naolociius, town of Sicily
Syrtes, generally a
Messenians, who had been driven from Pelo- i ther to Alcinous. He was son of Neptune
the Lacedcemonians. It became and Periboea. Hesiod makes him son of Ulys-
ses
ponuesus by
the propertyof the Laceda3inonians,after the and Calypso.Hesiod. Th. 1, c. 16. The
battle of /Egospotanaos,and it was restored pilot of the vessel which carried Theseus int*
to the Locri. Philipof Macedonia afterwards Crete.
took itand gave itto the yEtolians, from which Naustathmus, a port of Phocaea in Ionia..
circumstance, ithas generally been called one Liv. 37, c. 31. Also a port of Cyrenaica,
of the chief cities of their country. Strab. 4. no"v Bondaria. Strab. 17.
Pans" 4, c. 2d.--Mela, 2, c. 3," Ovid. Fast. Nautes, a who comfort-
Trojansoothsayer, ed
2, V. 43. iEncas when his fleethad been burnt in Si- cily.
Nauplja,maritime cityof Peloponnesus,
a Virg.JEn. 5, v. 704, He was the pro- genitor
the naval station of the Argives. The famous of the Nautii at Rome, a family t"
fountain Canathos was in its neighbourhood.whom the palladiumof Troy was, in conse*
Pans. 2, c. 38. Strab. 8. "
When ih.e Greeks returned from the Trojan governedby kings, but theyafterwards
war; ixaupiius saw thein with pleasure dis-tressed
exchanged this form of government for are-
in a sLorm on the coasts of Eubuea. public,and enjoyed iheir liberty, tillthe age
ana to make their disaoter stillmore sal,
univer- of Pisistratiis,who appointeda tyrantover
he lif^hted iires on such placesas were them. They were reduced by the Persians ;
surrounded with the most dangerous rocks, but in the expeditionof Darius and Xerxes
that the fleet mi";htbe shipwrecked upon the against Greece, theyrevolted and fought on the
coast. This sui^ceeded, but NaupliusVv'as so side of the Greeks. Duringthe Peloponnesiaa
disappointed when he saw Ulyssesand Dio- war, they supportedthe interest of Athens.
medes escape from the generalcalamity, that Bacchus was the chief deityof the island. Th"
he threw himself into the sea. Accordingto capital
also called Naxos ; and near
was it,oa
some mythologiststhere were two persons 20th
C. 377, the Lacedaemo-
the nians Sept.B.
of this name, a native of Argos, who wejit were defeated by Chabrias. Tkucyd.1,
to Colchis with Jason. He w"s son of ]\ep- cic. Herodot. Diod. 5, "ic. Ovid. Met. 3, v.
" " "
tuf.e and Amymone. The other was king m6." Virg.^n. 3, v. 125." Paus. 6, c. 16."
of Eubcea, and lived duringthe Trojan war. Pindar. An ancient town on the eastern
He was, accordingto some, son of Clytonas,side of Sicily, founded 759 years before the
one ot the descendants of JNauplius, the Ar-
gonaut.
Christian era. There was also another town
The Ai-gonaut was remarkable for at the distance of five miles from Naxos, w'hick
his knowledge of
sea atlairs,and of astrono-
my. bore the same name, and was often called by
built the town
He of INauplia, and sold conti'adistinction Taurominium. Plin. 3. "
Auge, daughterof Aleus,to kingTeuthras,to Diod. 13. A town of Crete, noted for
withdraw her from her father's resentment. liones. Plin. 36, c. 7. A Carian who gave
Orvh. ..:ru;on. .Bpollod. 2, c. 7. j^pollon.
"
I, his name to the greatest
" of the Cyclades.
".C. Ftacc. 1 and 5. Slrab. S. Paus. 4, c. 35.
" "
Nazianzus, a town
" of Cappadocia where
" fab. 116.
/.//,4"^ri. St. Gregory was born, and hence he is called
Nauportus, a town of Pannonia on a river jXazianzenus.
of the same name, now called Ober, or Upper Nea or JYova insula,a small island betweea
Laybach. Veil. Put. 2, c. 110." P/iJi.3, c. 18." Lemnos and which
the Hellespont, rose out
Tad:. Ann. 1, c. 20. of the sea during an earthquake. Plin. 2, c.
Naura, a country of Scythiain Asia. Curl. 87.
8. Oi i.idia within the Ganges, jirrian. NEiERA, a nymph, mother of Phaetusa and
Nausicaa, a daughterof Alcinous, kingof Lampetia by the Sun, Homer. Od. 12. A
the Pha^aceans. She met Uiyssesed
shipwreck- woman mentioned in Virgil'sEd. 3. A
on Ijerfather'scoasts, and it w as to her hu-
manity mistress of the poet Tibullus." A favourite ^"
upon the Indian ocean with Onesicritus and Messenia, who treated him with kindness, and
lo examine it. He wrote an account of this permitted him to build a city, which he called
voyage and of the king's life; but his veracityPylos. Neleus married Chloris the daughter
has been called in questionby Arrian. After of Amphion, by whom he had a daughterand
the king's death he was appointedover Lycia twelve sons, who were all,except Nestor,
and Pamphylia. Curt. 9, c. 10. Polycen. 9. killed by Hercules,together
" with their father,
" Justin. 13, c. 4. Sirab. 2, "c.-" "
tiful Neleus promisedhis daughterin marriageon-
A beau- ly
youth, ",c. Horat. 3, od. 20. An old to him who broughthim the bulls of Iphi-
man mentioned by Cicero de Senect. clus. Bias was the successfullover. Vid. Me-
Nebo, a high mountain near Palestine,be-yond lampus. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 418. Paus. 4, c. "
Jordan, from the top of which Moses SQ." Apollod. 1,c. 9j 1.2, c. 6. ^A river of
was permittedto view the promisedland. Eubcea.
Nebrissa, a town of Spain,now Lebrixa. Nelo, one of the Danaides. Apollod. 2,
Nebrodes, a mountain of Sicily, where NEMiEA, a town of Argolis between Cleonae
the Himera rises. Sil. 14, v. 237. and Philius with a wood, where Hercules, in
Nebrophonos, a son of Jason and Hypsi- the 16th year of his age, killedthe celebrated
pyle. Apotlod, One of Actason's dogs.Nemasan lion. This animal, born of the hun- dred-headed
Ovid. Met. 3. Typhon, infested the neighbour-
hood
Nebula, a name given to Nephele the of Nema?a, and kept the inhabitants un- der
wife of Athamas. Laetant. ad
continual alarms.
act. Stat.
It was the firstlabour
1,
c. 65. of Hercules to destroyit; and the hero, when
Necess'itas,a divinity who presidedover he found that his arrows and his club wer"
the destinies of mankind, and who was gardeduseless against
re- an animal whose skin was hard
as the mother of the Parcae. Paus. 2, and impenetrable, seized him in his arms and
".4. squeezed him to death. The conqueror
Nechos, a king of Egypt,who attempted clothed himself in the skin,
and games were
to make a between
communication the Me- instituted to commemorate
diterranean so greatan event.
and Red seas,
B. C. 610. No less The Nemaean gantes were originallyinstituted
than 12,000 men perishedin the attempt. It by the Argivesin honour of Archemorus,who
was discovered in his reign(hat Africa was died by the bite of a serpent, [Vid. Arche-
morus,]
eircumnavigable.Herodot. 2, c. 158, 1. 4, c. and Hercules some time afterrenew-
ed
42. them. They were one of the four great
Necropolis, one of the suburbs of Alexan-
and solemn games, which were observed in
dt'ia. Greece. The Argives,Corinthians,and the
Nectanebus and Nectanabis, a king of inhabitants of Cleonae,generally presidedby
Egypt, who defended his country againstturns at the celebration, in which were ed
exhibit-
the Persians,and was succeeded by Tachos, foot and horse races, chariot races, boxing,
B. C. 363. His grandson, of the same name, wrestling, and contests of every kind, both
made an alliance with Agesilaus ta, gymnicaland equestrian.
kingof Spar- The conqueror was
and with his assistance he quelleda re- bellionrewarded with a crown of olive,afterwards of
of his subjects.Some time after ho green parsley, in memory of the adventure of
was joinedby the Sidonians,Pha3iiicians, and Archemorus, whom his nurse laid down on a
inhabitants of Cyprus,who had revolted from sprigof that plant. They were celebrated
the kingof Persia. This powerfulconfedera-
cy every third,or according to others every fifth
was soon attacked by Darius the kingof year, or more properlyon the 1st and 3d year
Persia, who marched at the
head of his of every Olympiad,on the 12th day of the Co-
rinthian
troops. Nectanebus, to defend his frontiers month Panemos, which corresponds
againstso dangerousan enemy, levied 20,000 to our August. They served as an era to the
mercenary soldiers in Greece, the same ber
num- Argives, and to the inhabitants of the neigh-
bouring
in Libya, and 60,000 were furnished in country. It was always usual for an
Egypt, This numerous body was not equalto orat"" to pronounce a funeral oration in me^
NE
mory of the death of Archemonia,and those Iatterwartli called J^ovioma^mi Taui. at
who distributedthe prizes were always dress- jGerm. 28.
cd illmourning.Liv. 27, c. 30 and 31, 1.34, c. j Nemokalia, festivals observed in the
41." Ovid. Met. 9, v. 97, ep. 9, v. 61." Iwoods of Aricia, in honour of Diana, who
sided
pre-
Pau^. in Corinth. Clem. Mexand.
" At hen. " over
" the country and the forests, on
Polymi."Strab.S."Hygin. fab. 30 and 273. which account that part of Italywas times
some-
"
Jpollod.3, c. 6. A river of Pelopon-
nesus denominated ^emorensisager. Ovid, dt
into the bay of Corinth. Liv. 33, Ji.Ji. 1,V. 259.
falling
e. 15. Nemossus, (or um,) the capitalof the
NiiMAUstjs, a town of Gaul in Languedoc, Averni in Gaul, now Cltnnord. Lucan. 1. v.
nearthe mouth of the Rhone, now JYismes. 4\9."Strab. 4.
Nemesia, festivals in honour of Nemesis, NeobCJle, a daughter of Lycambus, bC'
[Vid.Nemesis.] trothed to the poet Archilochus. [Vid. Ly-
M. AuREL. Olymp. Nemesianus, a Latin cambes.]floral ep. 6, v. 13, 1. 1, ep. v. 19".
poet,born at Carthage, of no very brilliant Ovid, in lb. 54.
"
A beautiful woman t"
talents, in the third century, whose poems whom Horace addressed 3, od. 12.
on huntingand bird-catchingwere published NeocjESaria, a town of Pontus.
by Burman, inter scriptores
rei venaticae,
4to. Neochabis, a kingof Egypt.
L. Bat. 1728. Neocles,
an Athenian philosopher, father,
Nemesis, one of the infernaldeities,ter
daugh-or according
to Cicero,brother to the philos-
opher
of Nox. She was the goddessof vengeance, Epicurus. Cic. 1, de Nat. D. c. 21. "
always prepared to punishimpiety, and at the Diog. The father of Themistocles. JEliajn...
same time liberally to reward the good and V. H. 2, ".C." C. Mp. in Them.
virtuous. She is made one of the Parcae by Neocenes, a man who made himself abso-
lute,
some mythologists, and is represented with a ",c. Diod. 15.
helm and a wheel. The people of Smyrna Neomoris, one of the Nereides. Jipol-
were the first who made her statues with lod. 1.
wings,to show with what celerity she is pre-
pared Neoi*,a town of Phocis. There was also
to punishthe crimes of the wicked both another of the same name in the same try
coun-
by sea and land,as the helm and the wheel in on the top of Parnassus. It was afterwards
her hands intimate. Her power did not only called Tithorea. Plut. in Syll. Pam. Phoc. " "
Harpalyce. [Fw/.Harpalyce.] The placeof M.n. 2 and 3." Paiw. 10, c. 24." Ovid. Met
his retirement after the Trojan war is not 13, v. 834, 455, ",c. Heroid. S."Strab. 9."
known. Some maintain that he went to Thes Find. JVem. 7. Eurip. Androm.
"
and Or6St.
his stillreigned
grandfather but kc. Pliit. in Pyrr.
Justin. 17, c. 3. ZHc*
saly,where j "
" "
been deprivedof his sceptre by Acastus the A king of the Molossi,father of Olyrapias, the
son of Pelias. JSeoptoleraus lived with An- mother of Alexander. Justin. 17, c. 3.
iiromache after his arrival in Greece, but it is Another, king of Epirus. An uncle of the
unknown whether he treated her as a lawful celebrated Pyrrhus who assisted the Taren-
wife,or a He had a son by this tines. He was
concubine. made king of Epirusby the
unfortunate princesscalled Molossus, and Epirots, who had revolted from their la^vful
two others,if we rely on the authorityof sovereign, and was put to death when he at-
tempted
Pausanias. Besides Andromache he married to poisonhis nephew, ",c. FhU. m
Hermione the daughterof Menelaus, as also Pyrr. A tragicpoet "f Athens, great'y
Lanassa the daughterof Cleodseus,one of the favoured by Philip, kingof Macedonia. When
descendants of Hercules. The cause of his Cleopatra, the monarch's daughter,was ried
mar-
from the valour and the courage of of Alexander. He was the firstwho
Neoptolemus duringthe siegeof Troy, indu- climbed the walls of Gaza when that citywas
oed him to reward his merit by making him taken by Alexander. After the king'sdeath
his son-in-law. The nuptials were accordinglyhe received Armenia as his province,and
celebrated,but Hermione became jealousof made war againstEumenes. He was ed
support-
Andromache, and because she had no children, by Craterus,but an engagement with Eu- menes
she resolved to destroyher Trojanrival v.rho proved fatal to his cause. Craterus
seemed to steal away the affections of their was killed, and himself mortallywounded, by
common husband. In the absence of Neoptole-
mus Eumenes, B. C. 321. C. ffep. in Eumen. " " "
at Delphi, Hermione attemptedtp murder One of the officers of Mithridates the Great,
Andromache, but she was preventedby the beaten by Lucullus in a naval battle. Flut. in
interference of Peleus,or accordingto others, Luc. A tragic writer.
of the populace. "When she saw her schemes Neoris, a largecountryof Asia,near Ge-
defeated,she determined to layviolent hands drosia, almost destitute of waters. The inha-
bitants
of Neop-
tolemus.
Upon herselfto avoid the resentment were called Kcorita, and it was usual
The sudden arrival of Orestes chan-
ged among them to suspendtheir dead bodies on
her resolutions, and she consented to elope the boughsof trees. Diod. 17.
with her lover to Sparta. Orestes at the same Njepb, a constellation of the heavens, the
time,to revenge and to punish his rival,caused same as Scorpio. An inland town of Etm-
him to be assassinated in the templeof Delphi,ria, called also Nepete,whose inhabitants are
and he was murdered at the foot of the altar called Keptsxni.Itai. 8, v. 490. Liv. 6, c. 19,
"
in his own name in the age of Theodosius,to by disputing for Trcezene, but Jupiter set-
tled
conciliate the favour and the friendship of that their disputes by permittingthem to be
emperor. The languageof Cornelius has al- ways conjointly worshippedthere, and by giving
been admired, and as a writer of the the name of Polias,or the protectress of the
Augustanage, he isentitled to many dations
commen- city,to Minerva, and that of kingof Trcezene
for the delicacy of his expressions, the to the god of the sea. He also disputed his
eleganceof his style, and the clearness and right tor the isthmus of Corinth with Apolloj
precision of his narrations. Some support and Briareus the Cyclops,who was mutually
that he translated Dares Phrygiusfrom the ciiosen umpire,gave the isthmus to Neptune,
Greek original ; but the inelegance of the dic-
tion, and the promontory to Apollo. Neptune,as
and itsmany incorrect expressions, ly
plain- beinggod of the sea, was entitled to more
prove that it is the production, not of a wri-
ter power than any of the other gods,except Ju- piter.
of the Augustan age, but the spuriouscom- position Not only the ocean, rivers,and foun-
tains,
of a more modern pen. Cornelius were subjectto him, but he also could
speaksof his account of the Greek historians cause earthquakesat his pleasure, and raise
in Dion. c. 3. Among the many goodeditions islands from the bottom of the sea with a
of Cornelius Nepos, two may be selected as blow of his trident. The worshipof Neptune
the best,that of Verheyk, 8vo. L. Bat. 1773, was established in almost every part of the
and that of Glasgow, 12mo. 1761. Julius,earth,and the Libyansin particular venerated
an emperor of the west, ^c. him above all other nations, and looked upon
Nepotianus Flavins Popilius, a son of Eu- him as the firstand greatestof the gods. The
tropia,the sisterof the emj)eror Constantine. Greeks and the Romans were also attached t9
He proclaimedhimself emperor after the ais worship,and they celebrated their Isth- mian
death of his cousin Constans, and rendered games and Consualia with the greatest
himself odious by his cruelty and oppression. solemnity.He was generally represented ting
sit-
He was murdered by Anicetus, alter one in a chariot made of a shell,and drawn
month's reign,and his family were involved by sea horses or dolphins. Sometimes ht is
in his roin.
NE NE
drawn by wingedhorses,and holds his trident toporia, Evagora, Liagora, Polynomc,Lao-
in his hand, and stands up as his chariot flies madia, Lysianassa, Autonoe, Menippe, E-
oyer the surface of the sea. Homer sents
repre- varne, Psamathe,Nemertes. In those which
him as issuing from the sea, and in three Homer mentions,to the number of 30, we find
stepscrossing the whole horizon. The moun- tains the following names difl'erent from those spoken
and the forests, says the poet, trembled of by Hesiod : Halia,Limmoria,lera,
Amphi-
as he walked ; the whales,and allthe fishes of troe, Dexamfene, Amphinorae,Callianira, Ap-
the sea, appear round him, and even the sea seudes, Callanassa, Clymene, Janira,Nassa,
herself seems to feel the presence of her god. Mera, Orithya, Amathea. ApoUodorus, who
The ancients generally sacrificed a bull and a mentions 45, mentions the following names
horse on his altars,and the Roman ers
soothsay- different from the others ; Glaucothoe,Pro-
alwaysoffered to him the gallof the vic- tims, tomedusa, Pione, Plesaura, Calypso,Cranto,
which in taste resembles the bitterness Neomeris, Dejanira,Polynoe, Melia,
Dione,
of the sea water. The amours of Neptune Isea, Dero, Eumolpe,lone, Ceto.
Hyginus
He obtained,by means of a and others differfrom the
are numerous. precedingauthors
dolphin, the favours of Amphitrite, who had in the following names : Drymo, Xantho, Li-
mothoe, Melita, Thalia, Agave, Eulimene, Argon. Horat. 1,od. 13. Eurip.inlphig.
" "
Mela, 2, c. l."Ovid. Met. 13, v. 712. Rem. and it was on this occasion that one of
A. 263. the Romans observed,that the world would
Neritum, a town of Calabria,now called have been happy ifNero's father had had such
^ardo. a wife. But now his cruelty was displayed in
Nerius, a silversmith in the age of Ho- race, a more superlative degree,and he sacrificed
2 SaX. 3, v. 69. An usurer in Nero's to his wantonness his wife OctaviaPoppaja, and
age, who was so eager to get money, that he the celebrated writers, S eneca, Lucan, Petro-
married as often as he could,and as soon troyednius,".C. The Christians also did not escape
des-
his wives by poison, to possess himself his barbarity. He had heard of the burningof
of their estates. Ftrs. 2, v. 14. Troy,and as he wished to renew that dismal
Nero, Claudius Doraillus Caesar, a cele- brated scene, he caused Rome to be set on fire in
Roman emperor, son of Caius Domi- different places. The conflagration became
tius Ahenobarbus and Agrippinathe daughtersoon universal, and duringnine successive days
of Germanicus. He was adoptedby the em- peror the fire was extinguished. All was tion,
desola-
Claudius,A. D. 50, and four years after nothing was heard but the lamentations
he succeeded to him on the throne. The be-ginning of mothers whose children had perished in the "
of his reignwas marked by acts of the flames,the groans of the dying,and the conti- nual
greatestkindness and condescension, by afta- fallof palaces and buildhigs. Nero was
bility, complaisance,and popularity.The the only one who enjoyedthe generalcon- sternation.
deserved them. These promising virtues were He built himself a celebrated palace,
soon discovered to be artificial, and Nero dis- played which he called his golden house. It was fusely
pro-
the propensities of his nature. He de-livered adorned with gold, with precious stones,
himself from the sway of his mother, and whatever was rsu-e and exquisite. It con-
tained
taken away his mother's life to save himself 120 feet high; the galleries w^ere each a
from ruin,the senate applauded his measures, mile long, and the whole was covered with
and the people signified their approbation. gold. The roofs of the dininghalls represent- ed
Many of his courtiers shared the unhappy fate the firmament,in motion as well as in fig- ure,
of Agrippina, and Nero sacrificed to his fury and continually turned round night and
or capriceallsuch as obstructed his pleasure, day,showeringdown allsorts of perfumesand
or diverted his inclination. In the nighthe sweet waters. When this grandedifice,which,
generally sallied out from his palace, to visit according to Pliny, extended all round the ci- ty,
the meanest taverns, and all the scenes of de-
bauchery was finished, Nero said, that now he could
which Rome contained. In this lodgelike a man. His profusion was not less
tJOcturnal riot he was fond of insulting the remarkable in all his other actions. When
peoplein the streets,and his attempts to offer he went a fishing his nets were made with
violence to the wife of a Roman senator, goldand silk. He never appeared twice in
nearlycost him his life. He also turned the same garment, and when he undertook a
actor, and publiclyappeared on the Roman voyage, there were thousands of servants to
stagein the meanest characters. In his at- temptstake care of his wardrobe. This continuation
to excel in music, and to conquer the of debaucheryand extravagance at last rous- ed
disadvantages of a hoarse roughvoice,he mo- derated the resentment of the people. Many
his meals, and often passedthe day conspiracies were formed againstthe empe- ror,
without eating. The celebrity of the Olym-
pian but they were generally discovered,and
games attracted his notice. He passed such as were accessary suffered the greatest
into Greece, and presented himself as a can-
didate punishments.The most dangerousconspiracy
for the publichonour. He was defeated againstNero's life was that of Piso, from
in wrestling, but the flattery of the spectatorswhich he was delivered by the confession of a
adjudgedhim the victory, returned
and Nero slave. The conspiracy of Galba provedmore
to Rome with
all the pomp and splendour of successful ; and tne conspirator, when he was
an eastern conqueror, drawn in the chariot of informed that his plotwas known to Nero, de-clared
Augustus, and attended by a band of musi-cians, himself emperor. The unpopularity
actors, and stage dancers from every of Nero favoured his cause; he was ledged
acknow-
part of the empire. These privateand pub- lic by (ftlltheRoman empire,and the se-nate
amusemeuts of the emperor were indeed condemned the tyrantthat sat on the
ne NE
tiirone lo be dragged naked through the Iwas voluntary, accordingto some. Suelan. in
streets ofRome, and whipped to death,and terwards
af- I Tiber. Domitian was called JVero,because
"
but that the whole might be burned on himself popular byJiis mildness, his
the funeral pile. His requestwas grantedby generosity, and the active jp"rthe took in the
one of Galba's freedraen,and his obsequiesmanagement of affairs. He suffered no sta-
tues
were performed with the usual ceremonies. to be raised to his honour, and he applied
Though his death seemed to-be the source of to the use of tlie government all the goldand
universal gladness, yet many of his favourites silver statues which flattery had erected to his
lamented his fall, and were grievedto see that predecessor.In his civil character he was
their pleasures and amusements were stopped the patternof good manners,, of sobriety and
ty the death of the patron of debaucheryand temperance. He forbad the mutilation of
extravagance. Even the king of Parthia sent male children,and gave no countenance to
embassadors to Rome to condole with the the law which permittedthe maiTiageof an
Romans, and to beg that they w ould honour uncle with his niece. He made a solemn de-
claration
and revere the memory of JSero. His sta-
tues that no senator should suffer death,
were also crowned with garlandsof during his reign; and this he observed with
flowers,and many believed that he was not such sanctitythat,when two members of the
dead, but that he would soon make bis pearance,
ap- senate had conspiredagainsthis life, he was
and take due vengeance upon his satisfiedto tell them that he was informed of
enemies. It will be sufficient to observe, in their wicked
machinations. He also con-
ducted
nions
compa-
Claudius, a Roman general sent into of greatness, the praetorian guardsat last
Spain to succeed the two Scipios.He suffer- ed mutinied, and Nerva nee^lyyieldedto their
himself to be imposed upon by Asdmbal, fury. He uncovered his aged neck in the
and was soon aftersucceeded by young Scipio.presence of the incensed soldiery, and bade
He was afterwards made consul, and inter-
cepted them wreak their vengeance upon him, pro-
vided
Asdrubal,who was passing from Spain theysparedthe lifeof those to whom he
into Italy with a largereinforcement for his was indebted for the empire,and whom his
brother Annibal. An engagement was fought honour commanded him to defend. His seem-^
near the river Metaurus, in which 66,000 of ingsubmission was unavailing, and he was at
the Carthaginians
were leftin the field of bat- to the
tle, last obligedto surrender, furyof his
and
great numbers taken prisoners, 207 soldiers,some of his friendsand supporters.
B. C. Asdrubal, the Carthaginiangeneral,Tlie infirmities of his age, and his natuml ti- midity,
was and his head cut off and thrown
also killed, at last obliged him to provide himself
into his brother's camp by the conquerors. against any future mutiny or tumult,by choos-
ing
Appian. in Han. Oros. 4. Liv. 27, ".c.
" " a worthy successor.
"
He liadmanyfriends
Horat. 4, od. 4, v. 37." F/or. 2, c. 6." VaL and relations, but he did not consider the ag-
grandizement
Max. 4, c. I. Another, who opposed Cice-
ro of bis family, and he chose for
when to punishwith death such
he wished his sou and successor, Trajan,a man of whose
as accessary to Catiline's conspiracy.
were virtues and greatness of mind he was fully
A son of Germanicus, who was ruined by convinced. This voluntarychoice was proved
ap-
Sejanus, and banished from Rome by Tiberius. by the acclamations of the people,anA
He died in the placeof his exile. His death the wi?dora and prudencewhich marked thif
NE NE
reignof Trajan,showed how discerning was
Ihimself in the fieldof battle,and was present
the judgment,and how affectionate were the !at the nuptials of Pirithous,when a bloodr
intentions of Nerva for the good of Rome. jbattle was foughtbetween the Lapithajana
He died on the 27th of July;A. D. 98, in his Centaurs. As king of Pylos and Messenia
72d year, and his successor showed spect he led his subjects
his re- to the Trojanwar, where
for his merit and his character by raising he distinguished himself among the rest of the
him altars and templesin Rome, and in the Grecian chiefs, by eloquence,address,wis- dom,
provinces, and by rankinghim in the number justice, and an uncommon prudenceof
of the gods. JNerva was the firstRoman peror
em- mind. Homer displayshis character as the
who was of foreign extraction, his father most perfect of all his heroes ; and Agamem- non
beinga native of Crete. Plin. paneg. Diod. "
exclaims,that if he had ten generals like
69. M. Cocceius,a consul in the reignof Nestor, he should soon see the walls of Troy
Tiberius. He starved himself, because he reduced to ashes. After the Trojan war,
would not be concerned in the extravagance Nestor retired to Greece, where he enjoyed,
of the emperor. A celebrated lawyer,con- sul in the bosom of his family, the peace and tran- quillity
with the emperor Vespasian.He was fa- ther which were due to his wisdom and to
to the emperor of that name. his old age. The manner and the time of
Nervii, a warlike people of BelgicGaul, his death are unknown ; the ancients are all
who continually upbraidedthe neighbouring agreedthat he lived three generations of men,
nations for submitting to the power of the which length of time some suppose to be 300
Romans. They attacked J. Caesar,and were years, though,more probably,only 90, al- lowing
totally defeated. Their country forms the 30 years for each generation.From
modern provinceof Hainault. Lucan. 1,v. that circumstance,therefore,it was usual
428." Cow. Bell. G. 2, c. 15. among the Greeks and the Latins,when they
JNerulum, an inland town of Lucania,now wished along and happy lifeto their friends,
Lagonegro. Liv. 9, g. 20. to wish them to see the years of Nestor. He
Nerium, or Artabrum, a promontory of had two daughters, Pisidice and Polycaste;
Spain,now Cape Finisterre. Strab. 3. and seven sons, Perseus, Straticus, Aretus,
Nes ACTUM, a town of Istriaat the mouth Echephron,Pisistratus, Antilochus, and Tra-
of the Arsia,now CastelJVuovo. siraedes. Nestor was one of the Argonauts,
NESiEA, one of the iVereides. Virg.G. 4,v. according to Valerius Flaccus 1, v. 380, "lc.
338. "
Dictys. Cret. 1, c. 13, "c. "
Homer. II. 1,
Nesimachus, the father of Hippomedon, "c. Od.3 and U." Hygin.fab. 10 and 273."
a native of Argos, who was one of the seven Paus. 3, c. 26, 1. 4, c. 3 and 31." Apollod. 1,
chiefswho made war against Thebes. Hygin. c. 9, 1. 2, c. I."Ovid. Met. 12, v. 169, "c.
lO."Schol. Stat. Th. 1, v. 44. "
Horat. 1, od. 15. A poet of Lycaonia
Nesis, (w, or idis), now JVisita, an island in the age of the emperor Severus. He was
on the coast of Campania, famous for aspara- gus. fatherto Pisander,who, under the emperor
Lucan and Statins speakof itsair as un- Alexander,wrote some
wholesome fabulous stories.
and dangerous.Plin. 19,c. 8. " One of the body guardsof Alexander. Polycen.
Lucan. 6, v. 90. " Cic ad Alt. 16,ep. 1 and 2. Nestorius, a bishopof Constantinople,
Stat. 3, Sylv.1,v. 148. who flourished A. D. 431. He was ed
condemn-
Nessus, a celebrated centaur, son of Ixion and degi-aded from his episcopal dignity for
and the Cloud. He offered violence to De- his heretical opinions, ".c.
janira, whom Hercules had intrusted to his Nesttjs, or Nessus, now JVesto,a small
care, with orders to carry her across the river river of Thrace, rising in mount Rhodope,
Evenus. [Firf. Dejanira.]Hercules saw the and falling into the iEgean sea above the
distressof his wife from the opposite shore of island of Thasos. It was for some time the
the river,and immediatelyhe let flyone of boundary of Macedonia on the east, in the
his poisoned arrows, which struck the centaur more extensive power of that kingdom.
to the heart. Nessus, as he expired, gave the Netum, a town of Sicily, now called JVb/o,
tunic he then wore to Dejanira, assuring her on the eastern coast. Sil. 14, v. 269. "
Cic. in
that from the poisonedblood which had Ver.4,c. 26, I.5, c. 51.
flowed from his wounds, it had received the Neuri, a peopleof Sarmatia. Mela,2, c. 1.
jiovverof calling a husband away from unlaw- Nic."A, a widow of Alexander,who mar- ried
ii
NI NI
lives of illustriousmen, and was reckoned Neptune,in their dispute
over about giving a
one of the greatestand most learned men of to the capital
name of the country.
his age. NiciA, a city. [Vid.Nicaea.] A river
NiCANDER, a king of Sparta, son of Cha- falling into the Po at Brixellum. It is now
of the family of the Proclidae.
rillus, He called Lensa, and separatesthe duchyof Mo-
reigned39 years, and died B. C. 770. A denafrom Parma.
writer of Chalcedon. A Greek rian,
gramma- NiciAs, an Athenian general, celebrated for
poet, and physician, of Colophon, 137 his valour and for his misfortunes. He early
B. C. His writingswere held in estimation,conciliated the good will of the peopleby his
but hisjudgmentcannot be highly commended, liberality, and he established his military racter
cha-
since,without any knowledge of agriculture, by takingthe island of Cythera from
he ventured to compose a book on that intri-
cate the power of Lacedaemon. When Athens de-
termined
subject. Two of his poems, entitled to make war againstSicily, Nicias
Thtriaca, on hunting,and Ahxipharmaca, was appointed, with Alcibiadesand Lamachus,
on antidotes againstpoison,are still extant ; to conduct the expedition which he reprobat-
ed
the best editions of which are those of Gor- as impolitic, and as the future cause of ca-
lamities
whose works were edited,fol.Paris,1661. C. JVep. in Alcib. Thucyd. 4, he. Diod. 15. " "
aaarkable for his fidelity to king PjTrhus. "c. The 2d, was ironically surnamed Phi-
NicocHARES, a Greek eoroic poet in the lopaier, because he drove his father Prusias
age of Ai'istophanes. from the kingdom of Bithynia, and caused
NicocLES, a familiar friendof Phocion, con- demned him to be assassinated, B. C. 149. He reigned
to death. Plut. A king of Sala- 59 years. IVlithridates laid claim to his king- dom,
mis, celebrated for his contest with a king of but all their disputes were decided by
Phoenicia, to prove which of the two was the Romans, who deprivedNicomedes of the
most eflferainate. A king of Paphos,who provinceof Paphlagonia,and his ambitious
reignedunder the protection of Ptolemy,king rival of Cappadocia. He gained the affections
of Egypt. He revolted from his friend to of his subjects by a courteous behaviour, and
the king of Persia, upon which Ptolemy or- dered by a mild and peaceful government. Justin.
one of his servants to put him to death, The 3d, son and successor of the pre- ceding,
to strike terror into the other dependant was dethroned by his brother Socrates,
princes.The servant, unwilling to murder the and afterwards by the ambitious Mithridates.
monarch, advised him to killhimt.^elfJVicocles The Romans re-established him on his throne,
obeyed,and all his familyfollowed his exam- ple, and encouraged hira to make reprisals upon
310 years before the Christian era. An the kingof Poatus. He followed their advice,
ancient Greek poet, who called physicians a aod he was, at last,expelledanother time
happy race of men, because lightpublijhedfrom his dominions, tillSyllacame into Asia,
their good deeds to the world, and the earth who restored him to his former power and
hid all their faults and imperfections.A affluence. Strab. Appian, ^The fourth of
"
kingof Cyprus,who succeeded his fatherEva- that name, was son and successor of Nico-
medes
goras on the throne, 374 years before
Christ. 3d. He passedhis lifein an easy and
It was with him that the philosopherIsocl-ates tranquilmanner, and enjoyedthe peace which
corresponded. A tyrantof Sicyon,deposed his alliance with the Romans had procured
by means of Aratus, the Achaean. Plv,i. in him. He died B. C. 75, without issue,and
Aral. lefthis kingdom, with all his possessions, to
NicocRATES, a tyrant of Cyrene. An the Roman people. Strab. 12. Appian.Mi-
"
age of Alexander the Great. He ordered the One of the preceptorsof the emperor M. An-
toninus.
philosopherAnaxarchus to be pounded to
piecesin a mortar. NicoMEDiA, fnow Is-nikmid,)
a town of
NicoDEMUs, an Athenian founded
appointedby Bithynia, Nicomedes
by 1st. It was
Conon over the fleetwhich was goingto the the capitalof the country, and it has been
assistance of Artaxerses. Diod. 14. rantcompared, for its beauty and greatness,to
A ty-
of Italy,"-C. An ambassador sent to Rome, Antioch, or Alexandria. It became
Pompey by Aristobulus. celebrated for being,for some time, the resi-
dence
NicoDORUS, a wrestler of Mantinea, who of the emperor Constantine,and most
studied philosophy in his old age. JElian. V. of his imperial successors. Some suppose that
H. 2, c. 22. Suidm.
" An Athenian archon. it was originally called Astacus, and Olbia,
NicoDRoMUs, a son of Hercules and Nice. though it was generallybelieved that they
JtpoUod. An Athenian who invaded JEgi- were all different cities. Ammian. 17. Pam. "
ten fowls to the person whose property they of days. If it does not rise as highas 16
had stolen ; they were, besides,ordered not cubits, a famine is generally expected,but if
to light a fire the rest of the campaign,but to it exceeds this by many cubits, it is of the most
live ujion cold aliments,and to drink nothing dangerousconsequences ; houses are overturn-
ed,
but water. Such great qualifications in a the cattle are drowned, and a greatnum- ber
of Egypt, near tlie banks of the river, to Herodotus. Homer and Proper-
were called JViliaci,JViligeruB,"c. and large tius say, that she had six daughters and as ma-
ny
";anals were also from this river denominated sons; and Ovid, ApoUodorus,",c. accord-
ing
MH, or Euripi. Cic. Leg. 2, c. 1, ad Q. //". to the more received opinion,support that
3, ep. 9, ad Mt. 11, ep, 12." Strab. 17."Ovid. she had seven sons and seven daughters.The
Met. 187, 1. 15,V. Ib^."Mda, 1, c. 9, 1. sons
5, V. were Sipylus,Minytus,Tantalus,Age-
3, c. quasi.JVat. 4. Lucan. 1, 2, nor, Pbaedimus,Damasichthon, and Ismenus ;
9. " Seneca, "
^."Paus. 10, c. 32." P/in. 5, c. 10. One of her children increased her pride,and
"f the Greek fatherswho flourished A. D. 440. she had the imprudence not only to prefer
His works were edited at Rome, fol.2 vols. herself to Latona, who bad only two children,
1668 and 1678. but she even insulted her, and ridiculed the
NiKNius, a tribune who apposedClodius worship which was paid to her, observing,
the enemy of Cicero. that she had
a better claim to altars and sacri-
fices
NiNiAS. Vid. Ninyas. than the mother of Apollo and Diana.
NiNus, a son of Belus who built a cityto This insolence provoked Latona. She en^
which he gave his own name, and founded the treated her children to punish the arrogant
Assyrianmonarchy, of which he was the first Niobe. Her prayers were heard, and imme-
diately
sovereign, B. C. 2059. He was very warlike, all the sons of Niobe expiredby the
and extended his conquests from Egypt to the darts of Apollo,and all the daughters, except
extremities of India and Bactriana. came Chloris,who had married Neleus kingof Py-
He be-
enamoured of Serairamis the wife of one los,were equallydestroyedby Diana ; and Ni- obe,
of his officers,and he married her after her struck at the suddenness of her misfor-
tunes,
husband had destroyed himself throughfear of was changedinto a stone. The carcasses
his powerfulrival. Ninus reigned62 years, of Niobe's accordingto Homer,
children, were
and at his death he left his kingdom to the leftunburied plainsfor nine successive in the
care of his wife Semiramis, by whom he had days,because Jupiter changed into stones all
a son. The history of Ninus is very obscure such as attemptedto inter them. On the
and even fabulous accordingto the opinionof tenth day they were honoured with a funeral
some. Ctesias is the principal historian from by the gods. Homer. It. 24. JElinn. V. H. "
on top of which three chariots could pass Strab. 11. Mela, 1,c. 15.
the A river of Arme-
nia "
who had voluntarily abdicated the crown. NiSA, a town of Greece. Homer. II.2.
Some su[)pose that Semiramis was put to A country woman. Virg. Eel. 8. A place.
death by her own son, because she had en-couragedVid. Nysa. A celebrated plainof Media
him to commit incest. The reign near the Caspian sea- famous for its horses
of ^inyas is remarkable for its luxury and 3, c. 106
HcTfdot.
NI NO
NisiCA,a naval station on gan's. NiTETis,a daughter
the coasts of Me- of Apries,kingof Egypt'
Slrab. 8. A town of Parthia,called married by his successor Amasis to Cyrus.Po-
ly
also Nisa. cen. 8.
obiect of her passion, she stole away the fa- tal' from Neapolisto Rome. Bells were first
hair from her father's head as he was invented there in the beginningof the fifth
taken, but century, from which reason they have been
asleep; the town was iminediately
Minos disregarded the services of Scylla, and called A''ol(B or Campana, in Latin. The in- ventor
she threw herself mto the sea. The gods was St. Paulinus, the bishop of the
who died A. D. 431, though many
changed her into a lark, and Nisus assumed place, gine
ima-
the nature of the hawk at the very moment that bells were known long before,and
that he gave himself death,not iO fallinto the only introduced into churches by that prelate.
nually Before his time, congregations
enemy's hands. These two birds have conti- were called to
been at vaiiance with each olher, and the church by the noise of wooden rattles,
at the sight of (sacra ligna.)Paierc. 1, c. 7. Suet. in Aug.
Scylla,by her apprehensions "
"
her father,seems to suffer the punishment Sit. 8, V 517, 1. 12, V. 161." A. Gellius, 7,c. 20.
which her perfidy deserved. ApoUod.3, c. 15. "Liv. 23, c. 14 and 39, 1.24, c. 13.
^Paiis. 1, c. \9."Sirab. 9." Ovid. Met. 8, v. NoMADES, a name givento allthose uncivil-ized
6, Lc." Virg.G. 1, v. 404, Lc. peoplewho had no fixed habitation*and
NisYKos, an island in the MrCRn sea, at who continually changed the placeof their
the west of Rhodes, with a *own of the same residence to go in quest of fresh pasture,for
name. It was originally joinedto Jie island the jmmerous cattlewhich theytended. There
of Cos, accordingto Pliny,and "t bor^ the were Nomades in Scythia, India,Arabia,and
name of Porphyria.Neptnie, Avho was posed Africa. Those of Africa were
sup- afterwards call- ed
to have separated th"m 'mW a blow oi JVumidia7is, by a small change of the letters
his trident,and to have then over\" helmed the w ilif'hcomposed their name. Ital. 1, v. 215.
giantPolybotes, was worshippeathere,and " Piin. 5, c. o. Herodot. 1, c. 15,1.4, c. 187.
"
Apollod.
called jYisf/reus. 1; c 6.~JVfe/"r,
2, c "Strab. 7." Mela, 2, c. 1,1.3. c. 4." F^r^."?.
7._5/,y7) IA " 9 .3,v. Si3.~.p(rff. 8; c i^.
NO NO
NesfA,a Diod. 11." Sil. 14,
town of Sicily. kings,made
many incursionsupon the Romafi^;
V. 266. and were at last conqueredunder Tiberiu^
NoME5TANUs, an epithetappliedto L. and the countrybecame a dependentprovince.
Cassius as a native of Nomentum. He is In the reignof Dioclesian, Noricum was ded
divi-
mentioned by Horace as a mixture of luxury into two parts,Ripenseand Mediterra- nean.
and dissipation. Horat. 1, Sat. 1, v. 102, and The iron that was drawn from Noricum
alibi. was esteemed excellent, and thence J^oricu9
Nomentum, a town of the Sabines in Italy, etisis was used to express the goodnessof a
famous for wine, and now called Lamcntana. sword. Dionys. Perieg. Strab. 4. Plin. 34,
" "
The dictator, Q. Servilius Priscus, gave the c. 14." Tacit. Hist. 3, c. 5." Horat. 1,od. 16,v.
Veientes and Fidenates battle there,A. U. C. 9." Orirf.JVfe^ 14,v. 712.
312, and totally defeated them. Ovid. Fast. 4, NoRTHipPus, a Greek tragic poet.
V. 905." Ltv. 1,c. 38, 1.4, c. 22." Virg. JFm. 6, NoRTiA, a name givento the goddessof For,-
V. 773. tune among the Etrurians. Lav. 7, c. 3.
NoMii, mountains of Arcadia. Pavs. NoTHus, a son of Deucalion. A sur-
name
NoMiDS, a surname given to Apollo,be- cause of Darius,kingof Persia, from his ille-gitimacy.
he fed ("f^'O" pasco)the flocks of king
Admetus in Thessaly. Cic. de A''at.D. 2, c. NoTiuM, a town of ^Eolia,near the Cay-
33. s(er. It was peopledby the inhabitants of
NoNACRis, a town of Arcadia,which re- ceived Colophon,who left their ancient habitations
its name from a wife of Lycaon. because Notium was more conveniently ated
situ-
There was a mountain of the same name in in beingon the sea shore. Liv. 37, c. 26,
the neighbourhood. Evander is sometimes 38, 39. .,
called Konacrius heros, as beingan Arcadian NoTus, the south wind, called also Auster.
by birth,and Atalanta JYonacria, as beinga NoviE (tabernce), the new shopsbuilt in the
native of the place. Curt. 10, c. 10. Ovid. forum at Rome, and adorned with the shields
"
Fast. 5, V. 97. M"t. 8, fab. 10." Pans. 8, c. of the Cimbri. Cic. Oral. 2, c. 66. The
17,"c. Veteres tabemce were adorned with those of
Nonius, a Roman soldier,imprisoned for the Samnites. Liv. 9, c. 40.
payingrespectto Galba's statues, ":c. Tacit. NovARiA, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, aow
Hist. 1, c. 56. A Roman who exhorted his JVovara in Milan. Tacil. Hist. 1,c. 70.
countrymen afterthe fatalbattle of Pharsalia, NovATUs, a man who severely attacked the
and the flight of Pompey, by observing that character of Augustus,under a fictitious name.
eightstandards (aguiloe) stillremained in the The emperor discovered him, and onlyfined
camp; to which Cicero answered,rede,si no- bis him a small sum of money.
cum graculis helium esset. NovEsjuM, a town of the UWi, on the west
NoNNius Marcellus, a grammarianwhose of the Rhine, now called JVuys^ near Cologne.
treatise de varia signijicatione verborum was Tacit. Hist. 4, c. 26, he.
edited by Mercer, 8vo. Paris, 1614. NoviODUNUM, a town of the JEdui ia
NoNNus, a Greek writer of the 5th century, Gaul, taken by J, Caesar. It is pleasantly
who wrote an account of the embassy he had situatedon the Ligeris, and now called JVoyorip
undertaken to JCthiopia, among the Saracens or, as others suppose, JVevera. Cces.Bell. G.
and other eastern nations. He is also known 2, c. 12.
by his Dionysiaca, a wonderful collection of NovioMAGus, or Neomagus, a town of Gbm],
heathen mythologyand erudition,edited 4to. now JVizeux in Normandy. Another called
Antwerp,1569. His paraphrase on John was also JS^emeles, now Spire. Another in Bata-
edited by Heinsius,8vo. L. Bat. 1627. via,now JVimeguen, on the south side of the
NoNus, a Greek physician, whose book de Waal.
errmium morborum curalio7ie, was edited in NoviuM, a town of Spain,now JVoya.
12mo. Argent, 1568, Novius Priscus, a man banished from
NopiA or Cnopia, a town of Bceotia, where Rome by Nero, on suspicion that he was
Amphiaraushad a temple. accessary to Piso's conspiracy.Tacit, jinn.
Nora, now JVour,a placeof Phrygia, where 15, c. 71. A man who attemptedto as- sassinate
Eumenes retired for some time,"c. C. Kepos. the emperor Claudius. Two bro-thers
A town. Vid. Norax. obscurely born, distinguished in the age
NoRAX, a son of Mercury and Eurytbaea, of Horace for their officiousness. Horat. 1,
who led a colony of Iberians into Sai-dinia, sat. 6.
where he founded a town, to which he gave Novum Comum, a town of Insubria,oa
the name of Nora. Paus. 10, c. 17. the lake Larinus,of which the inhabitants
NoRBA, a town of the Volsci. Liv.2, c. 34. were called JVovocomenses. Cic. ad Div. 13,
Caisarea, a town of Spainon the Tagus. c. 35.
C. NoRBAM's, a young and ambitious Ro- man Nox, one of the most ancient deities among
who opposedSylla, and joinedhis inte- rest the heathens, daughter of Chaos. From
to that of young Marius. In his consulship her union with her brother Erebus, she gave
he marched against Sylla,by whom he was birth to the Day and the Light. She was
defeated, k,c. Plul. A friend and general of also the mother of the Parcae,Hesperides,
Augustus, employedin Macedonia against the Dreams, of Discord,Death, Momus, Fi-aud,
republicans. He was defeated by Brutus, ",c. he. She is called by some of the poetsthe
NorTcum, a country of ancient Illyricum, mother of all things, of gods as well as of
which now forms a part of modern J5aranaand men, and therefore she was worshippedwith
Austria. It extended between the Danube, great solemnity by the ancients. She had "
and part of the Alps and Vindelicia. Its sa- famous statue in Diana's templeat Ephesus.
^'*ige inhabitants, who were once governed by It wa" usual to oifer her a black sheep,as
W
NU NU
a^e was the mother of the furies. The cock duringhis whole reign,remained shut as a
was also offered to her,as that bird proclaimsmark of peace and tranquillity at Rome.
the approach of day, during the darkness of Numa died after a reignof 43 years, in which
the night. She is represented as mounted on he had givenevery possible encouragement to
a chariot and covered with a veil bespangledthe useful arts, and in which he had cultivated
with stars. The constellations generally went peace, B. C. 672. Not only the Romans, but
before her as her constant messengers. times
Some- also the neighbouringnations,were eager to
she is seen holdingtwo children under pay theirlast offices to a monarch whom they
iserarms, one of which is black, representing revered for his abilities, moderation, and hu- manity.
tdeath, or rather night,and the other white, He forbade his body to be burnt ac- cording
representing sleepor day. Some of the mo- derns to the custom of the Romans, but he
have described her as a woman veiled ordered it to be buried near mount Janiculum,
in mourning,and crowned with poppies,and with many of the books which he had written.
carried on a chariot drawn by owls and These books were accidentally found by one
bats. Virg. ^n. 6, v. 9o0.--0vid. Fast. 1, of the Romans about 400 years after his death,
V. 455." Paw*. 10, c. S8."Hesiod. Theog.125 and as theycontained nothingnew or interest-
ing,
and 212. but merely the reasons why he had made
NucERiA, a town of Campania, taken by innovations in the form of worshipand in the
Annibal. It became a Roman colony under religion of the Romans, they were burnt by or- der
Augustus, and was called JVuceria Constantia, of the senate. He leftbehind one ter
daugh-
or Alfaitrna.It now bears the name of JVb- called Pompilia, who married Numa cius,
Mar-
eeraf and contains about thirty thousand in-habitants.and became the mother of Ancus Martins
Lucan. 2, v. 472." Ltr. 9, c. 41, 1. the fourth king of Rome. Some .say that he
27, c. 3." /to/.8, V. ^\." Tacit. Ann. 13 and had also four sons, but this opinionis illfound- ed.
14. A town of Umbria, at the foot of the Phit. in vita. Varro. " Liv. 1, c. IS
"
"
Apennines. Strah. Plin. " Plin. 13 and 14, kc."Flor. 1, c. 2." I7r^.
NuiTHONES, a peopleof Germany, possess- ing JEn. 6, v. 809, 1.9, v, 562." Cic. de jYat. D,
the country now called Mecklenburgand 3, c. 2 and 17." Fa/. Max. 1,c. 2,.-^Dionys.
Pomerania. Tacit. G. 40. Hal. 2, c. 59." Ovid. Fast. 3, ",c. One of
Noma Marcius, a man made governor of the Rutulian chiefs killed in the nightby Nisus
Rome by Tullus Hostilius.He was son-in-law and Euryalus. Vid. JEn. 9, v. 454.
of Numa Pompilius, and father to Ancus Mar- NuMANA, a town of Picenum in Italy,of
tius. Tadt. A. 6, c. 1 \."Uv. 1,c. 20. which the people were called Numanaits,
Numa Pompilius, a celebrated philosopher, Mela, 2, c. 4.
born at Cures, a village of the Sabines,on the NuMANTiA, a town of Spain, near the
day that Romulus laid the foundation of sources of the river Durius,celebrated for the
Rome. He married Tatia the daughterof war of fourteen years, which, though unpro- tected
Tatius the king of the Sabines, and at her by walls or towers, it bravelymain- tained
death he retired into the country to devote againstthe Romans. The inhabitants
himself more freelyto literary pursuits. At obtained some advantagesover the Roman
the death of Romulus, the Romans fixed upon forces,till ScipioAfricanus was empowered
him to be their new king,and two senators to finish the war, and to see the destruction of
were sent to acquainthim with the decisions Numantia. He began the siege with an
of the senate and of the people. Numa ed
refus- army of sixty thousand men, and was bravely-
their offers,and it was peated opposedby the besieged,
not but at the re- who were no more
solicitationsand prayers of his friends,than 4000 men able to bear arms. Both ar- mies
appearedin the temples or sanctuaries of adorn the triumph of the conqueror. Some
Rome for upwards of 160 years. He raged
encou- historians,however, deny that, and support
the reportwhich was spreadof his pay-
ing that a number of Numantines delivered them-
selves
regularvisitsto the nymph Egeria,and into Scipio'shands, and that fiftyof
made use of her name to givesanction to the them were drawn in triumph at Rome, and
Jaws and institutions which he had introdu-
ced. the rest sold as slaves. The fallof Numan-
tia
He established the college of the vestals, was more gloriousthan that of Carthage
and told the Romans that the safety of the or Corinth, though inferior to them. The
empire depended upon the preservation of conqueror obtained the surname of Kumanti-
the sacred muylt or ahidd which, as was rally nus.
gene- Flor. 2, c. IS"Appian. Ibcr."Paterc.
believed,had droppeddown ven. 2, c. 3." Cic. 1. of."Strab.Q.^Mda,
from hea- 2, c. 0
He dedicated a templeto Janus,which; Pint. "llorat. 2, od. 12;v. 1.
NU NU
Nt'MANTiNA, a woman accused
under Tibe-
rius JNi^MiDiA,an inland country of Africa,r
of making her husband
insane by enchant-
ments, which now forms the kingdom o( Algiersand
kc. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 22. Bildnlgerid. It was bounded on the north by
NuMANUs Remulus, a Rutulian who accus- ed the Mediterranean sea, south by Gajlulia, west
the Trojansof edeminacy. He had raai'- by Mauritania, and east by a part of Libya
ried the younger sister of Turnus, and was which was called Africa Propria. The inhabi- tants
killed bv Ascanias during the Rutuiian war. were called J^omades, and afterwards
Virg.JEn. 9, v. 592, "". Mnnidop.. It was the kingdom of Masinissa,
NuMKNEs, a follower of the doctrines of who was the occasion of the third Punic war,
Plato and Pathagoras,born at Apamea in on account of the ofience he had received from
Syria. He flourished in the reignof M. An- the Carthaginians.Jugurthareignedthere,
toninus.
as also Juba the father and son. It was quered,
con-
were providedat the expense of rich citizens, nations of antiquity.Sallust. in Jug. Flor. "
and which were always frequentedby the 2, c. lo."Slrab. 2 and i7." Mela, 1, c. 4, "c.
poor. Solemn prayers were otfered at Athens "
Ovid. Met. 15, v. 764.
for the prosperity
duringthe solemnity, of the NuMiDius QuADRATus, a govcmoF of Syria
The demi-godsas well as the heroes
republic. under Craudius. Tacit. Ann. 12.
of the ancients,were honoured and invoked NuMisTRo, a ^town of the Brutii in Italy.
in the festival. Liv. 46, c. 17.
NuMENius, a who supposedthat
philosopher NuMiTOR, a son of Procas, king of Alba,
Chaos, from which
the world was created, who inherited his father'skingdom with his
was animated by an evil and maleficent soul. brother Amulius, and began to reign con- jointly
He lived in the second century. with him. Amulius was too avaricious
JNuMENTANA VIA, a road at Rome, which to bear a colleague on the throne ; expel-
led
Jed to mount Sacer, throughthe gate Vimi- his brother, and that he might more
nalis. Liv. 3, c. 52. safelysecure himself he put to death his sou
NuMERiA, a goddess at Rome who presidedLausus, and consecrated his daughterIlia to
over numbers. Aug. de Civ. D. 4, c. 11. the service of the goddessVesta, which manded
de-
NuMERiANus, M. Aurelius,a son of the perpetual celibacy.These greatpre- cautions
emperor Carus. He accompanied his father were rendered abortive. Ilia be-
came
into the east with the title of Caesar, and at pregnant, and though the two children
his death he succeeded him with his brother whom she brought forth were exposed in
Carinus, A. D. 282. His reign was short. the river by order of the tyrant,their life
Eight months after his father'sdeath, he was was preserved,and Numitor was restored to
murdered in his litter by his father-in-law his throne by his grandsons, and the tyranni-
cal
Arrius Aper, who accompanied him in an usurper was put to death. Dionys.Hal. "
expedition.The murderer, who hoped to Liv. 1,c. 3. Plul. in liomul. Ovid. Fast. 4, " "
157 and 204." Ovid. Met. 2, v. 590, "ic. 1. 6, v. thridatic war. This monster had the same
110, itc. features as the poets ascribe to the satyr. He
NvcTiMESE, a daughterof Nycteus.
interrogated I'td.
by Sylla, and by his interpre-
wasters,
Nycteus. but his articulations were unintelligible,
Nyctisius, a son of Lycaon, king of Ar- and the Roman
cadia. spurnedfrom him a creature
He died without issue,and left his which seemed to partakeof the nature of a
kingdom to his nephew Areas, the son of Ca- beast more than that of a man. Plut. in Syl-
li5to. Paus. 8, c. 4. la."Dio. 41." Plin. 5, c. 29."Strab. l."Liv.
Nymb^um, a lake of Peloponnesusin La- 42, c. 36 and 49. cityof Taurica Cherso-
A
conia. Id. 3, v. 23. nesus. The buildingat Rome where the
NymphjE, certain female deities among the nymphs were worshipped, bore also this name,
ancients. They were generallydivided into being adorned with their statues and with
two classes, nymphs of the land and nymphs fountains and water-falls, which afforded an
of the sea. Of the nymphs of the earth,some agreeable and refreshing coolness.
presidedover woods, and were called Dryades Nymph^us, a man who went into Caria at
and Hamadryades,others presided over tains,
moun- the head of a colonyof Melians,iic. Polycen. 8.
and were called Oreades,some presided NvMPHiDius, a favourite of Nero, who
over hillsand dales, and were called JS'apcecE, said that he was descended from Caligula. He
k.c. Of the sea nymphs, some were called was raised to the consular dignity, and soon
Oceanides, JSYreides, JVaiades, Potamidts, after disputed the empire with Galba. He was
Limnades, 8ic. These presidednot only over slain by the soldiers, i^c. Tacit. Ann. 15.
the sea, but also over fountains,
rivei*s, streams, Nymphis, a native of Heraclea, who wrote
and lakes. The nymphs Sxed their residence an history of Alexander's lifeand actions, di-
vided
not the sea, but also on
only in mountains, into 24 books. JEHan. 7, dt Anim.
rocks,in woods or caverns, and their grottos Nymphodorus, a writer of Amphipolis.
were beautified by evergreens and delightful A Syracutan who wrote an history of
and romantic scenes. The nymphs were Sicily.
mortal
im-
accordingto the opinionof some my- Nympholeptes, or Nymphomanes, pos-sessed
thologists; others supposed that, like men, by the nymplis.This name was given
they were subjectto mortality, thoughtheir to the inhabitants of mount Cithieron,who be- lieved
life was of longduration. They lived for se-
veral that tliey were inspired
by the nymphs.
thousand years accordingto Hesiod, or Plut. i}iAris!.
as Plutarch seems obscurelylo intimate,they Nymphon, a native of Colophon, Stc. Cic.
oc OC
ARSES, the original
name of Artaxerxes
Perseis, Pluto, Thoe, Polydora,
aure, Melo*
O Memnon. bosis,Dione, Cerceis,Xantha, Acasta, lanira,
Oarus, a river of Sam atia,fallinginto the Telestho,Europa, Menestho, Petrea,Eudora,
Palus Moeotis. Hercdot 4. Calypso,Tyche, Ocyroe, Crisia,Amphiro,
Oasis, a town about the middle of Libya,at with those mentioned by Apollodorusexcept
the distance of seven daysjourneyfrom The-bes Amphitrite. Hyginus mentions 16 whose
in Egypt,where the Persian army sent by names are almost gdl different from those of
Cambyses to^plunder Jupiter Ammon's temple Apollodorus and Hesiod,which difference pro-
ceeds
was lost in the sands. There were two other from the mutilation of the original text.
citiesof that name very littleknown. Oasis be-
came The Oceanides, as the rest of the inferior
a placeof bani^iment under the lower deities,were honoured with libations and
empire. Strab. 17. Zosim. 5, c. 97. Hero- sacrifices. Prayerswere
" " offered to them, and
dot. 3, c. 26. they were entreated to protect sailors from
Oaxes, a river of Crete which received its storms and dangerous tempests. The Argo- nauts,
name from Oasus the son of Apollo. Virg. before they proceeded to their expe-dition,
Ed. 1, V. 66. made an offering of flour,honey, and
Oaxus" a town of Crete where Etearchus oil,on the sea shore, to all the deities of the
reigned,wiio founded Cyrene. A son of sea, and sacrificed bulls to them, and entreated
Apolloand the nymph Anchiale. their protection. When the sacrifice was made
Obringa, now Ahr, a river of Germany on the sea shore,the blood of the victim was
falling
into the Rhine above Rimmagen. received in a vessel, but when it was in open
Obxjltronius, a quajstorput to death the blood was
by sea, permittedto run down
Galba's orders,"c. Tacit. into the waters. When the sea was calm the
OcALEA or Ocalia, a town of Bceotia. sailors generally offered a lamb or a young
Homer. 11. 2. A daughter of Mantineus, pig,but if it was agitated by the winds, and
who married Abas, son of Lynceus and Hy- rough,a black bull was deemed the most ac-ceptable
permnestra,by whom she had Acrisius and victim. Jlomer.Od. 3. Horat. " "
Jpol^
Prmtus. Apollod. 2, c. 2. ion. Arg. Virg.G. 4, v. 341.
" "Hesiod. Theog.
Ocr.iA,a woman who presided over the sa-
cred ^49."Apollod^.
1.
rites of Vesta for 57 years with the great-
est Oceanus, a powerful deityof the sea, son
sanctity. She died in the reignof Tiberius, of Ccelus and Terra. He married Tetbys,by
and the daughter of Domilius succeeded her. whom he had the most principal rivers,such
Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 86. as the Alpheus,Peneus, Strymon, he. with
OcEANiDEs, and OcEAjfiTiDES,sea nymphs, a number of daughters, who are called from
daughters of Oceanus, from whom they him Oceanides. [^Vid.Oceanides.]Accord-ing
received their name, and of the goddess to Homer, Oceanus ivas the father of all
Tethys. They were 3000 according to the gods,and on that account he received fre- quent
Apollodorus, who mentions the names of visits from the rest of the deities. He
seven of them ; Asia, Styx, Electra, Doris, is generally represented as an old man with a
Eurynome, Amphitrite, and Metis. Hesiod, longflowingbeard,and sitting upon the waves
speaksof the eldest of them,and reckons 41, of the sea. He often hoids apikein his hand,
Pitlio,Admete, Prynno, lanthe, Rhodia, while ships under sailappear at a distance, or
Hippo, Callirhoe,Urania, Clyraene,Idyia,a sea monster stands near him. Oceanus pre-
Pasithoe,Clythia, Zeuso, Galnxaufe, PJex- .sided over every partof the sea, and even the
cc oc
rivers were su"bjected Tke an- 1her brother and her husband.
to his power. Antony proved
rients superstitious
were in their worship to for some time attentive to her,but he soon ter
af-
"Oceanus, and revered with great solemnitya^ despisedher for Cleopatra,and when she
deityto whose care they intrustedthemselves attemptedto withdraw him from thisunlawful
when goingon any voyage. Hesiod. Theog. amour by goingto meet him at Athens,she was
"
OcNUs, a son of the Tiber and of Manto, Tu Marcellus eris,she swooned away.
who assisted iEneas against Turnus. He built This tender and pathetic encomium upon the
a town which he called Mantua after his mo-
ther's merit and the virtue of young Marcellus was
name. Some suppose that he is the liberally rewarded by Octavia, and Virgilre- ceived
game as Bianor. Virg.Ed. 9, Mn. 10, v. 198. 10,000 sesterces for every one of the
A man remarkable for his industry.He verses. Octavia had two daughters by Antony,
had a wiferemarkable
as for her profusion ; Antonia Major and Antonia Minor. The elder
she alwaysconsumed and lavished away what-
ever married L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, by whoni
the labours of her husband had earned. she had Cn. Domitius the father of the em-
peror
appliedto labour which meets no return, and Drusus the son of Tiberius,by whom she
lost. Propert.
which is totally 4, el.3, v. 21. " had Germanicus, and Claudius, who reigned
Plin. 35, c. 11." Pau*. 10,c. 29. before Nero. The death of Marcellus tinually
con-
OcRicuLUM, now Otricoli,a town of Um- preyed upon the mind of Octavia,
bria near Cic.pro. Mil.
Rome. Liv. 19,c. 41. who died of melancholyabout 10 years before
"
OcRiDioN, a kingof Rhodes who was reck- oned the Christian era. Her brother paidgreatre- gard
Lysias,who was before regent of Egypt. The He obtained some advantages over the troops
murderer was Rome.sent A man
to who of the Persian monarch, and took his wife
Cinna from Rome and became remarkable for named Odenatus as his colleague on the
his fondness of discipline.
probityand He throne, and gave the title of Augustus to
was seized and put to death by order of his his children,and to his wife the celebrated
successful rivals Marius and Cinna. A Ro-
man Zenobia. Odenatus, invested with new power,
who boasted of being in the numbeiyof resolved to signalizehimself more ously
conspicu-
Caesar's murderers. His assertions were false, by conqueringthe northern barbarians,
he punished as if he liad been aoices- but his exultation was short,and he perished
yet was
c. 4."Sil. Ital.3, V. 257. Also a place inthe hands of his son. Such dreadful intelli-
gence
-/Egina.Herodot. 5, c. 83. awakened his fears,and to prevent the
(Eagrus or CEager, the father of Or- pheustulfillingof the oracle,he resolved never to
by Calliope.He was kingof Thrace, apprpach Jocasta ; but his solemn resolutions
and from him mount Hamus, and also the were violated in a fitof intoxication. Thtt
Hebrus, one of the rivers of the country, has queen became pregnant, and Laius,stillintent
received the appellation of (Eagrius,though to stopthis evil,ordered his wife to destroy
Servius,in his commentaries, disputesthe her child as soon as it came into the world.
explanation of Diodorus,by asserting that the The mother had not the courage to obey, yet
ffiagrius is a river of Thrace, whose waters she gave the child as soon as born to one of hep
supplythe streams of the Hebrus. Ovid, in domestics, with orders to expose him on th"
Jb. 414." ^poUon. 1, arg." Virg. G. 4, v. mountains. The servant was moved with pity,
624." Hal. 5, V. 463." Diod."Apollod. 1, c. 3. but to obey the commandof Jocasta,he bored
CEanthe, and Q2anthia, a town of Phocis, thefeetof the child and suspended him with
where Venus had a temple. Fans. 10, c. a twigby the heels to a tree on mount Cithee-
38. ron, where he was soon found by one of the-
(Eax, a son of Naupliiisand Clymene. shepherdsof Polybus king of Corinth. The
He was brother to Palamedes, whom 'he ac- shepherd carried him home ; and Peribcea.
companied
to the Trojan war, and whose the wife of Polybus,who had no children^
death he highlyresented on his return to educated him as her own child,with maternal
Greece, by falsing disturbances in the family tenderness. Tlie accomplishments of the
of some of the Grecian Crd. infant,
princes.Dictys. who was named (Edipus, on account of
2."Hygin. fdih.117.
".Spollod. the swellingof his feet {^*h^tumto y^oU;pedes,)
(Ebalia, the ancient name of Laconia, soon became the admiration ofthe age. His
tvhich it received from king (Ebalus,and companions envied his strengthand his ad- dress
thence Q^balidespeur is applied to Hyacinthus ; and one of them, to mortify his rising
as a native of the country, and (Ehalius san- guis ambition,told him he was an illegitimate child.
is used to denominate his blood. Pans. 3, This raised his doubts: he asked Peribcea,
c. l."Apollod. 3, c. 10. The same name is who, out of tenderness, told him, that his sus-
picions
given to Tarentum,because built by a Lace- were ill founded. Not satisfied with
diemonian colony,whose ancestors were vernedthis,
go- he went to consult the oracle of Delphi*
by (Ebalus. Virg. G. 4, v. 125" 5'i/ and was there told not to return home, for if
12, V. 451. he did, he must necessarily be the murderer
(Ebalus, a son of Argalusor Cynortas,of his father, and the husband of his mother.
who was kingof Laconia. He married Gor- This answer of the oracle terrified him ; he
gophone the daughterof Perseus, by whom knew no home but the house of Polybus,
he had Hippocoon, Tyndarus, kc. Pau3. therefore he resolved not to return to Corinth,
3, c. \."^ipoliod. 3, c. 10. A son of Telon where such calamities apparentlyattended
and the nymph Sebethis, who reignedin the him. He travelled towards Phocis, and in his
neighbourhood of Neapolis in Italy. Virir
^' journeymet in a narrow road Laius on a
"f (Ecleus. Ovid. Md. 8, fab. 7. and Jocas(ato him who succeeded in the at- tempt.
(EcLEUs. Vid. Oicleus. The enigma proposedwas this: What
(EcuMENios, wrote in the middle of the animal in the morning walks upon four feet, "lt
10th centurya paraphrase of some ofthe books noon upon two, and in the eveningupon three?
of the New Testament in Greek, edited in 2 This was lefttor (E.lipus toe.xplain;he came to
vols. foi. Paris Itiyl. Ibe monster and said,that man, in the morn-
ing
explanation, dashed his head againsta rock Diana, and the goddessto revenge this unpar-
donable
and perished. (Edipusascended the throne neglect,incited his neighbours to take
of Thebes, and married Jocasta, by whom he up arms againsthim, and besides she sent a
had twosons, Polynicesand Eteocles,and two wild boar to laywaste the country of Calydo-
daughters,Ismene and Antigone. Some years nia. The animal was at last killed by Melea-
ger
after,the Theban territories were visited with and the neighbouring princesof Greece,
a plague; and
the oracle declared that it in a celebrated chase,known by the name of
should cease only when the murderer of king the chase of the Calydonianboar. Some time
Laius was banished from Boeotia. As the death after, Meleagerdied,and (Eneus was drivea
of Laius had never been examined, and the from his kingdom by the sons of his brother.
circumstances that attended it never known, AgriusDiomedes, however,his grandson, soon
this answer of the oracle was of the greatestrestored him to his throne;but the continual
concern to the Thebans ; but (Edipus, the misfortunes to which he was exposed,render-
ed
friend of his people, resolved to overcome him melancholy.He exiled himself front
every difficulty by the most exact inquiries. Calydon,and lefthis crown to his son-in-law
His researches were successful,and he was Andremon. He died as he was going to Ap-
soon provedto be the murderer of his father. golis.His body was buried by the care oC,
The melancholydiscovery was rendered the Diomedes, in a town of Argoliswhich from,
more alarming, when (Edipusconsidered,that him received the name of (Enoe. It is report-
ed
he had not only murdered his father,but that that (Eneus received a visitfrom Bacchus ,
he had committed incest with his mother. In and that he suffered the god to enjoy the
the excess of his griefhe put out his eyes, as favours of Althsea,
and to become the father of
unworthy to see the light, and banished self
him- Dejanira, for which Bacchus permittedthat
from Thebes, or, as some the wine of which he was
say, was ed
banish- the patron should
by his awn retired towards
sons. He tica,be called among
At- the Greeks by the name of
led by his daughterAntigone,and came (Eneus (oiw@"j. Hygin.fab. 129. Jlpollod. 1,c^ "
near Colonos, where there was a grove sacred 9." Homer. II.9, v. b^9."Diod. 4." Paiw. 2,
to the Furies. He remembered that he was c. 25." Ovid. Met. 8, v. 510.
doomed by the oracle to die in such a place, (ENi.iDiE, a town of Acarnania. Liv. 26,
and to become the source of prosperity to the c. 24, 1. 38, c. 11.
tilus
(Eme, a daughterof Danaus, by Crino. gave his master an old chariot,whose
JipoUod. axle-tree broke on the course, which was froia
(Enan.thes, a favourite of young Ptolemy Pisa
to the Corinthian isthmus, and (Eno-
maus
king of Egypt. was killed. Pelopsmarried Hippodamia^
(Ene, a small tmva of Argolis.The people and became king of Pisa. As he expired,
are called (Eneadat. (Enomaus entreated Pelopsto revenge the per-
fidy
(Eni: A, a river ofAseyria.Jimmian. of Myrtilus, which was executed. Those
(Enkus, a king of Calydon in .^Etolia,son that had been defeated when Pelops entered
of Parthaon or and Euryte. He
Portheu.';, the list were Marmax, Alcathous, Euryalus,
married Althai the daughterof Thestius,by Eiiryniachus, Capetus,Lasius, Acrias, Chal-
whom he had Clymenns, Meleager,Gorge, codon, Lycurgus,Tricolonus, Prias,Aristo-
and Dejanira. After Althaj's death, he mar-
ried maclius, /Eolius,Eurythrus,and Chronius.
Periboea the daughterof Hippopous,by .^'Jpullod.
2, c. 4. " Diod. 4.
"
Pans. 5" c. 17,lu
(EN OG
(Enona, an ancient name of the island country where he settled. Dionys.Hal. 1,c.
^gina. It'isa\so caWed (Enopia. Herodot.8, U."Pam. 1, c. 3.
a. 46. Two vHhigesof Attica are also cal-
led small islands neas
(ENuSi?:, Chios. Plin. 5,
GEnona, or rather (Enoe, A town of c. 3 J. Thucyd.8. Others on the coast of
"
Troas, the birth place of th" nymph (Enone. tlie Peloponnesus, near Messenia. Mela, 2, c.
Strab. 13. 17." Plin. 4, c. 12.
(Enone, a nymph of mount Ida,daughterof (Eowus, a son of Licymnius,killed at Spar*
the river Cebrenus in Phrygia. As she had ta,where he accompanied Hercules;and as
received the gift of prophecy,she foretold to the hero liad promised Licymnius to bring
Paris,whom married before he was
she covered
dis- back his son, he burnt the body, and presented
to be the
son of Priam, that his voy-
age the ashes to the afflictedfather.From this cir-
Into Greece wou4d be attended with the cum.stance arose a custom of burningthe dead
most serious consequences, and the total ruin among the (ireeks. Schol. Homer. II A
of his country,and that he should have re- course small river of Laconia. Liv. 34, c. 28.
to her medicinal knowledge at the hour (Eroe, an island of BcEotia formed by th"
of death. Ail these predictions were fulfilled; Asopus. Herodot. 9, c. 50.
and Paris when he had received the fatal (Eta, now Banina, a. celebrated mountain
"wound, ordered his body to be carried to between Thessalyand Macedonia, upon which
CEnone, in hopes of beingcured by her assist-
ance. Hercules burnt himself. Its heighthas given
He expiredas he came sence occasion to the poets to feignthat the sun,
into her pre-
; and (Enone was so struck at the sightmoon, and stars rose behind it. Mount (Eta,
of his dead body, that she bathed it with her properlyspeaking,
is chain of moun-
a long
tains
or, accordingto others, by Bacchus. He in Med. Lucan. 3, he. A" small town at
married Helice,by whom he had a daughter the foot of Mount ffito near Thermopylae.
called Hero, or Merope, of whom the giant (Exi'Lus,or (Etylum, a town of Laco-
nia,
Orion became enamoured. The father un-
willing which received itsname from (Etylus, one
to givehis daughterto such a lover, of the heroes of Argos.Serapis had a temple
and afraidof provokinghim by an open refu- sal, there. Paus. 3, c. 25,
evaded his applications, and at last put out OiELLLs, a man whom, thoughunpolished,
his eyes when he was intoxicated. Some pose Horace
sup- representsas a character exemplary
that this violence was offered to Orion for wisdom, and moderation.
economy,
after he had dishonoured Merope. ffinopionHoTat, 2, sat. 2, v, 2.
received the island of Chios from Rhadaman- Ofi, a nation of Germany. Tacit, de
thus,who had conqueredmost of the islands Germ. 28.
of the iEgean sea, and his tomb was stillseen Ogdolapis, a navigableriver flowing from
there in the age of Pausanias. Some suppose, the Alps.Slrab. 6.
and with more probability, that he reigned Ogworus, a king of Egypt.
not at Chios, but at yEgina,which from Oglosa, an island in the Tyrrhene sea, east
him was culled ffinopia.Plat, in Tkes. Apol- of Corsica,famous for wine, and now
"
called
lod. 1, c. 4^." Diod. Pans. 7, c. 4. Apollon.Monte Christo. Plin. 3, c. 6.
"
some writers, it was owing to the overflowing Some suppose that he was the first
of one of the rivers of the country. The who established the oracle of Apollo at Del- phi,
reignof Ogyges was also marked by an un-
common where he firstdelivered oracles. Hero-
appearance in the heavens, and as it dot. 4, c. 35.
is reported, the planetVenus changed her co- lour, Olenius, a Lemnian, killedby his wife. Val.
diameter, figure, and her course. Varro. Fl. 2, v. 164.
de R. R.3, c. l."Paus. 9, c. b."Aug. de Civ. Olenus, a son of Vulcan, who married Le-
D. 18, he. thgea,a beautiful woman, who preferred self
her-
Ogygia, a name of one of the gates of to the goddesses. She and her husband
Thebes in Boeotia. Lucan. 1, v. 675. were changed into stones by the deities. Ovid.
One of the daughters of Niobe and Amphion, Met. 10, V. 68. A famous soothsayer of
changedinto stones. Apollod. Pans. 9, c. 8. Etruria. Plin. 28, c. 2.
"
name was Odoedocus, and his mother's Oeizon, a town of Magnesia,in Thessaly.
he Hovier.
Agrianome. He married Eriope,by whom
had Ajax, called Oileus from his father, to T. Ollids, the father of Poppaea,destroyed
discriminate him from Ajax the son of Tela- on account of his intimacyw ith Sejanus, "c.
mon. had also another son called Medon,
He Tacit. Ann. 13, c, 45. A river risingin the
by a called Khene.
courtezan Oileus was one Alps,and falling into the Po, now called the
of the Argonauts. Virg.JEn. 1, v. 45. "
Oglio. Plin. 2, c. 103.
ApoUon. 1. Hygin.fab. 14 and 18. Homer.
"
"
Ollovico, a princeof Gaul,called the friend
11. 13 andIb."Jpollod. 3, c. 10. of the republicby the Roman senate. C(ES%
Olane, one of the m.ouths of the Po. Bell. G. 7, c. 31.
A mountain of Armenia, OLMiiE, a promontory near Megara.
Olanus, a town of Lesbos. Olmius, river of Bceotia, near
a Helicon,
Oi.ASTR^, a people of India. Lucan. 3, sacred to the Muses. Stat. Theb. 7, v. 284.
V. 249.~P/m. 6, c. 20. Olooson, now^ Alessone,
a town of Magnesia.
Olba, or Olbus, a town of Cilicia. Horn.
Olbia;a town of Sarmatia at the conflu-
ence 0L0P"YXus,a town of Macedonia, on mount
of the Hypanis and the Boryslhenes, Athos. Herodot. 7, c. 22.
about 15 miles from the sea according to Pliny. Olp^e,a fortifiedplaceof Epirus, now Forte
It was afterwards called Boryslhenes and MUe- Castri.
topolis, because peopledby a Milesian colony, Olus, (untis,)a town at the west of Crete.
and is now supposedto be Oczakovo. Slrab. 7. Olympeum, a place of Delos. Anotlier
" Plin. 4, c. 12. A town of Bithynia. in Syracuse.
Mela, 1,c. 19. A town of Gallia Narbo- Olympia, (orum,)celebrated games which
uensis, Mela, 2, c. 5. The capital of Sar-
dinia.received their name, either from Olympia,
Claudian. where they were observed, or from Jupiter
Oi.Bius, ariver of Arcadia. Paus.S, c. 14. Olympius, to whom they were dedicated.
Olbus, one of iEta's auxiliaries. Val. Fl. They were, accordingto some, instituted by
e, V. 639. Jupiter,afterhis victory
over the Titans,and
OL OL
firstobserved by the Idaei Dactyli, B. C. 1453, scribed with a letter,
I were thrown into asiivcr
Some attribute the institution to Pelops,after [urn, and such as drew the same letter.were
lie had obtained a victoryover CEnomaus and obligedto contend
I one with the other. He
married Hippodamia ; but the more probable, Iwho had an odd letter remained the last,and
and indeed the more received opinionis,that he often had the advantage, as he was to en-
counter
poet would have undoubtedly spokenof them, quinquertium.Besides these,there were horse
as he is in every particular careful to mention and chariot races, and also contentions in
the amiasements and diversions of the ancient poetry, eloquence, and the fine arts. The
Greeks. But they were neglectedafter their onlyreward that the conqueror obtained,was
first institution by Hercules, and no notice a crown of olive ; which, as some suppose, was
was taken of them accordingto many writers,in memory of the labours of Hercules, which
tillIphitus, in the age of the lawgiver of Spar-
ta, were accomplishedfor the universal good of
them, and institutedthe celebra-
renewed tion mankind, and for which the heio claimed no
with greater solemnity. This reinstitu- other reward but the consciousness of having
brated been the friend of humanity. So small and
tion,which happened B. C. 884, forms a cele-
epoch in Grecian history, and is the triflinga reward stimulated courage and vir- tue,
beginningof the Olympiads.[Vid.Olympias.] and was more the source of greathonours
They, however, were neglectedfor some time than the most unbounded treasures. The sta-
tues
afterthe age of Iphitus,tillCoroebus,who ob-
tained of the conquerors, called Olympionicae,
a victoryB. C. 776, reinstituted them were erected at Olympia, in the sacred wood
to be regularlyand constantly celebrated. The of Jupiter.Their return home was that of a
care and superintendance of the games were warlike conqueror; they were drawn in a cha-
riot
intrusted to the peopleof Elis,tillthey were by four horses,and every where received
excluded with the greatestacclamations.
by the Piseeans B. C. 364, after the Their en-
trance
destructionof Pisa. These obtained great into their native citywas not through
from this appointment; theywere
privileges the gates,but, to make it more grand and
in dangerneither of violence nor war, but they more solemn, a breach was made in the walls.
were permitted to enjoy their possessionsout
with- Painters and poets were employed in cele-
brating
molestation,as the games were celebrated their names ; and indeed the victories
vrithin their territories. Only one person su- severally
perintended obtained at Olympia are the subjects
tillthe 50th olympiad,when two of the most beautiful odes of Pindar. The
were appointed. In the 103d olympiad,the combatants were naked ; a scarfwas originally
number was increased to twelve, accordingto tied round their waist, but when it had en-
tangled
the number of the tribes of Elis. But in the one of the adversaries, and been the
followingolympiad, they were reduced to cause that he lost the victory, itwas laid aside,
eight,and afterwards increased to ten, which and no regardwas paidto decency. The Olym- pic
number continued till the reign of Adrian. games were observed every fifthj'^ear,or
The presidents were obligedsolemnlyto swear, to speak with greater exactness, after a revo- lution
that they would act impartially, and not take of four years, and in the firstmonth of
any bribes, or discover why theyrejected some the fifthyear, and they continued for five suc-
cessive
of the combatants. They generally sat naked, days. As they were the most ancient
and held before them the crown which was and the most solemn of allthe festivalsof the
preparedfor the conqueror. There were also Greeks, it will not appear wonderful that they
certain otHcers to keep good order and regu- drew so many peopletogether,not only the
larity,
called uxvrxi,much the same as the Ro-
man inhabitantsof Greece, but of the neighbouring
lictors,of whom the chief was called islands and countries. Find. Olymp. 1 and 2.
"\uT"px",-. No women were permittedto ap- pear Strab. e." Pans. 5, c. 67, kc"Diod. 1, kc.
at the celebration of the Olympian games, "Plut. in Thes. Lye. kc. ^lian. V. H- 10,
and whoever dared to trespassthis law, was V. 1. "Cic. Tusc. 1,c. 46. " Lucian. de Gym.
immediatelythrown down from a rock. This, Tzels. in Lycophr."Aristotel."Stat. Theb. 6.
however,was sometimes neglected, for we find ~C. JVtp.in Pr(zf."Virg. G. 3, v. 49. -A
not only women present at the celebration,but town of Elis in Peloponnesus,where Jupiter
also some among the combatants,and some warded had a temple with a
re- celebrated statue 50 cu-
bits
with the crown. The preparations for high,reckoned one of the seven wonders
these festivals were great. No person was per- of the world. The Olympicgames were brated
cele-
mitted
to enter the listsif he had not regularly in the neighbourhood. Strab. 8. "
23 years before the buildingof Rome. The commands into execution, but the splendour
games were exhibited at the time of the full and majestyof the queen disarmed their cour- age,
Peloponnesianisthmus.
of the To the of the barbarian nations of the
to some
have served to fix the time of many moment- low, and unworthy of an historian. The com-
mentaries
"us events, and indeed before this method of of Olympiodoruson the Meteora of
computing time was observed, every page of Aristotle, were edited Aid. 1550, in fol. apud.
Mstory is mostlyfabulous,and filledwith ob-
scurity An Athenian olficer,presentat the battle
and contradiction, and no true chrono-
logical of Platffia,
where he behaved with great va-
lour.
succeeded his father,was, in some instance, with pleasant woods, caves, and grottoes.
"liensive to Olympias; but,when the ambition On the top of the mountain, accordingto the
of her son was concerned, she did not scruplenotions of the poets, there was neither wind
to declare publicly, that Alexander was not the nor rain, nor clouds, but an eternal spring.
son of Philip, but that he was the offspring of Homer. II. 1, he. Virg.Mn. 2, 6, he. Ovid.
" "
introduced itselfinto her bed. When Alexan- A mountain of Mysia,called the Mysian Olym-
pus,
iler was dead, Olympiasseized the government a name it stillpreserves. Another, in
of Macedonia, and, to establish her usurpation, El is. Another, in Arcadia. And ano-
ther,
she cruelly put to death Arida^us,with his wife in the island of Cyprus, now Santa
Auiydice,asalsoNicanor, the brother of Cas- Croce. Some suppose the Olympus of Mysia
sander,with one hundred leadingmen of Ma- and of Ciiicia to be the same. A town on
Imiitutiont
Tmperatoris has been edited by wear above half an ounce of gold,have par-
ty-coloured
Schwebel, with a fol.INfo-
French translation, garments, or be carried in any
rimb. 1752. cityor town, or to any place within a mile's
Onythes, a friend of ^Eneas, killed by Tur- distance,unless it was to celebrate some cred
sa-
Bus. 514.
Virg.JEn. 12,v. festivalsor solemnities. This famous
Opalia, festivalscelebrated by the Romans law, which was made while Annibal was in
in honour of Ops, on the 14th of the calends Italy,and while Rome was in distressed cir-
cumstances,
of January. created discontent,and, 18 years
Ophelas, a of Cyrene,defeated by after,
general the Roman ladies petitioned the assem-
bly
so called from the great number of serpents Oppianus, a Greek poet of Cilicia in the
found there. It belongedto the Egyptiankings,second century. His father's name was Age-
and was considered valuable for the topaz it silaus,and his mother's Zenodota. He wrote
produced. Diod. 3. some celebrated for their eleganceand
poems
Ophias, a given to Combe,
patronymic as sublimity.Two of his poems are now tant,
ex-
of Ophius, an
slaughter unknown person. five books on fishing, called alieuticon,
Ovid. Met. 7, V. 382. and four on hunting, called cynegeticon. The
OpHioNEus, was an ancient soothsayer in the emperor Caracalla,was so pleasedwith his
age of Aristodemus. He was born blind. poetry,that he gave him a pieceof gold for
Ophis, a small river of Arcadia, which falls every verse of his cynegeticon ; from which
into the Alpheus. circumstance the poem received the name of
Ophiusa, the ancient name of Rhodes. the golden verses of Oppian. The poet died
A small island near Crete. A town of Sar- of the plague in the 3c"t.hyear of his age His
jiiatia. An island near the Baleares,so call-
ed countrymen raised statues to his honour, and
from the number of serpentswhich it pro-duced engravedon his tomb, that the gods had has-tened
serpens.)
("?"i It is now called Formen- to call back Oppian in the flower of
t^ra. youth,only because he had alreadyexcelled
OpnRYNiuM, a the Helles- all mankind.
town of Troas,on The best edition of his works is
ji"ont.Hector had a grove there. Slrab. 13. that of Schneider,8vo. Argent. 1776.
Opici, the ancient inhabitants of Campania, Oppidius, a rich old man introduced by
from whose mean occupations the word Opi- Horace, 2 sat. 3, v. 168, as wisely dividing
CU3 has been used to express disgrace.Juv. 3, his possessions among his two sons, and warn-
ing
opened,as if offeringassistance to the help- less, was offered to them, were as strongand valid as
and holdinga loaf in her lefthand. Her the most express and the minutest explana- tions.
festivalswere called Opalia,",c. Varro de The answers were aho sometimes given
l^ L_ 4."Dionys.Hal 2, kc." Tibull. el. 4, v. in verse, or written on tablets, but their mean-
ing
"8."Flin. 19,c. 6. was alwaysobscure, and often the cause of
Optatos, one of the fathers whose works disaster to such as consulted them. Croesus,
were edited by Du Pin, fol.Paris,1700. when he consulted the oracle of Delphi,was
OpTiMus MAXiMus, cpithets givento Jupiter,told that,if h^ crossed the Halys, he should
to denote his greatness,omnipotence,and destroy a great empire; he supposedthat that
supreme goodness. Cic. D. K. D. 2, c. 25. empire was the empire of his enemy, but un- fortunately
Opus, {ppunlis,) a city of Locris,on the Aso- itwas his own. The words of Credv
pus, destroyed by an earthquake. Strab. 9. "
ie, ^acida, Romanes vincere posse, which
Mela, 2, c. 3." Lir. 28, c. 7. Pyrrhusreceived when he wished to assistthe
Ora, a town of India, taken by Alexander. Tarentines against the Romans, by a favourable
One of Jupiter's mistiesses. interpretation for himself,proved his ruin.
Oraculum, an answer of the gods to the Nero was ordered by the oracle of Delphi,
questions of men, or the place where those to beware of 73 years; but the pleasing idea
answers were given. Nothingis more famous that he should live to that age rendered him
than the ancient oracles of Egypt, Greece, careless, and he was soon convinced of his
Rome, ".C. They were supposedto be the mistake,when Galba, in his 73d year, had the
will of the gods themselves,and they were presumptionto dethrone him. It is a ques- tion
consulted,not onlyupon every important ter,
mat- among the learned,whether the cracles
but even in the affairsof private life. To were givenby the inspiration of evil spirits,
make peace or war, to introduce a change of or whether they proceeded from tiie impos- ture
government,to planta colony,to enact laws, of the priests.Imposture, hovvev^er, and
to raise an edifice,to marry, were sufficient forgery, cannot long flourish, and falsehood
reasons to consult the will oi the gods. Man- kind, becomes its own destroyer ; and, on the con-
trary,
in consulting them, showed that they it is well known how much confidencs
wished to pay implicit obedience to the com-
mand an enlightened age, therefore,much more
of the divinity, and, when theyhad been the credulous and the superstitious, places
favoured with an answer, they acted with upon dreams and romantic stories. Some
more spirit and with more vigour,conscious have strongly believed,that all the oracles of
that the undertaking had met with the sanction the earth ceased at the birth of Christ,but
and approbation of heaven. therefore,
In this, the supposition is false. It was, indeed,the
it will not appear wonderful that so many beginningof their decline,but they remaiiied
placeswere sacred to oracular purposes. The in repute,and were consulted,though,per- haps,
small provinceof Bceotia could once boast of not so frequently, till the fourth centu-
ry,
her 25 oracles, and Peloponnesus of the same when Christianity began to triumph over
number. IS'otonlythe chief of the gods gave paganism. The oracles often suffered them- selves
oracles,but,in process of time, heroes were to be bribed. Alexander did it, but it
admitted to enjoy the same privileges; and is well known that Lysanderfailed in the at- tempt.
the oracles of a Trophonius and an Antinous Herodotus, who first mentioned the
were soon able to rival the fame of Apolloand corruption which often prevailed in the oracu-
lar
of Jupiter.The most celebrated oracles of templesof Greece and Egypt, has been
antiquity were those of Dodona, Delphi, piterseverely
Ju- treated for his remarks by the histo-
rian
Amraon,"c. [Vid.Dodona, Delphi,Am- Plutarch. Demojithencs is also a witness
"1
OR OR
of the corruption, and he observed, that the an entertainment ; and it also enforced,that
oracles of Greece were servilely subservient to during supper, which was the chief meal
the will and pleasure of Philip, kingof Mace-
donia, among the Romans, the doors of
every house
as he beautifully expresses it by the should be leftopen.
word (;t\i7T7:i{st\:If some of the Greeks, and Orchomenus or Orchomenum, a town of
other European and Asiatic countries, paid so Bceotia, at the west of the lake Copais. It
much attention to oracles, and were so fullywas ancientlycalled Minyeia,and from that
persuadedof their veracity, and even divinity, circumstance, the inhabitants were often cal-
led
many of their leadingmen and of their philo-
sophers Minyans of Orchomenos. There was at
were apprizedof the deceit, and paid Orchomenos a celebrated temple, built by
no regardto the command of priests whom Eteocles son of Cephisus, sacred to the Gra-
ces,
money could corrupt,and interposition silence. who were from thence called the Orcho-
The Egyptiansshowed themselves the most menian goddesses. The inhabitants founded
superstitious of mankind, by their blind ac- Teos in conjunctionwith the lonians,under
to the imposition of the priests, who the sons of Codrus. Plin. 4, c. 8. Htrodot.
ijuiescence "
and happiness1, c.
them that the safety 146." Paws. 9, c. 37." Strab. 9.
persuaded
of their lifedependedupon jfifeirere motions A town of Arcadia, at the north of Manti-
of an ox, or the tameness of a crot.^dile.nea. Homer. II. 2. A town of Thessaly,
Homer, II.Od. 10." Htrodot. 1 and H."Xeno-^a with a river of the same name. Strab. "
Orates,
a river of European Scythia, Ordessus, a river of Scythia,which falls
Ovid, Pont. 4, el. 10, v. 47.
ex As this river into the Ister. Herodot.
is not now known, Vossius reads Cretes, a Obuovices, the people of North Wales ia
ylver which is found in Scythia.Val Place. 4, Britain, mentioned by Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 63.
V. Ill9." Thucyd.4. Oreaoes, nymphs of the mountains (o^v
Orbelus, a mountain of Thrace or donia. moiu) daughtersof Phoroneus
Mace- and Hecate.
Some call them Orestiades,and givethem Ju- piter
OrbIlius Pupillus, a grammarian of for father. They generallyattended
Beneventum, who was the first instructor of upon Diana, and accompanied her in hunting.
the poet Horace. He came to Rome in the Virg.Mn. 1, V. 504." Homer. //. Q."Slrab. 10.
of Cicero, and there, public "Ovid. Met. 8, v. 787.
consulship as a
unknown tillBritain was discovered to be an two young princes soon became acquainted,
island by Agricola, who presided there as go- and, from their familiarity,
vernor. arose the most in-
violable
Tacit, in Jigric.Jur. 2, v. 161, "
attachment and friendship. When
Orch.\lis, an eminence of Bceotia near Orestes was arrived to years of manhood, be
Haliartus,called also Alopecos. Plut. in Lys. visited Mycenge, and avenged his father's
Okchamus, a king of Assyria,father of death by assassinating his mother Clytemnes-
tra,
Leucothoe, by Eurynome. He buried his and her adulterer ^Sgisthus.The manner
daughteralive for her amours with Apollo.in which he committed this murder is various-
ly
Ovid. jMet. 4, v. 212. reported.Accordingto iEschylus, he was
Orchia lkx, by Orchius, the tribune, commissioned by Apolloto avenge his father,
A. U. C. 566. It was enacted to limit the and, therefore, he introduced himself, with
number of guests that were to be admitted to his friend Pylades, at the court of Mycen",
OR OR
to bringthe
pretending news
into the presence of iEgisthus,who wished discoveryof the connexions of the priestess
to inform himself of the particulars, he mur-
dered with the man whom she was going to immo-
late.
him, and soon Clytemnestrashared the Iphigenia was convinced that he was her
adulterer's fate. Euripidesand Sophocles brother Orestes,and, when the causes of their
mention the same circumstances, .^gisthusjourneyhad been explained,she resolved,with
was accordingthe
assassinatedafter Clytemnestra, two friends,
to flyfrom Chersonesus. and
to Sophocles; and, in Euripides, Orestes is to carry away the statue of Diana. Their flight
represented as murderingthe adulterer,while was discovered,and Thoas preparedto pursue
he offers a sacrifice to the nymphs. This them; but 'Minerva interfered, and told him
murder, as the poet mentions, irritates the that allhad been done by the will and approba*
guards,who were present, but Orestes ap- tion of the gods. Some
peases suppose that Orestes
their fury by tellingthem who he is, came to Cappadocia from Chersonesus, and
and immediatelyhe is acknowledgedking of that there he leftthe statue of Diana at Coma-
the country. Afterwards, he stabs his mother, na. Others contradict this tradition, and, ac-
cording
at the instigation of his sister Electra, after to Pausanias, the statue of Diana Or-
he has upbraidedher for her infidelity and thia was the same as that which had been car-
ried
crueltyto her husband. Such meditated mur- away from the Chersonesus. Some also
dei-s receive the punishment which, among suppose that Orestes brought it to Aricia, in
the ancients, was always supposed to attend Italy, where Diana's worshipwas established.
parricide. Orestes is tormented by the Furies, After these celebrated adventures, Orestes
and exiles himself to Argos,where sued ascended
he is stillpur- the throne of Argos,where he reign-
ed
goddesses.Apollohim- self in perfect security, and married Hermione,
by the avengeful
him, and he is acquitted by the una- the daughterof Menelaus, and
purifies nimous
gave his sister
opinionof the Areopagites, whom nerva to his friend Pylades. The marriageof Ores-
Mi- tes
herself institutedon this occasion,ac- cording with Hermione is a matter of dispute
to the narration of the poet iSlschylus, among the ancients. All are agreed that she
who flattersthe Athenians in his tragical story, had been promisedto the son of Agamemnon,
by representing them as passingjudgment, but Menelaus had married her to Neoptole-
even upon the godsthemselves. Accordingto raus, the son of Achilles,who had shown him- self
Pausanias, Orestes was purified of the mur-
der, so truly interested in his cause duringthe
not at Delphi, but at Trcezene, where Trojan war. The marriageof Hermione with
stillwas seen a large stone at the entrance of Neoptolemus displeased Orestes;he remem- bered
Diana's temple,upon which the ceremonies that she had been early promisedto him,
of purification had been performedby nine of and therefore he resolved to recover her by
ihe principal citizens of the place. There was force or artifice. This he effected by causing
also,at Megalopolis in Arcadia, a templededi Neoptolemus to be assassinated, or ing
assassinat-
eated to the Furies, near which Orestes cut him himself. Accordingto Ovid's epistle of
off one of his fingers with his teeth in a fitof Hermione to Orestes,Hermione had always
insanity.These different tiaditions are con- futed been faithful to her firstlover,and even itwas
by Euripides,who says that Orestes,by her persuasionsthat Orestes removed hex
after the murder of his mother, consulted the from the house of Neoptolemus. Hermione
oracle of Apolloat Delphi,where he was formed
in- was dissatisfiedwith the partiality of Neopto-
lemus
that nothingcould deliver him from for Andromache, and her attachmentfor
the persecutions of the Furies,if he did not Orestes was increased. Euripides, however,
bring into Greece Diana's statue, which was and others,speak differently of Hermione'e
in the "tauricaChersonesus, and which, as it attachment to Neoptolemus: she loved him so
is reportedby some, had fallen down from tenderly, that she resolved to murder mache,
Andro-
heaven. This was an arduous enterprise. who seemed to share,in a small degree.-
The king of Chersonesus always sacrificed on the affections of her husband. She was ready
the altars of the goddessallsuch as entered the to perpetratethe horrid deed when Oreste.'s
borders of his country. Orestes and his friend came into Epirus,and she was easily persuaded
were both carried before Thoas, the king of by the foreignprinceto withdraw herself,in
the place, and they were doomed ficed. her husband's absence, from a country which
to be sacri-
Iphigenia was then priestess of Diana's seemed to contribute so much to her sorrows.
temple,and it was her office to immolate Orestes,the better to secure the affections of
these strangers. The intelligence that they Hermione, assassinated Neoj"tolemas, [Vid.
were Grecians delayed the preparations, and Neoptolemus,]and retired to his kingdom of
Iphigenia was anxious to learn somethingabout Argos. His old age was crowned with peace
a country which had givenher birth. [Fit/. and security, and he died in the 90th year of
Iphigenia.]She even interested herself iu his age, leavinghis throne to his son Tisarne*-
their misfortunes, and offered to spare the life nes, by Hermione. Three yeai-s after, the
of one of them, providedhe would convey Heraclidae recovered the Peloponnesus, and
letters to Greece from her hand. banished the descendants of Menelaus
This was from
a difficult trial; never was the throne of Argos. Orestes died in Arcadia,
friendship
more
truly displayed, accordingto the words of as some suppose, by the bite of a serpent ; and
Ovid, tx Pont. 3, el. 2. the Lacedaemonians, who hnd become his sub-
jects
Irejubet Fyladescarum moriturus Oreslem, at the death ot Menelaus, were directed
Hie negat; inquevicem pufipicU uterquevwri. by an oracle to bring his bones to Sparta.
At last Pylades gave way to the pressingen- They were,
treaties some time after, discovered at
of his friend,
and consented to carry Tegea; and bi^ statue appeared to be .leren
OR OR
eubiti,accordingto the traditionsmentioned but his skillproved ineffectualin attempting
Herodotus and others. The friendship of to cure the fatal wound which his benefactor
by
Orestes and of Py lades became proverbial, and had received. After Julian's death,he fellin-
to
therv\o friends received divine honours among the hands of the barbarians. The best edi-
tion
the Scythians, and were worshipped in tem-
ples. of his works is that of Dundas, 4to. L.
Paus. 1. 2, 4, kc. Pater c. 1, c. 1 and Bat. 1745.-
" One of Actason's dogs,ab o((^,
S."Apollod.1, hc.-^Strah. 9 and \Z."Ovid. mans, and fiMm, scando. Ovid. Met.
Heruid. 8. Ex Pont. 3, el. 2. Met. 15. in lb. Oricum or Oricus, a town of Epirus,on
"^Luripid.in Or est. jindr. he. Ipliig. So- the Ionian sea, founded by a colony
"
"
from Col-
chis
in
phocl. Eleclr. kc. " in Eum.
JEschyl. /Igam. accordingto Pliny. It was called Dar
hc."Herodot. 1, c. 69."Hygin. fab. 120 and dania, because Helenus and Andromache,
261. "
son Augustuluswas the last emperor of the "Plin. 2, c. 89" C'CE5.Bell. Civ. 3, c. 1, "c.
western A governor of Egypt un-
empire. der Lucan. 3, v. 187. "
the
Roman emperors. A robber of Oriens, in ancient geography, in taken for
Athens, who pretended madness, ".c. Aris- all the most eastern partsof the world, such
toph.ach. 4. 7. A generalof Alexander. as Parthia, India, Assyria, he.
Curt. 4, c. 108. Origen, a Greek writer, as much brated
cele-
Oresteum, a town of Arcadia, about 18 miles for the easiness of his manner, his hu-
mility,
from Sparta. It was founded by Orestheus, a and modesty, as for his learningand
son of Lycaon, and originally called Orestht- the sublimity of his genius. He was sur named
sium, and at'terwards Oresteum, from Orestes, Adamantus, from his assiduity, and became
the son of Agamemnon, who resided there for so rigid a Chris! ian, Itiat he made himself an
some after the murder of Clytemneslra.eunuch, by following
time the literalsense of a pas-
sage
Paus. 8, c. 8. Euripid.
" in the Greek testament, which speak*
Op.ESTiD.E, the descendants or subjectsof of the voluntaryeunuchs of Christ. He suf-fered
the
Or'-'stes, son of Agamemnon. They were martyrdom in his 69th year, A. C. 254.
driven from the Peloponnesusby the Hera- His works were excellent and numerous, and
clida?,and came to settle in a country which, contained a number of homilies,commenta-
ries
from them, was called Oreslidce. at the south-
west on the holyscriptures, and different trea-
tises,
of Macedonia, Some suppose that that besides the Hexapla,so called from its
part of Greece originally received its name being divided into six columns, the first"f
from Orestes,who fled and built there a cit} ,
contained the Hebrew text, the second,
which
which gave its founder's name to the whole text in Greek characters, the third,
the same
Chios, whose daughter Hero or Merope he the altars,they joyfullyaccepted the offer,
demanded in marriage. The king, not to and voluntarily sacrificed themselves for the
deny him openly,promisedto make him his good of their country. Their names w^ere
son-in-law as soon as he delivered his island Menippe and Metioche. They had been care-
fully
from wild beasts. This task, which CEnopion educated by Diana, and Venus and Mi-
nerva
deemed impracticable, was soon performed had made them very rich and valuable
bv Orion, who eagerly demanded his reward. presents. The deities of hell were struck at
CEnopion,on pretence of complying,intoxi-
cated the patriotism of the two females, and imme-
diately
his illustriousguest,and put out his eyes two to arise from the
stars were seen
on the sea shore, where he had laid himself earth, which stillsmoked
with the blood, and
down to sleep. Orion findinghimself blind
they were placedin the heavens in the form
when he awoke, was conducted by the sound of a crown. Accordingto Ovid, their bodies
to a neighbouring forge,where he placedone were burned by the Thebans, and, from their
of the workmen on his back, and, by his di-
rections,
ashes, arose two persons, whom the gods
went to a placewhere the rising sun soon after changed into constellations. Diod,
was seen with the greatestadvantage. Here 4." Homer. Od. 6, v. 121, 1. 11, v. 309."
he turned his face towards the luminary,and, Virg.JEn. 3, v. bVI."ApoUod. 1, c. A." Ovid.
as reported,he immediatelyrecovered Met. 8 and 13. Fast. 5, "ic." Hi/gin.fab. 126,
it is
his eye-sight, and hastened to punishthe per-fidious and F. A. 2, c. 44, k.c."Frop(,rt.2, el. 13."
crueltyof (Enopion. It is said that Virg.M.n. 1, he. Horat. 2, od. 13,1. 3, od. 4
Orion was an excellent workman in iron ",and and 27, epod. 10, Sic. Lucan. 1, "c. Ca- " "
conquer. Some say that Orion was the son Met. 6, V. 706. Fast. 5, v. 204." Pawj. 1, c.
of JSeptune and Euiyale,and that he bad re- ceived 19, 1.5, c. 19. One of the Nereides. *
from his father the privilege and power A daughterof Cecrops,who bore Europus
of walking over the sea without wettinghis to Macedon. One of the Amazons, famous
feet. Others make him son of Terra, like the for her warlike and intrepid spirit.Justin. 3,
rest of the giants.He had married a nymph c. 4.
called Sida before his connexion with the fa-mily Oriti.vs,one of the hunters of the Calydo-
of CEnopion; but Sida was the cause of nian boar. Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 8,
her ow-n death,by boastingherselffairerthan Oriundus, a river of lUyricum. Uv. 4Ai
Juno. According to Diodorus, Orion was a c.31.
celebrated hunter, superiorto the rest of Ormesus, a king of Tbessaly,son of Cer-
mankind by his strength and uncommon ture. caphus. He built a town
sta- which was called
He built the port of Zancle, and forti-
fied Ormenium. He was father of Amyntor. Ho-
the coast of Sicilyagainstthe frequent mer. II. 9, v. 448. k man who settled at
inundations of the sea, by heapinga mound of Rhodes. A son of Eurypylus, "c.
earth, called Pelorum, on which he built a Or.sba, a town of Argolis, famous for a
templeto the gods of the sea. After death, battle fought there between the Lacedsemo--
Orion was placedin heaven, where one of the nians and Argives. Diod.
constellations stillbears his name. The stellation
con- Orneates, a surname of Priapus, at
of Orion, placednear the feetof the Ornea.
bull,was composed of 17 stars, in the form of Orneus, a centaur, son of Txion and the
a man holdinga sword, wliich has givenoc-casion Cloud. Ovid. .Met. 12, v, 302. A son of
to the poets often to speak of Orion's Erechtheus,kingof Athens, who built Ornea,
sword. As tliaconstellationof Orion,which in Peloponnesus. Pau*. 2, c. 2$.
OR OR
Ornithic, a wind blowing from the north its name from Oropus, a son of Macedea.-
in the spring, and so called from the It was
pearance
ap- the frequent cause of quarrels betweem
aves). Colum.
of birds (o^i'^sj, 11, ttie Boeotians and the Athenians,whence some
c. 2.
have called it one of the cities of Attica,and
Oknithon, a town of Phoenicia, between was at last confirmed in (he possession of the
and Sidon. Athenians, by Philip, king of Macedon. Ara-
Tyre
Ornitus, a friend of ^neas, killed by Ca-
milla phiaraus had a templethere Pans. 1, c. 34. "
and pouredmelted golddown the throat beasts of the forest forgot their wild-
"f his fallen enemy, for his ness, and the mountains
to him
reproach moved to listen to his
avarice and ambition. He followed the inter-
est song. All nature seemed charmed and ani-
mated,
of Cassius and Brutus at Philippi.It is and the nymphs were his constant
said,that,when Orodes became old and infirm,companions. Eurydicewas the onlyone who
his thirty children applied to him, and dispu-
ted, made a deep impressionon the melodious
in his presence, their rightto the succes-
sion. musician, and their nuptials were celebrated.
Phraates, the eldest of them, obtained Their happiness, however, was sljort ; Aris-
the crown from his father,and, to hasten him taeus became enamoured of Eurydice, and,
out of the world, he attemptedto poisonhim. as she fled from her pursuer, a serpent,
The poisonhad effect,and Phraates, still tbat was
no lurkingin the grass, bit her foot,
determined his father's death, strangledand she died of the poisonedwound.
on Her
him with his own hands, about 37 years before loss was severelyfelt by Orpheus, and he
the Christian era. Orodes had then reigned resolved to recover her, or perishin the at-
tempt.
about 50 years. Justin. 42, c. 4.^Paterc. 2, With his lyre in his hand, he en-
tered
of Artabanus, kin^of Armenia. Tacit. Ann. kingof hell was charmed with the melodyof
One ot the friends of ^neas in Ita-
ly, his strains,and, accordingto the beautiful
6^ c. 33.
killedby Mezentius. Virg. JEn. 10,v. 732, expressions of the poets, the wheel of Ixion
"c. stopped, the stone of Sisyphus stood still,
a Persian
of Sardis,fa-
governor mous Tantalus forgothis perpetualthirst,and
Or(Etes,
for his cruel murder of Polycratea.He even the furies relented. Pluto and Pro- serpine
died B. C. 521. Herodot. were moved with his sorrow, and
Oromedon, a lofty mountain in the island consented to restore him Eurydice, pro-vided
of Cos. Theoci-it.7. A giant. Propert. 3, he forebore looking behind till he
el. 7, v. 48. had come to the extremest borders of hell.
Orontas, a relation of Artaxerses, sent to The conditions were gladlyaccepted, and
Cyprus, where he made peace with Evagoras, Orpheus was already in sightof the upper
iic. Polyan.7. regionsof the air, when he forgot his pro-
mises,
Orontes, a satrap of Mysia, B. C. 385, and turned back to look at his long
who rebelled from Artaxerses, he. Id. A lost Eurydice. He saw her, but she instantly
of Armenia. Id. A king of the vanished from his eyes. He attempted to
o-overnor
Lyciansduringthe Trojanwar, who followed follow her, but he was refused admission ",
iEIneas, and perished in a shipwreck.Virg.and the only comfort he could find,was to
.En. 1, v. 117,1. 6, V. 34. A river of Syria,sooth his griefat the sound of his musica!
in Coelosyria,and falling,ter instrument, in grottos, or
af- the moun-
(now Asi.)rising on tains.
Strabo, who mentions some fabulous accounts whom he had otlended by his coldness
is doubted by Aristotle, who says, according to remained upwards of 100 years in his
Cicero, that there never existed an pheus,
Or- family.
but that the poems which pass un-
der OrthjEa, a daughter of Hyacinthus. ^pol'
his name, are the compositions of a Py- lod.
thagorean
philosopher named Cercops. Ac-cording Orthe, a town of Magnesia. Plin.
to some of the moderns, the ^rgo- Orthia, a surname of Diana at Sparta.
nautica,and the other poems attributed to In her sacrifices it was usual for boys to be
Orpheus,are the productionof the pen of whipped. [Vid. Diamastigosis.]Plut. in
Onamacritus, a poet who lived in the age of Thes. he.
tyrantof Athens. Pausanias,how-
Pisistratus, ever, Orthosia, a town of Caria. Liv. 45, c.
and Diodorus Siculus, speak of Or-
pheus25.- Of Phoenicia. Plin. 5, c. 20.
as a greatpoet and musician,who dered
ren- Orthrus, or Orthos,a dog which ed
belong-
himself equallycelebrated by his know-
ledge to Geryon, from whom and the Chimaera,
of the art by the extent of
of war, sprung the sphynx and the
Nemaean lion. He
his and by
understanding, the laws which he had two heads, and was sprung from the union
enacted. Some maintain that he was killed of Echidna and Typhon. He was destroyed
by a thunderbolt. He was buried at Pieria by Hercules. Hesiod. Theog.310. Apollod. "
Hutulian wars, ".c. Virg.JEn. 11, v. 636 de Isid. ^ Os."Diod. 1. The first king of
and 690. Trcezene. Paus. 2, c. 30.
Orsines, one of the officers of Darius,at Oryander, a satrap of Persia,Sic. Po-
the battle of Arbela, Curt. 10,c. 1. lyan.7.
Orsippus, a man of Megara, who was vented Oryx, a place of Arcadia
pre- on the Ladon.
from obtaining a prizeat the Olympic Pauj. 8, c. 25.
games, because his clothes were entangled Osaces, a Parthian general, who received
as he ran. This circumstance was the cause a mortal wound from Cassius. Cic. ad Att. 5,
that,for the future, all the combatants were ep. 20.
obligedto appear naked. Paus. 1,c. 44. OscA, a town of Spain, now Huesca, in
M. Ortalus, a grandson of Hortensius, Arragon. Liv. 34, c. 10.
who was induced to marry by a presentfrom OscnoPHORiA, a festival observed by the
Augustus,who wished that ancient familynot Athenians. It receives its name "to tou ^epiie
t",-
to be Tacit.
extinguished. Jinn. 2, c. 37. aryjeg, from tarryingboughs hung up with
"
which expresses haste, and the other a con- study. He afterwards passedthroughArabia
steination or depression of spirits.The his- torian and visited the greatestpart of the kingdoms
further mentions, that Theseus, when of Asia and Europe, where he enlightened the
he went to Crete,did not take with him the minds of men by introducingamong them
usual number of virgins, but that instead of the worshipof the gods,and a reverence for
two of them, he filledup the number with two the wisdom of a supreme being.At his return
youthsof his acquaintance, whom he made home Osiris found the minds of his subjects
pass for women, by disguising their dress, and roused and agitated. His brother Typhon had
by usingthem to the ointments and perfumesraised seditions,and endeavoured to make
of women as well as by a long and successful himself popular. Osiris, whose sentiments
imitation of tlieir voice. The imposition suc-
ceeded, w^ere always of the most pacific nature, en-
deavoured
their sex was not discovered in Crete, to convince his brother of his ill
and when Theseus had triumphed over the conduct, but he fell a sacrifice to the attempt.
Minotaur, he, with these two youths, led a Typhon murdered him in a secret apartment,
procession with branches in their hands,in the and cut his body to pieces, which were ded
divi-
same habit which is stillused at the celebration among the associates of his guilt.Typhon,
of the Oschophoria. The branches which accordingto Plutarch,shut up his brothe.*-in
were carried were in honour of Bacchus or of a coffer and threw him into the iNile. The
Ariadne, or because they returned in autumn, inquiries of Isis discovered the body of her
when the grapes were ripe. Besides this pro- husband on
cession, the coast of Phoenicia,where it
there were also a race exhibited,in had been conveyed by the waves, but Typhon
which only young men, whose parents were stole it as it was cai-ryingto Memphis, and he
both alive,u ere permitted to engage. It was divided it amongst his companions,as was fore
be-
usual for them to run from the temple of Bac- chus observed. This crueltyincensed Isis;
to that of Minerva, which was on the she revenged her husband's death,and with
sea shore. The place where they stoppedher son Orus she defeated Typhon and the
was called ot^"k?""*s
,
because the bouglis which partisans of his conspiracy.She recovered
they carried in their hands were deposited the mangled piecesof her husband's body,the
there. The rewards of the conqueror was a genitalsexcepted, which the murderer had
cup called five
7nv'^"ttxo-c, fold,because it con-tained thrown into the sea; and to render him all
a mixture of five different things, wine, the honour which his humanitydeserved, she
honey, cheese, meal, and oil. Plut. in. Thts. made as many statues of wax as there were
Osci, a peoplebetween Campania and the mangled piecesof his body. Each statue con- tained
country of the Volsci, who assisted Turnus a pieceof the flesh of the dead arch
mon-
againstJEneA.?,. Some supposedthat theyare ;and Isis,after she had summoned in her
the same the word
as the 0/?i", Osci being a presence one by one, the priests of allthe dif-
ferent
diminutive or abbreviation of the other. The deities in her dominions,gave them each
language,the plays,and ludicrous expressions a statue,intimating, that in doing that she had
of this nation,are often mentioned cients, preferred
by the an- them to all the other communities
and from their indecent tendency some of Egypt, and she bound them by a solemn
suppose the word obscanum, (quasi osceman,) oath that they would keep secret that mark
is derived. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 14. Cic. Fam.
"
of her favour, and endeavour to show their
7,ep.l."Lip. 10, c. 20." Strab. b."PLin. 3, sense of it by establishing a form of worship
c. 5." FiVg.^n.T, v.730. and payingdivine honours to their prince.
Oscics, a mountain with a river of the They were further directed to choose what-ever
same name in Thrace. Thucyd. animals theypleased to represent the per-
son
Oscus, a generalof the fleet of the emperor and the divinity of Osiris, and tbeywere
Otho Tacit. \,hist. 17. enjoinedto pay the greatestreverence to that
that which Osiris received in the Egyptian OsTORius Scapula, a man made nor
gover-
temples. Isisalso after death received divine of Britain. He died A. D. 55. Tacit. Ann.
honours as well as her husband, and as the ox 16, c. 23. Another, who put himself t"
was the symbol of the sun, or Osiris,so the death when accused before Nero, "c. Id. 14,
cow was the emblem of the moon, or of Isis. c. 48. Sabinus,a man who accused Sora-
Nothingcan givea clearer idea of the power nus, in Nero's reign. Id. 16,c. 33.
and greatnessof Osiris than this inscription,OsTRACiNE, a town of Egypt,on the con- fines
which has been found on some ancient mo- numents; of Palestine. Plin. 5, c. 12.
Saturn, the youngest of all the OsYMANDYAs, a magnificent king of Egypt
gods,was my father ; I am Osiris,who con- ducted in a remote period.
a largeand numerous army as far as Otacihus, a Roman consul sent against the
the deserts of India, and travelled over the Carthaginians, he.
greatestpart of the world, and visited the Otanes, a noble Persian,one of the sevea
streams of tlieIster,and the remote shores of who conspiredagainstthe usurper Smerdis.
the ocean, diffusing benevolence to all the in- habitants
It was throughhim that the usurpationwas
of the earth. Osiris was generallyfirstdiscovered. He was afterwards appoint-
ed
represented with a cap on his head like a by Darius over the sea coast of Asia Minor,
mitre,with two horns ; he held a stick in his and took Byzantium. Herodot. 3,c. 70, "c.
left hand, and in his right a whip with three Otho, M. Salvius, a Roman emperor
thongs. Sometimes he appears with the head descended from the ancient kingsof Etruria.
of a hawk, as that bird, by its quick and He was one of Nero's favourites, and as such,
piercing eyes, is a proper emblem of the sun. he was raised to the highest officesof the state,
Fhit. in Idd. ^ Os."FIerodot. 2, c. 144." and made governor of Pannonia by the in- terest
Diod. I." Homer. Od 12, v. 323." JEliati.de of Seneca, who wished to remove hint
Anim. 3. Lucan. de Dea
"
Syr. Plin. 8."
" from Rome, lest Nero's love for Poppaja
A Persian general,who lived 450 B. C. should prove his ruin. After Nero's death
A friend of Turnus, killed in the Rutulian war. Otho conciliated the favour of Galba the new
Virg.J"n. 12,v. 458. emperor; but when he did not gain his point,
OsisMii,a peopleof Gaul in Britany.Mela, and when Galba had refused to adopt him as
3, c. 2."Cas. B. G. 2, c. 34. his successor, he resolved to make himself ab- solute
OsPHAGus, a river of Macedonia. Lit'.31, without any regardto the age or digni- ty
C.39. of his friend. The great debts which he had
OsRHOENK, a country of Mesopotamia, contracted encouraged his avarice, and he
which received this name from one of its caused Galba to be assassinated, and he made
kings called Osrhoes. himself emperor. He was acknowledgedby
OssA, a loftymountain of Thessaly,once the senate and the Roman people,but the
the residence of the Centaurs. It was merly sudden revolt of Vitellius in Germany render-
for- ed
joined to mount Olympus, but Her- cules, his situation precarious, and it was ly
mutual-
as some report, separatedthem, and resolved that their respective rightto the
made between them the celebrated valleyof empire should be decided by arms. Otho ob-tained
Tempe. This separation of the two tains
moun- three victories over his enemies, but in
was more probablyeffected by an earth a general engagement near Brixellum, his
-
fjuake, which happened,as fabulous accounts forces were defeated,and he stabbed himself
represent,about 1885 years before the Chris- tian when all hopesofsuccess were vanished,after
era. Ossa was one of those mountains a reignof about three months, on the 20ih of
which the giants, in their wars againstthe April, A. D. 69. It has been justlyobserved,
gods,heaped up one on the other to scale the that the last moments of Otho's lifewere those
heavens with more facilitv. Mela, 2, c. 3. "
of a philosopher.He comforted his soldiers,
Chid. Met. 1, v. 156, 1. 2, v. 225, 1. 7, v. who lamented his fortune,and he expressed
22^1. Fast. 1,V 3"J7,I. 3, v. 441." 67/-"6. 9. his concern for their safety, when they ear-nestly
" Lucan. 1 and 6. "
fearingthe anger
distressed, and haughtinessIa poet, and nothingcould deter from
him
of the conqueror; but Otho comforted him, ; pursuing his natural though he
inclination,
and observed,that Vitellius would be kind and iwas often reminded that Homer lived and
affectionate to the friends and relations of died in the greatestpoverty. Every thinghe
Otho, since Otho was not ashamed to say, that wrote was expressedin poeticalnumbers, a^
in the time of their greatestenmity, the he liimself says, et quod tentabam scribere ver- sus
port
Suet." Tacit. 2, Hist. c. 50, !kc."Juv. 2, v. that it arose from the knowledge which
90. Roscius,a tribune of the people,who, Ovid had of the unpardonableincest of the
in Cicero's consulship, made a regulation to emperor with his daughter.Julia. These rea-
sons
and after all his Mctamorp/ioses, which were smell of the body of Nessus the centaur, which
not totally finished when Augustus sent him after death was leftto putrify in the country
into banishment. His Epistles from Pontus, without the honours of a burial. Some de- rive
are the language of an abject and pusillanimous it with more proprietyfrom the stench
flatterer. However critics may censure the of the stagnatedwater in the neighbouring
indelicacy and the inaccuracies of Ovid, it is lakes and marshes. According to a fabulous
to be acknowledged that his poetry contains tradition, they received their name from a
greatsweetness and elegance, and, like that of very different circumstance : Duringthe reio'n
Tibullus, charms the ear and captivates the of a son of Deucalion,a bitch broughtinto the
mind. Ovid married three wives, but of the world a stick instead of whelps. The stick
last alone he speaks with fondness and affec- tion. was plantedin the groundby the king,and it
He had onlyone daughter, but by which grew up to a largevine and producedgrapes,
of his wives is unknown ; and she herselfbe- came from which the inhabitants of the
country
mother of two children,by two hus- bands.were called OzoIce,not from "^"',to smell bad,
The best editions of Ovid's works are hut from ot^, a brancJi or sprout. The name
those of Biirman, 4 vols. 4to. Amst. 1727 ; of of Ozolaj, on account of its indelicatesignifi-
cation,
L. Bat. 1670, inSvo. and of Utrecht, in 12mo. highlydispleased the inhabitants, and
4 vols. 1713. Ovid. Trist.3 and 4, kc"Pa- theyexchanged it soon for that of if'^.toliani.
terc. 2. "Martial. 3 and 8. A man who ac- Pan*
companied 10. r :^"?" -/frrwrfo/.8, c. 32.
his friend CiEsonius when banished
from Rome by ?\ero. Martini. 7, ep. 43.
PA
Titus Julius, generalof raendation of Cicero andQuintilian,
who
PACATIANUS,
the Roman armies, who proclaimedhim-
self
a
A. D. 249, and put to death, kc. poet in his old age retired to Tarentum, where
Paccics, an insignificant poet in the age of he died in his 90th year, about 131 years be-
fore
Doraitian. Juv. 7, v 12. Christ. Of all his compositionsabout 437
Paches, an Athenian who took Mitylene,scattered lines are preservedin the collections
"c. ^rist. Polit. 4. of Latin poets. Cic. de Orat. 2, ad Heren.2, c.
Pachinus, or Pachynus,now P(issaro,a 27."Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. ^Q."Quintil.10,c. 1.
promontory of Sicily, about two
projecting Padj5:i, an Indian nation, who devour their
miles into the sea, in the form of a peninsula, sick before they die. Herodoi. 3, c. 99.
at the south-east corner of the island, with a Padinum, now Bondeno, a town on the Po,
small harbour of the same name. Slrab. 6. where it beginsto branch
"
into different chan-
nels.
Mela, 2, c. I." Virg.JEn, 3, v. 699." Paus. 5. Plin. 3, c. 15.
c. 25. Padua, a town called also Patavivm, in the
M. Paconius, a Roman put to death by country of the Venetians, founded by Antenor
Tiberius, ",c. Suei. in Tib. 61. A stoic immediatelyafterthe Trojan war. It was the
philosopher,
son of the preceding. He was native placeof the historian Livy. The inha- bitants
banished from Italyby Nero, and he retired were once so powerful that they could
from Rome with the greatestcomposure and levyan army of 20,000 men. Slrab. 5. Me- la, "
Horal. 3, od. 6, v. 9 A king of Parthia, Padusa, were formed by nature. It was merly
for-
who made a treatyof alliance with the Ro-
mans, said that it rolled golddust in its sand,
",c, Another, intimate with king which was carefully searched by the inhabi-
tants.
Decebalus. The consuls C. Flaminius Nepos, and
Pactolus, celebrated river of Lydia, P. Furius Philus,were
a the firstRoman rals
gene-
risingin mount Tmolus, and falling into the who crossed it. The Po is famous for the
Hermus after it has watered the cityof Sar- death of Phaeton, who, as the poets mention,
des. It was in this river that Midas washed was thrown down there by the thunderbolts of
himself when he turned into goldwhatever he Jupiter. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 258, he" Mela, 2,
touched ; and from that circumstance it ever c. 4."Lucan. 2, he" Virg.JEn. 9, v. 680."
after rolled golden sands, and received the Strab. 5. Plin. 37, c. 2.
name of Chrysorrhoas. It is called Tmolus by Padusa, the most southern mouth of the
Pliny, Strabo observes, that ithad no golden Po, considered by^some writers as the Po it-
self.
sands in his age. Virg.JEn. 10, v, 142. "
Strab. \^Vid.Padus.] It was said to abound in
18." Oviil. Met.UyV. 86." Herodul. 5, c. 110. swans, and from it there was a cut to the town
"Plin. 33, c. 8. of Ravenna. Virg.JEn. 11, v. 455.
Pactyas, a Lydian intrusted with the care P^AN, a surname of Apollo,derived from
of the treasures of Croesus at Sardes. The the word pcean, an hymn which was sung in
immense riches which he could command, his honour, because he had killed the serpent
corruptedhim, and to make himself indepen- dent, Python, which had givencause to the people
he gathered a large army. He laid siegeto exclaim,lo Paean ! The exclamation of lo
to the citadel of Sardes,but the arrival of one Paean ! was made use of in speakingto the
of the Persian generals soon put him to flight.other gods,as itoften was a demonstration of
He retired to Cumee and afterwards to Les-
bos, joy. Juv. 6, v. 111." Ovid. Met. 1, v. 538, 1,
where he was delivered into the hands of 14, v. 720." Lwcan. 1, he" Strab. 18.
Cyrus. Htrodot. 1,c, 154, he. Paus. 2, c. "
P^DAUETus, a Spartan,who, on not being
35. elected in the number of the 300 sent on an
Pactye, a town of the Thracian Cherso- expedition, he. declared,that instead of being
nesus. mortified,he rejoicedthat 300 men better
Pactyes, a mountain of Ionia, near Ephe- than himself could be found in Sparta. Plut.
sus. Slrab. 14. in Lye.
Pacdvius, M. a native of Brundusium, PiEDius, a lieutenant of J. Caesar in Spain,
son of the sister of the
poet Ennius, who who proposeda law to punish with death all
distinguished himself by his skillin painting, such as were concerned in the mui'der of his
and by his poeticaltalents. He wrote satires patron,",c.
and tragedieswhich were representedat PiEMANi, a peopleof BelgicGaul, supposed
Rome, and of some of which the names are to dwell in the presentcountry at the west of
preserved,as Peribcea,Hermione, Atalanta, Luxemburg. Cas. G. 2, c. 4.
nione, Teucer, Antiope, he. Orestes was Fxati, a Greek historian. Plut. in Thes.
considered as the best finished performance; A celebrated physicianwho cured the
the style, however, though rough and without wounds which the gods received during the
6hker purity
or elegance,
deserved tlie wax- Trojanwar. Ftoax hiai physiciansare some-
PA PA
tsBies called Paonii, and herbs serviceable in of Athamas and Ino. His original name wa^
medicinal processes PcBonix herbce. Virg. JEn. Melicerta. and he assumed that of Palsmon,
7, V. 1^9." Ovid. Met. 15,v. 535. after he had been changed into a sea deityby
PiEONES, a peopleof Macedonia who inha-
bited Neptune. [Vid.Melicerta.] A noted gram-
marian
a small partof the country
called Pceonia. at Rome in the age of Tiberius,who
Sftme believe that they were descended from made himself ridiculous by his arrogance and
a Trojancolony. Pans. 5, c. 1. " Herodot. 5, c. luxury.Juv. 6, v. 451. Martial. 2, ep. 86.
"
Pal"apulis, a small island on the coast of hands the Grecian army, according to the
Spain. Strab. conditions which had been previously agreed
Paliemon, or Palkmon, a sea deity;son npon, when he received the money. This
PA PA
letterwas
forged carried by means of Ulyssesthe very day that Romulus beganto laytWfr
before the princes of the Grecian army. Pa- foundation of the citv of Rome. Virg.G. 3,
lamedes was summoned, and he made the V. 1 and 294." Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 722, kc"Pa-
most solemn protestations of innocence, but terc. 1, c. 8.
all was in vain; the money that was ed
discover- Sura, a writer removed from
Palforius
in his tent served only to corroborate the Domitian, who suspected hina of
the senate by
accusation. He was found guiltyby all the
attachment kc, Jav. 4, v. 53.
to Vitellius,
army, and stoned to death. Homer is silent Palibothra, a cityof India, supposed now
about the miserable fate of Palamedes, and to be Patna, or, according to others,Mlaha-
Paasanias mentions that it had been reported bad. Strab. 15.
by that Ulysses and
some Diomedes had Palici, or Palisci, two deities,sons of
drowned him in the sea, as he was fishing on Jupiterby Thalia, whom^schylus calls Mtn"f
the coast. Philostratus, who mentions the in a tragedywhich is now lost,accordingto
tragical storyabove related, adds,that Achilles the words of Macrobius. The nymph jEtna,
and Ajax buried his body with greatpomp on when pregnant,entreated her lover to remove
the sea shore, and that they raised upon it a her from the pursuits of Juno. The god con-
cealed
small chapel,where sacrifices were regularly her in the bowels of the earth, and
oflfered by the inhabitants of Troas. medes when
Pala- the time of her delivery was come, th"
was a learned man as well as a soldier,earth opened,and broughtinto the world two
and, accordingto some, he completedthe al- phabet
children,who received the name of Palici,
of Cadmus by the addition of the four otTre Tou TTxini *""r^x*,
because theycame againinto
letters,S, $, /., s, during the Trojan war. the world from the bowels of the earth. These
To him also is attributed the invention of deities were worshipped with great ceremo-
nies
dice and backgammon ; and, it is said,he was by the Sicilians, and near their temple
the firstwho regularly ranged an army iii a were two small lakes of sulphureouswater,
line of battle,and who placedsentinels round which were supposed to have sprung out of
a camp, and excited their vigilance and atten-
tion the earth at the same time that they were
by givingthem a watch word. Hygin. born. Near these poolsit was usual to take
fab. 95, 105, ",c, Amllod. 2, ",c. Diclys.
" the most solemn oaths,by those who wished
"
Cret. 2, c. 15." Ovid. Met. 13, v, 56 and 308." to decide controversies and quarrels. If any of
Pam. 1, c. 31."Manil. 4, v. ^b."Philoslral. the persons who took the oaths perjured them-
selves,
V. 10, c. 6. " in
Euripid. Phce/niss." Martial. 13, they were immediatelypunishedin a
ep. 75. " Plin. 7, c. 56. supernaturalmanner by the deities of the
Palantia, a town of Spain. Mela, %
c. 6. place,and those whose oath was sincere de-
parted
Palatinus mons, celebrated hill,the
a unhurt. The Palici had also an oracle
largestof the seven hills on which Rome was which was consulted upon greatemergencies,
built. It was upon it that Romulus laid the and which rendered the truest and most une- quivocal
sea shore,and as, accordingto the religion of 1, c. lAyhc."Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 422, "c. Met,
the ancient Romans, no person was suffered to 13, v. 3S6."Dictys. Cret. 1,c. ^.-^Jipollod. 3,
cross the Stygian lake before one hundred c. 12. Dionj/s. Hal
"
1, "c. Homer. II. 10. "
"
years were elapsed, ifhis remains had notbeen ^//"g. JEn. 2, v. 166, 1. 9, v. 151." P/a/. de reb.
decentlyburied,we find .a:neas,when he vis- ited Rom. Lucan.9.
" Dares. "
Phryg. Juv. 3, v.
" "
rus, and assuring him, that though his bones Palladius, a Greek physician, whose tise
trea-
were deprived of a funeral,yet the place on fevers was edited 8vo. L. Bat. 1745,
wjjere his body was exposed should soon be A learned Roman under Adrian, he
adorned with a monument, and bear his name, Pallanteum, a town of Italy, or perhaps
and accordingly a promontory was called Pali- more properlya citadel, built by Evander, oa
nurus, now Puliauro. Virg.JF.n. 3, v. 513, 1. mount Palatine,from whence its name origi"
5, V. 840, "c. 1.6, V. M\."Ovul. dt Rem. 577. nates. Virgilsays, it was called after Pallas,
"Mela, 2, c. 4."Strab."Horat. 3, od. 4, v. 28. the grandfatherof Evander; but Dionysius
Paliscorum, or PalIcorum Stagnum, a derives its name from Palantium, a town of
sulphureouspool in Sicily.[FtVi. Palici.] Arcadia. Dionys.1, c. 31. Virg.JEn. "
8, v.
Paliuros, now Nahil, a river of Africa, 54 and 341.
with a town of the same name at itsmouth, Pallantia, a town of Spain,now PalenciOi,
at the west of Egypt, on the Mediterranean on the river Cea. Mela, 2, c. 6.
Strab. 17. Pallantias, a patronymic of Aurora, as
Pallades,certain virgins,of illustrious being related to the giantPallas. Ovid. Met,
"
carry it away by Helenus the son of Priam, son of Pandion, father of Clvtus and Butes.
who proved in this unfaithfulto his country, Ovid. Met. 7, fab. H ."Apollod. A freed-
because his brother Deiphobus,at the death man of Claudius, famous for the power and
of Paris, had married Helen, of whom he was the riches he obtained. He advised the em-
peror,
enamoured. Minerva was displeasedwith the his master, to marry Agrijipina, and to
violence which offered to her statue, and
was adopt her son Nero for his successor. It was
the
accordingtoVirgil, Palladium itself ed
appear- by his means, and those of Agrippina, that the
to have received lifeand motion, and by the death of Claudius was hastened, and that Nero
flashes which started from its eyes, and its was raised to the throne. Nero forgotto
sudden springsfrom the earth, it seemed to whom he was indebted for the crown. He
show the resentment of the goddess. The true discarded Pallas,and some time aftercaused
Palladium, as some authors observe, was not him to be put to death, that he mightmake
carried away from Troy by the Greeks, but himself master of his great riches,A. D. 61.
onlyone of the statues of similar size and shape, Tacit. 12. .inn. c. 53.
which were placednear it,to deceive what- ever Pallkne, a small peninsulaof Macedonia,
sacrilegious persons attemptedto steal it. formeilycalled Phlegra, situate above the bay
The Palladium, therefore, as they say, was of Therma) on the Jilgean sea, and containing
conveyed safe from Troy to ItalyV)yvfeneas, live cities,the principalof which is called Pal-
and it was afterwards preserved by the Ro- mans lone. U was in this place,accordingto some
with tl'.e
greatest secrecy rmd venoiation, of the ancients,that mi engagement happc.ed
in the temple of Vesta, a circumstance wliich betVkCen the gods and the giants.Liv. 31, c.
none but the vestal virginsknew. Htrodian. 45,1. 45, c. SU."J-tVff. G. 4, r.B9l.-0vut.
PA PA
Jikt.15,V. 357. A village of Attica,where a goat, of
as she tended her father'sflocks oh
Minerva had a temple, and where the Pal- mount Taygetus,before her marriagewith the
lantides chiefly resided. Herodot. 1,c. 161. kingof Ithaca. Some authors maintain that
"
In Egypt,in the town of Mendes, which beginningon the 2lst or 20th of the
word also signifies a goat, there was a sacred month called Thargelion, corresponding to the
5th or 6th day of the month
goat keptwith the most ceremonious sanctity. of May. In the
The death of this animal was alwaysattended lesser festivalsthere were three games con-ducted
with the greatest solemnities, and like that of by ten presidents chosen from the tea
another Apis,became the cause of an univer-
sal tribes of Athens, who continued four years ia
mourning. As Pan usuallyterrifiedthe oflSce. On the eveningof the firstday there
inhabitants of the neighbouring country, that was a race with torches,in which men on foot,
kind of fear which often seizes men, and which and afterwards on horseback, contended.
is only ideal and imaginary, has received from The same was also exhibited in the greater
him the name of panicfear. This kind of festivals. The second combat was gymnical,
terror has been exemplified not only in indi-viduals,and exhibited a trialof strengthand bodily
but in numerous armies, such as that dexterity.The last was a musical contention,
of Brennus, which was thrown into the great- est first instituted by Pericles. In the songs
consternation at Rome, without any cause they celebrated the generous undertakingof
or plausible reason. Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 396, 1. Harmodius and Aristogiton, who opposed the
2, V.277. Met. 1, v. 689." Firg.G 1,v. 17. Pisistratidae, and of Thrasybulus,who vered
deli-
^n. 8, V. 343. G. 3, v. 892." Juv. 2, v. 142. Athens from its thirtytyrants. Phry-
"Pans. 8, c. 30." 7"a/. 13, v. 327." Farro de nis of Mitylenewas the firstwho obtained the
L. L. 5, c. 3. Liv. 1, c. 5. Dionys.Hal. 1.
"
" "
victoryby playingupon the harp. There
Herodol. 2, c. 46 and 145, Uc."Diod. 1." Or-
pheuswere besides other musical instruments,oa
Hymn. 10. Homer. Hymn, in Pan.
" " Lu- wliich theyplayed in concert, such as flutes,
cian. Dial. Merc. 4"Pan. "
greatlyindebted for their prosperity and the in preference to his father,when these tw"
immunities which theyfor some time enjoyed.deities contended about givinga name to
Panaetius wrote a treatise on the duties of man, Athens. Some suppose that the word is de- rived
whose merit can be ascertained from the en- comiums from A'""", a part, because these olives
which Cicero bestows upon it. Cic. were givenby contribution by all such as at- tended
in Offic. de Div. 1. In Acad. 2, c. 2. de N. D. at the festivals. There was also a
2, c. 46. A tyrantof Leontini in Sicily, B. dance called Pyrrhichia, performed by young
C. 613. Polymi.5. boys in armour, in imitation of Minerva, who
PANiETOLiUM, a general assembly of the thus expressedher triumph over the van-
quished
^tolians. Liv 31, c. 29, 1.35, c. 32. Titans. Gladiators were also intro-
duced
Panares, a general of Crete, defeated by when Athens became tributary to the
Metellus, ",c. Romans. During the celebration, no persoa
Panariste, one of the waiting women was permittedto appear in dyed garments,
of Berenice, the wife of king Antiochus. and if any one transgressed he was punished
Polyan. 8. accordingto the discretion of the president of
Panathkn."a, festivalsin honour of Mi- nervathe games. After these things, a sumptuous
the patronessof Athens. They were sacrifice was ottered,in which every one of
first instituted by Erichtheus or Orpheus,and the Athenian boroughscontributed an ox, and
called Aihenaa ; but Tiieseus afterwards re the whole was concluded by an entertainment
Dcwed them, and caused them to be celebrated for all the company with the flesh that re- mained
and observed by allthe tribes of Athens,which from the sacrifice. In the greaterfes- tivals,
he had united into one, and from which rea- son the same rites and ceremonies were
the festivals received their Some
name. observed,but with more
usually solemnityand
suppose that theyare the same the Roman
as magnificence.Others were also added, parti- cularly
Qnitiquatria, as they are often called by that the procession, in which Minerva's
name among the Latins. In the first years of sacred ttitt;^-,
or garment, was carried. This
the institution,theywere cbservedoulyduring garment was woven by a select number of
one da\-,but afterwards the time was pro- railed i"vt:-"c:^", from \j^, tcark. Thev
virgin";
C:3
PA PA
were superintended by two of the a??'!^''?^*,
or lius had a magnificent temple. A part of
young virgins, not above seventeen years of Arabia Felix,celebrated for the myrrh, frank-
incense,
age, nor under eleven, whose garments were and perfumes which it produced..
white and set off with ornaments of gold. Mi-
nerva's
Virg.G. 2, v. 139, 1. 4, v. 379." Cu/ex. 87."
j^ep/jwwas of a white colour, without Ovid. Met. 1,v. 309, hc."Diod. 5."Lucret. 2,
sleeves,and embroidered with gold. Upon it V. 417.
were described the achievements of the god-
dess, Panda, two deities at Rome, who presided
particularlyher victories over the giants.one over the openingsof roads ; and the other
The exploitsof Jupiter and the other gods over the openings of tovvn". Varro de P. JR.
were also represented there, and from that 1. JJ. Gell. 13, c. 22.
circumstance men of courage and braveryare Pandama, a girl of India favoured by Her-
cules,
said to be nlf.tttcttkoj,worthy to be portrayed "c. Polycen. 1.
in Minerva's sacred garment. In the proces-
sion Pandaria, or Pandataria, a small island
of the peplus, the followingceremonies of the Tyrrhenesea.
were observed. In the ceramicus, without the Pandakus, a son of Lycaon, who assisted
there was an enginebuilt in the form
city, of a the Trojansin their war againstthe Greeks,
ship, upon which Minerva's garment was He went to without a chariot,and the war
hung as sail,and the whole was conducted, therefore he generallyfoughton foot. He
a
not by beasts,as some have supposed,but by broke the truce which had been iigreed
upon
subterraneous machines, to the templeof Ce-
res between the Greeks and Trojans,and wounded
Eleusinia,and from thence to the citadel,Menelaus and Diomedes, and showed himself
where the pepluswas placedupon Minerva's brave and unusually courageous. He was al
statue, which was laid upon a bed woven or last killed by Diomedes; and jEneas, who
strewed with flowers,which was called jrxaxi,. then carried him in his chariot, by attempting
Persons of all ages, of every sex and quality, to revenge his death, nearly perished by the
attended the procession, which was led by old hand of the furious enemy. Dictys. Cret, 2,
men and carryingolive branches in c. 35. Homer. II.2 and 5. Hygin.fab, 112.
women " " "
carriers. The boys,called w^oiUufx:*, as it may complete; and when they were come to nu-
bile
be supposed, led the rear clothed in coats years the goddessprayed Jupiter to grant
generallyworn at processions. The necessa-
ries them kind and tender husbands. But in her
for this and every other festival were pared
pre- absence the Harpiescarried away the virgins
in a publichall erected for that purpose, and delivered them to the Eumenides to share
between the Pirzean gate and the temple of the punishment which their father suffered.
Ceres. The management and the care of the Paus. 10, c. 30. Pindar.
whole was intrusted to the w^o^u^axj?, or people Pandahus, or Pandareus, a man who
employed in seeingthe rites and ceremonies had a daughter called Philomela. She was
properlyobserved. It w^as also usual to set all changed into a nightingale,after she had kill-
ed,
prisonersat liberty, and to present golden by mistake, her son Itylus, w hose death
crowns to such as had deserved well of their she mourned in the greatest melancholy
country. Some persons were also chosen to Some suppose him to be the same asPandiou;
singsome of Homer's poems, a custom which kingof Athens.
was firstintroduced by Hipparchusthe son of Pandataria, an island on the coast of Lu-
Pisistratus. It was also customary in this fes-
tival caiiia,tiow called Santa Maria.
and every other quinquennial festival, to Pandates, a friend of Datames at the court
of the Plalffians,whose of Artaxerxes. C. JS'ep.inDat.
pray for the prosperity
services had been so conspicuous at the battle Pa.ndemia, a surname of Venus, expres-
sive
of Marathon. Ptut. in Thes. Paus. Jlrc.2.
" of her greatpower
"
over the affections of
JElian. V. H. 8, c. 2.".ipol[od.
3, c. 14. mankind.
PanciijKa, Pakchea, or Panchaia, an 1 Panj)kmus, one of the surnames of the
'
of Arabia Felix, where Jupiter
ifiland Triphy-god of love, among the Egyptiansand the
PA PA
Greeks, who distinguished two Cupids, one of]her a beautifulbox, which she was ordered
whom was the vulgar, called Pandemus, and i to present to the man who married her;
another of a purer, and more celestial origin. and by the commission of the god, Mercury
Plut. in Erot. conducted her to Prometheus. The artful
Athens established mortal sensible of the deceit, and as he
Pandia, a festival at was
the
by Pandion, from whom it received itsname, had always distrusted Jupiter, as well as
visited Attica. He waged a successful war of Erechtheus kins:of Athens. She was sister
Labdacus king of Bceotia, and gave to Protogenia, who sacrificed herself for her
against
his daughterProcne in marriage to Tereus, country at the beginningof the Sceotian war.
king of Thrace, who had assisted him. The PandGrus, a son of Erechtheus king oi
treatment which Philomela received from her Athens.
brother-in-law, Tereus, [Vid.Philomela]was Pandosia, a towa in the country of the
the source of infinite grief to Pandion, and he Brutii, situate on a mountain. Alexander king
died,throughexcess of sorrow, after a reign of tbe Molossi died' there. Strab. 6. A
of 40 years. There was also another Pandion, town of Epirus. Ptin. 4, c. 1.
son of Cecrops 2d. by Metiaduca, who suc- ceeded Pandrosos, a daughter of Cecrops,king
to his father,B. C. 130. He was of Athens, sister to Aglauros and Herse.
driven from his paternaldominions, and fled She was the only one of the sisters who had
to Pylas, king of Megara, who gave him his not the fatalcuriosity to open a basket which
four children, called from him Pandionidce,was raised to her near that of Minerva, and
Pallas, Nisus, and Lycus. The a festivalinstituted to her honour, called Pan-
.Sgeus,
eldest of these children recovered his fa- drosia. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 138. "Apollod.3."
ther's
kingdom. Some authors have con-
founded Paus. 1, "c.
the two Pandions togetherin such Panenus, or Pyn^us, a celebrated painter,
an indiscriminate manner, that they seem who was for some time engaged in painting
to have been only one and the same person. the battle of Marathoji. Plin. 35.
Many believe that Philomela and Procne Panceus, a mountain of Ttiraqe, anciently
were the daughters, not of Pandion the 1st. called Mans Caraniinus,and joinedto mount
but of Pandion the 2d. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 676. Rhodope near the sources of the river Nestus,
"
Apollod.3, c. 15 Paus. 1, c. 5.
"
Hygin. It was inhabited by four different nations. It
"
fab.48. A son of Phineus and Cleopatra,was on this mountain that Lycurgus,the Thra-
deprivedof his eye-sight by his father. Apol-
lod. cian king,was torn to pieces,and that Or- pheus
3, c. 15. A son of ^gyptus and He- called the attention of the wild beasts,
phffistina. A kingof the Indies in the age of and of the mountains and woods to listen to
by Dalmatia, west by JNoricum, and north by Messenian who insulted the religion of the
the Danube. It was divided by the ancients Lacedaemonians. Vid. Gonippus.
into lower and upper Pannonia. The jnhtib- Panotii, a peopleof Scythia, said to have
itants were of Celtic origin, and were vadedvery largeears.
firstin- Plin. 4, c. 13.
by J. Caesar,and conqueredin the reign Pansa., C. Vibius, a Roman consul, who,
of Tiberius. Philipand his son Alexander with A. Hirtius,pursuedthe murderers of J.
some ages before had successively conquered Caesar,and was killed in a battle near Mutina.
it. Sirmium was the ancient capital of all On his death-bed he advised young Octa-
Pannonia, which contains the modern provin- ces vius to unite his interest with that of Antony,
of Croatia, Carniola, Sclavonia, Bosnia, if he wished to revenge the death of Julius
Windisch, March, with part of Servia, and of Caesar, and from his friendly
advice soon ter
af-
the kingdoms of
and Austria.Hungary
Lu- rose the celebrated second triumvirate.
can. 3, v. 220." Tibull. 4, el. 1, v. Some suppose that Pansa was
95, 1. 6, v. put to death by
109." Pltji.3." Dion. Cass. 49." Strab. 4 and Octavius himself,or throughhim, by the phy- sician
"7. Jomaiid.
"
Paierc. 2, c. 9. Suet. Aug.
" Glicon, who
"
poured poison into the
20. wounds of his patient.Pansa and Hirtius
Panolbius, a Greek poet, mentioned by were the two last consuls who enjoyed the
Suidas. dignity of chief magistratesof Rome witiifuU
Pakomphjeus, a surname of Jupiter, either power. The authorityof the consuls after-
because he w^as worshipped by every nation waids dwindled into a shadow. Paierc. 2, c.
on earth, or because he heard the prayers and 6."pio.46." Ovid. Trist. 3, el. b."Plut. fy
the which
supplications were addressed to Appian.
him, because the rest of the gods derived
or Pantagnostus, a brother of Polycrates,
from him their knowledge of futurity (yr^ityrantof Samos. Polycen.1.
omnis, o,u(;!y,
vox.) Ovid. Met. 11, v. 198. Ho-mer. Pantagyas, a small river on the eastern
"
bed, and suffered himself to be killed as if mother of Eumajus, the faithful servant of
^
/ anopion himself.
**f' Val. Max. Ulysses.
"g"",Panopulis, the cityof Pan,
called
a town of Eevpt, Pantheon, a celebrated temple at Rome,
"* also Clicmmis. Pan had there a Tern- built by Agrippa,in
the reignof Augustus,
pie, wliere he was worshipped with great and all the gods, whence
dedicated to the
solemnity, and representedin a statue
/asctVio
name ^": .'"55. It was struck with lightning
longis-nmo
6^credo. Diod. b."Slrab. 17. some time after,and partly destroyed.Adrian
Panoptes, a name of Argus, frojn the repaired it,and it stillremains at Rome, con-
one woman might have two husbands, rather Strab. 11 and 16."Plin. 6, c. 26.
than one husband two wives. The senators PARiETONiuM, a towu of Egypt at the west
astonished at this petition,but young Pa- of Alexandria, where Isis was
were pirius worshipped.
unravelled the whole mystery, and from The word ParcEtonius is used to signify tian,
Egyp-
that time itwas made a law araongthesenators, and is sometimes appliedto Alexandria,
that no young man should for the future be in- which
troduced was situate in the neighbourhood.
rius. Strab. n."Flor. 4, c. U.~-Lucan. 3, v. 295, 1.
into the senate house, except Papi-
This law was carefully observed tillthe 10,v. 9." Ovid. Met. 9, v. 712. A 2, el. 13,
age of Augustus, who permitted children of all V.7.
ages to hear the debates of the senators. Ma- Parali, a division of the inhabitants of At- tica
erob. Sat. 1, c. 6. Carbo, a friend of Cinna ; theyreceived this name from their being
and Marius. He raised cabals againstSylla near the sea coast, nx^it and "^;.
and Pompey, and was at last put to death by Paralus, a friend of Dion, by whose assis- tance
order of Pompey, after he had rendered him- self he expelled Dionysius. A son of Pe- ricles.
odious by a tyrannical consulship,and af-
ter His premature death was greatlyla-
mented
he had been proscribedby Sylla. A by his father. Plut.
consul defeated by the armies of the Cimbri. Parasia, a country at the east of Media.
Crassus, a dictator who triumphedover Parasius, a son of Philonomia by a shep-
herd.
the Samnites. A consul murdered by the He was exposedon Erymanthus by his
Gauls,k,c. A son of PapiriusCursor who mother, with his twin brother Lycastas.
defeated the Samnites, and dedicated a temple Their lives were preserved
to Romulus Quirinus. Maso, a consul,who Parc;e, powerfulgoddesses, who presided
conquered Sardinia and Corsica,and reduced over the birth and the lifeof mankind. They
them into the form of a province. At his re-
turn were three in number, Clotho,Lachesis,and
to Rome, be was refused a triumph,up- on Atropos,daughtersof Nox and Erebus,Jac-
which he introduced a triumphalproces-
sion, cordingto Hesiod, or of Jupiterand Themis,
and walked with his victorious army to accordingto the same poet in another poem.
the capitol, wearinga crown of myrtleon his Some make them daughtersof the sea. tho,
Clo-
head. His example was afterwards followed the youngest of the sisters, presidedover
by such generals as were refused a triumphby the moment in which we are born, and held a
the Roman senate. Val. Max. 3, c. 6. The distatfin her hand; Lachesis spun out all the
familyof the Papirii was patrician, and long events and actions of our life: and Atropos,
distinguishftd for its services to the state. It the eldest of the three, cut the thread of hu-
man
bore the different surnames of Crassus, Cur-
sor, lifewith a pairof scissors. Their diffe-
rent
Mugillanus,Maso, Prcelextatus,and tus,
Pec- functions are well expressedin this an-
cient
of which the three firstbranches became verse :
disputes with Atroposthe rightof cuttingenced by Hecuba, did not destroy him, but
the thi-ead of human life. The worshipof the was satisfied to expose him on mount Ida,
Parcas was well established in some cities of where the shepherdsof the placefound him,
Greece; and though mankind were well con-
vinced and educated him as their own son. Some
that they were inexorable,and that it attribute the preservacionof his life, before he
%vas impossible to mitigatethem, yet theywere was tound by the shepherds, to the moiherlj
their divini-
ty, tenderness of a she-bear which suckled him.
eager to show a proper respect to
by raising them templesand statues. They Young Paris,, tl.ougheducated among herds
shep-
received the same worshipas the Furies,and and peasants, gave early proofsof cou-rage
their votaries yearlysacrificed to them black and intrepidity, and from his care in pro-
tecting
sheep,duringwhich solemnitythe priests were the flocks of mount Ida ugaiiistthe ra-
pacity
obliged to wear garlandsof flowers. The of the wild beasts, he obtained the name
Parcae were generallyrepresentedas three of Alexander {helper or defender.)He gained
old women with chapletsmade with wool, the esteem of all the shepherds,and his
and interwoven with the flowers of the cissus.
Nar- graceful countenance and manly deportment
They were covered with a white robe, recommended him to the favour'of (Enone, a
and fillet of the same colour, bound with nymph of Ida, whom he married, and with
chaplets One of them held a distaflf, another whom he lived with the most perfecttender-
ness.
the spindle, and the third was armed with Their conjugalpeace was soon ed.
disturb-
scissors,with which she cut the thread which At the marriageof Peleus and Thetis,
her sisters had spun. Their dress is differ-
ently the goddessof discord,who had not been in- vited
representedby some authors. Clotho to partake of the entertainment, showed
appears in a variegated robe, and on her head her displeasure by throwing into the assembly
is a crown of seven stars. She holds a distaff of the gods who were at the celebration of the
in her hand reachingfrom heaven to earth nuptials, a golden apple,on which were ten
writ-
The robe which Lachesis wore was ted
variega- the words, Detur pulchriori.All the
with a great number of stars, and near goddessesclaimed it as their own ; the conten-
tion
her were placeda variety of spindles.Atro-
pos at first became general,but at last only
W"is clothed in black ; she held scissors in three,Juno, Venus, and Minerva, wished to
her hand, with clues of thread of diflferentdispute their respectiveright to beauty. The
sizes,accordingto the lengthand shortness of gods,unwilling to become arbitersin an affair
the lives whose destinies theyseemed to con-
tain. ot so tender and so delicate a nature, appoint-
ed
Hyginusattributes to them the inven-
tion Paris to adjudgethe prizeof beautyto the
of these Greek letters, ", ,3,y.,r, v, and fairestof the goddesses;and indeed the shep-
herd
others call them the secretaries of heaven, seemed properlyqualified to decide so
and the keepersof the archives of eternity. great a contest, as his wisdom was so well
The Greeks call the Parcse by the different established, and his prudence and sagacityso
names of ^"t", .-j* ", which are
x")f,uuxefu.y,, well known.
pressive
ex- The goddessesappeared before
of their power and of their inexor-
able their judge without any coveringor ment,
orna-
decrees. Hcsiod. Theog.^ scut. Her. and each tried,by promises and en- treaties,
in the world
de faciein orbe Lunce. Hygin- in prof.fab. for his wife,as Ovid expresses it. Heroid 17,
"
Varro."Orph.liymn.
Sf-fah.Til." 5S.""pol- y. 118.
lon. i, iic.Claudian.
" de rapt. Pros. Ly- Unaquecum regnum;
"
bellidaret alteralau-
coph.^ Tzetz, he" Herat. 2, od. 6, "c." dem;
Ovid. Met. 6, v. 533." Lwcan. Z." Virg.Ed. Tyndaridis conjux, Tertia dixit,erij.
4, ^n. 3, ",c. Stnec. in Here. Fur.
" Stat. After he had heard their several claims and
"
features of Paris with those of her brothers, He expiredbefore he came into the
inquiredhis birth and his age. From these presence of (Enone, and the nymph stillmind-ful
circumstances she soon discovered that he of their former loves, threw hei*selfupon
was her brother,and as such she introduced his body, and stabbed herself to the heart,
him to her father and to his children. Priam aftershe had plentifully bathed it with her
acknowledged Paris as his son, forgetful of tears. Accordingto some authors, Paris did
the alarming dream which had influenced not immediatelygo to Troy when he left the
kim to meditate his death, and all jealousyPeloponnesus, but he was driven on the coast
ceased among the brothers. Paris did not long of Egypt,where Proteus, who was king of the
suffer himself to remain inactive ; he equipped country,detained him, and, when he heard
a fleet,as if willing to redeem Hesione, his fa- of the violence which had been offered to the
ther's
sister,whom Hercules had carried kingof Sparta, he kept Helen at his court,
away, and obligedto
marry Telamon, the son and permitted Paris to retire. [Vid.Helena.]
of iEacus. This was the pretendedmotive of Diclys. Cret. 1, 3, and 4. Apollod. 3, "
his voyage, but the causes were far diff"erent.c. 12. Homer. II. Ovid. Htroid. 5, 16, and
" "
been led to form those expectations while he 273." Virg.JEn. 1, hc."JElian. V. IT. 12,
was an obscure shepherdof Ida, he had now c. 42.-~Paus. 10, c. 27." Ctc. de Div."
every plausible reason to see them realized,Lycophr.4^ Tzetz. in Lye. A ted
celebra-
since he was acknowledged son of the king of player at Rome, in the good graces
Troy. Helen was the fairestwoman of the of the emperor Nero, kc. Tacit. Ann. 13,
c. 19, "ic.
age, and Venus had promisedher to him. On
these grounds, therefore, he visited Sparta, the Parisades a kingof Pontus in the age of
residence of Helen, who had married Mene- Alexander the Great.- Another, king of
laus. He was received with every mark of re- spect, Bosphorus.
but he abused the hospitality of Mene- Parish, a peopleand a city of Celtic Gaul"
laus,and, while the husband was absent in now called Paris,the capital of the kingdom
Crete, Paris persuadedHelen to elope with of France. C(bs. Bell. G. 6, c. 3.
him, and to flyto Asia. Helen consented, and Parius, a river of Pannonia, falling int"
Priam received her into his palacewithout dif- ficulty,the Danube. Strab.
as his sister was reign Parisum, now
then detained in a fo- Camanar, a town of Asia
country,and as he wished to show him- self Minor, on the Propontis, where Archilochus
as hostile as to the Greeks.
possible This was born, as some say. Slrab. 10. " Plin. 7,
affair was soon productiveof serious quences.
conse- c. 2, 1.36, c. 5.
When Menelaus had married Helen, Parma, a town of Italy, near Cremona,
all her suitors had bound themselves by a lemn
so- celebrated for itswool, and now for itscheese.
oath to protecther person, and to defend The poet Cassius and the critic Macrobius,
her from every violence, [Fid.Helena,]and were born there. It was made a Roman ny
colo-
therefore the injuredhusband reminded them A. U. C. 569. The inhabitants are called
"f their engagements, and called upon them to Parmenensis and Pannani. Cic. Philip.14,
recover Helen. Upon this,all Greece took up Lfv. 39, c. 55.
"
Slrab. 5. Horat. 1, ep. 4,
" "
arms in the cause of Menelaus. Agamemnon V.3." Cic. Phil. 14, c. 3." Farro. L. L. 7, c.
was chosen general of all the combined forces,3l."Martial.%ep. 43, v. 4, 1.5, ep. 13, v. 3
and a regularwar was begun. [Firf. Troja] and 14,v. 155.
Paris,meanwhile, who had refused Helen to Parmenides, a Greek philosopher of Elis,
the petitions and embassies of the Greeks, who flourishedabout 605 years before Christ.
armed himself,with his brothers and subjects, He was son of Pyres of Elis,and the pupilof
to oppose the enemy; but the success of the Xenophanes,or of Anaximander, accordingto
war Vv as neither hindered nor accelerated by some. He maintained that there were onlytwo
his means. He foughtwith littlecourage, and elements,fireand the earth ; and he taught
at the very sightof Menelaus, whom he had that the first generation of men was produced
so recently injured, all his resolution vanished, from the sun. He first discovered that the
and he retired from the front of the army, earth was round, and habitable onlyin the two
where he walked before like a conqueror. In temperate zones, and that it was suspendedin
a combat with Menelaus, which he undertook the centre of the universe,in a fluid lighter
at the persuasion of his brother Hector, Paris than air,so that all bodies leftto themselves
must have perished, had not Venus interfered, fellon itssurface. There were, as he suppo-
sed,
and stolen him from the resentment versary. onlytwo sorts of philosophy one
of his ad- ed
found- "
conqueror. This friendship, so true and in- violable, which was alwaj-s used by the best statu- aries.
was sacrificed to a moment of re-sentment The best quarries were those of Mar-
and suspicion ; and Alexander, who pesus, a mountain where still caverns, of the
had too eagerlylistened to a lightand per- haps most extraordinary dtipth, are seen by modern
a false accusation, ordered Parmenio and travellers,and admired as the sources from
his son to be put to death, as if guilty of trea-
son whence the labyrinth of Egypt and the porti- coes
against his person. Parmenio was in the of Greece received their splendour.Ac- cording
70th year of his age, B. C. 330. He died in to Pliny, the quarries were so uncom-
monly
the greatestpopularity, and it has been judi- ciously deep,that, in the clearest weather, the
observed, that Parmenio obtained workmen were obligedto use lamps,from
many victories without Alexander, but Alex- ander which circumstance the Greeks have called
not one without Parmenio. Curt. 7, the marble Lychnites, worked by the light of
"c. "
Plut. in Jilex. lamps. Paros is also famous for the fine cat- tle
Parnassus, a mountain of Phocis, ancient- ly which it produces,and for its partridges,
called Larnassos, from the boat of Deu- calion and wildpigeons. The capital citywas called
(f^v*r^ which was carried there in the Paros. It was firstpeopledby the Phoenicians,
universal deluge. It received the name of and afterwards a colonyof Cretans settled ia
Parnassus from Parnassus the son of Neptune, it. The Athenians made war againstit,be- cause
by Cleobula, and was sacred to the Muses, it had assisted the Persians in the inva- sion
and to Apolloand Bacchus. The soil was bar- ren, of Greece, and took it,and it became a
but the vallies and the green woods that Roman provincein the age of Pompey. Ar-
covered its sides,rendered it agreeable, and chilochus was born there. The Parian mar- bles,
fit for solitude and meditation. Parnassus perhapsbetter known by the appellatioa
is one of the highestmountains of Europe, of Jirundelian, were engravedin this island ia
and itis easily seen from the citadel of Corinth, capital letters, B. C.264, and as a valuable chro- nicle,
though at the distance of about 80 miles. Ac- cording preservedthe most celebrated epochas
to the computationof the ancients, it of Greece, from the year 1582, B. C. These
is one day'sjourney round. At the north of valuable piecesof antiquity were procuredori- ginally
Parnassus,there is a largeplainabout eight by M. de Peirisc,a Frenchman, and
miles in circumference. The mountain, ac- cording afterwards purchasedby the earl of Arundel,
to the poets,had only two tops,called by whom theywere givento the university of
Hyampea and Tithorea,on one of which the Oxford,where they are stillto be seen. Pri-
cityof Delphiwas situated, and thence it was deaux published an account of all the inscrip-
tions
called Biceps. Strab. 8, 9. "
Ovid. Met. 1. v. in 1676. Mela, 2, c. 7. Strab. 5. C. "
317, 1.2, V. 221, 1.5, V. 218."Lucan. 5, v. 71, Kep. in Milt. S^ Alc." Virg.Mn. 1, v. 593.
1. 3, v. nS."Liv. 42, c. 16."Sil. It. 15, v. G. 3, V. 34." Ovid. Met. 3, v. 419, 1. 7, r.
3U."Mela, 2, c. 3." Pans. 10, c. 6."Propert.466." PZm. 3, c. 14, 1. 36, c. ll."Diod. 5,
2, el. 23, V. 13, 1.3, el. 11, v. 54. A son of and Thucyd. 1. Herodot. 5, Sic. Horat. 1,
" "
from their cityfor the space of ten years, and A Greek writer whose Romance de ^matoriie
it Vv'as unlawful for them to return, as they Affeclionibus has been edited in 12mo. Basils
had bound themselves by a solemn oath not 1531.
to revisit Spartabefore they had totally dued
sub- Parthenon, a temple of Athens, sacred
Messenia, This long absence alarmed to Minerva. It was destroyedby the Per- sians,
the Lacedaemonian women, as well as the and afterwards rebuilt by Pericles, in a
magistrates.The Spartanswere reminded by more magnificentmanner. All the circum*
their wives, that if they continued in their re- stances which
solution, related to the birth of Minerva
the state must at last decay for want were beautifully in
and minutelyrepresented
of and Avhen they had duly consider-
citizens, ed bass relief,
on the front of the entrance. The
this embassy,theyempowered allthe young of the goddess,
statue 26 cubits high,and made
men in the army, who had come to the war of goldand ivory,passed for one of the mas-
ter
while yet under age, and who therefore were piecesof Phidias. Plin. 34.
not bound by the oath, to return to Sparta, ParthenoPjEus, a son of Meleager and
and, by a familiarand promiscuous intercourse Atalanta,or, accordingto some, of Milanioa
with all (he unmarried women of the state, to and another Atalanta. He was one of the
raise a future generation.It wascarried into seven chiefs who accompanied Adrastus the
execution,and the children that sprang from king of Argos in his expedition againstThebes,
this union were called Partheniae,or sons of He was killed by Amphidicus. Apollod. 3, c.
virgins,(^ttm^U^",.')
The Avar with Messenia \)."Paus. 3, c. 12, 1. 9, c. 19.- A son of
was some time after ended, and the SpartansTalaus.
returned victorious; but the cold indifference Parthenope, one of the Sirens. A
with which they looked upon the Partheniae daughterof Stymphalus. "pollod. A city
was attended with serious consequences. The of Campania, afterwards
called INeapolis, or
agreed to murder all the citizens of Homer. Od. 12, v. 167." //a/. 12, v. 33.
Sparta and to seize their possessions. This Pabthia, a celebrated country of Asia,
massacre was to be done at a generalassem-
bly, bounded on the west by Media, south by
and the signal was the throwingof a cap Carraariia, north by Hyrcania, and east by
in the air. The whole, however, was vered
disco- Aria,ike. containing, accordingto Ptolemy,
through the diffidence and apprehen-
sions 25 largecities, the most capital of which was
of the Helots ; and when the peoplehad called Hecaiompylos, from its hundred gates.
assembled,the Partheniae discovered that all Some su[)pose that the presentcapital of ihe
was known, by the voice of a crier,who pro- country is built on the ruins of Hecatompy-
4:Iaimed that no man should throw up his cap. los. According to some authors;the Far-
PA PA
fliatts were Scythians by origin,who made at the battle of Cunaxa, was revenged witit
an invasion on the more southern provinces of the grossestbarbarity, and Parysatissacri-
ficed
Asia, and at last fixed their residence near to her resentment all such as she found
Hyrcania. They long remained unknown concerned in his fall. She also poisonedSta-
and unnoticed, and became successivelybutary
tri- tira,the wife of her son Artaxerxes, and or-
dered
to the empire of the Assyrians, Medes, one of the eunuchs of the court to
and Persians. When Alexander invaded Asia.,be flayed alive,and his skin to be stretched
the Parthians submitted, like the other de- pendent
on two poles before her eyes, because he
provincesof Persia,and they were had, by order of the king,cut off the hand
tor some time under the power of Eumenes, and the head of Cyrus. These cruelties of- fended
Antigonus,Seleucus Nicanor, and Anliochus, Artaxerxes, and he ordered his mother
tillthe rapacity and oppression of Agathocles,to be confined in Babylon; but theywere soon
kingdom, increased its power, and rendered Herodot. 1, c. 125." wlfe/cr, 3, c.8.
it so formidable,that, while it possessed18 Paseas, a tyrantof Sicyon in Peloponne-
sus,
kingdoms between the Caspianand Arabian father to Abantidas,k,c. Plut. in Arat.
seas, it even disputed the emj)ireof the Pasicles, a grammarian,he.
world with the Romans, and could never be Pasicrates, a kingof part of the island of
subdued by that nation,which had seen no Cyprus. Plut.
people on earth unconquered by their arms. Pasiphae, a daughterof the Sun and of
It remained a kingdom till the reignof Ar- Perseis,who married Minos king of Crete.
tabanus,w^ho was killed about the year 229 She disgracedherself by her unnatural pas- sion
of the Christian era, and from that time it for a bull,which, accordingto some thors,
au-
became a province of the newly re-established she was enabled to gratify by means of
kingdom of Persia under Artaxerxes, The the artistDgedalus, This celebrated bull bad
Parthians were naturally strong and warlike, been givento Minos by Neptune^to be offer- ed
and were esteemed the most experthorsemen on his altars. But as the monarch refused
and archers in the world. The peculiar cus-
tom to sacrifice the animal on account of his beau-
ty,
of discharging their arrows while they the god revenged his disobedience by in- spiring
were retiring fuU speed,has been greatly brated
cele- Pasiphaewith an unnatural love for it.
by the ancients,particularly by the This fabulous tradition,which is universally
poets, who all observe that their flight was believed by the poets, who observe that the
more formidable than their attacks. This Minotaur was the fruitof this infamous com- merce,
and chose for his model the writings of Patrocli, a small island on the coast of
Horace. Plin. ep. 6 and 9. Crispus,a Attica. Paus. 4, c. 5,
man distinguishedas an orator, but more as Patroclus, one of the Grecian chiefs
the husband of Domitia, and afterwards of during the Trojan war, sou of Mencetius by
Agrippina,Nero's mother, kc. Tacit. Ann. Sthenele, whom some called Philomela,or Po-
ly
6, c. 20. mela. The accidental murder of Clysonymus,
Pasus, a Thessalian in Alexander's army, the son of Amphidamus, in the time of his
"c. youth,obligedhim to flyfrom Opus, where
Patala, a harbourmouth at the
of the his father reigned. He retired to the court of
Indus, in an island called Patale. The river Peleus kingof Phthia, where he was kindly
here beginsto form a Delta like the Nile. Pli-
ny received, and where he contracted the most in-
timate
placesthis island within the torrid zone. friendship
with Achilles the monarch's
Plin. 2, c. 73." Curl. 9, c. T."Strab. 15." son. When the Greeks went to the Trojan
Arrian. 6, c. 17. war, Patroclus also accompanied them at
Patara, (orum) now Patera, a town of the express command of his father,who had
Lycia,situate on the eastern side of the mouth visited the court of Peleus,and he embarked
of the river Xanthus, with a capacioushar- bour, with 10 shipsfrom Phthia. He w^as the con-
stant
66, 1.8, c. 13." LtV. 10, c. 2, 1. 41, c. 27." Menelaus intervened. His body was at last
Strab. 5. Mela, 2, c. 4. recovered and carried to the Grecian
"
camp,
Patercui.us, a Roman whose daughter,where Achilles received it with the bitterest
Sulpicia, w'as pronouncedthe chastest matron lamentations. His funeral was observed with
at Rome. Plin. 7, c. 35. Velleius,an his-
torian.the greatest solemnity. Achilles sacrificed
Vid, Velleius. near the burningpiletwelve young Trojans,
P.TiziTHEs, one of the Persian Magi, who besides four of his horses and two of his dogs*
raised his brother to the throne because he and the whole was concluded by the exhibition
resembled Smerdis, the brother of Cambv- of I'uneralgames, in which the conquerors were
ses, kc. Herudot. 3, c. 61. Qi liberally rewarded by Achilles. The death
Patmos, one of the Cyclades, with a small of Patroclus,as it is described by Homer,
town of the same name, situate at the south of gave rise to new events ; Achilles forgot his
Icaria. and measiiring30milesin circumference resentment againstAgamemnon, and entered
accordingto Pliny, or onlyISaccordiiig to mo-
dern the field to avenge the fall of his friend,and
travellers.It has a largeharbour, near his anger w as gratified only by the slaughter
which are broken columns, the most an-
some cient of Hector, who had more powerfully kindled
in that part of Greece. The Romans his wrath by appearingat the head of the Tro-
nerally
ge- jan
banished their culprits there. It is now armies in the armour which had been
called Palmosa. Strab Plin. 4, c. 12.
" taken from the body of Patroclus. The patro-
nymic
Pairx., an ancient town at the north-west oi Actorides is often appliedto Patroc-
lus,
of Peloponnesus,
ancientlycalled Aroe. ana
Di- because Actor was father to Mencetius.
hadthere a temple,and a famous statue Diclys. Cret. 1, ".c. Homer. II. 9, "lc. Apol-
"
"
of gold and ivory. Pans. I.e. 6. Ovid. Met lod. 3, c. 13." Hygin.fab. 97 and 276." Orirf.
"
6, V. 417" Lu'. 27, c. 29." Mela, 2, c. 3. Met. 13, v. 273. A son of Hercules. Apol-
Patho, a daughter of Thestius. Apollod.lod. An officer of PtolemyPhiladelphus.
An epicureanphil()soi)her intimate with Patron, an Arcadian at the games bited
exhi-
Cicero. Cic. ad Div. 13, c. 1. by iEneas in Sicily.Virg.JEn. 6, v.
Patrocles, an officer of the fleet of 298.
Seleucus and Antiocbus. He discovered PA.TR0US, a surname of Jupiteramong the
PA PA
Greeks,represented by his statues as having honoured with the consulship about the 60tb
three eyes, which some that year of his age.
suppose to signify After this appointmenthe
he reignedin three different places,in hea- ven, behaved with uncommon vigour,and soon a
on earth,and in hell. Paiw. 2. general engagement was fought near Pydna,
Patulcius, a surname of Janus, which The Romans obtained the victory, and Per-
seus
he received a paleo because the doors of his saw himself deserted by all his subjects.
t"mple were alwaysopen in the time of war. In two days the conqueror made himself mas-
ter
he of all Macedonia, and soon
Some suppose that he received it because after the fugi-
tive
presidedover gates, or because the year be- gan monarch was broughtinto his presence.
by the celebration of his festivals. Ovid. Paulus did not exult over his fallen enemy ;
Fast. 1, V. 129. but when he had gentlyrebuked him for his
Paventia, a goddess who presidedover temerityin attacking the Romans,
he addres-
sed
terror at Rome, and who was invoked to pro- himself in a pathetic
the officers
speechto
tect her votaries from its eiFects. ^ug. de of his army who surrounded him, and feelingly
Civ.4,c. 11. enlargedon the instability of fortune,and the
Paula, the first wife of the emperor He- vicissitude of allhuman affairs. When he had
liogabalus.She was daughterof the prefectfinally settled the government of Macedonia
of the pretorian guards. The emperor divor-
ced with ten commissioners from Rome, and after
her, and Paula retired to solitude and ob- he had sacked 70 citiesof Epirus,
scurity and divided
with composure. the booty amongst his soldiers, Paulus return-
ed
Paulika, a Roman lady who married Sa-turn to Italy. He was received with the usual
inus, a governor of Syria, in the reignof acclamations,and thoughsome of the seditious
the emperor Tiberius. Her conjugalpeace soldiers attempted to prevent his triumphal
was disturbed,and violence was offefed to her entryinto the capitol, yet three days were pointed
ap-
virtue by a young man called Mundus, who to exhibit the fruits of his victories-
was enamoured of her, and who caused
had Perseus with his wretched family adorned the
her to come to the templeof Isis by means of triumphof the conqueror, and as they were
the priests of the goddess,who declared that dragged through the streets,before the cha- riot
Anubis wished to communicate to her some-
thing of Paulus, they drew tears of compassion
of moment. Saturninus complainedto from the people. The riches which the Ro-
mans
the emperor of the violence which had been derived from this conquest were mense,
im-
offered to his wife, and the temple of l?is was and the people were freed from all
overturned and Mundus banished, he. Jo- seph.taxes tillthe consulship of Hirtius and Pansa ;
A. 18, c. 4. The wife of the philoso-
pher but while every one of the citizens received
Seneca, who attemptedto killhim when some benefit from the victories of Paulus,the
IVero had ordered her husband to die. The conqueror himself was poor, and appropria-
ted
emperor however prevented her, and she for his own use nothingof the Macedo-
nian
lived few years after in the greatest
some lancholy.
me- treasures except the library of Perseus.
Tacit,Jinn. 15,c. 63, "c. A sister In the office of censor, to which he was wards
after-
of the emperor Adrian. The wife of the elected, Paulus behaved with the
emperor Maximinus. greatestmoderation, and at his death,whick
Paulinus Pompeius, an officer in Nero's happened about 168 years before the Chris- tian
reign,who had the command of the German not only the Romans, but their
era,
armies, and finished the works on the banks enemies confessed, by their lamen-
very tations,
of the Rhine, which Drusus had begun 63 the loss which they had sustain-
ed.
years before. Tacit. Ann. 13, c. 53. nius.
Sueto- " He had married Papiria,by whom he
A Roman general,the first who had two sons, one of which was adopted by
crossed mount Atlas with an army. He the family of Maximus, and the other in
wrote a historyof this expeditionin Africa, that of ScipioAfricanus. He had also two
which is lost. Paulinus also distinguished daughters,one of whom married a son of
himself in Britain,he. He followed the arms Cato, and the other ililius Tubero. He af-
terwards
of Otho againstVilellius. Plin. 5, c. 1. divorced Papiria; and when his
Valerius,a friend of Vespasian. Julius,a friends wished to reprobate his conduct in
Batavian nobleman, put to death by Fon- doingso, by observingthat she was young and
teius Capito,on cit. handsome, and that she had made
pretence of rebellion. Ta- him father
H. 4, c. 13. family,of fine
Paulus replied,
a that the shoe
Paulus iEniYLius,a Roman, son of the which
he then wore was new and well made,
.^mylius who fell at Cannae, was celebrated but that he was obligedto leave it off,though
for his victories, and received the surname of no one but himself,as he said,knew where it
Macedonicus from his conquest of Macedo-
nia. pinchedhim. He married a second wife,by
In the earlypart of lifehe distinguished whom he had two sons, whose sudden death
himself hy his uncommon application, and by exhibited to the Romans in the most engaging
his fondness for military discipline. His first view, their father's philosophyand stoicism.
appearance in the fieldwas attended with great The elder of these sons died five days before
success, and the barbarians that had revolted Paulus triumphedover Perseus,and the other
in Spain were reduced with the greatestfaci- lity three days after the publicprocession.Thii
under the power of the Romans. In his domestic calamitydid not shake the firmness
firstconsulship liisarms were directed againstof the conqueror; yet before he retired to a
the Ligurians, whom he totally subjected.His private station,he haranguedthe people,and
applications for a second consulshipproved in mentioning the severityof fortune upon
abortive ; but when Perseus the kingof Mace- donia his family, he expressedhis wish that every
had declared war against Rome, the abi-
litiesevil might be averted from the republicby
of Paulus were remembered, and he was tJjesarrifiee of the domestic prosperityof an
PA PA
iadividtial. Plut. in vit"."Liv. '^, 44, fcc. preceding. He was grossly and unnaturally
Samosatenus, an abused by Attalus, of the friends of Phi-
lip,
^Justin. 33, c. 1, "c. one
and recommended an imitation of the conduct that the most effectual way to render
of the great Fabius, by harassingand not himself illustrious, was to murder a person
the in the held. His advice was who had signalized himself by uncommon tions
ac-
facing enemy
rejected, and the battle of Canns, so rious
glo- ; he stabbed Philip as he entered a pub- lic
theatre. After this bloodyaction he attempt-
to Annibal, and so fatal to Rome, soon ed
Paulus wounded, but when to make his escape to his chariot,which
followed. was
acceptinga horse generously otfered by one was stoppedaccidentally by the twigof a vine,
of his officers,be disdained to fly,and per- and felldown. Attalus, Perdiccas,and other
ished
Horat. od. friends of Philip, who pursuedhim, immedi-
ately
by the darts of the enemy.
39. Julius, Latin fell upon him and despatched him. Some
12, V. 38. " Liv. 22, c. a
that Pausanias committed this mur-
poet in the age of Adrian and Antoninus. support
der
pieces ed
recommend- at the instigation of Olympias,the wife of
He wrote some poetical
by A. Gellius. Philip, and of her son Alexander. Diod. 16.
Vid. if^mylius.
"
Justin. 9. Plut. in Apoph.
" A king of
'
Paulus.
Favor, an emotion of the mind which re- ceived Macedonia, deposed by Amyntas, after a
divine honours among the Romans, year's reign.Diod. Another who attempt-
ed
considered of most tremendous to seize upon the kingdom of Macedonia,
and was a
her name in from which he was preventedby Iphicrates
power, as the ancients sw^ore by the Athenian.
most solemn Tullus Hostilius, A friend of Alexander the
tbe manner.
signalized himself at the battle of Plataea, ten books, in the Ionic dialect,in which he
with great precision
very gives,
and geographical
against Persians. The Greeks were
the
of the situation of its
sensible of his services, and they rewarded his knowledge, an account
merit with a tenth of the spoils taken from the different cities, their antiquities, and the seve-
ral
the Christian era. There was a festival, and garlandswith flowers,and from this cir- cumstance
solemn instituted in his honour, in the picture, which was bought af- terwards
games
free-born contended. by Pucullus for two talents, receiv-
ed
w^hich only Spartans
of Sleplmnoplocon. Some time
There was also an oration spokenin his praisC; the name
after the death of Pausias, the Sicyonian.s
in which his actions were celebrated, larly
particu-
the battle of Plataea, and the defeat of were obligedto partwith the pictures theypos-
sessed,
to deliver themselves from an mous
enor-
Mardonius. C Mp. m vita. Plut. in Arul. S,-
"
length, and 22 feetin breadth,which aififords a Peg*, a fountain at the foot of mount Arr
safe and convenient passage to travellers. Stat. ganthusin Bithynia, into which Hylas fell*
4. Sylv. 4, V. 52." Pfo'n.8, c. d3."Strab. 5." Propert. 1,el.20, v. 33.
Senec. ep. 5 and 57. Pegasides, a name givento the musesy
Pax, an allegorical divinity among the an- cients.from the horse Pegasus, or from the fountain
The Athenians raised her a statue, which Pegasushad raised from the ground,by
which represented her as holdingPlutus,the striking it with his foot. Ovid, Her. 15, v. 27.
god of wealth, in her lap,to intimate that PiEGASis,a name givento (Enone by Ovid*
and to opulence,(Her.5.)because she was daughter of theriver
peace givesrise to prosperity
and theywere the firstwho erected an altar ("n:") Cebrenus.
to her honour after the victories obtained by Pegasium Stagnum, a lake near Ephesus*
Timotheus over the Lacedasmonian power, which arose from the earth when Pegasuf
thoughPlutarch asserts it had been done after struck itwith his foot.
the conquestsof Cimon over the Persians. Pegasus, a winged horse,sprung from the
She was represented among the Romans with blood of Medtisa,when Perseus had cut oft' her
the horn of plenty, and also carrying an olive head. He received his name from his being
branch in her hand. The emperor Vespasianborn, according to Hesiod, near the sources
built her a celebrated templeat Rome, which (rTiryyi) of the ocean. As soon as born he left
was consumed by tire in the reignof Com- the earth,and flew up into heaven, or rather,
modus. Tt was customary for men of learn-
ing accordingto Ovid, he fixed his residence on
to assemble in that temple,and even to mount Helicon,where, by striking the earth
deposittheir writings there,as in a placeof with his foot,he instantly raised a fountain,
the greatestsecurity. Therefore,when it which has been called Hippocrene. He be- came
was burnt, not only books, but also many the favourite of the muses ; and being
valuable things, jewels,and immense sures, afterwards tamed by Neptuneor Minerva, he
trea-
were lostin the generalconflagration. was givento Bellerophon to conquer the Chi-
C. JVep. in Timoth. 2. Plut. in Cim.
" "
Paus. 9, maera. No sooner was thisfiery monster de-stroyed,
c. 16. than Pegasusthrew down his rider,
Paxos, a small island between Ithaca and because he was a mortal,or rather, according
the Echinades in the Ionian sea. to the more received opinion, because he at- tempted
Peas, a shepherd, who, according to some, to flyto heaven. This act of temeri-
ty
set on fire the pileoh which Hercules was in Bellerophon, was punishedby Jupiter,
burnt. The hero gave him his bow aad ar- rows. who sent an insect to torment Pegasus, which
Apollod. 2. occasioned the melancholyfallof his rider.
Ped^us, an illegitimate son of Antenor. Pegasuscontinued his flight up to heaven,and
Homer. 11.7. was placedamong the constellations by Jupi- ter.
Pedacia, a woman of whom Horace, 1, Perseus, according to Ovid, was mounted
sat. 8, v. 30, speaks as of a contemptible racter.
cha- on the horse Pegasus, when he destroyed the
sea monster which was goingto devour An- dromeda.
Pedani. Vid. Pedum. Hesiod. Theog.282. Horat. 4,od.
"
Pedanius, a prefect of Rome, killed by one 11,V. ^."Horner. II.6, v. 179." Mpollod. 2,c.
of his slaves,for havingdenied him his liber- ty, 3 and 4. Lycophr.
" 17. Pans. 12,c. 3 and 4.
"
"
L
PE PE
Lesbos. From ation murder
these different changesof situ- of Eurytus,by Acastus the
king of
Pelasgians,all the Greeks are the country. His residence at lolchos was
in the
indiscriminately called Pelasgians, and their short;Astydamia, the wife of Acastus, be- came
country Pelasgia, thoughmore properlyspeak-
ing, enamoured of him ; and when she found
it should be confined to Thessaly, Epirus,him insensible to her passionate declaration,
and Peloponnesus,in Greece. Some of the she accused him of attemptsupon her virtue.
Pelasgians, that had been driven from Attica The monarch believed the accusa-
partially tions
settled in Lemnos, where some time after of his wife,but not to violate the laws of
they carried some Athenian women, whom hospitalityby puttinghim instantly to death,
they had seized in an expedition on the coast he ordered his officers to conduct him to
"f Attica. They raised some children by these mount Pelion, on pretence of hunting, and
captivefemales,but theyafterwards destroyedthere to tie him to a tree, that he might be- come
them, with their mothers, throughjealousy, the prey of the wild beasts of the place,.
because they differed in manners as well as The orders of Acastus were faithfully obeyed ;
languagefrom them. This horrid murder but Jupiter, who knew the innocence of his
was attended by a dreadful pestilence, and grandsonPeleus,ordered Vulcan to set him
they were ordered, to expiatetheir crime, to at liberty.As soon as he had been delivered
do whatever the Athenians commanded them. from danger,Peleus assembled his friends to
This was to deliver their possessions into their punishthe illtreatment which he had receiv- ed
hands. The Pelasgians seem to have received from Acastus. He forcibly took lolchos,
their name from Pelasgus, the firstking,and drove the kingfrom his possessions, and put to
founder of their nation. Paus. 8j c. 1. Strab. death the wicked Astydamia.After the death
"
; or because one of their number bore the [Vid. Discordia.] From the marriage of
name of Pelethronius. It is to them that man-
kind Peleus and Thetis was born Achilles,whose
are indebted for the invention of the bit education was earlyintrusted to the Centaur
with which they tamed their horses with so Chiron, and afterwards to Phcenix, the son
much dexterity.Virg. G. 3, v. 115. Ovid. of Amyntor. Achilles went
" to the Trojan
Met. 12, V. 452." Lucan. 6, v. 387. war, at the head of his father's
troops,and
Peleus, a king of Thessaly, of ^acus
son Peleus gloriedin havinga
who was son perior
su-
and Endeis, the daughterof Chiron. He mar-
ried to all the Greeks in valour and pidity.
intre-
Thetis,one of tlie Nereids,and was the The death of Achilles was the source
only one among mortals who married an im- of grief
mortal. to Peleus ; and Thetis,to comfort her
He was accessary to the death of his husband, promised him immortality, and or-dered
brother Phocus, and on that account he was him to retire into the grottos of the isl- and
obligedto leave his father'sdominions. He of Leuce, where he would see and con-
verse
retired to the court of Eurytus,the son of with the manes of his son. Peleus had
Actor, who reignedat Phthia, or, accordinga daughtercalled Potydora,by Antigone.Ho- mer.
to the less received opinion of Ovid, he fled II.9, V. 482. Eurip.in Androm.
"
Catul. "
to Ceyx, king of Trachinia. He was purifiedde Nupl. Pel. S^ Thet."Ovid. Hero id. 5. Fast.
of his murder by Eurytus, with the usual 2, Met. 11,fab. 7 and S."Apollod.3, c. 12."
ceremonies, and the monarch gave him his Pans. 2, c, 29." Z"iW. 4. Hygin.fab. 54.
daughterAntigone in marriage. Some lime Peliades, the daughterof Pelias. Vid,
after this,Peleus and Eurytus went to the Pelias.
chase of the Calydonian boar, where the fa- Pelias, the twin brother of Neleus, was
ther-in-law
was accidentallykilled by an arrow son of JVeptuneby Tyro,the daughterof Sal-
which his son-in-law had aimed at the beast. moneus. His birth was concealed from the
This unfortunate event obligedhim to banish world by his mother, who wished her father to
biiusellfrom the court of Piithia, and he re-
tired be ignorant of her incontinence. He was posed
ex-
to lolchos, where he wa^ purifiedof the in the woods, but bis lifewas preserved
PE PE
and he received the name
by shepherds, ofPe- suraed, and refused to give the Peliades the
lias,from a of lead in his promised assistance,
spot of the colour and the bones ofPelias
face. Some time after this adventure, Tyro {did not even receive a burial. The Peliades
married Cretheus,son of aEolus, king of lol- ' were four min number, Alceste, Pisidice, Pe-
chos, and became mother of three children,of lopea,and Hippothoe, to whom Hyginus
whom .^son was the eldest. Meantime Pelias adds Medusa. Their mother's name was
of -^olus,who should come to his court with .^ftt.7, fab. 3 and 4."Heroid. 12, v. 129."
one foot shod, and the other bare,he private-
ly Paus. 8, c. 11. .^pollod.
"
1, c. 9. Seneca in"
with the greatestglory,and that no- thing Pelion and Pelios, a celebrated mountain
but the infirmities of old age had pre-
ventedof Thessaly, whose top is covered with pin"
him himself from vindicating the hon-
our trees. In their wars againstthe gods,the gi-ants,
of his country, and the injuries of his as the poets mention, placedmount Ossa
family,by punishingthe assassin. This,so upon Pelion,to scale the heavens
with mor"
warmly recommended, w^as as warmly ac- cepted facility.
The celebrated spear of Achilles,
by the young hero, and his intended which nonebutthe hero could wield,had beeix
expedition was made known all over Greece. cut down on this mountain, and was thence
{Vid.Jason.]During the absence of Jason, called Pelias. It was a presentfrom his pre-
ceptor
in the Argonauticexpedition, Pelias mur-
dered Chiron, who, like the other Centaurs"
^son and all his family; but accord-
ing had fixed his residence here. Ovid. Mel. 1,v.
to the more received opinion of Ovid. 155,1.13, V. 199." Mela, 2, e. 3." Strab. 9.^
iEson was still livingwhen the Argonauts Virg.G. 1,V. 281, 1. 3, v. 94." 5'enec. in Here.
returned,and he was restored to the vigourof ^ Med.
youth by the magic of Medea. This sudden Pelium, a town of Macedonia. Lav. 31,.
change in the vigour and the constitution of c. 40.
^son, astonished all the inhabitants of lol-
chos, Pell.v,a celebrated towm of Macedonia,on
and the daughtersof Pelias,who had the Ludias, not far from the sinus Thermaicus,
received the patronymic of Pe/iarfes, sed
expres- which became the capitalof the country after
their desire to see their father's infirmities theruin of Edessa. Philip,king of Macedo-
nia,
vanish, by the same powerful arts. Medea, was educated there, and Alexander thfe
who wished to avenge the injuries which Great was born there,whence he is often cal-
led
her husband Jason had received from Pelias, Pellfens Juvenis. The tomb of the poet
raised the desires of the Peliades,by cuttingEuripideswas in the neighbourhood. The
an old pieces,
ram and boiling
to the flesh in epithet Pellmus is often appliedto Eg}'pt or
a afterwards turningit into a Alexandria, because the Ptolemies, kings of
caldron, and
fine young lamb. After they had seen this the country,w^ere of Macedonian origin. Mar-
tial.
successful experiment; the Peliades cut their 13,ep. 85." Lucan. 5, v. 60, 1. 8, v. 475.
father'sbody to pieces, after they had drawn and 607, 1. 9, v. 1016 and 1073,1. 10,v. 65."
all the blood from his veins,on the assurance Mela, 2, c. S.-^Strab. I."Liv. 42, c. 41-.
that Medea would replenishthem by her Peli.ane, a town of Laconia with a fountain
incantations. The limbs were immediately whose waters have a subterraneous comrau-
put into a caldron of boilingwater, but nicatiou with the waters of another fountain.
Medea suffered t-b" flesh to be totally con- Paus.3,c.21.^Slrab.S.
PE PE
'
years
PELOPviiA,a festival observed by the peo-
ple the Athenians and the inhabitants
of Elis in honour of Pelops. It was kept of Peloponnesuswith their respective allies.
lops It is the most famous
in imitation of Hercules,who sacrificed to Pe- and the most interest-
ing
in a trench,as it Avas usual, when the of all the wars which have happened
manes and the infernal gods were the objectsbetween the inhabitants of Greece ; and for
of Vvorship. the minute and circumstantial description
Pelopia, a daughterof Niobe. A daugh-
ter vyhich
wo have of the events and revolu-
tions
of Pelias. The mother of Cycnus. which mutual animosity produced, we
a celebrated
Pelopidas, genera!of Thebes, are indebted more particularly to the cor-
rect
son of
Hippoclus. He was descended of an and authentic writings of Thucydides
illustrious family, and was remarkable for his and of Xenophon. The circumstances which
immense possessions, which he bestowed with gave birth to this memorable war are these :
greatliberality to the poor and necessitous. the power of Athens under the prudent and
Many were the objectsof bis generosity; vigorousadministration of Pericles,was ready
al-
but "w^hen Epaminondas had refused to ac- cept extended over Greece, and it had pro-
cured
his presents,Pelopidasdisregardedall itselfmany admirers and more enemies,
his wealth, and preferred ment when the Corcyreans,who had been planted
before it the enjoy-
of his friend's conversation and of his by a Corinthian colony,refused to pay to their
poverty. From their friendship and course founders those marks of respect and reverence
inter-
the Thebans derived the most consider-
able which among the Greeks every colony was
advantages. No sooner had the interest obliged to pay to its mother country. The
of Spcrta prevailed at Thebes, and the friends Corinthians wished to punishthat infidelity;
of liberty and national independencebeen ban- ished and when the peopleof Epidamnus,a consi-derable
from the city,than Pelopidas, who was town on the Adriatic,hadbeeninvaded
in the number of the exiles,resolved to free by some of the barbarians of Illyricum, the
his countiy from foreign slavery. His planwas peopleof Corinth gladlygranted to the Epi-
bold and animated, and his deliberations were damnians that assistance which had in vain
slow. Meanwhile Epaminondas, who had been solicited from the Corcyreans,their
been left by the tyrantsat Thebes, as being in founders and their patrons. The Corcyreans
appearance a worthless and insignificant sopher,
philo- were offended at the interference of Corinth
animated the youthsof the city, and at in the affairs of their colony; they manned
last Pelopidas, with eleven of his associates,tered a fleet,
en- and obtained a victoryover the Co-
rinthian
Thebes, and easily massacred the friends vessflswhich had assisted the Epi-
of the tyranny, and freed the country from for-
eign damnians. The subsequentconduct of the
masters. After this successful enterpi'ise, and
Corcyreans, their insolence to some of
Pelopidaswas unanimouslyplacedat the head the Elians who had furnished a few ships
of the government, and so confident were the to the Corinthians, provoked the Pelopon-
Thebans of his abilitiesas a general trate, nesians, and the discontent became
and a magis- ral.
gene-
that theysuccessively re-elected him 13 Ambassadors were sent by both parties
times to fillthe honourable oflficeof governor to Athens, to claim its protection and to
of Bceotia. Epaminondas shared with him the justify these violent proceedings.The
est
great-
sovereignpower, and itwas to their valour and pait of the Athenians heard their va-
rious
prudence that the Thebans were indebted for reasons with moderation and with
a celebrated victoryat the battle ofLeuctra. compassion,but the enterprising ambition of
In a warwhich Thebes carriedon against Alex- Pericles prevailed,
ander, and when the Corcyreans
tyrantofPheras,Pelopidaswas appoin- ted had reminded the peopleof Athens, that in
commander ;but his imprudence in trus- ting all (he states of Peloponnesusthey had to
himself unarmed into the enemy's camp, dread the most malevolent enemies, and the
nearly p rovedfatal to him. He was taken pri- most insidious of rivals,they were listened to
PE PE
with attention,and promisedsupport. countrymen to join the Peloponnesiancon-
were federates.
This stepwas no taken than the Corin-
sooner thians This was stronglyopposed; but
appealedto the other Grecian states,and both parties obtained by turns the superiority,
particularly to the Lacedasmonians. Their and massacred,v/ith the greatest barbarity, all
complaintswere accompaniedby those of the those who obstructed their views. Some time
peopleof Megara and of ^gina, who bitterly after,Demosthenes the Athenian generalin-vaded
inveighedagainst the cruelty,injustice,
and in-
solence ./Etolia, Avhere his arms were attended
of the Athenians. This had due with the greatestsuccess. He also fortified
weightwith the Lacedaemonians,who had long Pylosin the Peloponnesus, and gainedso many
beheld with concern and with jealousythe am-
bitious advantagesover the confederates, that they
power of the Athenians, and they de- sued for peace, which the insolence of Athens
termined
to support the cause of the Corin-
thians. refused. The fortune of the war soon after
However, before they proceededto changed,and the Lacedajmonians, under the
hostilities,
an embassy was sent to Athens to prudentconduct of Brasidas, made themselves
represent the danger of enteringinto a war masters of many valuable placesin Thrace.
with the most powerfuland flourishing of all But this victorious progress was soon stopped
the Grecian states. This alarmed nians, by the death of their general,and that of
the Athe-
but when Pericles had eloquently spo- Cleon, the Athenian
ken commander; and the
of the resources and the actual strength of pacific dispositionof Nicias,who was now^ at
the republic, and of the weakness of the allies, the head of Athens, made overtures of peace
the clamours of his enemies were silenced, and and universal tranquillity. Plistoana^, the king
tlie answer which was returned tans, of the Spartans,
to the Spar- wished them to be accepted;
was taken as a declaration of war. The but the intriguesof the Corinthians prevented
Spartanswere supportedby all the republicsthe discontinuation of the War, and therefore
of the Peloponnesus,except Argos and part hostilities began anew. But while war was
of Achaia, besides the peopleof Megara,Bceo- carried on with various success in different
tia, Phocis, Locris, Leucas, Ambracia, and partsof Greece, the Athenians engaged in a
Anactoi'ium. The Plataeans, the Lesbians,Ca- new expedition
; theyyieldedto the persua-
sive
rians,Chians, IMessenians,Acarnanians, Za- eloquenceof Gorgiasof Leontiura,and
cynthians,Corcyreans,Dorians, and Tlira- the ambitious views of Alcibiades,and sent a
cians,were the friends of the Athenians,with fleet of 20 shipsto assist the Sicilian states
all the Cyclades,exceptEuboea,Samos, Melos, againstthe tyrannical power of Syracuse,B.
and Thera. The firstblow had alreadybeen C. 416. This was \varmlyopposedby Nicias ;
struck,May 7, B. C. 431, by an attempt of the but the eloquenceof Alcibiades prevailed,
and
Boeotians to surprise Plataia;and therefore a powerfulfleet was sent against the capital
of
Archidamus king of Sparta,who had in vain Sicily.These vigorous,
thoughimpolitic
sures
mea-
alliance of the Athenians was productive of himself to defeat the designs of the con-
federates,
fresh troubles. Mitylene,the capitalof the by inducingthe Persians to espouse
island, was recovered, and the inhabitants the cause of his country. But a short time af- ter,
treated with the greatestcruelty.The island tiic internaltranquillity of Athens was turbed,
dis-
of Corcyra became also the seat of new tions,
sedi- and Alcibiades,by wishingto abolish
and those citizens who had been carried the democracy, called away the attention of
away prisoners by the Corinthians,and for his felio'.v-citizensfrom the persecution of a
l"oliticalreasons treated with lenity,and taught war which had alreadycost them so much
to despisethe alliance of Athens, were no blood. This,however, was but momentary;
sooner returned home than they raised coni- the Athenians soon afterobtained a naval vic-
tory,
raotion.'s,
and endeavoured to persuade
Iheir and the fleetAvas
P"lopounesiau def"at-
PE PE
ed by Alcibiades.The Athenians beheld joinedthem to the city; all their ships, except
with rapture the success of their arras: but 12, were to be surrendered to the enemy j
when in the absence of Alcibiades,they were
their fleet, to resignevery pretension to their
had been defeated and destroyed near Andros, ancient dominions abroad ; to recall from ban-
ishment
by Lysander,the Lacedaemonian admiral,they all the members of the late aristocra-
cy
showed their discontent and mortification by ; to follow the Spartansin war, and, in the
eagerly listening to the accusations which time of peace, to frame their constitution ac-cording
were brought againsttheir naval leader,to to the will and the fjrescriptions of
whom had acknowledgedthem-
theygratefully selves their
Peloponnesianconquerors. The terms
indebted for their former victories. Al-cibiades
were accepted,and the enemy entered the
was disgraced in the public assembly,harbour, and took possession of the city, that
and ten commanders were appointedto suc-
ceed very day on which the Athenians had been ac- customed
of his military
the display character. The su- 1 1,",c. Aristophan.Thucyd. Plalo.
periority " " Arist. " "
who mentioned capitulation to his countrymen, time afterthe Trojan war, by the Heraclidae
was instantly sacrificed to the furyand the in-
dignation
or descendants of Hercules, who had been
of the populace, and all the citizens forcibly expelledfrom it. The inhabitants of
unanimouslydeclared,that the same moment this peninsula rendered themselves illustrious,
would terminate their independenceand their like the rest of the Greeks, by their genius,
lives. This animated language, however, was their fondness for the fine arts,the cultivation
not longcontinued;the spirit of faction was of learning, and the profession of arms, but
not yet extinguished at Athens ; and itproved, in nothing more than by a celebrated war,
perhaps, more destructive to the public liberty,which they carried on against Athens and her
ihantheoperalionsand assaults of tliePelopon- allies for 27 years, and which from them re- ceived
beingonlyfive miles broad, Demetrius, Cse- portionof land,and offered to him a sacri- fice.
others,attemptedin vain The place where this sacrifice had
sar, Nero, and some
to cut, to make a communication between been ofi'ered,was religiously observed,and
the bay of Corinth and the Saronicus sinus. the magistrates of the country yearly,on
Strah. 8."Thucyd."Diod. 12, "c. Pans. 3, c. coming into office,made there an offering
1.
21, 8, c. i."Mela, 2, c. Z."Plin. 4, c. 6." of a black ram. During the sacrifice, the
Herodot. S,c.AO. soothsayerwas not allowed, as at other times,
Pklopea MiENJA, is appliedto the citiesof to have a share of the victim, but he alone
Greece, but more particularlyto Mycenag and who furnished the wood, was permittedto
take the neck. The
Argos,where the descendants of Pelopsreign- ed. wood for sacrifices,
be observed, was alwaysfurnished
Virg.JEn. 2, v. 193. as may
Pelops, a celebrated prince,son of Tan- talus by some of the priests, to all such as fered
of-
king of Fhrygia. His mother's name victims, and they received a price
was Euryanassa, or accordingto others Eu- equivalentto what they gare. The white
orDione.
prytone, or Eurystemista, He wras poplarwas generallyused in the sacrifices
murdered by hi'sfather,M^ho wislied to try made to Jupiterand to Pelops. The dren
chil-
the divinity of the gods who had visited of Pelops by Hippodamia were, Pi-
Phrygia,by placingon their table the limbs theus, TrcEzene, Atreus, Thyestes,he. be- sides
of his son. The gods perceived his perfidious some by concubines. The time of his
cruelty, and they refused to touch the meat, death is unknown, though it is universally
except Ceres, whom the recent loss of her agreed,that he survived for some time Hip-
podamia.
daughterhad rendered melancholyand inat- tentive. Some suppose that the Palladium
She eat one of the shoulders of of the Trojans was made with the bones of
Pelops, and therefore, when Jupiter had Pelops. His descendants were called Pelo-
compassionon his fate,and restored him to pida. Pindar,who in his firstOlympicspeaks
life,he placed a shoulder of ivory instead of of Pelops,confutes the traditionsof his ivory
that which Ceres had devoured. This shoul-
der shoulder,and says that Neptune took him up
had an uncommon power, and it could to heaven, to become the cup-bearer to the
heal by its very touch, every complaint, and gods,from which he was expelledwhen the
remove every disorder. Some time after, the impiety of Tantalus wished to make kind
man-
kingdom of Tantalus was invaded by Tros, partakeof the nectar and the entertain-
ments
king of Troy, on pretence that he had car- ried of the gods. Some suppose that Pe- lops
away his son Ganymedes. This rape first instituted the Olympic games in
had been committed by Jupiterhimself;the honour of Jupiter, and to commemorate tke
war, nevertheless,was talus, victorywhich
carried on, and Tan- he had obtained over maus.
(Eno-
defeated and ruined, was obligedto Paus. 6, c. 1, ";c. Apollod.2, c. 5.
"
in Greece. This tradition is confuted by Mela, 1, c. 18." Pindar. Od. l." Virg.G.S,
some who support, that Tantalus did not fly v. 7." Ovid. Met. 6, v. 404, kc.-^Hygin. feb.
into Gi'eece,as he had been some time before 9, 82 and 83.
confined by Jupiterin the infernal regions Pelor, one of the men who sprang from
for his impiety,and therefore Pelops was the the teeth of the dragon killed by Cadmus.
only one whom the enmity of Tros perse-
cuted. Paus. 9, c. 5.
Pelops came to Pisa, where he be-
came Peloria, a festivalobserved by the Thes-
one of the suitors of Hippodamia, the salians, in commemoration of the news which
daughterof king (Enomaus, and he entered they received by one Pelorius, that the
the listsagainst the father,who promisedhis mountains of Tempe had been separatedby
daughter only to him who could out-run an earthquake,and that the waters of the
him in a chariot race. Pelopswas not terri-
fied lake which lay there stagnated, had found a
at the fate of the 13 lovers,who before passage into the Alpheus,and leftbehind a
him had entered the course against(Eno-
maus, vast, pleasant, and most delightful plain,"c.
and had, accordingto the conditions mhen. 3.
proposed,been put to death when conquered. Pelorus, (v.is-dis.v. ias-iados) now cape
He previously bribed Myrtilus, the charioteer Faro, one of the three greatpromontories of
of (Enomaus, and therefore he easily obtained Sicily, on whose top was erected a tower to
the victory. \^Vid. (Enomaus.] He married direct the sailor on his voyage. It lies near
Hippodamia, and threw headlong into the the coast of Italy, and received its name from
sea Myrtilus, when he claimed the reward of Pelorus, the pilotof the ship which carried
his perfidy.Accordingto some authors, Pe-lops away Annibal from Italy. This celebrated
had received some winged horses from general,as it is reported,was carried by
Neptune, with which he was enabled to out- run the tides into the straits of Charybdis,and
(Enomaus. When he had established as he was ignorantof the coast, he asked
himself on the throne of Pisa, Hippodamia's the pilot of the shipthe name of the promon-
tory,
possession, he extended his conquests over which appearedat a distance. The pi- lot
the neighbouring countries, and from him told him, it was one of the capes of Si-
cily,
the peninsula, ot which he was one of the but Annibal gave no credit to his infor-
mation,
monarchs, received the name of Pelopon-
nesus and murdered him on the spot on
Pelops,after death, received divine the apprehensionthat he would betray him
honours, and he was as much revered above into the hands of the Romans, He was, how-
ever,
all the other heroes of Greece, as Jupiter soon convinced of his error, and found
was above liie rest of the gods. He had a that the pilot had spoken with great fidelity
,
temple at Olympia, near that of Jupiter,and, therefore,to pay honour to his memory,
v/here Hercules consecrated to him a small and to atone for his cruelty, ho gave him ^
PE PE
funeral,and
magnificent ordered that the pro Daphne,as daughter
of Peneus. Ovid. Mtt.
montoiy should bear his name, and from that 1,V. 452.
time it was called Felorum. Some suppose Penelius, one of the Greeks killed in the
that this account is false,and they observe, Trojan war. Homer. 11.2, v. 494. A son of
that it bore that name before the age of An- Hippalmus among the Argonauts.
nibal. Val. Max. 9, c. 8. Mela, 2, c. 7. "
Strab. b."Virg. Mn. 3, v. 411 and 687." daughterof Icarius,and wife of Ulysses, king
Ovid. Met. 5, v. 350, 1. 13, v. 727, 1. 15, v. of Ithaca. Her marriagewith Ulysses was brated
cele-
706. about the same time that Menelaus
Pelt^e, a town of Phrygia. married Helen, and she retired with her hus-
band
Pelusium, now Tinch, a town of Egypt, to Ithaca, againstthe inclinationof her
situate at the entrance of one of the mouths of father,who wished to detain her at Sparta,
the Nile, called from it Pelusian. It is about her native country. She soon afterbecame
20 stadia from the sea, and it has received the mother of Telemachus, and was
obligedto
name of Pelusium from the lakes and marshes part with greatreluctance from her husband,
(57")\"^,) which in its neighbourliood. It whom the Greeks obligedto
are
go to the Trojan
was the key of Egypt on the side of Phcenicia,war. [F^irf.
Palamedes.] The continuation of
as it was impossible to enter the Egyptianter- hostilities
ritories for ten years mcde her s.adand me-
lancholy
without passingby Pelusium, and ; but when Ulyssesdid not return
therefore on that account it was like the other princesof Greece at the con-
always well clusion
fortified
and garrisoned, as it was of such im-
portance of the war, her fears and anxieties
for the security of the country. It wei-e increased. As she received no gence
intelli-
produced lentils, and was celebrated for the of his situation,
she was soon beset by a
linen stuffs made there. It is now in ruins. number of importuning suitors,who Avished
Mela, 2, c. 9."Colum. 5, c. 10." Si7.//. 3, v. her to believe that her husband was wrecked,
ship-
25." Liican. 8, v. 466, 1.9, v. 83, 1. 10, v. 53." and that therefore she ought not
Liv.44, c 19, 1.45, c. U." Strab. Yl."Virg. longerto expect his retui-n,but forget his loss,
G.1,V. 228. and fix her choice and affections on one of her
Penates, certain inferiordeities among the numerous admirers. She received tiieirad- dresses
Romans, who presidedover houses and the with coldness and disdain
; but as she
domestic affairsof families.They were call-
ed was destitute of power, and a prisoner as it
Penates, because theywere
generallypla-
ced were in their hands, she yet flattered them
in the innermost and most secret parts of with hopes and promises,and declared that
the house, in penitissimd adium parte,quod,as she would make choice of one of them, as
Cicero says, penitus insident. The placewhere soon as she had finished a pieceof
tapestryon
they stood was afterwards called Penetralia,which she was employed. The work Avas done
and they themselves received the name of in a dilatory manner, and she baffled their ea-
ger
Penetrates. It was in the option of every expectations, by undoingin the nightwhat
master of a family to choose his Penates, and she had done in the day-time. This artificeof
therefore Jupiterand some of the superiorPenelope has givenrise to the proverb of Pe-
gods are often invoked as patronsof domestic nelope'szveb, which is applied to whatever bour
la-
affairs. Accordingto some, the gods Penates can never be ended. The return of
were prehended Ulysses,after
divided into four classes ; the firstcom- an absence of twenty years, how-
ever,
all the celestial, the second the delivered her from fears and from her
sea gods,the third the gods of hell,and the dangeroussuitors. Penelope is described by
last all such heroes as had received divine Homer as a model of female virtue and chas-
tity,
honours after death. The Penates were ginally
ori- but some more modern writers dispute
the manes of the dead, but when her claims to modesty and continence, and
perstition
su-
had taughtmankind
to pay uncom-
mon they representher as the most debauched and
reverence the statues and images of voluptuous
to of her sex. Accordingto their opi-
nions
their deceased friends,their attention was therefore, she liberally gratified the de-
sires
soon exchangedfor regularworship,and they of her suitors, in the absence of her hus-
band,
were admitted by their votaries to share im- mortality and had a son whom she called Pan, as if
and power over the world, with a to show that he was the offspring of all her ad-
mirers.
Jupiteror a Minerva. Tlie statues of the Pe- nates Some, however, sup{)Ose, that I'an
were generally made with wax, ivory,was son of Penelopeby Mercury,and that he
silver, or earth,accordingto the affluence of was born before his mother's marriagewith
tiie worshipper,and the only offerings they Ulysses. The god,as it is said,deceived Pe- nelope,
received were wine, incense,fruits, and some-
times under the form of a beautifulgoat,as
the sacrifice of lambs, sheep,goats,k.c. she was tendingher father's flocks on one of
In the early ages of Rome, human sacrifices ,themountains of Arcadia. After the return
were offered to them ; but Brutus, who pelled of Ulysses,
ex- Penelopehad a daughter,who
the Tarquins, abolished this unnatural was called Ptoliporthe ; but if we believe
custom. When offerings were made to them, the traditions that were longpreserved atMan-
their statues were crowned with garlands,tinea,Ulyssesrepudiatedhis wife for her in- continence
poppies, or garlic,and besides the monthly duringhis absence, and Penelope
day that was set apart for their worship,Iheir fled to Sparta,and afterwards to Mantinea,
festivalswere celebrated duringthe Saturnalia. w here she died and was buried. After the
Some have confounded the Lares and the Pe- nates,death of Ulysses, accordingto Hyginus, she
but dilferent. Cic. de JVat. married Telegonus,
tlieywere her husband's son by Circe,
J). 2, c. 27. Ver. 2.
Diomjs. 1.
"
by order of the goddessMinerva. Some say
I'EKDALitM, a ))romonloryof Cyprus. that her original
name was Arnea,or Amirace,
Pi.NEiA or PjNEis, an epithetujipHedto and that she was called Penelope, when some
PE Pl
river birds called Penelopes bad saved her Virg. M.n. 1, T. 495, I. 11, v. ""2." Dares.
from the waves of the sea, when her father had Phryg."Lycophf.in Cass. 995, kc.~Huicin
^"^
exposed her. Icarius had attemptedto de- stroyfab. 112.
her,because the oracles had told him PentheusjSOD ofEchion and Agave, was
that his daughterby Periboea would be the kingof Thebes in Bceotia. His refusalto ac- knowledge
most dissolute of her sex. and a disgrace to the divinity of Bacchus was ded
atten-
his family. JlpollocL 3, c. 10. Puns. 3, c. 12. with the most fatal lie for-
bade
consequences.
"
orgies
chus,
Peneus, a river ofThe.ssaly, rising on mount Pentheus, apprizedof the debauchery
Pindus, and falling into the Thermean gulf,which attended the solemnity, ordered the god
after a wandering course between mount Ossa himself,who conducted the religious tude,
multi-
and Olympus, through the plains of Tempe. to be seized. His orders were obeyed
It received its name from Peneus, a son of with reluctance, but when the doors of the
son
pri-
Oceanus and Teihys. The Peueus anciently in which Bacchus had been coniined,
ed
open-
inundated the plains of Thessaly, tillan earth-
quake of their own accord, Pentheus became
separatedthe mountains Ossa and more irritated, and commanded his soldiers to
Olympus, and formed the beautiful vale of destroythe whole band of the bacchanals.
Tempe, where the waters formerlystagnated. This,however,was not executed,for Bacchus
From this circumstance, therefore, itobtained inspired the monarch with the ardent desire of
the name of Araxes, ab xgMTtra^ scindo Daphne, seeingthe celebration of the orgies.Accord-
. ingly
the daughterof the Peneus, accordingto the he hid himself in a wood on mount Ci-
fables of the mythologists, was changed into a thcuiODjfromvv hence he couidseeali ihe cere- monies
laurel on the banks of this river. This tradi- tion unperceived. But here his curiosity-
arises from the quantity of laurels which soon provedfatal; be was descried oy tliebac- chanals,
grow near the Peneus. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 452; and they all rushed him. His
upon
hc."Strab. 9." Mela, 2, c.^." Virg.G. 4, v.^ mother was the tirstv.ho attacked him, and
317. " Diod. 4. Also a small river of Elis in her examplea\ as instciiiiiy followedby her two
Peloponnesus, better known under the name sisters, Ino and Autonoe, and his body was
of Araxes. Fazis. 6. c. 24. Sirab. 8 and 11. torn to pieces. Euripidesintroduces Bac-
"
chus
Penidas, one of Alexander's friends,who among his priestesses, when us
Penthe-
went to examine Scythiaunder pretenceof an was put to cieaiu;but Ovid, who relates
embassy. Curt. 6, c. 6. the whole in the same differsfrom
manner,
PENNiNiE ALPES, a certain part of the Alps. the Greek poet only in saying,that not Bac- chus
Liv. 21, c. 38. himself,but one of his priests,was ent.
pres-
Pentapulis, a of India.
town A part of The tree on which the bacchanals found
Africa near Cyrene. It received this name Pentheus,was cut down by the Corinthians,
on account of the fivecitieswhich it contain-
ed by order of the oracle,and with ittwo statues
; Cyrene,Arsinoe, Berenice, Ptolemais or ofthegodof wine were made, and placed
Barce, and Apollonia.Plin. 5, c. 5. Also in the forum. Hygin. fab. IB^." TheocHt.
part of Palestine,containing the five cities of 2Q."0vid. Met. 3, fab. 7, 8, and 9.
Virg
Gaza, Grath,Ascalon,Azotus, and Ekron. ^n. 4, V. 4m." Pans. 2, c. b."Apollod.3,
Pentelicus, a mountain of Attica,where c. 5."Euripid.in Bacch.-^Senec. Phcenis "
by the Lacedaemonians,
".c. Curt. 3, PepvEnnis,a favourite of the emperor Com-
c.
that they should perish there. Pereits,a son of Elatus and Laodice, grand-
son
Percote, a town on the Hellespont,be-
tween of Areas, He left only one daughter
the called NecBra, who mother of Auge and
Abydosand Lampsacus,near shore.
sea- was
He was killed in a war againstthe Iliyrians, the throne 263 B. C. ; Attains,241 ; Eu-
menes
B. C. 360. Justin. 7, Sic. One of thefriends the second, 197; Attains Philadelphus,
and favourites of Alexander the Great. At the 159; Attalus Philomator, 138,who, B. C. 133,
king'sdeath he wished to make himself abso-lute leftthe Roman peopleheirs to his kingdom,as
and the ring which he had received from he had no children. The right of the Romans,
;
the hand of the dying Alexander, seemed in however, disputed
was by an usurper, who
some measure to lavosjr his pretensions. The claimed the
empire as his own, and Aquilius
better to support his claims to the throne, he the Roman generalwas obligedto conquer the
married Cleopatra,the sister of Alexander, different cities one by one, and to gaintheir
and strengthened himself by making a league submission by poisoningthe v/aters which were
with Eumenes. His ambitious views were conveyed to their houses, tillthe whole was
easily discovered by Antigonusand the rest of reduced into the form of a dependentprovince.
the generalsof Alexander, who all wished, The capital of the kingdom of Pergamus was
Jike Perdiccas,to succeed to the kingdom and famous for a library of 200,000 volumes, which
honours of the deceased monarch. Antipater,had been collected by the different monarchs
Craterus, and Ptolemy, leaguedwith Antigo- nus who had reignedthere. This noble collection
against Iflm, and aftermuch bloodshed on was afterwards transported to Egypt by Cleo-
patra,
both sides, Perdiccas was totallyruined, and with the permission of Antony, and it
at last assassinatedin his tent in Egypt,by his adorned and enriched the Alexandrian library,
own officers, about 321 years before the Chris-
tian tillit was most fatally destroyedby the Sara-
cens,
era. Perdiccas had not the prudence A. D. 642. Parchment was firstinvent-
ed
and the address which were necessary to con-
ciliate and made use of at Pergamus,to transcribe
the esteem and gain the attachment books, as Ptolemy king of Egypt had forbid- den
of his fellow soldiers,and this impropri-
ety the exportation of papyrus from his king-
dom,
of his conduct alienated the heart of his in order to prevent Eumenes from ma-king
friends,and atlast proved his destruction. a library as valuable and as choice as tliat
Plut. in Alex."Diod. 17 and 18." Cur/. 10." of Alexandria. From this circumstance ment
parch-
C. Mp. Eum."JElian. V. H. 12. has been called c/iar/"/7erg'amena. Gale-
Pr.RDix, a young Athenian,son of the sis- ter nusthe physician and ApoUodorus the mytho-
of Daedalus. He invented the saw, and logist were born there. .-Esculapius was the
seemed to promiseto become a greaterartist chief deity of the country. PUn. 5 and 15. "
than had ever been known. His uncle was Isid. 6, c. n."Strab.l3."Liv. 29, c. 11,1.31,
jealousof his rising fame,and he threw him c. 4Q."Pliii. 10,c. 21,1. 13,c. 11. A son of
PE PE
and Andromache, who, as
"-eoptoleraus some ly,son of Xanthippusand Agariste.He was
suppose, foundedPergamus in Asia. Pans. naturallyendowed with greatpowers, which
1, c. 11. he improved by attendingthe lectures of Da-
mon,
Perge, a town of Pamphylia,where Diana of Zeno, and of Anaxagoras. Under
had a magnificent temple,whence hersurname these celebrated masters he became a mander,
com-
died about 585 years before the Christian Nemaa, and waged a successful war against the
era, in his 80th year, and by the meanness of inhabitants of Saraos at the requestof his fa- vourite
his flatterershe was reckoned one of the seven mistress Aspacia. The Peloponnesian
wise men of Greece. Though he was tyranni- cal, war was fomented by his ambitious views.
yet he patronized the fine arts ; he was [Vid.Peloponnesiacumbellum,]and when
fond of peace, and he showed himself the he had warmly representedthe flourishing
friend and protectorof geniusand of learning. state, the opulence,and actual power of his
He used to say, that a man oughtsolemnlyto country,the Athenit'ns did not hesitatea mo- ment
keep his word, but not to hesitate to break it, to undertake a war againstthe most
if ever it clashed with his interest.He said al- so powerful republics of Greece, a war which
that not only crimes oughtto be punished,continued for 27 years, and which was cluded
con-
but also every wicked and corrupted thought. by the destruction of their empire,and
Diog.in vita. Arist. 5, Polit. Paus. 2.
" " the demolition of their walls. The arms of the
A tyrantof Ambracia, whom some rank with Athenians were for some time crowned with
the seven wise men of Greece, and not the ty- rantsuccess ; but an unfortunate expedition raised
of Corinth. A man distinguished as a clamours againstPericles,and the enraged
physician, but contemptible as a poet. Plut. populaceattributed all their losses to him, and
'" Lucan. to make atonement for their ill success, they
Periarchus, a naval commander of Spar-
ta condemned him to pay 50 talents. This loss
conqueredby Conon. Diod. of popularfavour by republican capricedid
Perib(ea, the second wife of OEneus, king not so much attect Pericles as the recent death
of Calydon, was daughterof Hipponous. She of all his children,and when the tide of un- popularity
became mother of Tideus. Some suppose that was passedby,he condescended to
CEneus debauched her, and afterwards marri- ed come into the public assembly,and to view
her. Hygin.fab. 69. A daughterof Al- with secret pridethe contrition of his fellow
cathous,sold by her fathferon suspicionthat citizens, who universally begged his forgive-
ness
she was courted by Telamon son of j5Cacus, for the violence which tliey had offered
kingof^gina. She was carried to Cyprus, to his ministerial character. He was again
where Telamon the founder of Salamis mar- ried restored to allhis honours, and if possible vested
in-
her, and she became mother of Ajax. with more power and more authority
She also married Theseus,according to some. than before; but the dreadful pestilence which
She is also called Eribcea. Pans. 1, c. 17 and had diminished the number of his family,
42. "
Hygin.97. The wife of Polybus,king provedfatal to him, and about 420 yeai's be- fore
of Corinth,who educated (Edipus as her own Christ, in his 70th year, he fella sacrifice
child. A daughterof Eurymedon, who be- came to that terrible malady,which robbed Athens
mother of Nansithous by Neptune. of so many of her citizens, Pericles was for
The mother of Penelope,accordingto some 40 years at the head of the administration, 2"
authors. years with others,and 15 alone, and thu flour- ishing
Peribomius, a noted debauchee, ".c. Juv. state of the empireduringhis govern- ment
2, V. 16. gave occasion to the Athenians public!;
Pericles, an Athenian of a nollt fami- to lament his loss, and venerate his memory.
f^6
PE PE
As he was expiring, and seeminglysenseless, ] Perilaus, an officer in the army of Alex- ander
his friends that stood around his bed expatiated the Great. Curt. 10. A tyrant of
with warmth on the most glorious actions of his Argos.
life, and the victories which he had won, when Perileus, a son of Jcarius and Peribcea.
he suddenly interrupted their tears and con-
versation, Perilla, a daughter of Ovid the poet.
by saying, that in mentioningthe ex-ploits She was extremelyfond of poetry and litera-
ture.
that he had achieved, and which were Ovid. Fast. 3, el. 7, v. 1.
common to him with all generals, they had Perillus, an ingeniousartist at Athens,
forgotto mention a circumstance which reflec- ted who made a brazen bull for Phaiaris, tyrantof
far greatergloryupon him as a minister, a Agrigentum. This machine was fabricated to
and
general, above all.as a man. It is,says he, put criminals to death by burning them alive,
that not a citizen in Athens has been obligedto and it was such that their cries were like the
put on mourning on my account. The Athe-
nians roaringof a bull. When Perillus gave itPha- iaris,
were so pleasedwith his eloquencethat the tyrantmSde the firstexperimentup- on
theycompared itto thunder and lightning, and the donor, and cruelly put him to death by
as to another father of the gods,theygave him lighting a slow fire under the bellyof the bull.
the surname of Olympian. The poets,his flat-terers,
Plin. 34, c. 8. Ovid, in art. ^m. I, v. 653, in
"
said that the goddess of persuasion, ib. 439. A lawyer and usurer in the age of
with all her charms and attractions, dwelt up-
on Horace. Horat. 2,^at. 3, v. 75.
his tongue. When he marched at the head Perimede, a daughter of yEolus, who
of the Athenian armies, Pericles observed that married Achelous. The wife of Licym-
he had the command of a free nation that were nius. A woman skilledin the knowledge of
Greeks, and citizens of Athens. He also de-
claredherbs and of enchantments. Theocril. 2.
that not only the hand of a magistrate, Perimela, a daughter of Hippodamus,
but also his eyes and his tongue should be pure thrown into the sea for receiving the addres-
ses
and undefiled. Yet greatand venerable as this of the Achelous, She was changed into
character may appear, we must not forget the an island in the Ionian sea, and became one of
folliesof Pericles. His vicious partiality for the Echinades. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 790.
the celebrated courtezan Aspasia,subjected Perinthia, a play of Menander's. Te-
him to the ridicule and the censure of his fel-
low rent.And.prol. 9.
citizens ; but if he triumphedover satire Perinthus, a town of Thrace, on the
and malevolent remarks, the Athenians had Propontis,ancientlysurnamed Mygdonica.
occasion to execrate the memory of a man It was afterwards called Htradea-, in honour of
who by his example corruptedthe purityand Hercules, and now Erekli. Mela, 2, c. 2. "
Quintil.
"
12, c our own happinesschiefly depends upon our-
selves,
9."Ck. de Oral. S.",mian. V. H.4,c. 10." and thoughhe did not requirein his
Xe.nop/i. Hist. G. Thucyd.
"
of Syiiuis the famous robber, whom Theseus Periphemus, an ancient hero of Greece,
killed. She mairied Deioneus the son of Eu- to whom Solon sacrificed at Salamis,by order
rytus,by consent of Theseus. Pint, in Thcs. of the oracle.
"Faus. 10,c. 25. Pebisades,a peopleof Illyricura.
PE PE
pERistHENEs, a son of who
iEgyptus, ried
mar- Pers^, the inhabitants of Persia. Vid.
Electra. Ap. Persia.
Peritanus, an Arcadian who enjoyedthe Persjeus, a philosopher
intimate with An-
of Helen afterher elopement with tigonus,
by Avhom he was the
company appointedover
Paris. The offended lover punishedthe crime Acrocorinth. He flourished B. C. 274. Diog.
by mutilation, whence mutilated persons were Laert. in Zenon.
called Peritani in Arcadia. Ptol. Heph. 1,m Persee, fountain near Mycenae, in Pelo-
a ponnesus.
init. Pans. 2, c. 16.
Peritas, a favourite dog of Al.?xander the Perseis, one of the Oceanides. A pa-
tronymic
Great, in whose honour the monarch built of Hecate
a as daughterof Perses.
city. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 69.
Peritonium, a town of Egypt on the west-
ern Persephone, a daughterof Jupiterand
side of the Nile, esteemed of greatimpor-
tance, Ceres, called also Proserpine.[Vid.Proser-
pina.]
as beingone of the keys of the coun-
try. The mother of Amphion by Jasus.
Antony was defeated there by C. Gallus, Persepolis, a celebrated city,the capital
the lieutenant of Augustus. of the Persian empire. It was laid in ruins by
Permessus, a river of Bceotia,risingin Alexander after the conquest of Darius. The
mount Helicon, and flowingall round it. It reason of this is unknown. Diodorus says that
received its name from Permessus the father the sight of about 800 Greeks, whom the Per-
sians
of a nymph called Aganippe,who also gave had shamefullymutilated,so irritated
her name to one of the fountains of Helicon. Alexander,that he resolved to punishthe bar- barity
The river Permessus, as well as the fountain of the inhabitants of Persepolis, and of
Aganippe,were sacred to the Muses. Slrab. the neighbouringcountry, by permitting his
S."Propert. 2, el. 8. soldiers to plundertheir capital.Others sup- pose
Pero, or Pekone, a daughter of Neleus, that Alexander set it on fire at tlieinsti-
gation
kingof Pylos,by Chloris. Her beautydrew of Thais, one of his courtezans, when
many admirers, but she married Bias son of he had passed the day in drinking, and in
Amythaon, because he had, by the assistance riot and debauchery. The ruins of Perse- polis,
of his brother Melampus, IVid.Melampus,] now Estakar, or Tehel-Minar^ stillas- tonish
and according to her father'sdesire,recovered the modern traveller by their gran-
deur
some oxen which Hercules had stolen away, and magnificence.Curt. 5, c. 7. Diod. "
and she became mother of Talaus. Homer. Od. 17, Sic. Jlrrian. Plut. in Alex.
" " " Justin. 11,
11, V. 284."Propert. 2, el. 2, v. 17." Pans. 4, c. 14.
c. 36. A daughter of Cimon, remarkable Perses, a son of Perseus and Andromeda.
for her filialaffection. When her father had From him the Persians,who were originally
been sent to prison, where his judgeshad con-demned called Cephenes,received their name. He-
him to starve, she supportedhis life rodot. 7, c. 61. A kingof Macedonia. Vid.
by givinghim the milk of her breasts, as to her Perseus.
own child. Val. Max. 5, c. 4. Perseus, a son of Jupiterand Danae, the
Peroe, a fountain of Boeotia called afterPe- daughter of Acrisius. As Acrisius had con- fined
roe, a daughterof the Asopus. Pam. 9, c. 4. his daughterin a brazen tower to pre-
vent
Perola, a Roman who meditated the death her becoming a mother, because he was
of Hannibal in Italy. His father Pacuvius to perish, accordingto the words of an oracle^
dissuaded him from assassinating the Cartha-
ginian by the hands of his daughter's son, Perseus
general. was no sooner born IVid. Danae] than he
Perpenna, M. a Roman who conquered was thrown into the sea with his mother
Aristonicus in Asia, and took him prisoner.Danae. The hopes of Acrisius were trated
frus-
He died B. C. 130. Another who joinedthe ) the slender boat which carried Danae
rebellion of Sertorius, and opposedPompey. and her son was driven by the winds upoa
He was defeated by Metellus,and some time the coasts of the island of Seriphos, one of
after he had the meanness to assassinate Ser-
torius,
the Cyclades,where they were found by a
whom he had invited to his house. He fisherman called Dictys,and carried to Poly-
fell into the hands of Pompey, who ordered dectes the king of the place. They were
him to be put to death. Plut. in Sert. treated with great humanity, and
"
Perseus
Paterc. 2, c. 30. A Greek who ed
obtain- was intrusted to the care of the priests of
the consulship at Rome. Val. Max. 3, Minerva's temple. His risinggenius and
C.4. manly courage, however, soon displeased Po-
Perperene, a place of Phrygia,where, lydectes, and the monarch, who wished t"
as some
suppose, Paris adjudged the prizeof offer violence to Danae, feared the resent-
ment
beautyto Venus. Strab. 5. of her son. Yet Polydectcsresolved
Perranthes, a hiil of Epirus,near Am- to remove every obstacle. He invited all
bracia. Liv. 38, c. 4. his friends to a sumptuous entertainment,
PKRRHiEJBiA, a part of Thessalysituate on and it was requisite that all such as came
die borders of the Peneus, with a beauti-
ful
extendingbetween should present the monarch
the town of Atraxandthevaleof The horse. Perseus in the number of
Tempe. was
inhabitants were driven from their possessions the invited,and the more particularly so,
by tiieLapithaj, and retired into ^tolia,where as Polydecte^knew that he could not re- ceive
part of the country received the name of Perr- from him the present which he pected
ex-
/iMia. Propert.2, el. 5, v. 33." Strab. 9." from all the rest. Nevertheless Per-
seus,
Liv. 33, c. 34, 1.39, c. 34. who wislied not to appear inferior to
Peras, or Perse IS, one of the Oceanides, the others in magnificence,told the king
mother of ^tes, Circe, and Pasipl)ae, by that as he could not give him a horse, he
Apollo. JItsioif.Thcog."^pollod. 3. would bring him the head of Medusa, the
PE PE
only one of the Gorgons who was subjectinto a largemountain
which bore the same
to mortality.The offer was doubly agree-
able name in the
deserts of Africa. On the mor-
row
in number, accordingto iEschylusand Apol- away the bride, whom he had courted and
lodorus y or only two, accordingto Ovid and admired long before the arrival of Perseus.
Hesiod. With Pluto's helmet, which render-
ed The father and mother of Andromeda fered,
inter-
him invisible, Perseus was enabled to steal but in vain ; a bloody battle ensued,
their eye and their tooth while they were and Perseus must have fallen a victim to the
asleep,and he returned them onlywhen they rage of Phineus, had not he defended himself
gons at last with the same
had informed him where their sisterstlie Gor- arms which provedfatal
resided. When he had received every to Atlas. He showed the Gorgon's head to
necessary information, Perseus flew to the his adversaries, and theywere turned
instantly
habitation of the Gorgons, which was situate to stone, each in the posture and attitude in
of Argos to the court of his friend and soon as the battle was begun, he leftthe ene-
my
This unfortunate murder greatly depressed the who had once defeated their armies,and
spirits of Perseus: by the death of Acrisius spreadalarm all over Italy, by the greatness of
he was entitled to the throne of Argos,but his military preparations, and by his bold un- dertakings,
When he had finally settled in this partof the and led the greatestpart of his life in
Peloponnesus,he determined to laythe foun- dations obscurity, tillhis ingenuity raised him to no- tice.
signof fertility, Perseus had by Andromeda, monarchs it became one of the most
Alceus, Sthenelus, Nestor, Electryon,and considerable and powerfulkingdoms of the
Gorgophone, and after death, according to earth. The kingsof Persia began to reignin
6ome mythologists, he became a constellation the following order: Cyrus,B, C. 669 : Cam-
in the heavens. Herodot. 2, c. 91. Jlpollod.
"
byses,529 : and afterthe usurpation of Smer-
2, c. 4, ^c."Paus. 2, c. 16 and 18,1.3, c. 17, dis for 7 months, Darius 621 : Xerxes the
hc."Apollon.Arg.4, v. 1609." /"a/.9, v. 442. Great 485 : Artabanus 7 months, and Artax-
" Ovid. Met. 4,fab. 16,1.6, fab. 1,",c. Lucan. "
erxes Longimanus 464: Xerxes II. 425:
9, V. 668." Hygin. fab. 64." Hesiod. Theog. Sogdianus 7 months, 424: Darius II. or
270. ^ Scul. Here" Find. Pyth.7, S^Olymp.3. Nothus 423: Artaxerxes II. or Memnon
"Ital. 9."Propert. 2."Athen. VS." Homer. II. 404 : Artaxerxes III. or Ochus, 358 : Arses
14. Tzetz. in Lycoph.17.
" A son of Nestor or Arogus 337, and Darius III. or Codo-
and Anaxibia. Apollod.1, c. 9. A writer manus, 336, who was conquered by Alex-
ander
who publisheda treatise on the republic of the Great 331, The destruction of the
Sparta, A philosopher, disciple to Zeno. Persian monarchy by the Macedonians was sily
ea-
the rest of the eastern monarchs, the king of de Magist. 9. Lactant." A man whose
kings, as expressiveof his greatness and quarrelwith Rupiliusis mentioned in a ridi-
culous
his power. The Persians were formerly manner by Horat. Sat. 7. He is call-
ed
called Cephenes,Jlchamenians, and AHceI, Hybrida, as beingson of a Greek by a Ro- man
and they are often confounded with the Par- woman.
thians by the ancient poets. They received Pertinax, Publius Helvius, a Roman peror
em-
the-name of Persians from Perses the son of afterthe death of Commodus. He was
Perseus and Andromeda, who is supposedto descended from an obscure family, and, like
have settled among them. Persepolis was his father,who was either a slave or the son
tliecapital of the country. Curt. 4, c. 14, 1.5, of a manumitted slave,he for some time fol-
lowed
c. 3. Plut. in Artax. Mex. ^c. Mela, 1,he.
" " the mean employment of dryingwood
" Strab. 2, 15. Xenoph. Cyrop. Herodot. 1, and making charcoal. His indigence,
"
"
however,
c. 125, hc."Apollod. 2." Marcel. 23. did not prevent him from receiving a liberal
Pers'icum mark, or Persicus Sinus, a part education, and indeed he was for some time
of the Indian ocean on the coast of Persia and employed in teachinga number of pupils the
Arabia, now called the gulf of Balgora. Greek and the Roman languagesin Etniria.
Persis, a province of Persia bounded by He leftthis laborious profession for a military
Media, Carmania, Susiana, and the Persian life, and by his valour and intrepidity he gra-*
gulf It isoften taken for Persia itself. duallyrose to ofl5ces of the highest trust in the
AuLus Persius Flaccus, a Latin poet of army, and was made consul by M. Aurelius
Volaterra;. He w-as of an equestrian family,for his eminent services. He was afterwards
and he made himself known by his intimacy intrusted with the government of Mceaia, and
with the most illustrious Romans of the age. at last he presidedover the cityof Rome as
gained him the affection of the Melibcea,because his subjects had revolt-
ed.
worthiest and most discerning of his subjects, Mela, 2, c. 4." Liv. 23,c. 20." Virg.Mn.
but the extravagantand luxurious raised their 3,v.402.-~5'tra6. 6.
clamours against him, and when Pertinax at-tempted Petilia lex was enacted by Petilius the
to introduce among the pretor^dntribune, to make an inquiryand to know how
guardsthat discipline which was so necessary much money had been obtained from the con- quests
were come to betray him and to shed his blood. as beingthe friend of Augustus. Ho-
humanityto the Jews, and made war againstpoem on the vanityof dreams another on
Candace queen of Ethiopia. Slrab. 17. the education of the Roman youth two
A favourite of Nero, put to death by Galba. treatises,".C. The best editions of Petronius
-i^ A governor of Britain. A tribune kill-
ed are those of Burman, 4to. Utr. 1709, and Rei-
in Parthia with Crassus. A man ed
banish- nesius, 8vo. 1731.
by Nero to the Cyclades,when*Piso's con- spiracy Pettius, a friend of Horace, to whom the
was discovered. Tacit. Ann. 15. poet addressed his eleventh epode.
A governor of Britain in Nero's reign. He Petus, an architect. Vid. Satyrus.
Was put to death by Galba's orders. Maxi- Peuce, a small island at the mouth of the
mus, a Roman emperor. Vid. Maximus. Danube. The inhabitants are called Peucctf
Arbiter,a favourite of the emperor Nero, and and Peucini. Strab. 7. Lucan. 3, v. 202.
" "
epigrams. Sometimes lie manu- Ph^acia, an island of the Ionian sea, neap
or laughable mitted
his slaves orpunished them with stripes. the coast of Epirus, anciently called Sclieria,
In this ludicrous manner he spent his last mo-ments, and afterwards Corcyra. The inhabitants,
tillnature was exhausted, and before called Pkceacts,were a luxurious and dissolute
he wrote an epistleto the emperor, people,for which reason a glutton
he expired was rally
gene-
in which he had described with a masterly hand stigmatized by the epithetof Phopttx.
his nocturnal extravagances, and the daily purities
im- When Ulysseswas shipwrecked on the coast
of his actions. This letter was care- of Phaeacia,Alcinous was then king of the
follyscaled,and after he had conveyed itpri- vatelyisland, whose gardenshave been greatlycele- brated.
to the emperor, Petronius broke his Horat. 1,ep. 15, v. 24" Oyfrf. Met.
signet, that it might not after his death be- come 13, v. 119." Strab. 6 and l."Propert.3, el.
a snare to the innocent. Petronius dis-
tinguished
2, V. 13.
himself by his writingsas well as Ph;eax, an inhabitant of the islandof Phaja-
his luxury and voluptuousness. He is the cia. {Vid.Phaeacia.] A man who sailed
by
author of many elegantbut obscene composi-
tions with Theseus to Crete. An Athenian who
stillextant, among which is a poem on opposed Alcibiades in his administration.
the civil wars of Pompey and Caesar,superior PHiECASiA,one of the Sporades in the iEge-
in some respectsto the Pharsalia of Lucan. an. P/m. 4, c. 12.
Th"re is in which
also the feastof Trimnlcion, PH.f;DJMUS,one of Niobe's children. Ajiol-
PH PH
Zod .
3, c. 5. A Macedonian general who be-trayedidea,by which the geniusof the artistinterna
Eumenes to Antigonus. A celebrat-
ed ted her melancholy end. Plut. in T/ies. "
which itwould expose him ; but in vain ; and, As he went to Italyhe was shipwreckedou
moved, the coast, and
inviolable,and Phaeton un- carried to shore by a dolphin,
as the oath was
the father instructed his son how he and from that reason there was a dolphin
was to proceed in his way through the re- placednear his statue in the templeof Apollo
directions were at Delphi. [Vid. Parthenise.] He received di-
vine
"^ions of the air. His explicit
forgotten, or littleattended to ; and no er
soon- honours after death. Justin. 3, c. 4. "
had Phaeton received the reins from his Pans. 10,c. lO."Horat. 2, od. 6, v. 11." Si7.
father than he betrayed his ignoranceand in- Ital. 11,V. 16.
capacity A town and mountain of
the chariot. The flying the in Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 35,
to guide same name
of the horses of the sun, struck the rider to be made on his body. These cru-
elties
with one of his thunderbolts, and hurled him did not long remain unrevenged; the
from heaven into the river Po. His people of Agrigentum revolted in the tenth
headlong
him to death in the
body, consumed with fire,was found by the year of his reign,and put
of the and honoured with a de-
cent same as he had tortured Perillus and
nymphs place, manner
burial. His sisters mourned his unhappy many of his subjects afterhim, B C. 552. The
end, and were changed into poplarsby Jupi- ter. brazen bull of Phalaris was cai-riedby Amilcar
[Fid.Phaeton tiades.] According to the to Carthage: when that citywas taken by Sci-
poets, while Phaeton was unskilfully drivingpio,it was delivered againto the inhabitants of
the chariot of his father, the blood of the ^Ethi- Agrigentum by the Romans. There are now-
dried and their skin became some letters extant, written by a certain Abaris
opians was up,
to Phalaris, with their respective but
black, a colour which is stillpreserved among answers,
the greatestpart of the inhabitants of the tor- rid they are supposedby some to be spurious.
zone. The territories of Libya were also The best edition is that of the learned Boyle,
according to the tradition, Oxon, 1718. Cic. in Verr. 4, ad Attic. 7, ep, 12,
parchedup, same
on account of their too greatvicinity to the sun; de affic. 2." Ovid, de Art. Am. 1, v, 663." Juv.
her 8, V. 81." P/m. 34, c. 8." Diod. A Trojan,
and ever since, Africa,unable to recover
verdure and fruitfulness, has exhibited killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 762.
original
and uncultivated waste. Ac- Phalarium, a citadel of Syracuse,where
a sandy country,
cordingtothose who explain this poetical fable. Phalaris' bull was placed.
who studied Phalarus, a river of Bceotia, into the
falling
Phaeton was a Ligurianprince,
astronomy, and in whose age the neighbour-
hood Cephisus. Paus. 9, c. 34.
of the Po was visited with uncommon Phalcidon, a town of Thessaly. Polycen.
heats. The horses of the sun are called Phaeton- 4,
guidedby Phaleas, philosopher "ic,
and legislator,
iis equi,either because they were a
Boeotians,killed at the battle of Clierona?a. honour to every part of his body, she
Diod. 16. that which
distinguished was lost with more
PiiAL^isiA,a town of Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. honour, and paidit more attention. Its repre-
sentation,
36. cdWeA phallus, was made wUh wood,
Phalanna, a town of Perrhaebia. Liv. 42, and carried duringthe sacred festivals which
c. 64. V were instituted in honour of Osiris. The peo-
ple
Phalantiius, a Lacedsemonian, who held it in the greatest veneration ; it was
founded Tarentum in Italy, at the head of the looked upon as an emblem of fecundity, and
Partheiiise. His father's name was Aracas. the mention of it among the ancients never
PH PH
conveyed any impure thought or lascivious! Phar^, or Pher^, a town of Crete.
reflection. The festivalsof the ;)Aff/Zw* were IAnother in Messenia. Pans. 4, c. 30. Vid
imitated by the Greeks, and introduced intolPherae.
Europe by the Afhenians,who made the pro Pharasmanes, a kingof Iberia,in the reign
cession of the phallus partof the celebration of Antoninus, "c. Tacil. Ann. 6, c. 33.
of the Dionysiaof the god of wine. Tliose Pharax, a Lacedcemonian officer, who at-tempted
that carried the phallus, at the end of a long to make himself absolute in Sicily.
They generally A Thessalian, whose son, called Cyanip-
pole,were called phallophori.
appeared,among the Greeks, besmeared with pus, married a beautiful woman, called Leu-
the dregs of wine, covered with skins of cone, who was torn to 'pieces by '
his do"s.
s
lambs, and wearingon their heads a crown of Parth.
ivy. Lucian. de Ded Syr. Plut. de Isid. i^ Pharis,a town of Laconia, whose inhabit-
" ants
Os'ir. Paus. 1, c. 2.
" are called Pharitce. Paus. 3, c. 30. A
wrote a poem on that unnatural sin of which Pharnace, a town of Pontus. Plin. 6,c. 4.
Socrates is accused by some. He support-
ed ;-Themother of Cinyras,kingof Pontus.
"
mentioned inscription. When the mortar had .W"r/Jo/.13, ep. 62." S/m6. 11." Mela, l,c. 19.
decayedby time, Ptolemy'sname ed,
disappear- "Apollod.1, hc."Paus. 4, c. 44." Orpheus.
and the following inscription then became Phassus, a son of Lycaon. Apollod.
visible ; Sostratus the Cnidia^.,son of Dexipha- Phauda, a town of Pontus.
nes, lo the Gods the saviours,for the benefil Phavorinus, a writer, the best edition of
of sailors. The word Pharias, is often used whose Greek Lexicon is that in fol Venet.
iis Ecyjttian.Lucan. 2, v. 636, 1.3, v. 260, 1. 1712.
6 V. 308, 1,9, V. 1005, he" Ovid. A. A. 3. v. Phayllus, a tyrant of Ambracia. The
635. -P/m. 4. c. 31 and 85, 1. 36, c. IS."Slrah. brother to Onomarchus of Phocis, he. {Vid.
IK.- -Mela, 2, c. l."Plin. 13, c. U." Homer. Phocis.] Pans. 10, c. 2.
ofi d^Flac. 2." Stat. 3, Sylv. 2.,v. 102. A Phea, or Pheia, a town of Elis. Homer.
"watch-tower near Capreae. An island on 11. 7. -
the coast of lllyricum, now called Lesina. Me- Phecadum, an inland town of Macedonia.
Id^ 2, c. 7 The emperor Claudius ordered Liv. 31, c. 41.
a tower to be built at the entrance of the port Phegeus, or Phlegeus, a companion of
of Ostia, for the benefit of sailors,and it like-wise iEneas, killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 9,
bore the name of Pharos, an appellation V. 765. Another, likewise killed by Tur- nus.
afterwards givento every other edifice which Id. 12, V. 371, he. A priestof
was raised to direct the course ther Bacchus, the father of Alphesiboea,
of sailors^ei- who pu-
rified
with lights, or by signals. Juv. 11, v. 76 Alcmffion of his mother's murder, and
"
called Pharsalia, famous for a battle which Alcma3on to be killed when he had at-
tempted
was fought there between Julius Caesar and to recover a collar which he had giv-
en
Pompey, in which the former obtained the to his daughter. [Ffrf. Alcmaeon.] Ovid.
victory. In that battle,which was foughton Met. 9, V. 412
the 12th of May, B. C. 48, Caesar lost about Phellia, a river of Laconia. Paus.3, c. 20.
200 men, or, according to others, 1200. Phelloe, a town of Achaia, near iEgira,
Pompey 's loss was 15,000,or 25,000, according where Bacchus and Diana each had a temple.
to others ; and 24,000 of his army were made Paus. 7, c. 26.
of war
prisoners by the conqueror. Lucan. Phellus, a place of Attica. A town of
J, he. Plut.inPovip.4-'Cces."Appian.Civ.
" Elis, Olympia. Strab.
near
That poem of Lucan, in which he givesan musician among Penelope'ssuitors. Some say
account of the civil wars of Caesar and Pom-
pey, that he taughtHomer, for which the grateful
bears the name of Pharsalia. Vid. Lu- poet immortalized his name. Homer. Od.
canus. A man, who, accordingto some, wrote an count
ac-
Phakte, a Danaus. of
daughterApollod. of the return of the Greeks from the
Phakl's, a Rutuliau, killedby ^neas. Virg. Trojanwar. The word is applied by Ovid,
JEn. 10, V. 322. Am. 3, V. 7, indiscriminately to any person
PHAKUsii,or Phaurush, a peopleof Afri-
ca, who excels in music.
beyond Mauritania. Mela, 1, c. 4. Phemonoe, a priestess of Apollo,who is
Phakybus, a river of Macedonia, fallingsupposedto have invented heroic verses.
into the .'Egean
sea. It is called by some Paus. 10, c. 6.
Baphyrus. Pheneum, a town of Arcadia, whose inha-
bitants,
PuARvcADON, a town of Macedonia, on the called Pheneatm, worship Mercury.
Peneus. Strub. 9. Cic. de JVat. D. 3.
PHARvcE,a town of Locris. Pheneus, a town, with a lake of the
PhaskliS; a town of Pamphylia,
the foot same
at name, in Arcadia, whose waters are
PH-A.SIANA, a country of Asia,near the river 332. A son of Mel as, killed by Tydeas.
Phasis. The inhabitants,called Phasiani,are Apollod.
of Egyptianorigin. Pher^, a town of Thessaly,where the ty- rant
Phasias, a patronymic given to Medea, as Alexander reigned, whence he was called
beingborn near the Phasis. Ovid. Met. 1. Pherceus. Strab. 2." Cic. 2, de offic. Ovid, in
Ph.\sis, a son of Phoebus and Ocyroe. lb. 321." Fa/. Max. 9, c. 13. A town of At-
tica.
A river of Colchis, rising in the mountains of Another of Laconia, in Peloponne-
sus.
Armenia, now called Faoz, and falling into Liv. 35, c. 30.
the east of the Euxine. It is famous for the Pherjeus, a surname of Jason, as being a
expeditionof the Argonauts, who entered it native of Pherae.
after a long and perilous voyage, from which Pheraules, a Persian,whom Cyrus raised
reason all dangerousvoy.iges have been pro- from poverty to afl^uence. He afterwards gave
verbially
intimated by the words of sailingto up all his possessions to enjoy tranquillity and
ilm Phr';if!.There were on the banks of the retirement. Xenoph. Cyr.
PH PH
Phereclus, one of the Greeks duringthe Pheron, a king of Egypt,who succeeded
Trojan war. Ovid. Her. 15. A pilotof the Sesostris. He was blind, and he recovered
ship of Theseus when he went to Crete. his sight
by washing his eyes, accordingto
Plut. in Thes. the directions of the oracle,in the urine of a
Phereckates, comic a poet of Athens, woman who had never had any unlawful
in the age of Plato and Aristophanes.He is connexions. He tried his wife first,but she
supposed to have written 21 comedies, of appearedto have been faithlessto his bed,
which only a few verses remain. He intro-
duced and she was burnt with all those whose urine
livingcharacters on the stage,but ne- ver could not restore sight to the king. He ried
mar-
abused the libertywhich he had taken, the woman whose urine proved benefi-
cial.
either by satire or defamation. He invented Herodot. 2, c. 111.
a sort of verse, which from him has beetj Pherusa, one of the Nereides. JlpollodX
called Pherecration. It consisted of the three Phiale, one of Diana's nymphs. Ovid.
last feet of an hexameter verse, of which the Met. 3. A celebrated courtezan. Juv. 10,
first was always a spondee, as for instance, V. 238.
the third verse of Horace's 1, od. 5. Graio Phialia, or Phigalia, a town of Arcadia.
Pyrrha sub antro. Another, descended Paus. 8, c. 3,
from Deucalion. Oic. Tus. Phialus, a king of Arcadia. Id. lb.
Pherecvdes, a philosopherof Scyros,dis-
ciple Phicores, a peoplenear the Paulus Maeotis.
to Pittacus, one of ihe first who de- Mela, 1, c. 19.
livered
his thoughtsin prose. He was quainted
ac- Phidias, a celebrated statuary of Athens,
with the periodsof the moon, and who died B. C. 432. He made a statue of Mi-
nerva
foretold eclipseswith the greatestaccuracy. at the request of Pericles, which was
The doctrine of the immortality of the soul placedin the Pantheon. It was made with
was firstsupportedby him, as also that of the ivoryand gold, and measured 39 feet in height.
metempsychosis. Pythagoraswas one of his His presumption raised him many enemies,
disciples, remarkable for his esteem and his and he w^as accused of havingcarved his own
attachment to his learned master. When image and that of Pericles on the shield of the
Pherecydeslaydangerously illin the island of statue of the goddess,for which he was nished
ba-
Delos, Pythagorashastened to givehim every from Athens by the clamorous
lace.
popu-
assistance in his power, and when all his ef-
forts He retired to Elis, where he deter-
mined
had proved ineffectual,he buried him, to revenge the illtreatment he had re-ceived
and after he had paid him the last offices, he from his countrymen, by making a sta- tue
retired to Italy. Some, however, suppose, which would eclipse the fame of that of
that Pherecydes threw himself down from a Minerva. He was successful in the attempt;
precipice as he was cording and the statue he
going to Delphi,or ac- made of JupiterOlympius
to others, he fell a sacrifice to the was always reckoned the best of allhis pieces,
lousydisease,B. C. 515, in the 85th year of and has passed for one of the wonders of the
his age. Diog. Lactant.
" An historian of world. The peopleof Elis were so sensible of
Leros, surnamed the Athenian. He wrotean his merit, and of the honour he had done to
historyof Attica,now lost, in the age of rius
Da- their city,
that they appointedhis descendants
Hystaspes. A tragicpoet. to the honourable office of keepingclean that
Pherendates, a Egypt by magnificent
Persian,set over statue, and of preserving it from
Artaxerxes. injury. Paus. 9, .:. 4."Cic. de Orat."Slrab.
Pherephate, a surname of Proserpine,S." quintU. 12, c. 10." Plut. in Per.
from the production of corn. Phidile, a woman. Vid. Phidyle.
Pheres, a son of Cretheus and Tyro, Phidippides, a celebrated courier,who ran
who built Pherae in Thessahs where he from Athens to Lacedajraon, about 152 Eng- lish
reigned. He married Clymene, by whom he miles,in two days,to ask of the Lacedae-
monians
had Admetus and Lycurgus. Apollod. assistance against the Persians, The
A son of Medea, stoned to death by the Co- Athenians
rinthians raised a temple to his
memory.
on account of the poisonousclothes Herodot. 6, c. 105. C. A'ep. in Milt. "
they should fixthe boundaries of their coun- try. A Cretan generalwho revolted from Seleucus,
Tiie Philaeni accordinglydepartedfrom and was conquered,he. Polycen. 4.
Carthage,and met the Cyreneans,wnen they Philetas, a grammarian and poet of Cos,
had far into their territories. This in the reign of king Philip,
advanced and of his son
produceda quarrel, and the Cyreneans sup-portedAlexander the Great, He was made tor
precep-
that the Philajni had left Carthagebe-
fore to Ptolemy Philadelphus. The elegiesand
the ap[)ointment,and that therefore epigrams which he wTote have been greatly
they must retire or be buried in the sand. commended by the ancients,and some ments
frag-
The Philaeni refused, upon which they were of them are stillpreservedin Athenae-
overpoweredby the Cyreneans,and accord- us. He was so small and slender, according
'ingiyburied in the sand. The Carthagini-
ans, to the improbableaccounts of iElian,that he