Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Institute of Technology- Vasad.

Electronics and Communication Engineering (11)

Year: B.E Final Year(VIII Sem)
SUB: Fundamentals of Image Processing (181102)

GTU Question Bank

Unit-1 Digital Image Fundamentals
1.1 Draw and explain structure of human eye and discuss human vision system S-12
1.2 Explain basic concepts of image sampling and quantization. Discuss spatial and S-12
gray level resolutions.
1.3 Explain sampling, quantization and bit-planes of gray scale images with W-12
examples.
1.4 Explain basic processes involved in generation of digital image. Explain W-13
different digital image file formats
1.5 Write a Short note on: Image Sampling and Quantization. W-13
1.6 Draw and explain structure of Human eye and discuss human vision system S-14
1.7 Draw and explain basic block diagram of image processing system. S-14
1.8 How do you convert analog image to digital? W-14
1.9 List the different areas of image processing applications with examples. W-14

Unit-2 Image enhancement in Spatial domain

2.1 What is contrast stretching? Explain any one contrast stretching function S-12
with help of graph and its pseudo code for implementation
2.2 Answer the following questions S-12
[1] List different types of image file formats
[2] What is simultaneous contrast?
[3] How much storage capacity required to store image
with size of 1024x768 and 256 gray levels
[4] Write any 3x3 mask for low pass filtering of an image
[5] What type of filter is most effective for Gaussian noise?
2.3 What is histogram? Explain histogram equalization algorithm. Write pseudo code S-12
or Matlab code for calculation of histogram and histogram equalization
2.4 Sketch a piece-wise linear input-output characteristic with the corner points (0, W-12
0), (100, 30), (200, 230), and (255, 255). Determine the output for the following
input.
2.5 Explain implementation of Laplacian operator in 2D space and in 2D spectrum. W-12
State an application of Laplacian.
2.6 Segment the following image into two regions, clearly depicting the boundary W-12
based on the histogram.

2.7 Explain motivation and implementation of homomorphic filter approach for W-12
image enhancement
2.8 Explain basic difference between point processing and mask processing. S-13
Generating negative image is point process or mask process? Explain Pseudo
code for the generation of negative image for 256 gray level digital image.
2.9 Consider that text is written using black ink on a paper of bad quality having so S-13
many light yellow dots and wrinkles on it. We want to scan the paper and
improve appearance of text material written on it. Show suitable image
processing method and Pseudo code for the same.
2.1 Consider that image is corrupted by salt and pepper noise. Suggest better method S-13
0 to remove salt and pepper noise from the image. Explain that method and write
Matlab/Scilab code for the same.
2.11 Consider that image is corrupted by Gaussian noise. Suggest suitable method to S-13
minimize Gaussian noise from the image. Explain that method and write
Matlab/Scilab code for the same.
2.1 Explain importance of histogram in image processing. Explain Pseudo code to S-13
2 calculate histogram. Explain histogram equalization.
2.1 Explain spatial filtering process. Write MATLAB code for convolution of 3x3 S-13
3 filter mask with image of size MxN. Write 3x3 mask for low pass filtering and
high pass filtering.
2.1 Low pass filter in spatial domain is smoothing filter. Explain it. W-13
4
2.1 Explain different order statistic filter used for noise reduction. W-13
5
2.1 Write a short note: Homomorphic filtering. W-13
6
2.1 What do you mean by gray level slicing and bit plane slicing? Explain W-13
7 in brief. Consider the image given below. Obtain the new image if we
 set
1. Lower order two bit plane to zero.
2. Higher order two bit plane to zero.

2.1 Define the following terms with respect to image. W-13

8 Neighbor of a pixel, adjacency, resolution of an image, nearest neighbor
interpolation, connectivity, digital image, image negative
2.1 Given histograms (a) and (b), modify the histogram of image (a) as per W-13
9 the histogram of image (b).

2.2 Write short note on point processing for spatial domain enhancement S-14
0
2.2 What is histogram? Explain histogram equalization algorithm. S-14
1
2.2 Compare and contrast average filtering and median filtering. S-14
2
2.2 Write MATLAB code for homomorphic filtering on square image S-14
3
2.2 Adding image with itself makes image brighter Justify. W-14
4
2.2 Explain Translation and Scaling operations used in image processing with W-14
5 suitable example and application.
2.2 With reference to image processing, briefly explain following terms: W-14
6 (i) 4-connected path (ii) Dynamic range (iii) False contouring
2.2 With reference to image processing, briefly explain following terms: W-14
7 (i) Match band (ii) Brightness adaption (iii) Contrast
2.2 Write MATLAB code to flip gray image horizontally. W-14
8
2.2 Enlist the methods to increase the dynamic range of an image. Explain any one W-14
9 method in detail.
2.3 Write MATLAB code to perform bit-plane slicing of gray image W-14
0
2.3 What is limitation of median filter? How adaptive median filter enhances working W-14
1 of median filter? Explain in detail.
2.3 i. Contrast between dynamic range and contrast. S-15
2 ii. Differentiate between spatial resolution and intensity resolution.
iii. Explain in brief the sampling checkerboards and the false contouring effects.
2.3 i. Compare various methods of image interpolation. S-15
3 ii. Differentiate between image enhancement and image restoration.
iii. Make comparison between point processing and neighborhood processing
techniques.
2.3 Given histograms (a) and (b), modify the histogram of image (a) as per the S-15
4 histogram of image (b).

2.3 Consider that the digital image is corrupted by following noises individually: 1. S-15
5 Salt & pepper noise, 2. Salt noise only, 3. Pepper noise only. Suggest & explain
the best suitable spatial filtering methods to remove the noise from the image in
each case.
2.3 i. What is gamma correction? What is its importance? S-15
6 ii. What is mean and standard deviation of the histogram? What are the physical
significances of these quantities?
iii. There are two images I1 and I2. They have identical histograms. Suppose we
form a third image I3 as I3=I1 - I2. Will this image I3 be a zero image? Give
reason for your answer.

Unit-4 Image Restoration and Reconstruction

4.1 What is the difference between degradation and noise? Explain image S-12
degradation and restoration model.
4.2 Explain each of the three characteristics of AWGN (Additive White Gaussian W-12
Noise) model.
4.3 Derive the relation between the reduction in noise and the number of W-12
observations K in an averaging method where K degraded image observations
due to an additive noise with zero mean and a constant variance are averaged.
4.4 Explain a linear image-degradation model, an inverse restoration filter and its W-12
limitations.
4.5 Discuss reasons for the degradation of digital image. Explain image S-13
degradation-restoration model with equations in Spatial and frequency domain
4.6 Explain different noise probability density functions using mathematical S-13
expressions and graphs.
4.7 Explain different noise model in image. W-13
4.8 Explain a linear image degradation model, an inverse restoration filter and its S-14
limitations
4.9 List advantages and disadvantages of the wiener filter. S-14
4.10 List the types of noise and their cause, which can corrupt an image. W-14
4.11 Explain in brief: (i) Contra-harmonic mean filter (ii) Alpha-trimmed mean filter. W-14
4.12 i. Differentiate between noise and degradation. S-15
ii. Draw and explain in brief the model of the degradation/restoration process.
iii. Discuss in brief spatial and frequency properties of the noise.
4.13 Write a brief note on inverse filtering. Also discuss the problem with the same. S-15

Unit-7 Image Segmentation

7.1 What is first order and second order derivatives of an image? Why second order S-12
derivative is not much preferred for edge detection? How Laplacian of
Gaussian (LoG) solves problem of second order derivative for edge detection?
7.2 What is the purpose of Hough transform? Write steps of Hough transform for S-12
XY plane. What problem occurs in Hough transform in XY Plane for vertical
line?
7.3 Segment the following image into two regions based on the edge-orientations W-12
derived through a gradient operator clearly depicting the boundary.

7.4 Explain region growing by pixel aggregation method. S-13

7.5 What is segmentation? List segmentation approaches. Explain use of gradient S-13
operators to find out discontinuities.
7.6 What is importance of Hough transform in image processing. Write steps of S-13
Hough transform for XY plane. Explain problem of Hough transform in XY
plane for vertical line.
7.7 Explain various methods for detecting edge in an image. W-13
7.8 What are different ways of region based segmentation? Explain anyone with an S-14
example.
7.9 What is the purpose of Hough transform? Write steps of Hough transform for S-14
XY plane. Which problem occurs in Hough transform in XY plane for vertical
line?
7.10 Show that the Laplacian operator is invariant to rotation. W-14
7.11 Explain the concept of Laplacian and LoG for edge detection and comment on S-15
the comparison of both the operators.
7.12 i. What is the advantage of using Sobel operator? S-15
ii. Explain the process of edge detection using gradient operators.