1. THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION.

In fact, detection of radiation required the construction of an

elaborate but small radio horn, which was designed to make
measurements with unprecedented accuracy. The original horn that
was used was [1] ____________ at Bell Laboratories in Holmdel,
New Jersey, [2] ____________ satellite communications. In 1965,
radio astronomers Arno Penzias [3] ____________ Robert Wilson
made a series of measurements [4] ____________ this radio
telescope. They found an [5] ____________ radio noise that
seemed to be [6] ____________ of the direction of the antenna [7]
____________
pointing. After trying very hard to [8] ____________ their telescope
and to eliminate the [9] ____________ of a terrestrial origin for the
[10] ____________ signal, they concluded that the radiation [11]
____________ uniform in all directions. The radiation [12]
____________ not more intense in the direction [13] ____________
the Sun or of the Milky Way, [14] ____________ example, so it
cloud not be [15] ____________ solar or galactic origin.

Answers

In fact, detection of radiation required the construction of an

elaborate but small radio horn, which was designed to make
measurements with unprecedented accuracy. The original horn that
was used was developed at Bell Laboratories in Holmdel, New
Jersey, for satellite communications. In 19865, radio astronomers
Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson made a series of measurements
with this radio telescope. They found an excess radio noise that
seemed to be independent of the direction of the antenna was
pointing. After trying very hard to calibrate their telescope and to
eliminate the possibility of a terrestrial origin for the radio signal, they
concluded that the radiation was uniform in all directions. The
radiation was not more intense in the direction of the Sun or of the
Milky Way, for example, so it cloud not be of solar or galactic origin.
2. ALTERNATIVES TO THE BIG BANG

Perhaps the strongest point in favor of this alternative is that it brings

cosmology within the scope of the physics and astrophysics of the
universe as it is today. By contrast, the big bang hypothesis
________ most observable features of the universe _______ as the
cosmic background and formation _______ galaxies to the remote
past, to ______ transient era when the physical state _______ the
universe was supposed to be _______ different from what we can
now ______ in the laboratory. The big bang ________ relies upon
esoteric forms of matter ____ found in the laboratory to explain
______ the universe got to be the ______ it is. What is most
disturbing ______ that the scenarios proposed are supposed _____
have happened only once, not being ________ as required by he
norms of science.

For answers check out page 36 the 8th paragraph

3. THE COSMIC MICROWAVES BACKGROUND RADIATION

Probably the most persuasive evidence favoring Big Bang

cosmology is the existence of the cosmic microwave background
radiation, the cooled residue of the Primeval Fireball that constituted
the early universe. Microwave is [1]____________ radio
astronomers term for short wavelength [2]____________ waves
(those with wavelengths less than [3]____________ centimeters).
Of course, optical radiation is [4]____________ lower in wavelength
than radio waves, [5]____________ microwave radiation is not
visible to [6]____________ human eye, nor do microwaves
normally [7]____________ much heat, unless their intensity is
[8]____________ to a high level. The universe [9]____________ a
profile source of microwaves. The [10]____________ of cosmic
microwaves is as great [11]____________ the brightness of the
Milky Way, [12]____________ were imagined the Milky Way to
[13]____________ over the entire sky. Human beings
[14]____________ probably safe, however, from any cosmic
[15]____________ , since the energy flux of cosmic microwaves
absorbed by any individual is minuscule.

ANSWERS
Probably the most persuasive evidence favoring Big Bang
cosmology is the existence of the cosmic microwave background
radiation, the cooled residue of the Primeval Fireball that constituted
the early universe. Microwave is the radio astronomers term for
short wavelength radio waves (those with wavelengths less than
several centimeters). Of course, optical radiation is much lower in
wavelength than radio waves, but microwave radiation is not visible
to the human eye, nor do microwaves normally produce much heat,
unless their intensity is increased to a high level. The universe is a
profile source of microwaves. The intensity of cosmic microwaves is
as great as the brightness of the Milky Way, if were imagined the
Milky Way to extend over the entire sky. Human beings are probably
safe, however, from any cosmic contamination, since the energy flux
of cosmic microwaves absorbed by any individual is minuscule,
amounting to about 10 watts, or only one ten-millionth of the
power expended by a 100-watt light bulb.
4. CLOZE TEST (1)

One prediction that comes out of the theory of inflation is that

the mix of big and small hot spots in the early universe should follow
a characteristic pattern. The spots COBE found conform to
(1)______ pattern, and scientists like Smoot expected that
(2)______ smaller hot spots will be too. (3)_______ prediction of
inflation is the surprising (4)________ that every astronomers can
see, including (5)_______ the stars and galaxies, constitutes jus 1%
(6)_______ existing matter. The other 99 % of the (7)________ is
dark and invisible.

There is (8)______ strong evidence that at least some

(9)______ matter must exist. The Milky Way and (10)________ all
other galaxies rotate so (11)_______ that they should literally fly
apart- unless the (12)_______ form invisible halos of dark
(13)________ is holding them together. The halos (14)_______ fall
short of what inflation (15)_______, but, bolstered by the latest
results, theorists are sure that the rest will be found.

ANSWERS (1)
1. that 9. dark
2. the 10. virtually
3. Another 11. fast
4. notion 12. gravity
5. all 13. matter
6. of 14. still
7. universe 15. requires
8. already
16.
5. CLOZE TEST (2)

Some kinds of light, however, have had enough time to suffuse

space. The famous cosmic microwave background radiation,
considered to be the definite proof of the Big Bang, fills the sky. Now
astronomers say they have found (1)_____ second, younger
background. It is thought (2)_____ be the first look at a
(3)_________ unseen period of the universe between (4)______
release of the microwave background and the formation of the
earliest known galaxies, about a (5)________ years later. Were
really completing the (6)________ of Olber`s paradox said
Princeton University (7)________ Michael Vogely, one of the
researchers (8)______ announced their findings about the
background (9)_____ the American Astronomical Society
conference in January.

The (10)________ hoopla at the meeting concerned the far-

infrared (11)______ of the background, first hypothesized (12)_____
1967 by Bruce Partridge of Haverford College and P. James E.
Peebles of Princeton. Two effects turn primordial starlight into an
(13)_______ glow: the expansion of the universe (14)_______
stretches visible wavelengths of light into (15)______ infrared.

ANSWERS (2)
1. a
2. to
3. previously
4. the
5. billion
6. resolution
7. astronomer
8. who
9. at
10. greatest
11. part
12. in
13. infrared
14. which
15. the
6. GLOW IN THE DARK

A second cosmic background radiation permeates the sky

Modern theories of the universe begin with the simplest of

observations: the night sky looks dark. The darkness implies that the
universe infinitely old, as the scientists once thought. If it were,
starlight would already (1) _______ seeped in to all corners of
space,(2) _______ we would see a hot, uniform glow (3)_________
the sky. This insight is known (4) _____ Olberss paradox, after the
19th century German astronomer Wilhelm Olbers.

Some kinds of Light, however, have (5) ______ enough time to

suffuse space, The (6) _______ cosmic microwave background
radiation, considered to (7) ______ the definite proof of the big
bang, fills the sky. Now astronomers say they have found (8)
_______ second, younger background. It is though (9) ______ be
the first look at a (10)_________ unseen period of the universe
between the release of the microwave background and (11)_______
formation of the earliest known galaxies, (12) ________ a billion
years later. Were really completing the (13) __________ of Olbers
s paradox, said Princeton University astronomer Michael Vogeley,
(14)__________ of the researchers who announced their
(15)__________ about the background at the American
Astronomical Society conference (16) ______ January

The greatest hoopla at the meeting (17) ________ the far-infrared

part of the background, (18)_________ hypothesized in 1967 by
Bruce Partridge (19) ________ Haverford College and P. James E.
Peebles of Princeton. Two effects (20) ________ primordial starlight
into an infrared glow: the (21) ___________ of the universe, which
stretches visible wavelengths (22) _______ light into the infrared;
and the presence of dust, which absorbs starlight, heats (23)
______ and reradiates.
7. EVIDENCE FOR UNIVERSE EXPANSION FOUND

Physicists announced Thursday that they now have the smoking

gun thats shows the universe went through extremely rapid
expansion in the moments after the Big Bang, growing from (1)
_____ size of a marble to a volume larger (2) _____ all of
observable space in less than (3) _____ trillion-trillionth of a second.

The discovery which involves an analysis (4) _____ variations in

the brightness of microwave (5) _____ - is the first direct evidence to
support the two-decade-old (6) _____ that the universe went
through what is called inflation.

It also helps explain (7) _____ matter eventually clumped together

into planets, (8) _____ and galaxies in a universe that began (9)
_____ a remarkably smooth, super hot soup.

Its giving us our first clues (10) _____ how inflation took place,
said Michael Turner, assistant director (11) _____ mathematics and
physical sciences at the National Science Foundation. (12) _____ is
absolutely amazing.

Brian Greene, a Columbia University physicist, (13) _____ : The

observations are spectacular and the (14) _____ are stunning.

()

Solution: 8. - stars
1. - the 9. - as
2. - than 10. - about
3. - a 11. - for
4. - of 12. - This
5. - radiation 13. - said
6. - theory 14. - conclusions
7. - how
8. THE BIG BANG: IT SURE WAS BIG!!
Introduction
We certainly know that our universe exists. However, this knowledge
alone has not satisfied mankinds quest for further, understanding.
Our curiosity has led us to question our place in this universe and,
[1] ____________, the place of the universe itself. [2]____________
time we have asked ourselves these [3] ____________: How did our
universe begin? How [4] ____________ is our universe? How did
matter [5] ____________ to exist? Obviously, these are not [6]
____________questions and throughout our brief history [7]
____________ this planet much time and effort [8]
____________been spent looking for some clue. [9]____________,
after all this energy has been [10] ____________, much of what we
know is [11]____________only speculation.
We have, however, come [12] ____________long way from the
mystical beginnings [13] ____________the study of cosmology and
the [14]____________ of the universe. Through the understandings
[15] ____________ modern science we have been able to provide
firm theories for some of the answers we once called hypotheses.

Answers

THE BIG BANG: IT SURE WAS BIG!!

Introduction
We certainly know that our universe exists. However, this knowledge
alone has not satisfied mankinds quest for further, understanding.
Our curiosity has led us to question our place in this universe and,
furthermore, the place of the universe itself. Throughout time we
have asked ourselves these questions: How did our universe begin?
How old is our universe? How did matter come to exist? Obviously,
these are not simple questions and throughout our brief history on
this planet much time and effort has been spent looking for some
clue. Yet, after all this energy has been expended, much of what we
know is still only speculation.
We have, however, come a long way from the mystical beginnings of
the study of cosmology and the origins of the universe. Through the
understandings of modern science we have been able to provide
firm theories for some of the answers we once called hypotheses.
9. CLOZE TEST EXERCISE # 1-JUAN PINO

Physicists announced Thursday that they know [1]____________

the smoking gun that shows the [2]____________ went through
extremely rapid expansion in [3]____________ moments after the
Big Bang, growing [4]____________ the size of a marble to
[5]____________ volume larger than all of the [6]____________
space in less than a trillion-trillionth [7]____________ a second. The
discovery - which [8]____________ an analysis of variations in the
[9]____________ of microwave radiation - is the [10]____________
evidence to support the two-decade-old theory [11]____________
the universe went through wait is [12]____________ inflation.
It also helps explain how [13]____________ eventually clumped
together into planets, stars [14]____________ galaxies in a universe
that began [15]____________ a remarkably smooth, super hot
soup.

Answers

Physicists announced Thursday that they know have the smoking

gun that shows the universe went through extremely rapid
expansion in the moments after the Big Bang, growing from the size
of a marble to a volume larger than all of the observable space in
less than a trillion-trillionth of a second. The discovery -- which
involves an analysis of variations in the brightness of microwave
radiation-is the first evidence to support the two-decade-old theory
that the universe went through wait is called inflation.
It also helps explain how matter eventually clumped together into
planets, stars and galaxies in a universe that began as a remarkably
smooth, super hot soup.
"It's giving us our first clues about how inflation took place," said
Michael Turner, director for mathematics and physical sciences at
the National Science foundation. "This is absolutely amazing."
10. LOOKBACK TIME

What we see in the sky is the past. Light falling upon the Earth
tonight from the star Sirius, 8.7 light-years away, is 8.7 years old.
Light from the red star Antares, 520 light-years away, dates from the
fifteenth century. We see the Andromeda [1]____________ as it was
in the first [2]____________ of Homo Erectus, the galaxies of
[3]____________ Virgo Cluster as they were when
[4]____________ palms grew at the North Pole [5]____________
terror cranes darkened the skies of [6]____________. Light from
distant quasar set out [7]____________ its journey to our telescopes
before [8]____________ Earth had formed. To look across space
[9]____________ to look back in time. The history
[10]____________ the cosmos is arrayed in the [11]____________
for those who care to read [12]____________.
Some of the implications of this [13]____________ may be
investigated by means of [14]____________ diagram in which
space is plotted [15]____________ the vertical axis and time the
[16]____________.

Answers

What we see in the sky is the past. Light falling upon the Earth
tonight from the star Sirius, 8.7 light-years away, is 8.7 years old.
Light from the red star Antares, 520 light-years away, dates from the
fifteenth century. We see the Andromeda galaxy as it was in the first
days of Homo Erectus, the galaxies of the Virgo Cluster as they
were when coconut palms grew at the North Pole and terror cranes
darkened the skies of Earth. Light from distant quasar set out on its
journey to our telescopes before the Earth had formed. To look
across space is to look back in time. The history of the cosmos is
arrayed in the sky for those who care to read it.
Some of the implications of this situation may be investigated by
means of a diagram in which space is plotted as the vertical axis
and time the horizontal.
11. LOOKBACK TIME

The absence of quasars at distances (and look back times) of over

about fifteen billion light-years can be explained handily in terms of
Big Bang cosmology. If, as this theory maintains, the expansion of
the universe began in a violent event [1] ______ eighteen to twenty
billion years ago, [2] _____ we would expect that this moment [3]
_____ violent genesis was followed by an [4] _____ of darkness
during which the thinning, [5] _____, primordial matter of the
universe [6] _____. Then stars and the nuclei of [7] _____ began to
shine, and light reappeared [8] _____ the cosmos. If quasars
are [9] _____ protogalaxies predicted by the theory, we [10] _____
expect to find a great many [11] _____ at look back times of
approximately twelve [12] _____ fifteen billion light-years, but none
at greater [13] _____ times, for beyond that point we [14] _____
peering into the time prior to [15] _____ protogalaxies had begun to
shine. It [16] _____ this quasar cutoff point that is [17] _____
referred to as the edge of [18] _____ universe. All observers in the
cosmos [19] _____ find that the cutoff point occurs [20] _____
extreme look back times. No observer today [21] _____ any closer
to the edge than [22] _____ other, for the edge belongs to [23]
_____ past. And no observer finds quasars abundant nearby, at
short look back times, as the quasars too belong to the past, and
presumably since have settled down to become the nuclei of more
or less normal galaxies.

Answer:
[1] roughly [13]look back
[2] then [14] are
[3] of [15] when
[4] epoch [16] is
[5] cooling [17] sometimes
[6] coalesced [18] the
[7] protogalaxies [19] today
[8] in [20] at
[9] the [21] is
[10] should [22] any
[11]quasars [23] the
[12] to
12. ECHOES OF THE BIG BANG

By peering back into the beginning of time, a satellite finds the

largest and oldest structures ever observed evidence on how the
universe took shape 15 billion years ago.

They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists
had ever detected: a swath of gargantuan cosmic clouds
[1]________ 15 billion light-years from earth. But, [2]________ more
important, it was the farthest [3]________ scientists had ever been
able to [4]________ into the past, for what they [5]________ seeing
were the patterns and structures [6]________ existed 15 billion
years ago. That [7]________ just about the moment or, more
[8]________, an infinitesimal 300,000 years after the [9]________
in which the universe was born. [10]________ the researchers found
was at once [11]________ amazing and expected: the U.S National
Aeronautics [12]________ Space Administrations Cosmic
Background Explorer satellite-COBE- [13]________ discovered
landmark evidence that the universe [14]________ in fact begin with
the primeval [15]________ that has become known as the
[16]________ Bang.

Answers

They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists
had ever detected: a swath of gargantuan cosmic clouds some 15
billion light-years from earth. But, even more important, it was the
farthest that scientist had ever been able to peer into the past, for
what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed
15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment or, more
precisely, an infinitesimal 300,000 years after the moment in which
the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once
both amazing and expected: the U.S National Aeronautics and
Space Administrations Cosmic Background Explorer satellite
COBE had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in
fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as
the Big Bang.
13. ALTERNATIVES TO THE BIG BANG

Recent work on cosmic grains small particles of iron, carbon and

the like found in interstellar space has turned up a promising
candidate: an iron whisker about 1 millimetre long and 1 micrometer
wide. (1)_____________ experiments show that slowly cooled
metallic (2) ________ do condense into such whiskers. Because
(3)____________ are expected to be ejected in (4)_____________
explosions, such whiskers could very well (5) ____________ in the
expanding envelopes of supernovae. (6)____________, the
spectrum of the Crab Nebula (7)___________ (which is the relic of a
(8) ____________) shows a dip in the range (9)________
wavelengths from 30 micrometers to centimetres, (10)___________
are just the wavelengths where we (11) ____________ expect iron
whiskers to absorb radiation. (12) ______________ produced
supernovae in galaxies, these whiskers (13) ______________ (in a
reasonably short time compared (14)____________ cosmological
time scales of 10 billion (15)_____________) ultimately be pushed
out into the (16)___________________ space by radiation
pressure. Calculations show (17)_____________ such particles
could very efficiently wipe (18)_______________any underlying
unevenness in radiation from (19)____________ and galaxies.

Answers
1. Laboratory 11. would
2. Vapors 12. Once
3. Metals 13. would
4. Supernova 14. with
5. Form 15. years
6. Significantly 16. intergalactic
7. Pulsar 17. that
8. Supernova 18. out
9. of 19. stars
10. which
14. GLOW IN THE DARK
March 1998; Scientific American Magazine; by Musser.

Modern theories of the universe begin with the simplest of

observations: the night sky looks dark. The darkness implies that the
universe is not infinitely old, (1)__________ scientists once thought.
If it were, (2)__________ would already have seeped into all
(3)__________ of space, and we would see (4)__________ hot,
uniform glow across the sky. (4)__________ insight is known as
Olberss paradox, (5)__________ the 19th-century German
astronomer Wilhelm (6)__________.
Some kinds of light, however, have had enough time to suffuse
space. The famous cosmic microwave background radiation,
considered to be the definitive (7)__________ of the big bang, fills
the (8)__________. Now astronomers say they have found
(9)_________ second, younger background. It is thought
(10)__________ be the first look at a (11)__________ unseen
period of the universe--between (12)_________ release of the
microwave background and (13)__________ formation of the
earliest known galaxies, (14)__________ a billion years later. "Were
really (15)___________ the resolution of Olberss paradox," said
Princeton University astronomer Michael S. Vogeley, one of the
researchers who announced their findings at the American
Astronomical Society meeting in January.
15. CAN YOU NAME 10 THINGS THAT CONTRADICT BIG BANG
THEORY?
This is a completely fair question, but actually a difficult one to
answer.
The 'problem' is that there are a great many contingencies that have
to come together to generate a severe ______(1). That's how good
Big Bang theory ______(2) to be. It is like asking ______(3) 10
things that contradict quantum mechanics, or ______(4) current
scientific explanation for why we ______ (5)seasons. Here is my list
of ______(6) 'weak' points of Big Bang cosmology:
1...______ (7)Bang theory is based on general _______(8). General
relativity predicts how gravity and ______(9)-time operate. If it is
found _______(10) GR is incomplete as a classical _______(11),
then Big Bang could be doomed _______(12) all current
cosmological solutions or 'models' _______ (13)based on solving
Einstein's original, general _______(14) formula for gravity. So far, 6
tests _______(15) been performed and compared with GR _______
(16)and it has been found that Einstein's _______(17) version
remains the simplest version of GR. _______(18)far, there is NO
contradiction on _______(19) basic point.
2...A basic feature of _______ (20)Bang theory is that the universe
_______(21) a specific age given its expansion _______(22) . As
you know, the ages estimated _______(23) the oldest known stars
are between 12 _______ (24) 17 billion years, however if the Hubble
_______ (25) Telescope estimates for the local expansion
_______(26) are correct, an age for the _______(27) closer to 12
billion years is predicted. _______ (28) are only two known ways to
_______ (29) this disagreement, either the galaxies used
_______(30) measure 'Hubble's constant' are too local _______(31)
measure the true, slower expansion rate, _______ (32) there is a
new cosmological 'anti-_______(33) ' force present produced by the
so-_______(34) cosmological constant. If it should come
_______(35) pass that the expansion speed for _______ (36) most
distant galaxies holds fast to 60 - 65 _______(37) /sec/megaparsecs
AND the ages of _______(38) holds to 12-17 billion years AND
observations _______(39) eliminate the cosmological constant as
being _______(40) THEN Big Bang theory is in _______(41)
trouble since you cannot have stars _______ (42) than the Big
Bang. In 2002, _______(43) NASA WMAP satellite confirmed what
astronomers _______(44) been discovering since about 1998. The
universe _______ (45) accelerating its expansion and its current
_______ (46) is 13.7 billion years, with an uncertainty _______(47)
about 200 million years. Also, 73% of the _______ (48) in the
cosmos is Dark Energy. _______(49) neatly resolved a major
problem for Big _______ (50) theory. Currently, there is no
contradiction.

This text is taken of a page and its not completely cloze.

http://www.astronomycafe.net/qadir/q1794.html

16. DOPPLER EFFECT

The Doppler Effect, named after Chirstian Andreas Doppler, is

the apparent change in frequency or wavelenght of a waves that is
perceived by an abserver moving relative to the source of
(1)________ waves. The total Doppler Effect may result(2)
________ either motion of the source or (3) ________ of the
observer.

The Doppler Effect (4) ________ for electromagnetic waves

such as light, is (5) ________ great use in astronomy, and results
(6) ________ either a so-called redshift or blueshift.(7) ________
has been used to measure the (8) ________ at which stars and
galaxies are approaching (9) ________, or receding from us.

The use (10) ________ the Doppler Effect for light in astronomy
depends on the fact that (11) ________ of the stars are not
continuous. Since blue (12) ________ has a higher frequency than
red (13) ________, the spectral lines from an approaching as (14)
________ light source show a blueschift and (15) ________ of
receding sources show a redshift.

(16) ________ redshift effect that shows remove galaxies (17)

________ to be moving away from us is (18) ________ not caused
by the expansion of (19) ________ universe, which is subtly
different, and (20) ________ be used to estimate the age (21)
________ the universe.
17. ECHOES OF THE BIG BANG

They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists
had ever detected: a swath of gargantuan cosmic clouds some 15
billion light-years from Earth. But, even more important, it
_________ (1) the farthest that scientists had ever _________ (2)
able to peer into the past, _________ (3) what they were seeing
were the _________ (4) and structures that existed 15 billion
_________ (5) ago. That was just about the _________ (6) --or,
more precisely, an infinitesimal 300,000 _________ (7) after the
moment- in which the _________ (8) was born. What the
researchers found _________ (9) at once both amazing and
expected: _________ (10) U. S. National Aeronautics and Space
Administration's _________ (11) Background Explorer satellite
-COBE- had discovered _________ (12) evidence that the universe
did in _________ (12) begin with the primeval explosion that
_________ (13) become known as the Big Bang.

_________ (14) anticipation of the announcement, an overflow

_________ (15) had crammed into the meeting of _________ (16)
American Physical Society in Washington last _________ (17), and
they were not disappointed.

()

Answers

1. Was. 10. The.

2. Been.
11. Cosmic.
3. For.
12. Landmark.
4. Patterns.
13. Fact.
5. Years.
14. Has.
6. Moment.
15. In.
7. Years.
16. Crowd.
8. Universe.
17. The.
9. Was.
18. Week.
18. WHEN NERVES SPEAK, THIS CHIP LISTENS. READING
SELECTIONS FOR ID112 PAG 54.

Nerves normally talk eloquently to muscles, directing movements as

simple as a knee jerk or as complex as cartwheel. But when a limb
is amputated, this effortless communication is abruptly interrupted.

The signal is still sent from brain, but it has nowhere to ;

like a rayed cable, the nerve in a useless tangle of thousands
individual fiber. For years researchers have of implanting a
microchip that might the signals and transmit them to
artificial limb. If a computer could these signals into
mechanical movement, an might, for example, be able to
thought to control the fingers of robotic hand.

Recently a team of and electrical engineers from Stanford and

U.S Department or veterans affairs took step toward realizing
this vision,

19. DINOSAURS: WHY THEY DISAPPEARED. READING

SELECTIONS FOR ID:1112 PAGE 56

Several theories have been proposed about why the dinosaurs

disappeared from the face of the Earth. In recent years one
popular theory propose that climatic changes caused the
dinosaurs to become extinct.

This climatic change theory says that of years ago the

climate of world gradually became colder. As the slowly
became colder, fewer plants
were to grow. The cold weather finally in a severe
shortage of
food dinosaurs. As you probable know, most the
dinosaurs were vegetarians, and they on plant for their food
supply. summary, then, the disappearance of the was
caused directly by a shortage plant to eat, and indirectly by
change in the climate. Many scientist believe that the
climatic change theory explains why dinosaur .
20. CAUSE AND EFFECT IN GLOBAL WARNING. READING
SELECTIONS FOR ID1112 PAGE 52

I read Phillip Morrisons review of Spencer R. Wearts, The Discovery

of Global Warming, in the Jun 2004 issue of Physics Today. Warts
book contains four graphics and other evidence that apparently
convinces Morrison of global warming causes.

There is evidence of increasing global temperatures and increasing

atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Morrison is convinced
that ones causes the other but never mentions whether. Weart says
which is the cause and which the effect, or whether he gives
evidence to support either case. Solid science, though, does
support one case.

It is widely known that the largest single repository of CO2 on earth

is the oceans, and that the solubility of CO2 in water drops as the
water temperature increases. So clearly a mechanism exists
whereby increasing ocean water temperatures causes increased
outgassing of CO2 into atmosphere. Furthermore, artic permafrost
zones revert to marshy peat bogs.

21. EVIDENCE FOR UNIVERSE EXPANSION FOUND

Researchers found the evidence for inflation by looking at a faint

glow that permeates the universe. That glow, known as the cosmic
microwave background, was produced when the universe was about
300,000 years old long after ________ (1) had done its work.
But just _________ (2) a fossil tells a palaeontologist about
________ (3) extinct life, the pattern of light ________ (4) the
cosmic microwave background offers clues ________ (5) what
came before it. Of specific ________ (6) to physicists are subtle
brightness variations ________ (7) give images of the microwave
background ________ (8) lumpy appearance.
Physicists presented new measurements ________ (9) those
variations during a news conference ________ (10) Princeton
University. The measurements were made ________ (11) a space
borne instrument called ________ (12) Wilkinson Microwave
Anisotropy Probe, or WMAP, ________ (13) by NASA in 2001.
Earlier studies ________ (14) WMAP data have determined that the
________ (15) is 13.7 billion years old, give ________ (16) take a
few hundred thousand years.
________ (17) also measured variations in the cosmic ________
(18) background so huge that they stretch ________ (19) the entire
sky. Those earlier observations ________ (20) strong indicators of
inflation, but no smoking gun, said Turner, who was not involved in
the research.

Answers:
1. inflation 11. by
2. as 12. the
3. long 13. launched
4. in 14. of
5. about 15. universe
6. interest 16. or
7. that 17. WMAP
8. a 18. microwave
9. of 19. across
10. at 20. are
22. EVIDENCE 7_____________c Researches found
FOR UNIVERSE alled inflation. the
EXPANSION It also helps 18_____________
FOUND explain for inflation by
8_____________ looking at a
Physicists matter eventually 19_____________
announced clumped together glow that
Thursday that they into planets, permeates the
now have the 9_____________a universe. That
smoking gun that nd galaxies in a 20_____________
shows the universe that , known as the
universe went 10_____________ cosmic microwave
through extremely as a remarkably background,
rapid expansion in smooth, super hot 21_____________
the moments after 11_____________ produced when
the Big Bang, . the universe was
growing from the Its giving us our about 300,000
size of a marble to first clues 22_____________
a volume larger 12_____________ _ old long after
than how the inflation inflation has done
1_____________ took place, said 23_____________
of observable Michael Turner, work.
space in less than 13_____________ But just as a fossil
2_____________ director for 24_____________
trillion-trillionth of a mathematics and a paleontologist
second. physical sciences about long extinct
The 14_____________ life,
3_____________ the National 25_____________
which involves Science pattern of light in
an analysis of Foundation. This the cosmic
variations is 15 26_____________
4_____________t _____________ background offers
he brightness of amazing clues about what
microwave Brian Greene, a came
radiation is Columbia 27_____________
5_____________fi University it. Of specific
rst direct evidence 16_____________ interest to
to support the two- , said: The physicists
decade-old observations are 28_____________
6_____________t spectacular and subtle brightness
hat the universe 17_____________ variations that give
went through what conclusions are images
stunning. 29_____________
the microwave stretch across the The data favors
background a entire sky. Those inflation, said
lumpy 41_____________ Charles Bennett, a
appearance. observations are Johns Hopkins
30_____________ strong indicators University
presented new of inflation, physicist
measurements of 42_____________ 53_____________
those variations no smoking gun, announced the
31_____________ said Turner, who discovery. He was
a news conference 43_____________ joined
at Princeton not involved in the 54_____________
University. research. two Princeton
32_____________ The colleagues, Lyman
measurements 44_____________ Page and David
were made by a analysis looked at Spergel,
space variations in the 55_____________
33_____________ 45_____________ also contributed to
instrument called background over the research.
the Wilkinson smaller patches of Bennett
Microwave sky 56_____________
Anisotropy Probe, 46_____________ : It amazes me
34_____________ billions of light- that we can
WMAP, launched years across, 57_____________
by NASA in 2001. instead of anything at all
35_____________ 47_____________ about what
studies of WMAP of billions. Without transpired
data have inflation, the 58_____________
determined brightness the first trillionth of
36_____________ 48_____________ a second
the universe is over small patches 59_____________
13.7 billion years of the sky the universe.
37_____________ 49_____________ The physicists
, give or take a few be the same as said small
hundred those observed 60_____________
38_____________ 50_____________ in the microwave
years, WMAP also larger areas of the background began
measured heavens. But during
variations in 51_____________ 61_____________
39_____________ researchers found . Those lumps
cosmic microwave considerable eventually
background so differences in the coalesced into
huge that 52_____________ stars,
40_____________ variations.
62_____________
and planets.
The
measurements are
scheduled
63_____________
be published in a
future issue
64_____________
the Astrophysical
Journal.
ANSWERS 42. but
43. was
1. all 44. new
2. a 45. microwave
3. discovery 46. only
4. in 47. hundreds
5. the 48. variations
6. theory 49. would
7. is 50. over
8. how 51. the
9. stars 52. brightness
10. began 53. who
11. soup 54. by
12. about 55. who
13. assistant 56. added
14. at 57. say
15. absolutely 58. in
16. physicist 59. of
17. the 60. lumps
18. evidence 61. inflation
19. faint 62. galaxies
20. glow 63. to
21. was 64. of
22. years
23. its
24. tells
25. the
26. microwave
27. before
28. are
29. of
30. Physicists
31. during
32. The
33. borne
34. or
35. Earlier
36. that
37. old
38. thousand
39. the
40. they
41. earlier
23. Glow in the dark

Modern theories of the universe begin with the simplest o

observations: the night sky looks dark. The darkness implies that the
universe is not infinitely old, as scientists once thought. If it were,
_________ (1) would already have seeped into all _________ (2) of
space, and we would see _________ (3) hot, uniform glow across
the sky. _________ (4) insight is known as Olbers's paradox,
_________ (5) the 19th century German astronomer Wilhelm Olbers.

_________ (6) kinds of light, however, have had _________ (7) time
to suffuse space. The famous _________ (8) microwave
background radiation, considered to be _________ (9) definite proof
of the Big Bang, _________ (10) the sky. Now astronomers say they
_________ (11) found a second, younger background. lt _________
(12) thought to be the first look _________ (13) a previously unseen
period of the _________ (14) between the release of the microwave
_________ (15 and the formation of the earliest known _________
(16), about a billion years later.

()

Answers:

1. Starlight. 9. The.
2. Corners.
10. Fills.
3. A.
11. Have.
4. This.
12. Is.
5. After.
13. At.
6. Some.
14. Universe.
7. Enough.
15. Background.
8. Cosmic.

16.

17. Galaxies.
24 Hubble surveys the "homes" of quasars

Two teams of astronomers are releasing dramatic Hubble Space

Telescope images today, which show that quasars live in a
remarkable variety of galaxies, many of which are violently colliding.
_________ (1) complicated picture suggests there may be
_________ (2) variety of mechanisms -some quite subtle-
_________ (3) "turning on" quasars, the universe's most _________
(4) objects.

The Hubble researchers are also _________ (5) by the fact that the
quasars _________ (6) do not appear to have obviously _________
(7) the galaxies in which they live. _________ (8) could mean that
quasars are relatively _________ (9) phenomena, which many
galaxies, including the _________ (10) Way, experienced long ago.

John Bahcall _________ (11) the Institute for Advanced Study,

Princeton, NJ, _________ (12) that Hubble's clarity opens a
complicated _________ (13). "If we thought we had a _________
(14) theory of quasars before, now we _________ (15) we don't",
says Bahcall.

()

Answers:
1. This. 9. Short-lived.
2. A. 10. Milky.
3. For. 11. Of.
4. Energetic. 12. Emphasizes.
5. Intrigued. 13. Picture.
6. Studied. 14. Complete.
7. Damaged. 15. Know.
8. This.
25. Hubble surveys the homes of quasars

Two teams of astronomers are releasing dramatic Hubble Space

Telescope images today, which show that quasars live in a
remarkable variety of galaxies, many of which are violently colliding.
This complicated picture suggests there may ________ (1) a variety
of mechanisms some quite subtle ________ (2) "turning on"
quasars, the universe's most ________ (3) objects.

The Hubble researchers are also ________ (4) by the fact that the
quasars ________ (5) do not appear to have obviously ________
(6) the galaxies in which they live. ________ (7) could mean that
quasars are relatively ________ (8) phenomena which many
galaxies, including the ________ (9)Way, experienced long ago.

John Bahcall ________ (10) the Institute for Advanced Study,

Princeton, NJ, ________ (11) that Hubble's clarity opens a
complicated ________ (12). "If we thought we had a ________ (13)
theory of quasars before, now we ________ (14) we don't," says
Bahcall. "No coherent, ________ (15) pattern of quasar behaviour
emerges. The ________ (16) assumption was that there was only
________ (17) kind of host galaxy, or catastrophic ________ (18),
which feeds a quasar. In reality ________ (19) do not have a simple
picture ________ (20) have a mess."

Answers:
1. be 11. emphasizes
2. for 12. picture
3. energetic 13. complete
4. intrigued 14. know
5. studied 15. single
6. damaged 16. basic
7. this 17. one
8. short-live 18. event
9. milky 19. we
10. of 20. we
26. Hubble Surveys the homes of quasars.

Two teams of astronomers are releasing dramatic Hubble Space

Telescope images today, which show that quasars live in a
remarkable variety of galaxies, many of which are violently colliding.
This complicated picture suggest there may ____ a variety of
mechanisms-- some quite _______- for turning on quasars, the
universes __________ energetic objects.

The Hubble researchers are _________ intrigued by the fact that the
__________ studied do not appear to have ____________
damaged the galaxies in which they _________. This could mean
that quasars are _____________ short-lived phenomena, which
many galaxies, ____________ Milky Way, experienced long ago.

John Bahcall _____ the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ,
______________ that Hubbles clarity opens a complicated
__________. If we thought we had a ___________ theory of
quasars before, now we __________ we dont, says Bahcall. No
coherent, __________ pattern of quasar behavior emerges. The
_________ assumption was that there was only _______ kind of
host galaxy, or catastrophic _________, which feeds a quasar. In
reality _____ do not have a simple picture--- ______have a mess

Mike Disney, University ____ Wales College, Cardiff, U.K., who is

________ of the European team, says: People ______ suspected
that collisions might be an ____________ mechanism for feeding
black holes and _____________ the vast amounts of energy emitted
_____ quasars. Now we know they are ______ we didnt know that
before Hubble. ______ is a really exciting achievement.

Though ___ number of the images show collisions ____________

pairs of galaxies, which could trigger ______ birth of quasars, some
pictures reveal _________ normal, undisturbed galaxies possessing
quasars. We _______ amazed by the beauty and clarity _____ the
Hubble images, as well as ____ diversity of quasar environments,
says Donald Schneider ____ Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, PA.

______________ only 33 years ago, quasars are ____________

the most baffling objects in the ___________ because of their small
size and ____________ energy output. Quasars are not much
____________ that Earths solar system but pour _______100 to
1000 times as much _________ as an entire galaxy containing a
hundred billion ________.

A super massive black hole, gobbling _____ stars, gas and dust, is
theorized ______ be the engine powering a quasar. _______
astronomers agree an active black hole ____ the only credible
possibility that explains ________ quasars can be so compact,
variable ______ powerful. Nevertheless, conclusive evidence has
been ___________ because quasars are so bright they ________
and details of the environment where ______ live.
These problems couldnt be solved without _____ Hubble
Telescope, Disney said. I gave ____ on studying quasars 20 years
ago ________ I realized we had to wait ____ a space telescope to
provide a _______ enough view for solving mysteries.

Observations ____ the European team, using the Wide Field

Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) ____ high-resolution mode, reveal
that quasars ________ to be born in environments where two
_________ are interacting violently and probably colliding. _______
had long been suspected as a ______________ for igniting a
quasar but no _____ knew whether the idea was really ________,
before the Hubble, says Peter Boyce _____ the European team.

In nearly every __________ we look at we clearly see _______

galaxy apparently swallowing another, Disney said. ______
selected three quasars known to be ________ infrared emitters,
suggesting that they __________ be in spiral galaxies, which
typically ___________ an enormous amount of gas and ________.
When we image them with Hubble _____ see the most colossal
smashups, where two ________ spiral galaxies like our own Milky
_______ have crashed head on into one _________ and flung off
pieces violently in ___ directions. Some of those bits seem ____
have finished up in the nucleus ___ one of the spirals where there
___ probably a giant black hole feeding ____ it.

Bahcall, Schneider and Sofia Kirkahos ______ used the WFPC2,

but in wide-field mode, ___ survey 20 quasars. Bahcall finds about
______ of the quasars studied have host _________ which look
undisturbed. Either the interacting ____________ is very close to
the nucleus _____ below Hubbles resolution, or other mechanisms
_____ at work in igniting quasars.
______ teams agree that Hubble images do ________ conclusively:

That most quasars lie at ______ cores of luminous

galaxies, both spiral _____ elliptical. Though underlying
galaxies were suggested in ________-based quasar
observations, astronomers had to _______ for Hubbles
capabilities to show the _______ galaxies clearly enough for
astronomers to _________ to classify their shapes.
Interactions between __________, either through direct
collisions or near ___________, can be important in turning
on ___ quasar, by dumping fuel into a _______ hole.
However, some quasars look unperturbed, ___ there may be
observed dont appear ____ know they have a quasar in
________ cores, says Bahcall. This may be ___ very
important clue, since it was ____ completely unexpected
result.
Quasars that are radio quiet _____ often in elliptical
galaxies, not always ____ spiral galaxies, as previously
believed.

Further _________ research will be challenging because of _____

great distance and long time scales __________. Its like having a
few still ________ of a football game and trying ___ decipher both
the rules and the ______ score. Its very challenging, and great
_____, but you are obviously open to ________ the most dramatic
mistakes. Well get ________ in the end but we may ______ a lot of
Hubble pictures to ____ certain what is going on, Disney _____.

Now that more if known about ____ environments in which quasars

exist, the _______ emphasize astronomers must address even
larger _________. Do most quasars flare up for ___ brief period of a
galaxys life (100 million years or _____)? If so, then most galaxies,
including _____ Milky Way, could be burned out ________. If,
alternatively, quasars are long-lived, ____ implies they are more
rare. This _______ a few extremely massive black holes ________
very early in the universe, says Disney.

______________ also need to address a chicken _____ egg

problem about the birth of _________. Did the massive black holes
form _____ and the galaxies formed around them, ____ did galaxies
precede black holes, which _________ grew in their cores through
stellar ________ and merge?
Advanced instruments planned _____ Hubble should also help pin
down ______ details. The Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object
Spectrometer (NICMOS), ___ be installed in 1997, and the
Advanced Camera, ____ be installed in 1999, will have
coronagraphic __________ which will block out the glare ____
quasar, allowing astronomers to see _______ into a galaxys
nucleus. By viewing _________ structures in infrared light, the
NICMOS _________ be able to provide important new _________
about the host galaxies of quasars.

27. LOOKBACK TIME

(Fragment)

What we see in the sky is the past. Light falling upon the earth
tonight from the star Sirius, 8.7 light-years away, is 8.7 years old.
Light from the red star Antares, 520 light years away, dates from the
fifteenth century. We see the Andromeda _________(1) as it was in
the first ________(2) of Homo-erectus, the galaxies of _____ (3)
Virgo Cluster as they were when ________ (4) palms grew at the
North Pole _____ (5) terror cranes darkened the skies of ________
(6). Light from distant quasars set out _______ (7) its journey to our
telescopes before _______ (8) earth had formed. To look across
_______ (9) is to look back in time. The _______ (10) of the cosmos
is arrayed in ____ (11) sky for those who care to _______ (12) it.

Some of the implications of ______ (13) situation may be

investigated by means ______ (14) a diagram in which space is
_______ (15) as the vertical axis and time the horizontal.

Answers:
Reading Selections for ID-1113. Page 18.

1. Galaxy 9. space
2. days 10. history
3. the 11. the
4. coconut 12. read
5. and 13. this
6. earth 14. of
7. on 15. plotted
8. the
28. SOME BIZARRE ASPECTS OF BLACK HOLE ASTRONOMY
Theoretical aspects of the black hole have led astronomers to
speculate upon the ultimate fate of matter in a black hole. One
mathematical model of space around a black hole, developed by
Einstein and Rose in the 1930s, [1]_____________ that the event
horizon connected our [2]_____________ with another universe.
This connection became [3]_____________ as the Einstein-Rosen
Bridge, or [4]_____________ wormhole. Trough the wormhole, it
was [5]_____________; matter from a black hole is
[6]_____________; to emerge as a white hole
[7]_____________another universe. Robert Hjellming, an
astrophysicist [8]_____________ the National Radio Astronomy
Observatory, speculates [9]_____________ the possibility that
quasars may be white [10]_____________ from another universe
and that the [11]_____________ of matter between the two
universes [12]_____________ maintained in equilibrium in this
manner. [13]_____________ we travel from one universe to
[14]_____________through the black hole? Not likely,
[15]_____________a rotating black hole, it has [16]_____________
theorized, would have two event horizons.
[17]_____________intrepid astronaut crew could avoid the
[18]_____________by entering the black hole between
[19]_____________ event horizons and emerge in the
[20]_____________ universe or at another place or time in our
universe.

Answers:
[1] indicated [11] flow
[2] universe [12] is
[3] known [13] could
[4] the [14] another
[5] suggested [15] but
[6] funnelled [16] been
[7] in [17] an
[8] at [18] singularity
[9] on [19] the
[10]holes [20] other
29. THE BIG BANG: It sure was big!!

We certainly know that our universe exists. However, this knowledge

alone has not satisfied mankinds quest for further understanding.
Our curiosity has led us to (1) ________ our place in this universe
and, (2) ____________, the place of the universe itself. (3)
_____________ time we have asked ourselves these (4)
__________: How did our universe begin? How (5) ________ is our
universe? How did matter (6) _______ to exist? Obviously, these are
not (7) _______ questions and throughout our brief history (8) _____
this planet much time and effort (9) _____ been spent looking for
some clue. (10) ______, after all this energy has been (11)
____________, much of what we know is (12) ______ only
speculation.

We have, however, come a (13) ______ way from the mystical

beginnings of (14) ____ study of cosmology and the origins (15)
_____ the universe. Through the understandings of (16) ________
science we have been able to (17) __________ firm theories for
some of the (18) _________ we once called hypotheses. True to
(19) _____ nature of science, a majority of (20) ________ answers
have only led to more intriguing and complex questions. It seems to
be inherent in our search for knowledge that questions will always
continue to exist.

30.THE BIG BANG

The origin of the Big Bang theory can be credited to Edwin Hubble.
Hubble made the observation that the universe is continuously
expanding. He discovered that a galaxys velocity is proportional to
its (1) _________. Galaxies that are twice as far (2) ______ us
move twice as fast. Another (3) ________ is that the universe is
expanding (4) ____ every direction. This observation means that (5)
____ has taken every galaxy the same (6) __________ of time to
move from a (7) _________ starting position to its current position.
(8) ______ as the Big Bang provided for (9) _____ foundation of the
universe, Hubbles observations (10) ________ for the foundation of
the Big Bang (11) _______.

Since the Big Bang, the universe (12) _____ been continuously
expanding and, thus, there (13) ______ been more and distance
between (14) __________ of galaxies. This phenomenon of galaxies
(15) _______ farther away from each other is (16) ________ as the
red shift. As light (17) _______ distant galaxies approach Earth,
there is (18) ___ increase of space between Earth and (19) _____
galaxy, which leads to wavelengths being (20) ___________.

31. THE BIG BANG:

It sure was BIG!!

INTRODUCTION
We certainly know that our universe exists, however, this knowledge
alone has not satisfied mankind's quest for further understanding.
Our curiosity has led us to (1) our place in this universe
and,(2) , the place of the universe itself. (3) time
we have asked ourselves these (4) : How did our
universe begin? How(5) is our universe?
How did matter (6) to exist? Obviously, these are (7)
simple questions and throughout our brief (8) on this
planet much time and effort (9) been spent looking for
some clue.(10) , after all this energy has been (11)
, much of what we know is (12) only speculation.
We have, however, come (13) long way from the
mystical beginnings (14) the study of cosmology and
the (15) of the universe. Through the understandings
(16) modern science we have been able (17)
provide firm theories for some of (18) answers we once
called hypotheses. True to (19) nature of science, a
majority of (20) ____ answers have only led to more intriguing and
complex questions. It seems to be inherent in our search for
knowledge that questions will always continue to exist.
Although in this short chapter it will be impossible to tackle all of the
questions concerning the creation of everything we know as reality,
an attempt will be made to address certain fundamental questions of
our being. It will be important to keep in mind that all of this
information is constantly being questioned and reevaluated in order
to understand the universe more clearly. For our purposes, through
an examination of what is known about the Big Bang itself, the age
of the universe, and the synthesis of the first atoms, we believe that
we can begin to answer several of these key questions.
32. The cosmic microwave background radiation

Probably the most persuasive evidence favoring big bang

cosmology is the existence of the cosmic microwave background
radiation, the cooled residue of the primeval fireball that constituted
the early universe. Microwave is the radio ___________ term for
short wavelength radio waves ( _______ with wavelength that radio
waves, but microwave ____________ is not visible to the human
____, nor do microwaves normally produce much _____, unless
their intensity is increased to _____ high level. The universe is a
_________ source of microwaves. The intensity of _______
microwave is a great as the _________ of the milky way, if we
__________ the milky way to extend over _____ entire sky. Human
beings are probably _____, however, from any cosmic
contamination, since the energy flux of cosmic microwaves
absorbed _____ any individual is minuscule, amounting to ______
0,00001 watts, or only ten-_________ of the power expended by a
100-watt ____ bulb.

33. The Doppler Effect

The discovery of the Big Bang and the recession of the galaxies
came from a commonplace of nature called the Doppler Effect. We
are used to it in the physics of sound. An automobile driver speeding
_________ (1) us blows his horn. Inside the _________ (2), the
driver hears a steady blare _________ (3) a fixed pitch. But, outside
the _________ (4), we hear a characteristic change in _________
(5). To us, the sound of the _________ (6) elides from high
frequencies to low. _________ (7) racing car traveling at 200
kilometers _________ (8) hour (120 miles per hour) is _________
(9) almost one-fifth the speed of sound. _________ (10) is a
succession of waves in _________ (11), a crest and a trough. The
_________ (12) together the waves are, the higher _________ (13)
frequency or pitch; the farther apart _________ (14) waves are, the
lower the pitch. _________ (15) the car is racing away from
_________ (16), it stretches out the sound waves, _________ (17)
them, from our point of view, _________ (18) a lower pitch and
producing the _________ (19) sound with which we are all
_________ (20).

()

Answers:
1. By. 11. Air.
2. Car. 12. Closer.
3. At. 13. The.
4. Car. 14. The.
5. Pitch. 15. If.
6. Horn. 16. Us.
7. A. 17. Moving.
8. Per. 18. To.
9. Going. 19. Characteristic.
10. Sound. 20. Familiar.