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Introduction
Significantly regional metamorphic rocks scattered expose throughout Java
Island. Those are exposed in Ciletuh Complex of West Java, Luk Ulo Complex of
Central Java, and Jiwo Hills area of Central Java (Fig. 1a). Among those complexes
in Java island, Luk Ulo Complex is well-known to be worldwide outcrop of high-
pressure metamorphic rocks (eclogite, blueschist) [1, 2, 3, 4], whereas the other
complexes (Ciletuh and Jiwo Hills) still lack of publication about the metamorphic
rocks and the occurrence of high-pressure metamorphic rocks.
This contribution explains the occurrence of various metamorphic rocks in the
Jiwo Hills. Previously, [5] has reported the metamorphic facies study in western
part of this complex (West Jiwo). This paper explains detailed petrographical
observation and mineral chemistry analyses on garnet-wollastonite skarn and
epidote-glaucophane schist. Furthermore, those results are synthesized to
emphasize the contribution of Jiwo Hills metamorphic terrane on the tectonic
evolution of Indonesia region. Mineral abbreviations in this paper follow [6].
Geological Outline
Jiwo Hills located in Bayat area, which is 45 km NE of Yogyakarta (Figs. 1a, b). In
this isolated hills, which approximately has 30 km2, regional metamorphic rocks
were expose [5, 7, 8] (Fig. 1b). The Jiwo Hills have been previously considered to
be composed of the very low-grade metamorphic rocks [2, 8]. Common
metamorphic lithologies in the Jiwo Hills are phyllite, mica schist, calc-silicate
schist, and marble. [5] reported the occurrence of amphibolite, blueschist,
phyllite and serpentinite in this area. Foliations of the metamorphic rocks are
reported to have a trend of NE-SW [8]. No reliable P-T conditions of the
metamorphic rocks were reported from this area.
Figure 1. Simplified geological map of Jiwo Hills in Central Java. Modified after [
The regional metamorphic rocks are considered to be the oldest rocks crop out in
this complex. [8] reported K-Ar from quartz-mica schist yielded 98 Ma. Those are
unconformably overlain by Paleogene and Neogene sedimentary rocks [7] (Fig.
1b). A diabase, which yields K-Ar age of 39.831.3 Ma [10], intruded older rocks
in this area (Fig. 1b).
Modes of Occurrence
Field investigation in the Jiwo Hills confirms that very low-grade metamorphic
rocks are abundant in this area. However, most of the exposures are strongly
weathered. The most predominant rock types are phyllites. Rarely blueschist-
facies assemblage of epidoteglaucophane schist was found near the exposure of
serpentinite in the western part of this complex (West Jiwo) with the foliation
trend varies from N6263E dipping 5570 to the south (Figs. 1b, 2a, b). Garnet-
wollastonite skarn and clinopyroxene-epidote skarn were also found in the
western part (Fig. 1b). urthermore, the occurrence of marbles were reported by
[5] also found in the western part. Whereas in the eastern part of this complex
are dominated by calc-silicate schist and phyllite (Figs. 1b, 2b, c). The calc-
silicate schist has a trend of N60E dipping 34 to the south. The other variations
of low-grade schists found in this area are albite-muscovite schist, graphite
phyllite, and quartz phyllite.
Figure 2. Modes of occurrence of the metamorphic rocks in Jiwo Hills. (a) Outcrop
of serpentinite and (b) epidote-glaucophane schist in West Jiwo. (c) Outcrop of
phyllite and (d) calc-silicate schist in East Jiwo.
Phyllites
Phyllites represent the lowest grade of metamorphic rocks in the Jiwo Hills. These
rocks contain detrital grains of quartz with fine grain matrix of chlorite,
muscovite, and graphite (Fig. 3a). Those have thin layers, in which contains two
regions of detrital quartz-rich and chlorite-rich regions. Fine-grained apatite is
commonly framed by graphite and chlorite.
Calc-silicate schists
Calc-silicate schists mainly consist of calcite, quartz, muscovite, and iron-oxide
grain minerals (Fig. 3b). Weak schistosity is developed by calcite and muscovite
grains. Calcite, quartz, iron-oxide grains are having size of 0.10.5 mm in length,
whereas muscovite is ~0.2 mm in length. Several calcite veins are cross-cutting
this rocks, which is regarded as secondary phases.
Albite-muscovite schists
These rocks show strong schistosity and mainly consist of albite, chlorite, quartz,
muscovite, and graphite (Fig. 3c). Porphyroblastic albites are abundant in this
rock type. The strong parallel schistocity is defined by chlorite, muscovite, and
graphite. Chlorite and albite might be pseudomorph after garnet (Fig. 3c).
Although original garnet grains were not identified in the collected-rock samples.
Serpentinites
Serpentinite are composed mostly of serpentine together with spinel (Fig. 3d).
Spinel is having size of 0.52 mm in diameter. Relict grains of protolith rocks
were not recognized due to the highly serpentinization and highly weathering
condition.
Garnet-wollastonite skarn
This rock mainly consists of garnet and wollastonite, embed in the quartz matrix.
The garnets having size of 0.51 mm in diameter, which obviously show sectorial
winning zoning (Figs. 3e, f). Those are rich in grossular composition with the
range of Adr1319Grs8185Sps02 (Fig 4a). Representative chemical
composition analysis of garnet is shown in Table 2. Rim to rim analysis of garnet
(A to A; Fig 3f) shows that the garnet has slightly zone in composition with
slightly lower grossular content in the rim than core portions (Fig. 4b). The
andradite composition shows opposite pattern (Fig. 4b) with
Figure 3. (continued) The scale bar without expression indicates 1 mm. (g)
Epidote-glaucophane schist has main composition of epidote, glaucophane,
quartz, titanite and hematite. (h) Back-scattered image of epidote-glaucophane
schist shows that amphibole has glaucophane composition in core-portion and
actinolite composition in rimportion.
spessartine relatively flat (Fig. 4b). All of the fine-grained clinopyroxenes in this
rock are plotted in the wollastonite area of ternary diagram of clinoestatite-
clinoferrosilitewollastonite suggested from [15] (Fig. 4c). Representative chemical
composition analysis of clinopyroxene is shown in Table 2.
Epidote-glaucophane schist Epidote-glaucophane schist mainly consists of
glaucophane, epidote, quartz, phengite, titanite, and hematite (Figs. 3g, h).
Excluding quartz, glaucophane and epidote are ubiquitous in matrix, which
having size of ~0.2 mm in diameter and show random orientation. Actinolite
occupy in the rim of the glaucophane (Figs. 3h, 4d) as secondary phases of this
rock. Chlorite and albite replace other minerals, which also regarded as
secondary phases. Representative chemical composition analysis of amphibole is
shown in Table 2.
Discussion
Metamorphic rocks crop out in the Jiwo Hills having grade variation of
greenschist, blueschist, hornfels (skarn), and serpentinite (Table 1). Based on
their occurrence in the geological map, West Jiwo has more variation of
metamorphic rocks than East Jiwo. The metamorphic grades found in the West
Jiwo are greenschist, blueschist, hornfels (skarn), and serpentinite (Fig. 1).
Furthermore, [5] reported the occurrence of marble in the West Jiwo. Whereas in
the East Jiwo, so far, only greenschist was found in there (Fig. 1).
Figure 5. Bulk rock compositions of metamorphic rocks from Jiwo Hills compared
to the other high-pressure metamorphic terranes in central Indonesia are plotted
on the ACF diagram from [26].
Conclusion
1. Various metamorphic rocks crop out in the Jiwo Hills area include greenschist,
blueschist, serpentinite, and skarn.
2. The occurrence of skarn in the Jiwo Hills might give prospect information of
economic mineral deposits.
3. The occurrence of blueschist-facies in the Jiwo Hills might be correlated with
other high-pressure metamorphic terranes in central Indonesia region, which
considered as Cretaceous subduction complex.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank to staff members of Geological Engineering Gadjah Mada
University for their assistance during the field survey in the Jiwo Hills and
valuable discussions. This work is a part of the PhD study supported by JICA
AUN/SEED-Net scholarship, and was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific
Research (No. 21253008 and 22244063 to Y. Osanai) from the Ministry of
Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan.