International Journal of Impact Engineering 102 (2017) 129
139

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International Journal of Impact Engineering

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijimpeng

Nested tube system applicable to protective structures against blast

shock
2XTagedPD1 XZ.L.
XD Yu, 4XD3 XP. XD Xue*, 6XD5 XZ. XD Chen
TagedPSchool of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shanxi 710072, PR China

TAGEDPA R T I C L E I N F O TAGEDPA B S T R A C T

Article History: Aiming at developing an efcient energy absorption component for protecting structures against blast
Received 7 January 2016 shock, this paper proposes a triple-tube system (TT) consisting of three tubes. Its performance is stud-
Revised 25 November 2016 ied experimentally and numerically, and compared with that of a double-tube system (DT) and a sin-
Accepted 29 November 2016
gle-tube system (ST). The results show that the TT system can provide the highest energy absorption
Available online 22 December 2016
efciency and the most stable deformation mode, so as to enhance energy absorption capacity for
protecting structures. Then a parametric study is conducted to investigate the effect of the geometric
TagedPKeywords:
parameters on the performance of the TT system and theoretical prediction of stage load is proposed
Nested-tube system
Energy absorption capacity
to provide guidance for designing an effective TT system. Finally, the TT system is applied to a blast-
Protective structures resistance door used in civil air defense headquarters. The results demonstrate that the TT system can
Blast shock wave provide the most efcient impact force reduction and the lightest weight in protecting the structures
from damage under blast shock wave.
2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction TagedP ilva-Gomes et al. [6] investigated the dynamic response of a

TagedPWith the development of technologies, the lethality of the weap-
ons is enhanced greatly. It is of a great demand to improve safety
protection capabilities of civil air defense fortications, especially
the entrance gateway. Blast-resistant door is one of the choices for
resisting blast load at the entrance. The traditional blast-resistant
doors are usually designed in bulky and solid structures, which lead
to poor operational performance and high costs [1]. Therefore, the
door with high energy absorption and high buffering capacity is
desirable.
TagedPRings and tubes, due to simplicity in structure, easy manufac-
ture and stable deformation mode, have been proven to be good
energy absorption components. So far, rings and tubes have been
investigated extensively. Burton and Craig [2] studied the perfor-
mance of the ring under compression by rigid plates, showing a
six-hinge deformation mode. DeRuntz and Hodge [3] proposed a
four-hinge deformation mode and predicted the energy absorp-
tion performance under an assumption of ideal rigid-plastic
material. Redwood [4] further studied the effect of strain harden-
ing on the energy absorption performance. Reid and Reddy [5]
assumed a short arc named plastica instead of a hinge, in
attempting to obtain a more accurate prediction. Their theoreti-
cal prediction was more consistent with the experimental result.
* of protection. This paper further studies the TT system by inves-
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: p.xue@nwpu.edu.cn (P. Xue).
S
ring system under impact load, and found that the response of
the system could be obtained by analyzing the ring statically
when the impact velocity was low. After that, Reid and Reddy
[7] conducted further study about the response of ring system
under high-speed impact. Based on the shock wave theory, the
inerratic deformation of the ring system was analyzed, but there
was a discrepancy between the theoretical prediction and exper-
iment results because of wrap-around deformation mode.
TagedPAs a simple and effective energy absorption component, tube
still has great potential in various applications. To further
enhance the capability of the ring system, Shen et al. [8, 9] pre-
pared aluminium foam sandwiched tubes and conducted quasi-
static lateral compression. Three major collapse patterns were
observed. Olabi and his co-workers [10
12] proposed a nested
two-tube system by putting a solid bar between two nested
tubes, and demonstrated its effectiveness in enhancing the
energy absorption capacity under quasi-static and lateral impact.
Xiang et al. [13] studied the quasi-static bending behavior of
sandwich beams with thin-walled tubes as core, and proved its
high energy absorbing performance. Chen and Xue [14] proposed
triple-tube system and analyzed its preliminarily features.
TagedPDue to TT system contains the geometrical parameters of
three tubes, their sensitivity and the coupling effects on the per-
formance of the TT system is important to achieve the objective
tigating the effect of the geometric parameters on the

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2016.11.018
0734-743X/ 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
130 Z.L. Yu et al. / International Journal of Impact Engineering 102 (2017) 129
139

Fig. 1. Nested tube systems.

TagedPperformance of the TT system and provides theoretically guid-
ance to design an effective TT system. Furthermore, the compari-
son with other two nested tube systems, i.e. single-tube system
and double-tube system, are conducted and its energy absorption
capacity is demonstrated. Finally, the TT system is applied to
blast-resistance door for enhancing its resistance under blast
shock wave.
sTagedP ingle-tube system and double-tube system. The three types of
nested tube systems are hereinafter referred to as ST, DT and TT
system.
3. Experimental
3.1. Material and preparation of nested tube specimens

TagedPThe studied tubes systems were made of Aluminum alloy

2. Triple-tube system 6061-T6. The mechanical properties were provided by supplier
as given in Table 1. Table 2 gave the tubes diameters of the three
TagedPConsidering a tube with a diameter of D and thickness of t under tube systems. The length of all these tubes was 15 mm, and the
compression between two rigid plates, its load can be predicted by thickness of the tube wall was 1 mm. Fig. 1(b) showed the pre-
[3] pared specimens. The quasi-static tests were conducted using a
h i universal test machine (MTS-810). The loading velocity is
2 1=2
P D P0 = 1d=D 1
10 mm/min.
where P0 is initial collapse load, d is the displacement of the com-
pression. P0 is given as: 3.2. Experimental results and discussion

P0 D 2Yt2 L=D 2 TagedPFig. 2 presents the deformed tubes of ST, DT and TT system which
T here Y is the yield stress of material, L is length of the tube. The
agedPW are observed from the experiments when deformation was 10 mm,
energy absorbed can be obtained by integrating Eq. 1 over d. 20 mm, and 30 mm, respectively. It could be observed that the ST
Z d h i system showed a typical four-hinge deformation mode in Fig. 2(a).
2 1=2 1 The same deformation mode of two tubes in DT system was also
Ed D P0 = 1d=D dd D 2Yt2 L sin d=D 3
0 observed, as shown in Fig. 2(b). It is because that the boundary con-
T he energy absorption efciency of tube can be evaluated by
agedPT ditions of each tube could be treated as that of compression by rigid
specic energy absorption (SEA). SEA is dened as the ratio of plates. TT system gave a different deformation mode, as shown in
the absorbed energy by a structure to its mass and is given by: Fig. 2(c). The tube 1 in TT system is a four-hinge deformation mode,
1 1 while the tube 2 and tube 3 responded differently. The upper part of
SEA D Ed =m D 2Yt2 L sin d=D=pDLtr D 2Yt sin d=D=pDr 4 the tube 2 is deeply recessed, and the lower part of the tube 3 is con-
where r is the density. It indicates that the tube with smaller vex. This is because that the initial collapse load of tube 3 is higher
diameter and thicker thickness will have higher specic energy than that of tube 2.
absorption. On the other hand, an ideal energy absorber should TagedPFigs. 3 and 4 show the load-displacement curves and energy
have long stroke, so keeping the large diameter for a tube system absorption of three tube systems. Obviously, the load of ST sys-
is necessary. Based on these two considerations, a nested triple- tem was the lowest. The applied load of DT system was as the
tube system is proposed, as shown in Fig. 1(a). In order to show same as that of the ST system before the tube 2 was compressed.
its outstanding features, it is compared with the other two, i.e. Once the tube 2 was compressed, a sudden increase in the load
 Z.L. Yu et al. / International Journal of Impact Engineering 102 (2017) 129
139 131

Table 1
Material property of Aluminum alloy 6061-T6.

Density E Poisson's ratio SIGY (0.2%) Strain(m/m) 0.058 Strain(m/m) 0.145 Strain(m/m) 0.169 Strain(m/m) 0.245

2700Kg/m3 69GPa 0.33 209.7MPa 270.4Mpa 301.4MPa 319.5MPa 328.1MPa

Table 2
Tubes diameters of nested tube systems.

Type of nested tube system Outer diameter of tube 1 (mm) Outer diameter of tube 2 (mm) Outer diameter of tube 3 (mm)

ST system 40
DT system 40 24
TT system 40 24 14

Fig. 2. Deformation procedure of the tube systems (plastic hinges are marked by red spots).

Fig. 3. Load-displacement curves of three nested tube systems.

132 Z.L. Yu et al. / International Journal of Impact Engineering 102 (2017) 129
139

Fig. 4. Energy absorption curves of three nested tube systems.

TagedPwas observed, and the energy absorbed also increased corre-
spondingly. The three tubes in TT system worked collaboratively
and therefore the load of the TT system remained nominally con-
stant at 400 N from very beginning until the tube 2 was
completely compressed. The high plateau load and the long
sTagedP troke are very important features for ideal energy absorber.
Once the tube 3 deformed, the load increased obviously due to
its high initial collapse load. Fig. 4 also shows the SEA curves of
three tube systems, and proves that the TT system provides the
highest energy absorption efciency. Tube 2 in DT system is not

Fig. 5. Comparisons of numerical and experimental results.

 Z.L. Yu et al. / International Journal of Impact Engineering 102 (2017) 129
139 133

Fig. 6. Comparisons of deformation modes of ST (a), DT (b) and TT (c) system. Fig. 8. Classications of TT systems (P: initial collapse force).

4.2. Validation of FE models

TagedPcompressed sufciently, so the SEA of DT system is smaller than
that of ST system.
4. Numerical study
4.1. FE modeling
TagedPThe nite element models of three nested tube systems are
established using commercialized software Pam-crash, as shown in
Fig. 1(c). Tubes are discretized by solid elements. In order to avoid
the hour glassing phenomenon, a fully integrated solid element for-
mulation is chosen. In order to minimize the computational cost and
time while maintaining an accurate result from the numerical
model, a mesh sensitive study is carried out using different element
sizes of 0.25 mm, 0.5 mm, 1 mm and 2 mm. It is found that a mesh
size of 0.5 mm is sufcient to simulate the tubes with good conver-
gence. The plates are dened as rigid plates. The bottom plate is
xed, while upper plate moves down quasi statically. Material prop-
erties of the tubes are given in Table 1. Master-slave contact pair is
employed between the rigid plate and the tube, as well as the tubes.
Self-contact is used to prevent self-penetration.
TagedPLoad-displacement curves and deformation modes for ST, DT
and TT systems are obtained and the simulation results are com-
pared with the experimental results, as shown in Figs. 5 and 6. A
small discrepancy within 5% between the simulation and experi-
mental results after yielding of the material can be observed
in Fig. 5. Fig. 6 compares the nal deformation patterns
obtained from the simulation and the experiments. The reason-
able agreement of the numerical prediction with the experiment
results indicates that these models can be used in subsequent
analysis.
4.3. Discussion on the behavior of the tube 2
TagedPDifferent deformation mode occurs on tube 2 in DT system and
TT system due to different loading condition. Fig. 7 shows the con-
tact force of the tube 2 in DT system and TT system, respectively.
The contact force of tube 2 in TT system remained almost constant,
while that in DT system increased gradually. It indicates that the
deformation mode of tube 2 in TT system plays a governing role in
stabilizing the energy absorption process.

1000

900
Tube 2 in DT
Tube 2 in TT
800

700
Contact force(N)

600

500

400

300

200

100

0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
2/D2(mm/mm)

Fig. 7. Comparison of contact force on tube 2 between DT and TT system.

134 Z.L. Yu et al. / International Journal of Impact Engineering 102 (2017) 129
139

Fig. 9. Schematic drawing of load conditions in TT system.

2000
TT-1
TT-2
TT-3
1500 TT-4
TT-5
Load(N)

1000

500

0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
/D(mm/mm)
Fig. 10. Load-displacement curves of TT systems.

5. Parametric study of the TT system Table 3

Parameters of elastic perfectly-plastic material.
5.1. Geometrical parameters and classication of TT system
Density Young's modulus Poisson ratio Yield strength

T T system includes various material and geometrical parame-

agedPT 7.82 g/mm3 207GPa 0.3 360MPa
ters, and these parameters closely affect the performance of the
TT system. Classifying the TT system by diameter of the tube 2 TagedP
and tube 3, the TT system can be divided into two groups, as  2
P D P0 = 1 C 2d=Dd=D 1=2 5
shown in Fig. 8.
TagedPIn each group deformation, sequence depends on initial collapse where P0 D 2Yt L=D is the initial collapse load of a tube, which is the
2

load of the tube. In the initial stage, tubes in TT system subject to same as that for plate loading case.
point loading or plate loading, as shown in Fig. 9(a). Lu and Yu [15] TagedPFor the material given in Table 3, the initial collapse loads can be
investigated the response of tube under point loading and obtained calculated once the geometrical parameters of the tube are given.
the theoretical prediction: According to the initial collapse load, the deformation sequence of

Table 4
Geometrical parameters of TT systems (unit: mm).

model ID Length of tubes Diameter of the tube 1 Thickness of the tube 1 Diameter of the tube 2 Thickness of the tube 2 Diameter of the tube 3 Thickness of the tube 3

TT-1 10 40 1 20 1 20 1
TT-2 10 40 1 20 1.5 20 0.5
TT-3 10 40 1 25 1.092 15 0.846
TT-4 10 40 1 25 1 15 1
TT-5 10 40 1 25 1.3 15 0.625
 Z.L. Yu et al. / International Journal of Impact Engineering 102 (2017) 129
139 135

Table 5
Deformation process of TT systems.

Model ID Undeformed Stage I Stage II

TT-1
(D2=D3)
(P2=P3)

TT-2
(D2=D3)
(P2>P3)

TT-3
(D2>D3)
(P2=P3)

TT-4
(D2>D3)
(P2<P3)

TT-5
(D2>D3)
(P2>P3)

Table 6
Stage load and theoretical prediction (unit: N).

Model ID Numerical Load at stage I Load prediction of stage I Error Numerical Load of stage II Load prediction of stage II Error

TT-1 540 557 3.1%

TT-2 270 279 3.3% 1144 1235.6 8.0%
TT-3 523.54 526 0.5%
TT-4 468 484 3.4% 1026 857.2 16.5%
TT-5 367.5 377 2.6% 848 770.6 9.1%

TagedPthe tubes can be determined. Therefore, the two groups can further
be divided into ve subgroups, as shown in Fig. 8. The geometrical
parameters of ve typical TT systems are selected as shown in
Table 4. The ve TT systems have identical mass.
5.2. Results and discussion
TagedP5.2.1. Coupling effect of geometrical parameters on the load-
displacement curve
TagedPFig. 10 shows the load-displacement curves of these ve TT sys-
tems. It is observed that the load-displacement curves of TT-1 and TT-
3 are relatively smooth because the tube 2 and the tube 3 have the
same initial collapse load. While a sudden increase in the loads of TT-
2, TT-4 and TT-5 were observed due to the different initial collapse
load between tube 2 and tube 3, which is useful for developing multi-
level energy absorption system. The diversied load-displacement
curves indicate that TT system can be suitable for different applica-
tions. These ve types of TT systems are different in stage load and
stage duration, even if they are of the same mass. By adjusting diame-
ters and thicknesses of TT system, load response can be customized
and controlled according to special requirements of application.
TagedP5.2.2. Coupling effect of geometrical parameters on the deformation
mode
TagedPTable 5 shows the deformation features of these TT systems and
divides the deformation process into two stages according to the
deformation of tube 2 and tube 3. Stage I in the deformation process
refers to the stage that the weaker one between tube 2 and tube 3
mainly deforms, and the stage II refers to that the stronger one
deforms. As for TT-2, TT-4 and TT-5, it can be observed that the
weaker one between tube 2 and tube 3 will deform rstly. When
tTagedP heir initial collapse loads are equal, the deformation sequence
becomes uncertain, such as TT-1 and TT-3 systems. In term of load-
displacement curve (Fig. 7) and deformation pattern, the deforma-
tion mode of weaker one between tube 2 and tube 3 is similar with
tube compressed by point load, which is described by Eq. 5. At the
end of stage I, the weaker tube between tube 2 and tube 3 is com-
pressed like V-shape with different opening angles. So the stronger
one between tube 2 and tube 3 is similarly compressed by plate and
V-block, as shown in Fig. 9(b). The initial collapse load between a
plate and V-block is given by Eq. 6 [15].
P0 D 2Yt2 L=Dcotp C u=8 6
where u is the V-block angle. The angles of TT-1 and TT-2 are almost
the same and the angles of TT-3 and TT-4 are also nearly the same,
indicating that the angle of V-block mainly depends on diameter and
deformation sequence. The V-block angle can be obtained by geo-
metric relationships, as shown in Fig. 9(c). Therefore, V-block angle
can be calculated as:
u D 2cos1 R2 =R2 C R3  7
where R2 is the radius of the weaker one between tube 2 and tube 3,
and R3 is the radius of stronger one. The predictions on V-block
angles of TT-2, TT-4 and TT-5 are 120, 102.6 and 136.0 respec-
tively, which agree well with measured angles as shown in Table 5.
The error mainly results from the simplied assumptions of bound-
ary conditions.
TagedPBased on the deformation analysis mentioned above, the plateau
load of TT system can be predicted. The initial collapse load of tube 1
and the weaker one between tube 2 and tube 3 can be calculated by
Eq. 2. Eq. 6 is suitable for the stronger one between tube 2 and tube
3. Then Eqs. 8 and 9 are presented as:
136 Z.L. Yu et al. / International Journal of Impact Engineering 102 (2017) 129
139

Fig. 11. Schematic draw of the tube buffering system and blast-resistance door.

Fig. 12. Curves (a) Blast shock wave (b) Strain-stress curve of mild steel.

Table 7
Parameters of nested tube system.

Model ID Diameter of tube 1(mm) Thickness of tube1(mm) Diameter of tube 2(mm) Thickness of tube2(mm) Diameter of tube 3(mm) Thickness of tube3(mm)

TT system 40 0.3 25 0.9 15 1.3

DT system 40 1.2 25 0.9
ST system 40 1.5

TagedP

PI D P01 C minP02 ; P03 8

PII D P01 C maxP02 ; P03 9

where PI is the load of the stage I, PII is the load of the stage II, N P0N
D 1; 2; 3 is the initial collapse load of tube N. It should be noted that
the initial collapse loads of the three tubes are calculated using the
Eqs. 2 and 6, respectively. The equations can be used to predict stage
load. Table 6 gives the prediction and the numerical results of the
stage load in two stages of TT system, showing the error in the stage
I is under 3.4%, and in the stage II, the maximum error is 12.7%, Fig. 13. Deformation patterns of the TT system.
which indicates the predictions of stage load agrees well with the
numerical results, especially for PI.
TagedP istance is 2.2 m. The reected pulse is generated as shown in
d
6. Application in blast-resistance door Fig. 12(a). Since the distance between the blast center and blast-
resistance door is much larger than the size of the TT system, the
6.1. Blast-resistance door with TT system pressure load on TT system can be regarded as uniform in this study.
Meanwhile, the negative phase of the blast pressure is not in consid-
TagedPFrom the analysis of TT system in the Section 5, TT-4 is suit- eration.
able for blast protection due to its long stroke and stable load in
Z D R=Q 1=3 10
stage I. In this section, it will be applied to the blast-resistance
door used in civil air defense headquarters. Fig. 11 shows a sche-
pso D 0:619=Z0:033=Z 2 C 0:213=Z 3 MPa 0:3  Z  1 11
matic drawing of the tube buffering system and blast-resistance
door. The tube buffering system is placed on outer surface of the  
T C D 103 0:107 C 0:444Z C 0:264Z 2 0:129Z 3 C 0:0335Z 4 Q 1=3 s
blast-resistance door as a separate part, which can be replaceable
after destruction.  0:05  Z  3
TagedPAccording to the empirical formulas [16], a blast shock wave is
12
assumed. The charge quantity of TNT is 20 kg and the propagation
 Z.L. Yu et al. / International Journal of Impact Engineering 102 (2017) 129
139 137

2000
Blast shock
1800 Force of TT system
1600

1400

Force history(N)
1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Time (ms)
Fig. 14. Comparison between reaction force and blast shock load.

16

12 Tube 1
Tube 2
Tube 3
Energy (J)

0
0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6
Time (ms)
Fig. 15. Energy absorption of each tube in TT system.

TagedP TagedPwhere R is the distance in meters measured from the charge center,
 2
 Q is the TNT charge weight in kilograms, pso is peak air pressure, T C
pro D 8pso C 14pso =pso C 7:2MPa pso 4MPa 13
is the duration of the positive pressure phase of the shock wave and
pro is the peak reected pressure.
TagedPThe blast-resistance door is made of low carbon mild steel. The
Table 8
strain-stress curve is given in Fig. 12(b) [17]. Due to the material's
Comparison of three nested tube systems.
strain rate sensitivity, the Cowper-Symonds model [18] is applied to
Model ID Peak reaction force (N) Mass of nested describe the material property:
tube system (set ST to 1)

ST 1409 1
s 0 D s 1 C _ =D1=q 14
DT 2111 1.175 where s 0 is the dynamic ow stress, s is the static ow stress.D and q
TT 1075 0.9
are material constants. It was suggested that D D 40.0 s1 and p D 5
138 Z.L. Yu et al. / International Journal of Impact Engineering 102 (2017) 129
139
Fig. 16. Contact force curves.
2500
2000
Reaction force (N)
1500
1000
500
0
0.0
Fig. 17. Reaction force of three nested tube systems.
TagedPfor mild steel [19]. Diameters and thicknesses of the TT system are
given in Table 7.
6.2. Dynamic response of the blast-resistant door and discussion
TagedPUsing commercialized software Pam-crash, the dynamic
response of a typical unit of the blast-resistant door is obtained.
Deformation patterns of the TT system (typical unit) are shown in
Fig. 13. It is observed that inertia effect and localized deformation
are signicant under the shock wave loading, especially for tube 1.
The tube 1 and tube 2 deform greatly.
TagedPFig. 14 shows the reaction force curve of blast-resistance door
with TT system and comparison with the shock wave load. The door
can buffer the blast shock wave obviously. Comparing to the shock
wave load, the peak reaction force after applying the blast-resistance
door with TT system is reduced by 41.9%. Fig. 15 shows the energy
absorbed by each tube in the TT system. Tube 2 absorbs the most
energy in the whole process, whilst the energy absorbed by the
tube 3 is close to zero, demonstrating the governing role of tube 2 as
Section 4.3 says.
TagedPThe TT system can buffer the blast shock wave with high ef-
ciency, as shown in Fig. 16. The tube 3 resists the peak pressure to
protect the system by its high initial collapse load and reduces the
load transmitted to the tube 2. Then the tube 2 further reduces the
ST system
DT system
TT system
0.5 1.0 1.5
Time (ms)
lTagedP oad transmitted from the tube 3 by its low initial collapse load and
stable load response. It can be observed that the TT system acts as a
two-stage buffer.
TagedPIn order to show the effectiveness of the TT system, the other two
models which use ST system and DT system instead of TT system are
also established. Optimized parameters for ST system and DT system
are given in Table 7. The comparison results are shown in Fig. 17 and
Table 8. It is observed that the TT system has the lowest reaction
force and longest stroke with the lightest weight. The application of
TT system can protect doors and reduce the damage of blast shock
wave effectively.
7. Conclusions
TagedPThis study conducts thorough investigation on the nested tri-
ple-tube system experimentally and numerically. By comparing
with ST system and DT system, it is demonstrated that the TT
system can provide the highest energy absorption capacity and
the best buffering performance under quasi-static and impact
load. Then the new tube system is applied to a blast-resistance
door. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows:
TagedP1. As for the proposed TT system, three tubes can work collabora-
tively, providing ideal energy absorption performance. The tube
 Z.L. Yu et al. / International Journal of Impact Engineering 102 (2017) 129
139
TagedP3 resists the peak pressure by its high initial collapse load and
reduces the load transmitted to the tube 2. Then the tube 2 fur-
ther reduces the load transmitted from the tube 3 by its low ini-
tial collapse load and stable load response.
TagedP2. The load response of TT system is closely dependent on the
diameter and initial collapse load. By adjusting diameters and
thicknesses of TT system, load response can be customized and
controlled according to special requirements of application.
T . The theoretical prediction of stage load is proposed, providing
agedP3
guidance for designing an effective TT system to satised
requirements.
T . TT system can be applied to blast-resistance doors to buffer the
agedP4
shock wave and reduce the damage. The peak load of blast shock
wave is reduced by 41.9%. Compared to DT system and ST sys-
tem, TT system can provide the highest buffering efciency and
the lightest weight in protecting structures.
Acknowledgements
TagedPThe authors gratefully acknowledge the nancial supports from
National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants11472226
and 11672248.
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