Review for Final Exam

General Psychology
Dr. Thomas
1. A recurrent issue in psychology has been whether differences between individuals are
attributable to
.a experience or learning.
.b biology or physiology.
.c nutrition or learning.
.d hereditary or environment.

2. Wilhelm Wundt is considered to be the Father of Psychology because

a. first emphasized the unconscious causes of behavior.
b. emphasized the importance of observable behavior.
c. first questioned how the mind worked.
d. established the first scientific psychology laboratory.

3. The major advantage of experimentation over other research methods is that

a. other methods require more funding than experiments.
b. experiments allow for examination of cause-and-effect relations among
variables.
c. experiments are more easily generalizable to real-life situations.
d. experiments require less time from subjects than do the other research
methods.

4. If researchers were to find a strong negative correlation between the amount of

alcohol consumed and the frequency of nightmares, then they could conclude
a. a low level of alcohol consumption is associated with low frequency of
nightmares.
b. consuming alcohol causes nightmares.
c. a high level of alcohol consumption is associated with a low frequency of
nightmares.
d. a high level of alcohol consumption is associated with a high frequency of
nightmares.

5. A psychologist wants to study fears in preschoolers. Thus, she uses the survey method,
and interviews 100 four year-old children. The children interviewed are to all
preschoolers as
a. A sample is to a population.
b. A control group is to an experimental group.
c. an experimental group is to a control group.
d. a population is to a sample.

6. Christines car breaks down on the highway. She looks into her engine and accidentally
touches something hot. Her hand immediately pulls away even before she realizes she
has burned herself. This pulling away behavior is controlled by the
a. spinal cord.
b. peripheral nervous system.
c. brain.
d. autonomic nervous system.
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Final Exam
7. Visual interpretation occurs mainly in the
a. frontal lobe.
b. parietal lobe.
c. occipital lobe.
d. temporal lobe.

8. The organization and interpretation of incoming sensory data is called

a. sensation.
b. attention.
c. perception
d. psychophysics.

9. The paradox of REM sleep is that

a. REM periods get longer while Non-REM periods get shorter.
b. an almost paralyzed body co-exists with a very active brain.
c. dreams take place in real time rather than in an instant.
d. even people who insist they dont dream, do so during REM periods.

10. If psychological test is designed to measure anxiety but is found to measure creativity
instead, the test is considered to be
a. unreliable.
b. invalid.
c. not objective.
d. not standardized.

11. The type of conditioning that depends on the consequence of the behavior is
a. higher order conditioning.
b. operant conditioning.
c. classical conditioning.
d. instinctive conditioning.

12. Watsons Little Albert experiment showed that

a. reinforcement is necessary for someone to learn.
b. observational learning is correct.
c. insight learning is correct.
d. fears can be classically conditioned.

13. Infant Terry believes that when her father leaves the room he no longer exists.
According to Piaget, Terry lacks
a. intelligence.
b. centration.
c. object permanence.
d. cognitive dissonance.

14. Research suggests that facial expressions such as those of happiness, sadness, anger,
and fear are
a. recognized by people of all cultures.
b. learned and differ from society and society.
c. differentially expressed in the East and West.
d. expressions of secondary emotions.
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Final Exam
15. Pam must either write a ten-page term paper on an unappealing topic or read and
summarize fifteen journal articles for her least favorite class. This student is faced
with a(n)
a. approach-avoidance conflict.
b. avoidance-avoidance conflict.
c. approach-approach conflict.
d. multiple approach-avoidance conflict.

16. If Marie, in her debate class, gives a speech that is contrary to her own beliefs, she will
probably experience
a. cognitive dissonance.
b. cognitive consistency.
c. cognitive emotionality.
d. approach-approach conflict.

17. Psychoanalysis emphasizes

a. responses to stimuli.
b. unconscious motives.
c. conditioning.
d. conscious motives.

18. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) is

a. a listing and description of psychological disorders.
b. a guide to mental health insurance costs.
c. a book written by Freud.
d. a book of mathematical models used in psychology.

19. A type of therapy that examines distorted and unrealistic thinking is __________
therapy.
a. Humanistic
b. Family
c. Behavioral
d. Cognitive

20. Which of the following statements about Schizophrenia is true?

a. Schizophrenia involves disordered and disturbed thought.
b. Schizophrenia involves the existence of two or more distinct personalities within a
single individual.
c. Schizophrenia involves lack of remorse for wrongs committed.
d. Schizophrenia is only found in Western cultures.
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Final Exam

For 10 through 13 match the following psychological perspectives using the following:

a) Structuralism
b) Behaviorism
c) Functionalism
d) Psychoanalysis
ychoanalysis
e) Gestalt psychology
e) Gestalt psychology

21. Emphasized the practical nature of the mind and survival adaptation
22. Attempted to reduce conscious experience to its basic elements
23. Emphasized the practical nature of the mind and survival of adaptation
24. Believed the relationship between the parts is more important than individual parts
25. Emphasized the unconscious mind and sexual urges in influencing human behavior

______________________________________________

Without the use of a calculator, use the following test scores [ 5, 20, 5, 5, 10, 10, 10, 15, 5,
15 ] to determine the answers for 26 through 29.

26. Mean: a) 5 b) 10 c) 15 d) 20 e) 25
27. Mode: a) 5 b) 10 c) 15 d) 20 e) 25
28. Median: a) 5 b) 10 c) 15 d) 20 e) 25
29. Range: a) 5 b) 10 c) 15 d) 20 e) 25
____ _____ __ __________ ____ _____________________

For 30 through 33, match the Lobe of the Cerebrum with the most common function:

a) Frontal Lobe b) Occipital Lobe c) Parietal Lobe d) Temporal Lobe

30. Motor movement, planning and inhibition

31. Sensory input from body
32. Vision
33. Audition
____ __________________________________________
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Final Exam
34. Drinking alcohol while taking other central nervous system depressants like Xanax
bars is extremely dangerous because both drugs increase the effectiveness of the
other in shutting down the _____ which is responsible for coordinating heart rate,
blood pressure, respiration, and several reflexes like coughing and sneezing.
a. Pons
b. Cerebellum
c. Medulla
d. spinal cord

35.
For 35 through 39, match the following with the correct perception:
a) wavelength b) amplitude (wave height) c) consistency of wave length

35. Hue (Color)

36. Volume
37. Pitch
38. Brightness or Dullness of color
39. Saturation
____ __________________________________________

40. The process of interpreting and organizing the nervous systems response to a stimulus
is known as
a. adaptation
b. sensation
c. perception
d. psychophysics

41. The process by which sensory organs transform mechanical, chemical, or light energy
into electrochemical energy or neural transmission is called
a. transduction
b. adaptation
c. psychophysics
d. perception

42. Learning refers to

.a a change in behavior that is demonstrated immediately.
.b a change in behavior that results from disease or maturation.
.c a relatively enduring change in potential behavior that results from experience.
.d all changes in behavior.

43. Sometimes when young children see lightening they cover their ears. The covering of
the ears following the flash of light is
a. a conditioned stimulus.
b. a conditioned response.
c. an unconditioned response.
d. an unconditioned stimulus.

44. Which of the following discovered that learning sometimes involves the
association of two stimuli (i.e. a bell with the presentation of dog food)?
a. Thorndike c. Tolman
b. Pavlov d. Skinner
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Final Exam
45. Any event that increases the probability that a response will occur is the
definition of
a. primary reinforcers. c. rewards.
b. operant conditioning. d. reinforcement.

46. The technique of rewarding success approximations of the desired behavior for
obtaining an initial operant response of a rat pressing a bar is called
a. shaping c. physical guidance
b. modeling d. verbal instruction

47. The use of an alarm clock is a good example of

a. classical conditioning b. negative reinforcement
c. punishment. d. positive reinforcement.

48. According to Banduras social-cognitive theory, children who view aggression are more
likely to be aggressive was based on the
a. Bobo doll experiment
b. Little Albert experiment
c. Milgrams experiment
d. Ashs experiment

49. The three processes involved in memory are

.a encoding, rehearsal, and retrieval.
.b encoding, storage, and retrieval.
.c memorizing, reciting, and recalling.
.d recall, recognition, and relearning.

50. Which memory system briefly holds a largely accurate reproduction of the original
sensory input?
a. sensory memory c. medium-term memory
b. short-term memory d. long-term memory

51. The most effective way to keep information in short-tem memory (STM) is by
a. overlearning it. c. rehearsing it over and over.
b. using a mnemonic device. d. converting it into a visual image.

52. The memories you have of your first day of psychology class this semester are in your
a. chronological memory. c. sensory memory.
b. long term memory. d. short term memory.

53. Which of the following is not a way to test memory?

a. recall c. recognition
b. rehearsal d. relearning

54. The technique Ebbinghaus used to study LTM was

a. recall. c. relearning.
b. recognition. d. overlearning.

55. When you mentally group objects or events into general cognitive categories, you
a. solve a problem. c. form a concept.
b. form a mental image. d. make a decision.
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Final Exam

56. According to the lectures, in order to think you must first have
a) experiences
b) learning
c) memory
d) all of the above

57. What is another name for a natural concept?

a. fuzzy c. formal
b. common d. cool

58. _______ do (does) not guarantee a correct solution; while ________ do (does
guarantee a correct solution to a problem, but when they work they tend to allow
for more rapid solutions.
a. incubation / heuristics c. algorithms / heuristics
b. heuristics / incubation d. heuristics / algorithms

59. A course in grammar would be primarily concerned with ________; a literature course
would more likely be concerned with ________.
a. syntax / semantics c. syntax / morphemes
b. semantics / syntax d. morphemes / semantics

60. Whorfs hypothesis that people think differently in different languages is called
the
a. linguistic-relativity hypothesis.
b. genetic hypothesis.
c. exemplar hypothesis.
d. linguistic-acquisition-device hypothesis.

61. Whichofthefollowingisnotaneffectmotivationhasonouractions?
.a Itdirectsordefinesthedirectionoftheresultingbehavior.
.b Ithasanimpactonhowvigorousorintenseabehavioris.
.c Itcontrolsinstinctivebehaviors.
.d Itenergizesoractivatesonetobehaveinacertainway.

62. ThecorrectorderofMaslowshierarchyofneeds,fromlowesttohighest,is
a. safety,biological,esteem,loveandbelongingness,selfactualization.
b. selfactualization,esteem,loveandbelongingness,safety,biological.
c. biological,esteem,loveandbelongingness,safety,selfactualization.
d. biological,safety,loveandbelongingness,esteem,selfactualization.

63. ________ischaracterizedbyarefusaltoeatadequateamountsoffood.________isassociated
withepisodesofbingeeatingfollowedbypurging.
a. anorexianervosa/bulimia c. starvationdiets/apnea
b. bulimia/anorexianervosa d. bulimia/obesity
64. Thefourintegralcomponentsofhumanemotionsare
a. cognitiveprocesses,subjectivefeelings,behavioralreactions,andfacialexpressions.
b. primaryappraisal,secondaryappraisal,behavioralreactions,andphysiologicalarousal.
c. cognitiveprocesses,subjectivefeelings,physiologicalarousal,andbehavioralreactions.
d. cognitiveprocesses,stressors,physiologicalarousal,andsubjectivefeelings.
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Final Exam
65. Thephysiologicalcomponentofemotioniscloselyassociatedwiththe
a. autonomicnervoussystem. c. skeletalorsomaticnervoussystem.
b. centralnervoussystem. d. brainstemfunctions.

66. TheJamesLangetheoryissupportedbyevidencethatindicatesthat
a. thehypothalamusisinvolvedinemotionalexpression.
b. peoplereportlessintenseemotionalfeelingsaftersufferingaspinalcordinjury.
c. followingafearresponse,peopleexperienceelation.
d. individualstendtocognitivelylookforanappropriateemotionallabelforphysiological
changes.

67. TheCannonBardtheorystatesthat
a. emotionalexperiencesandphysicalchangesoccursimultaneously.
b. physicalchangesarenecessaryforemotionalexperiences.
c. emotionalexperiencesprecedephysicalchanges.
d. emotionalexperiencesfollowphysicalchanges.

68. InSchachterandSingersexperiment,subjectswhowereuninformedormisinformed
concerningthesideeffectsofSuproxinandwaitedwithaconfederatewhoactedhappyor
euphoric,tendedto
a. providenoemotionallabeltotheirarousal.
b. labeltheirarousalashappyalso.
c. labeltheirarousalasangerdirectedatthesillyconfederate.
d. reportnochangesintheirphysicalstate.

69. Unlikepsychologistswhoemphasizetheroleoflearning,psychologistswhoemphasize
maturationviewdevelopmentasa________processthatresultsin________changes.
a. continuous/qualitative c. discontinuous/qualitative
b. continuous/quantitative d. discontinuous/quantitative

70. Ifawomangivesbirthtotwins,andoneofthetwinsisaboyandtheotheragirl,itcanbe
concludedthatthetwinsare_______twins.
a. monozygotic
b. dizygotic
c. identical
d. Yourequiremoreinformationbeforeyoucanreachaconclusion.

71. Inorder,thethreestagesofprenataldevelopmentare:
a. embryonic,fetal,prenatal. c. germinal(zygote),embryonic,fetal.
b. germinal(zygote),nonviable,viable. d. embryonic,germinal(Zygote),fetal.

72. Thatbabieshaveproportionallylargerheadsthanadultsillustratesthe________patternof
development.
a. proximocaudal c. cephalocaudal
b. proximodistal d. cephalodistal

73. ThecorrectorderofPiagetsstagesofcognitivedevelopmentis:
a. sensorimotor,concreteoperations,preoperational,formaloperations.
b. preoperational,sensorimotor,concreteoperations,formaloperations.
c. concreteoperations,preoperational,sensorimotor,formaloperations.
d. sensorimotor,preoperational,concreteoperations,formaloperations.
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Final Exam
74. Harlowsstudyrevealedthat________wasmoreimportantinattachmentthenbeingfed.
a. theodorofthefeedingmother c. contactcomfort
b. thetypeoffoodbeinggiven d. thetasteofthemilk

75. Thestrangesituationisusedtoevaluate
a. achildsstageofcognitivedevelopment. c. motherinfantattachment.
b. infantmotherattachment. d. achildsstageofpsychosocial
development

76. Theparentwhoestablishesreasonablerulesinanatmosphereofwarmthandopendialogue
wouldbea(n)________parent.
a. authoritarian c. permissive
b. authoritative d. autocratic
78. Foreverydevelopingindividual,duringthefirstfewweeksofprenataldevelopmentthegonads
havethecapacitytobecome
a. eithertestesorovaries. c. Bothoftheabove.
b. eitherapenisoraclitoris. d. Neitheroftheabove.

79. Whichofthefollowingisasecondarysexcharacteristic?
a. pubichair c. adultheight
b. apenisorvagina d. noneoftheabove

80. Advantagessuchasbeingpoised,popular,andacademicallysuccessfulareassociatedwith
a. earlymaturinggirls. c. earlymaturingboys.
b. latematuringgirls. d. latematuringboys.

81.Whenpeoplehavecognitivelymaturedtothepointatwhichtheycanexplorehypotheticalor
whatifpossibilities,Piagetwouldsaythattheyareinthe________stage.
a. sensorimotor c. concreteoperations
b. preoperational d. formaloperations

82. Kohlbergwasmoreinterestedinapersons________ratherthaninhisorher________.
a. moralbehavior/moralreasoning
b. yesornoanswertoamoraldilemma/moralbehavior
c. yesornoanswertoamoraldilemma/moralreasoning
d. moralreasoning/yesornoanswertoamoraldilemma

83. Thepopularimageoftheteenageyearsasatimeofrebellion,storm,andstressis
a. substantiatedbystudies. c. moremyththanfact.
b. applicableonlytoearlyadolescentyears. d. trueonlyinAmerica.

84. ________intelligenceresultsfromaccumulatedknowledgeandiscloselylinkedtoeducation
andexperience.________intelligenceallowsapersontoconceptualizeabstractinformationand
isrelativelyindependentofeducation.
a. Crystallized/Fluid c. Problemfinding/Dialecticoperation
b. Fluid/Crystallized d. Dialecticoperation/Problemsolving

85. Onestudylinkedsatisfactionwithsinglelifeto
a. avoidingthefearofdivorce. c. notneedingsexualrelations.
b. thenumberandtypesoffriendships. d. havingmoremoneytospend.
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Final Exam
86. Apossibleexplanationofwhyfluidintelligencedeclinesinolderyearsandcrystallized
intelligenceremainsthesameisthat
a. fluidintelligenceisgenetic.
b. fluidintelligenceislearned.
c. olderpeoplearenotchallengedtousetheirfluidintelligence.
d. olderpeopledonotneedfluidintelligence.

87. Eriksonsdevelopmentaltaskoftheolderyearsegointegrityversusdespairisconsistent
withtheideathatolderpeople
a. selectalifestylethatreflectstheirpersonality. c. conductalifereview.
b. areconcernedwithproblemfinding. d. demonstratepostconventionalthought

88. Acommonthemeindefinitionsofpersonalityisthat
a. theunconsciousmindplaysaprominentrole.
b. theenvironmentshapesourpersonalities.
c. personalityreferstodistinctivepatternsofbehavior.
d. mansprimarymotivationsarenegativeinnature.

89. Thestorehouseoflargelyunconscious,biologicallybased,instinctivedrivesthatprovidethe
basicenergysourcefortheentirepersonalitysystemdescribesthe
a. superego. c. libido.
b. id. d. ego.

90. The________uses________toprotectitselffromharshaspectsofreality.
a. ego/fixations c. superego/defensemechanisms
b. id/offensemechanisms d. ego/defensemechanisms

91. AccordingtoRogers,thepersonthatyouwouldliketobecomeisyour________self.
a. goal c. real
b. ideal d. future

92. Maslowproposedthatifalllesserneedsaremet,apersonwouldbemotivatedtoward
a. selfdetermination. c. selfesteem.
b. selfactualization. d. thethirdforce.

93. Ifapsychologistasksyoutotellastoryconcerningasceneonacardheorsheshowsyou,that
psychologistisgivingyouthe
a. CPI. c. 16PF.
b. TAT. d. Rorschachinkblottest.

94. Ifapsychologistasksyoutotellwhatablotofinkmightbe,thatpsychologistisgivingyouthe
a. CPI. c. 16PF.
b. TAT. d. Rorschachinkblottest.

95. Personalityassessmenttechniquesdesignedtotapunconsciousthoughtsandfeelingsare
a. interviews. c. projectivetests.
b. subjectivetests. d. objectivetests.
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Final Exam
96. Whichofthefollowingcriteriaisnotusedtodistinguishnormalfromabnormalbehavior?
a. emotionaldiscomfort c. atypicality
b. depression d. socialunacceptability

97. Theterm________hashistoricallybeenusedtodescribelessseveredisorders.Theterm
________hasbeenusedtodescribemoreseveredisorders.
a. psychological/psychiatric c. psychosis/neurosis
b. mooddisorder/schizophrenia d. neurosis/psychosis

98. Apersonwitha________experiencesanxietyinonlycertainspecificsituations,whereasan
individualwith________experienceschronicanxietyinawidevarietyofsituations.
a. phobia/generalizedanxietydisorderc.socialphobia/simplephobia
b. generalizedanxietydisorder/phobiad.simplephobia/obsessivecompulsivedisorder

99. IndividualslikeEvefromTheThreeFacesofEvewhodisplayanumberofseparate
personalitiesaresufferingfrom
a. dissociativeamnesia. c. schizophrenia.
b. conversiondisorder. d. dissociativeidentitydisorder.

100. Peoplewhobecomelethargicandsleepmorethanusualtypifythemooddisordertermed
a. majordepressivedisorder. c. conversiondisorder.
b. bipolardisorder. d. schizophrenicdisorder.