Hamza Jaber Mohamed PDF

perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.
id
Design and Simulation Studies of D-STATCOM for Mitigating Voltage Sag

Problem by Using Genetic Algorithm, Fuzzy Inference System, and
Proportional Integral
THESIS
Organized to Meet a Part of the Requirements to Achieve the Master Degree of

Mechanical Engineering Department / Specialization of Electrical Engineering
for Renewable Energy
By
HAMZA JABER MOHAMED
S951208507
GRADUATE PROGRAM
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
SURAKARTA
commit to user
2014
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
commit to user
ii
commit to user
iii
ORIGINALITY AND PUBLICATION STATEMENT
I Declare that:
1. Thesis entitled: Design and Simulation Studies of D-STATCOM for

Mitigating Voltage Sag Problem by Using Genetic Algorithm, Fuzzy
Inference System, and Proportional Integral is my work and free of
plagiarism, and there is no scientific papers that have been asked by others to
obtain academic degrees and there is no workor opinion ever written or published
by another person except in writing used as areference in this text and a reference
source as well as mentioned in the bibliography.If at a later proved there is
plagiarism in scientific papers, then I am willing to accept sanctions in
accordance with the provisions of the legislation (Permendiknas No 17, tahun
2010)
2. Publication of some or all of the contents of the thesis or other scientific forums
and permission must include the author and the team as a supervisor. If within at
least one semester (six months after the examination of the thesis) I did not make
the publication in part or entire of this thesis, the Program in Mechanical
Engineering of UNS has the right to publish in a scientific journal published by
Study Program in Mechanical Engineering of UNS. If I violateofthe provisions
of this publication, then I am willing to get an academic sanction.
Surakarta, August 2014
HAMZA JABER MOHAMED

NIM: S9512085107
commit to user
iv
HAMZA JABER MOHAMED, Student Number: S951208507 Design and

Simulation Studies of D-STATCOM for Mitigating Voltage Sag Problem by
Using Genetic Algorithm, Fuzzy Inference System, and Proportional Integral
Supervisor I: Prof. Muhammad Nizam, S. T., M. T., Ph.D. Supervisor II: Dr. Miftahul
Anwar, SSi, M Eng. Thesis: Mechanical Engineering Department, Graduate School,
Sebelas Maret University.
Abstract
Power quality issues are gaining significant attention due to increase in the number of
loads. In fact, voltage sags problem is the most occurring power quality problems.
These events are usually associated with a fault somewhere on the supplying power
system. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the applicability of
Distribution Static Compensator (D-STATCOM) for the mitigation of voltage sag
problem. Three methods were used in control to get the performance of mitigating
voltage sag, namely Genetic Algorithms (GA), Fuzzy Inference system (FIS), and
Proportional Integral (PI) to determine the injection of voltage and comparison of
timely responses. As a result, D-STATCOM injected the voltage into the distribution
system to recover the voltage sag problem at single-phase, two-phase, and three-
phase fault scenario. The results showed that Genetic Algorithms were capable to
overcome the voltage by 98.50%, 98.40%, and 94.15% in single-phase, two-phase,
and three-phase appropriately. On the other hand, Fuzzy Inference System was
capable to overcome the voltage by 98.15%, 92.15%, and 90.75% in single-phase,
two-phase, and three-phase appropriately. While, proportional Integrative was
capable to overcome the voltage by 98.05%, 85.80%, and 80.00% in single-phase,
two-phase, and three-phase appropriately. Among them, the best performance was
obtained from the Genetic Algorithms method in order to mitigate voltage sag.
Consequently, D-STATCOM was substantiated as a fancy compensator for the
reactive power requirement of the load. Furthermore, it is to be hoped that in future
this proposed distribution system device will be established as a new proficient
customer power device commercially.From the result analysis, it can be concluded
that GA showed to be a better performance for solving voltage sag problem than FIS
and PI controller.
Keywords: Distribution Static Compensator (D-STATCOM), Proportional Integral

(PI), Fuzzy Inference Systems (FIS), Genetic Algorithms (GA), Voltage Sag.
commit to user
v
PREFACE
I would like to express my greatest appreciation to my supervisors, Prof.

Muhammad Nizam, S.T., M.T., Ph.D and Dr. Miftahul Anwar, SSi, M Eng for their
guidances, support and encouragements throughout my entire Master study.
Their meticulous attention to details, incisive but constructive criticisms and
insightful comments have helped me shape the direction of this thesis in the form
presented here, on. I am also thankful to them for their strong supports in other
aspects of life than research. I would also like to convey my gratitude to the head of
mechanical engineering department Dr. techn Suyitno. I deeply appreciate my parents
and my family. Their love and encouragement light up many lonely moments in my
life as a graduate student away from home and have been the source of courage when
I was down. I would like to express my sincere thanks to all my friends and
colleagues in the study. Their support, friendship and encouragement made my
Master study a journey of happiness.
Last, but not least, I am grateful to every individual who has helped me in one
way or another during my master study.
Surakarta, August 2014
commit to user
vi
CONTENT LIST
TITLE .................................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL PAGE .............................................................................................. ii
CONTENT LIST ................................................................................................... iii
ORIGINALITY AND PUBLICATION STATEMENT ....................................... iv
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................ v
PREFACE ............................................................................................................. vi
LIST OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... vii
LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................. ix
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................... x
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .................................................................... 1
1.1 Background ..................................................................... 1
1.2 Problems statements ........................................................ 2
1.3 Objective ......................................................................... 2
1.4 Benefit ............................................................................. 2
1.5 Research Limitation ........................................................ 3
1.6 Contribution .................................................................... 3
CHAPTHER II THEORY .................................................................................. 4
2.1 Defined of Power Quality ............................................... 4
2.2 Power Quality Standards ................................................. 4
2.3 Power Quality Problems Nature and Solutions ............... 4
2.4 Voltage sag ...................................................................... 6
2.5 Distribution Static Compensator (D-STATCOM) .......... 7
2.6 Operating Principle of the D-STATCOM ....................... 7
2.7 Proportional Integrative (PI) CONTROLLER ................ 10
2.8 Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) ........................................ 11
2.8.1 Fuzzification .......................................................... 12
2.8.2 Rule Evaluation...................................................... 12
2.8.3 Inference Engine
commit ....................................................
to user 12
vii
2.8.4 Defuzzification....................................................... 12
2.8.5 Output .................................................................... 13
2.9 Operation of FIS .............................................................. 13
2.10 Genetic Algorithm (GA) ................................................. 16
2.11 Genetic Algorithm Basics ............................................... 16
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................. 20
3.1 Simulink Model for D-STATCOM using PI................... 20
3.2 Simulink Model for D-STATCOM using FIS ................ 21
3.3 Genetic Algorithm (GA) ................................................. 22
3.2 Flow Chart of the Research Methodology ...................... 23
CHAPTER IV RESULT AND ANALYSIS ..................................................... 25
4.1. 3-Dimensions Surface of FIS .......................................... 25
4.2 Comparison of D-STATCOM with PI, FIS and GA ....... 30
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ..................................... 32
5.1 Conclusion ....................................................................... 32
5.2 Suggestion ....................................................................... 32
REFERENCE ....................................................................................................... 33
commit to user
viii
TABLE LIST
Table 1 A Summary of Power Quality Problems Nature and Solutions ......... 4

Table 2 Fuzzy Rules ....................................................................................... 16
Table 3 System Parameters ............................................................................... 20
Table 4 Comparison of D-STATCOM with PI, FIS and GA............................ 30
commit to user
ix
FIGURE LIST
Figure 2.1 Shows an rms representation of the voltage sag; sag starts when the
voltage .................................................................................................. 6
Figure 2.2 Schematic Representation of D-STATCOM........................................ 7
Figure 2.3 Basic Diagram of The DSTATCOM ................................................... 8
Figure 2.4 Simulink Model of PI Controller. ........................................................ 11
Figure 2.5 Fuzzy Inference System ....................................................................... 12
Figure 2.6 FIS Scheme .......................................................................................... 14
Figure 2.7 Input1 membership function of FIS .................................................... 15
Figure 2.8 Input2 membership function of FIS. .................................................... 15
Figure 2.9 Output membership function of FIS..................................................... 15
Figure 3.1 Simulink Model for D-STATCOM ...................................................... 20
Figure 3.2 Simulink Model for D-STATCOM using FIS ..................................... 21
Figure 3.3 Simulink Model for D-STATCOM using GA ..................................... 22
Figure 3.4 Flow chart of the thesis. ....................................................................... 23
Figure 4.1 3-Dimensions Surface of FIS ............................................................... 25
Figure 4.2 PI Controller with D-STATCOMand without D-STATCOM ............. 26
Figure 4.3 Single phase fault scenario Result of comparison uses the PI
Controller, FIS and GA. ....................................................................... 27
Figure: 4.4 Two phase fault scenario Result of comparison use the PI Controller,
FIS and GA........................................................................................... 28
Figure 4.5 Three phase fault scenario result of comparison uses the PI
Controller, FIS and GA. ....................................................................... 29
commit to user
x
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Power quality is one of major concern in the present era. It has become
important, mostly, with the introduction of flexible alternating current transmission
systems (FACTS), whose performance is very sensitive to the quality of power
supply. The power quality problem is an occurrence manifested as a nonstandard
voltage, current or frequency that results in a failure of end use equipment. One of the
major problems dealt here is the voltage sag. To eliminate this problem, custom
power devices are used. One of those devices is the distribution static compensator D-
STATCOM, which is the most efficient and beneficial modern custom power device
used in the distribution system. Its appeal includes lower cost, smaller size, and fast
response to the disturbance (Deshmukh, and Dewani, 2012).
Voltage sag is one of the most occurring power quality problems.Voltage sag is
caused by a fault in the utility system, a fault within the customers facility or a large
increase of the load current, i.e, starting a motor or transformer energizing. Voltage
sags are one of the most occurring power quality problems. For an industry, voltage
sags occur more often and cause severe problems andeconomical losses. Utilities
often focus on disturbances fromend-user equipment as the main power quality
problems. There are different ways to mitigate power quality problems in
transmission and distribution systems. Among these, the D-STATCOM is one of the
most effective devices. The D-STATCOM protects the utility transmission or
distribution system from voltage sags and/or flicker caused by rapidly varying
reactive current demand. In utility applications, a D-STATCOM provides lagging
reactive power to achieve system stability (Kadam et al., 2012).
The low distribution static compensator (D-STATCOM) was presented based
on the application of space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) for three phases
voltage Source Converter (VSC) and it is the standard PWM techniques to utilize the
DC-AC power conversion and proposed a control system based on park technique
commit to user
which is a scaled error on the between source side of the D-STATCOM and its
1
reference for sag correction. (Kumar and Nagaraju, 2007) and the importance of this
thesis is to resolve voltage sag problem manifested in voltage/current or frequency
deviations that result in failure of customer equipment. and to present the model of
the custom power device, namely, D-STATCOM and its control application to
mitigate voltage sag, the proposed D-STATCOM model was developed using
MATLAB/Simulink environment, Simulation results were presented to demonstrate
the voltage sag of the D-STATCOM (Hussain, and Praveen, 2012).
1.2 Problem Statement

Voltage sag is the most significant power quality problem in the distribution
system. As a consequence, various advance devices, such as capacitor banks,
dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) even D-
STATCOM, have already been applied to alleviate the voltage sag problem.
However, yet an efficient method to resolve the voltage sag problem. The problem
statements of the study are:
1. How to design D-STATCOM by using MATLAB/Simulink environment.
2. How to study the performance D-STATCOM for determining injection of voltage
& time response.
1.3 Objective
The objectives of this study are:
1. To design D-STATCOM using MATLAB/Simulink environment.
2. To study the performance D-STATCOM using genetic algorithms (GA),
Proportional Integral (PI) controller and Fuzzy Inference system (FIS) in
determining the injection of voltage & time response.
1.4 Benefit
The benefits of this study are:
1- To develop a proficient method for the Mitigation of voltage sag problem and
increase its usage widely for commercial purposes and order to get low cost
commit
and fast response in distribution to user
system.
2
2- To show the advantages and effectiveness of Genetic Algorithms, FIS, PI

controller in injection of current.
1.5 Research limitation

The MATLAB/SIMULINK with its Fuzzy Logic Toolbox and Optimization
Algorithms' software were used to control D-STATCOM which is used for the
enhancement of power quality in distribution system based on GA, FIS, PI
controller in order to alleviation voltage sag.
1.6 Contribution
This research is going to be set up three models, namely D- STATCOM with

PI, D-STATCOM with FIS and D-STATCOM with GA. Afterwards, the
performance of the three methods will be analyzed and compared among the three
methods. Finally, the best method will be selected among the three systems.
Consequently, the exploration of the best one among the three approaches is the
key contribution of this research.
commit to user
3
CHAPTER II
THEORY
Power quality is anything that affects the voltage, current and frequency of
power being supplied to the customers. Constant voltage is the prime requirement of
the customer because if the voltage is lower than the tolerable limits it will cause
overheating of the equipment and less illuminating power to the lighting load. If it is
higher than the limit it causesa material, insulation breakdown, reduces the life of
lighting load, etc. Lightning (transient over voltages), switching over voltages (i.e
capacitor switching, disconnection of lines), short circuit faults (such as voltage sags)
and short interruptions are the main causes of voltage deviations which lead to
permanent damage of the equipments (Singh, and Surjan, 2013).
Reactive power control is a critical consideration in improving the power
quality of power systems. Reactive power increase transmission losses, degrades
power transmission capability and decreases voltage regulation at the load end. In the
past, Thyristor-Controlled Reactors (TCR) and Thyristor-Switched Capacitors were
applied for reactive power compensation. However, with the flexible alternating
current transmission systems FACTS devices. It has been proven that the D-
STATCOM is a device capable of solving the power quality problems. One of the
power quality problems that always occur in the system is the three phase fault
caused by a short circuit in the system, switching operation, starting large motors and
etc. This problem happens in milliseconds and because of the time limitation, it
requires the D-STATCOM that has continuous reactive power control with fast
response.
Nowadays, due to more sensitive nature of loads use of custom power
devices/custom controllers (electronics based) to maintain power quality has become
essential. Several research papers and reports addressed the subject of improving
power in the distribution system by the custom power devices. The following
research papers and reports present a brief review of the work undertaken so far
control strategies and methods for the D-STATCOM. These models can also aid
commit to user
instructors in teaching power quality.
4
2.1 Defined of Power Quality

Power quality is defined in the IEEE 100 Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE
Standard Terms as The concept of powering and grounding electronic equipment in a
manner that is suitable for the operation of that equipment and compatible with the
premise wiring system and other connected equipment (Khalid, and Dwivedi, 2010).
2.2 Power Quality Standards

Power quality is a worldwide issue, and keeping related standards current is a
never-ending task. It typically takes years to push changes through the process. Most
of the ongoing work by the IEEE in electrical power quality. Standards development
has shifted to modifying Standard 1159-1995 (Golkar, et. al., 2008)
2.3 Power Quality Problems Nature and Solutions

It is observed from Table 1 that, the traditional solutions used to improve
power quality arelargely static. While these problems can vary from half of a cycle 1
sec to one minute, the fastest solution should 0 sec a bandwidth much lower than 1
sec.
Table 1 A Summary of Power Quality Problems Nature and Solutions(Hingorani,

1991).
Power Quality Problems Characteristic Solution

Voltage Sags 0.1 0.9 Decrease in Per DSTATCOMs, UPS,
unit RMS Value at 0.5 Ferroresonant
cycles to 1 mm. Transformers, and Backup
Generators.
Voltage Swells 1.1 1.8 Increase in Per DSTATCOMs, UPS,
unit RMS Value at 0.5 Ferroresonant Transformers,
cycles to 1 mm. and Backup Generators.
Impulsive Transients Sudden change in voltage Filters, Isolation
and current signals in Transformers, and Surge
steady state. Arresters.
Oscillatory Transients Sudden change in voltage Filters, Isolation

and current signals at (< 5 Transformers, and Surge
commit
to > 500 kHlz).to user Arresters.
5
Over/Undervoltages > 110% Increase and Voltage Regulators and

<90% Decrease in RMS Ferroresonant
voltage for > 1 mm. Transformers.
Harmonic Distortion Refer to IEEE Std 519 DSTATCOM as an Active
1992 for allowed THD Filter, Passive Filters and
(5%) and TDD ( 10%). Ferroresonant
Transformers.
Voltage Flicker Variation in Magnitude DSTATCOMs and SVCs.
with frequency.
2.4 Voltage sag

IEEE denition of voltage sag is sudden and short duration reduction in RMS
value of the voltage at the point of electrical system between 0.1 to 0.9 Pu in duration
from 0.5 cycles of 1 minute. The amplitude of voltage sag is the remaining value of
the voltage duringsag. Voltage sags are considered the most severe disturbances to
industrial equipment.
Figure 2.1 shows an rms representation of the voltage sag; sag starts when the voltage
(Davis, et. al., 1998)
Falls below the threshold voltage V thr (0.9 P.u) at T1. Sag continues to T2 at which
the voltage reaches to a value above the threshold value. Duration of the sag is (T2-
T1) and its magnitude is Vsag (Davis, et. al., 1998)
commit to user
6
2.5 Distribution Static Compensator (D-STATCOM)

A distribution static compensator (D-STATCOM) is the most efficient and
effective modern custom power device used in power distribution system. Its appeal
includes lower cost, smaller size, and its fast dynamic response to the disturbance. D-
STATCOM consists of a voltage source converter (VSC), a DC energy storage device
(ESD), a coupling transformer connected in shunt to the distribution system through a
coupling transformer. The VSC converts the DC voltage across the storage device
into a set of three phase AC output voltages. These voltages are in phase and coupled
with the AC system through the reluctance of the coupling transformer. Suitable
adjustment of the phase and magnitude of the D-STATCOM output voltages allows
effective control of active and reactive power exchanges between the D-STATCOM
and the AC system. Such configuration allows the device to absorb or generate
controllable active and reactive power. As shown in Figure 2.2 (Rambabu, et. al.,
2011).
Figure 2.2 Schematic Representation of D-STATCOM (Rambabu, et. al.,2011).
2.6 Operating Principle of the DSTATCOM

Basically, the D-STATCOM system is comprised of three main parts: a VSC,
a set of coupling reactors and a controller. The basic principle of a D-STATCOM
commit to of
installed in a power system is the generation user
a controllable Ac voltage source by a
7
(VSC) connected to a DC capacitor (ESD). The AC voltage source, in general,

appears behind a transformer leakage reactance. The active and reactive power
transfer between the power system and the D-STATCOM is caused by the
voltage difference across this reluctance. The D-STATCOM is connected to the
power system at a Point of Common Coupling (PCC), where the voltage-quality
problem is a concern. All required voltages and currents are measured and are fed
into the controller to be compared with the commands. The controller then performs
feedback control and outputs a set of switching signals to drive the main
semiconductor switches (IGBTs, which are used at the distribution level) of the
power converter accordingly. The basic diagram of the D-STATCOM is illustrated in
Figure 2.2
Figure 2.2 Basic diagram of the D-STATCOM (Reddy, and Laxmi, 2012)
The AC voltage control is achieved by firing angle control. Ideally the output
voltage of the VSC (where the D-STATCOM is connected) voltage. In steady state,
the DC side capacitance is maintained at a fixed voltage and there is no real power
exchange, except for losses. There are two control objectives implemented in the
DSTATCOM. One is the AC voltage regulation of the power system at the bus where
the DSTATCOM is connected.Inthe conventional control scheme, there are two
voltage regulators designed for these purposes: AC voltage regulator for bus voltage
control and DC voltage regulator for capacitor voltage control. In the simplest
strategy, both the regulators are proportional integral (PI) type controllers. The
commit to user
8
reference values for these currents are obtained by separate PI regulators from
DC voltage and AC-bus voltage errors, respectively (Reddy, and Laxmi, 2012).
D-STATCOM is a shunt device which has the capability to inject reactive
current. The reactive power output of a D-STATCOM is proportional to the system
voltage rather than the square of the system voltage, as in a capacitor. This makes the
D-STATCOM more suitable rather than using capacitors. Though storing energy is a
problem for long term basis, considering real power compensation for voltage control
is not an ideal case. So most of the operations are considered steady state only and the
power exchange in such condition is reactive. as shown in Figure 2.3 (Ramesh, et. al.,
2013).
From the injected shunt current component IOUT correct the faults by adjusting
the impedance component ZTh= (RTh+JXTh). The value of I controlled by the
converter output voltage. The injected shunt current component I out can be written
as follows.
Iout = IL-IS (2.1)

Where
Is = (VTh VL)/ZTh (2.2)
Iout= IL-IS = IL- {(VTh VL)/ZTh} (2.3)

The complex power injection expressed by the D-STATCOM is given by
Sout=VLI out (2.4)
Where is:
Iout is current at output
IS is current source
IL is current at load
Vl is Voltage at load
VTh is Voltage Thevenin
Sout is complex power injection
ZTh is Thevenin impedance
commit to user
9
The above equation expressed as the effectiveness of the D-STATCOM in the

elimination of fault condition depending up on the value of the ZTh. Similarly when
the injection of the Iout, the load voltage VLwill be minimized and if there elitists a
low value of reactive current injection the total complex power at the fault decreases.
So, in order to increase the voltage level during fault condition, injection of shunt
component Iout should be must and ZTh should be minimized (Ramesh, et. al.,2013).
2.7 Proportional Integrative (PI) Controller

The aim of the control proportional integrative (PI) scheme is to maintain
constant voltage magnitude at the point where a sensitive load is connected under
system disturbances. The control system only measures the root mean square (R.M.S)
voltage at the load point, i.e., no reactive power measurements are required. The VSC
switching strategy is based on a sinusoidal pulse width modulation (PWM) technique
which offers simplicity and good response. Since custom power is a relatively low-
power application, PWM methods offer a more flexible option than the fundamental
frequency switching (FFS) methods favored inflexible alternating current
transmission systems (FACTS) applications. Besides, high switching frequencies can
be used to improve on the efficiency of the converter, without incurring significant
switching losses. The controller input is an error signal obtained from the reference
voltage and the RMS value of the terminal voltage measured. Such error is processed
by a PI controller the output is the angle , which is provided to the PWM signal
generator. It is important to note that in this case, indirectly controlled converter,
there is active and reactive power exchange with the systemsimultaneously an error
signal is obtained by comparing the reference voltage with the RMS voltage
measured at the load point. The PI controller process the error signal generates the
required angle to drive the error to zero, i.e., the load RMS voltage is brought back to
the reference voltage(Patil, and Madhale, 2007).
The system is composed by a 230 kV, 50 Hz generation system, represented
by thevenin equivalent, feeding two transmission lines through an 2-winding
transformer connected in Y/ 230/115 kV.Such transmission lines feed one
commit to user
10
distribution system through two transformers connected in Y/ , 115/11 KV. as

shown in Figure 2.4
Figure 2.4 Simulink Model of PI Controller ( Patil, and Madhale, 2007)
2.8 Fuzzy Inference System (FIS)

Fuzzy inference systems (FIS) are one of the most famous applications of
fuzzy logic and fuzzy set theory. They can be helpful to achieve classification tasks,
offline process simulation and diagnosis, online decision support tools and process
control. The strength of FIS relies on their twofold identity. On the one hand, they are
able to handle linguistic concepts. On the other hand, they are universal approximates
able to perform nonlinear mappings between inputs and outputs. These two
characteristics have been used to design two kinds of FIS. The first kind of FIS to
appear focused on the ability of fuzzy logic to model natural language. These FIS
contain fuzzy rules built from expert knowledge and they are called fuzzy expert
systems or fuzzy controllers, depending on their final use. Prior to FIS, expert
knowledge was already used to build expert systems for simulation purposes. These
expert systems were based on classical Boolean logic and were not well suited to
managing the progressiveness in the underlying process phenomena. FIS allows
grading rules to be introduced into expert knowledge based simulators. It also points
out the limitations of human knowledge, particularly the difficulties in formalizing
interactions in complex processes (Sumalatha, et. al., 2011).
Fuzzy inference is the process of formulating the mapping from a given input
to an output using fuzzy logic. The mapping, then provides a basis from which
decisions can be made, or patterns discerned (Ramnath, et. al.,2010). The fuzzy
commit to user
inference system is show in Figure 2.5
11
Fuzzy
Rule Base
Input Fuzzifier Defuzzifier Output
Inference
Engine
Figure 2.5 Fuzzy Inference System (Ramnath, et. al., 2010)

A. Fuzzification
The fuzzification process is performed during run time and consists of assigning
membership degrees between 0 and 1 to the crisp inputs of working process
(WIP) inventory, floor space required (FSR), and operator walking distance
(OWD).
B. Rule Evaluation
The rule evaluation process consists of using the fuzzy value obtained during
fuzzification and evaluating them through the rule base inorder to obtain a fuzzy
value for the output. The rule evaluation follows theform of if (condition x) and
(condition y) then (result z) rules are applied.Basically the use of linguistic
variables and fuzzy IF-THEN rules utilize the tolerance for imprecision and
uncertainty mimicking the ability of the human mind to summarize data and focus
on decision-relevant information and are generated from expert Knowledge.
C. Inference Engine
The inference engine executes the fuzzy operation by using fuzzified data from
fuzzifier with if-then rules.
D. Defuzzification
The Defuzzification process consists of combining the fuzzy values obtained from
the rule evaluation step and calculating the reciprocal in order to get one crisp
value.
commit to user
12
E. Output
The crisp value obtained as the result of Defuzzification process is the output
value.
2.9 Operationof FIS

When the rule evaluator is first triggered by the start signal, it checks the input
registers. If they are ready, the evaluation begins by starting to retrieve the rules from
the memory one by one in order. Each rule is then decoded and ready to be executed.
Execution of a rule first begins by sending the membership address to the
membership memory, which in turn sends the membership function of the fire
strength calculator module. The calculator computes the fire strength of each input of
that rule and sends it to the min/max evaluator with a control signal sent to the rule
evaluator indicating the fire strength is calculated and ready. The weight of the output
of each rule is also computed and presented to the multiplier directly. The rule
evaluator then sends a control signal to the Min/Max evaluator. The resulting fire
strength of the evaluator is presented to both the multiplier and the summer. Then a
control signal indicating the end of the operation evaluation is generated.
Error Calculation The error is calculated from the difference between supply voltage
data and the reference voltage data. The error rate is the rate of change of error
(Prasad, at. el.,2013). The error and error rate are defined as:
Error = Vref VS (2.5)
Error rate = error (n) error (n-1) (2.6)
Where is:
Vref is voltage References.
VS is voltage Source.
Error is Error supply.
Error rate is Error rate supply.
commit to user
13
Figure 2.6 (FIS) Scheme (Prasad, et. al., 2013).
The aim of the control system is to maintain voltage magnitude at the point
where a sensitive load is connected under system disturbances. Voltage sag is created
at load terminals via a three-phase fault.The above voltage problems are sensed
separately and passed through the sequence analyzer.The control system of the
general configurationtypically consists of a voltage correction method which
determines the reference voltage injected by D-STATCOM.
FIS has two inputs and one output, the input consisting of 5 members and
output fuzzy consists of 5 members. Where the input variables in the range [-5 5],
while the output variable in the range [-10 10].
A process for constructing a FIS can be summarized as follows:
I. Choose a specific type of FIS (Mamdani or Sugeno)
II. Select relevant input-output variables
III. Determine the number of linguistic Terms associated with each input-output
variable (determine the membership function for each linguistic term)
IV. Design a collection of fuzzy if-then rules
V. Choose thedefuzzification method.
Fuzzification is an important concept in the FIS theory.Fuzzification is the
process where the crisp quantities are converted to fuzzy. Thus Fuzzification process
may involve assigning membership values for the given crisp quantities. This unit
transforms the non-fuzzy (numeric) input variable measurements into the fuzzy set
(linguistic) variable that is a clearly defined boundary, without a crisp (answer). In
this simulation study, the error and error rate are defined by linguistic variables such
commit to user
14
as negative big (NB), negative medium (NM), negative small (NM), zero (Z),
positive small (PS), positive medium (PM) and positive big (PB).
Figure 2.7 input1 (Error) membership function of FIS (Singh, et. al., 2013)
Figure 2.8 input2 (Delta-error) membership function of FIS (Singh, et. al., 2013)
Figure 2.9 output membership function of FIS (Singh, et. al., 2013)
There are 49 rules for FIS. The output membership function for each rule is
commit to user
given by the Min (minimum) operator. The Max operator is used to get the combined
15
FIS output from the set of outputs of Min operator.The output is produced by the
fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic operations by evaluating all the rules.
Table 2 Fuzzy rules
Error
NB NM NS Z PS PM PB
Delta-error
NB NB NB NB NM NM NS Z
NM NB NB NM NM NS Z PS
NS NB NM NM NS Z PS PM
Z NM NM NS Z PS PM PM
PS NM NS Z PS PM PM PB
PM NS Z PS PM PM PB PB
PB Z PS PM PM PB PB PB
2.10 Genetic Algorithms (GA)

Genetic Algorithms are reliable and robust methods for searching solution
spaces. They are inspired by the biological theory of evolution through natural
selection and much of the terminology is similar. (Milanovic, and Zhang, 2010).
2.11 Genetic Algorithm Basics

A chromosome is an encoded string of possible values for the parameters to
be optimized. These chromosomes can be made up of real-valued or binary strings.
Often one of the main challenges in designing a genetic algorithm to find a solution to
a problem is finding a suitable way to encode the parameters. A set of potential
solutions, called a population, is created. Each member of this set is referred to as an
individual and they are evaluated by decoding the parameter values from the
chromosomes and applying them to the problem to see how well they perform the
task at hand (the objective that is to be optimized). The score that an individual
achieves at performing the required task is called its fitness.
After the fitness of each individual has been calculated, a procedure known as
selection is performed. Individuals are selected to contribute towards creating the
commit tobeing
next generation, the probability of selection userrelated to the individuals fitness.
16
Once selection has occurred, crossover takes place between pairs of selected
individuals. The strings of two individuals are mixed. In this way, new individuals are
created that contain characteristics that come from different here for relatively
successful individuals.
A third operation that occurs is mutated, the random changing of bits in the
chromosome. It is generally performed with a relatively low probability. Mutation
ensures that the probability of searching a given part of the solution space is never
zero.There are many ways in which these different operations can be applied.
Different algorithms can be used for each and they can also be applied with varying
degrees of probability. Some of the more popular algorithms for each of these
operations are now examined and their effects on the GAs performance is
investigated.
GA as a powerful and widely applicable stochastic search and optimization
techniques, starts with a population of randomly generated candidates and evolves
towards a solution, is perhaps the most broadly known types of evolutionary
computation method today. In 1960 the first serious investigation into Genetic
Algorithms (GAs) was undertaken by John Holland. Genetic algorithms have become
popular due to self-adaptive control systems, function optimization problems,
computationally simple. The search method they use is robust since it is not limited
like other search methods with regard to assumptions about the search space.
The genetic algorithm is an algorithm which is based on natural evolution and
the survival of the best chromosome. There are three basic differences between
genetic algorithm and optimization classical methods. Firstly, the genetic algorithm
works on the encoded strings that are the representative of one answer to the problem,
and the real quantities of the parameters are obtained from the decoding of these
strings. Secondly, it works with a population of search spaces. This quality causes the
genetic algorithm to search different response spaces simultaneously reducing the
possibility of being entrapped at local optimized points. Thirdly, the genetic
algorithm does not need previous data from the problem response space such as
convexity and derivable. It is only necessary to calculate a response function named
commit to user
17
fitness function. Binary encoding and real encoding are the two common methods
that used in genetic algorithm.(Zanjani, et al,2007).
G(s) (2.7)
Where is:
Ki is constant integration
Kp is constant proportional
Fc is the viscous fiction coefficient
P is the pole pairs
Lr is the load of root
G(s) = genetic system
The following stages are carried out in the genetic algorithm controlling method
The formation of initial population:A definite number of chromosomes are
randomly selected with regard to the type of the problem.
Evaluation: Each chromosome from the initial population is processed on the
basis of the initial goal of the problem.
Production of new population: At this stage a new population is selected on
the basis of the previous one. The stages in the manufacture of this population
are:
1. Transmit: The chromosomes with high efficiency are directly transmitted
to the new population.
2. Selection: Two pairs of the remaining chromosomes from the previous
population are selected according to their rate of efficiency.
3. Crossover: By selecting two chromosomes from the present population, it
is trying to improve the efficiency rate of one of the produced
chromosomes by employing the crossover method.
4. Mutation: it is trying to correct the gene in a chromosome, which has
caused a reduction in the competence rate of the chromosome. With
regard to the kind of the employed encoding the type of this function is
determined. commit to user
18
5. Reception: the obtained chromosome is placed in the new population,

according to the previous states
Replacement: The newly obtained population is replaced with the previous
population and then our return to stage 2.
Stoppage:This factor determines the stoppage method of the algorithm, which
can be based on the rate of the competence proximity of the chromosomes to
each other in the new population or is determined on the basis of the number
of the produced population in the algorithm (Zanjani, et. al.,2007).
Presently GA has been receiving a lot of attention and more research has been
done to study its applications. Application in the area of Control Engineering has
also developed tremendously. Even though in control system design, issues such
as performance, system stability, static and dynamic index and system robustness
have to be taken into account. However, each of these issues strongly depends on
the controller structure and parameters. This dependence usually cannot be
expressed in a mathematical formula, but often a trade-off has to be made
between conflicting performance issues (Grefenstette, 1986).
commit to user
19
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Simulink Model for D-STATCOM using PI

The performance of the designed D-STATCOM, as shown in Figure 3.1 is
evaluated using Matlab/Simulink. Table 3 shows the values system of parameters. D-
STATCOM Test System comprises a 230 KV, 50 Hz generation system, represented
by Thevenin equivalent, feeding two transmission lines through an 2-winding
transformer connected in a Y/ 230/115 KV. Such transmission lines feed one
distribution system through two transformers connected in Y/ , 115/11 KV, PI
Controller (proportional-integral controller) is a close loop controller which drives the
plant to be controlled with a weighted sum of error and integral that value. PI
Controller has the benefit of Steady-state error to be zero for a step input.
Figure 3.1 Simulink Model for D-STATCOM

Table 3 System Parameters
1 Voltage Source 230Kv
2 Frequency 50Hz
3 Line impedance 0.001, 0.005H
4 DC voltage 5Kv
commit to user
5 Capacitor 750F
20
3.2 Simulink Model for D-STATCOM using FIS

The system is composed by a 230 kW, 50 Hz generation system, represented
by Thevenin equivalent, feeding two transmission lines through an 2-winding
transformer connected in Y/ 230/115 KV. Such transmission lines feed one
distribution system through two transformers connected in Y/ , 115/11 KV. as
shown in Figure 3.2
Figure 3.2 Simulink Model for D-STATCOM using FIS

The MATLAB/SIMULINK with its Fuzzy Logic Toolbox software was used
to control D-STATCOM which is used for the enhancement of power quality in
distribution system based on FIS to alleviation voltage sag.
FIS has two inputs and one output, the input consisting of 5 members and
output fuzzy consists of 5 members. Where the input variables in the range [-5 5],
while the output variable in the range [-10 10]. In this simulation study, the error and
error rate are defined by linguistic variables such as negative big (NB), negative
medium (NM), negative small (NM), zero (Z), positive small (PS), positive medium
(PM) and positive big (PB). There are 49 rules for FIS. The output membership
function for each rule is given by the Min (minimum) operator. The Max operator is
used to get the combined FIS output from the set of outputs of Min operator.The
output is produced by the fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic operations by evaluating all the
commit to user
rules.
21
3.3 Genetic Algorithm (GA)

To enhance the performance of the distribution system, D-STATCOM is to be
connected to the distribution system. D-STATCOM is designed using MATLAB,
Simulink version R2012b as shown in figure 3.1. The system is composed by a 230
kW, 50 Hz generation system, represented by Thevenin equivalent, feeding two
transmission lines through an 2-winding transformer connected in a Y/ 230/115
KV. Such transmission lines feed one distribution system through two transformers
connected in Y/ , 115/11 KV,. as shown in Figure 3.3
Figure 3.3 Simulink Model for D-STATCOM using GA
The system was designed based on D-STATCOM as a controlled reactive

source which includes a voltage source converter (VSC) and a DC link capacitor
connected in shunt, capable of generating and/or absorbing reactive power. Indeed, it
was used to compensate the with its Optimization Algorithms Toolbox software was
used to control D-STATCOM power system disturbances. The
MATLAB/SIMULINK with GA which is used for the enhancement of power quality
in distribution system based on GA commit to uservoltage sag.
to alleviation
22
3.4 Flow Chart of the Research Methodology
Start
Literature Study
Do Simulation of
D-STATCOM in
MATLAB
Applications
D-STATCOM with D-STATCOM with D-STATCOM with

PI FIS GA
Determining Injection of Current & Time

Respond Comparison
Analysis
END
Figure 3.4 Flow chart of the thesis.
commit to user
23
The Research was started following by theliterature review. Afterwards, the

D-STATCOM in MATLAB was simulated. Subsequently, as a part of application one
controlling method and two algorithms such as FIS and GA were applied. Therefore,
injection of current was determined and timely respond was compared
simultaneously. At last, the outcome of the simulation was analyzed by a significant
ending.
commit to user
24
CHAPTER IV
DATA AND ANALYSIS
This section was described about the simulation results of the proposed In a
power system, switching of large inductive loads, causes a drop in the voltage at the
load bus due to increase in VAR demand which lead to voltage instability. In order to
keep the voltage within a limit, reactive power compensation device such as D-
STATCOM are used FACTS devices help in increasing the operational efficiency of
the power system without affecting the reliability of supply. The use of these devices
depends on the type of application and the response time required for controlling the
voltage profile of the load bus. D-STATCOM has been at the power center of
attention and the subject of research for many years. D-ASTACOM can enhance the
power transmission capability and thus extend the steady state stability limit. D-
STATCOM can also introduce damping during power system transients. For reactive
power compensation the D-STATCOM is a kind of custom power device which has
the capability of reactive power compensation as well as balancing and harmonic
elimination.
4.1 3-Dimensions Surface of FIS

Rule base was designed based on the FIS algorithm. Positive error means the
voltage array on the left side of the D-STATCOM, so it must increase the value of
output voltage, while negative error means the voltage array on the right side of the
D-STATCOM and it must be decreased. Figure 4.1 is a surface plot of Ali base. It
shows that negative error (E) dan negative hange of error will result in negative
change of output du). It is a case when the voltage array is on the right side of the D-
STATCOM. While positive error (E) and positive change of error (DE), a case when
voltage array is on the left side of the D-STATCOM, will result in positive change of
output.
commit to user
25
Output of voltage
Input of voltage
Figure 4.13-Dimensions Surface of FIS
The figure 4.3below elucidates the simulation result in terms of PI Controller

with D-STATCOM and without D-STATCOM. The X-axis and Y-axis have been
represented by time (Sec) and voltage (p.u). Informed that D-STATCOM with PI has
red color and a D-STATCOM without PI has black color.
Figure 4.2PI Controller withcommit to user

D-STATCOMand without D-STATCOM
26
From figure 4.3, it has been clarified the output voltage of the D-STATCOM
at the first case the simulation was running without D- STATCOM its noted that in
0.5 to 0.8 Sec, voltage dropped to (24.00%) cause of voltage of consumer equipment
and industrial equipment, in the next case was tested by using the D-STATCOM with
PI controller which has better performance and improved dramatically when the PI
injected into the system the voltage switched to (80.00%) voltage. Therefore, this
research greatly supports for applying D- STATCOM approach for the mitigation of
voltage sag.
The figure 4.4 below illustrates the single fault scenario result of absence of
D-STATCOM method and comparison among three other methods, namelythe PI
controller, which has red color, FIS was indicted by the blue color, and GAwere
indicated by green color. Here, The X-axis and y-axis are represented by time (Sec)
and voltage (p.u) respectively.
1.3
1.2
GA 98.50% PI 98.05%
FIS Without D-STATCOM 24.00%
1.1
0.9
0.8
Voltage p.u
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time (Sec)
Figure 4.3 Single phase fault scenario Result of comparison uses the PI Controller,
commit to user
FIS andGA.
27
From above figure presented the output voltage of single phase The
simulation result was started from 0 Sec to 1 Sec andtested with three methods to
solve the voltage sag at 0.5 to 0.8 which was given 24% without D-STATCOM, and
D_STATCOM with PI when injected into the system was 98.05%. In the two other
methods FIS and GA have been done by the same simulationwith PI, it's noted that
the D-STATCOM with FIS was raise the voltage sag to 98.15% which has better
performance than PI controller. Moreover, by using the D-STATCOM with GA
method found that the performance better than PI and FIS methods. The best
execution was shown by GA methodthe voltage sag dramatically improvedto 98.50
%. Surprisingly, Without D-STATCOM, recovery of voltage per unit was found
only(24.00%). Thus, it can be recommended that D-STATCOM applying the GA
method is a very promising approach in the context of single phase fault scenario
outcomes.
The figure 4.4 below illustrates the single fault scenario result of absence of
D-STATCOM method and comparison among three other methods, namelythe PI
controller, which has red color, FIS was indicted by the blue color, and GAwere
indicated by green color. Here, The X-axis and y-axis are represented by time (Sec)
and voltage (p.u) respectively.
1.3
1.2
GA 98,40% FIS 92.15% PI 85.80%
1.1
0.9
0.8
Voltage p.u
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time (Sec)
Figure: 4.4Two phase fault scenario Resulttoofuser

commit comparison use the PI Controller, FIS
and GA.
28
From above figure presented the output voltage of two phases The simulation
result was started from 0 sec to 1 sec and tested with three methods to solve the
voltage sag at 0.5 to 0.8 which was given 24.00% without D-STATCOM, and
D_STATCOM with PI when injected to the system was 85.80%. In the two other
methods FIS and GA have been done by the same simulation with PI, it's noted that
execution was shown by GA method the voltage sag dramatically improved to
98.40%.
The figure 4.6 below explains the three phase fault scenario result of
comparison among three other methods, namely the PI controller, FIS, and GA. Here,
The X-axis and y-axis are represented by time (sec) and voltage (p.u) respectively.
1.3
1.2
GA 94.15% FIS 90.75% PI 80.00%
1.1
0.9
0.8
Voltage p.u
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time (Sec)
Figure 4.5Three phase fault scenario result of comparison uses the PI Controller, FIS
and GA.
commit to user
29
In figure 4.6 presented the output voltage of three phases The simulation
result was started from 0 sec to 1 sec and tested with three methods to solve the
voltage sag at 0.5 to 0.8 which was given 24.00% without D-STATCOM, and
D_STATCOM with PI when injected to the system was 80.00%. In the two other
methods FIS and GA have been done by the same simulation with PI, it's noted that
execution was shown by GA method the voltage sag dramatically improvedto
94.15%.In a nutshell, it can be attained that in case of all phases such as single, two
and three phase scenario results, GA method linked with D-STATCOM has been
incarnated as a best method among the applied three methods. As a result, GA
method integrated with D-STATCOM can be supported using this approach widely
for the mitigation of voltage sag problem.
4.2 Comparison of in D-STATCOM with PI, FIS and GA

The results in Table 4 showed that Genetic Algorithms were capable to
overcome the voltage by 98.50%, 98.40%, and 94.15% single-phase, two-phase, and
three-phase within the time extent of 0.5-0.8 Sec, respectively. On the other hand,
Fuzzy Inference System was competent to outplay the voltage by 98.15%, 92.15%,
and 90.75% in single-phase, two-phase, and three-phase and proportional Integrative
werepotent to outfight the voltage by 98.05%, 85.80%, and 80.00% in single-phase,
two-phase, and three-phase within the time extent of 0.5-0.8 Sec,respectively.The
comparison between D-STATCOM with PI, D-STATCOM with FIS and D-
STATCOM with GA.
Table 4 Comparison of D-STATCOM with PI, FIS and GA
Model Single phase Two phases Three phases
D-STATCOM with PI 98.05% 85.80% 80.00%
D-STATCOM with FIS 98.15% 92.15% 90.75%
D-STATCOM with GA commit to user 98.40%

98.50% 94.15%
30
In brief, it can be explained about the GA method that in a genetic algorithm,

a population of candidate solutions (called individuals, creatures or phenotypes) to an
optimization problem is evolving toward better solutions. Each candidate solution has
a set of properties (its chromosomes or genotype) which can be mutated and altered;
traditionally, solutions are represented in binary as strings of 0s and 1s, but other
coding are also possible.
Besides, the evolution usually starts from a population of randomly generated
individuals, and is an iterative process, with the population ineach iteration called
a generation. In each generation, the fitness of every individual in the population is
evaluated; the fitness is usually the value of the objective function in the optimization
problem being solved. The more fit individuals are stochastically selected from the
current population, and each individual's genome is modified (recombined and
possibly randomly mutated) to form a new generation. The new generation of
candidate solutions is then used in the next iteration of the algorithm. Commonly, the
algorithm terminates when either a maximum number of generations have been
produced, or a satisfactory fitness level has been reached for the population.
In this study chromosome is voltage as it is earlier mentioned that
chromosome is a set of properties which can be mutated or altered due to system
fault. From the Table 4, it is obvious that the performance of the GA is the highest
among the three methods, because it can bring the voltage to 98.50 p.u. of the rated
voltage. Consequently, It can be said that although the time respond is higher in GA
method than other methods such as FIS, PI, however, due to the optimization of
current or voltage perfecting the GA method is superior than other methods.
Moreover, Genetic algorithm work on the chromosome (voltage), which is encoded
version of potential solutions parameters, rather the parameters themselves. Even in
terms of fuzzy logic system outside the set and rule based system, it does not control
the problem, whereas in case of GA no need to set and rule based system.
commit to user
31
CHAPTER V
CLOSING
5.1 Conclusion
To sum up., a promising device (D-STATCOM) using three methods such as
Genetic Algorithm (GA), Fuzzy Inference Systems (FIS), and Proportional Integral
(PI) was designed this research to compensate the voltage sag. The results showed
that D-STATCOM with GAwas 98.50%, 98.40%, and 94.15% in single-phase, two-
phase, and three-phase within the range of 0.5-0.8 second, respectively. Similarly, D-
STATCOM with FIS was competent to outplay the voltage around 98.15%, 92.15%,
and 90.75% of single-phase, two-phase, and three-phase and the potential of D-
STATCOM with PI to compensate the voltage was 98.05%, 85.80%, and 80.00% in
single-phase, two-phase, and three-phase within the same range like others 0.5-0.8
second, respectively. Subsequently, the findings revealed that GA was the best among
the three controlling approaches. It is being obtained as GA is one of the easiest
methods and it does not need a set and rules based system as like as FIS System.
5.2 Suggestion
This research was dealt with only the controller portion of D-STATCOM
device. Consequently, it can be suggested that for further improvement of this device
as well as increasing usability of all three method, namely PI, FIS and GA to solve
the voltage sag problem along with other problems as for instance voltage swell,
flicker, other parts of D-STATCOM device such as modification of converter system
can be practiced for future time.
commit to user
32
REFERENCES
Davis, T. Beam, E, G. and Melhorn, J, C. 1998. Voltage sagstheir impact on the

utility and industrial customers.IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol.34, pp. 549
558.
Deshmukh, S. and Dewani, B. 2012. Overview of Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR)

for Power Quality Improvement. International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications,Vol. 2, pp.1372-1377.
Golkar, M. Rani, P. and Sivakumar.R 2008. Power Quality in Electric Networks

Monitoring, and Standards. International Journal of Innovative Research in
Science, Engineering and Technology, vol.3, pp. 761766.
Grefenstette, J, J. 1986. Optimization of control parameters for genetic algorithms.

SystemsMan and Cybernetics IEEE Transactions, vol. 16, pp.122128.
Hingorani, N. G. 1991. Facts - exible ac transmission systems,

InternationalConference on AC and DC Power Transmission, pp. 1-7.
Hussain, K. and Praveen, J. 2012. Voltage Sag Mitigation Using Distribution Static
Compensator System. International Journal of Engineering and Technology,
Vol. 2, pp.756-760.
Kadam,A. Dhamdhere, S. and Bankar, D. 2012. Application of D-STATCOM for

Improvement of Power Quality using MATLAB Simulation. International
Journal of Science and Modern Engineering, Vol. 1, pp.9-13.
Khalid, S. and Dwivedi, B. 2010. Power Quality An Important Aspect. International

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, vol. 2, pp. 6485-6490
Milanovic, V, D. and Zhang, Y. 2010. Global Minimization of Financial Losses Due

to Voltage Sags With FACTS Based Devices, IEEE Transactions on Power
Delivery, Vol. 25, pp. 298-306.
Patil, D.and Madhale, K. 2007. Design And Simulation Studies of D-Statcom For
Voltage Sag, Swell Mitigation, IRNet Transactions on Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, pp.97-103.
Prasad, T. Kumar,S. Prasanth, V,B. and Sankar, S, K. 2013. Fuzzy Logic Control of
D-Statcom for Power Quality Improvement. Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications, Vol. 3, pp.398-403.
Rambabu, E. Praveena, E. and Kishore, P. 2011. Mitigation of Harmonics in

Distribution System Using D-STATCOM,
commit to userInternational Journal of Scientific &
Engineering Research Vol. 2,pp.1-5.
33
Ramesh, P. Ramesh,G. and Devi,P. 2013. Identification and Elimination of Faults

Occurrence in subsystems by using Resistance Switching for Linear Loads
through Distribution Statcom (D-STATCOM). International Journal of
Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 57,pp.1-8.
Ramnath,B. Elanchezhian,C. and Kesavan, R. 2010. Suitability Assessment of Lean

Kitting Assembly through Fuzzy Based Simulation Model, International
Journal of Computer Applications, Vol. 4, pp.25-31.
Ravi Kumar, V, S. and Nagaraju, S. 2007. Simulation of D-STATCOM and DVR in

Power Systems, Asian Research Publishing Network, Journal of Engineering
and Applied Sciences, Vol. 2, pp.7-13.
Reddy, K. and Laxmi, A. 2012. Implementation of Custom Power Product Dstatcom

In Power Sector, International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering
and Applied Sciences, Vol. 1, pp.43-55.
Singh, A. and Surjan, S, B. 2013. Power Quality Improvement Using FACTS

Devices: A Review. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced
Technology, vol. 3, pp. 383390.
Singh, A. Arora, P. and Singh, B. 2013. Voltage SAG Mitigation by Fuzzy Controlled
DVR, International Journal of Advanced Electrical and Electronics
Engineering Vol. 2, pp. 93-100.
Sumalatha, V. Ramani, K. and Lakshmi, K. 2011. Fuzzy Inference System to Control

PC Power Failures. International Journal of Computer Applications, Vol. 28,
pp.10-17.
Sumpavakup, C. and Kulworawanichpong, T.2008. Distribution Voltage Regulation

Under Three Phase Fault by Using D-STATCOM, International Journal of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
Zanjani, A, M.Shahgholian,Gh.Poodeh, E, M. and Eshtehardiha, S. 2007. Adaptive

Integral-Proportional Controller in Static Synchronous Compensator Based
on Genetic Algorithm.7th WSEAS International Conference on Electric Power
Systems, High Voltages, Electric Machines, pp.40-45.
commit to user
34
Curriculum Vitae
Name HAMZA JABER MOHAMMED
Place/Date of birth ALGATRON 09/ 07 / 1987
Gender Male
Marrital Status Single
Religion Islam
Citizenship Libyan
Address Libya -ALGATRON
E-mail Hamza_alnmr@yahoo.com
Phone 085712662555
commit to user
35

Hamza Jaber Mohamed PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Hamza Jaber Mohamed PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.

Design and Simulation Studies of D-STATCOM for Mitigating Voltage Sag

Organized to Meet a Part of the Requirements to Achieve the Master Degree of

ORIGINALITY AND PUBLICATION STATEMENT

1. Thesis entitled: Design and Simulation Studies of D-STATCOM for

Surakarta, August 2014

HAMZA JABER MOHAMED

HAMZA JABER MOHAMED, Student Number: S951208507 Design and

Keywords: Distribution Static Compensator (D-STATCOM), Proportional Integral

I would like to express my greatest appreciation to my supervisors, Prof.

Surakarta, August 2014

Table 1 A Summary of Power Quality Problems Nature and Solutions ......... 4

1.2 Problem Statement

2- To show the advantages and effectiveness of Genetic Algorithms, FIS, PI

1.5 Research limitation

This research is going to be set up three models, namely D- STATCOM with

2.1 Defined of Power Quality

2.2 Power Quality Standards

2.3 Power Quality Problems Nature and Solutions

Table 1 A Summary of Power Quality Problems Nature and Solutions(Hingorani,

Power Quality Problems Characteristic Solution

Oscillatory Transients Sudden change in voltage Filters, Isolation

Over/Undervoltages > 110% Increase and Voltage Regulators and

2.4 Voltage sag

2.5 Distribution Static Compensator (D-STATCOM)

Figure 2.2 Schematic Representation of D-STATCOM (Rambabu, et. al.,2011).

2.6 Operating Principle of the DSTATCOM

(VSC) connected to a DC capacitor (ESD). The AC voltage source, in general,

Iout = IL-IS (2.1)

Iout= IL-IS = IL- {(VTh VL)/ZTh} (2.3)

Iout is current at output

The above equation expressed as the effectiveness of the D-STATCOM in the

2.7 Proportional Integrative (PI) Controller

distribution system through two transformers connected in Y/ , 115/11 KV. as

Figure 2.4 Simulink Model of PI Controller ( Patil, and Madhale, 2007)

2.8 Fuzzy Inference System (FIS)

Input Fuzzifier Defuzzifier Output

Figure 2.5 Fuzzy Inference System (Ramnath, et. al., 2010)

2.9 Operationof FIS

Figure 2.6 (FIS) Scheme (Prasad, et. al., 2013).

Table 2 Fuzzy rules

2.10 Genetic Algorithms (GA)

2.11 Genetic Algorithm Basics

5. Reception: the obtained chromosome is placed in the new population,

3.1 Simulink Model for D-STATCOM using PI

Figure 3.1 Simulink Model for D-STATCOM

3.2 Simulink Model for D-STATCOM using FIS

Figure 3.2 Simulink Model for D-STATCOM using FIS

3.3 Genetic Algorithm (GA)

Figure 3.3 Simulink Model for D-STATCOM using GA

The system was designed based on D-STATCOM as a controlled reactive

3.4 Flow Chart of the Research Methodology

D-STATCOM with D-STATCOM with D-STATCOM with

Determining Injection of Current & Time

Figure 3.4 Flow chart of the thesis.

The Research was started following by theliterature review. Afterwards, the

4.1 3-Dimensions Surface of FIS

Figure 4.13-Dimensions Surface of FIS

The figure 4.3below elucidates the simulation result in terms of PI Controller

Figure 4.2PI Controller withcommit to user

Figure: 4.4Two phase fault scenario Resulttoofuser

4.2 Comparison of in D-STATCOM with PI, FIS and GA

D-STATCOM with PI 98.05% 85.80% 80.00%