Professional Documents
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MEKANIKA BAHAN
(Mechanics of Materials)
3 CREDITS
Statically Determinate
Mechanics 1
Lecturers:
Until ETS
Endah Wahyuni, ST (ITS), MSc (UMIST), PhD (UoM)
endahwahyuni@gmail.com @end222
ETS - EAS
Prof. Ir. Priyo Suprobo, MS, PhD
BILINGUAL CLASS
1 Module in English, Class in
Indonesian; or vice versa.
2 Delivery of contents in 2
languages (Indonesian & English).
3 Technical terms in English
Materials
Bs:
Learning Methods
1 Class
Students are required to read the course
material to be provided in the existing class
schedule
2 Responsiveness
Exercises in class with guidance
3 Quiz
In-class exam at any given time
4 Home work
Students do the work to be done at home with
the responsibility, not only collects the duty.
9
Evaluations
UTS (30%) UAS (30%)
Notes:
1 20 minutes late, not permitted to enter the class.
2 Disturbing class go out
3 Home work is collected before the class starting
11
Contents
Metode Pembelajaran Bobot Nilai
No Minggu ke Kompetensi Indikator Kompetensi Materi Pembelajaran
dan Evaluasi %
1 1 Dapat menjelaskan tentang tegangan, Ketepatan penjelaskan a. pendahuluan Kuliah lihat UTS
regangan, modulus elastisitas serta modulus tentang tegangan, rergangan, modulus b. pengertian tegangan, regangan
geser elastisitas serta modulus geser c. pengertian modulus elastisitas
d. static test
2 2&3 Dapat menghitung tegangan yang terjadi Ketepatan perhitungan tegangan pada a. lentur muni pada balok elastis Kuliah lihat UTS
pada sebuah balok akibat beban lentur murni balok yang menerima beban lentur murni b. lentur muni pada balok dengan Responsi
baik pada balok dengan bahan tunggal dua bahan PR 1 2
maupun pada balok dengan dua bahan, c. lentur murni pada balok
baik semasih pada kondisi elastis maupun non elastis
sesudah mencapai kondisi non elastis
3 4&5 Dapat menghitung tegangan geser pada balok Ketepatan perhitungan tegangan geser a. hubungan momen dan gaya Kuliah lihat UTS
yang disebabkan oleh beban lentur, pada balok akibat beban lentur lintang Responsi
pada balok-balok dengan berbagai bentuk b. tegangan geser akibat beban PR 2 2
penampang. lentur
c. shear center
d. geser pada profil berdinding tipis
4 6 Dapat menghitung tegangan dan regangan Ketepatan perhitungan tegangan dan a. pengertian torsi Kuliah lihat UTS
pada poros akibat beban torsi regangan pada poros akibat beban torsi b. tegangan geser torsi Responsi
c. regangan oleh torsi PR 3 2
d. tegangan oleh torsi pada poros
non elastis
5 7&8 Dapat mengkombinasikan tegangan-tegangan Ketepatan perhitungan kombinasi tegangan a. kombinasi tegangan pada balok Kuliah lihat UTS
sejenis pada penampang balok atau kolom dan ketepatan penggambaran bentuk kern tidak simetris Responsi
dan dapat menggambar bentuk kern dari b. kombinasi tegangan pada PR 4 2
berbagai bentuk penampang penampang kolom
c. kern
6 9 UTS Test 40
12
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Slicing Method
3. Understanding of Stress
4. Normal Stress
5. Average Shear Stress
6. Determine of and
7. STATIC TEST
8. Allowed Stress
9. Strain
13
1- Shear Stress
2- Shear Strain
14
Reviews:
Statically Determinate Mechanics
17
rol rol
rol
18
send sendi
i
Dr. Endah Wahyuni 9
09/02/2014
rol rol
sendi rol
19
sendi sendi
Reactions
1 Simply supported beams
2 Cantilever beams
3 Trusses
20
Loadings
1- Point Load
1 At midspan,
2 Within certain location
2- Distribution Loads
1 Full distributed loads
2 Partially distributed loads
3- Moment Loads
1 At the end of cantilever
2 Midspan
3 Within certain location
21
Modul 1
22
Introduction
1 At a structure, each elements of a
structure should be having a dimension. The
elements
them or maybe applied to them. To calculate the
dimension of the elements, we should know the
methods to analyses, which are:
1 strength ( kekuatan),
2 stiffness ( kekakuan),
23
24
Dr. Endah Wahyuni 12
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25
STRUCTURAL ANALYSES
MATERIALS
CONTROL
PLANNING OF THE STRENGTH /
DIMENSIONS STRESS
STRUCTURES: STABLE
26
Dr. Endah Wahyuni 13
09/02/2014
EXAMPLE
TUBE TRUSSES
27
EXAMPLE
BUILDING FRAME
70/70
50/50
28
Dr. Endah Wahyuni 14
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EXAMPLE
P2
P1
H1 H2
B1 B2
Metode Irisan
GAYA DALAM
P1 P2
P1 P2
S2
S3
S1 S3
P4 P3
GAYA DALAM P4 P3
30
Dr. Endah Wahyuni 15
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Tegangan (Stress)
DEFINISI :
Stress (Tegangan)
MATHEMATICS EQUATIONS
Lim
= A 0 F NORMAL STRESS
A
= A Lim 0 V SHEAR STRESS
A
= Normal Stress
= Shear Stress
A = Cross-section area
F = Forces on perpendicular of cross-section
V = Forces on parralel of cross-section 32
Stress (Tegangan)
Stress symbols on elements related
with coordinates : z
zy
zx
xz yz y
y
x xy yx
x
33
Normal Stresses
NORMAL STRESS NORMAL STRESS
Tension Compression
P P
= P/A = P/A
P P 34
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09/02/2014
P= P Cos / ANormal
A
Shear
A
Normal
A
Shear = P / AShear 35
= P / Total AShear
A Total Ashear =
Shear 2 x Sectional Area of Bolts
36
Determine and
RSTAND THE
N
PURPOSE
Calculation of
EED
STRESS TO
AND THE
GOAL
UNDE
EQ
D F UA
CALCULATION E O TIO
N:
T R
E C
DETERMINATION OF FORCE
AND CROSS SECTIONAL
AREA
R E
CALCULATION RESULT M V Define
I ACross
N L Sectional
E UArea
E
USE STATIC
C The Maximum
h To get
Stress 38
D
09/02/2014
39
Example 1:
A concrete wall as shown in the figure, received distributed loads of
2
20 kN/m . Calculate the stress on 1 m above the based. The
3
gravitation load of the concrete is 25 kN/m
40
Dr. Endah Wahyuni 20
09/02/2014
Answer:
Self weight of concrete wall:
W = [(0,5 + 1,5)/2] (0,5) (2) (25) = 25 kN
using upper part of the wall as a free thing, thus the weight of
the wall upper the cross-section is W1 = (0,5 + 1) (0,5)
(25/2) = 9,4 kN
KN/m2
The stress is a compression normal stress
that worked as Fa on the section.
Stress
o
If W = 10 Ton, a = 30 and cross
TASK :
sectional area of steel cable ABC = 4
D 2 2
1. cm , cable BD = 7 cm , so calculate
C If bolt diameter = 30
mm, b = 200 mm, d1 =
8 mm, d2 = 12 mm, P =
A W 2000 kg, so calculate
the maximum stress
of each frame and
2. P b shear stress of the
P d bolt.
1 42
d2
S
t
a
t
i
c
T
e
s
t
O
A
D
IN
C
R
E
A
S
E
C
O
N
TI
N
U
O
U
S
LY
h
P
MATERIAL
TESTI
NG
MATER
IAL
43
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
a
l
T
e
s
t
M
a
c
D
r
.
E
n
d
a
h
W
a
h
y
u
n
i
2
2
09/02/2014
FLEXURE TEST
45
L STRAIN
46
Strain
P (Load) L = = Strain
Change as every
Loading changes
47
(Defor
mation)
P Diagram
Stress
Strain
Diagram
Physical properties of
every material can be
shown from their
stress strain
diagram relationship.
P (load) (Stress)
pict. A pict. B = Strain
P Diagram Diagram 48
Wahyuni 24
Dr. Endah
09/02/2014
Proportional
Limit
Strain Strain
50
HOOKE
ELASTI
LAW
C
= CONDITIO
N
E
X
=
E
= STRESS
= STRAIN
E = ELASTICI
nis t i
gfra c
tme
is i
h400 t
,0 y
Skg,
H tthis
afra
v
a
O tme
iis l
cstill
probl O
u
in
e
Telas
mK
e
etic
s i
P
:
E tcon
diti
s
won,
aand 2
s
s goe
x
ds
L o
n
on
1
A e2 0
.mm 6
L
W in
Ilen
fgth, k
so g
P
/
In lcalc
c
s oulat
m
o ae of 2
m d
stre
e ss
fr tand a
h
a astra n
m tin d
e val
wi sue t
th gof h
L ithat e
= vfra n
10 eme.
0 n
If c
c tmo a
m odul l
in us c
le t
helas u
lat e thec
P
D
r
.
E
n
d
a
h
W
a
h
y
u
n
i
2
6
09/02/2014
P1 P4
Px P x
P x force to d x elemen and
dx cause d deformation
d x + dx
d
d = d dx = P x
x
E AxE
53
P P =P.L/E.A
Deformation due to P load,
selfweight was ignored 54
= L (P + .WT) / A.E 55
Contoh 2-1:
Tentukan pergeseran relatif dari titik-titik A dan D
pada batang baja yang luas penampangnya bervariasi
seperti terlihat pada gambar di
bawah bila diberikan empat gaya terpusat P1, P2, P3
6 2
dan P4. Ambillah E = 200 x 10 kN/m .
56
57
P1 P2 mm.
Dr. Endah Wahyuni 29
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Poissons Ratio
STRAIN
z y
zy
zx yz y
xz
yx
x xy
x
60
y y
z 61
x = + x - y - z
E E E
y = - x + y - z
E E E
z = - x - y + z
E E E
62
Dr. Endah Wahyuni 31
09/02/2014
zy zy A
A B
B
y
z
yz yz
/2 C
O O /2
zy C
MO = 0 zy(dy.dx).dz - yz(dx.dz.).dy =0
= SHEAR STRAIN
=
zy yz
Fz = 0 left = yz right 63
yz
= .G = Shear Stress
E = Shear Strain
G=
2 (1+ ) G = Shear Modulus
= Poissons Ratio
Shear Modulus
Modul 2
beam flexure
(pure bending)
65
66
Yb = C
max max
/2 /2
Force Equilibrium:
Initial Length
( Y/C . max ) dA = 0
FX = 0 A
C Y . dA = 0
A A
A Y2 . dA = I = Inertia Moment
M=( max /C).I max =M.C/I
max = M . Ya / I max = M . Yb / I
68
max =M.Y/I
1I / Ya = Wa
2I / Yb = Wb
2
3I= Y . dA INERTIA MOMENT A
69
h/2 h/2
1 3
x = /3 . y . b = 1/3 . (1/8 + 1/8) . h3. b
-h/2
1 1 3 1 3
b h/2 = /3 . /4. h . b = /12 . b. h
1 1
1 -1 /2 1 /2
y /2 2 2
Ix = 3.y . dy + 2 y . dy
1
2 -2 -1 /2
x 2
11 2
+ 3.y . dy
2
1
1 /2
3 70
INERTIA MOMENT
EXAMPLE :
1 1
-1 /2 1 /2 2
3 3 1 3 3 3
= /3 . y + 2 . /3 . y + /3 . y
1 1
-2 -1 /2 1 /2
12 3 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 3 1 3
1= (-1 / ) (-2) + /3 . (1 /2) - /3 . (-1 /2) + 2 - (1 /2)
2= 13,75
CARA LAIN :
1 3 1 3
= /12 . 3 . 4 /12 . 1 . 3 = 16 2,25 =
13,75 SHORTER CALCULATION
71
STRESS CALCULATION
OF THE BEAM
10.000 kg 10 cm
10 cm 30 cm
400 cm
10 cm
30 cm
CROSS SECTIONAL AREA :
INERTIA MOMENT:
1 3 1 3 4
I = /12 . 30 . 50 2 . /12 . 10 . 30 = 267.500 cm
72
Dr. Endah Wahyuni 36
09/02/2014
STRESS CALCULATION
OF THE BEAM
RESISTANCE MOMENT:
3
Wa = Wb = I/y = 267.500 / 25 = 10.700 cm
73
Stress Calculation
of Beam
Max
1
y
- y1 = 20 cm Max
+
Max
10 cm Sb Y
2 10 cm
8 cm Calculate Inertia
Moment of its
20 cm
8 cm strong axis( Ix ) and
10 cm weak axis ( Iy )
Sb X
10 10 10 75
8 cm
76
ASSYMETRIC FLEXURE
q
1/8 .
qSin .
q L
L
2
Sin
Moment
qCos occurs of
X-axis Moment
q that its
2 (MX) and flexure
MX = 1/8 . qCos . L
Y-axis (MY) roun
d Y-
M axis
77
c L
d
o a = + MX . h/2 + My . b/2
Ix Iy
q
Sin b b = + MX . h/2 - My . b/2
Ix Iy
a MX . h/2 My . b/2
q
Cos c=- Ix - Iy
MX . h/2 M . b/2
q d=- Ix + y Iy
2
M X = 1/8 . q Cos . L 1 3 1 3
2 Ix = / .b.h Iy = / .h.b
M = 1/8 . q .L 12 12 78
Y Sin
Dr. Endah Wahyuni
39
09/02/2014
2.
80 cm 200 cm 80 cm 2000 kg/m (include its selfweight)
1 2
C
A 400 cm B 200 cm
1000 kg
1000 kg
Maximum
30 cm stress that
occurs in
ABC
beam.
81
10 cm
8 cm 8 cm
1-
3.
Calculate stress
that occurs in
L = 300 cm, q =
1000 kg/m, P = the midspan of
2000 kg, = point a, b, c, d, e
o and f.
30 , P is
100 cm from
B. 82
x
1 dy
2 a y h a
e
1 e E
b1 e 2
b2 eE1
DISTRIBUTION OF DISTRIBUTION OF
ELASTIC STRESS SINGLE MATERIAL -
STRESS
83
b2.n2 b2
b2/n1
b1 b1.n1
b1/n2
Concrete
1
Steel
12 10 12
a 1000 kg 1 400 cm
12 cm
b A B
1
36 cm 1200 cm
1st Material = Concrete
c 2nd Material = Steel
Pure Bending of
Non-Elastic Beam
87
C
h
h /4
h/
T 4
88
2
=. b . h /6
yp
89
2 2
Mp / Myp = yp . b.h /4 yp . b.h /6
yo
/2
M = . y dA = 2 ( ) . y/y o . b . y. dy+ 2 ) . b . y. dy
yp yp
0
yo
y /
h
o 2
2 3/ 2
= /3 yp . y /yo . b + yp .b.y
o yo
2 2 2
= / . y . b + . bh / 4 - .b.y 2
3 yp o yp yp o
2 1 2 1 2
=. bh /4 / .b.y = Mp / 3 .b.y
yp 3 yp o yp o
91
Modul 3
92
V V+dV
dx M x
M+dM
S MA = 0 dx
(M + dM) M (V + dV) . dx + q . dx . dx/2 = 0
2
M + dM M V . dx + dV . dx + . q . dx = 0
small small
dM V . dx = 0
OR dM / dX = V
dM = V . dx
93
Bid. M NO SHEAR
Bid. D M M+dM
SHEAR 94
FA FB
- MB . Y - MB
FB = dA = Y . dA
I I A
A
fghj fghj
= - MB . Q Q = Y . dA = Afghj . Y
A 95
I fghj
q = dM . Q / dx . I = V . Q / I
96
50 mm Yc 3 2
I = 200 . 50 / 12 + 50 . 200 . 62,5
3 2
200 mm
= 50 . 200 / 12 + 50 . 200 . 62,5
Y 4 4
1 = 113.500.000 mm = 11.350 cm
3
Q = 50 . 200 ( 87,5 25 ) = 625.000 mm
3
= 625 cm or,
50 mm 3 3
Q = 50 . 200 . 62,5 = 625.000 mm = 625 cm
Wahyuni 49
Dr. Endah
09/02/2014
= V.Q = q
I.t t
2
1/8 . V. h
Example :
t=b I
h
j dy = V.Q = q
y I.t t
y
f g 1
V
h = Y . dA
I.t A
99
If y1 = 0, so
2
V h2 V.h
1/8
= 2.I x 4 = / . b .h3
1 12
= 3. V = 3.V
2 . b. h 2.A
100
Problem :
20 cm P = 1500 kg 1
a 200 cm q = 3000 kg/m
5 cm b
c A B
5 cm
20 cm 600 cm
d
3 cm e
15 cm
Working steps:
= 20 . 5 . 2,5 + 20 . 5 . 15 + 15 . 3 . 26,5 = ,
20 . 5 + 20 . 5 + 15 . 3 From TOP
1 3 2 1 3
9 = /12 . 20 . 5 + 20 . 5 . 9,51 + /12 . 5 . 20 +
2 1 3 2
20 . 5 . 2,95 + /12 . 15 . 3 + 15 . 3 . 14,49
1= 208,33 + 9044,01 + 3333,33 + 870,25 +
2= 33,75 + 9448,20
4
3= 22937,88 cm
102
104
20 cm a 0 0
5 cm b 82,92 53,89
20,73 13,474
5 cm c 93,63 60,68
20 cm
12,31
d 18,951 8
3 cm e 56,854 36,955
0 0
15 cm Shear Force Shear Force
10.000 kg 6.500 kg
105
Shear Center
F
1
P V=P h
F1
e=F.h/P= . .b.t.h = b. t. h . V . Q
1
P 2.P.I.t
2 2
.b.t.h b .h .t
= xV..h.b.t= 4.I
2.P I.t
107
Problem :
F1 F2
P 10 cm Determine the SHEAR
V=P CENTER of this
e 50 cm section.
10 cm
at is used:
10 15 30 Eq
e . P + F1 . 60
ua
tio = F2 . 60
n e = ( F2 . 60
th F1 . 60 ) / P
F =. . F2 = . . 37,5 .
1
17,5 . 10 10 108
Calculation :
1 3 1 3 4
I = /12 . 55 . 70 - /12 . 40 . 50 = 1.155.416,67 cm
Unlimited
110
Y d
x f x = x Cos + ySin
Y X
y = y Cos - x Sin
2
Ix = y df
2 2 2 2
Ix = y Cos + x Sin - 2xy Sin Cos df
2 2
= Ix Cos + Iy Sin -2 Sxy Sin Cos
111
2
Iy = x df
2 2 2 2
1= x Cos + y Sin + 2xy Sin Cos df
2 2
2= Ix Sin + Iy Cos + 2 Sxy Sin Cos
112
1 3 1 3
Iy = /12.20.2 + /12.2.8 .2
+ 20.2.(2,2)2 + 2.2.8.(2,8)2 = 628,48 cm4
W = 3
kr y 628,48 = 196,4 cm
3,2
W 3
kn y = 628,48 = 92,42 cm
6,8
W
Wbx 393,6 kn y 92,42
K =
Ka x = A = 72 kr y A = 72
= 5,46 cm W = 1,28 cm
K = W ax
= 393,6 K = kr y
= 196,4
bx A 72 kny A 72
= 5,46 cm = 2,72 cm 114
1,28 cm 2,72 cm
y
2 cm
16 5,46 cm
x
5,46 cm
2
2
10
3,2 115
Modul 4
Torsion
116
TORSION (Puntiran )
Section Plane 30 N-m
30 N-m
10 N-m 10 N-m
20 N-m
INNER TORSION MOMENT equal with OUTTER TORSION MOMENT
117
TORSION (Puntiran )
Torsion Moment at
M M both end of the bar
M M
Torsion Moment
distributed along the
M(x) bar
118
Dr. Endah Wahyuni 59
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TORSION (Puntiran )
Torsion
max . dA . Moment
max
=T
C max C
A
Stress
C
A
re
a
Or can be written as:
Forces
2 Distan
max . dA = T
ce
C A
2
. dA = IP = Polar Inertia Moment
A
2 C 3
. dA = 2 . .d =2.
A 0
T= max . IP
C
T.C
max =
IP
120
Dr. Endah Wahyuni
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121
122
Dr. Endah Wahyuni 61
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1 If :
2 Then:
123
PROBLEM EXERCISE - 1
See a tiered bar that shown in this following picture, its outboard in
the wall (point E), determine rotain of point A if torsion moment in B
9
and D was given. Assume that the shear modulus (G) is 80 x 10
2
N/m .
124
2 Bar AB = BC
Bar CD = DE
Considering its left section, torsion moment in every part will be:
125
126
Dr. Endah Wahyuni 63
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EXERCISE -1
2 Answer:
127
Exercises
1 Soal 4.1
Sebuah poros berongga mempunyai
diameter luar 100 mm dan diameter dalam
80 mm. Bila tegangan geser ijin adalah 55
MPa, berapakah besar momen puntir
yang bisa diteruskan ? Berapakah
tegangan pada mukaan poros sebelah
dalam bila diberikan momen puntir ijin?
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
Modul 5
STRESS COMBINATION
136
Normal Stress:
1. Due to axial load
P
A
b. Due to flexure
My
137
Shear Stress:
a. Due to torsion
T
Ip
EXERCISE:
1 A bar 50x75 mm that is 1.5 meter of length,
selfweight is not considered, was loaded as seen in this
following picture. (a). Determine maximum tension
and compression stress that work pependicularly of
beam section, assume that it is an elastic material.
139
ANSWER
1 Using superposition method, so it can be solved
in two steps. In Picture (b), it shows that the bar
only take axial load only. Then In Picture (c)), it shows
that the bar only take transversal load only
Axial Load, normal stress that the bar have along its length
is:
140
Dr. Endah Wahyuni 70
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141
142
When:
Flexure Moment Myy = +P z0 that works of y-axis
Flexure Moment Mzz = -P y0 that works of z-axis
A is cross section area of frame
Izz and Iyy is inertia moment of the section to each their
principal axis
Positive symbol (+) is tension stress, and Negative
symbol (-) is compression stress. 143
Example
Determine stress distribution of ABCD section of the
beam as seen on this following picture. if P = 64 kN.
Beams weight is not considered.
144
Dr. Endah Wahyuni 72
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Answer:
Forces that work in ABCD section, on the picture (c), is
P = -64 kN,
yy - . -, . ,
145
146
Dr. Endah Wahyuni 73
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147
THE END
148