CHAPTER 38

The Stormy Sixties, 1960-1968

IV. SINGLE-ANSWER MULTIPLE CHOICE.
Mark the one best answer for each of the following questions.

1. When he became attorney general, Robert Kennedy wanted to refocus the attention of the FBI on
a. organized crime and civil rights.
b. communist spies and terrorism.
c. political corruption and campaign law violations.
d. illegal immigration and drug trading.
e. automobile theft and illegal weapons.

2. When he took office in 1961, President Kennedy chose to try to stimulate the sluggish economy through
a. a massive foreign-aid program.
b. large-scale government spending programs.
c. a tax cut.
d. reducing expenditures on the space program.
e. a looser monetary policy.

3. In the early 1960s French President Charles de Gaulle

a. proposed a multinational nuclear force under NATO control.
b. sought closer ties with Britain and the United States.
c. favored an economically and militarily united Atlantic Community.
d. resisted American by developing an independent French nuclear force.
e. fought to hold onto the French empire in Africa and Vietnam.

4. The 1962 Trade Expansion Act

a. cut taxes to increase American purchasing power.
b. provided incentives to American overseas investments.
c. made the United States a member of the Common Market.
d. raised the minimum-wage and Social Security benefits of most working-class Americans.
e. reduced American tariffs.

5. John F. Kennedys strategy of flexible response

a. was an updated version of John Foster Dulless doctrine of massive retaliation.
b. was used in his battle with the leadership of the steel industry.
c. called for a variety of military options that could be matched to the scope and importance of a
crisis.
d. required increased spending on a variety of nuclear weapons systems to be deployed around the
world.
e. cut back nuclear weapons in favor of guerilla forces.

6. While it seemed sane enough, John F. Kennedys doctrine or flexible response contained hidden dangers
because it
a. depended on maintaining secrecy from the American public.
b. required reliance on corrupt or dictatorial allies.
c. failed to provide a mechanism for the progressive use of force.
d. could not really be applied outside of Europe.
e. potentially lowered the level at which diplomacy would give way to shooting.
7. American military forces entered Vietnam in order to
 a. try to drive the communists out of North Vietnam.
b. help to stage a coup against Ngo Dinh Diem.
c. prevent Ngo Dinh Diems regime from falling to the communists.
d. establish defensive perimeters around Saigon and other Vietnamese cities.
e. promote democratic reforms in South Vietnam.

8. The Alliance for Progress was intended to improve economic growth and democratic reforms in
a. Latin America.
b. Africa.
c. Southeast Asia.
d. Korea, Japan, and the Philippines.
e. Western Europe.

9. Which one of the following is least related to the other three?

a. Tet
b. Bay of Pigs
c. Place
d. Gulf of Tonkin
e. Operation Rolling Thunder

10. When the Soviet Union attempted to install nuclear weapons in Cuba, President Kennedy ordered
a. the installation of nuclear weapons in Turkey.
b. surgical air strikes against the missile sites.
c. the invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs.
d. resumption of atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons.
e. a naval quarantine of that island.

11. The Cuban missile crisis resulted in all of the following except
a. U.S. agreement to abandon the American base at Guantanamo.
b. the removal of Nikita Khrushchev from power in the Soviet Union.
c. a U.S. promise not to invade Cuba.
d. an ambitious program of military expansion by the Soviet Union.
e. withdrawal of U.S. missiles in Turkey.

12. In a speech at American University in 1963, President Kennedy recommended the adoption of a policy
toward the Soviet Union based on
a. flexible response.
b. massive retaliation.
c. peaceful coexistence.
d. gradual escalation.
e. containment.

13. At first, John F. Kennedy moved very slowly in the area of racial justice because he
a. did not support civil rights.
b. needed the support of southern legislators to pass his economic and social legislation.
c. had not pledged any action in this area during his campaign.
d. believed that initiatives in this area should come from the Supreme Court and Congress.
e. was suspicious of Martin Luther King.

14. John Kennedy began to join hands with the civil rights movement when he
a. sent federal marshals to protect the Freedom Riders.
b. ordered the FBI to remove the wiretap from Martin Luther King, Jr.s phone.
 c. secured passage of the Voting Rights Act.
d. journeyed south to support the registration of black voters.
e. ordered the immediate desegregation of schools.

15. President Kennedy ordered hundreds of federal marshals and thousands of federal troops to force the
racial integration of
a. Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas.
b. Louisiana State University.
c. the lunch counters of Greensboro, North Carolina.
d. the bus stations in Birmingham, Alabama.
e. the University of Mississippi.

16. The 1963 March on Washington led by Martin Luther King, Jr., provided critical support for
a. the War on Poverty.
b. the Democratic party.
c. the Voting Rights bill.
d. the civil rights bill to end segregation.
e. jobs and medicare.

17. At the time of his death, President John Kennedys civil rights bill
a. had been passed, much to the satisfaction of African Americans.
b. had been passed, but greatly weakened by amendments.
c. seemed to be stalled in Congress.
d. was on the desk waiting to be signed into law.
e. was locked in a filibuster in the U.S. Senate.

18. President Kennedys alleged assassin was

a. Jack Ruby.
b. Lee Harvey Oswald.
c. Medgar Evers.
d. James Earl Ray.
e. an agent of Fidel Castro.

19. Before he became Vice President and then President of the United States, Lyndon Johnson had
exercised great power as
a. Secretary of Defense.
b. Majority Leader of the U.S. Senate.
c. a wealthy Texas businessman.
d. governor of Texas.
e. Speaker of the House of Representatives.

20. President Johnson proved to be much more successful than President Kennedy at
a. working with Congress.
b. exciting the ideals and spirit of his fellow citizens.
c. reducing Americas overseas commitments.
d. gaining the admiration and support of the media.
e. appealing to Americas European Allies.
21. President Johnson called his package of domestic reform proposals the
a. Great Crusade.
b. Fair Deal.
c. New Frontier.
d. Johnson Revolution.
 e. Great Society.

22. With the passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution,

a. the United States declared war on Vietnam.
b. Congress handed the president a blank check to use further force in Vietnam.
c. the military was given the authority to use tactical nuclear weapons.
d. Congress maintained its war-declaring power.
e. the goals of American military involvement in Vietnam were clear.

23. Voters supported Lyndon Johnson in the 1964 presidential election because of their
a. loyalty to the Kennedy legacy.
b. faith in the Great Society promises.
c. fear of the Republican nominee, Barry Goldwater.
d. trust in Johnsons Vietnam policy.
e. all of the above.

24. Lyndon Johnson channeled educational aid

a. only to public schools.
b. in smaller amounts than John Kennedy had.
c. to public and parochial schools.
d. to little avail.
e. to higher education only.

25. All of the following programs were created by Lyndon Johnsons administration except
a. the National Endowments for the Arts and Humanities.
b. Project Head Start.
c. the Peace Corps.
d. Medicare.
e. the Office of Economic Opportunity.

26. In the final analysis, Lyndon Johnsons Great Society programs

a. did no good at all.
b. actually increased the poverty rate.
c. proved that poverty could not be papered over with greenbacks.
d. won some noteworthy battles in education and health care.
e. received more money than they could effectively spend.

27. The landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 accomplished all of the following except
a. creation of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
b. prohibiting discrimination based on gender.
c. banning sexual as well as racial discrimination.
d. banning racial discrimination in most private facilities open to the public.
e. requiring affirmative action against discrimination.

28. As a result of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965,

a. fewer Asians came to the U.S.
b. the number of immigrants entering the country was reduced.
c. the racial and ethnic makeup of the country was unchanged.
d. sources of immigration tilted to Eastern Europe.
e. sources of immigration shifted to Latin America and Asia.
29. The common use of poll taxes to inhibit black voters in the South was outlawed by the
a. Civil Rights Act of 1964.
b. Voting Rights Act of 1965.
c. Twenty-fourth Amendment.
d. War on Poverty.
e. Twenty-fifth Amendment.

30. After the passage of the Civil Rights Act in 1964, the chief goal of the black civil rights movement in
the South became to
a. secure the right to vote.
b. end discrimination in housing.
c. gain equality in education.
d. prohibit racial discrimination in employment.
e. integrate private social clubs and organizations.

31. As a result of the Voting Rights Act of 1965,

a. whites left the South in record numbers.
b. centuries of discrimination and oppression ended.
c. whites refused to do business with blacks.
d. white southerners began to court black votes.
e. the South became strongly Democratic.

32. The Watts riot in 1965 symbolized

a. the still-troubled racial situation in the South.
b. the rise of the Black Muslim movement in Los Angeles.
c. a more militant and confrontational phase of the civil rights movement.
d. the power of Martin Luther King in the black community.
e. the ineffectiveness of the Voting Rights Act.

33. Black leaders in the 1960s included, ___________ an advocate of peaceable resistance; ___________,
who favored black separatism; and __________, an advocate of Black Power.
a. Malcolm X; Stokely Carmichael; Martin Luther King, Jr.
b. Martin Luther King, Jr.; Malcolm X; Stokely Carmichael
c. Martin Luther King, Jr.; Stokely Carmichael; Malcolm X
d. Stokely Carmichael; Martin Luther King, Jr.; Malcolm X
e. Malcolm X; Martin Luther King, Jr.; Stokely Carmichael

34. By the late 1960s, Black Power advocates in the North focused their attention primarily on
a. housing.
b. school integration.
c. voting rights.
d. black separation.
e. economic demands.
35. Some advocates of Black Power made the slogan the basis for
a. emphasizing African American distinctiveness and separatism.
b. upholding the leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr.
c. supporting a movement back to Africa.
d. encouraging the end of racially based identity and culture.
e. promoting affirmative action in education and employment.

36. The Latin American nation where Lyndon Johnson send 25,000 American troops to counteract alleged
Communist influence was
 a. Argentina.
b. El Salvador.
c. the Dominican Republic
d. Panama.
e. Mexico.

37. Aerial bombardment in Vietnam

a. worked very well.
b. strengthened the communists will to resist.
c. strengthened the will of Americas South Vietnamese allies to fight.
d. had no effect on the war.
e. destroyed North Vietnamese industry.

38. The 1967 Six-Day War intensified the Arab-Israeli conflict by bringing into constant, direct conflict
a. Americans and Israelis.
b. Israel and Saudi Arabia.
c. Israel and the United States on the one hand and the Arabs and the Soviet Union on the other.
d. the Israeli government and Jewish settlers on the West Bank.
e. Israelis and Palestinians.

39. The most serious blow to Lyndon Johnsons Vietnam policy

a. came with the bombing of Cambodia.
b. occurred when Defense Secretary Robert McNamara resigned.
c. was the Tet offensive of 1968.
d. occurred when Senator J. William Fulbrights Foreign Relations Committee held public hearings on
the war.
e. came with the revelation that the Tonkin Gulf attacks had been provoked by the U.S.

40. During the Vietnam War, President Lyndon Johnson ordered the CIA, in clear violation of its charter, to
a. lead an invasion of Cambodia.
b. spy on domestic antiwar protestors.
c. infiltrate FBI headquarters.
d. help destabilize the government of Thailand.
e. protect prowar presidential candidates.

41. The 1968 Democratic party convention witnessed

a. a long deadlock over the nomination of its presidential candidate.
b. a violent conflict between police and antiwar demonstrators outside the convention hall.
c. a walkout by hundreds of southern delegates, who then founded the Independent party.
d. the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy soon after he delivered a speech at the convention.
e. the enthusiastic nomination of Vice President Humphrey.

42. The spoiler third-party candidate for president in 1968 was

a. Robert F. Kennedy.
b. Hubert H. Humphrey.
c. Eugene McCarthy.
d. George Wallace.
e. George McGovern.

43. Both major-party presidential candidates in 1968 agreed that the United States should
a. negotiate an immediate end to the Vietnam War.
b. withdraw U.S. troops to safe enclaves.
 c. withdraw American forces from Vietnam.
d. escalate the bombing of North Vietnam.
e. continue the war in pursuit of an honorable peace.

44. The skepticism about authority that emerged in the United States during the 1960s
a. was a new phenomenon for America.
b. had been imported from Europe.
c. touched all institutions except religion.
d. had deep historical roots in American culture.
e. arose from the music and drugs of the time.

45. The three PS that largely explain the cultural upheavals of the 1960s are
a. poverty, political radicalism, and protest against authority.
b. public schools, parietal rules, and parental restrictions.
c. population bulge, protest against Vietnam, and prosperity.
d. patriotism, prowar enthusiasm, and perfectionism.
e. the pill, pot, and popular rock music.

46. The site of the first major militant protest on behalf of gay liberation in 1969 was
a. the Mattachine Society headquarters (Los Angeles).
b. Fire Island, New York.
c. Key West, Florida.
d. Indiana University (Bloomington, Indiana).
e. the Stonewall Inn (New York City).