Hafsa Aftab Siddiqui

MCQ
1)D
2) A
3) C
4)D
5)B
6) A

7) B

8) C

Structured Questions

1 a(i)

1- rolled leaves will mean there is less surface area exposed so water loss by
transpiration (evaporation)will be less/decreased. Stomata on inside means less
water loss by transpiration(diffusion through stomata) as well.

2- thick waxy cuticle on outside of leaf will prevent water loss by evaporation,
transpiration and also reduce too much heat loss from the plant or excessive
heating up of the leaf. It will also protect the leaves from pests and insects

(ii)

1- very long roots for the cactus means that they go deeper into the soil and can
therefore find water for photosynthesis as they live in arid conditions so water on
the surface is scarce. Also to reduce competition for water on the upper layers
of soil

2- The fleshy green stem means there are more chloroplasts in the stem as
leaves are reduced to spines, so photosynthesis occurs in the stem. //more
photosynthesis can occur in the stem

b) Photosynthesis will occur less in the leaves and water lost by transpiration
would be decreased.This would be disadvantageous in humid moist conditions.

2) a(i) Because the moths were released into a wood made up of trees with pale
barks, the no. of black moths caught were less as they were not camouflaged
and easily caught by predators, unlike the pale moths

ii) If the trees were blackened with pollution, the number of white moths caught
would have been alot less, and the no. of black moths caught would have been
alot more. This is because black moths could be camouflaged and hidden from
predators because the trees were black, but the white speckled moths would
have been easily visible and therefore no. would decrease as the white moths
would have been eaten by predators

b(i)

Wing colour is Phenotype

Genetic makeup is Genotype

(ii)

The pale speckled wing colour is dominant

explanation: This is because the black wing colour appears only when the
genotype is bb, but the pale wing colour appears when the genotype is Bb or
BB / in other words, black colour appears only in homozygous condition but white
colour appears in both heterozygous and homozygous condition

c) The moths show discontinuous variation which is inherited without any

mutations occurring in the genome of the organism. It is inherited from parents
and not influenced by external environment and spontaneous mutations

3 (a) gene is a string of DNA that codes for a protein

Parental Phenotypes normal x normal

Parental Genotypes HNHS x HNHS

gametes HN HS + HN HS

HN HS

HN HNHN HNHS

HS HNHS HSHS

Child's genotype HSHS

Child's phenotype sickle cell anemia

c) Sickle cell anaemia causes sickle cell shaped red blood cells meaning that the
person with the disease gets fatigued easily, has muscle pain, and bouts of
passing out
d) Most of the population of Africa that has Malaria also has the allele for sickle
cell anaemia, and this is because the allele for sickle cell anaemia is resistant to
malaria. This means that natural selection will not allow the HS gene to be
cancelled out of the population, even though it causes deaths at young age, as it
prevents malaria from occurring even in carriers. Due to this factor, we can see
in the small island near Africa that there is a percentage of the population free
from malaria, but not from Sickle cell anaemia.