N P

Specific speed in rpm Ns = 5

4
H

TURBIN FRANCIS DESIGN P in hp & H in meters

Selection of Speed of A Turbo Machine

Design of Any Selected Francis Turbine Unit
3000
N= for f = 50 Hz
zp
Different capacities for each sub-group.
Zp : Number of pairs of poles of the generator Design for Normal Head.
Assume an overall efficiency: 94 96%
Calculate the required flow rate.

P = Francis Q g H

1
 Design of Spiral Casing

dpenstock
Rcasing
Runner
Q

Guid
e van
es Ri
Risv
Stay vanes Ring

ng
Inlet to Stay vanes

Design of the Guide Vanes Specifications of Guide Vanes

How to choose the guide vane angle egv at full
load Slow Runner: Ns=60 to 120
Begv/Dmgv=0.04 0.033
egv
Normal Runner: Ns = 120 180
(
egv = 4 4 2 + 13 + 1 ) Begv/Dmgv=0.125 to 0.25
Fast Runner: Ns = 180 to 300
ne
= Q Begv/Dmgv=0.25to 0.5 f va

gtho
l en
L:
= / 2 gH egv

of D
to 30%
Q = Q / 2 gH
L =15

2
 Design of the Guide Vane Outlet Angle
The outlet angle can be calculated by assuming a vortex
from the flow in the gap between the runner and the guide
vanes
n n
Vwegv r =V
egv wigv igv
r

Q Begv
V fegv =
Degv Begv

Select appropriate value of n

regv

rigv

Design of the Details of Stay Vanes At any angle , the radius of casing is:

Theory of Relatively Whirling flow: Rcasing = Risv + d penstock Q = Q
2 2

Vwesv r n esv = Vwisv r n isv A full spiral is generally recommended for high head 300m, semi-spiral
is recommended for low heat <50m.

Q In general =1.0,
V f inlet StayVane = Vw inlet GuideVane rinlet GuideVane = Vw inlet StayVane rinlet StayVane
Besv Bisv
Dinlet SratyVane Bisv however corrected
using CFD.
Vainlet StayVane V penstock

rexit stay Vane

rinlet Stay Vane

3
 Performance of Casing : Loss of Total Pressure Number of Guide/stay Vanes

dpenstock The losses in the spiral

casing as a sum between the
Rcasing distributed losses and
Q the confuzor losses Ns Z=8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

h f ,sc = h f ,lcs + h f ,exit <200 <250 250 - 400 - 600 - 800 - 1000 1250 >1700
Dge,mm 400 600 800 1000 1250 1700

dl Vcs2 >200 <300 300 - 450 - 750 - 1050 1350 1700 >2100
h f ,lcs = 450 750 1050 1350 1700 2100
d chsp 2 g
Risv
Q2
h f ,lcs =
8 2 grisv2 Bisv
2

= 0.01 0.02 = 0.1 0.25

Validation of the Guide Vanes Design Design of the Details of Stay Vanes
Degree Overlapping of the guide vanes
D esv + D isv Theory of Relatively Whirling flow:
< N.L
2

Vwesv r n esv = V n wisv risv

Q
V f inlet StayVane =
Dinlet SratyVane Bisv Vw inlet GuideVane rinlet GuideVane = Vw inlet StayVane rinlet StayVane
Besv Bisv

Va inlet StayVane V penstock

2
V aesv V 2 aisv
Low Overlap High Overlap = H remaining rexit stay Vane
2g rinlet Stay Vane

4
 Performance of Casing : Loss of Total Pressure The Runner

dpenstock The losses in the spiral

casing as a sum between the
Rcasing distributed losses and
Q the confuzor losses
h f ,sc = h f ,lcs + h f ,exit

dl Vcs2
h f ,lcs =
d chsp 2 g
Risv
Q2
h f ,lcs =
8 2 grisv2 Bisv
2

= 0.01 0.02 = 0.1 0.25

Velocity triangles Water

particle

Water from
rri spiral casing

Uri
Vwi
i
i Vfi
Vri
Vai

rre
U re < U ri
Ure
Vwe U r = r
e e
Vfe
Vae Vre
R a d i a l v i e w
R guide
runner a d ivanes
a l and
v i stay
e wvanes
runner guide vanes and stay vanes

5
Diameter of guide vane shaft Vs Runner Inlet Diameter Design of the Runner Vanes
How to choose the number of vanes
1,7
Dmgv
Dmgv The number of guide vanes has to be
= 0,29 + 1,07 DRI
1,6 different from the number of runner vanes.
DRI
Diameter Ratio D0/D1

1,5

1,4 zGuide Vanes

1,3
DRE Integer
z Runner Vanes
1,2

1,1

1,0
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6

Speed number
= / 2 gH

Vwi Specifications of Runner

Ub
SLOW : HIGH HEAD,
Vri Vfi LOW Ns Slow Runner: Ns=60 to 120
Vai = 150 to 250
Kui = 0.62 to 0.68
= 900 to 1200
Bgv/Dmgv=0.04 0.033
Vwi Normal Runner: Ns = 120 180
Ub = 120 to 32.50
Vri NORMAL : MEDIUM HEAD Kui = 0.68 to 0.72
MEDIUM Ns = 900
Vai Bgv/Dmgv=0.125 to 0.25
Vfi Fast Runner: Ns = 180 to 300
= 32.50 to 37.50
Ub Kui = 0.72 to 0.76
Vwi = 600 to 900
FAST : LOW HEAD
Vfi HIGH Ns Bgv/Dmgv=0.25to 0.5

Vai Vri

6
 Velocity triangles Net Positive Suction Head, NPSH

rri 2
Vare Vte2
pRE + = patm + gH tw + gzTE gz RE + + p f ,draft
2 2
Uri
Vwi
i
i Vfi
Vri
Vai

rre
U re < U ri
Ure
Vwe U r = r
e e
Vfe
Vae Vre
13o < e < 22o

NPSH required
Dimensions of the outlet
2
V fre U re2
NPSH R = a +b
2 g 2 g 2
V fre U re2 a(U re tan e ) + b U re2
2
NPSH R = a +b =
2g 2g 2g

Turbines 13o < e < 22o Highest value for highest head
1,05 < a < 1,15
1.05 < a < 1.15 0,05 < b < 0,15
0.05 < b < 0.15

7
 Shape of Francis Channel : Meridional Plan
Remaining head to be used :
Extra head to be converted into kinetic energy: Rr1i
2 2
V V
re ri
= H remaining + H extra Rr1e
2g Rr2i
Preferred Exit Velocity Triangle: L/Dri
DRI
R
r2e

DRE
o o
13 < RE < 22

Determination of Inlet & exit edges runner

Real values of Radii
1
The form of these edges is
Q 3 1i two parabolic curves.
The real value of the outlet tip radius
R r 2e =
2 e Define the non-dimensional
1e specific speed
1
2N Q
2 gH 3
N s ND =
The real value of the intlet root radius Rr1i =
2
2i 60(2 gH )
0.75

h1i For
2e
0.24 2e 0.28 1.65 h1i 1.8 0.088 N s ND 0.275
the leading edge form is a parabolic
Rr2e and Rr1i are only fix two points of the leading and arc
trailing edges and the rest of these curves should be drawn with the peak in the point by radius
to lead to better efficiency of runner. of 2.Rr1i-Rr2iwhich passes through the
points 1i and 2i,

8
 Dimensions of Runner Channel : Meridional
Plan
Rr1i
1i The BOVET well
Rr1e known relations give
and for specific speeds between
Rr2i L/Dri the geometry of hub
1e 0.275 N s ND 0.89 and shroud curves in
its form is also a parabolic arc but the runner blade zone.
2i with the minimum point in the 1i The form of limit
R
and the axis is parallel to runner axis. r2e curves is defined by
2e equation:
In the exit area, trailing edge is a
R z z z
parabolic curve which has a minimum = 3.081 1
point in 1e and also passes through a point Rm L L L
such as 2e with a radius of Rr1i/3.