Product Life Cycle

NEEDS

FINITEELEMENTMETHOD
PHASE-
OUT
DESIGN

(MetodeElemenHingga)

OPERATE MANU-
& MAINT. FACTURE

1
1.1. Introduction
The Finite Element Method (FEM) is a versatile
and powerful mathematical (numerical) tool that
has wide applications in a multitude of physical
problems such as stress analysis, fluid flow, heat
transfer, acoustics, aero-elasticity, micro-
fluidics, MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical
Systems), electrical and magnetic fields,
electrostatic coupling and many others.
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A. Formal Definition of FEA:
An approximate mathematical analysis tool to study
the behavior of a continua (or a system) to an external
influence such as stress or strain, heat, pressure,
temperature, fluid velocity, magnetic field, etc.
This involves generating a mathematical formulation
of the physical process followed by a numerical
solution of the mathematics model.
 Engineers Mathematicians
B. History of FEA: Trial functions Finite differences
Richardson 1910
Hyper-static structure Navier 1819 Variational Weighted Liebman 1918
methods residuals Southwell 1940
Energy theorem Maxwell 1864 Rayleigh 1870 Gauss 1795
Ritz 1909 Galerkin 1915
Castigliano 1878 Biezeno-Koch 1923

Approximation method Ritz 1908

Galerkin 1915 Structural analogue Piecewise continous
substitution trial function
Approximation by finite elements Courant 1940 Hrenikoff 1941 Courant 1943
McHenry 1943 Prager-Synge 1947
Matrix method: Newmark 1949
Levy & Garvey 1953 Direct continuum Variational finite
Force method in aircraft industry elements differences
Modern FEM Argyris 1955
Turner et al1. 1956
Varga 1962

Force method Argyrys-Denke 1955

Displacement method Argyris-Turner 1956 Modern FEM
Figure 1-1(a) Historical background to modern FEM, after J.F. Imbert [2] Figure 1-1(b) Historical background to modern FEM, after O.C. Zienkiewics [3]

C. Basic Concept: 1.2. Basic Illustration

A. Circumference:
Division of a given domain into a set of simple sub- Se
He Q
domains called finite elements accompanied with Q R
R R
polynomial approximations of solution over each
element in terms of nodal values.
1. FE Discretization
Assembly of element equation with inter-element Each line segment is an element, He
Collection of these line segments is called a mesh
continuity of solution and balance of force is Element are connected at nodes
considered. 2. Element equations
H e 2 R sin( 2 )

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3. Assembly of equations and solution
n
P He
B. Frame Structure:
e 1

2
For , H e 2 R sin( ), P 2nR sin( )
n n n

4. Exact solution
As n , P 2R
1 sin(x )
If x P 2 R
n x
n x0
sin(x) cos(x) n P nEe
lim 2R 2R 1 2R
x 0 x lim
x 0 1 2,5E-16 6,283185307

5. Error Estimation 10 6,18034 0,10284542

(a) Real structure (b) Discretized structure

Error, Ee Se H e 2 R sin
100 6,28215 0,001033492

n n 1000 6,28317 1,03354E-05

Total Error nEe 2R P 10000 6,28319 1,03354E-07

Figure 1-2 Example of discretization of a frame structure by FEM

C. Continuous problem: 1.3. General Step in the FEM

Step 1 Discretize and Select Dividing the body into an equivalent system of
Element Types finite elements with associated nodes and
choosing the most appropriate element type.

Step 2 Select a displacement Choosing a displacement function

function (approximation function) within each element.

Step 3 Define the strain-
displacement and stress-
strain relationship
(b) Discrete model
Step 4 Derive the element stiffness
matrix and equations
(a) Continuous problem
Both relationships are necessary for deriving the
equations for each element.
Based on the concept of stiffness influence
coefficients (direct equilibrium method, work or
energy method, weighted residual method.)

Figure 1-3 Descritization of an elasticity 2D continuous problem by FEM

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 Level of Nodal Defor. Work of Stiffness Nodal
Step 5 Assemble the element Individual element equations generated in step 4 Formulation This image cannot currently be display ed.
Displ. Energy Ext. forces Matrix Forces
equations to obtain the is added together using a method of
global equations and superposition (called the direct stiffness method). Element di
vj
introduce boundary d d j e 1 eT e e
U 2 d K d e d e F e Ke Fe
T
i e
conditions j uj d
k
k
Step 6 Solve for the unknown Global equations obtained from step 5 is a set of
degrees of freedom (or simultaneous algebric equations. These Assemblage
generalized displacements) equations can be solved by using an elimination d1
U 12 d T Kd dT F K F
method (Gausss method) or an iterative method Global
u j
(Gauss-Seidel, etc.) i e j d j v j di
Virtual Work Principle Linear Equation

Step 7 Solve for the element strains For the structural stress-analysis problem, strains k d 0 System

and stresses and stress (or moment and force) can be d d j
obtained.
U KdF
d T K d d T F
Step 8 Interpret the results The final goal is to interpret and analyse the d k

results for use in the design/analysis process.
n : total number of nodes d n Solution d

Class Name Geometry Class Name Geometry

Point
0D Elasticity 2D
element
(tin) shell
Truss 2D
1D element (Plan Bending
(Line Ele- plate
Ele- ment)
ment) Frame
element Coque

Figure 1-4 (a) Different type of elements Figure 1-4 (b) Different type of elements

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 Class Name Geometry
Class Name Geometry
3D Volume
Torus (Volu
axisymetric me
Axi-
symet Ele-
Thick Coque
ric ment)
Coque
axisymetric
Gap element that have stiffness
Special Element
only for compression direction.
Figure 1-4 (c) Different type of elements
Figure 1-4 (d) Different type of elements

1.4. Analysis Type 1.5. Computer Code

Assemblage
Restraints
Analysis Linear Non-linear Start
Linear static Static Non-linear Sub program for
K, F
Kq F Input Data
matrix calculation

Static
Initial stability Non-linear stability Solution LES
Elements
K K G X F Library
FE modeling
q
Modal Non-linear dynamic Element
K M X 0, 2 Characteristics Elements stress
calculation
Dynamic response Direct integration step by step Figure 1-7
Dynamic
Cq Kq F(t )
Mq Ke, Fe Print Result Simplified flowchart
for static analysis
Modal superposition
(displacement method)
Direct integration step by step End

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1.6. Application
Structural areas:
Stress analysis, including truss and frame analysis both for
structural and non-structural concentration problems typically
associated with holes, fillets, or other changes in geometry in
a body.
Buckling problem
Vibration analysis

Non-structural problems:
Heat transfer
Fluid flow, including seepage through porous media
Distribution of electric or magnetic potential

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8
References:
1. Logan, D.L., 1992, A First Course in the Finite Element
Method, PWS-KENT Publishing Co., Boston.
2. Imbert, J.F.,1984, Analyse des Structures par
Elements Finis, 2nd Ed., Cepadues.
3. Zienkiewics, O.C., 1977, The Finite Eelement Method,
3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, London.

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