As the late Justice Isagani A.

Cruz puts it, Philippine citizenship is a gift that must be deserved

to be retained. The Philippines, for all her modest resources compared to those of other states, is
a jealous and possessive mother demanding total love and loyalty from her children.

Philippine citizenship has always been valued and treasured by our Supreme Court as it once
described it as not a cheap commodity, In the case of In Re Petition For Habeas Corpus Of
Willie Yu v. Defensor-Santiago, the Supreme Court said that Philippine citizenship is not a
commodity or ware to be displayed when required and suppressed when convenient. Justice
Melencio-Herrera dubs it as a priceless heritage.

The 1987 Constitution expressly provides that Philippine citizenship may be lost or reacquired
in the manner provided by law. Thus, Congress can provide for specific grounds that could
result in loss of Philippine citizenship such as those provided under Commonwealth Act No. 63.
In said law, acquisition of foreign citizenship is a ground for the loss of Philippine citizenship.

However, this is modified by the enactment of Republic Act (RA) No. 9225, an Act making the
citizenship of Philippine citizens who acquire foreign citizenship permanent. This law is also
known as the Citizenship Retention and Reacquisition Act of 2003 or, simply, the Dual
Citizenship law.

Under RA 9225, the general rule is that citizens of the Philippines who become citizens of
another country shall be deemed not to have lost their Philippine citizenship under the conditions
of the law. The exceptions are: (1) when there is express renunciation of Filipino citizenship; (2)
being in the service of the armed forces of a foreign country; and (3) seeking public office in a
foreign country.

Even though Philippine citizenship is lost, it may be reacquired according to the provisions of the
law by taking an oath of allegiance under RA 9225, naturalization, repatriation, or through direct
act of law.

Repatriation is the recovery of original citizenship. Thus, if what was lost was naturalized
citizenship that is what will be reacquired. If what was lost was natural-born citizenship, that will
be reacquired. Technically, it is merely reverting back what was once your citizenship.

Reacquisition of Philippine citizenship does not take effect automatically. In the case of Frivaldo
v. Commission on Elections (COMELEC), the Supreme Court enunciated that even if Frivaldo
lost his naturalized American citizenship, by actively participating in the elections in the
Philippines, such forfeiture did not and could not have the effect of automatically restoring his
citizenship in the Philippines that he had earlier renounced.
As what the Supreme Court held in the case of Labo, Jr. v. COMELEC: Philippine citizenship is
not a cheap commodity that can be easily recovered after its renunciation. It may be restored
only after the returning renegade makes a formal act of re-dedication to the country he has
abjured and he solemnly affirms once again his total and exclusive loyalty to the Republic of the
Philippines.

Moreover, RA 9225 provides that natural born citizens of the Philippines who have lost their
Philippine citizenship by reason of their naturalization as citizens of a foreign country, are hereby
deemed to have reacquired Philippine citizenship upon taking the oath of allegiance to the
Republic of the Philippines.

Also, natural born citizens of the Philippines who, after the effectivity of the law, become
citizens of a foreign country, shall retain their Philippine citizenship upon taking of the aforesaid
oath.

Philippine citizenship will not only be reacquired by the applicant, but will also be acquired by
his unmarried child, whether legitimate, illegitimate, or adopted, who are below eighteen (18)
years of age. Those who retain or reacquire Philippine citizenship under the law shall enjoy full
civil and political rights and be subject to all attendant liabilities and responsibilities under
existing laws of the Philippines and certain conditions.

For those who lost their Philippine citizenship and want to run for office, Section 5 (2) of RA No.
9225 compels natural- born Filipinos, who have been naturalized citizens of a foreign country,
but who reacquired or retained their Philippine citizenship (1) to take the oath of allegiance
under Section 3 of Republic Act No. 9225, and (2) for those seeking elective public offices in the
Philippines, to additionally execute a personal and sworn renunciation of any and all foreign
citizenship before an authorized public officer prior or simultaneous to the filing of their
certificates of candidacy.

Further, in Jacot v. Dal and COMELEC, the Supreme Court ruled that a candidates oath of
allegiance to the Republic of the Philippines and his Certificate of Candidacy do not substantially
comply with the requirement of a personal and sworn renunciation of foreign citizenship.

The Supreme Court pronounced that the intent of the legislators was not only for Filipinos
reacquiring or retaining their Philippine citizenship under Republic Act No. 9225 to take their
oath of allegiance to the Republic of the Philippines, but also to explicitly renounce their foreign
citizenship if they wish to run for elective posts in the Philippines. To qualify as a candidate in
Philippine elections, Filipinos must only have one citizenship, namely, Philippine citizenship.

By the same token, the oath of allegiance contained in the Certificate of Candidacy, which is
substantially similar to the one contained in Section 3 of Republic Act No. 9225, does not
constitute the personal and sworn renunciation sought under Section 5 (2) of Republic Act No.
9225.

It bears to emphasize that the said oath of allegiance is a general requirement for all those who
wish to run as candidates in Philippine elections; while the renunciation of foreign citizenship is
an additional requisite only for those who have retained or reacquired Philippine citizenship
under Republic Act No. 9225 and who seek elective public posts, considering their special
circumstance of having more than one citizenship.

Additionally, the Supreme Court elucidated in Maquiling v. COMELEC, that the requirement of
renunciation of any and all foreign citizenship, when read together with Section 40 (d) of the
Local Government Code disqualifying those with dual citizenship from running for any elective
local position, indicates a policy that anyone who seeks to run for public office must be solely
and exclusively a Filipino citizen. To allow a former Filipino who reacquires Philippine
citizenship to continue using a foreign passport -- which indicates the recognition of a foreign
state of the individual as its national -- even after the Filipino has renounced his foreign
citizenship, is to allow a complete disregard of this policy.

It stressed that what is at stake here is the principle that only those who are exclusively Filipinos
are qualified to run for public office.

If we allow dual citizens who wish to run for public office to renounce their foreign citizenship
and afterwards continue using their foreign passports, we are creating a special privilege for
these dual citizens, thereby effectively junking the prohibition in Section 40 (d) of the Local
Government Code.