Effective Length

= .
/ /
= =
/ /

Ex: = 10, =2 = 0.9

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BOLTED
CONNECTIONS
Ali Awaludin, Ph.D.
 Bolt Types
High-Strength Bolts are categorize
in two groups based on the quality
of material used, which are:
1. Group A-ASTM A325, A325M,
F1852, A354 Grade BC, and A449
2. Group B-ASTM A490, A490M,
F2280, and A354 Grade BD

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` Bolted Shear Connection
1-Shear Plane (Single Shear) 2-Shear Plane (Double Shear)

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 Bolted Shear
Connection Single Shear

The average shearing stress:

= =
/
Where P is the load acting Double Shear
on an individual fastener, A is
the cross-sectional area of
the fastener, and d is its
diameter.
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Bolt Diameter and Minimum Bolt Pretension
Bolt Diameter A325 (Group A) A490 (Group B)
(inch) (mm) (kips) (kN) (kips) (kN)
1 - 12 - 15 -
2
1 M16 19 91 24 114
2
3 M20 28 142 35 179
4
7 M22 39 176 49 221
8
1 M24 51 205 64 257
11 8 M27 56 267 80 334
11 4 M30 71 326 102 408
13 8 M36 85 475 121 595
11 2 - 103 - 148 -
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 Bolt Geometry
1. Minimum Spacing
2.667

recommendation: 3
for oversize hole (slot hole) s 2 , with
s as minimum net spacing

2. Minimum Edge Distance

1.25

12

150

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3. Bolt Hole
Size and dimension of bolt hole is
significantly important in shear
connection because when size of the
hole is larger than the bolt, it could
trigger a slip in connection.
And because of that, therere two
different work mechanisms, slip-
critical and bearing in the same bolt

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 Bolt Strength
1. Bearing Strength
= 1.2 2.4
With the first parameter (1.2 )
is based on the shear strength of the
plate behind bearing area.
The second parameter (2.4 ) is
based on the bearing strength of the
plate with width, t (mm) when
supporting bolts with diameter d
(mm).
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2. Shear Strength
=
= Nominal Shear Stress of Bolt
= Nominal Bolt Area

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3. Block-Shear Strength
= 0.6 + 0.6 +

Fracture Yield
= Minimum tension strength of the plate (MPa)

= Minimum yield strength of the plate (MPa)

= Net Shear Area ( )

= Gross Shear Area ( )

= Net Tension Area ( )

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 Slip-Critical
Connection
A slip-critical connection is one in which no
slippage is permittedthat is, the friction
force must not be exceeded.
Slip-critical connection is used to bear
continuous dynamic load which will
increase the risk of fatigue failure of the
structures.
Slip-critical connection strength is
generated from friction resistance on
contact surface because of pre-stressed
load in high strength bolt which specially
tighten.
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 Tension Connection
When a tensile load is applied to a bolt with
no initial tension, the tensile force in the bolt
is equal to the applied load. If the bolt is pre-
tensioned, however, a large part of the
applied load is used to relieve the
compression, or clamping forces, on the
connected parts.

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 Before Loading

Summing forces in the direction

of the bolt axis gives:
= +

External Tension
Load is applied

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 Tension Design Strength
Bolt
= = = 0.75
Connected Element
1. Tension Yield
= = 0.75
2. Tension Failure
= = 0.85
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 Pre-tension Bolt
= Pre-tension force
=
Force Equilibrium
= +
Overall Tensile Force on the Bolt
= +
1+

With:
= External Forces
= Bolt Area ( )
= Plate Area ( )
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 Example

A325 Bolt with diameter 22 mm (minimum bolt pretension = 176 kN)

must support a service load (F) of 120 kN. If = 6000 mm .
Determine the overall tensile force on the bolt (T)!
= 120
= 176

= = 15.784
F
= + = 176 + = 183.149
.
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 Prying Action
In most connections in which fasteners are
subjected to tension forces, the flexibility
of the connected parts can lead to
deformations that increase the tension
applied to the fasteners Prying Action
Equilibrium of forces
= +

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 Prying Action
Geometry of the connection

= = + =1
=
Required Flange Thickness, tf
[ ]( )
= )
1
{ [ ](

= = 0.9 ( )
( )

= = 1.67( )
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 Prying Action

Total Bolt Force, Bc

LRFD: = 1 (0 1)

ASD: = 1 (0 1)

= 1+
( )

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 Combined Shear And Tension In
Fasteners

In some simple connections the fasteners are in a

state of combined loading
In the figure beside, the bracing member is
oriented in such a way that the line of action of
the member force passes through the center of
gravity of the connection. The vertical component
of the load will put the fasteners in shear, and the
horizontal component will cause tension.
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 Shear-Tension Interaction
Curve
(Bearing Type Connection)
Available Tensile Strength:
=

= Modified nominal tensile strength which include the

effect of shear strength (MPa)

= 1.3 (LRFD)

= 1.3 (ASD)

= Nominal tensile strength (MPa)

= Nominal shear strength (MPa)

= Required shear strength (MPa)

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 Exercise
A bracket is use to transmit a 265 kN service load to
column. The load consists of 65 kN dead load and 200 ST 350x350
kN live load. Four M22 Group A bolts are used. The
column bracket are BJ 37. Assume all spacing and
edge-distance requirements are satisfied, and
determine the adequacy of the bolts (LRFD).
Nominal bearing strength (flange of tee control) 265 kN
= 2.4 = 2.4 22 16 370 = 312.567 kN
WF 400x300

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 Example
Nominal Shear Strength
= = 380.133
= = 141.409
Total Shear/Bearing Load
= 1.2 + 1.6 = 398
= 398 = 238.8
= 59.7 kN
Design Bearing Strength, = 0.75 312.57 = 234.327 59.7 ( )
Design Shear Strength, = 0.75 141.409 = 106.057 59.7 ( ) 24
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 Example
Total Tension Load

= 398 = 318.4
= 79.6
Available Tensile Strength

= = 157.05

= 1.3 = 1.3 620 157,05 = 457 < 620

.

= 0.75 = 130.29 kN > 79.6 kN (OK)

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 Quiz

QUESTION:
DL = 60 kN
LL = 220 kN Analyze the connectors of tensile
member (spacing, edge distance, and
connection strength) with Fy = 320
MPa, Fu = 370 MPa and 4 bolt of M22
ASTM A325 (Group A, threads in the
plane of shear, = 372 ) with
plate width (t) 12 mm! (LRFD)
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