Project Report

ENERGY AUDITING AND CONSERVATION
ABSTRACT
Indian power sector has to meet a number of challenges. The electric power system
planning and management has become more and more complex in India than ever before. For
a developing country like India whose per capita energy consumption is doubling, there
exists a wide gap between the energy generation and demand.
It has been well recognized that the energy is crucial to human sustenance and
development. A step increase in world population has met with a rising demand for electrical
energy, more so in developing countries of Asia, particularly in India. By the year 2025 India
is expected to become the most popular country in the world, that to in the economically
fastest growing region. These intertwined issues will lead to an enormous pressure on natural
resources, including energy resources. Therefore, the concepts of sustainable development
and diversity of resources need active consideration. Fuel resources for generating plants are
limited and are not renewable. Further, uncertainties in fuel availability, high fuel prices and
concerns for environment put a crimp on installation of generating plants. Technology has
not yet been fully developed and higher cost slowed down the process of tapping renewable
sources of energy that are present in nature. In this connection, Energy Conservation and
Modern Energy Management is perhaps the only way to meet the immediate needs.
Energy savings become significant and long lasting when they are achieved as a part
of an overall plant management program. A systematic, structured approach is essential, to
identify and realize the potential savings. In this direction attempt has been made in the
present work to study the Energy Conservation Opportunities. In addition, to understand
Energy Audit methodology and the role of Demand Side Management has been considered
here.
We have chosen Electrical and Electronics Department as a part of our study. We

hope this project helps the society large.
Department of EEE, DSCE Page 1

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY CONSERVATION

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY MANAGEMENT
Energy is the basic necessity for the development and survival of every living ever
increasing demand ever increasing demand being. Since independence Indias installed
capacity has increased from 1362MW to over 110,000MW and more than 5000 villages have
been electrified. Our installed power generation capacity rose to 94,300MW by 1995-96 and
if the same rate is maintained the installed capacity will go up to 230,000MW by around the
year 2010. Indias strong economic performance of recent years, growing industrialization
and agricultural demands has posed a challenge to a power engineer and the world demand in
developing countries is doubling every eighty years. Increasing power demands on one side
and limited resource on other hand have made power engineer to think in all possible
directions to improve the system efficiency. The most flexible, unavoidable and
unsubstitutable form of energy in recent times is ELECTRICAL ENERGY. It is a crucial
resource and is the back bone for all Nation building activities, which keep the countries
wheels on progress and economy to prosper. It is estimated that for building over
100,000MW of additional power capacity and, associated transmission and distribution
infrastructure, nearly Rs/-800,000 corers of investments would be needed in the next decade.
This calls for an effective management of the available energy resources. The need to
conserve our declining fuel resources, especially of electrical energy is now widely
accepted. By moderating our demand for energy, we can usually extend the period of time
available for safe and proper development of alternative sources. Increasing emphasis is
being placed on innovative techniques with a view to improve the efficiency of generation,
distribution and usage of electricity. Therefore, the concepts of substantial development and
diversity of resources need activate consideration. Many methods were proposed for the
optimal usage of available power. In the seventies electrical system planning involved
forecast of electric demands combined with availability of supply side resources. Resources
were planned with a proper reserve margin to meet the sudden /regularly increasing demand.
With ever increasing demand, it becomes an online problem for the supplier to predict total
load and supply flexible low cost power which are prerequisites of traditional planning. Thus
suppliers are facing problems of escalating fuel costs legislative and regulatory pressures.
Moreover increase in number of customers requirement of power quality: reliability and

their sensitivity to energy costs have forced electric utilities to consider demand side options
as viable alternatives with respect to traditional resource planning. For this purpose total
management of energy generation, transmission, distribution and corresponding revenue
earned is important. Such management philosophy is called energy management. Energy
management is an art, science and engineering of planning, directing, controlling generation,
supply and consumption of energy. It is used to maximize productivity, comforts and to
minimize energy costs, waste and pollution with conscious, judicious and effective use of
energy. Energy management the efficient, economic and optimal use of energy that is both
primary as well as secondary sources of energy. Energy management technique requires a
logical and comprehensive management approach. Energy savings become significant and
long lasting when they achieved as a part of an overall plant, management program. A
systematic and structured approach is essential to create an organization for implementing
energy management program. Objective of an energy audit is to identify obvious energy
waste, to compare theoretical and actual waste. From this comparison, potential for
improving energy efficiency can be established on the basis of payback period calculations
and one can set specific goals for efficient use of energy.
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT
Energy conservation has become the need of the hour due to the
Depleting conventional energy sources.

Cost of erecting, maintenance and synchronization of non-conventional energy
sources with the main grid.
Unplanned industrialization with energy intensive drives.
In this scenario every unit saved is equivalent to two units generated. Keeping this
point in view every country has established a separate ministry to explore possible energy
conservation opportunities in every walk of life. Two faces of energy problem are supply and
demand. Supply is generally under the control of large energy cooperate that supplies energy
to the users, whereas demand is under the control of individual/industrial users.

Supplier has control on the
a) Size of fuel reserve

b) Generating capacity
c) Cost of production
Only way to reduce electric energy consumption is to change/alter the demand

transmission and distribution sectors are more important for supplying power to the
consumers. There is a wide scope in these sectors for energy conservation measures. Usually,
a very high rate of losses and wastages are encountered in transmission and distribution
systems. Hence, there is ample scope for improvement, though there are often practical
difficulties for its implementation. In thermal plant for condensing steam turbine, average
efficiency is 35% in central power generation and another 8% is lost in transmission and
distribution lines, giving the end user only 27% of input energy. For increasing this, one
needs a better generating and transmission systems that in turn require heavy investments. In
many industries in-plant electricity is generated for the reason of converting waste heat to
electrical energy. Plants that are in operation for 24 hours a day can easily meet this. Utilizing
renewable energy sources like solar, wind, tidal and biomass etc. large gap between supply
and demand can be decreased.
Development of renewable energy harnessing in the world provides new

opportunities for both employment and economic development. The least available
opportunity in our hands is to save and use optimum electricity.
Industrial sector includes number of highly energy intensive industries that consumes
about 51% of total commercial energy. Energy shortage and the cost of environmental quality
control have made, use of energy is very costly to many industrial establishments. Indian
economy during early nineties has awakened industrial sector to reduce the cost of
production, thereby making their products more competitive in the market. Energy has
become one of the crucial areas where cost reduction is targeted. As a result, many industries
have started implementing energy management programs to cope with severe energy crunch
and to improve their profitability. In this not only industries but also many educational
institutions also have adopted such strategies to improve energy management. Acquiring new
technology demands, financial, technical and institutional resources those work out to be

costly. Experience reveals that, at least 10-15% reduction in the energy cost can be achieved
through improved power plant operation. There are essentially two ways to reduce cost in
industries:
i. Adoption of new and energy efficient process.

ii. Improving operating efficiency of the existing systems and methods.
Various energy up graduation and waste recovery process can also be used to improve
energy utilization efficiency, which is the key of energy management. In energy management
system, one discusses about the energy consumption patter of industrial sector and identifies
potential for energy conservation opportunities. This is followed by enumerating the key
elements that contribute to the successful energy management development program.
Energy management involves following basic approaches:
Improving effectives of energy use

Reducing avoidable losses
Minimizing losses
Exploiting recycling of waste heat energy to increase overall efficiency of the plant.
1.3 LITERATURE SURVEY
In the existing transition period between an area of abundance of relatively

inexpensive electric energy and in which energy of all types is scarce expensive, increasing
emphasis is being placed on innovative techniques that improve the efficiency of generation,
distribution and usage of electricity. The basic philosophy behind Demand Side Management
seems to be that it is cheaper to save a watt than produce one. It is definitely more
reasonable/cost effective/easier to save than increase production by one watt from current
capacity. In a paper by P. Ravi Babu describes the application Demand Side Management and
describes resizing and revised operation of transformer. In this paper the author describes the
problem in a substation at Kurnool where a transformer of rating was proposed resized and
revised schedule. In the analysis it was found that a smaller rating of transformer was more
efficiency working with higher value of TUF. The energy losses were reduced to a maximum
extent and moreover lower capacity of the transformer was sufficient to meet the load. In the
year May 1999 Dr.M.V.Krishna Rao describes the usage of intelligent metering systems for

revenue improvement. The universal problem faced by all the utilities across the world is in
ensuring the correct measurement of energy consumed is the commercial losses. The problem
is more acute in developing countries where the losses may vary from 10-40%. These losses
are mainly due to wrong meter reading, defective metering, malpractice in usage of energy,
persons indulging in pilferage. As a solution to these problems he suggests usage of AMRs
(Automatic Meter Reading) and meter testing which is a critical activity of distribution
management as the utility has suffered considerable revenue loss due to non testing of
meters and allowing installation of meters with errors.

CHAPTER 2
PRINCIPLES OF ENERGY AUDIT
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Energy audit is the basic and most important step for implementation of any effective
energy management program. It tries to answer how, where and how much energy is used in
the system. It provides an opportunity to look into energy use pattern and suggests ways and
means of eliminating losses and improving the efficiency of the system. It is a key to a

systematic approach to decision making in the area of energy management. On studying the
system by throwing light on the important data such as losses, energy-input etc. Various
energy conservation alternatives can be determined. This can lead to immediate advantages
can be obtained through energy audit are improved maintainability, reliability features
coupled with reduction losses. Long term energy savings can be through the use of energy
efficient equipment and also through persistent design review. Today world has reached a
stage, where energy is becoming a major cost factor in almost all processes in life. Also, in
many organizations energy and profit are closely related that the financial and energy audits
are totally interlinked. Most of the organizations are weak in keeping track of the energy
spent and hence consuming more energy than what is required for optimum work. Energy
audit distinctly addresses these programs. Any saving in energy usage directly leads to the
profitability of the organization. Hence for each organization it is necessary to pay more
attention towards the energy saving opportunities available to them, through proper energy
audit. Basically, the term Energy Audit is to denote an in-depth study of facility to:
Determine how and where energy is being used or converted from one form to
another.
Identify opportunities to reduce the energy usage.
Evaluate economics, technical and practicability of implementing these reductions
Formulate prioritized recommendations for implementing process improvements to
save energy.
2.1.1 NEED FOR ENERGY AUDIT
With increasing energy crisis and exponential hikes in the cost of different forms of
energy, energy audit is manifesting its due importance in various sectors. Energy audit would
give a positive orientation to energy cost reduction, preventive maintenance and quality
control program will help control on the varying energy costs, availability and reliability of
supply, decide on appropriate energy mix includes and identification of energy conservation
technologies and retrofits for energy conservation equipment.
2.2 OBJECTIVES
To prepare a single line diagram of the distribution system.

To study the transformer performance for its utilization.

To study the performance of existing DG sets and UPS systems.
To study the existing energy utilization pattern of the company.
To suggest energy conservation opportunities of optimum utilization of energy.
Energy audit plays a prime role to achieve all the said goals for energy conservation.
Keeping this point in view, in the present work energy audit of as small medium scale
industry has been planned. For this purpose a professional engineering college has been scale
industry.
2.3 METHODOLOGY
To trace the existing distribution network and to draw the distribution network of the
institution using AUTO CADD.
To collect the connected load of various buildings, room wise, lab wise and to find
the total connected load of the institution.
To measure existing single phase and three phase currents of various departments.
To study the previous energy bills and diesel consumption bills.
To calculate the existing TUF and SEGR(Specific Energy Generation Rate)
To apply Demand Side Management avenues to improve TUF and SEGR.
Normally in-house experts are competent to conduct such preliminary audits and
results are extremely useful in identifying the areas of extensive studies when going for
detailed energy audit.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
DIFINE AUDIT OBJECTIVES
QUESTIONAIRE
REVIEW PAST RECORDS

WALK THROUGH/PLANT
FEMILIARISATION
DATA REQUIRMENTS
MEASUREMENTS/TESTS
INSTALL DATA
COMUTE MASS/ENERGY
ANALYSIS
BALANCES
ENUMERATE ENERGY
CONSERVATION
OPPORTUNITIES
EVALUTE ECOS
PRIORITIES
RECOMMENDATIONS
2.4 TYPES OF ENERGY AUDIT
Type of energy audit to be performed mainly depends upon 2 factors, the function &
type of industry and depth to which final audit is needed. Basically energy audit is classified
into following categories:
Preliminary energy audit

Detailed energy audit
2.4.1 PRELIMINARY AUDIT

Preliminary Audit is performed in a limited time span. It mainly deals with improved
better operation practices, proper utilization of energy, avoiding losses and wastages and also
changing the process for energy efficiency. Preliminary audit focuses its attentions mainly on
major energy supplies and demands, accounting at least for 70% of the total energy
requirement in the system. It mostly involves the steps follows
Forming a team with available in-house expensive.

Carrying out walk through survey.
Collecting system data pertaining to energy consumption, for last one year or more.
Developing energy consumption profile according to the data collected.
Surveying the energy used in non working hours.
Developing check list of normal working hours keeping the routine practices and
functions.
Normally in-house experts are competent to conduct such preliminary audits and
results are extremely useful in identifying the areas of extensive studies when going for
detailed energy audit.
2.4.2 DETAILED AUDIT
The detailed audit goes beyond quantitative estimates to costs and savings. It includes
engineering recommendations and well defined projects with priorities (3). Detailed audit
generally includes long-term measures such as technology, equipment, control logic and
major modifications of plant. This requires large investment and savings are normally huge.
The recommendations are usually long-term projects ranging from three to five years. It
accounts approximately to 95% of energy utilized in the plant. It involves a detailed technical
analysis of each individual equipment, process or system to
Quantify energy consumption by actual measurements over a period of time.

Carryout detailed engineering studies for various options available to modify or
replace.
Implement the changes and continuously monitor the after effects so as counter check
the reduction in consumption.
Integrate with the observations of preliminary audits.

2.5 ELEMENTS OF ENERGY AUDIT
Detailed procedure for energy audit may slightly vary from one industry to another
industry and even between different units of plant within a industry. However, certain basic
elements are common to all energy audits, regardless of the nature and size of the operation
as well as the organizations. The following are some of the basic elements for energy audit.
2.5.1 HISTORICAL REVIEW
The first element of energy audit is the historical review of energy related records to
establish-a baseline against which the progress can be measured. It is calculated by providing
separate instruments for different purpose. An examination of records of energy consumption
within a plant can provide a valuable sight into the nature of energy usage and can be used to
establish a baseline from which future consumptions can be predicted.
2.5.2 WALK-THROUGH AND PROCESS FAMILIARIZATION
The second elements is the pre-planning walk-through the plant to identify major
energy saving equipments, familiarize the audit team the general energy and material flows
through the process and identify obvious source of energy waste, such as leaks and un
insulated equipment. It includes the study of the old drawings available and the benefit by
installing new equipments. Before going on a detailed program of data acquisition and
analysis, it is important to develop a walk through familiarity with the process and its
associated mass and energy flows. In case, it is important that audit team should confirm
about the equipment in operation to develop a firsthand sense of its size, location and
complexity. A first pass awareness of the overall energy flows in the system can be obtained
by relating flow sheets to equipment in the field.
2.5.3 DEFINITION OF DATA REQUIREMENT
The third element is the detailed definition of the data requirements, which serves as
one of the most important requirements. The required data for the analysis of energy and
material flow should be proper, sufficient and free from ambiguity. Credibility is the key of
effectiveness of an energy audit and this means that the audit must be based on actual, not

hypothetical values. Operating data and process measurements will be required and
requirements are the process of strategic and tactical planning of the audit. Required energy
and mass flow calculations must be anticipated as this stage, necessitating careful for
concerning the overall effort.
2.5.4 PROCESS FLOW SHEETS
The fourth important element in the preparation of process flow sheet. It includes the
computation of energy and mass flow through different equipment installed in the system and
also estimates the associated energy losses with that equipment. Accurate flow sheet for the
processes is the necessary a guide to the flows of mass and energy. These form the basis for
planning the audit and must and either be available, they should be checked to ensure that all
modifications have been incorporated. Flow sheets should indicate location of existing
instruments.
2.5.5 IDENTIFYING ENERGY CONSERVATION OPPORTUNITIES
The fifth element is the enumeration of energy conservation opportunities, which

takes care of different probable ways by which energy consumption or energy wastage can be
minimized. During the study of ECO, some of the components or the equipment can be
replaced by more efficient one. In this direction, the audit is to identify ways of decreasing
the loss and to evaluate the energy savings and profitability potential in implementing
changes. The audit team should develop a checklist of energy conservation ideas for various
types of system characteristics of the plant. It is not always true that all ideas on the list will
prove practical in the situation; as such checklist can be helpful in ensuring that no stone is
unturned in seeking possible energy savings. Additional sources include energy conservation
newsletters, government manuals, conferences and contacts with other energy conservation
professional in other organization.
2.5.6 ESTIMATION OF ENERGY SAVINGS POTENTIAL
The sixth element deals with the estimation of energy savings potential of each and
every ECO have been identified energy conservation opportunity. Then, the cost and benefit
analysis for each energy conservation opportunity has to be carried out separately,

considering the types of material properties and life of the proposed equipment. An energy
audit is of value only when it points out the potential for improved profitability achieved by
implementing energy conservation projects in the organization. To accomplish this, each
energy conservation opportunity must be reviewed to determine whether it is applicable to
the process and if so, evaluate the associated energy savings in the particular operation. The
evaluation procedure consists of re-calculating energy and mass balances for each item,
assuming that any energy conservation modification has been made.
2.6 CLASSIFICATION OF ENERGY AUDIT
The type of energy audit to be performed mainly depends on two factors, namely,
function and type of industry and depth to which final audit is needed. Basically, energy audit
is classified into two categories:
1. Preliminary audit
2. Detailed audit
2.6.1 PRELIMINARY AUDIT
Preliminary audit is performed in a limited time span. It mainly deals with better
operating practices, better utilization, avoidance of waste and modifications in the production
schedules. Preliminary audit is focused on major energy supplies and demands, accounting
for at least 70% of the total energy requirements. These are low cost measures. Examples of
post audit measures normally taken in an industry are listed below. However, it is to be noted
that, post audit steps to be taken differ from industry to industry and the entirely depend on
the industry where the energy auditing is performed.
SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION
Overall load survey with a view of peak clipping, valley filling and to release
additional generation capacity.
Energy monitoring of various load centers to achieve energy consumption trends.
Monitoring of units generated to diesel oil consumed ratio(assuming D-G set) for
ascertaining generator efficiency.

Fine tuning of processes.

Optimize system operating voltage-Energy saving by a reduced voltage operation of
lightly loaded motors.
POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT
Relocation of capacitors from substation to low power factor load centers.

Reduction in maximum demand there by releasing generation capacity for other
users.
Reduced losses in distribution system.
Avoidance of penalty due to low power factor.
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
Spotting leakage/wastage of steam, compressed air or any other pressurized resources

and plugging them immediately.
Regular maintenance/testing monitoring of all the machines to ensure that, they run at
optimum efficiency.
Regular inspection of hot and cold insulation and rectifying the defects at earliest.
Installation of proper steam traps with constant monitoring.
Monitoring of steam and compressed air distribution at required pressure.
ENERGY CONSERVATION IN LIGHTING
Utilization of day light.

Better lighting control methods.
Use of high efficiency lighting fixtures, mirror optic reflectors.
ECONOMIC OPERATION OF DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS
Optimum loading of distribution transformers.

Reduction on losses.
Optimum operation of transformers with respect to energy conservation, due to
reduced no-load losses and improved reliability.

TRAINING PROGRAM
Training programs to bring about awareness regarding the need for energy
conservation on poster campaign.
Poster campaign
2.6.2 DETAILED AUDIT
The detailed audit goes beyond quantitative estimates to costs and savings. It includes
engineering recommendations and well defined projects priorities. Detailed audit generally
includes long term measures such as new technology, new equipment, new control logics
and major modifications of plant. This requires large investment and savings are normally
huge. It is a long term project ranging from 3 to 5 years. It accounts for approximately 95%
of energy utilized in the plant. Typical examples of post-audit measurement normally taken
industries are listed below.
PROCESS MODIFICATION
1. Technology up gradation changes over from old technology to new ones.
o Optimization of existing operations and introduction of automatic controls

and logic controllers for operating the various utility systems and effecting
interlocks to minimize the wastage of energy.
o Relocation of resources closer to the point of utilization thus avoiding the line
losses.
2. Replacement of conventional low efficiency motors with energy efficiency motors.

o Motor efficiency is a prime concern.
In any induction motor the efficiency mainly depends on:
1. System voltage applied.
2. Loading of motor.
3. Ageing.
4. Rewinding undergone.
o How energy efficient motors are different from conventional motors
Energy efficient motors, by improved design incorporate:
1. More copper wire.

2. Longer stator and rotor cores.

3. Precision air gap.
4. Improved lamination design.
5. Special steel in the stator.
Hence, operating efficiency is as high as 70%-80% even during light loading
condition (say 30%-40%).
3. Co-generation systems
o It is new discipline on the horizons of Indian industries today.
o Co-generation deals with simultaneous generation of steam and electricity.
Advantages of this technology are:
1. High thermal efficiency upto 90%

2. Low emission, reduced fuel usage and cleaner exhaust steam
contribute to cleaner environment.
3. Improved energy economics and reduced expenses enhance
profitability.
NON CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES
Change over from electrical water heating system to solar water heating system.
Similarly, solar cooking ranges in place of electric ovens.
Increased use of wind mills in remote hilly areas.
DISTRIBUTION
Optimization in the use of distribution transformers. To ensure the transformers in use

are fully loaded to 100% of its full load capacity.
Steam distribution and compressed air distribution at required pressure.
Segregate high and low pressure requirement.
Installation of overhead tank in place of pumping water directly using pumps
operating round the clock.

CHAPTER 3
ENERGY CONSERVATION AND DEMAND SIDE

MANAGEMENT(DSM) AVENUES

3.1DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT (DSM)
During late 1980s, a constructive concept was evolved to identify energy

conservation opportunities by proper energy auditing. Based on the report of this audit new
management decisions were proposed to increase energy efficiency of the system. Later this
type of management was given the name Demand Side Management (DSM). Primary goal
of DSM is to increase mutual benefits of both supplier and consumer.
Various factors falling under DSM techniques in figure 3.1. These factors are also
called as load shape objectives.
Peak Clipping Strategic
Valley Filling DSM Strategic Load

Strategies
Load Shifting Flexible Load

Shape
Figure 3.1

Demand Side Management can be defined as those activities oriented towards

influencing consumers usage pattern of electricity in ways that will produce the desired
changes in load shape. DSM refers to co-operative activities between utility and its
consumers to implement options to modify consumer loads that yield benefits to consumer,
utility and society as a whole. Concept of DSM in power systems involves both supplier-
consumer relationships that produce mutual beneficial results. It includes planning
implementation and monitoring of those utility activities designed to influence customer use
of electricity.
3.2 ADVANTAGES
FROM SUPPLIERS POINT OF VIEW
DSM includes those supplier activities that are designed to influence consumer use of
electricity and achieve a desirable system load shape. To achieve these objectives supplier
can offer suitable incentives to consumers such as:
Differential tariff.
An incentive for maintaining high power factor.
An incentive for minimum use of electricity during system peak period.
An incentive for use of energy efficient equipments.
Rebates for adopting non conventional energy sources.
ADDITIONAL BENEFITS TO THE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY UTILITIES
A deferral of investment in new generation, transmission and distribution assets.

An increased efficiency of utilization of asserts, i.e., their power operators such as
transformers are fully utilized and hence cost/unit comes down to a considerable
extent.
A better quality of supply in terms of voltage magnitude and frequency.
An availability of new business opportunity while implementing demand side
management programs.

An increase the ability by the industry to respond to likely future changes in

technology, community attitudes and government policies.
An improved relationship with electricity supply industrys stake holder. (electricity
customers local government and state government).
Load shifting, peak clipping were improved utilization of generation plants is
achieved by shift of electrical load from peak to off-peak periods.
A reduced use of critical fuels.
Improved load factor.
Avoid unscheduled outages, continuous and reliable supply will be provided by
supplier.
FROM CONSUMERS POINT OF VIEW
DSM includes those activities that are implemented by the consumers such as:
Reducing unnecessary use of electricity by providing enough lightning and

ventilation in buildings, avoiding air conditions, using energy efficient lighting
schemes, power factor improving devices etc,.
Rescheduling of loads to increase use of electricity during off-peak hours.
Better utilization of available power.
Additional benefits to electricity consumers
Better quality of supply in terms of voltage and frequency to consumers.

Increased efficiency in electricity end-use leading to reduce the operation cost.
Reduced electricity cost, leading to lower prices for electricity an energy servies.
Variety of electricity tariffs including time of use tariff.
Enhanced range of energy service.
Helps to maintain life style.
Reduced unscheduled interruptions of power supply.
BENEFITS TO SOCIETY AS A WHOLE
Reduced environmental impacts from electricity generation, transmission and

distribution works.
Increased economic viability of industry, commercial and households.
Increase in range of energy services.

3.3 LOAD SHAPE OBJECTIVES OF DSM
DSM activities focus deliberately on changing the load shape, so that consumer
demand for electricity can be made more efficiently. Fig 3.1 depicts six broad categories of
load shape objectives, viz.:
PEAK CLIPPING
Reduction of system load is one of classic form of load management. It is generally

considered as reduction of system load by using direct load control. This is mainly to reduce
the peaking capacity and operating cost. Peak clipping can also be done by means of using
interruptible or curtailable rates for industrial and consumer users.
VALLEY FILLING
This involves building off-peak loads. This may be desirable particularly for those
times of the year where long run incremental cost is less than average price of electricity.
Adding properly priced off-peak loads under such circumstances decreases average cost to
consumers. One of the popular methods of accomplishing valley filling is by adding new
thermal energy storage in place of loads served by fossil fuels.
LOAD SHIFTING
Load shifting is a fast classic form of load management involving shifting loads from
peak to off-peak periods. Popular method of include use of storage water heaters, cold
storage, space heating and customer load shifts.
STRATEGIC CONSERVATION
It is basically a load shape change that results from utility stimulated programs
directed at end use consumption. This change reflects a modification load shape involving
reduction in sales as well as change in the energy use pattern. While employing energy
conservation, utility planner must consider what conservation action would occur naturally
and then evaluate its cost effectiveness of possible intended utility programs to accelerate or
simulate those actions. Hence the distinction between naturally occurring and deliberately

induced changes in energy consumption and load shape is important. An example for this is
improvement in appliance efficiency.
STRATEGIC LOAD GROWTH
It is load shape change that refers to a general increase in sales stimulated by the
utility. Load growth may involve increased market share of loads can be served by competing
fuels as well as economic development in the service sector. Dual fuel heating, heat pumps
and promotional rates are few examples.
FLEXIBLE LOAD SHAPES
It is a concept related to reliability, a planning constraint. Once anticipated load shape

including demand side activities is forecasted over the planning horizon power supply
planner studies final optimum supply side option. It increases flexibility of the load shape
giving incentives to consumers directly curtailable and interruptible loads.
3.4 DSM TECHNIQUES
Significant amount of efforts have been expended by IEEE demand side management
group to tabulate and categorize all the available DSM alternative technique. However it is
equally important to note that, there are many variations of DSM alternative because most
suppliers or consumers programs are designed to meet their specific needs. Explanation to
various DSM techniques has been furnished below.
3.4.1 END USE EQUIPMENT CONTROL
This is one of the most active areas of DSM technology development. This is because
some of the industrial loads exhibit poorest load shapes so that there is more room for
improvement. For most utilities they are the largest consumers of power. This allows utilities
to obtain larger blocks of load control.
Local Controller: local controller of various types can be used to reduce consumer
load during peak periods. Remote on-off control: set-up and set-back thermostat and
temperature activated time switch are few examples. Residential and commercial consumer:

this consists of controlling operations of equipments like air conditioners, water heaters,
lighting and etc. These systems are large, may have thousands of control points and every
load needs a control device. Thus cost per controlled KW is large for residual load. Main
problem in implementing these programs is the cost compared to that of revenues.
3.4.2 INDUSTRIAL CONSUMERS
This category envisages the demand side management concept in large industrial
sector. It is possible to achieve good results since the loads that are possible to control are
large. Thus DSM system costs i.e., communication transmitters, receivers and computers etc.,
will be less than in multi-load residential systems. Different alternatives include demand
limiter, load priority technique, demand controller, peak alert system and timers.
DEMAND LIMITERS
Demand limiters limit the load demand of an industrial complex as whole rather than
controlling individual equipments. Several of local control devices are available for this
purpose. Demand Subscription Service (DSS) is one of the techniques that provide a means
of inducing consumers to limit their total load. In DSS, a consumer contracts with the
supplier for a pre-selected maximum level of demand. If this level is exceeded during times
that the supplier has activated DSS, total consumer load is interrupted.
Consumer must then reduce the demand level to pre-selected valve before restoring
service via a reset button on DSS unit. The device, which is attached to existing electric
meter monitors the system load and interrupts service when demand set point is exceeded.
3.4.3 LOAD PRIORITY TECHNIQUE
In this DSM alternative, depending on every loads priority for the production in an
industry, peak demand is kept below a pre-set limit. This alternative creates possibilities for
industries to clip off peak and fill out valley portions in their load curves. This results in
efficient utilization of available resources. In this technique non-interruptible loads as in any
normal working procedure, when the priority loads are turned on, if maximum demand on the
system exceeds permitted limits, in order to maintain demand well within pre-set limit, low

priority loads are turned off. However when high priority loads are turned off, power is
restored to the low priority loads.
3.4.4 DEMANDS CONTROLLER
Demand controllers are electro-mechanical, solid state, microprocessor and or

microcontroller based devices that can be programmed to automatically limit demand by
temporarily switching off some loads. Desired maximum demand settings can be selected by
the consumer based on a sliding scale of cost versus level of demand. Load may be shut off
in a sequence based on a sliding scale of cost of versus level of demand.
Loads may be shut off in a sequence pre-determined by the consumer or interruptions

may be rotated among several loads.
3.4.5 PEAK ALERT SYSTEM
Peak alert system is a DSM alternative that notifies consumer of an impending critical
peak load period during which the consumer is requested or obligated to reduce load. Of
necessity the peak alert alternative requires a communication system between the supplier
and the major load points. Generally, one way communication system is sufficient unless the
supplier wishes to monitor actions taken at consumer premises or resulting load reductions.
Participating consumers are paid an incentive during the peak months of the year.
TIMERS
Timers can control loads to limit peak demand, shift use of electricity to off peak
periods or reduce total energy consumption by restricting operating periods to specific hours
of the day. Clock switches that turn individual appliances on and off at preset times during
the day are most common timers. Today home SCADA systems are gaining popularity in this
direction.
UTILITY EQUIPMENT CONTROL

In most cases when consumers think of DSM alternatives they think in terms of cost
benefits or control over consumers equipment. However, there are also other controls on the
supplier equipment which should be considered as a part of comprehensive DSM program.
These items are such things as voltage reduction, P.F. control and feeder control. But all of
these items are controversial to a certain degree and there is a vociferous opposition from the
consumer side. Voltage regulation for example, has been opposed by many consumers
because most of the consumer appliances are voltage sensitive.
VOLTAGE REGULATION
Voltage regulation generally consists of reducing distribution feeder voltage 2.5%. An

implied condition that must exist in order for voltage reduction to operate to properly is that
the feeders on which it is applied must have an adequate voltage profile. This must be
determined by supplier before hand in order to ensure that no damage to consumer equipment
can occur. Voltage reduction can be achieved by installing relays at the sub-station to activate
tap settings on the transformers to reduce voltage by desired step.
FEEDER CONTROL
Another type of utility equipment control that directly affects the consumer load is
feeder control. Some utilities have implemented the necessary equipment to enable them
automatically implement rolling black outs on their distribution circuits. In order to
implement this alternative, either system load dispatch or distribution load distributor must
have the ability, on an individual basis to remotely switch distribution circuits on and off.
This type of DSM alternative meant for industrial consumers only. Today this alternative is
used effectively with manual control for total urban/sub-urban loads keeping revenue earned
as a major constraint. In most cases, all that is needed is a formalized procedure to be
developed.
ENERGY STORAGE

Energy storage is one of the first identified Energy Conservation and load
management technique. Energy storage techniques operate equipment to provide storage
during off peak periods and utilize that stored energy during peak periods. The concept of
energy storage is very simple. Most effective programs in this area have been cold storage
systems for large commercial buildings that supply only a portion of the cooling equipments.
COLD STORAGE
Cold storage is technique that stores cooling capacity and cools during utility off peak
periods for later use. Most common cold storage media are-Chilled water, ice, space cooling.
Cold storage offers potentially large load shifting benefits.
A typical ice storage air condition installation consist of a conventional air

conditioner unit, a refrigerator to water heat exchanger contained in a insulated water storage
tank. During off peak charging, ice forms on the heat exchangers coils or plates. During peak
periods, water circulates through the ice tanks and water to air heat exchanger in the air
conditioning duct work. This eliminates the need to operate the compressor. Since
compressor accounts for the largest portion of air conditioner power consumption, removing
co,pressor load the peak provides potentially large load shifting.
STORAGE WATER HEATERS
Similar to cold storage, heat storage also stores heating capacity during the utilities
off peak periods for later use during peak periods to provide heating requirements.
Commercial and industrial water heaters have been proven cost effective because of their
large size, loads and saving through demand charges.
3.4.6 ELECTRICITY PRICING AND INCENTIVES
Incentives rates are probably the most ingredients in DSM alternatives. Different
pricing options provide the consumers with pricing signals that reflect real cost of producing
power to utility and encourage consumers to alter their normal consumption pattern in
response to pricing signal. The idea behind providing incentive rates is to attract consumers
to participate in various DSM alternative programs initiated through pricing. Incentives are
provided in the form of monetary benefit or in the form of energy compensation.

3.4.7 DISPERSED GENERATION
Dispersed generation as a DSM alternative can come in many forms. Alternatives

such as wind generation, solar systems, stand by generators, co-generation and similar types
of independent generation sources can be implemented or coordinated by utility to meet
DSM objectives. They provide a source of capacity to the utility for use during periods of
system emergency or during critical load periods.
3.5 BENEFITS FROM DSM
Demand side management approaches and techniques involve a partnership between

supplier and the consumer seeking common ground to maximize mutual benefits. Further,
consumers and suppliers can act with mutual consultation to alter the pattern of demand on
consumer side and also on the supplier side. A range of benefits is achievable through the
implementation of demand side management programs.
3.6 INSTRUMENTS USED FOR MEASURING
Tong tester: data collection started with a standard tong tester or CLIP ON ammeter.
This instrument is a true RMS (TRMS), portable and compact is instrument that measures in
single phase, two wire; 3 phase, 3 wire; 3 phase, 4 wire balanced or unbalanced network. It is
capable of measuring both AC and DC up to 2000KW (3 phase)/200KW (1 phase), 600V AC
and 800V DC. Its feature is dual display, AC/DC auto detector; memories up to 4 record, auto
range and hold facility.

CHAPTER 4
ENERGY EFFICIENT MOTORS
4.1 ENERGY EFFICIENT MOTOR

WHAT IS AN ENERGY EFFICIENT MOTOR?
Motor efficiency is the ratio of mechanical power output to the electrical power input,
usually expressed as a percentage. Considerable variation exists between the performance of
standard and energy-efficient motors . Improved design, materials, and manufacturing techniques
enable energy-efficient motors to accomplish more work per unit of electricity consumed.
Energy-efficient motors offer other benefits. Because they are constructed with improved
manufacturing techniques and superior materials, energy-efficient motors usually have higher
service factors, longer insulation and bearing lives, lower waste heat output, and less vibration, all
of which increase reliability. Most motor manufacturers offer longer warranties for their most
efficient models
In an ideal world ALL of the power that is put in would be seen at the output.
However, all real systems have losses:
DEFINING EFFICIENCY

'Efficiency is the percentage of the power input that reaches the load:
Where:
is a decimal value; if multiplied by 100 will give the efficiency as a percentage
Pout is the output power
Pin is the input power.
The efficiency rating of an induction motor accounts for the losses in both the stator and the rotor.
in the ideal world an electric motor would be 100% efficient.
in the real world it is more realistic to expect 50% efficiency.
low efficiency means higher running costs.
not all electric motors are created equal. Some are more efficient than others.
4.2 HIGH EFFICIENCY MOTORS

High efficiency motors offer a number of potential benefits over standard models.
These include lower utility bills and reduced operating expenses through lower failure rates
and longer service life.

WHAT IS A HIGH EFFICIENCY MOTOR?

Motor efficiency is the ratio of mechanical power output to the electrical power input.
This is usually expressed as a percentage. Energy-efficient motors use less energy to perform
the same amount of work as standard motors. Key design improvements and more accurate
manufacturing tolerances are largely responsible for the increase in performance of energy
efficient motors. Key design factors include:
Lengthening of the core and using lower-electrical-loss steel, thinner stator
laminations and more copper in the windings to reduce electrical losses.
Improved bearings and smaller, more aerodynamic cooling fans can also increase
efficiency.
High efficiency motors are generally 2 percent to 8 percent more efficient than
standard motors.
BENEFITS OF HIGH EFFICIENCY MOTORS

Motors systems consume approximately half of the energy used in the commercial
and industrial sectors. Improving the efficiency of motors, and the systems they drive, can
save substantial amounts of energy and reduce operating costs. High efficiency motors do
cost more, but many models can offer a return on investment within two years. The cost of
operating a motor in the first year is often several times the purchase price. Reducing
operating costs through the purchase of higher efficiency motors can offer a substantial
payback. In addition to energy savings, the better designs and improved construction of high
efficiency motors can lead to other benefits:
Longer insulation and bearing lives
Lower heat output and less vibration
Extended winding life
Increased tolerance of overload conditions
Higher tolerance for increased voltage rates or phase imbalance
Lower failure rates and extended manufacturer warranties
WHEN TO BUY ENERGY EFFICIENT MOTOR

You should consider buying a high efficiency motor:

For all new installations
When purchasing equipment packages, such as compressors, HVAC systems and
pumps
When major modifications are made to facilities or processes
Instead of rewinding older, standard efficiency units that have failed
When replacing oversized or under loaded motor systems
As part of a preventive maintenance or energy conservation program

CHAPTER 5
COLLECTION OF DATA
5.1 LIGHT FIXTURE DETAILS AT DEPARTMENT OF

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
NO. OF

GROUND FLOOR FLUORESCENT

LAMPS
Corridor 7
Staff room-1 4
Staff room-2 4
R&D centre 4
AEC/PE laboratory 3
HV laboratory 4
HOD Room 5
CS laboratory 8
PSS/MAT laboratory 8
DCM laboratory 10
NO. OF
FIRST FLOOR
FLUORESCENT
LAMPS
Corridor 5
Office room-1&2 4
R&D centre 16*
Biotechnology lab-1 24*
Biotechnology lab-2 24*
Research lab 24*
Microbiology lab 16*
Autoclave room 16*
Department library 4
NO. OF
SECOND FLOOR
FLUORESCENT
LAMPS
Corridor 20*+1
Staff room 4
Lecture hall-301 24*
Microcontroller 16*
laboratory
Logic Design laboratory 16*

[* Tube lights of 18W
Two tube lights are connected in series with single ballast]
5.2 EXPERIMENT TO STUDY BEHAVIOUR OF COPPER,

ALUMINIUM, ELECTRONIC BALLAST IN TUBE LIGHTS
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

For Copper and Aluminium Ballast
For Electronic Ballast
TABULAR COLUMN

CHOKE/BALLAST V(VOLTS) I(AMPS) W(WATTS)

Copper 220 0.31 36
Aluminium 220 0.3 35
Electronic 220 0.15 23
5.3 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MOTORS
THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

NAME PLATE DETAILS
Rated voltage 415v

Rated current 8.4A
Speed 1456rpm
Output 3.7kw/5h.p
Phase/cycle/power factor 3/50Hz/0.72
TABULAR COLUMN
SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR-1
Sl. V I W1 W2 N S1 S2 Input Output

(volts) (amps) (watts (watts) (rpm) (kg (kg (watts) (watts)
No
) ) ) (%)
1 420 4.0 -80 150 1488 0 0 560 0 0
2 420 4.2 -30 200 1474 7 1.2 1360 720.17 52.95
3 420 6.3 70 350 1450 33 14 3360 2320.75 69.07
4 420 7.6 150 450 1435 49 20 4800 3505.59 73.03
AFTER IMPROVING EFFICIENCY
Sl. V(volts I(amps W1 W N(rpm S1 S Input(W Output(W

No ) ) 2 ) 2 ) )
(%)
1 420 4.0 -82 15 1489 0 0 584 0 0
5

2 420 4.2 -32 21 1480 7. 1 1424 772.97 54.28

0 2
3 420 6.3 73. 35 1458 34 14 3428 2455.1 71.6
5 5
4 420 7.6 155 45 1445 50 20 4880 3651.74 74.83
5
FORMULAE:
OUTPUT=2 NT/60
INPUT=W1+W2
T=9.81*(S1-S2)*R
Where R= radius of drum
= 0.082m
= OUTPUT/INPUT*100
SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR-2
Sl. V I W1 W2 N S1 S2 Input Output

(volts) (amps) (watts) (watts) (rpm) (kg (kg (watts) (watts)
No (%)
) )
1 414 4.2 140 -80 1482 0 0 480 0 0
2 414 5.2 230 0 1375 19 7 1840 1105 60.06
3 414 6.1 275 30 1325 28 10 2440 1597.47 65.47
4 414 6.7 300 50 1291 31 11 2800 1729.42 61.76
5 414 7.4 340 70 1265 35 12 3280 1948.78 59.4
Sl. V(volts I(amps W W N(rpm S S Input(W Output(W

No ) ) 1 2 ) 1 2 ) )
(%)
1 414 4.2 15 -70 1485 0 0 640 0 0

0
2 414 5.2 24 15 1380 22 8 2080 1294.04 62.21
5
3 414 6.1 28 35 1333 29 10 2560 1696.40 66.26
5
4 414 6.7 31 55 1300 34 12 3040 1915.62 63.01
5
5 414 7.4 34 75 1270 37 13 3360 2041.55 60.76
5
FORMULAE:
OUTPUT=2 NT/60
INPUT=W1+W2
T=9.81*(S1-S2)*R
= 0.0652m
= OUTPUT/INPUT*100
SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
NAME PLATE DETAILS

Rated voltage 220/230volts

Rated current 4.2A
Rated Speed 1425rpm
Output 370w
Frequency/phase 50Hz
TABULAR COLUMN
Sl. V I W N S1 S2 Input Output

(volts) (watts (rpm) (kg (kg (watts) (watts)
No (amps)
) ) ) (%)
1 220 3.1 60 1485 0 0 120 0 0
2 220 3.2 175 1459 7 2 350 131.48 37.47
3 220 3.5 220 1444 11 3 440 207.69 47.19
4 220 3.7 250 1436 14 4 500 258.6 51.63
5 220 4.0 300 1415 17 5 600 305.26 50.87
Sl. V I W N S1 S2 Input Output

(volts) (watts (rpm) (kg (kg (watts) (watts)
No (amps)
) ) ) (%)
1 220 3.1 60 1485 0 0 120 0 0
2 220 3.2 180 1465 8 2.5 360 141.85 40.23
3 220 3.5 230 1450 11 4 460 234.60 51
4 220 3.7 270 1440 16 5 540 284.76 52.73
5 220 4.0 320 1420 18 5 640 331.86 51.85
FORMULAE:
OUTPUT=2 NT/60
INPUT=W
T=9.81*(S1-S2)*R
= 0.0175m
= OUTPUT/INPUT*100

DC SHUNT MOTOR
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
NAME PLATE DETAILS
Armature voltage 230v

Armature current 19A
Rated Speed 1500rpm
Output 3.7kw/5h.p
Excited voltage/current 230V/0.9A
TABULAR COLUMN
Sl. V I N S1 S2 Input Output

(volts) (amps) (rpm) (kg (kg (watts) (watts)
No
) ) (%)
1 216 1.6 1500 0 0 345.6 0 0
2 216 4.4 1494 2 7 972 629.26 64.73
3 216 7.6 1480 2 12 1684.8 1246.73 73.99
4 216 8.8 1462 5 18 1907.8 1604.39 83.92
5 216 10.2 1440 5.5 21 2203.2 1880.20 85.33
Sl. V I N S1 S2 Input Output

(volts) (amps) (rpm) (kg (kg (watts) (watts)
No
) ) (%)

1 216 1.6 1500 0 0 345.6 0 0

2 216 4.2 1492 1 6 907.2 628.09 69.2
3 216 7.2 1470 2 12 1555.2 1237.6 79.5
4 216 9.8 1460 3.3 18 2116.8 1804.11 85.22
5 216 12.2 1444 5 23 2562 2188.08 85.40
FORMULAE:
OUTPUT=2 NT/60
INPUT=V*I
T=9.81*(S1-S2)*R
= 0.082m
= OUTPUT/INPUT*100

CHAPTER 6
RESULT AND CONCLUSIONS

6.1 CALCULATIONS:
6.1.1 LIGHTING CALCULATIONS
Calculate the Savings

For each change use the following formulas to calculate annual savings:
(____watts x ____ hours per day x ____ days per month)/ 1,000 Wh/kWh = ____ kilowatt
hours (kWh)
____ KWh x cost per kWh per month = ____ total kWh charges saved by this change
6.1.2 COMPARISON OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION FOR A TUBE

LIGHT WITH COPPER, ALUMINIUM AND ELECTRONIC BALLAST
From the experimental result, Existing copper choke 36W Tube Light consumes 36W.
Therefore For 57 Tube Lights
The Total Wattage Consumption of copper choke will be= 7524W.

(i.e. 209*36)
Whereas aluminium ballast consumes only 35W.
Therefore for 209 Tube Lights
The Total Wattage Consumption Aluminium Ballast will be= 7315W.
(i.e. 209*35)
i.e. a saving of (7524-7315)=209W can be obtained.
Also a 36W Copper choke can be replaced by 23W Electronic Ballast,
If 209 copper chokes are replaced by Electronic Ballast, then the total wattage
consumption of Electronic Ballast will be= 4807W(i.e.209*23)
i.e. a saving of(7524-4807)=2717W can be obtained.
If 209 Aluminium chokes are replaced by Electronic Ballast, then the total
wattage consumption of Electronic Ballast will be= 4807W(i.e.209*23)
i.e. a saving of(7315-4807)=2508W can be obtained.
PRESENT ELECTRICITY BILL RATINGS
1-30 UNITS = 2.30/-
30-100 UNITS = 3.50/-
Above 100 UNITS = 4.60/-
Particulars Copper ballast Aluminium Electronic

ballast Ballast
Current 17.67 17.1 8.55
Consumption (for 57
T.L) A
Wattage 2052 1995 1311
Consumption (for 57
T.L) W
Energy Consumption 0.036 0.035 0.023
for 1hour
for 1day
for 8hours/day
for 1 month
Cost/month/1 T.L in 19.872 19.32 12.696
Cost/month/209 T.L 4153.248 4037.88 2653.464
in
Cost/year/209 T.L in 49838.97 48454.56 31841.568

cost comparison of different ballast/month
24% Copper ballast

38% Aluminium ballast
Electronic Ballast
37%
NET SAVINGS
Cost of each copper ballast is 130

Cost of each aluminium ballast is 150
Cost of each electronic ballast is 230
Replacing copper ballast by electronic ballast, we can save of 1499.784

Replacing aluminium ballast by electronic ballast, we can save of 1384.416
PAY BACK ANALYSIS
Payback analysis is simply a calculation of how long it will take to recover your investment.
total investment
payback period=
total saving/mont h
48070
= 1384.416
= 34.7 35 Months
2 years, 11 months
6.2 MOTOR CALCULATIONS

EFFICIENCY AT SLIP RING 3 SLIP RING 1 DCSHUNT

FULL LOAD IM IM MOTOR
BEFORE 73.03 50.87 85.33
IMPROVING
AFTER 74.83 51.85 85.4
IMPROVING
Comparison of efficiency for different motors

before improving after improving
85.33 85.4
73.03 74.83
50.87 51.85
slip ring 3 im slip ring 1 im dcshunt motor
THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

A 5hp 3slip ring induction motor has a efficiency of 73% at full load
The losses of motor = 100-73=27%
Hence total losses for 3.7KW= 0.999KW (i.e. 3.7*0.27)
The total power supplied to the motor for 1 hour =3.7KW*1hr= 3.7KWh
3.7KWh*0.999KW= 3.6963KWh
Assuming that the motor is running 4hours for 1day
So for 1 month =30*4=120hrs
The electricity bill rating of 3slip ring induction motor for industries is
15/KWh
The total units consumed in 1month= 120* 3.6963=443.556KWh
The total running cost =443.556KWh*15/KWh
= 6653.34
AFTER IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY

When the efficiency of 3slip ring induction motor is increased to 75% at full
load.
The losses of the motor =100-75=25%
3.7KWh*0.925KW= 3.4225KWh
The electricity bill rating of 3slip ring induction motor for industries is
15/KWh
= 6160.5
USING ENERGY EFFICIENT MOTORS
The efficiency of energy efficient motors is 90% at full load.

The losses of the motor =100-90-=10%
3.7KWh*0.37KW= 1.369KWh
The electricity bill rating of energy efficient motor for industries is
15/KWh
= 2464.2
o Saving= 6160.5-2464.2= 3696.3
PAY BACK ANALYSIS
total investment
payback period=
total saving/mont h

Total investment for each energy efficient motor is 25885
25885
= 3696.3
= 7 Months
SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

A 370w 1 induction motor has a efficiency of 50.87% at full load
0.37KWh*0.1813KW= 0.067081KWh
The electricity bill rating of 1 induction motor for industries is
8/KWh
= 64.397
AFTER IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY

A 370w 1 induction motor has a efficiency of 51.85% 52% at full load
0.37KWh*0.1776KW= 0.0657KWh
The electricity bill rating of 1 induction motor for industries is
5 8/KWh
= 63.085
USING ENERGY EFFICIENT MOTORS
The efficiency of energy efficient motors is 80% at full load.

The losses of the motor =100-80-=20%

0.37KWh*0.074KW= 0.02738KWh
The electricity bill rating of energy efficient motor for industries is
8/KWh
The total units consumed in 1month= 120*0.02738KWh
= 26.2848
Savings = 63.085-26.2848
= 36.8002
PAY BACK ANALYSIS
total investment
payback period=
total saving/mont h
Total investment for each energy efficient motor is 4550

4550
= 36.800
= 10 years, 3 months
COST COMPARISON FOR DIFFERENT MOTORS
TYPE OF MOTOR 3 INDUCTION MOTOR 1 INDUCTION MOTOR

STANDARD MOTOR 6160.5 63.085
EFFICIENT MOTOR 2464.2 26.2848

Cost Comparison for different motors

standard motor efficient motor
6160.5
2464.2
63.09 26.28
3 induction motor 1 induction motor
6.3 CALCULATION FOR FANS
CEILING FAN
Power rating= 80W

For 1 hour, energy consumption=80*1hr=0.08KWh
Assume that the fan is running for 8hours in a day=0.08*8=0.64KWh
For 1month, energy consumption=30*0.64=19.2KWh
Total wattage consumption for 23 fans = 23*80
= 1840W
Total cost per month=19.2*2.30= 44.16
For 23 fans= 1015.68
TABLE FAN
Power rating= 55W

For 1 hour, energy consumption=55*1hr=0.55KWh
Assume that the fan is running for 8hours in a day=0.55*8=0.44KWh
For 1month, energy consumption=30*0.44=13.2KWh
Total wattage consumption for 2 fans = 2*55

= 110W
Total cost per month=13.2*2.30= 30.36
For 2 fans= 60.72
TOTAL POWER CONSUMPTION
WATTAGE LIGHTING MOTORS FANS

(Electronic Ballast)
CONSUMPTIO 1 3 CEILING TABLE
N
WATTS 1311 177. 925 1840 110
6
TOTAL 1311 1102.6 1950
TOTAL POWER CONSUMPTION FOR DIFFERENT ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS
3%
30%
42%
4%
21%

GENERAL OBSERVATION
Use day lighting as much as possible with proper ventilation.

It has been observed that the operators fail to turn of the equipment when not in
use. So it is suggested to create awareness among the people about the important of
Energy Conservation.
Use Energy Conservation slogans in the work area as this motivates them to
conserve energy.
Following are few slogans which could be used to motivate people to conserve energy
Energy misused cannot be excused.

Save one unit a day, keep power cut away.
The less you burn the more you earn.
When it is bright switch off the light.
Todays wastage is tomorrows shortage.
Energy earns or simply burns, choice is yours.
A thing which burns never returns.
Manage energy well to avoid damage and hell.
One unit of energy saved is two units of energy generated.
Energy is life conserve it.

Bibliography
1. Rajiv Shankar Energy auditing in Electrical utilities.
2.
3.

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ENERGY AUDITING AND CONSERVATION

We have chosen Electrical and Electronics Department as a part of our study. We

Department of EEE, DSCE Page 1

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY CONSERVATION

Department of EEE, DSCE Page 2

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY MANAGEMENT

Moreover increase in number of customers requirement of power quality: reliability and

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT

Depleting conventional energy sources.

Department of EEE, DSCE Page 4

Supplier has control on the

a) Size of fuel reserve

Only way to reduce electric energy consumption is to change/alter the demand

Development of renewable energy harnessing in the world provides new

Department of EEE, DSCE Page 5

i. Adoption of new and energy efficient process.

Energy management involves following basic approaches:

Improving effectives of energy use

1.3 LITERATURE SURVEY

In the existing transition period between an area of abundance of relatively

Department of EEE, DSCE Page 6

Department of EEE, DSCE Page 7

PRINCIPLES OF ENERGY AUDIT

Department of EEE, DSCE Page 8

2.1.1 NEED FOR ENERGY AUDIT

To prepare a single line diagram of the distribution system.

To study the transformer performance for its utilization.

DIFINE AUDIT OBJECTIVES

REVIEW PAST RECORDS

Department of EEE, DSCE Page 10

Preliminary energy audit

2.4.1 PRELIMINARY AUDIT

Department of EEE, DSCE Page 11

Forming a team with available in-house expensive.

2.4.2 DETAILED AUDIT

Quantify energy consumption by actual measurements over a period of time.

Department of EEE, DSCE Page 12

2.5 ELEMENTS OF ENERGY AUDIT

2.5.1 HISTORICAL REVIEW

2.5.2 WALK-THROUGH AND PROCESS FAMILIARIZATION

2.5.3 DEFINITION OF DATA REQUIREMENT

Department of EEE, DSCE Page 13

2.5.4 PROCESS FLOW SHEETS

2.5.5 IDENTIFYING ENERGY CONSERVATION OPPORTUNITIES

The fifth element is the enumeration of energy conservation opportunities, which

2.5.6 ESTIMATION OF ENERGY SAVINGS POTENTIAL

Department of EEE, DSCE Page 14

2.6 CLASSIFICATION OF ENERGY AUDIT

2.6.1 PRELIMINARY AUDIT

Department of EEE, DSCE Page 15

Fine tuning of processes.

POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT

Relocation of capacitors from substation to low power factor load centers.

Spotting leakage/wastage of steam, compressed air or any other pressurized resources

ENERGY CONSERVATION IN LIGHTING

Utilization of day light.

ECONOMIC OPERATION OF DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS

Optimum loading of distribution transformers.

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2.6.2 DETAILED AUDIT

1. Technology up gradation changes over from old technology to new ones.

o Optimization of existing operations and introduction of automatic controls

2. Replacement of conventional low efficiency motors with energy efficiency motors.

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