CHAPTER II

CONTENT

A. DEFINITION OF RADIOLOGY
Radiology is a specialty that uses Medical imaging to diagnose and treat diseases seen within
the body. A variety of imaging techniques such as X-ray radiography, ultrasound, computed
tomography (CT), nuclear medicine including positron emission tomography (PET), and
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are used to diagnose and/or treat diseases. Interventional
radiology is the performance of (usually minimally invasive) medical procedures with the
guidance of imaging technologies.

B. HISTORY

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen a physicist at the University of Wurzburg, Germany, was first
discovered in 1895 Roentgen rays while experimenting with cathode rays. When he saw the
onset of fluorescence light originating from barium krostal platinosianida in Crookes tube-Hittorf
electrified. He soon realized that this phenomenon is a new discovery so vigorously he kept on
continuing investigations in the next weeks. A short time later was discovered rays which he
called the new rays or X-rays Only later did people call these rays Roentgen rays as a tribute to
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen.
 Roentgen's discovery was a revolution in the medical world because it turns out with the
findings that can be examined parts of the human body that had not previously been achieved.
One X-ray visualization of the present invention is a photo of his wife's fingers are made using
paper that is placed under the portrait of her hand and the new irradiated with light.

C. RADIOLOGY ROOM
Terms of the room:
1. Location of unit / installation should be within easy reach of radiological emergency
room, intensive care nursing, operating room and other rooms.
2. In each radiological installation is equipped with fire extinguishers and alarms as needed.
3. The examination room temperature 20-24 C and humidity of 40-60%.
4. Temperature for tools according to the needs of the tool.

Radiology room consisting of :

1. X-ray room
2. Mammography room
3. MRI room
4. CT-Scan room
5. Ultrasonography room
6. Consultation room
7. CR and PACS room
8. Changing room
9. Toilet

Equipment contained in the radiology room

1. Fluoroscopy / X-ray
Fluoroscopy is an act of medical imaging that is used by doctors to
take pictures of certain organs and to view the video movement of
various parts of the body in the fluorescent screen directly. This uses X-
ray technology. Fluoroscopy is commonly used to diagnose diseases
and also as an act of intervention in the field of orthopedics,
gastroenterology, and cardiovascular.
Fluoroscopy is usually used to diagnose the disease in the field:
Gastroenterology - Fluoroscopy done to monitor parts of the
stomach and intestines usually using barium as agents
comparators to assess the condition of the digestive organs and
see the movement, which includes the esophagus, stomach, colon,
 and small intestine to find the cause of the symptoms of
indigestion, such as vomiting,
difficulty swallowing , abdominal pain, or indigestion.
Orthopedics - Fluoroscopy is most commonly used in orthopedics to
see the healing process of the damaged bone to ensure that the
bone has returned to the position and the correct order for healing.
Cardiovascular Care - Cardiovascular Fluoroscopy is usually done
when there is suspected deep vein thrombosis; This action can help
the process of entry and movement catheters used to diagnose and
treat disease.

2. CT Scan
CT scan is a technology that uses x-rays to produce images of the
body in three dimensions. CT Scan equipment operated by the
radiologist, the health professionals who are trained to perform
imaging procedures. CT scans are used to diagnose or monitor a
variety of health conditions, such as suspicion of appendicitis
(appendicitis) or certain types of cancer. CT scans can also be used as
aids in performing a procedure or medical treatment.
Tools to perform CT scan called a CT scanner. CT scanner is a large-
sized tool that huge ring-shaped with a hole in the middle. Within this
ring there are x-ray tube that produces a fan-shaped x-ray. When the
patient is laid on the table scanners, these tubes will revolve around
the patient and create a cross-section images of the body of the
patient. The resulting image can be either individual images taken from
different directions and also some three-dimensional image. The
images of CT scan shades of gray.

Process CT scan
CT scan usually takes about 20 minutes. Depending on the area where
the body to be scanned, the clothes may be removed for further use
special clothes from the hospital. Jewelry, glasses, lenses boxes,
dentures, hairpins and hearing aids are also likely to be asked to be
released.
You will be asked to lie on a table scanner, which can come and go
(back and forth) of the ring CT scanner. The next technologist will
reposition the table so that the body part to be scanned right in the
middle of the scanner. Technologist may also ask you to hold your
breath and do not swallow at certain times during the scanning
process. All you have to do is lie still and follow the instructions given
radiographer. CT scanners are generally issued a whooshing sound
when scanning.
3. MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or magnetic resonance imaging
scanner is a device that utilizes a magnetic field and radio wave
energy to display images of structures and organs in the body. MRI can
provide information that the body structure can not be found in other
tests, such as X-ray, ultrasound, or CT scan.
In the MRI test, the body to be scanned is placed on a machine with
a powerful magnet. The images resulting from MRI in the form of digital
photos that can be stored in a computer for further study.
MRI is one way doctors examine and produce images of organs,
tissues and the skeletal system with high resolution. It could eventually
help doctors to diagnose a variety of conditions.
Heart and blood vessels
MRI performed on the heart or blood vessels aiming to see some
things like the size and function of the auricle, and the thickness of
the heart wall motion and the level of damage caused by heart
attacks. Moreover, it can also detect the structural problems of the
artery, such as blood vessel walls are weakened or torn, or
inflammation and blockage of the arteries.
The brain and spinal cord
MRI is most often used to test the imaging of the brain and spinal
cord. MRI of the brain can also be utilized for consideration of brain
surgery step by identifying the areas of language and movement
control are essential. Some diseases of the brain and spinal cord
that can be diagnosed by MRI, such as stroke, tumor, aneurysm,
multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, and impaired eye and the
inner ear.
 Bones and joints
At the bones and joints, MRI can help evaluate conditions such as
bone infections, abnormalities of the spine, tumors in bone and soft
tissue and joint inflammation. Can also find abnormal condition of
the joints caused by traumatic injury or repetitive.
Breast
MRI can be used in women who are at high risk of developing
breast cancer or for those who have dense breast tissue. This step
is effective to provide additional information in detecting the
presence of breast cancer cells than using mammography.

The risk of MRI

MRI does not use X-ray radiation in the process. You who
undergo the procedure are also not going to feel sick. This means
people at risk of exposure to X-ray such as pregnant women, can
undergo MRI.Up to now there is no evidence against the risk of
magnetic fields and radio waves for MRI use. Avoid moving and try
to keep still during an MRI scan lasts about 15 to 90 minutes. The
duration depends on the area of the body being examined and how
many images are needed
4. USG
Ultrasound is an extension of Ultrasonography which means it is a tool
that basically uses the principle of high frequency sound waves that
can not be heard by our ears. With an ultrasound device is now
inspection organs of the body can be done safely (no effects of
radiation). So in conclusion, if antenatal care once a week using an
ultrasound device is absolutely no negative effects to the baby.
Ultrasound is used to review all abnormality detecting soft tissue tumors throughout the
body, or paratyroid Thyroid disorders, parotid glands, musculoskeletal (System joints,
muscles and relationships between the bones).
Ultrasound also can be detected early abnormalities in the breast. In addition, ultrasound
examination can be performed to review the testis, stomach (liver, pancreas, gallbladder,
kidney, urinary vesica, uterus, prostate) And, of course, useful to review the ultrasound
prenatal care.