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١
Chemistry Of Hydrocarbons
The common hydrocarbon constituents of most
crude oils are :
Alkanes
( Paraffin's )
Cycloalkanes
( Naphthenes )
Arenes
( Aromatics )
٣ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.
East
Chemistry Of Hydrocarbons
H H H H
H C H H C C C H
H H H
H
Methane Propane
CH4 C3H8
٢
Chemistry Of Hydrocarbons
Chemistry Of Hydrocarbons
Cycloalkanes
CnH2n
( Naphthenes )
CH2
CH2
CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2
CH2
Cyclopentane
C5H10 Cyclohexane
C6H12
٦ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.
East
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Chemistry Of Hydrocarbons
Arenes
C nH n
( Aromatics)
CH3
Benzene Toluene
C6H6 One H atom is replaced by CH3
Gas Production
Oil Production
γ =
M .Wt g
141.5 g 29
API = − 131.5
Sp.Gr.
٤
Phase Diagram of a Typical Black Oil
Pressure path
in reservoir Critical
Point Dewpoint line
Pressure, psia
Black Oil
e 90 0 % Liquid
in 8
tL 790 0
oin
le p 6
bb
50
u
40
B
30
20
10
Separator
Temperature, °F
2
Volatile oil
0
80 9
70
60
Pressure
50
% Liquid
e
l in
40
t
in
po
30
le
bb
20
Bu
10
3
5
Separator ne
t li
poin
Dew
٥
Phase Diagram of a Typical Retrograde Gas
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
Retrograde gas
2
e
t lin
in
po
w
De
Pressure
Critical point
e
lin
% Liquid
nt
oi
40
ep
30
20
l
bb
15
Bu
3
10
5
Separator
0
Temperature
١١ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.
East
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
e
lin
Pressure
Wet gas
t
oin
wp
De
Critical % Liquid
point
2
e int
l i n e po
l
bb
30
25
5
Bu
Separator
١٢ Temperature
Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.
East
٦
Phase Diagram of Typical Dry Gas
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
Pressure
e
t lin
Dry gas
oi n
p
Dew
% Liquid
2
50
25
Separator
1
٧
Reservoir Fluid Classification
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF
FORMATION WATER
Positive ions
Negative ions
9 Aluminum
9 Carbonate
9 Calcium
9 Chloride
9 Hydrogen
+ 9 Hydroxide
9 Iron
9 Nitrate
9 Magnesium
9 Sulfate
9 Potassium
9 Bicarbonate
9 Sodium
١٦ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.
East
٨
DEFINITIONS
Parts per million ( PPM ) : it is a concentration term which
expresses the number of unit weights of solute per million
unit weights of solution .
PPM = mg / litre
Ca,10 HCo3,10
Mg,10 So4,10
Fe,10 Co3,10
٩
Properties of Hydrocarbon Gases
١٠
9 IDEAL GAS LAW
PV = nRT
9 HYDROCARBONS GAS LAW
PV = ZnRT Z
TR
Compressibility factor or
gas deviation factor
PR
١١
GAS FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR
0.005034 ZT
βg = Bbl / SCF
P
0.0283ZT
βg = Cu ft / SCF
P
T in R , P in Psia
٢٣ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.
East
Gas Compressibility
1 1 ∂Z
1 ∂V C g = −
C = − P Z ∂P
V ∂P T
≅
1
C g
P
١٢
Gas Density & Specific Gravity
P × M .Wt
ρ g
=
ZRT
ρ
γ =
g
g
ρ air
γ =
A . M .Wt g
g 29
٢٥ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.
East
Gas Viscosity
• As temperature increases , the kinetic energy of the gas
molecules increases , resulting in more frequent molecular
collisions and a greater internal friction , this increases the gas
viscosity .
• If the temperature is held constant , an increase in gas pressure
causes the gas molecules to move closer together , this
increases the number of collisions and thus the viscosity .
• Natural gases exhibit viscosities of 0.01 to 0.05 c.p under
typical oilfield conditions .
• Measuring gas viscosity in the lab is a difficult procedures .
Correlations based on gas gravity are commonly used .
٢٦ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.
East
١٣
Properties of Hydrocarbon Liquids
OIL GRAVITY
ρo 141.5
γo = API = − 131.5
ρw γo
١٤
70
API Gravity Scale
60 Condensate
50
40 Volatile Oil
30
Black Oil
20
Heavy Oil
10 Water
Ultra heavy Oil & Bitumen
0
٢٩ Dr. Hesham Bahaa - TriStar M.
East
Oil Gas
Gas Water
Gas
Gas
Oil Water
١٥
SOLUTION GAS / OIL RATIO
Liberated gas
Rs , SCF / STB
BPP Pi
Maximum
Βo , bbls / stb
BPP Pi
١٦
Estimation of βo
Standing Correlation , 1981
⎡ ⎛ γ g ⎞0.5 ⎤
β o = 0.9759 + 0.00012⎢ R s ⎜ ⎟ + 1.25T ⎥
⎣ ⎝γo⎠ ⎦
T = temperature in F
γ = Specific gravity
OIL VISCOSITY
• Most oils exhibit viscosities of 0.2 to
30 c.p under typical oilfield conditions
• A typical oil viscosity increases about
10% per 1000 psi , while gas viscosity
Oil Viscosity , c.p
Minimum
BPP Pi
١٧
β t = β o + (R sb − R s ) β g
TWO-PHASE FORMATION
Βt, bbls / stb VOLUME FACTOR
BPP Pi
Oil Compressibility
1 ∂V βo− β
Co = − Co = oi
V ∂P β o ΔP
١٨
Properties of Formation Water
1 ∂V
Water Compressibility Cw = − V ∂P
• As pressure decreases .
١٩
Compressibility Range , psi-1
Water 2 - 4×10-6
pressure
٢٠
Water Viscosity
• Water viscosity decreases as
temperature increases , at a
constant pressure .
• Pressure and salinity changes do
not appear to affect water
viscosity to any great degree .
• Water viscosity is 0.2 cp @ 300
F and 1.8 cp @ 50 F .
٢١
Understanding the flow conditions
Representative Sample
Free Gas PR
٢٢
Pressure Distribution Within The Formation
PR
٢٣
IMPORTANT NOTES
Gas Sample
Well Fluid
Separator
Stock Tank
Oil Sample
٢٤
Gas Stream Sampling
• Method 1 : filling an
GOR Number of
evacuated container cylinders , 20
• Method 2 : filling an air-filled liter capacity
Less than 2
container after purging it with 1500
separator gas . Between 1500 3
• Method 3 : filling a liquid-filled & 3000
Above 3000 4
container by displacement
with separator gas .
FIELD
LAB
SAFETY
٢٥