Trn S Tng i s 11

CHNG V
O HM

1. nh ngha o hm ti mt im
Cho hm s y = f(x) xc nh trn khong (a; b) v x0 (a; b):
f ( x ) - f ( x0 ) Dy
f '( x0 ) = lim = lim (Dx = x x0, Dy = f(x0 + Dx) f(x0))
x x0 x - x0 D x 0 D x

Nu hm s y = f(x) c o hm ti x0 th n lin tc ti im .
2. ngha ca o hm
ngha hnh hc:
+ f (x0) l h s gc ca tip tuyn ca th hm s y = f(x) ti M ( x0 ; f ( x0 ) ) .
+ Khi phng trnh tip tuyn ca th hm s y = f(x) ti M ( x0 ; y0 ) l:
y y0 = f (x0).(x x0)
ngha vt l:
+ Vn tc tc thi ca chuyn ng thng xc nh bi phng trnh s = s(t) ti thi im
t0 l v(t0) = s(t0).
+ Cng tc thi ca in lng Q = Q(t) ti thi im t0 l I(t0) = Q(t0).
3. Qui tc tnh o hm
(C) = 0 (x) = 1
n N
(xn) = n.xn1 ( x ) = 1
n >1 2 x
u uv - vu
(u v) = u v (uv) = uv + vu = (v 0)
v v2
1 v
(ku) = ku =- 2
v v
o hm ca hm s hp: Nu u = g(x) c o hm ti x l ux v hm s y = f(u) c o
hm ti u l yu th hm s hp y = f(g(x) c o hm ti x l: y x = yu.u x
4. o hm ca hm s lng gic
sin x sin u( x )
lim = 1; lim = 1 (vi lim u( x ) = 0 )
x 0 x x x0 u( x ) x x0

(sinx) = cosx (cosx) = sinx ( tan x ) = 1 ( cot x ) = - 1

2
cos x sin 2 x
5. Vi phn
dy = df ( x ) = f ( x ).D x f ( x 0 + D x ) f ( x 0 ) + f ( x 0 ).D x
6. o hm cp cao

f ''( x ) = [ f '( x )] ; f '''( x ) = [ f ''( x )] ; f ( n) ( x ) = f (n -1) ( x ) (n N, n 4)
ngha c hc:
Gia tc tc thi ca chuyn ng s = f(t) ti thi im t0 l a(t0) = f(t0).

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VN 1: Tnh o hm bng nh ngha

tnh o hm ca hm s y = f(x) ti im x0 bng nh ngha ta thc hin cc bc:
B1: Gi s Dx l s gia ca i s ti x0. Tnh Dy = f(x0 + Dx) f(x0).
Dy
B2: Tnh lim .
D x 0 D x

Bai 1: Dng nh ngha tnh o hm ca cc hm s sau ti im c ch ra:

a) y = f ( x ) = 2 x 2 - x + 2 ti x0 = 1 b) y = f ( x ) = 3 - 2 x ti x0 = 3
2x +1 p
c) y = f ( x ) = ti x0 = 2 d) y = f ( x ) = sin x ti x0 =
x -1 6
3 x2 + x +1
e) y = f ( x ) = x ti x0 = 1 f) y = f ( x ) = ti x0 = 0
x -1
Bai 2: Dng nh ngha tnh o hm ca cc hm s sau:
a) f ( x ) = x 2 - 3 x + 1 b) f ( x ) = x 3 - 2 x c) f ( x ) = x + 1, ( x > - 1)
1 1
d) f ( x ) = e) f ( x ) = sin x f) f ( x ) =
2x - 3 cos x

VN 2: Tnh o hm bng cng thc

tnh o hm ca hm s y = f(x) bng cng thc ta s dng cc qui tc tnh o hm.
Ch qui tc tnh o hm ca hm s hp.

Bai 1: Tnh o hm ca cc hm s sau:

1 3 2
a) y = 2 x 4 - x 3 + 2 x - 5 b) y = - x + x x. c) y = ( x 3 - 2)(1 - x 2 )
3 2 3
x
1
d) y = ( x 2 - 1)( x 2 - 4)( x 2 - 9) e) y = ( x 2 + 3 x )(2 - x ) f) y = ( x + 1) - 1
x
3 2x +1 1 + x - x2
g) y = h) y = i) y =
2x +1 1 - 3x 1 - x + x2
x2 - 3x + 3 2 x2 - 4 x + 1 2 x2
k) y = l) y = m) y =
x -1 x -3 x2 - 2 x - 3
Bai 2: Tnh o hm ca cc hm s sau:
a) y = ( x 2 + x + 1)4 b) y = (1 - 2 x 2 )5 c) y = ( x 3 - 2 x 2 + 1)11
4 1
d) y = ( x 2 - 2 x)5 e) y = ( 3 - 2 x 2 ) f) y=
( x - 2 x + 5)2
2

3
( x + 1)2
3
2x +1 3
g) y = h) y = i) y = 2 - 2
( x - 1)3 x -1 x
Bai 3: Tnh o hm ca cc hm s sau:
a) y = 2 x 2 - 5 x + 2 b) y = x3 - x + 2 c) y = x+ x
3
d) y = ( x - 2) x 2 + 3 e) y = ( x - 2)3 f) y = (1 + 1 - 2 x )

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x3 4x +1 4 + x2
g) y = h) y = i) y =
x -1 x2 + 2 x
Bai 4: Tnh o hm ca cc hm s sau:
2
sin x
a) y = b) y = x .cos x c) y = sin3 (2 x + 1)
1 + cos x
d) y = cot 2 x e) y = sin 2 + x 2 f) y = sin x + 2 x
g) y = (2 + sin 2 2 x )3 h) y = sin ( cos2 x tan2 x ) i) y = 2sin 2 4 x - 3cos3 5 x
x +1 2 1
k) y = cos2 l) y = tan 2 x + tan 3 2 x + tan 5 2 x
x -1 3 5

Bai 5: Cho n l s nguyn dng. Chng minh rng:
a) (sin n x.cos nx )' = n sin n-1 x.cos(n + 1) x b) (sin n x.sin nx ) ' = n.sin n-1 x .sin(n + 1) x
c) (cos n x.sin nx )' = n.cosn -1 x .cos(n + 1) x d) (cos n x. cos nx )' = - n.cos n-1 x.sin(n + 1) x

VN 3: Phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (C) ca hm s y = f(x)

1. Phng trnh tip tuyn ti im M(x0, y0) (C ) l: y - y0 = f '( x0 )( x - x0 ) (*)
2. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C), bit tip tuyn c h s gc k:
+ Gi x0 l hnh ca tip im. Ta c: f ( x 0 ) = k ( ngha hnh hc ca o hm)
+ Gii phng trnh trn tm x0, ri tm y0 = f ( x 0 ).
+ Vit phng trnh tip tuyn theo cng thc (*)
3. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn (d) vi (C), bit (d) i qua im A(x1, y1) cho trc:
+ Gi (x0 , y0) l tip im (vi y0 = f(x0)).
+ Phng trnh tip tuyn (d): y - y0 = f '( x0 )( x - x0 )
(d) qua A ( x1 , y1 ) y1 - y0 = f '( x0 ) ( x1 - x0 ) (1)
+ Gii phng trnh (1) vi n l x0, ri tm y0 = f ( x0 ) v f '( x0 ).
+ T vit phng trnh (d) theo cng thc (*).
4. Nhc li: Cho (D): y = ax + b. Khi :
1
+ (d ) (D ) kd = a + ( d ) ^ ( D ) kd = -
a

Bai 1: Cho hm s (C): y = f ( x ) = x 2 - 2 x + 3. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C):

a) Ti im thuc (C) c honh x0 = 1.
b) Song song vi ng thng 4x 2y + 5 = 0.
c) Vung gc vi ng thng x + 4y = 0.
d) Vung gc vi ng phn gic th nht ca gc hp bi cc trc ta .
2 - x + x2
Bai 2: Cho hm s y = f ( x ) = (C).
x -1
a) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti im M(2; 4).
b) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) bit tip tuyn c h s gc k = 1.

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3x + 1
Bai 3: Cho hm s y = f ( x ) = (C).
1- x
a) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti im A(2; 7).
b) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti giao im ca (C) vi trc honh.
c) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti giao im ca (C) vi trc tung.
d) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) bit tip tuyn song song vi ng thng
1
d: y = x + 100 .
2
e) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) bit tip tuyn vung gc vi ng thng
D: 2x + 2y 5 = 0.
Bai 4: Cho hm s (C): y = x 3 - 3 x 2 .
a) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (C) ti im I(1, 2).
b) Chng minh rng cc tip tuyn khc ca th (C) khng i qua I.
Bai 5: Cho hm s (C): y = 1 - x - x 2 . Tm phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C):
1
a) Ti im c honh x0 = .
2
b) Song song vi ng thng x + 2y = 0.

VN 4: Tnh o hm cp cao
/
1. tnh o hm cp 2, 3, 4, ... ta dng cng thc: y ( n) = y(n-1) ( )
2. tnh o hm cp n:
Tnh o hm cp 1, 2, 3, ..., t d on cng thc o hm cp n.
Dng phng php quy np ton hc chng minh cng thc ng.

Bai 1: Cho hm s f ( x ) = 3( x + 1) cos x .

p
a) Tnh f '( x ), f ''( x ) b) Tnh f ''(p ), f '' , f ''(1)
2
Bai 2: Tnh o hm ca cc hm s n cp c ch ra:
x-3
a) y = cos x, y ''' b) y = 5 x 4 - 2 x 3 + 5 x 2 - 4 x + 7, y '' c) y = , y ''
x+4
d) y = 2 x - x 2 , y '' e) y = x sin x , y '' f) y = x tan x , y ''
1
g) y = ( x 2 + 1)3 , y '' h) y = x 6 - 4 x 3 + 4, y (4) i) y = , y (5)
1- x
Bai 3: Cho n l s nguyn dng. Chng minh rng:
( n)
1 (-1)n n! n.p n.p
a) = b) (sin x )( n) = sin x + c) (cos x )( n) = cos x +
1+ x (1 + x )n+1 2 2
Bai 4: Tnh o hm cp n ca cc hm s sau:
1 1 x
a) y= b) y = c) y =
x+2 x2 - 3x + 2 x2 - 1
1- x
d) y= e) y = sin 2 x f) y = sin 4 x + cos 4 x
1+ x
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Bai 5: Chng minh cc h thc sau vi cc hm s c ch ra:

y = x sin x 2
a) b) y = 2 x - x
xy ''- 2( y '- sin x ) + xy = 0 3
y y ''+ 1 = 0
x-3
y = x tan x y =
c) 2 2 2 d) x+4
x y ''- 2( x + y )(1 + y ) = 0 2 y2 = ( y - 1) y ''

sin u( x )
VN 5: Tnh gii hn dng lim
x x0 u( x )
Ta s dng cc cng thc lng gic bin i v s dng cng thc
sin u( x )
lim = 1 (vi lim u( x ) = 0 )
x x0 u( x ) x x0

Bai 1: Tnh cc gii hn sau:

sin 3 x 1 - cos x tan 2 x cos x - sin x
a) lim b) lim c) lim d) lim
x0 sin 2 x x 0 x2 x0 sin 5 x
x
p cos 2 x
4
p
sin x -
1 + sin x - cos x 1 - sin x p 6
e) lim f) lim g) lim - x tan x h) lim
x0 1 - sin x - cos x p 2 p2 p 3
x p x x
- cos x
2 - x 2 6
2
2

VN 6: Cc bi ton khc

Bai 1: Gii phng trnh f '( x ) = 0 vi:

a) f ( x ) = 3cos x - 4sin x + 5 x b) f ( x ) = cos x + 3 sin x + 2 x - 1
cos 4 x cos 6 x
c) f ( x ) = sin2 x + 2 cos x d) f ( x ) = sin x - -
4 6
3p + x
e) f ( x ) = 1 - sin(p + x ) + 2 cos f) f ( x ) = sin 3 x - 3 cos 3 x + 3(cos x - 3 sin x )
2
Bai 2: Gii phng trnh f '( x ) = g( x ) vi:
4 3
a) f ( x ) = sin 3 x b) f ( x ) = sin 2 x
g( x ) = sin 6 x g( x ) = 4 cos 2 x - 5sin 4 x
x 2 x
f ( x ) = 2 x 2 cos2 f ( x ) = 4 x cos 2
c) 2 d)
2
g( x ) = x - x sin x g( x ) = 8cos x - 3 - 2 x sin x
2
Bai 3: Gii bt phng trnh f '( x ) > g '( x ) vi:
a) f ( x ) = x 3 + x - 2, g( x ) = 3 x 2 + x + 2 b) f ( x) = x 2 - 2 x - 8, g ( x ) = x
x2 2
c) f ( x ) = 2 x 3 - x 2 + 3, g( x ) = x 3 + - 3 d) f ( x ) = , g( x ) = x - x3
2 x
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Bai 4: Xc nh m cc bt phng trnh sau nghim ng vi mi x R:

mx 3
a) f '( x ) > 0 vi f ( x ) = - 3 x 2 + mx - 5
3
mx 3 mx 2
b) f '( x ) < 0 vi f ( x ) = - + (m + 1) x - 15
3 2
Bai 5: Cho hm s y = x 3 - 2 x 2 + mx - 3. Tm m :
a) f '( x) bng bnh phng ca mt nh thc bc nht.
b) f '( x) 0 vi mi x.
mx 3 mx 2
Bai 6: Cho hm s f ( x) = - + - (3 - m) x + 2. Tm m :
3 2
a) f '( x) < 0 vi mi x.
b) f '( x) = 0 c hai nghim phn bit cng du.
c) Trong trng hp f '( x) = 0 c hai nghim, tm h thc gia hai nghim khng ph thuc
vo m.

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BI TP N CHNG V

Bi 1: Tnh o hm ca cc hm s sau:
a) y = x 3 ( x 2 - 4) b) y = ( x + 3)( x - 1) c) y = x 6 - 2 x + 2
1 + 9x
d) y = x (2 x 2 - 1) e) y = (2 x 2 + 1)(4 x 3 - 2 x ) f) y =
x +1
x2 - 3x + 2 1
g) y = h) y = i) y = (3 - 2 x 2 )2
2x - 3 x2 - 2x
Bi 2: Tnh o hm ca cc hm s sau:
a) y = x 4 - 3 x 2 + 7 b) y = 1 - x 2 c) y = x 2 - 3 x - 2
1+ x x x -3
d) y = e) y = f) y =
1- x 1 - x2 x
Bi 3: Tnh o hm ca cc hm s sau:
sin x x
a) y = sin( x 3 - x + 2) b) y = tan (cos x ) c) y = +
x sin x
sin x + cos x
d) y = e) y = x cot( x 2 - 1) f) y = cos2 ( x 2 + 2 x + 2)
sin x - cos x
g) y = cos 2 x h) y = cot 3 1 + x 2 i) y = tan 2 (3 x 2 + 4 x )
Bi 4: Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (C) ca cc hm s, vi:
a) (C ) : y = x 3 - 3 x 2 + 2 ti im M(-1, -2).
x2 + 4x + 5
b) (C ) : y = ti im c honh x0 = 0.
x+2
1
c) (C ) : y = 2 x + 1 bit h s gc ca tip tuyn l k = .
3
Bi 5: Cho hm s y = x 3 - 5 x 2 + 2 c th (C). Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi th (C)
sao cho tip tuyn :
a) Song song vi ng thng y = -3 x + 1.
1
b) Vung gc vi ng thng y = x - 4.
7
c) i qua im A(0; 2) .
cos x p p
Bi 6: a) Cho hm s f ( x ) = . Tnh gi tr ca f ' + f ' .
cos 2 x 6 3
1
b) Cho hai hm s f ( x ) = sin 4 x + cos4 x v g( x ) = cos 4 x. So snh f '( x ) v g '( x ) .
4
Bi 7: Tm m f ( x ) > 0, "x R , vi:
1
a) f ( x ) = x 3 + (m - 1) x 2 + 2 x + 1. b) f ( x ) = sin x - m sin 2 x - sin 3 x + 2mx
3
Bi 8: Chng minh rng f ( x ) > 0, "x R , vi:
2 9
a) f ( x ) = 2 x + sin x . b) f ( x ) = x - x 6 + 2 x 3 - 3 x 2 + 6 x - 1.
3
Bi 9:
a)

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