Agenda

IntroductiontoMeteorology ISA
InternationalStandardAtmosphere(ISA)
QNHvs QFE
PressureAltitude/DensityAltitude
CloudFormationandLapseRates
SeaBreezeandLandBreeze
SignificantWeathers
DACP2013

InternationalStandard
ISA ISA
Atmosphere
Measuringstickvs actualatmospherefrom PressureDropdueto TempDropdueto
placetoplace height:1hPa/30ft 10,000ft height: 20,000ft=?oC
=?hPa
Values 1.98oC/1,000ft
Pressure(QNH):1013.25hPa ~ 2oC/1,000ft
Temp:15oC 5,000ft=?hPa Withintroposphere 10,000ft=?oC

Density:1.225kg/m3

MSL=1013hPa MSL=15oC

QNHvs QFE
QNHVSQFE ISAPressureModel
0
9 1
8 2

7 1013 3
Read(AGL) 6 4
Altitude Height 5

Read(AMSL) (AAL)

600ft 993hPa
Elevation Set(QFE)
300ft 1003hPa

Set(QNH) 0ft 1013hPa

Sealevel
 LowerSLPressure HigherSLPressure
PRESSUREALT&DENSITYALT

0 0
9 9 1
1
8 2 8 2

7 3 7 3
1013
1023
1013
1003 6 4
6 4 5
5

300ft
600ft 993hPa 300ft
0ft 1013hPa

0ft
300ft 1003hPa 0ft
300ft 1023hPa
Sealevel 300ft
600ft Sealevel
300ft
0ft 1013hPa 1033hPa

CalculatePressureAlt. PAwhenActualPressure>1013 PAwhenActualPressure<1013

Altitudeshown
PressureAltitude= inaltimeterset
at1013
900ft 1,500ft 1620ft 1,500ft

ISA
=(10331013)x30ft SLPressure1009

=600ft =(139)x30ft
SLPressure1033
=120ft

ISA

PAExercise PAExercise DensityAltitude

DeterminethePAonthesurfaceofHKIA DifferencebetweenISA&QNH Thealtitudethattheaircraftandengine
(ELEV=28ftAMSL),ifQNHequals1,000hPa =1,0131,000=13hPa actuallyfeel
DifferenceinPA=13hPa x30ft/hPa =390ft Crucialindeterminingaircraftperformance
PA=HKIAELEV+DiffinPA E.g.takeoffrunrequired
=28+390=418ft
 DAExercise
DeterminetheDAofHKIAwithasurfacetemp
of30oC
UsethePAcalculatedinlastexercisei.e.418
ft
Cloudformation
Acloudisformedwhenaparcelofairis
cooledtoitsdewpointtemperature
Theexcesswaterwillcondenseandthus
formingcloud.
Adiabaticprocess
Risingofairmasscausesexpansion,cooling
anddecreaseinpressure
EnvironmentalLapseRate
Remember,ISAconditionstatesthattheair
willbecooledat2C/1000ft
However,actualconditionmayvaries
Actualconditionofadiabaticprocessiscalled
EnvironmentalLapseRate(ELR)
DAExercise
CLOUDFORMATION&LAPSERATES
ISAtempatHKIAELEV(28feet)
=15 (28x2/1000)=15 0.056~15oC
ActualtempatHKIA=30oC
Heightdifferenceduetotempdiff
=(30 15)x120=1,800ft
TemphigherthanISA,correctiontoPAto
calculateDA=PA+heightdiff
=418+1,800=2,218ft
HKIADA=2,218ft(QNH1000&temp=30oC)
Cloudformation Adiabaticprocess
Airmassrises Airmassrisesandcools
Expandingandcooling Byexperiment:
Coldaircanholdlesswater Dryadiabaticlapserate(DALR)
Cooltoitsdewpoint Unsaturatedairmasswillbecooledatarateof
Cloudformation
3C/1000ft
SaturatedAdiabaticLapseRate(SALR)
Saturatedairmasswillbecooledatarateof1.5
C/1000ft
StabilityofAirMass StabilityofAirMass
Airmasswillcontinuetoriseuntilitreach Moistairthatisunstablewillcontinuetorise
thesurroundingtemperature(ELR)
andformcumulustypecloud
sameDensity
IfhighELR(cool faster),itencourageair Moistairthatisstablewillnotrise
continuouslyandformstratustypecloud.
masstocontinuetorisecausingunstable
air
IflowELR(cool slower),theairmasswill
notbeencouragedtorise,causingstable
air
 StabilityofAirMass Calculatingcloudbase Calculatingcloudtop
Altitude(ft)
Oncecloudisformed,theairwillcontinueto
DALR
SALR
Ifgivensurfaceconditionof17C,anddew coolatSALR1.5C/1000ft
pointtemp(atsurface)is12C,calculatethe
cloudbase. IfweknowtheactualELR,thenwecan
Astheairisnotsaturated,(tempdew point) calculatethecloudtop.
Stable

TempcoolsatDALR3C/1000ft WhentheaircoolsatSALRuntilitreachesthe
Dewpointcoolsat0.5C/1000ft surroundingtemp,theairwillbecomestable
Unstable andwillnotcontinuetorise.
Cloudwillformwhentemp=dewpoint
Temp(oC) At2000ft,temp=dewpoint=11C

Clouds HighLevelClouds MiddleLevelClouds

HighLevel Cloudbase:20,000 40,000ft
Cirro
MiddleLevel
Please refer to the below link for cloud images See last slide
Alto
LowLevel
Strato /Cumulo /Nimbo

Source:
http://www.caa.govt.nz/safety_info/Posters/NZ_Cloud_Types.pdf

LowLevelClouds SeaBreeze
SEA&LANDBREEZES
Seabreezebyday
Differentheatingratesoflandandwater
See last slide

3.OnshoreSeaBreeze
2.CoolerAirMovesIn 1.WarmAirRises
 LandBreeze SignificantWeathers
SIGNIFICANTWEATHERS
Landbreezebynight Thunderstorm
Differentcoolingratesoflandandwater Microburst
Fog
Fhn wind
Windshear
3.OffshoreSeaBreeze
1.WarmAir 2.CoolAir

Landcoolsatnight

Thunderstorm FormationofThunderstorm Thunderstorm

Presenceoflightninganditsacousticeffecton Deepinstability
theEarth'satmosphereknownasthunder Warmairinlowerlevel,coldairinupperlevel
AssociatedonlywithCumulonimbusclouds ELR>SALR
(Cb) Highmoisturecontent
Oftenbringsheavyrain,hail,squalls, Triggeraction
microbursts andtornadoes stronguplifteffect,e.g.convection,frontal
Severeandpotentiallylethalhazard movement,orographic,etc.

Thunderstorm Microburst Fog

Hazards Concentratedsuspensionoftinywater
Windshear droplets
Turbulence Visibilitybelow1,000m
Icing Humidity=100%
Damagefromhail/lightningstrikes Mist ifvisibilityis1,000morabove&
Reducedvisibility humidity~95%
InterferencewithRT
 TypesofFog RadiationFog RadiationFog
RadiationFog
AdvectionFog
Cloudlessnight
UpslopeFog Coldlandsurface
FrontalFog lesscommononsea
Interactionbetween2airmasses Moistair
SteamFog Lightwinds(57kt)
Verycoldairoverlyingawarmwatersurface

AdvectionFog UpslopeFog SteamingFog

Warmmoistairblowoveracoldsurfaceby
lighttomoderatewind(<15kts),e.g.
Seafogbytropicalwarmairmassoververycold
polarocean
Airblowofffromawarmlandsurfaceoverthe
coldsea.
Warmmoistairblowoverupaslopeandcool ColdairblowoveraWarmseasurfacewith
adiabaticallytoitsdewpoint. highhumidity.
Ifwindstops,upslopefogwilldissipate Coolingthewatervapourrisingfromthesea
toitsdewpointandformingfog.
Moiststableair
DewPoint forcingupslope

Fhn wind Windshear

Fohn wind
Cloudson 2C Suddenchangeinwindvelocity
2C
windwardside
Please search Fhn wind in google for Presentatanylevel,horizontallyorvertically
a graphical presentation Dryandwarm 3.5C
aironleeside
3.5C Duetothunderstorm,microburst,sea/land
Noticeable Dewpoint5C
breeze,etc.
6.5C
particularlyin
Europe Alps
AhotdryFohn
windformedon
theLeeside
 Windshear

See the link below

http://www.weather.gov.hk/publica/gen_pub/windshear.pdf