Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction
In July 21, 1969 at age 11 and after graduating from 5th grade and on the
same day a man landed a foot on the moon I watched Apollo 11 take off and
disappear into the skies on its way to the moon and then saw Neil Armstrong
land human's first step on the moon. I wondered how someone sees and
measures distances in space and how someone sees and measures sizes of
objects in space. Apollo 11 rocket looked like it is shrinking in size while moving
up into the skies; not as if the rocket shrunk in size but as if the rocket visual
changed in size indication a different location and not a different size. Apollo 11
looked similar to a moving car moving away and shrinking in size. I realized that
objects location and size has to do with how we see things (eye as an
instrument). I imagined two snap shot of Apollo 11 at different distances A and
B. At snap shot distance A Apollo 11 looked like it has a size C, and at snaps
shot distance B Apollo 11 looked like it has a shrunk size D as shown below:
C
D
Eye ------------------------------ A ------------------------------ B
I asked myself the question: how A, B, C, and D are related
1 = 1 is self evident; 2 = 2 is self evident
A = A is self evident
If A = A; add and subtract B; then A = B + (A - B)
Divide by B; then (A/B) = 1 + (A - B)/B
Multiply by C; then (A/B) C = C + [(A - B)/B] C
Equation - 1
Equation - 2
Page 2
The initial condition solution to AC = BD is A = B and C = D
The general solution to AC = BD = constant = actual distance x actual size
AC = BD = constant = actual distance x actual size
(Cosine t + sine t) = e i t; (Cosine t - sine t) = e - i t
(Cosine t + sine t) (Cosine t - sine t) = e i t e - i t = 1
AC = BD = k
Taking AC = k
Differentiating with respect to time
Then d A/ d t + d C/ d t = d k/ d t = 0
And d A/ d t = - d C/ d t = + ; method of separation of variables
A = e ( + i t) = e e i t = C e i t
C = e - ( + i t) = e - e - i t = D e - i t
A = Be it
C = De -it
AC = B e i t D e
-it
= BDe
it
-it
= BD x 1 = BD
it
- C = - 2 C sine2 ( t/2)
= C (1 - sine2 t); with t = tan -1 (v/c) = aberration angle
= C [1 - sine2 tan -1 (v/c)]; (v/c) << 1
= C [1 - (v/c) 2]
x
x
D x = C cosine t
D x / C = cosine t
And t= cosine-1 (D x / C) = 1 - 2 sine 2 cosine-1 (D x / C)
D x / C = cosine t = 1 - 2 sine 2 cosine-1 (D x / 2 C)
[(D x / C) -1] = - 2 sine 2 cosine (D x / 2 C)
D - C = [(A - B)/B] C
D - C = - 2 C sine 2 [cosine-1 (A / 2 B)]
Page 3
In practice: physicists and astronomers measure orbits of planets around the Sun
not from the Sun (distance A) but from Earth (distance B)
A = Be it
C = De -it
D - C = [(A - B)/B] C
D - C = - 2 C sine 2 [cosine-1 (A / 2 B)]
D - C = Einstein's numbers without Einstein = Illusions
Astronomers measure planet Mercury orbit around the Sun (distance A) not from
the Sun but from Earth (distance B) and that means the orbit has visually shrunk
and not actually shrunk by the quantity [(A - B)/B] C
A = Sun - Mercury distance = 5.82 x 109 meters;
B = Sun Earth distance = 149.6 x 109 meters
Sun - Mercury Period in seconds = 88 days x 24 hours x 60 minutes x 60 seconds
Planet Mercury angular velocity around the Sun
Is 0'= 2 x /88 x 24 x 60 x 60 radians per period
Planet Mercury angular velocity around the Sun in arc second per century 0'
= (2 x /88 x 24 x 60 x 60) (180/ ) (36526/88) (3600)
= 70.75 arc sec per century.
If C = 0' = 70.75 arc sec per century measured from the Sun, then how much it is
diminished if measured from Earth?
A = 5.82 x 109; B = 149.6 x 109; C = 70.75
And the answer is [(A - B)/B] C = [(5.82 x 109 - 149.6 x 109)/ 149.6 x 109] 70.75
= 43 arc sec per/100 years same numbers as Einstein's numbers
Defining distance r = r x + r y = r0 e t
And r = r0 [cosine t + sine t] and r x = r0 [cosine t
And r x - r0 = r0 [cosine t - 1] = - 2 r0 sine2 t/2; t = cosine-1 (r x/r0)
And [(r x - r0)/r0] = - 2 sine2 {[cosine-1 (r x/r0)]/2}
And [(r x - r0)/r0] 0'= - 2 sine2 {[cosine-1 (58.2/149.6)]/2} 70.75 = 43
1 - A real object (classical) of size C has a visual (quantum) of size D = C e
2 - D - C = visual illusions = (Einstein's relativity theory)
Distance/km Signal
Orbital Spin
period
period velocity
Mercury 58,200,000 194 sec
88days .003km/sec
Earth
149,600,000 498.67 sec
375.26 0.4651km/sec
6
Sun radius
0.696x10 kmSun mass
Page 6
Mass
Eccentricity
-1] '0
Page 10
-t
D=Ce
Or, r = r0 e t; r0 = r e - t
And r0 = r x + r y = r (cosine t + sine t); t = cosine-1 (r x/r)
And r x = r cosine t = r [1 - 2 sine2 ( t/2)]
And (r x - r)/r = - 2 sine2 ( t/2)
And (r x - r)/r = - 2 sine2 {[cosine-1 (r x/ r)]/2}
= [(r x - r)/r] '0 = - 2 sine2 {[cosine-1 (r x/ r)]/2} '0
Modern and Nobel error # 26 is: - 2 sine2 {[cosine-1 (r x/ r)]/2} '0
= - 2 sine2 {[cosine-1 (58.2/ 149.6)]/2} x 70.75 = 43
6.2 Time r = r0 e
and r = c T and r0 = c T0
Then T = T0 e
; T0 = T
And T = T x + T y = T0 (cosine t + sine t); t = cosine-1 (T/ T0)
And T x = T0 cosine t = T0 [1 - 2 sine2 ( t/2)]
And (T x - T0)/T0 = - 2 sine2 ( t/2)
And (T x - T0)/T0 = - 2 sine2 {[cosine-1 (T/ T0)]/2}
= [(T x - T0)/T0] [(v 0 /r 0)] [(180/) (3600) (100 / 0)]
Modern and Nobel error # 27 is: - 2 sine2 {[cosine-1 (T x/ T0)]/2} '0
= - 2 sine2 {[cosine-1 (194/ 498.67)]/2} x 70.75 = 43
6.3 Velocity v = 2 r / ; and v 0 = 2 r0/ 0
Then r = (v /2 ) and r 0 = (v 0 0/2 )
And (r /r 0) = (v /2 )/ (v 0 0/2 ) = (v )/ (v 0 0)
= [(r - r0)/r0] [(v 0 /r 0)] [(180/) (3600) (100 / 0)]
= - 2 sine2 {[cosine-1 (r/ r0)]/2} [(v 0 /r 0)] [(180/) (3600) (100 / 0)]
Modern and Nobel error # 28 is - 2 sine2 {[cosine-1 (v )/ (v 0 0)]/2} '0
= - 2 sine2 {[cosine-1 (48.1 x 88/ (29.8 - 0.465) x 365.26]/2} x 70.75 = 43
Page 11
6.4 Areal velocity r v = h = r0 v0
The r/r0 = v0/v; taking Earth spin into account
Then r/r0 = (v0 - v0)/v
Modern and Nobel error # 29 is: - 2 sine2 {[cosine-1 (v0 - v0)/v]/2} '0
=- 2 sine2 {[cosine-1 (29.8 - 0.451)/48.14]/2} '0
6.5 Acceleration g = GM/r2; g0 = GM/r0
The r/r0 = (g0/g) 1/2; taking Earth spin into account
Then r/r0 = (g0/g) (1 - v0/ v)
Modern and Nobel error # 30 : - 2 sine2 {[cosine-1 (g0/g) (1 - v0/ v)/2} '0
=- 2 sine2 {cosine-1 {(3.8/9.8)[1 - (0.451/29.8]}/2} 70.75 = 43 arc sec/100y
6.6 Argument r/r0 = (v0/c)/ (v/c) same as Le Verrier
The r/r0 = (v0/c)/ (v/c); taking Earth spin into account
Then r/r0 = [(v0 - v0)/c]/ (v/c)
Modern and Nobel error # 31: - 2 sine2 {[cosine-1 {[(v0 - v0)/c]/ (v/c)}/2} '0
=- 2 sine2 {[cosine-1 {{[(29.8 - 0.451)]/ 3x108}/ (48.14/3x108)]}/2} 70.75
= 43 arc sec/100y
6.7 Frequency [(g0/c)/ (g/c)] (1 - v0/ v)
The r/r0 = v0/v; taking Earth spin into account
Then r/r0 = (v0 - v0)/v
Modern and Nobel error # 32: - 2 sine2 {{cosine-1 [(g0/c)/ (g/c)] (1 - v0/ v)}/2} '0
=- 2 sine2 {{cosine-1 {[(3.8/3x108)/ (9.8/3x108)]1/2 x0.98}/2}} 70.75
= 43 arc sec/100y
6.8 - Kepler's Period historical mistake II
Keplers law: a/T = k = constant
Or, a1/ T1 = a2/ T2 = k
Or, a1/ a2 = (T1/ T2)2/3
And (a1 - a2)/ a2 = (0/ ) 2/3 1
Or (a 0 a)/ a = ( 0/ ) 2/3 1
And [(am a e)/ a e] 0
= [(a0 a)/ a] (v 0 /r 0) '0
= [(a0 a)/ a] '0
Modern and Nobel error # 16 is: [( 0/ ) 2/3 1] '0
= 70.75 [(88/365.26) 2/3 -1] = 43 arc sec/100y
Modern and Nobel error # 33 is: - 2 sine2 {[cosine-1 ( 0/ ) 2/3]/2} '0
= - 2 sine2 {[cosine-1 (88/365.26)2/3]/2} 70.75 = 43 arc sec/100y
Page 12
6.9 - Newton's distance historical mistake II
Newton force is F = k/r2 = G m M/r2 = m v2/r
And velocity of a celestial object measured from the sun is = (GM/r) 1/2
With r3 0 = (GM/v2 0); r0 = (GM/v2 0)
And r3 = (GM/v2); r = (GM/v2)
Modern and Nobel error # 17 = [(r 0 - r)/r] '0 = {[(GM/v2 0)/ (GM/v2)] - 1} '0
= [(v/v0)2 - 1] '0 = [(29.8/47.9)2 - 1] x 70.75 = 43 arc sec/100y
Modern and Nobel error # 34: = - 2 sine2 {[cosine-1 (v/v0)2]/2} '0
= - 2 sine2 {[cosine-1 (v/v0)2]/2} '0
6.10 - Newton's velocity historical mistake II
Newton force is F = k/r2 = G m M/r2 = m v2/r
And v 0 = (GM/r 0) ; v = (GM/r) 1/2
Modern and Nobel error # 18 = [(v 0 - v)/v] '0 = [(GM/r 0) 1/2/ (GM/r)
= [(r/r 0) 1/2 - 1] '0 = [(149.6/58.2) 1/2 - 1] x 70.75 = 43 arc sec/100y
-1] '0
Modern and Nobel error # 35: = - 2 sine2 {[cosine-1 (r/r 0) 1/2]/2} '0
= - 2 sine2 {[cosine-1 (149.6/58.2) 1/2]/2} 70.75 = 43 arc sec/100y
6.11 - Newton's surface gravity historical mistake II
Newton force is F = k/r2 = G m M/R2 = m g
And g 0 = Gm0/R2 0; g = Gm/R2
Modern and Nobel error # 19 = [(g 0 - g)/ g] '0
= {[(Gm0/R02) - (Gm/R2)]/ (Gm/R2)} '0 = {[(m0/ R02) - (m/R2)]/ (m/R2)} '0
= [(g 0 - g)/ g] '0 = [(3.8/9.8) -1] 70.75 = 43 arc sec/100 years
Note: [(m0/ R02)/ (m/R2) (29.8/29.335)2 -1] '0 = 43 arc sec/100y
Modern and Nobel error # 36:
= - 2 sine2 {{cosine-1 [(m0/ R02)/ (m/R2)]}/2} '0
= - 2 sine2 {{cosine-1 [(0.33/ 24402)/ (5.97/63712)]}/2} 70.75 = 43 arc sec/100y
6.12 - Le Verrier mistake II
Modern and Nobel error # 21 is: [(v +/- v ) /v 0)] '0 = (v /v 0) [1- (v /v)] '0
Modern and Nobel error # 37: - 2 sine2 {{cosine-1 (v /v 0) [1- (v /v)]}/2} '0
= - 2 sine2 {{cosine-1 (29.8 /48.14) [1- (0.4651/29.8)]}/2} 70.75
= 43 arc sec/100y
Page 13
6.12 - Le Verrier distance mistake II
And v = [G M2 / (m + M) r] 1/2 = (G M / r) 1/2; m <<M; Solar system
And v 0 = [G M2 / (m0 + M) r] 1/2 = (G M / r0) 1/2; m0 <<M; Solar system
And v = (G M / r) ; v 0 = (G M / r0) 1/2
And (v/ v 0) = (G M / r) / (G M / r0) = (r0 / r) 1/2
With [(v - v ) /v 0)] '0 = (r0 / r) 1/2 [1- (v /v)] '0
Modern and Nobel error # 22 is: (r 0/r) 1/2 [1- (v /v)] '0
= (58.2/149.6) 1/2 x 0.98 x 70.75 = 0.61 x 70.75 = 43 arc sec/100y
= 43 arc sec/100y
Modern and Nobel error # 38:- 2 sine2 {{cosine-1 (r 0/r) 1/2 [1- (v /v)]}/2} '0
= - 2 sine2 {{cosine-1 (58.2/149.6) 1/2 [1- (0.4651/29.8)]}/2} 70.75
= 43 arc sec/100y
6.13 - Le Verrier signal time mistake II
With (r/r 0) 1/2 [1- (v /v)] '0 = [(r 0/c) /(r /c)] 1/2 [(1- (v /v)] '0
Modern and Nobel error # 23 is: (T 0 /T) 1/2 [(1- (v /v)] '0
= (194 /498.67) 1/2 x 0.98 x 70.75 = 43 arc sec/100y
Modern and Nobel error # 39:- 2 sine2 {{cosine-1 (v /v 0) [1- (v /v)]}/2} '0
= - 2 sine2 {{cosine-1 (194 /498.67) 1/2 x 0.98}/2} x 70.75
13.14 - Le Verrier orbital period mistake
Keplers law: a/T = k = constant
Or, r 0/ 0 = r/ = k; r 0/ r = ( 0 / ) 2/3
With (r 0 /r) 1/2 [(1- (v /v)] '0
Modern and Nobel error # 24 is: ( 0 / ) 1/3 [(1- (v /v)] '0
= (88/365.26) 1/3 x 0.98 x 70.75 = 43 arc sec/100y
Modern and Nobel error # 40:
= - 2 sine2 {{cosine-1 ( 0 / ) 1/3 [(1- (v /v)}}/2} 70.75
= - 2 sine2 {{cosine-1 (88 / 149.6) 1/3 [(1- (0.4561/29.8)}}/2} 70.75
= 43 arc sec/100y
13.15 - Le Verrier gravity mistake
And 0 = g 0 = Gm0/r20; = g = Gm/r2
And ( / 0) = (g/g0) = (Gm/r2)/ (Gm0/r20) = (m r20/ m0 r2)
And (r0/r) = (m0g/g0m) ; (r0/r) 1/2 = (m0g/g0m) 1/4
With (r/r 0) 1/2 [1- (v /v)] '0
Modern and Nobel error # 24 is: (m0g/g0m) 1/4 [1- (v /v)] '0
= (0.33 x 9.8/3.8 x5.97) 1/4 0.98 x 70.75 = 43 arc sec/100y
Modern and Nobel error # 41:
=- 2 sine2 {{cosine-1 (m0g/g0m) 1/4 [1- (v /v)]/2} '0
1/4
r = r0 e t
Taking r = c t and r0 = c t0
Then (t/t 0) = e i t
And the Fourier transform is:
= (1/2 ) {- e
And = (1/2 ) 0
it
d t}
it
dt
= (1/2 ) [e i 0 -1]/ i
= (1/2 ) [cosine 0 + i sine 0 - 1]/ i
Along the line of sight
x = (1/2 ) [sine 0]/
[100 / 0] = (36526 /15) {sine [arc tan (47.9/300,000)] / [arc tan (47.9/300,000)]}
- 2i t
d t}
- 2i t
dt
= (1/2 ) [e - 2i t -1]/ -2
= (1/2 ) [cosine 2 0 + sine 2 0 - 1]/ -2
Along the line of sight
x = - (1/2 ) [sine 2 0]/ 2
(47.9/300,000)]}
Page 16
=r
Page 18
in real time or solving Newton's equation in present time will match measurements
of planetary orbits in real time. Solving an equation in real or present time is solving
it in complex numbers system. Solving Newton's equation in complex numbers
produces quantum mechanics solution. The difference between real numbers
classical solution and real time or complex numbers solution will produce relativistic
effects as visual effects. In short:
Real (Complex numbers solution) = real numbers solution + relativistic effects
Page 19
B - Real time solution or complex numbers solution of Newton's equation is:
F = m [(r"-r') r1+ (2r'' + r ") 1 + + 2m'(r' r1+ r ' 1) + (m" r) r1
= [d (m r)/dt - (m r) '] r1 + (1/m r) [d (mr')/d t] 1
With d (m r)/dt - (m r) ' = F (r) = - G m M/r2 E q - 1
And d (mr')/d t = 0
Eq-2
From E q - 2; d (mr')/d t = 0
Then mr' = constant
=H
= m h; h = r '
With mr' = constant
Differentiate with respect to time
Then 2mm'r' + 2mrr'' + mr" = 0
Divide by mr'
Then 2 (m'/m) + 2(r'/r) + "/' = 0
This equation will have a solution 2 (m'/m) = 2(
And 2(r'/r) = 2( r + m)
And "/' = -2[ m + r + [ m + r)]
Then (m'/m) = ( m + m)
Or d m/m d t = ( m + m)
And dm/m = ( m + m) d t
Then m = m
( m + m) t
( m + m) t
( m + m) t
( m + m) t
= m (, 0)
+ m)
( r + r) t
( r + r) t
( r + r) t
= r (, 0)
( r + r) t
And r (0, t) =
Finally, r = r
Page 20
And '(, t) = ' (, 0)]
-2 [(
m+
-2 [(
+ r) + (
m)
+ ( r + r)] t
+ r)] t
Also ' = H / m r
From (1): d (m r)/dt - (m r) ' = - G m M/r
= -G M m/mr
= - G M m3 u2
Let m r =1/u
Then d (m r)/d t = -u'/u
= - (1/u) (') d u/d = (- '/u) d u/d
= - H d u/d
And d (m r)/dt = -H 'du/d = - Hu [du/d]
- Hu [du/d] - (1/u) (Hu) = -G M m u
And (du/ d) + u = G M m/ H
And [du (, 0)/ d] + u (, 0) = G M (, 0) m (, 0)/ H (, 0)
Then u (, 0) = G M m (, 0)/ H (, 0) + A cosine
= G m 0 M 0/ h + A cosine
And m0 r = 1/u (, 0) = 1/ [G m 0 M 0/ h + A cosine ]
Or, r = 1/ [G M 0/ h + A cosine ]
And r = h/ G M0/ [1 + (Ah/ G M0) cosine ]
Then r (, 0) = a (1-)/ (1+ cosine )
This is Newton's gravitational law classical solution of two body problem which is the
equation of an ellipse of semi-major axis of length a and semi minor axis b = a (1
- ) and focus length c = a
Then, r (, t) = [a (1-)/ (1+ cosine )] ( r + r) t ------------- I
This is real time solution or present solution of Newton's equation
It is the math formula that matches astronomical measurements
If time is frozen that is t = 0
Then r (, 0) = a (1-)/ (1+ cosine ) or classical or event time solution -- II
Relativistic is the difference between Real I and II
And it is the visual difference motion and motion measurement
Page 20
The difference between and event and its measurement in real time
Real time solution = Event time solution + time shift solution
Real of a complex orbit solution = real numbers orbit solution + shift solution
We Have ' (0, 0) = h (0, 0)/r (0, 0) = 2ab/ 0 a (1- )
= 2a [ (1- )]/ 0a (1- ) ]
= 2 [ (1- )]/ 0 (1- ) ]
Then '(0, t) = 2 [(1- )/ 0 (1- ) ]
Assuming that m + r = 0; or m = r = 0
-2 [(
-2 (
+ r) + (
+ r)] t
m
r)
Then '(0, t) = 2 [(1-)/ 0 (1-) ]
= 2 [(1-)/ 0 (1- ) ] [cosine 2 ( m+ r) t - sine 2 ( m+ r) t]