MATA UANG ASING
APA YANG KITA KETAHUI?
PELAPORAN KORPORAT
ARTHIK DAVIANTI
Laporan Keuangan
Anak Perusahaan di Luar Negeri
Laporan keuangan anak perusahaan di luar negeri
mata uang asing.
Penyusunan laporan keuangan konsolidasian
penjabaran (translasi) ke mata uang yang digunakan
perusahaan induk.
IAS 21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange
Rates (1983; 2003 konvergensi dengan US GAAP,
SFAS No. 52 Foreign Currency Translation
PSAK 10 Pengaruh Perubahan Kurs Valuta Asing
Area of Application
IAS 21 paragraf 3, area of application:
Translating the results and financial position of
foreign operation that are included in the financial
statements of the entity by consolidation or the
equity method
Translating an entitys results and financial position
into a presentation currency
ARTHIK DAVIANTI, SE, MSi, AK. CA.
Ruang Lingkup
Ruang lingkup PSAK 10 Pengaruh Perubahan Kurs Valuta
Asing (paragraf 03)
a) Akuntansi transaksi dan saldo dalam valuta asing, kecuali
transaksi dan saldo derivatif yang termasuk dalam ruang
lingkup PSAK 55: Instrumen Keuangan Pengakuan dan
Pengukuran;
b) Penjabaran hasil dan posisi keuangan dari kegiatan usaha
luar negeri yang termasuk dalam laporan keuangan
entitas dengan cara konsolidasi atau metode ekuitas; dan
c) Penjabaran hasil dan posisi keuangan suatu entitas ke
dalam mata uang penyajian.
STANDAR AKUNTANSI KEUANGAN (SAK) PER EFEKTIF 2015
Measurement and Denomination
Diukur (measured) dalam suatu mata uang (currency)
Recorded in the financial records in that currency
Didenominasi (denominated) dalam suatu mata uang
Penyelesaian (settlement) (pembayaran atau
penerimaan dalam mata uang tertentu
For U.S. firms
U.S. dollar is the measurement currency
Payables and receivables may be denominated in
U.S. dollars or other currencies
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 Tipe Mata Uang Quoting Exchange Rates

1. Local currency mata uang lokal: Direct quotation

mata uang di negara tempat basis operasi asing.
2. Functional currency mata uang fungsional:
IAS 21 paragraph 8, the currency of the primary
economic environment in which the entity operates.
3. Presentation currency mata uang penyajian:
paragraph 8, the currency in which the financial
statement are presented.
(U.S. dollars per one foreign currency unit)
$1.60 (U.S. dollars) for 1 (British pound)
Indirect quotation
(foreign currency units per one U.S. dollar)
0.625 (British pounds) for $1 (U.S. dollar)
Direct and indirect quotes are reciprocals
1 / $1.60 = 0.625
$1 / 0.625 = $1.60

Establishing Exchange Rates

Establishing Exchange Rates
Some countries maintain an official fixed rate of
Tarif mata uang (exchange rate) dapat ditetapkan oleh currency exchange, such as:
pemerintah atau mengikuti pasar mata uang Denmark Europe Krone DKK 7.46038 EUR 1 1999
Hong
Asia Dollar HKD 7.75-7.85 USD 1 1998
Kong
Official (fixed) exchange rates ditentukan oleh
Nepal Asia Rupee NPR 1.6 INR 1 1993
pemerintah dan tidak berfluktuasi Middle
Qatar Riyal QAR 3.64 USD 1 2001
Free (floating) exchange rates menunjukkan East
fluktuasi harga pasar, berdasar supply demand Republic
Central
African
of the Africa XAF 655.957 EUR 1 1999
CFA
Congo
Franc
Saudi Middle
Riyal SAR 3.75 USD 1 2003
Arabia East

Foreign Currency Exchange Rates Currency Denomination

The spot rate: Mata uang funsional perusahaan (functional

The exchange rate for immediate delivery of currency):
currencies exchanged. Mata uang yang digunakan dalam transaksi utama
The current rate: bisnis mereka.
The rate at which one unit of currency can be
exchange for another currency at the balance sheet
Transaksi mata uang asing (foreign currency
date or the transaction date.
transaction):
The historical rate:
The rate in effect at the date a specific transaction Transaksi yang diukur dan diselesaikan
(didenominasi) dalam mata uang selain mata uang
or event occurred.
fungsional.

ARTHIK DAVIANTI, SE, MSi, AK. CA.

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The Rationale underlying
the Functional Currency Choice
Revsine (1984, p. 514)
A much more real danger is that firms, their
auditors, and outside analysts may not understand
the subtle philosophy that underlies the functional
currency choice.
As a consequence, innocent but incorrect choices
and assessment may be made, and compatibility
may not be achieved.
Understanding
Foreign Currency Transaction
An exchange rate is the ratio between a unit of one
currency and the amount of another currency for which
that unit can be exchanged at a particular time.
Translation is the process of expressing monetary
amounts that are stated in terms of a foreign currency in
the currency of the reporting entity by using an
appropriate exchange rate.
Identifying the Functional Currency
Paragraph 9-12 of IAS 21 functional currency
determination.
Indicators of functional currency paragraph 9: normally
the one in which it primarily generates and expends cash.
Consider the currency:
In which sales prices are denominated or which
influences sales price.
Of the country whose competitive forces and
regulations influences sales prices.
In which input costs are denominated and settled, or
which influences such a cost.
ARTHIK DAVIANTI, SE, MSi, AK. CA.
The Rationale underlying
the Functional Currency Choice
SFAS 52, paragraph 4(a) and 4(b), the objectives of the
translation process are:
1. To provide information that is generally compatible
with the expected economic effects of an exchange
rate change on an entitys cash flows and equity.
2. To reflect in consolidated statements the financial
results and relationship of the individual consolidated
entities are measured in their functional currency in
conformity with US generally accepted accounting
principles.
Mata Uang Fungsional
Mata Uang Fungsional PSAK 10, paragraf 9:
Menentukan mata uang fungsional:
a) Mata uang (1) yang mempengaruhi harga jual barang
dan jasa; dan (2) dari negara yang kekuatan
persaingan dan pengaturannya sebagian besar
menentukan harga jual barang dan jasa entitas.
b) Mata uang yang paling mempengaruhi biaya tenaga
kerja, bahan baku, dan biaya lain dari pengadaan
barang atau jasa.
Paragraf 10: bukti mata uang fungsional (a) mata uang
sumber dana, (b) mata uang sumber penerimaan
aktivitas operasi.
Identifying the Functional Currency
Paragraph 10: consider two factors:
The currency of financing activities.
The currency receipt from operating activities.
Paragraph 11: consider:
Foreign operation as an extension of the reporting
entity.
Proportion of transaction in carried out by the
reporting entity with its foreign operation.
Direct influence of foreign operation cash flow.
Sufficiency of cash flow from foreign operation to
service existing and expected debt.
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 Pelaporan Transaksi Valuta Asing Translation and Remeasurement

PSAK 10, paragraf 20 Pengakuan Awal:
Transaksi valuta asing transaksi yang didenominasi
dalam valuta asing, termasuk transaksi: (a) jual beli; (b)
pinjam meminjam; (c) perolehan pelepasan aset,
pengadaan penyelesaian liabilitas.
Paragraf 21:
Pada pengakuan awal, transaksi valuta asing dicatat
dalam mata uang fungsional, valuta asing dihitung ke
dalam mata uang fungsional dengan kurs spot antara
mata uang fungsional dan valuta asing pada tanggal
transaksi.
Translation the Current Rate method will convert financial
statements using
Current (FYE): assets, liabilities
Historical: equity, dividends (retained earnings is not
translated)
Current (average): revenues, expenses
Remeasurement the Temporal Method will convert financial
statements using
Current (FYE): monetary assets, liabilities
Historical: other assets, liabilities
Historical: equity, dividends (retained earnings is not
remeasured)
Current (average) and Historical: revenues, expenses

Functional Currency Indicators Restatement Method Selection

If the functional currency is the U.S. dollar,

use the Temporal method.
If the functional currency is the local currency,
use the Current Rate method.
Examples:
1. A Mexican subsidiary of a U.S. firm has the peso as its
functional currency.
2. A Japanese subsidiary of a U.S. firm has the U.S. dollar as
its functional currency.
3. An Australian subsidiary of a U.S. firm, keeping its own
records in Australian dollars, determines its functional
currency is the euro.

Selecting the Method Translation Versus Remeasurement

of Foreign Financial Statements
Methods used to restate foreign entity statements to
Local currency Functional currency Reporting currency U.S. dollars (parent):
Ex 1 Peso Peso U.S.$ 1. The translation of the foreign entitys functional
currency statements into U.S. dollars (parent)
Translate (current rate method) from Peso to US$
2. The remeasurement of the foreign entitys
Ex 2 Yen U.S.$ U.S.$ statements into the functional currency of the entity
Remeasure (temporal method) from Yen to US$
After remeasurement, the statements must then
be translated if the functional currency is not the
Ex 3 Aus$ Euro U.S.$ U.S. dollar.
No additional work is needed if the functional
Remeasure from Aus$ to Euros, currency is the U.S. dollar
then Translate from Euros to U.S.$

ARTHIK DAVIANTI, SE, MSi, AK. CA.

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 Translation Versus Remeasurement Translation versus Remeasurement
Summary for U.S. Parent Companies: Patriot Corp, a US company has a wholly owned
If LC = FC Translate to U.S. Dollars subsidiary, Regal Corporation, operates in UK.
If LC FC Remeasure to FC Translation/remeasurement possibilities are:
If FC = U.S. Dollars, no further work is needed Functional Currency for Required Procedures for
(this is the case for hyperinflationary currencies) Currency Accounting Consolidating or
If FC U.S. Dollars Translate to U.S. Dollars Records Combining (with Parent)
Case 1 British pounds British pounds Translation
Case 2 US dollar British pounds Remeasurement
Case 3 Euro British pounds Remeasurement and
translation
LC = Local Currency
FC = Functional Currency

Assets Liabilities and Equity

Revenues and Expenses Translation into

the Functional Currency

IAS 21, paragraph 21:

A foreign currency transaction shall be recorded, on
initial recognition in the functional currency, by applying
to the foreign currency amount the spot exchange rate
between the functional currency and the foreign
currency at the date of the transaction.
Note that "current" rate, as used for income statement items,
is usually the average rate for the year.
Firms with seasonal business fluctuations would use a
weighted average rate.

ARTHIK DAVIANTI, SE, MSi, AK. CA.

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 Translation into Pelaporan pada Akhir Periode
the Functional Currency Pelaporan Berikutnya
IAS 21, paragraph 23: PSAK 10, paragraf 23:
At the end of each reporting period: Pada akhir periode pelaporan:
(a) Foreign currency monetary items shall be translated (a) Pos moneter valuta asing dijabarkan menggunakan
using the closing rate. kurs penutup.
(b) Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of
historical cost in a foreign currency shall be translated (b) Pos nonmoneter (biaya historis dalam valuta asing)
using the exchange rate at the date of the dijabarkan menggunakan kurs tanggal transaksi.
transaction. (c) Pos nonmoneter (nilai wajar dalam valuta asing)
(c) Non-monetary items that are measured at fair value dijabarkan menggunakan kurs pada tanggal nilai
in a foreign currency shall be translated using the wajar diukur.
exchange rates at the date when the value was
measured.

Intercompany Foreign Currency

Transactions Pengakuan Selisih Kurs
Foreign currency transactions receivable or payable PSAK 10, paragraf 28:
balances denominated in a currency other than the Selisih kurs diakui dalam laba rugi pada periode
entitys (parents or subsidiarys) functional currency. terjadinya
Illustration: A US parent company borrows $1,600,000 Selisih antara kurs pada penyelesaian atau proses
(1,000,000) from its British subsidiary. penjabaran pos moneter dengan kurs:
Loan Functional Foreign Currency Pada saat pos moneter tersebut dijabarkan,
Denominated Currency of Transaction of Pada pengakuan awal selama periode, atau
Currency Subsidiary Subsidiary? Parent? Pada periode pelaporan sebelumnya.
Case 1 British pounds British pounds No Yes Kecuali, paragraf 32, yang membentuk bagian dari
Case 2 British pounds US dollar Yes Yes investasi neto pelapor dalam kegiatan luar negeri, diakui
Case 3 US dollar British pounds Yes No dalam laporan keuangan tersendiri entitas pelapor.
Case 4 US dollar US dollar No No

IAI (2015) STANDAR AKUNTANSI KEUANGAN

PER EFEKTIF 1 JANUARI 2015

PICKER, LEO, LOFTUS, WISE, CLARK, AND

ALFREDSON (2013), APPLYING INTERNATIONAL
FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARD, 3RD EDITION

ARTHIK DAVIANTI, SE, MSi, AK. CA.

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