Analysis Frozen

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ANALYSIS OF REQUESTING SPEECH ACT

IN THE MOVIE FROZEN BY WALT DISNEY
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
KARANA LINTANG CAHYA
Student Number : 104214080
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
2016
i
ANALYSIS OF REQUESTING SPEECH ACT

IN THE MOVIE FROZEN BY WALT DISNEY
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
KARANA LINTANG CAHYA
Student Number : 104214080
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
2016
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Alhamdulillahi Rabbil Aalamiin. All gratitude for Allah SWT the almighty
for all the blessing given to me in completing my undergraduate thesis. During the
process of thesis completion, I met people who gave me support and help. I owe
them so much due to the fact that without their contribution, this undergraduate
thesis could not be completed. Therefore, I would like to express my gratitude to
those who have supported and helped me in finishing my undergraduate thesis.
I would like to deliver thanks to my advisor, Adventina Putranti, S.S.,
M.Hum., for all her concern, advice, time and patience in guiding me to complete
my undergraduate thesis. I would like also thank my co- advisor, Wedhowerti,
S.Pd., M.Hum., for the detailed correction and valuable input.
From the bottom of my heart, I want to thank my Dad, Drs. Widdi Srihanto,
M.M., my Mom, Dra. Sulianti, and my Sisters, Imas and Sari, for their endless love
and support that keep me motivated to complete this undergraduate thesis. I love
them.
For all of my friends in English Department 10, I thank them so much for
all the storms and rainbows we have been through and of course the never ending
friendship. I treasure every moment we spend together.
Karana Lintang Cahya
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE... ii
APPROVAL PAGE. iii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE... iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA

ILMIAH. v
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS. viii
ABSTRACT.. x
ABSTRAK. xi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1
A. Background of Study..... 1
B. Problem Formulation. 3
C. Objectives of the Study.. 3
D. Definition of Terms... 4
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE.... 6
A. Review of Related Studies 6
B. Review of Related Theory 7
1. Pragmatics... 7
2. Speech Act .. 8
3. Requesting Speech Act ... 10
4. Politeness 13
C. Theoretical Framework 17
CHAPTER III: METHODOLODY... 19
A. Object of the Study. 20
B. Approach of the Study. 21
C. Method of the Study 21
1. Data Collection . 21
2. Data Analysis 22
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS (RESULT AND DISCUSSION). 24
A. The Strategy of Request Speech Act Employed by Character in
viii
Frozen Movie 24
1. The Strategy of Speaker-Based Condition in Request Speech
Act.. 24
a. Wishes or desires 25
b. Needs or demands 29
2. The Strategy of Hearer-Based Condition in Request Speect
Act.. 31
a. Ability or willingness .. 32
b. Suggestory formulae 37
B. Type of Politeness Strategy Used to Make A Request Employed
by Character in Frozen Movie.... 41
1. Bald-on Record. 43
2. Positive Politeness. 46
3. Negative politeness... 55
C. Discussion... 59
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION.... 64
BIBLIOGRAPHY..... 67
APPENDICES....... 69
APPENDIX 1: Synopsis of Frozen ....... 70
APPENDIX 2: Data ....... 71
ix
ABSTRACT
CAHYA, KARANA LINTANG. Analysis of Requesting Speech Act in the
Movie FROZEN by Walt Disney. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters,
Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.
Requesting speech act sometimes is used directly or indirectly in daily life.
When someone request something to another, she or he can express it by uttering
requesting, asking, greeting, giving information, complaining, offering, and
criticizing. Based on this case, the researcher tries to analyze and classify request
speech act and its politeness strategy in Frozen.
In order to understand that background, the researcher provides two
problem formulations. The first problem, the researcher describes and analyzes the
strategies of request speech act of speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented
condition employed in character in Frozen. The second problem, the researcher
describes and analyzes the types of politeness strategy used to make a request
employed character in Frozen.
This research belongs to descriptive qualitative study. The data of this
research are all utterances in Frozen which indicates both kinds of requests to make
a limitation of all the data showing request speech act. There are some steps to
analyze the data in this research. First, the researcher determined all utterances
which were categorized as request speech act using Searles theory. Next, the data
of request were then classified based on speaker-based condition and hearer-
oriented condition using Trosborgs theory. To answer the problem of the research,
the researcher analyzed the types of request using speaker-based condition and
hearer-oriented condition. The researcher then determined the politeness strategy
of each datum of speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented condition based on
Brown and Levinsons theory.
The researcher found 17 data showing request spech act. They were 7 data
showing request of speaker-based condition and 10 data showing request of hearer-
oriented condition. In speaker-based condition, the request was applied by using
wishes or desires and demands or needs. The researcher only found three types of
politeness strategy in this request, they were bald-on record, positive politeness,
and negative politeness. The researcher did not find speaker-based condition in
request using off-record strategy because the request was applied by placing the
speakers interest above the hearer while off-record strategy was applied indirectly.
In hearer-oriented condition, the request was applied by using ability (willingness)
and suggestory formula. Meanwhile, the politeness strategy used by the characters
only consists of two kinds, they are positive politeness and negative politeness.
Bald-on record strategy was not applied by the speaker in in such kind of request
because the requests in Frozen are expressed more politely. Besides, the speakers
(characters in the movie) also do not use off-record strategy because in hearer-
oriented condition they expresses the request less indirectly by using modality (can
or should).
x
ABSTRAK
CAHYA, KARANA LINTANG. Analysis of Requesting Speech Act in the
Movie FROZEN by Walt Disney. Yogyakarta: Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra,
Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2016.
Tuturan permintaan sering diterapkan secara langsung maupun tidak
langsung dalam komunikasi sehari-hari. Ketika seseorang meminta sesuatu kepada
orang lain, dia akan mengucapkannya secara langsung, bertanya, memberikan
informasi, mengeluh, menawarkan, mengkritik. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, peneliti
mencoba untuk menganalisis dan mengklasifkasi tindak tutur dan kesantunan di
Frozen. Melalui analisis tersebut dapat ditemukan bentuk, tipe, dan pola dari
tuturan permintaan berdasarkan kondisi penuturnya dan mitra tuturnya, serta
strategi kesantunannya dalam film tersebut.
Untuk memahami latar belakang penelitian, peneliti menyertakan dua
permasalahan. Pertama, peneliti mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis strategi tuturan
permintaan berdasarkan kondisi penuturnya dan berdasarkan kondisi mitra tuturnya
yang terdapat dalam Frozen. Kedua, peneliti mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis
jenis strategi kesantunan tuturan permintaan yang digunakan oleh para tokoh dalam
Frozen.
Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskripsi kualitatif. Data penelitian ini
adalah semua permintaan dalam Frozen yang mengindikasikan kedua jenis tuturan
permintaan tersebut untuk membuat batasan dalam penelitian ini. Terdapat
beberapa langkah untuk menganalisis data di penelitian ini. Pertama, peneliti
mengkategorikan semua permintaan berdasarkan teori dari Searle. Kemudian, data
tersebut dikategorikan dalam tuturan permintaan berdasarkan kondisi penuturnya
dan kondisi mitra tuturnya. Peneliti kemudian menentukan jenis strategi kesantunan
dari data tersebut berdasarkan teori Brown dan Levinson.
Peneliti menemukan 17 data tuturan permintaan, yaitu 7 data tuturan
permintaan berdasarkan kondisi penuturnya dan 10 data tuturan permintaan
berdasarkan kondisi mitra tuturnya. Dalam kondisi berbasis penutur, permintaan
diterapkan dengan harapan atau keinginan dan tuntutan atau kebutuhan. Peneliti
hanya menemukan 3 jenis strategi kesantunan dalam permintaan ini, bald-on
record, kesantunan positif, dan kesantunan negatif. Peneliti tidak menemukan
kondisi berbasis penutur dalam permintaan menggunakan strategi off-record karena
permintaan ini diterapkan dengan menempatkan kepentingan penutur di atas mitra
tuturnya sedangkan strategi ini diterapkan secara tidak langsung. Dalam kondisi
yang berorientasi pada mitra tuturnya, permintaan diterapkan dengan kemampuan
(kemauan) dan saran. Sementara itu, strategi kesantunan yang digunakan oleh
karakter hanya terdiri dari 2 jenis, yaitu kesantunan positif dan negatif. Bald-on
record tidak diterapkan penutur karena permintaan yang berorientasi pada mitra
tutur disajikan lebih sopan. Selain itu, penutur tidak menggunakan strategi off-
record karena mereka mengungkapkan permintaan agak tidak langsung dengan
menggunakan modalitas (dapat atau harus).
xi
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Language is one of important things in the world. If there is no language,
there will be no communication from one people to another. Without
communication, we do not know what happens around our environment.
Communication is also one way to us to deliver or express our ideas and
feelings.
Speech act is the smallest unit of language communication. According to
Searle (in Wijana, 2009: 20), speech act in Pragmatics can be classified into
three kinds. They are locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary
acts. Meanwhile, there also five kinds of speech act; they are assertive,
directive, commissive, declarative, and expressive. The most frequently speech
act used is an illocutionary act that is speech act that has force or intention
behind the words uttered by the speaker to the hearer or addressee. Searle's
then gives distinction between direct and indirect speech acts according to the
relationship between the structural forms and communicative functions. A
direct speech act refers to utterances whose meaning can be understood
through linguistic forms, while indirect speech act is used to show an
appropriate level of politeness in communication.
1
Speech acts play an important role in daily communication, for example
requesting. Requesting speech act sometimes is used directly or indirectly in
the daily life. When someone requests something to someone, she or he can
express it by uttering requesting, asking, greeting, giving information,
complaining, offering, and criticizing. Besides, there are many factors
influencing the relationships among the participants' request behaviors, such as
social status, familiarity, and etc. The following is the example of requesting
speech act which the researcher finds in Frozen (2013) .
The King : Please... Help!My daughter!
Grand Pabbie : Cuties. I'm gonna keep you.
The conversation above takes place in Grand Pabbies village, the valley
of the living rock. The participants are between the King of Arendelle and
Grand Pabbie, a wise and elderly ruler of the trolls (a group of ancient
creatures there). The King of Arendelle has two little daughters, Elsa and
Anna. One day, Anna asks Elsa to play magic by making snowman but
accidentally Elsas magic hits and almost kills her sister (Anna). Then, the
King and Queen come to Elsa to know what happens with Anna. Anna is
getting hurt and the King has to save her quickly by carrying her to Grand
Pabbie. When he comes there, the King asks Grand Pabbie to save her by
requesting.
In the dialogue above, the King requests to Grand Pabbie by saying
Please... Help!My daughter!. It means that the King uses speech act of
request for action. He wants Grand Pabbie to do what he says, that is to save
his daughter. In this case, Grand Pabbie complies the King request by
comforting his daughter by saying Cuties. I'm gonna keep you.
The King also applies politeness strategy called negative politeness
strategy in delivering his request. It is shown by the use of the word Please
at the beginning of his utterance. Hence, the factor influencing the relationships
between the Kings request behaviors towards Grand Pabbie is because of
familiarity of each other and the king is one who needs a help from Grand
Pabbie.
Based on the example above, I am interested in analyzing the requesting
speech act in Frozen by Walt Disney. Therefore, I conduct a research entitled
Analysis Of Requesting Speech Act In The Movie Frozen By Walt Disney.
B. Problem Formulation
The problem formulation in this research is:
1. What strategies of request expression of speaker-based condition and
hearer-oriented condition are employed by characters in Frozen?
2. What types of politeness strategy are used to make a request employed by
characters in Frozen?
C. Objectives of the Study
The objectives of studying this research are:
1. To describe the types of request expression of speaker- based condition and
hearer-oriented condition employed by characters in Frozen.

2. To describe the types of politeness strategy used to make a request
employed by characters in Frozen.
D. Definition of Terms
The analysis in this research provides some definitions of Speech
act, Request, and Politeness to make it clear and to avoid ambiguity.
Searle (1969: 16) state that the unit of linguistics communication is not the
symbol, word or sentence, but rather the production or issuance of the symbol
or word or sentence in the performence of the speech acts. It means that the
basic minimal unit of linguistic comunication are speech acts. Meanwhile,
Yule (1996: 47) says that speech act is action pearformed via utterence.
Request speech act subsumes utterances which have been referred to,
in the speech act literature as request, invite, ask for permission, and offer
(Tsui, 1994: 91). Meanwhile, Trosborg (1995: 187) gives definition that
Request is an illocutionary act whereby a speaker convise a hearer to peform
an act which is for the benefiit of the speaker.
Brown and Levinson (1987: 13) define politeness as a complex
system for softening face threats. Meanwhile, Leech (1983: 19) state that
politeness is strategic conflic avoidance which can be measured in terms of
the degree of effort put into the avoidance of a conflict situation. Then,
politeness is defined as using communicative strategies to create and maintain
social harmony as stated by Culpeper (1996: 349). Politeness can be done in

many various ways, they are being contextually appropriate, following social
and cultural nouns, and being socially positive by addresing face needs.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
In this chapter, the writer provides three parts that will be discussed. The
first part is review of related studies, including other related studies previously.
Second part is review of related theories which provides some theories in doing
this research. Third part is theoretical framework which explains the contribution
between the theories and the reviews to solve the problem formulation.
A. Review of Related Studies
This research consists of only one previous study. That research tells
about discussing the analysis of directive speech act.
The first undergraduate thesis entitled Politeness Strategies Applied in
Directive Speech Acts According to The Interpersonal Relationships in The
IT Crowd: Moss and The German by Ciptaningrum (2011) from Sanata
Dharma University. The results of the research are: there are five directive
speech acts (request, suggestion, comment, prohibition, and invitation), four
politeness strategies (off record, bald on record, positive, and negative
strategy), six types of interpersonal relationship among the characters (same-
sex friendship, cross-sex friendship, friendship association, workplace
mentoring relationship, networking workplace relationship, and romantic
workplace relationship).
6
Related to the Ciptaningrums research which analyzes about directive
speech ach, politeness strategy, and interpersonal relation among the
characters, the writer uses different ways in conducting the result through
linguistics. However, Ciptaningrum only focuses on those matters without
analyzing the factors influencing the character to apply politeness strategy in
directive speech act.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Pragmatics
Pragmatics refers to speakers meaning or utterance interpretation.
The first definition of pragmatics is quoted from Steven C. Levinson,
followed by Jenny Thomas and the last is George Yule.
Levinson (1983: 21) states that pragmatics is the study of the ability
of language users to pair sentences with the contexts in which they would be
appropriate. It means that pragmatics cannot be separated from context and
principles of language usage. Then, Thomas (1995: 23) defines pragmatics
as meaning in interaction.
Another definition of pragmatics is also proposed by Yule (1996: 3-
4). He says that pragmatics is the study of the relationship between
linguistic forms and the users of those forms. Yule divides the definition of
pragmatics into four. First, Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning. It
means that pragmatics analyzes the meaning behind what people say rather
than what the words mean literally. Second, Pragmatics is the study of
contextual meaning. Context here includes to whom the speaker talking,
where, when, and under what circumstances. Context has important role in
communication between the speaker and the hearer. Third, Pragmatics is the
study of how more gets communicated than what is said. By understanding
pragmatics, people can explore what is unsaid be recognized as part of what
is communicated. Fourth, Pragmatics is the study of the expression of
relative distance. Relative distances means how close between the speaker
and the hearer are communicating each other including physical, social or
conceptual closeness.
From the definitions above, it can be concluded that Pragmatics is a
significant field to study in communication that is about language, context,
and the meaning of the utterances between the speaker and the hearer.
2. Speech Act
Pragmatics studies how people understand and produce a speech act in
a social situation, usually in conversation. Speech act is a part of pragmatics
that studies about utterances. According to Searle (in Levinson, 1983: 240),
speech act can be classified into five categories, they are representative,
directive, commisive, expressive and declaration.
a. Representative
Representative is a kind of speech acts that commits the speaker to
state his/her belief about something. Acts of asserting, describing,
explaining, concluding and making a statement are the examples of the

speakerss intention in uttering his/her belief. Example: The earth is flat.
(Yule, 1996: 53)
b. Directive
Directive is a kind of speech act that is intended to make someone
do something. In this case, the speaker utters directive in order to get the
prospective action. Acts of requesting, commanding and persuading can
be classified into directive.
Example: Could you lend me a pen, please? (Yule, 1996: 54)
c. Commisive
Commisive is kind of speech act that commits the speaker to some
future action. Acts of promising, refusing, threatening and pledging can
be classified into commisive.
Example: We will not do that. (Yule, 1996: 54)
d. Expressive
Expressive is a kind of speech act that is used by the speaker to
express their feeling that are either pain or pleasure. Acts of apologizing,
congratulating and thanking can be classified into expressive.
Example: Congratulations! (Yule, 1996: 53)
e. Declarative
Declarative is kind of speech act that is used by the speaker to
change the reality in accordance with proposition content of the
declaration. Act of naming and pronouncing are the example of
declarative.
10
Example: I now pronounce you husband and wife. (Yule, 1996: 53)
3. Requesting speech act
Requesting speech act is commonly used in daily communication
which focuses on asking someone (the addressee/ hearer) to do something
by giving him or her an option for complying and not complying the
request. It is a part of directive speech act in pragmatics as stated by Searle
because request action has an illocutionary purpose to get the hearer to do
something. Trosborg (1995: 192) has divided the requesting speech act
according to what the benefit to the speaker and the hearer when they are
having conversation. This strategy classifies requesting speech act into four
catagories and involves them eight-sub strategies, namely indirect request,
hearer-oriented condition, speaker-based condition and direct request.
a) Indirect request
Indirect request is a request without explicit requestive
illocutionary force. Consequently, the speaker omits to mention (or
specify) the desired act and avoids mentioning the hearer as the
intended agent (Trosborg, 1995:192). There is only one strategy of
indirect request called hinting strategy. Hinting strategy is used by the
speaker by making a request which does not explicitly state that the
speakers request for the desired action. There are two kinds of hinting
strategy. They are (1) mild hint, used by the speaker by leaving out the
11
desired action altogether, and (2) strong hint, used by the speaker by
mentioning his/her wish.
For example: I have to be at the airport in half an hour. (Trosborg,
1995: 205)
The request above employs indirect request expression with mild
hint strategy. The speaker does not explictly mention that the speaker
asks the taxi driver to speed up the taxi since he is in hurry. The
speaker leaves out the request, he lets the hearer to figure out by
himself whether the speaker wants to speed up the taxi.
b) Hearer-oriented condition
This request conveys that hearer is in a position of control to
decide whether or not to perform the request. This request uses two
strategies, that strategies are ability (willingness) and suggestory formula.
1. Ability (willingness)
The condition of ability refers to hearers capacity to perform the
desired act. Two different conditions are relevant: 1) the inherent
capacities of the hearer both physical and mental, 2) the external
circumstances relates to time and place of the action.
For example : Could you lend me your car? (Trosborg, 1995: 205)
12
2. Suggestory formulae
By using suggestory formulae, the speaker makes his/her request
more tentative and plays down his/her own interest as a beneficinary
of the action.
For example : How about lending me your car? (Trosborg, 1995: 205)
c) Speaker-based condition
By placing the speaker interest above the hearers, this request
becomes more direct in its demand. There are two strategies in
speaker-based condition. They are by using whises/desires and
needs/demands.
1. Wishes or desires
The speakers statement of his/her intention maybe expressed
politely as a wish.
For example : I would like to borrow your car. (Trosborg, 1995:
205)
2. Needs or demands
Its a request strategy which expresses the speakers request
more blindly as demand.
For example : I needs to borrow your car. (Trosborg, 1995: 205)
d) Direct Request
The speaker who wants to make the request in the form of
performative statement or an imperative, thereby isuing an order. This

13
request uses three strategies namely obligation, performative, and
imperative.
1. Obligation
This strategy is used by employing a statement of obligation. When
employing this strategy, the speaker exerts either his/her authority, or
he/she refers to some authority outside the speaker.
For example : You have to lend me your car. (Trosborg, 1995: 205)
2. Performative
The inclusion of performative verb conveys requestive intent, e.g.
asking, requesting, demanding, commanding, and explicitly marking
the utterence as an order.
For example : I would like to ask you to borrow your car. (Trosborg,
1995: 205)
3. Imperative
Imperative is the grammatical form directly signaling that the
utterance is an order. An order issued by authority figures must be
obeyed, such as the olders to the youngers.
For example : Lend me your car! (Trosborg, 1995: 205)
4. Politeness
Politeness is a complex system for softening face threats (Brown
and Levinson, 1978: 13). It is also defined as the strategies employed
by the speaker to achieve a variety of goals, such as promoting or
maintaing harmonious relationship. Then, Leech (1983: 19) states that

14
politeness is strategic conflic avoidance which can be measured in
terms of the degree of effort put into the avoidance of a conflict
situation. In short, politeness is defined as using communicative
strategies to create and maintain social harmony as stated by Culpeper
(1996: 349). Politeness can be done in many various ways, they are
being contextually appropriate, following social and cultural norms,
and being socially positive by addresing face needs.
There are many experts discussing about politeness strategy. This
research only uses politeness strategy proposed by Brown and
Lenvinson as an approach to analyze the data. This theory is choosen
to explain about politeness strategy in detail. Brown and Levinson
(1987: 92) have divided the politeness strategies according to how
much the speakers and the hearers minimize the threat when they are
having conversation. The strategies range from doing the FTA directly
without minimizing the threat at all to not doing FTA. They are bald-
on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-record
strategy.
a. Bald-on Record
Bald-on record strategy does not attempt to minimize the threat to
hearers face. Brown and Levinson state that speaker mostly uses
bald-on record strategy when she wants to do FTA (Face
Threatening Acts) with maximum efficiency toward the hearers
face (Brown and Levinson, 1987: 95). This strategy will make the
15
hearer feels uncomfortable. This strategy is a direct way of saying
things, without any minimization to the imposition, in a direct,
clear, unambiguous, and concise way. This strategy is usually
employed in some occasion, such as in emergency situation,
unequal power relationship, and task oriented activities.
For example: Give me a pen! (Yule, 1996: 63)
b. Positive Politiness
Positive politeness provides an attempt to minimize the damage to
the hearers face (Brown and Levinson, 1987: 101). This strategy is
intended to avoid the conflict and to minimize the social distance
between the speaker and the hearer. There are some indication of
positive politeness strategy, such as using in-group indetity makers,
offering solidarity through friendship, seeking agreement, avoiding
disagreement, presupposition/ raise/ assert common ground, joking,
asserting or presuppose speakers knowledge, concerning for
hearers wants, offering and promising, being optimistic, including
both speaker and hearer in the actvity, giving (or asking) reasons,
assuming or asserting recipocity, giving gifts to hearer (goods,
sympathy, understanding, cooperation), etc (1987: 102).
For example : How about letting me use your pen? (Yule, 1996:
64)
16
c. Negative Politeness
Brown and Levinson (1987: 129) state that negative politeness
attends to a persons negative face needs, which appeals to the
hearers desire not to be impeded or put upon and to be left free to
act as they want. This strategy is to express respect and
consideration. There are some indication of negative politeness
strategy, such as being conventionally indirect, questioning, hedge,
being pesimistic, minimizing the imposition or friction, formality
in language use, apoligizing, giving deference and respect (1987:
130).
For example: Could you lend me your pen? (Yule, 1996: 64)
d. Off-record Strategy
A communicative act is done by using off record strategy if it is not
possible to attribute only one clear intention act (Brown and
Levinson, 1987). When the speaker uses this strategy, she/ he wants
to avoid the responsibility for doing FTA. As stated by Brown and
Levinson, 1987: 211, this strategy is used when the speaker wants to
damage anothers face without any responsibility of doing it, by
leaving it up to the hearers to be interpreted by themselves.
For example: Uh, I forgot my pen. (Yule, 1996: 63)

17
C. Theoretical Framework
The aim of this study is to know the strategy of requesting speech act in
the Frozen and the types of politeness strategy applied in that movie. Some
applicable theories are used in this research to support the process of the data
analysis.
First, researcher uses Searles theory about classification speech act
especially directive requesting speech act. And then, researcher uses
Trosborgs theory in Searles statement about speaker based-condition and
hearer oriented-condition to solve the problem one. From that theory,
researcher can classify the strategies is applied in Frozen.
Last, the researcher uses Brown and Levinsons theory about politeness
strategy to solve last problem that is the type of politeness strategy that applied
in the movie. The end of this process produces the classification of speaker-
based condition and hearer-oriented condition also politeness strategy applied
in Frozen.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
Research methodology is important to know how research is done
scientifically to solve the research problem (Kothari, 1990: 8). This research
belongs to descriptive qualitative study. It means that this research uses
descriptive method which emphasis on describing the data used in the research. In
conducting the research, the researcher only examines the data and it is not
propose any hypothesis as it started from a phenomenon. In qualitative research,
the data can be in the form of words, sentences, and terminology. Milles and
Huberman (1984: 21) state that the qualitative research is essentially an
investigating process: someone investigates a kind of social phenomenon by
contrasting, comparing, replicating, cataloging, or classifying the object. This
research does not include any calculation or enumeration, since the data produced
are in the form of word. It is like what is stated by Bogdan and Taylor (in
Moleong, 2000: 3) that qualitative research is a research that produces descriptive
data consisting of written and spoken words and also behavior.
In this research, the researcher finds the phenomena which are in the form
of subtitle of original movie script Frozen. There are some utterances to be
analyzed. Therefore, the researcher is interested in conducting a research to
analyze request speech act of the subtitle.
18
19
A. Object of the Study
The object of this research is Frozen. Frozen is a 2013 American 3D
computer-animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Animation
Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It is the 53rd animated feature in
the Walt Disney Animated Classics series. Inspired by Hans Christian
Andersen's fairy tale The Snow Queen, the film tells the story of a fearless
princess who sets off on an epic journey alongside a rugged iceman, his loyal
pet reindeer, and a nave snowman to find her estranged sister, whose icy
powers have inadvertently trapped the kingdom in eternal winter. This movie is
directed by Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee. This movie became the best-selling
film of the year in the United States. By January 2015, Frozen became the all-
time best-selling Blu-ray Disc in the United States. It won two Academy
Awards for Best Animated Feature and the Golden Globe Award for Best
Animated Feature Film.
This research is conducted to find out the types of request speech act
using speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented condition, as well as the
politeness strategy used in the request. By focusing on request speech act in
that movie, the researcher collected the data using speech act theory under
pragmatics study. The data were classified based on its types and forms of
request. They were then analyzed speaker-based condition, hearer-oriented
condition and the politeness strategy in order to understand how request is
applied to get the hearers agreement in directive speech act.

20
B. Approach of the Study
In conducting this research, the researcher analyzed all utterances
from Frozen which indicate request speech act. The researcher uses pragmatics
theory about request which is included in directive speech act as proposed by
Searle (in Levinson, 1983: 240). Then, the researcher only focuses on request
of speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented condition to make a limitation
of all the data showing request speech act. In speaker-based condition, the
request is focused on the speaker as the one who places the interest above the
hearer. So, the request becomes more direct as wishes or desires and needs or
demands. Meanwhile, in hearer-oriented condition the request is focused on the
hearers position of control to decide whether or not to perform the request.
Both of us these types of request are also more polite than direct request.
Consequently, the researcher prefers to analyze the politeness strategy in
speaker-based condition of request based on Brown and Levinson theory.
C. Method of Study
This method of study is used to accomplice the purposes which are used
to find out the types of request of speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented
condition in directive speech act employed by all characters in Frozen and to
find out the politeness strategy used in both of requests. This method includes
two parts. They are the data collection and the data analysis.
21
1. Data Collection
The object of this study is the application of request of speaker-based
condition and hearer-oriented condition, also politeness strategy used by the
character in Frozen. It means that the researcher collected the data
purposively. The data is limited only speaker-based condition and hearer-
oriented condition in request.
The first step to get the data, the researcher watches Frozen for several
times in order to understand the whole story. Then, the researcher searched
the transcript of Frozen on the internet and compared it to the movie. The
researcher also underlined the dialogues employed by the characters which
indicated a request speech act of speaker-based condition and hearer-
oriented condition using Searle and Trosborgs theory.
The next step in collecting the data is by giving code on each type
of datum. The coding of the datum in this research is as follows:
a. The number of the datum
b. The title of the movie. This research uses a movie entitled Frozen
c. The types of request speech act employed by the characters based on
Searles theory the researcher used speaker-based condition type and
hearer-oriented condition.
d. The type of condition of request speech act based on Searles theory.
e. The type of politeness strategies on Brown and Levinsons theory
To make the coding of datum clearer, the researcher gives an example
as presented below:
22
08/ F/ SBC/ W/ N
The coding above means that the datum is number eight (8). F means
Frozen. Meanwhile SBC is the type of request speech act that is speaker-
based condition. Then, W is the condition of speaker-based condition that is
Wishes. Last, N is one of the politeness strategies is applied in that datum,
that is Negatives.
2. Data Analysis
There are some steps to analyze the data in this research. First, the
researcher determined all utterances which were categorized as request
speech act using Searles theory. Next, the data of request were than
classified based on speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented condition
using Trosborgs theory. After that, the researcher labeled the data in the
form of code based on the number of datum, the title of the movie, and the
type of request speech act (speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented
condition).
To answer the problem of the research, the researcher analyzed the
types of request using speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented
condition. Speaker-based condition consists of wishes or desires and
demands or needs. Meanwhile, hearer-oriented condition consists of ability
or willingness and suggestory formulae. The researcher than determined the
politeness strategy of each datum of speaker-based condition and hearer-
oriented condition based on Brown and Levinsons theory. They are bald-on
record strategy, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-record

23
strategy. Finally, the researcher could find out the factors which influence
the speaker to use request speech act of speaker-based condition by
considering the politeness strategy.

CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS RESULT AND DISCUSSION
This chapter consists of two parts. The first part is analysis result. Based
on the objectives of the result, the analysis result in this research focuses on
analyzing the strategies of speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented condition
in request speech act using Trosborgs theory and analyzing types of politeness
strategy used to make a request employed by characters in Frozen using Browns
and Levinsons theory. The second part of this chapter is discussion. It provides
the discussion of some finding from the analysis results that are relevant to the
research objectives. In this research, the total data are 17 data of request speech
act to analyze.
A. The Strategies of Request Speech Act Employed by Character in Frozen
Movie
In this part, there are two strategies of request speech act are used to analyze
the character in Frozen, namely Speaker-Based Condition and Hearer-
Oriented Condition by Trosborgs theory.
1. The Strategy of Speaker-Based Conditions in Request Speech Act
In this kind of request speech act, the speaker places his or her
interest above the hearers. This request becomes more direct in its
demand. There are two strategies used in speaker-based condition. They
are by using whises or desires and needs or demands. In this research, the
24
25
speaker finds both kinds of those strategies. Therefore, the total data using
this strategy are 7 data. There are 4 data that show the strategy of wishes
or desires and 3 data that show the strategy of needs or demands. The
description of each strategy of speaker-based conditions in request speech
act can be shown in the following table.
Table 4.1. The strategies of speaker-based conditions in request speech act
Kinds of strategies Datum Number Number of Occurrences
Wishes or desires 01/ F/ SBC/ W/ N, 4
02/ F/ SBC/ W/ N,
07/ F/ SBC/ W/ N,
10/ F/ SBC/ W/ N
Needs or demands 11/F/SBC/ D/ BR, 3
12/ F/ SBC/ D/ BR,
17/ F/SBC/ D/ BR
Total 7
a. Wishes or Desires
In this kind of request, the speakers statement of his/her intention
maybe expressed politely as a wish. There are 8 data of request using
wishes or desires in this research. The following is the description of
each datum showing request by wishes or desires.
1) Datum number : 01/ F/ SBC/ W/ N
Duration : 00:08:39,886 00:08:45,252

26
Context of situation : Elsa wants to invite Anna to play together
by building a snowman with Annas magic. However, Anna does not
want to do it because she is afraid that her magic can hurt Elsa. Elsa
asks Anna by making a request from the outside of Annas room.
Because Anna does not want to come out from her room, Elsa than
becomes curious about what happens to her sister. She wishes her
sister can tell her the reason.
Elsa : I wish you would tell me why
Anna : - (not answering)
The datum above shows that Elsa, as the speaker, is in a
position of control of Anna, as the hearer. Then it is marked by the
use of subject I as the person who needs something from the hearer.
In this context, Elsa wishes Anna to tell her about why Anna always
locks herself in her room and does not want to play with her like
before. Elsa makes a request by using the word wish to make it
polite. Therefore, it can be said that Elsa makes a request to Anna by
showing her wish.
Duration : 00:17:46,437 00:17:47,720
Context of situation : Anna is very happy after hearing that her
sister, Elsa, will be crowned as the Queen of Arendelle tonight. She
then walks around and also dances while singing outside the palace.
When she walks near the sea, she accidentally steps on painting can.
27
She almost falls down but a horse ridden by Hans, the Prince of
Southern Island, helps her. Next, Hans gets off from the horse and
helps her to stand up. But the horse bothers them by stamping on the
boat, so that both of them fall down. Hans feels guilty toward Elsa
and makes a request to forgive him and his horse.
Hans : I'd like to formally apologize for hitting the Princess of
Arendelle. With my horse.
Anna : No. No-no. It's fine.
The datum above shows that Hans as the speaker places her
interest above Anna as the hearer. Hans is in a position of control of
Anna. It is marked by the use of subject I as the person who needs
something from the hearer. In this context, Hans makes request by
showing his desire. Hans wants Anna to forgive him about the
mistake caused by his horse. Hans makes a request by using the
words Would like to to make it acceptable for hearer. From the
datum above, it can be said that Hans makes a request to Anna by
showing his desire.
Duration : 00:25:57,498 00:26:00,421
Context of situation : Because Anna has agreed Hans request to
marry him, Anna and Hans go into the dances floor to meet Elsa.
They ask Elsa for her blessing to their marriage. They ask for it by
using request.
28
Anna and Hans : We would like... your blessing of... our
marriage!
Elsa : Marriage? I'm sorry, I'm confused.
The datum above, the request of speaker-based condition is
expressed by both Anna and Hans. Anna and Hans make a request to
Elsa by showing their wish. It means that Anna and Hans as the
speaker places their interest above Elsa as the hearer. Then it is
marked by the use of subject We as the persons who need
something from the hearer. In this context, Anna and Hans want to
tell something to Elsa that is to get blessing for marrying Anna as her
little sister. Anna and Hans make a request by using the words We
would like to make it polite and acceptable. It can be said that the
speakers use the request rather indirectly by showing their desire.
4) Datum number :10/ F/ SBC/ W/ N
Duration : 00:27:04,101 00:27:08,024
Context of situation : Elsa does not agree with Anna and Hans
marriage. Elsa then wants to leave the party because of Annas
stubbornness. However, Anna still wants to get Elsas blessing for her
marriage before Elsa leaves the party.
Anna : Elsa, please. Please. I cant live like this anymore.
Elsa : Then leave.
From the datum above, Anna as the speaker places her
control of Elsa as the hearer. It is marked by the use of subject I as

29
the person who needs something from the hearer. The word I has in
a position of control in this request. In this context, Anna wants to get
Elsas blessing for her marriage. Anna makes a request by using the
words Please. Please. I to show her wish or desire. It can be said
that Anna makes a request to Elsa rather indirectly by showing her
wish.
b. Needs or Demands
In this request strategy, the speaker expresses his or her
request more blindly as a demand or need. There are 3 data of request
using needs or demands in this research. The following is the
description of each datum showing request by needs or demands.
1) Datum number : 11/ F/ SBC/ D/ BR
Duration : 00:30:24,108 00:30:27,210
Context of situation : Elsa leaves her palace after she did magic
with her hands. All people in palace have known her secret so she
must run away. Anna then chases after her to bring her back to the
palace. Elsa chooses Hans to replace her sister to handle Arendelle for
a moment.
Anna : I need you here to take care of Arendelle.
Hans : On my honor.
interest more blindly above Hans as the hearer. It is marked by the use
30
of subject I has in a position of control in the request. In this
context, Anna wants to hand her palace over to Hans for a moment.
Anna makes a request by using the words I need you here to to
make Hans do her request without rejecting it. It can be said that
Anna makes a request to Hans directly by showing her need.
2) Datum number :12/ F/ SBC/ D/ BR
Duration : 00:39:29,319 00:39:32,081
Context of situation : After Kristoff sings a song at her room,
Anna comes and she makes request to Kristoff that she wants to go to
North Mountain to find her sister, Elsa. At first, Kristoff rejects
Annas request, after that he agrees with Annas plan and they will go
in the morning before sun rises.
Anna : I want you to take me up the North Mountain.
Kristoff : I don't take people places.
interest more blindly above Kristoff as the hearer. Anna has in
position of control in this request. Then it is marked by the use of
subject I as the person who needs something from the hearer. In this
context, Anna wants to him to take her to North Mountain. She wants
to find her sister, Elsa. Anna makes a request by using the words I
want you to to make Kristoff do her request immediately. It can be
said that Anna makes a request to Kristoff directly by showing her
need.
31
3) Datum number :17/ F/ SBC/ D/ BR
Duration : 01:30:03,000 01:30:04,999
Context of situation : After Anna backs to home, she makes
many new rules. One of the rules is to stops make a business with
Weselton because Duke of Weselton has bad motive toward her and
her palace and he has aligned with Hans. Soldiers of Arendelle catch
Duke of Weselton and they will give Duke of Weselton back to his
hometown, but Duke of Weselton does not accept the reality because
he feels as the victim of Hans deed. However the effort of Duke of
Weselton does not succeed, the soldiers then take him back to the
ship.
Duke of Weselton : I demand to see the Queen!
Soldiers of Arendelle : - (not answering)
Chief Minister of Arendelle : Oh I have a message from the
Queen.
From the datum above, Duke of Weselton as the speaker
places her interest more blindly above the soldiers as the hearer. Then
it is marked by the use of subject I as the person who needs
something from the hearer. In this context, Duke of Weselton
demands his soldier of Arendelle to do his request. Duke of Weselton
makes a request by using the words I demand to make the
soldiers of Arendelle do his request without rejecting it. It can be said

32
that Duke of Weselton makes a request to soldiers directly by
showing his demand.
2. The Strategy of Hearer-Oriented Conditions in Request Speech Act
In this kind of request speech act, the hearer is in a position of control
to decide whether or not to perform the request. In this research, there are 10
data showing request of hearer-oriented condition. The data use ability
(willingness) and suggestory formula. There are 5 datum that show the
strategy of willingness or ability and 5 data that show the strategy of
suggestory formulae. The description of each strategy of hearer-oriented
conditions in request speech act can be shown in the following table
Table 4.2. The strategies of hearer-oriented conditions in request speech act
Kinds of strategies in Datum Number Number of
Occurrences
Willingness or ability 03/ F/ SBC/ A/ P, 5
04/ F/ SBC/ A/ P,
05/ F/ SBC/ A/ P,
06/ F/ HBC/ A/ P,
08/ F/ SBC/ A/ P
Suggestory formulae 09/ F/ HBC/ S/ P, 5
13/ F/ HBC/ S/ P,
14/ F/ HBC/ S/ N,
33
15/ F/ HBC/ S/ P,
16/ F/ HBC/ S/ P
Total 10
a) Ability or Willingness
The condition of ability refers to hearers capacity to perform the
desired act. In this research, there is only 5 datum using this kind of
request strategy and it is related to hearers capacity of both physical and
mental.
1) Datum number : 03/ F/ SBC/ A/ P
Duration : 00:23:43,753 00:23:46,650
Context of situation : Anna meets Hans in the dances floor.
Hans helps Anna because Anna almost falls down after Anna and
Elsa have a little trouble. Hans asks Anna to dance with him. After
that, Anna asks Hans to get out from the dances floor. They then get
exciting conversation in the balcony of dances floor.
Anna : Okay, Can I just say something crazy?
Hans : I love crazy.
The datum above shows Anna becomes the speaker and Hans
becomes the hearer, then it is marked by the expression Can I as a
kind of request using hearer-oriented condition which focuses on the
hearers willingness. It means that Hans as the hearer is the person
who will do or refuse the Annas request. In this context, Anna asks
for Hans permission to say something crazy that is to marry him. It

34
can be said that Anna makes a request to Hans by asking for Hans
willingness.
Duration : 00:25:28,732 00:25:30,933
Context of situation : Hans and Anna talk each other in the
balcony. Anna tells Hans why Elsa shuts her out. And then Hans says
that he will not shut her out because Hans has falling in love with her.
Anna also loves him and then Hans asks Anna to marry him.
Hans : Can I say something crazy? Will you marry me?
Anna : Can I just say something even crazier? Yes!
The datum above shows, Hans becomes the speaker and
Anna becomes the hearer, then it is marked by the expression Can I
is a kind of request using hearer-oriented condition which focuses on
the hearers willingness. It means that Anna as the hearer is the
person who will do or refuse Hans request. In this context, Hans asks
for Annas permission to say something crazy that is to marry him. It
can be said that Hans makes a request to Anna by asking for Annas
willingness.
3) Datum number : 05/ F/ HBC/ A/ P
Duration : 00:25:32,976 00:25:35,196
35
From the datum above, it can be said that Hans makes a
request to Anna by asking for Annas willingness. It means that Hans
becomes the speaker and Anna becomes the hearer, then it is marked
by use of object you as the person who will do or refuse the
speakers request, to emphasize the request towards the hearer. In
this context, Hans asks something crazy to Anna that is to marry him.
Hans makes a request to by using the word Will you.... to ask
Annas willingness that is hearers condition both physical and
mental.
Duration : 00:25:53,134 00:25:55,631
using request.
Anna: May I present, Prince Hans of the Southern Isles.
Hans : Your Majesty.
Elsa : - (surprised)
36
The datum shows that Anna becomes the speaker and Elsa
becomes the hearer, then it is marked by the expression May I as a
kind of request using hearer-oriented condition which focuses on the
hearers willingness. It means that Elsa as the hearer is the person
who will do or refuse the Annas request. In this context, Anna asks
for Elsas permission to present Hans and to give her blessing to their
marriage. It can be said that Anna makes a request to Elsa rather
directly by asking for Elsas willingness.
Duration : 00:26:28,606 00:26:31,991
Context of situation : Elsa does not agree with Annas plan to
marry Hans. Anna thinks that their marriage is to sudden because they
know each other not too long ago. Elsa then wants to talk with Anna
without Hans about Anna and Hanss plan by using a request.
Elsa : May I talk to you, please? Alone.
Anna : No. Whatever you have to say, you... you can say to both
of us.
From the datum above, it can be said that Elsa makes a
request to Anna by asking for Annas willingness. It means that Elsa
by the expression May I as a kind of request using hearer-oriented
condition which focuses on the hearers willingness. It means that
Anna as the hearer is the person who will do or refuse the Annas
37
request. In this context, Elsa asks for Annas permission to talk with
her alone without Hans that is to discuss about Annas plan to marry
Hans.
b) Suggestory formulae
By using suggestory formulae, the speaker makes his/her request
more tentative and plays down his/her own interest as a beneficinary of
the action. The followings are 5 data using this kind of request strategy.
1. Datum number : 09/ F/ HBC/ S/ P
Duration : 00:26:36,434 00:26:39,511
marry Hans. Anna thinks that their marriage is too sudden because
they know each other not too long ago. She makes a request to Anna
by giving suggestion about her plan of marrying with Hans.
Anna : Fine. You can't marry a man you just metYou Can if
it's true love.
Elsa : Anna, what do you know about true love?
From the datum above, it can be said that Anna makes a
request to Elsa in the form of suggestion. It means that Annabecomes
the speaker and Elsa becomes the hearer, then it is marked by use of
object you as the person who will do or refuse the speakers request,
to emphasize the request towards the hearer. In this context,
Annamakes a request by giving suggestion to Elsa that is not to marry

38
someone who just met. It is shown by the utterance you cant ... you
can if ... .
Duration : 00:53:31,708 00:53:33,507
Context of situation : Anna finds where her sister, Elsa, is hiding.
It is an ice palace in the top of mountain. Anna then opens the door
and makes request to her two companions, Krisstof and Olaf by
suggesting them to wait in front of the door.
Anna : It opened. That's a first. You should probably wait out
here.
Krisstof : What ?
request to Krisstof in the form of suggestion. It means that Anna
becomes the speaker and Krisstof becomes the hearer, then it is
marked by use of object you in the utterance as the person who will
do or refuse the speakers request, to emphasize the request towards
the hearer. In this context, Anna makes a request by giving suggestion
to Krisstof that is to wait in front of the door because Anna wants to
say something privately with her sister meanwhile Krisstof is just a
stranger who wants to help her. The request using suggestory formulae
is marked with the use of modal should in the utterance You should
probably wait out here.
3. Datum number : 14/ F/ HBC/ S/ N

39
Duration : 00:54:38,650 00:54:41,693
Context of situation : Anna apologizes to Elsa for her mistake
about what happened in Arendelle. But, Elsa does not want to blame
Anna and she just wants her to leave. Elsa does not want to cause
Annas condition worse with hermagic.
Elsa : No, it's okay You don't have to apologize. But you
should probably go, please.
Anna : But I just got here.
From the datum above, it can be said that Elsa makes a request
to Anna in the form of suggestion. It means that Elsa becomes the
speaker and Anna becomes the hearer, then it is marked by use of
object you in the utterance as the person who will do or refuse the
speakers request, to emphasize the request towards the hearer. In this
context, Elsa makes a request by giving suggestion to Anna that isto
leaver her alone so that nothing bad will happen again because of her
uncontrolled magic power. The request using suggestory formulae is
marked with the use of modal should in the utterance But you
Duration : 00:58:09,749 00:58:11,099
Context of situation : accidentally Elsas magic comes out and
hurts Anna again. Then, Krisstof helps Anna to stand up and makes a
40
request by suggesting her to go home. Anna refuses to go home
without bringing Elsa back to Arendelle.
Krisstof : Anna, I think we should go.
Anna : No. I'm not leaving without you, Elsa.
From the datum above, it can be said that Krisstof makes a
request to Anna in the form of suggestion. It means that Krisstof
by use of object we in the utterance that refers to both speaker and
hearer. However, the speaker rather uses we than you so that the
hearer will do what he asked though he is also do it too. In this context,
Krisstof makes a request by giving suggestion to Anna that is to go
back to Arrendele so nothing bad happened again to her. The request
using suggestory formulae is marked with the use of modal should in
the utterance Anna, I think we should go.
Duration : 01:01:59,602 01:02:01,573
Context of situation : Krisstof wonders why Annas hair
becomes white. It may be caused by Elsas magic that makes her
Frozen. Anna thinks that her white hair is caused by the snow when
she falls from the cliff. Anna makes a request by suggesting Krisstof
see his hair too because his hair is full of snow. However, Krisstof
does not believe that Annas white hair is caused by snow and keeps
41
saying that her hair is turning white. It means that Annas conditon
worsen.
Anna : Just fell off a cliff. You should see your hair.
Krisstof : No, yours is turning white.
From the datum above, it can be said that Anna makes a request
to Krisstof in the form of suggestion. It means that Anna becomes the
speaker and Krisstof becomes the hearer, then it is marked by use of
object you in the utterance as the person who will do or refuse the
speakers request, to emphasize the request towards the hearer. In this
context, Anna makes a request by giving suggestion to Krisstof that is
to see his hair turning white. On the other hand, Annas hair is actually
turning white naturally not because of the snow like Krisstofs but she
does not believe it. The request using suggestory formulae is marked
with the use of modal should in the utterance You should see your
hair.
B. Types of Politeness Strategy Used to Make a Request Employed by
Characters in Frozen
The researcher uses Brown and Levinsons theory to analyze the
politeness strategy used in Frozen. They propose four kinds of politeness;
namely bald-on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-
record strategy. However, the researcher finds only three of politeness

42
strategies in this research. They are bald-on record, positive politeness, and
negative politeness. The followings is the descriptions of each strategy.
Table 4.3. Types of politeness strategy used to make a request employed by
characters in Frozen
Types of politeness Datum Number Number of
strategies Occurrences
Bald-on record 11/ F/ SBC/ D/ BR, 3
12/ F/ SBC/ D/ BR,
17/ F/SBC/ D/ BR
Positive politeness 03/ F/ SBC/ A/ P, 9
04/ F/ SBC/ A/ P,
05 / F/ HBC/ A/ P
06 / F/ SBC/ A/ P,
08/ F/ SBC/ A/ P,
09/ F/ HBC/ S/ P
13/ F/ HBC/ S/ P
15/ F/ HBC/ S/ P,
16/ F/ HBC/ S/ P
Negative Politeness 01/ F/ SBC/ W/ N, 5
02/ F/ SBC/ W/ N,
07/ F/ SBC/ W/ N,
10/ F/ SBC/ W/ N,
43
14/ F/ HBC/ S/ N,
Off record - -
Total 17
1. Bald-on Record
In this research, there are only 3 data of request of speaker-based
condition using bald on record strategy. Bald-on record strategy does not
attempt to minimize the threat to hearers face. Brown and Levinson state
that speaker mostly uses bald-on record strategy when he wants to do FTA
(Face Threatening Acts) with maximum efficiency toward the hearers
face. This strategy will make the hearer feels uncomfortable. This strategy
is a direct way of saying things, without any minimization to the
imposition, in a direct, clear, unambiguous, and concise way. This strategy
is employed by the characters in some occasion, they are emergency
situation and unequal power relationship.
Duration : 00:30:24,108 00:30:27,210
Context of situation : Elsa leaves her palace after she did magic
with her hands. All people in palace have known her secret so she must
run away. Anna then chases after her to bring her back to the palace.
Elsa chooses Hans to replace her sister to handle Arendelle for a
moment.
44
Anna : I need you here to take care of Arendelle.
Hans : On my honor.
request to Hans by using politeness of bald-on record strategy. Anna
as the speaker does not try to minimize the threat to Hans face as the
hearer. When making a request, Anna wants to do FTA (Face
Threatening Acts) with maximum efficiency toward Hans face. Bald-
on record strategy is marked by using the expression I need you here
to . so that this strategy will make Hans feels uncomfortable and
cannot reject Annas request. Anna makes request directly, without
any minimization to the imposition because the conversation happens
in an emergency situation.
Duration : 00:39:29,319 00:39:32,081
Context of situation : After Kristoff sings a song at her room,
Anna comes and makes request to Kristoff that she wants to go to
North Mountain to find her sister, Elsa. At first, Kristoff rejects
Annas request, after that he agrees with Annas plan and they will go
in the morning before sun rises.
Anna : I want you to take me up the North Mountain.
Kristoff : I don't take people places.
request to Kristoff by using politeness of bald-on record strategy.

45
Anna as the speaker does not try to minimize the threat to Kristoffs
face as the hearer. When making a request, Anna wants to do FTA
(Face Threatening Acts) with maximum efficiency toward Kristoffs
face. Bald-on record strategy is marked by using the expression I
want you to. so that this strategy will make Kristoff feels
uncomfortable and cannot reject Annas request. Anna makes request
directly, without any minimization to the imposition because of
unequal power between Anna and Kristoff. Anna has a power as the
Princess of Arendelle while Kristoff is just a true outdoorsman. He
lives high up in the mountains where he harvests ice and sells it to the
kingdom of Arendelle.
Duration : 01:30:03,000 01:30:04,999
Context of situation : After Anna goes back home, she makes
many new rules. One of the rules is to stop making a business with a
Duke of Weselton because he has bad motive toward her and her
palace and he has aligned with Hans. Soldiers of Arendelle catch
Duke of Weselton and they will give Duke of Weselton back to his
hometown, but Duke of Weselton does not accept the reality because
he feels as the victim of Hans doing. However the effort of Duke of
Weselton does not succeed, the soldiers then take him back to the
ship.
Duke of Weselton : I demand to see the Queen!

46
Soldiers of Arendelle : - (not answering)
Chief Minister of Arendelle : Oh I have a message from the
Queen.
From the datum above, it can be said that Duke of Weselton
makes a request to the soldiers of Arendelle by using politeness of
bald-on record strategy. Duke of Weselton as the speaker does not try
to minimize the threat to soldiers face as the hearer. When making a
request, Duke of Weselton wants to do FTA (Face Threatening Acts)
with maximum efficiency toward the soldiers face. Bald-on record
strategy is marked by using the expression I demand you. so that
this strategy will make the soldiers feel uncomfortable and cannot
reject Duke of Weseltons request. Duke of Weselton makes request
directly and briefly, without any minimization to the imposition
because of unequal power between Duke of Weselton and the
soldiers. Duke of Weselton has higher position than the soldier.
2. Positive Politeness
In this research, there are 9 data of request of speaker-based condition
using positive politeness. Positive politeness provides an attempt to
minimize the damage to the hearers face. This strategy is intended to
avoid the conflict and to minimize the social distance between the speaker
and the hearer. There are some indication of positive politeness strategy,
47
such as requesting through friendship or family, seeking agreement, and
avoiding disagreement.
Duration : 00:23:43,753 --> 00:23:46,650
Context of situation : Anna meets Hans in the dance floor. Hans
helps Anna because Anna almost falls down after Anna and Elsa have
a little trouble. Hans asks Anna to dance with him. After that, Anna
asks Hans to get out from the dances floor. They then get exciting
conversation in the balcony of dances floor.
Anna : Okay, Can I just say something crazy?
request to Hans by using politeness of positive strategy. Positive
politeness applied by Anna as the speaker provides an attempt to
minimize the damage to Hans face as the hearer. This strategy is
between the speaker and the hearer. Anna is the princess of Arendelle
while Hans is the prince of Northern Island. Both of them have not
known each other yet but they fall in love. Hans wants to express his
love first by requesting permission to Anna. This strategy is marked
by the expression Can I ? in order to make the request more
polite to hear than it is said directly. Besides, she wants to seek an
agreement from Hans. Anna wants to request something from Hans

48
that is a permission to say something crazy. As a result, Hans accepts
Annas request.
2) Datum number : 04/ F/ SBC/ A/P
Duration : 00:25:28,732 00:25:30,933
Context of situation : Hans and Anna talk to each other in the
balcony. Anna tells Hans why Elsa chases her away. And then Hans
says that he will not chase her away because Hans has falling in love
with her. Anna also loves him and then Hans asks Anna to marry him.
request to Anna by using politeness of positive strategy. Positive
politeness applied by Hans as the speaker provides an attempt to
minimize the damage to Annas face as the hearer. This strategy is
known each other yet but they fall in love. Hans wants to express his
love first by requesting permission to Anna. This strategy is marked by
the expression Can I ? in order to make the request more polite to
hear than it is said directly. Besides, he wants to seek an agreement
from Anna. Hans wants to request something from Anna that is a

49
permission to say something crazy about proposing her. As a result,
Anna accepts Hanss request to marry him.
3) Datum number : 05/ F/ HBC/ A/ P
Duration : 00:25:32,976 00:25:35,196
politeness applied by Hans as the speaker provides an attempt to
minimize the damage to Annas face as the hearer. This strategy is
known each other yet but they fall in love. Hans wants to express her
love first by requesting permission to Anna. This strategy is marked
by the expression Will you ? in order to make the request more
polite to hear than it is said directly. Besides, he wants to seek an
agreement from Anna. Hans wants to request something from Anna

50
that is a permission to say something crazy about proposing her. As a
result, Anna accepts Hanss request to marry him.
Duration : 00:25:57,498 00:26:00,421
using request.
Anna : May I present, Prince Hans of the Southern Isles.
request to Elsa by using politeness of positive strategy. Positive
minimize the damage to Elsa face as the hearer. This strategy is
between the speaker and the hearer. Anna is Elsas little sister and
also Elsa is the queen of Arrendele. This strategy is marked by the
expression May I present? in order to make the request more
polite to hear than it is said directly. Besides, she wants to seek an
agreement from Elsa. Anna wants to introduce Hans to Elsa as her
boyfriend. However, Elsa feels surprised because Elsa had just known
51
him not too long ago and then she wants to introduce him as her
future husband.
Duration : 00:26:28,606 00:26:31,991
marry Hans. Anna thinks that their marriage is to sudden because they
know each other not too long ago. Elsa than wants to talk with Anna
without Hans about Anna and Hanss plan by using a request.
Elsa : May I talk to you, please? Alone.
Anna : No. Whatever you have to say, you... you can say to both
of us.
From the datum above, it can be said that Elsa makes a
politeness applied by Elsa as the speaker provides an attempt to
minimize the damage to Anna face as the hearer. This strategy is
also Elsa is the queen of Arendelle. This strategy is marked by the
expression May I talk? in order to make the request more polite
to hear than it is said directly. Elsa wants to talk to Anna alone. As a
result, Anna accepts Elsas request.
6) Datum number : 09/ F/ HBC/ S/ P
Duration : 00:26:36,434 00:26:39,511

52
marry Hans. Anna thinks that their marriage is too sudden because
they know each other not too long ago. She makes a request to Anna
by giving suggestion about her plan of marrying with Hans.
Anna : Fine. You can't marry a man you just metYou can if
it's true love.
Elsa : Anna, what do you know about true love?
request to Elsa by showing her suggestion using positive politeness.
In this case, Anna has position as the speaker and Elsa is as the
hearer. Then, positive politeness is marked by the use of modal can/
cant in the utterance You can't marry a man you just metYou can
if it's true love as a form of suggestion so the hearer is willing to do
what the speaker said. In this context, Anna wants Elsa not to marry
Hans by giving suggestion.
Duration : 00:53:31,708 00:53:33,507
Context of situation : Anna finds where her sister, Elsa, is hiding.
It is an ice palace in the top of mountain. Anna then opens the door
and makes request to her two companions, Krisstof and Olaf by
suggesting them to wait in front of the door.
Anna : It opened. That's a first. You should probably wait out
here.
53
Krisstof : What ?
request to Kristoff by showing her suggestion using positive
politeness. In this case, that Anna becomes the speaker and Kristoff
becomes the hearer. Then, positive politeness is marked by the use of
modal should in the utterance You should probably wait out here.
In this context, Anna wants Krisstof as the hearer to wait in front of
the door when Anna enters the palace to meet Elsa.
Duration : 00:58:09,749 - 00:58:11,099
Context of situation : accidentally Elsas magic comes out and
hurts Anna again. Then, Krisstof helps Anna to stand up and makes a
request by suggesting her to go home. Anna refuses to go without
bringging Elsa back to Arendelle.
Krisstof : Anna, I think we should go.
Anna : No. I'm not leaving without you, Elsa.
From the datum above, it can be said that Krisstof makes a
request to Anna by showing her suggestion. In this case, Kristoff
becomes the speaker and Anna becomes the hearer. Then, positive
politeness is marked by the use of modal should in the utterance
Anna, I think we should go. In this context, krisstof gives suggestion
to Anna to go home because of Elsas magic can hurt Anna again.
But, Anna refuses Krisstofs suggestion.

54
Duration : 01:01:59,602 --> 01:02:01,573
Context of situation : krisstof wonders why Annas hair becomes
white. It may be caused by Elsas magic that makes her Frozen.
Anna thinks that her white hair is caused by the snow when she falls
from the cliff. Anna makes a request by suggesting Krisstof see his
hair too because his hair is full of snow. However, Krisstof does not
believe that Annas white hair is caused by snow and keeps saying
that her hair is turning white. It means that Annas conditon worsen.
Anna : Just fell off a cliff. You should see your hair.
Elsa : No, yours is turning white.
request to Elsa by showing her suggestion. In this case, Anna
becomes the speaker and Elsa becomes the hearer. Then, positive
politeness is marked by the use of modal should in the utterance
You should see your hair. In this context, Anna gives suggestion to
Elsa to see her hair becomes white. She remembers Kristoffs said
about her hair is turning white because of Elsas magic.
3. Negative Politeness
In this research, there are 4 data of request of speaker-based condition
using negative politeness. Negative politeness attends to a persons
negative face needs, which appeals to the hearers desire not to be

55
impeded or put upon and to be left free to act as they want. This strategy is
to express respect and consideration. There are some indication of
negative politeness strategy, such asformality in language use, apoligizing,
and giving respect.
Duration : 00:08:39,886 00:08:45,252
Context of situation : Elsa wants to invite Anna to play together
by building a snowman with Annas magic. However, Anna does not
want to do it because she is afraid that her magic can hurt Elsa. Elsa
asks Anna by making a request from the outside of Annas room.
Because Anna does not want to come out from her room, Elsa than
becomes curious about what happens to her sister. She wishes her
sister can tell her the reason.
Elsa : I wish you would tell me why
From the datum above, the speaker makes a request and
applies negative politeness.Elsa as the speaker uses negative
politeness by using expression I wish you would to express Elsas
respect and consideration towards Anna as the hearer. By telling her
wish to make a request, Elsa has applied negative politeness so that
Anna can grant it willingly. Elsa wants Anna to tell her why she does
not want to play together like before. However, Anna does not
respond it and she feels guilty towards Elsa.

56
Duration : 00:17:46,437 00:17:47,720
Context of situation : Anna is very happy after hearing that her
sister, Elsa, will be crowned as the Queen of Arendelle tonight. She
then walks around and also dances while singing outside the palace.
When she walks near the sea, she accidentally steps on painting can.
She almost falls down but a horse ridden by Hans, the Prince of
Southern Island, helps her. Next, Hans gets off from the horse and
helps her to stand up. But the horse bothers them by stamping on the
boat, so that both of them fall down. Hans feels guilty toward Anna
and makes a request to forgive him and his horse.
Hans : I'd like to formally apologize for hitting the Princess of
Arendelle. With my horse.
From the datum above, the speaker makes a request and
applies negative politeness.Hans as the speaker uses negative
politeness by using expression Id like to to express Hanss
respect and consideration towards Anna as the hearer. By telling his
wish to request forgiveness, Hans has applied negative politeness so
that Anna can grant it willingly. Hans wants to apologize to Anna
because his horse has hit Anna until she almost falls down.
Duration : 00:25:53,134 00:25:55,631

57
using request.
Anna and Hans : We would like... your blessing of... our
marriage!
Elsa : Marriage? I'm sorry, I'm confused.
request to Elsa by using politeness of positive strategy. Positive
minimize the damage to Elsa face as the hearer. This strategy is
also Elsa is the queen of Arendelle. Meanwhile, Hans is the prince of
Northern Island. This strategy is marked by the expression We
would like to? in order to make the request more polite to hear
than it is said directly. Besides, she wants to seek an agreement from
Elsa. Anna wants to get permission to get married with Hans.
Duration : 00:27:04,101 00:27:08,024
Context of situation : Elsa does not agree with Anna and Hans
marriage. Elsa then wants to leave the party because of Annas

58
stubbornness. However, Anna still wants to get Elsas blessing for her
marriage before Elsa leaves the party.
Anna : Elsa, please. Please. I cant live like this anymore.
Elsa : Then leave.
From the datum above, the speaker makes a request and applies
negative politeness.Anna as the speaker uses negative politeness by
using expression Please. Please to express Annas respect and
consideration towards Elsa as the hearer. By telling her wish to
request a blessing for her marriage, Anna has applied negative
politeness so that Elsa can grant it willingly. However, Elsa does not
agree with Annas plan because Elsa has not known Elsas future
husband yet.
5) Datum number : 14/ F/ HBC/ S/ N
Duration : 00:54:38,650 00:54:41,693
Context of situation : Anna apologizes to Elsa for her mistake
about what happened in Arendelle. But, Elsa does not want to blame
Anna and she justwants her to leave. Elsa does not want to cause
Annas condition worse with hermagic.
Elsa : No, it's okay You don't have to apologize. But you
Anna : But I just got here.
From the datum above, the speaker makes a request using
suggestion and applies negative politeness. Elsa as the speaker uses

59
negative politeness towards the hearer by using expression
should, please to express Elsas deep request towards Anna. In
this context, Elsa does not want to blame Anna and she just wants her
to leave her alone. She also does not want to cause Annas condition
worse with her magic. By using negative politeness with the utterance
., please, Elsa wants Anna to grant her suggestion for the sake of
Anna willingly.
c) Discussion
Based on Frozen, the researcher found 17 data showing request
spech act. They are 7 data showing request of speaker-based condition and
10 data showing request of hearer-oriented condition.
In speaker-based condition, the speaker places his/her interest
aboves the hearers, this request becomes more direct in its demand. The 7
data are then categorized into two kinds of speaker-based condition in
request. They are speaker-based condition using wishes or desires and
speaker-based condition using demands or needs.
In using wishes, the speakers statement of his/her intention is
expressed more politely than using demands or needs. Generally, most
data of request in speaker-based condition are expressed using wishes or
desires than demands or needs. It is because most data of request happen
in formal situation. The data using wishes or desires are marked by the use
of expression, such as I wish you, Id like to., we would like to.
Meanwhile, demands or needs are used when the speaker makes a request
60
more blindly as something that must be granted by the hearer. The data are
marked by the expression, such as I need you to and I want you to.
Politeness strategy used by the characters of the movie is also
analyzed and categorized, based on Brown and Levinsons theory.
However, the researcher only finds three types of politeness strategy. They
are bald-on record, positive politeness, and negative politeness. The
researcher does not find speaker-based condition in request using off-
record strategy because the request is applied by placing the speakers
interest above the hearer. On the other hand, off-record strategy is applied
by avoiding the responsibility for doing FTA. As stated by Brown and
Levinson (1987: 211), this strategy is used when the speaker wants to
damage anothers face without any responsibility of doing it, by leaving it
up to the hearers to be interpreted by themselves.
Bald-on record strategy in request used by the characters in the
movie does not attempt to minimize the threat to hearers face. The
speakers want to do FTA (Face Threatening Acts) with maximum
efficiency toward the hearers face so this strategy will make the hearer
feels uncomfortable. Most characters use this strategy in a direct way of
saying things, without any minimization to the imposition. This strategy
employed by the characters is found in some occasion, such as in
emergency situation and unequal power relationship. In emergency
situation, the speaker tends to make a request directly. Meanwhile,
unequal power relationship causes the speaker use bald on record strategy
61
because the speaker who has higher position tends to ask for something or
make a request directly to the hearer who has lower position. Some data
showing bald on record strategy are marked by the expression like I need
you here to., I want you to , and I demand to
Positive politeness used by the characters provides an attempt to
minimize the damage to the hearers face. The speaker wants to avoid the
conflict and to minimize the social distance between the speaker and the
hearer. There are some indication of positive politeness strategy applied in
request using speaker-based condition in this movie, such asrequesting
something to friend or family and then seeking agreement. Some data
showing positive politeness are marked by the expression like Can I.
and May I.
Negative politeness is applied by considering hearers desire not to be
impeded. The characters use this strategy to express respect and
consideration. There are some indication of negative politeness strategy
used in request of speaker-based condition, such as formality in language
use, apoligizing, and giving respect. Some data showing negative
politeness are marked by the expression like I wish you would., Id
like to formally apologize, We would like and Please, please
In hearer-oriented condition, the hearer is in a position of control to
decide whether or not to perform the speakers request. The 10 data are
then categorized into two kinds of hearer-oriented condition in request.
They are hear-based condition using ability (willingness) and suggestory

62
formula. There are 5 data that shows the strategy of willingness or ability
and 5 data that show the strategy of suggestory formulae.
In accordance withability or willingness in request, the speaker
focuses on the hearers condition or capacity to perform the desired act.
Based on the analysis result, the researcher only finds one type of ability
(willingness). It is the inherent capacity of the hearer both physical and
mental. It is shown in the utterance will you marry me?. The use of
modal will and the addressee you are related to the hearers ability or
willingness towards the speakers request. Besides, the speaker also uses
other expression like Can I and May I as a request to get hearers
permission.
Meanwhile, in request by using suggestory formulae the speaker
makes his/her request more tentative and plays down his/her own interest
as a beneficinary of the action. Based on the analysis results, this strategy
is dominantly used by the characters of the film. This strategy is marked
by the use of modal can and should in the utterance. It seems the
request is not clearly shown by the speaker because she/he uses suggestion
to replace her/his request, so it can be said that the request in this context
is tentative.
In the request of hearer-oriented condition, politeness strategy used
by the characters of the movie just consists of two kinds, they are positive
politeness and negative politeness. Bald-on record strategy is not applied
by the speaker in such kind of request because the request is expressed

63
more politely. Besides, the speaker also does not use off-record strategy
because in hearer-oriented condition he/she expresses the request less
indirectly by using modality (can or should).
There are some indication of positive politeness strategy applied in
request using hearer-oriented condition in this movie, such as requesting
something to someone and then seeking agreement. Some data showing
positive politeness are marked by the expression like Will you.....?,you
can/ cannot., you should, and we shouldso the speaker does not
threaten the hearers face. The speaker asks for the hearers ability or
willingness politely to seek agreement.
Negative politeness is applied in hearer-oriented condition by
considering hearers desire not to be blocked. There are some indication of
negative politeness strategy used in this kind of request, such as formality
in language useand giving respect. There is only one datum showing
negative politeness in this research in accordance with hearer-oriented
condition, marked by the expression you should......, please. The word
please is used by the speaker to express his/her respect and consideration
towards the hearer. As a result, the hearer aggrees to do what the speaker
suggests to the him or her.

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
There are two problems stated in the problem formulation. First is the type
of request speech act of speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented condition
applied in Frozen and the second is the type of politeness strategy used in each
request of speaker-based condition.
To solve the first problem, the researcher conducted the analysis by
applying the theory of request and politeness strategy using pragmatic approach.
By using the theory of request, the researcher found 4 types of request speech
acts. They are indirect request, hearer-oriented condition, speaker-based
condition, and direct request. However, the researcher only used the data of
request of speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented condition to limit the data
analysis.
In speaker-based condition,the researcher found the data of request of both
wishes or desires and needs or demands. Most data use the request of speaker-
based condition in the form of wishes or desires than needs or demands. It is
because the conversations applied by the characters mostly happen in formal
situation. Meanwhile, demands or needs are used when the speaker makes a
request more blindly as something that must be granted by the hearer.
In hearer-oriented condition,the researcher found the data of request of
both ability or willingness and suggestory formula. Most data use the request
ofhearer-oriented condition in the form of suggestory formula than ability or
64
65
willingness. It is because the conversations applied by the characters mostly
happened in bad situation. Meanwhile, ability or willingness is used when the
speaker makes a request in a formal situation.
Lastly, the researcher analyzed politeness strategy used by the characters
of the movie. However, the researcher only found three types of politeness
strategies. They are bald-on record, positive politeness, and negative politeness.
The researcher did not find off-record strategy in speaker-based condition and
hearer-oriented conditionof request because the speaker-based condition of
request is applied by placing the speakers interest above the hearer, by using
subject I or we while the hearer-oriented condition of request is applied by
placing the hearers interest above the speaker, by using subject you or we. On
the other hand, off-record strategy is applied by avoiding the responsibility for
doing face threatening act (FTA). This strategy is used when the speaker wants to
damage anothers face without any responsibility of doing it, so it will not
appropriate if it is applied in request of speaker-based condition or hearer-oriented
condition.
The politeness strategies frequently used in request of both speaker-based
condition and hearer-oriented condition are positive and negative politeness.
Positive politeness used by the characters provides an attempt to minimize the
damage to the hearers face. The speaker wants to avoid the conflict and to
minimize the social distance between the speaker and the hearer. Negative
politeness is applied by considering hearers desire not to be impeded. The
characters use this strategy to express respect and consideration. Bald-on record
66
strategy in request used by the characters in the movie does not attempt to
minimize the threat to hearers face. This strategy employed by the characters is
found in some occasion, such as in emergency situation and unequal power
relationship. In emergency situation, the speaker tends to make a request directly.
Meanwhile, unequal power relationship causes the speaker use bald on record
strategy because the speaker who has higher position tends to ask for something
or make a request directly to the hearer who has lower position.
From this study, the researcher realizes that there is a close relation
between the use of request speech act of speaker-based condition and hearer-
oriented condition, and politeness strategy with the factors influencing it. There
are some possibilities of finding of many other studies. The researcher hopes that
the result of this research can be used for other researcher as a reference to assist
them to overcome the problem in analyzing request speech act using speaker
based condition. This research is expected to be beneficial for other researchers
who want to conduct a deeper research about request speech act particularly
speaker-based condition or hearer-oriented condition in relation with politeness
strategy.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Brown, P and Levinson, S. C. Politeness: Some Universals in Language

Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
Ciptaningrum, V. N. Politeness Strategies Applied in Directive Speech

Acts According to The Interpersonal Relationships in The IT
Crowd : Moss and The German. Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata
Dharma University, 2011.
Culpeper, J. Towards An Anatomy of Impoliteness. Journal of Pragmatics

25: 349-367, 1996.
Kothari, C. R. Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. New

Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd., Publisher, 1990.
Leech, G. Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman, 1983.
Lenvinson, S. C. Pragmatics. London: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
Milles, M. B & A. M. Huberman. Qualitative Data Analysis: A Source of

New Methods. Beverly Hills: Sage Publication, 1984.
Moleong, L. J. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Remaja Rasda

Karya, 2000.
Searle J.R. (ed.). The Philosophy of Language. Oxford: Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press. 1969.
Thomas, J. Meaning In Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics.

London and New York: Longman, 1995.
Trosborg, A. Interlanguage Pragmatics: Requests, Complaints and

Apologies. Berlin, New York: Mouton Gruyter, 1995.
Tsui, A. B. M. English Conversation. Oxford: Oxford University Press,

1994.
67
68
Wijana, I Dewa Putu. Dasar-dasar Pragmatik. Yogyakarta: Duta Wacana

University Press, 1996.
Yule, George. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

APPENDICES
69
70
Appendix 1: The Synopsis of Film
Frozen is animated film for children which was producedby Peter Del
Vecho in 2013. It was directed by Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee
(http://www.dove.org/review/10157-Frozen/ accesed in January 10th,
2016). This film tells about the two princesses, Elsa and Anna, are
inseparable as children. Elsa, the elder, has magic powers. She can create
snow and ice from her fingers, which is a lot of fun indoors in the palace,
until she zaps her sister's head, almost killing her. The king and queen
consult the elves in the forest, who tell them to separate the sisters. When
she wakes up, Anna has no memory of what happened. She just knows she's
not allowed to see Elsa any more. A few years later, Elsa leaves the
kingdom after a mishap that brings on a seemingly permanent winter freeze.
Anna sets off to find her, with the aid of a handsome but not terribly quick-
witted ice-cutting farmer, Kristoff. Prince Hans, Anna's fiance, sets about his
dastardly plan to take over the kingdom.
(http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/Frozen-review-a-tale-of-
fire-and-ice-20131225-2zw8z.html/ accesed in January 10th, 2016).

Apppendix 2: Data
Condition Politeness Strategy

No. Datum Number Utterance Speaker-based Hearer-oriented
Wishes/ Needs/ Ability Suggestory Bald Positive Negative Off
desires demands formulae on politeness politeness Record
Record
1 01/ F/ SBC/ W Elsa : I wish you would tell
me why
Explanation:
Elsa wants to invite Anna to play together by building a snowman with Annas magic. However, Anna does not want to do it because she is afraid that
her magic can hurt Elsa. Elsa asks Anna by making a request from the outside of Annas room. Because Anna does not want to come out from her
room, Elsa than becomes curious about what happens to her sister. She makes request by telling her wish that her sister can tell her the reason.
2 02/ F / SBC/ W Hans : I'd like to formally
apologize for hitting the
Princess of Arendelle.
With my horse.
Explanation:
Anna is very happy after hearing that her sister, Elsa, will be crowned as the Queen of Arendelle tonight. She then walks around and also dances while
singing outside the palace. When she walks near the sea, she accidentally steps on painting can. She almost falls down but a horse ridden by Hans, the
Prince of Southern Island, helps her. Next, Hans gets off from the horse and helps her to stand up. But the horse bothers them by stamping on the boat,
so that both of them fall down. Hans feels guilty toward Elsa and makes a request to forgive him and his horse.
3 03/ F / SBC/ W Anna : Okay, Can I just say
something crazy?
Explanation:
Anna meets Hans in the dances floor. Hans helps Anna because Anna almost falls down after Anna and Elsa have a little trouble. Hans asks Anna to
dance with him. After that, Anna asks Hans to get out from the dasnces floor. They then get exciting conversation in the balcony of dances floor.
4 04/ F / SBC/ W Hans : Can I say something
crazy? Will you marry
71
72
me?
Anna : Can I just say something
even crazier? Yes!
Explanation:
Hans and Anna talk each other in the balcony. Anna tells Hans why Elsa shuts her out. And then Hans says that he will not shut her out because Hans
has falling in love with her. Anna also loves him and then Hans asks Anna to marry him.
5 05/ F / HBC/ A Hans : Can I say something

crazy? Will you marry
me?
Anna : Can I just say something
even crazier? Yes!
Explanation:
Hans and Anna talk each other in the balcony. Anna tells Hans why Elsa shuts her out. And then Hans says that he will not shut her out because Hans
has falling in love with her. Anna also loves him and then Hans asks Anna to marry him.
6 06/ F / SBC/ W Anna : May I present, Prince
Hans of the Southern
Isles.
Explanation:
Because Anna has agreed Hans request to marry him, Anna and Hans go into the dances floor to meet Elsa. They ask Elsa for her blessing to their
marriage. They ask for it by using request
7 07/ F / SBC/ W Anna and Hans :
We would like... your blessing
of... our marriage!
Elsa :
Marriage? I'm sorry, I'm
confused.
73
Explanation:
Because Anna has agreed Hans request to marry him, Anna and Hans go into the dances floor to meet Elsa. They ask Elsa for her blessing to their
marriage. They ask for it by using request.
8 08/ F/ SBC/ W Elsa : May I talk to you,
please? Alone.
Anna : No. Whatever you have
to say, you... you can say
to both of us.
Explanation:
Elsa does not agree with Annas plan to marry Hans. Anna thinks that their marriage is to sudden because they know each other not too long ago. Elsa
than wants to talk with Anna without Hans about Anna and Hanss plan by using a request.
09 09/ F / HBC/ S Anna : Fine. You can't marry a
man you just metYou
Can if it's true love.
Elsa : Anna, what do you
know about true love?
Explanation:
Elsa does not agree with Annas plan to marry Hans. Anna thinks that their marriage is too sudden because they know each other not too long ago. She
makes a request to Anna by giving suggestion about her plan of marrying with Hans.
10 10/ F/ SBC/ W Anna : Elsa, please. Please. I
cant live like this
anymore.
Elsa : Then leave.
Explanation:
Elsa does not agree with Anna and Hans marriage. Elsa then wants to leave the party because of Annas stubbornness. However, Anna still wants to get
Elsas blessing for her marriage before Elsa leaves the party.
11 11/ F/ SBC/ D Anna : I need you here to take
care of Arendelle.
Hans : On my honor.
74
Explanation:
Elsa leaves her palace after she did magic with her hands. All people in palace have known her secret so she must run away. Anna then chases after her
to bring her back to the palace. Elsa chooses Hans to replace her sister to handle Arendelle for a moment.
12 12/ F/ SBC/ D Anna : I want you to take me
up the North Mountain.
Kristoff : I don't take people
places.
Explanation:
After Kristoff sings a song at her room, Anna come and she makes request to Kristoff that she wants to go to North Mountain to find her sister, Elsa. At
first, Kristoff rejects Annas request, after that he agrees with Annas plan and they will go in the morning before sun rises.
13 13/ F / HBC/ S Anna :It opened. That's a first.
You should probably
wait out here.
Krisstof : What?
Explanation:
Anna finds where her sister, Elsa, is hiding. It is an ice palace in the top of mountain. Anna then opens the door and makes request to her two
companions, Krisstof and Olaf by suggesting them to wait in front of the door.
14 14/ F / HBC/ S Anna : No, it's okay You don't
have to apologize. But
you shouldprobably go,
please.
Elsa `: But I just got here.
Explanation:
Anna apologizes to Elsa for her mistake about what happened in Arendelle. But, Elsa does not want to blame Anna and she justwants her to leave. Elsa
does not want to cause Annas condition worse with hermagic.
15 15/ F / HBC/ S Krisstof : Anna, I think we
should go.
Anna : No. I'm not leaving
without you, Elsa.
75
Explanation:
Accidentally Elsas magic comes out and hurts Anna again. Then, Krisstof helps Anna to stand up and makes a request by suggesting her to go home.
Anna refuses to go home without bringing Elsa back to Arendelle.
16 16/ F / HBC/ S Anna :`Just fell off a cliff. You
should see your hair.
Elsa : No, yours is turning white.
Explanation:
17 17/ F/ SBC/ D Duke of Weselton :
I demand to see the Queen!
Soldiers of Arendelle :
- (not answering)
Chief minister of Arendelle:Oh I
have a message from the Queen.
Explanation:
Krisstof wonders why Annas hair becomes white. It may be caused by Elsas magic that makes her Frozen. Anna thinks that her white hair is
caused by the snow when she falls from the cliff. Anna makes a request by suggesting Krisstof see his hair too because his hair is full of snow.
However, Krisstof does not believe that Annas white hair is caused by snow and keeps saying that her hair is turning white. It means that Annas
conditon worsen.

Analysis Frozen

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Analysis Frozen

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ANALYSIS OF REQUESTING SPEECH ACT

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM

ANALYSIS OF REQUESTING SPEECH ACT

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM

thesis could not be completed. Therefore, I would like to express my gratitude to

those who have supported and helped me in finishing my undergraduate thesis.

I would like to deliver thanks to my advisor, Adventina Putranti, S.S.,

my undergraduate thesis. I would like also thank my co- advisor, Wedhowerti,

S.Pd., M.Hum., for the detailed correction and valuable input.

friendship. I treasure every moment we spend together.

Karana Lintang Cahya

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA

A. Background of the Study

Language is one of important things in the world. If there is no language,

there will be no communication from one people to another. Without

communication, we do not know what happens around our environment.

Communication is also one way to us to deliver or express our ideas and

Speech act is the smallest unit of language communication. According to

directive, commissive, declarative, and expressive. The most frequently speech

relationship between the structural forms and communicative functions. A

direct speech act refers to utterances whose meaning can be understood

through linguistic forms, while indirect speech act is used to show an

appropriate level of politeness in communication.

Speech acts play an important role in daily communication, for example

requesting. Requesting speech act sometimes is used directly or indirectly in

express it by uttering requesting, asking, greeting, giving information,

complaining, offering, and criticizing. Besides, there are many factors

influencing the relationships among the participants' request behaviors, such as

speech act which the researcher finds in Frozen (2013) .

The King : Please... Help!My daughter!

Grand Pabbie : Cuties. I'm gonna keep you.

In the dialogue above, the King requests to Grand Pabbie by saying

comforting his daughter by saying Cuties. I'm gonna keep you.

The King also applies politeness strategy called negative politeness

between the Kings request behaviors towards Grand Pabbie is because of

Based on the example above, I am interested in analyzing the requesting

speech act in Frozen by Walt Disney. Therefore, I conduct a research entitled

Analysis Of Requesting Speech Act In The Movie Frozen By Walt Disney.

The problem formulation in this research is:

1. What strategies of request expression of speaker-based condition and

hearer-oriented condition are employed by characters in Frozen?

2. What types of politeness strategy are used to make a request employed by

C. Objectives of the Study

The objectives of studying this research are:

1. To describe the types of request expression of speaker- based condition and

hearer-oriented condition employed by characters in Frozen.

2. To describe the types of politeness strategy used to make a request

employed by characters in Frozen.

The analysis in this research provides some definitions of Speech

act, Request, and Politeness to make it clear and to avoid ambiguity.

basic minimal unit of linguistic comunication are speech acts. Meanwhile,

Request is an illocutionary act whereby a speaker convise a hearer to peform

an act which is for the benefiit of the speaker.

Brown and Levinson (1987: 13) define politeness as a complex

politeness is strategic conflic avoidance which can be measured in terms of

politeness is defined as using communicative strategies to create and maintain

social harmony as stated by Culpeper (1996: 349). Politeness can be done in

A. Review of Related Studies

about discussing the analysis of directive speech act.

The first undergraduate thesis entitled Politeness Strategies Applied in

Directive Speech Acts According to The Interpersonal Relationships in The

IT Crowd: Moss and The German by Ciptaningrum (2011) from Sanata

speech acts (request, suggestion, comment, prohibition, and invitation), four