Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Acute Gouty out is one of the most common types of inflammatory joint
Arthritis with a
Polyherbal
Unani
G
diseases; affects an estimated 1-1.5% of the world population. Modern drugs
used for subsiding acute attacks or lowering serum uric acid are associated
with potent adverse effects. Moreover, these commonly used therapeutic agents
often, and for various reasons, do not achieve the desired lowering of serum
urate levels to below 6.0 mg/dl. On the basis of conventional Unani Usool-e-
Formulation
Ilaj of Niqris (gout), five herbal drugs from the list of classical Unani anti-
arthritic drugs have been selected and formulated in capsule form and a single
Rais ur Rahman,
1
blind placebo controlled clinical trial was carried out to evaluate the efficacy
2
Dania Siddiqui,
and safety of this capsule in the management of gouty arthritis. Six week
2
Naseem Akhtar,
2
D.S. Dua
and parameters. No any adverse effect was observed during the course of treatment.
*Yasmeen Shamsi
3
Department of AYUSH
1
New Delhi - 110023 Gouty arthritis is among the earliest diseases that have been recognized as
a clinical entity. First identified by the Egyptians in 2640 BC, podagra (acute
Department of Moalijat
2
Ayurvedic and Unani Tibbia College, gout occurring in the first metatarsophalangeal joint) was later recognized by
Karol Bagh, New Delhi-11005 Buqrat in the fifth century BC, who referred to it as the unwalkable disease.
Buqrat also noted the link between the disease and an intemperate lifestyle,
Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062 arthritis of the poor(Nuki et al., 2006). Six centuries later to Buqrat, Jalinoos
Gout is one of the most common types of inflammatory joint diseases; affects
gout is present, but evident factors are usually present that could contribute
to increase in urate (uric acid) levels, such as renal function disorders, obesity,
a risk factor for the development of gout, the exact relationship between
hyperuricemia and acute gout is unclear. Acute gouty arthritis can occur in the
1994).
3
*Author for correspondence
patients presentation of the disease, patients specific risk factors (high serum
urates, previous attacks and radiographic signs), the clinical phase of the
disease (acute, recurrent, tophaceous) and general risk factors, such as obesity
and alcohol consumption.
Acute gout is usually treated by reducing inflammation of the affected joint with
Although these agents are generally effective, they also present significant
and probenecid can have potent side effects (Singer et al., 1986, Arellano et
al., 1993). Benzbromarone was withdrawn from the market in Europe in 2003,
but was registered again in some countries in 2004 (Sutaria et al., 2006). Its
use is now restricted for patients with gout who are allergic to allopurinol or
these commonly used therapeutic agents often, and for various reasons, do
not achieve the desired lowering of serum urate levels to below 6.0 mg/dl.
The side effects/drawbacks of all above mentioned drugs call for the development
of novel drugs with similar or better efficacy and lesser toxicity than presently
available drugs.
drugs from the list of classical Unani anti-arthritic drugs have been selected
and formulated in capsule form and a clinical trial was carried out to evaluate
Study Drug
Zard (Terminalia chebula), Zanjbeel (Zingiber officinale). All these five drugs in
equal proportion were finely powdered and encapsulated in hard gelatin capsule
Placebo
Placebo was supplied to the patients in the form of similar capsules of 1gm
This was a randomized, single blind, placebo controlled study, conducted in
the Department of Moalejat, A & U Tibbia College & Hospital, Karol Bagh, New
Delhi, From September 2009 to December 2011.
Participants
Both male and female patients aged between 18 -65 years fulfilling the criteria
in the study, who had serum uric acid level more than the upper limit of normal
Pregnant and lactating women were too excluded from the study.
Ethical Consideration
All patients were included in the study after obtaining written informed consent
other medication used for the treatment of arthritis (e.g. Ayurvedic, Homeopathic
placebo capsule in the dose of 2 capsule thrice daily with plain water up to a
Pain (Wong-Bakers Faces rating scale; with 0=doesnt hurt, 2=hurts a
little bit, 4=hurts a little more, 6=hurts even more, 8=hurts a lot, 10=as
much as the patient can imagine), (Cheng et al., 2004; Taylor et al.,
2007).
Tenderness (0-4 point scale; with 0=no tenderness, 1=patient says it is
painful, 2=patient says it is painful, winces, and pulls back, 4=patient
does not allow palpation), (Cheng et al., 2004; Taylor et al., 2007).
Assessment of Safety
To establish the safety of test drug , the following investigations were carried
out at baseline, after one week and just after the termination of treatment.
Phosphatase
Statistical Analysis
Test.
Results
enrolled in the study. Two subjects from test group and 4 patients from control
(placebo) group dropped out of the study due to unknown reason. Twenty
Variable Test Group (N=20) Control Group (N=20)
Age (Years) Mean SD 42.70 11.15 43.80 9.28
Gender Male- N (%) 14 (70%) 15(75%)
Female-N (%) 06 (30%) 05 (25%)
The effects of 6 weeks treatment with test drug and control on various clinical
Clincal Findings
Joint Pain
In test group, the mean score of pain ( SD) at baseline was 5.95 1.54,
which was reduced to 4.50 1.91 on the 7th day, 3.30 1.72 on 28th day and
1.85 1.98 on the termination of treatment (42nd day). While in control group,
the mean pain score was 5.95 1.50 at baseline, which gradually increased
to 6.05 1.47 on 7th day, 6.0 1.07 on 28th day, and 6.35 1.23 at the end
between the two groups was detected on 28th day (p<0.0001) and 42nd day
(p<0.0001), (Table-2).
Joint Tenderness
In test group the baseline tenderness score (mean SD) of 2.0 1.12
decreased to 1.75 0.97 (7th day), 1.05 0.94 (28th day) and 0.60 0.59
(42nd day). Whereas, there was very gradual and insignificant decrease in
mean tenderness score in control group, from baseline (1.60 1,14) to 1.50
Pain Control Group (N=20) Test Group (N=20)
0 day 7th day 28th day 42nd day 0 day 7th day 28th day 42nd day
Mean 5.95 6.05 6.0 6.35 5.95 4.50 3.30 1.85
S.D. () 1.50 1.47 1.08 1.23 1.54 1.90 1.72 1.99
HS = Highly Significant
Mann-Whitney Test was not significant at 28th day (p>0.05) and moderately
Joint Swelling
In Placebo group, the mean score of swelling increased from 1.55 0.94
(baseline) to 1.70 0.98 on 7th day, 1.70 0.98 on 28th day and1.75 1.02
on 42nd day. On the other hand the mean score of swelling at baseline in test
group was 2.20 0.95, 1.80 0.83 on 7th day, 1.15 0.67 on 28th day, and
0.45 0.51 on 42nd day. The difference in between the groups as analysed
statistically was found to be non-significant (p>0.05) on 7th day & 28th day, but
0 day 7th day 28th day 42nd day 0 day 7th day 28th day 42nd day
Joint Control Group (N=20) Test Group (N=20)
Swelling 0 day 7th day 28th day 42nd day 0 day 7th day 28th day 42nd day
Mean 1.55 1.55 1.70 1.75 2.20 1.80 1.15 0.45
S.D. () 0.94 0.94 0.98 1.02 0.95 0.83 0.67 0.51
ES = Extremely Significant
Restriction of Movements
group was 1.40 0.59 at baseline, 1.45 0.60 at 7th day, 1.45 0.60 at 28th
day, 1.65 0.74 at 42nd day. On the other hand, in test group the restriction
of movement was 1.70 0.86 (baseline), 1.35 0.59(7th day), 0.85 0.67
(28th day), and 0.55 0.51 (42nd day).According to Mann-Whitney test, the
of
Movement 0 day 7th day 28th day 42nd day 0day 7th day 28th day 42nd day
ES = Extremely Significant
Serum Uric Acid
In control group, the mean values of serum uric acid were 7.81 0.91 at
baseline, 7.62 1.13 mg/dl, 7.62 1.14 mg/dl, 7.71 1.82 mg/dl, on day 7th,
28th and 42nd respectively. On the contrary, in test group the change in the
serum levels of uric acid decreased from baseline of 8.04 1.98 mg/dl to 6.21
1.62 mg/dl on 7th day, 6.27 1.52 mg/dl on day 28 and 5.55 1.57 mg/dl
on day 42. The difference in mean values between the two groups on all the
C - Reactive Protein
The C-Reactive protein values observed in test group were 3.92 2.35 mg/
dl at baseline 3.91 2.17 mg/dl on 7th day, 2.99 1.86 mg/dl on 28th day and
2.30 1.42 mg/dl on 42nd Whereas, in control group the mean values of CRP
were recorded as 4.37 2.18 mg/dl at baseline, 4.30 2.20 mg/dl on 7th day,
3.95 2.14 mg/dl on 28th day and 3.70 2.03 mg/dl on 42nd day. The inter-
group difference was not significant (p>0.05) on day 7 and day 28, but was
In Control group, the mean TLC count in control group was 8080 1395/mm3
at baseline, 9105 1325 /mm3 on day 7th, 9180 1405 /mm3 on day 28th, and
8950 1325/ mm3 on day 42nd. While in test group it was recorded as 9300
1554 mm3/ 8080 1395/ mm3 on day 7th, 8380 1505/ mm3 on day 28th,
and 7860 1622/ mm3 on day 42nd. The difference in between the group was
Acid (mg/dl) 0 day 7th day 28th day 42nd day 7th day 28th day 42nd day
0 day
C-reactive Control Group (N= 20) Test Group (N=20)
protein
(mg/dl) 0 day 7th day 28th day 42nd day 0 day 7th day 28th day 42nd day
Mean 4.37 4.3 3.95 3.70 3.92 3.91 2.99 2.30
S.D.() 2.18 2.20 2.14 2.03 2.35 2.17 1.86 1.42
S.E.M() 0.48 0.49 0.48 0.45 0.52 0.49 0.42 0.32
SD= Standard Deviation; S.E.M..=Standard Error of Mean;, NS= Not Significant; LS=
Less Significant
less significant (p<0.05) at day 7th, not significant (p<0.05) at day 28th,and
11.07/1 hr at 7th day, 29.75 10.42/1 hr at day 28th and 30.10 11.19/1 hr
at 42nd day. On the other hand the E.S.R observed in test group was 25
42nd day. The difference in ESR values between the two groups were a not
significant (p>0.05) on 7th and 28th day, whereas mildly significant difference
(cu.mm) 0 day 7th day 28th day 42nd day 0 day 7th day 28th day 42nd day
LS = Less Significant
E.S.R. Control Group (N=20) Test Group (N=20)
(mm/1sthr) 0 day 7th day 28th day 42nd day 0 day 7th day 28th day 42nd day
Mean 28.70 29.45 29.75 30.10 26.65 25.00 25.30 22.30
S.D. () 11.33 11.08 10.42 11.19 10.49 11.53 10.27 12.02
LS = Less Significant
Safety
During the course of the study, no adverse events were reported by the
from base line was observed in haemoglobin, SGOT, SGPT, S.Bilirubin, B.Urea
and S. Creatinine values in both the groups. The test formulation as well as
Discussion
Gout is one of the most common types of inflammatory joint diseases, modern
drugs used for subsiding acute attacks or lowering serum uric acid are
therapeutic agents often, and for various reasons, do not achieve the desired
lowering of serum urate levels to below 6.0 mg/dl. In the present study, the
chebula), Zanjbeel (Zingiber officinale) not only relieved various signs and
serum uric acid level and various other inflammatory markers. The relief in joint
precipitation of urate crystals in the synovial fluid resulting in inflammatory
response and the acute inflammatory cells (nutrophils) phagocytose urate
crystals and release a glycoprotein which further aggravates inflammation.
Colchicine, an active constituent of Suranjan (Colchicum luteum), has been
proved inhibitory to the glycoprotein released by the nutrophils in acute gouty
inflammation. Colchicine by binding with fibrillar protein tubulin has been found
to inhibit nutrophil migration in the inflammed joint. All this explains relief in
Brunneton, 1995; Robert et al., 1983). The diuretic activity of Qurtum (Carthamus
tinctorius) (Kritikar & Basu, 1984) and laxative action of Halaila-e-Zard (Terminalia
In the light of above discussion and on the basis of observations and results
obtained in this study, large scale, standard control, double blind randomized
Conclusion
in cases of acute gouty arthritis. The drug was found safe and well tolerated,
References
Arromdee, E., Michet, C.J., Crowson, C.S., OFallon, W.M., 2002. Gabriel SE.
Barthakur, N.N. and Arnold, N.P., 1991. Nutritive value of the chebulic myrobalan
Blumenthal, M., Busse, W.R., Goldberg, A., Hall, T. et al., 1998. German
Cheng Tien-Tsai, Han-Ming Lai, 2004. A Single blind randomized controlled trial
Medicine 334: 445-450.
Hakeem, A.H., 1991. Bustan-ul-Mufradat. Khursheed Book Depot, Lucknow,
pp.81, 187,209,34, 348.
James, A., Duke, C.R.C., 2000. Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. CRC Press Inc,
pp.31, 32,136,137.
Jansen, T.L., Reinders, M.K., van Roon, E.N., Brouwers, J.R., 2004.
22:651.
Kirtikar, K.R. and Basu, 1984. Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol 2, (Periodical Expert
Nuki, G., 1999. Gout. In: Haslett, C., Chilvers, E.R., Hunter, J.A.A. & Boon, N.A.
Nuki, G., Simkin, P.A., 2006. A concise history of gout and hyperuricemia and
Praveen Kumar, Micheal Clark, 1994. Clinical Medicine: A Textbook for Medical
Students and Doctors. 3rd ed. (Mc Graw Inc), pp. 2079-2088.
Robert Bentley and Henry, 1983. Medicinal plants. (First Indian Reprint). Taj
Roubenoll, R., 1990. Gout and Hyperuricemia. Rheum. Dis. Clin. 16:539-550.
Sharma, P.C., Velnu, M.B., Dennis, T.J., 2002. Database on Medicinal Plants
Sheshadri, T.R., 1976. Medicinal Plants of India. Vol I. Indian Council of Medical
for the treatment of acute and prevention of recurrent gouta systematic
review. Rheumatology 45:142231.
Taylor, W.J., Schumacher, H.R., Singh, Jr, J.A., Grainger, R., Dalbeth, N., 2007.
Assessment of outcome in clinical trials of gout-a review of current measures.
Rheumatology 46:1751-1756
Wagner, H., Hiroshi Hikimo, Norman, R., 1985. Economic and Medicinal Plant
14
Clinical Abstract
Evaluation of nfertility is a common condition with important psychological,
Effect of
Sufoofe Muallif
in the
I
economical, demographical and medical implications. WHO estimates that 60-
80 million couples worldwide are currently suffering from infertility. Quilatte
Haiwane Manwiya (oligospermia) is one of the most common causes of male
infertility. In conventional system, various drugs are being used to increase
sperm count, but these drugs are expensive and their long term use produces
Management of
several adverse effects too. Therefore, keeping in the mind about the need of
Quilatte the hour an open, uncontrolled clinical trial was carried out on 30 infertile
patients of Quilatte Haiwane Manwiya. Each patient was given trial formulation
Haiwane
Sufoofe Muallif - 5 grams once daily for 60 days. The assessment of efficacy
Manwiya of treatment was carried out on the basis of objective parameters (Semen
analysis for sperm count, motility, morphology and hormone profile for serum
(Oligospermia)
testosterone, LH, FSH). The results were analyzed statistically by using Wilcoxon
matched-paired signed ranks test, one tail paired-T test and Kruskal- Wallis
1*Shaikh Imtiyaz,
test. After the trial, significant improvement was found in various objective
2Mohd. Anwar
and parameters; sperm count (10.53 1.30 to 18.06 2.57, P<0.001), sperm
3Mohd. Nayab motility (21.70 3.80 to 46.56 5.06, P<0.001) and sperm morphology (76.2
Testosterone, LH, FSH) were not significant (P>0.05). Safety parameters were
Kottigepalaya, Magadi Main Road, remained within normal limits after the trial. This study suggests that Sufoof
Bangalore-560091 Muallif has exhibited a good response in the improvement of semen markers;
Ajmal Khan Tibbia College, effect was observed and safety parameters remained within normal limits. Thus
Aligarh Muslim University, it might be concluded that the Test drug is safe and effective for the treatment
Aligarh-202002
of Quilatte Haiwane Manwiya (oligospermia).
Introduction
the incidence increasing over the years (Leon Speroff et al., 1999). However,
it affects both men and women; male factor contributes for about 30-40%
cases of infertility (Sengupta et al., 1998). A recent study has indicated that
there is a decrease in sperm density over a period of past fifty years (Dhaliwal
1
*Author for correspondence
Male infertility, with its clinical and psychosocial implications, poses a significant
challenge to the physicians and to the society as a whole.
Quilatte Haiwane Manwiya (oligospermia) is one of the most common causes
of male infertility. It is a condition in which the sperm count is decreased to less
than 20 million/ml of semen (Walsh, 2002). The important causes include
and liver diseases, smoking, alcoholism, wearing tight under garments, working
at high temperature places like welding, dyeing, blast furnace, cement and
tamoxifene and HCG are being used to increase sperm count, but these drugs
are expensive and their long term use produces several adverse effects like
rise in LDL etc (Tripathi, 2006). However, in Unani system of medicine there
are ample of single as well as compound drugs which are used for male sexual
In Unani system of medicine, most of Unani scholars particularly Ibn Sina (980-
1037 AD), Zakaria Razi (865-925 AD), Ismail Jurjani (1110 AD) and Rabban
Zoafe bah. In fact, Zoafe bah is a broad term which encompasses different
Qillate Mani (Qillat- less, Mani-semen) can be correlated with the concept of
are kasrate istifragh, excessive use of mudirrat, sue mizaj of alaate mani,
excessive use of drugs like afyoon (opium) and bhang and excessive riding etc
classical Unani literature but on the basis of its cause it can be concluded that
Sue mizaj of alaate mani alter the production of mani due to excessive Baroodat,
been planned to conduct a preliminary clinical study on Quilatte Haiwane
Manwiya (oligospermia). A commonly used Unani pharmacopoeial compound
drug, Sufoofe Muallif, was selected for the study. Its ingredients of are
Talmakhana, Salab misri, Singhara, Gonde kekar, Mazu sabz, Mastagi Rumi,
Nishasta gandum and Shakar safed (Lateef, 1986). These drugs possess
properties like Muwallide Mani, Mughallize Mani, Muqawwie bah, Mumsik and
Musammine badan which form a rational basis for proposed hypothesis that
Methodology
of the project, a comprehensive protocol was framed and put forth for ethical
clearance from the Institutional Ethical Committee. This study was conducted
from February, 2012 to March, 2013. The protocol of the trial was framed for
the study and accordingly findings are recorded on CRF. The inclusion criteria
count less than 30 million/ml (Mushtaq, 2007) and willing to follow up and for
semen examination. Those individuals who were suffering with chronic renal
receiving any medication were not included in the study. Patients fulfilling the
inclusion criteria were given the information sheet having details regarding the
nature of the study, the drug to be used, method of treatment etc. Patients
were given enough time to go through the contents of informed consent sheet.
They were given the opportunity to ask any question and if they agreed to
participate in the study, they were asked to sign the informed consent form.
Eligible patients were selected from OPD of NIUM Hospital, Bangalore. Complete
were carried out with special attention to endocrine and genital examination,
with the objectives of the study. Several investigations were carried out with the
aim to exclude the patients with pathological conditions such as Semen Analysis,
Hormone Analysis (Serum Testosterone, FSH, LH), Hb%, TLC, DLC, ESR,
Blood Sugar-F/PP, KFT (Blood urea, serum creatinine) , LFT (SGOT, SGPT,
the study was limited to 30 patients and the treatment period was determined
60 days. Follow up of the patient was done after every 15 days period upto
and safety parameters were evaluated before and after treatment. Assessment
of the efficacy of test formulation was carried out on the basis of objective
parameters. Semen analysis (Semen volume, sperm count, sperm motility and
morphology) and hormone analysis (Serum Testosterone, LH, FSH) of each
patient was performed before and after treatment. The objective parameters
were analysed by using Wilcoxon matched-paired signed ranks test, one tail
paired-T test and Kruskal Wallis test.
their originality and authenticity. The single drugs then were cleaned by weeding
Overall 30 patients completed the trial according to the study protocol. Sufoof
Muallif was generally well tolerated and no remarkable adverse events were
reported in the test group. The mean score for sperm count pretreatment (0
day) was 10.531.30 while the same post-treatment (60th day) was 18.06
2.57 (p<0.01). The mean and SEM scores for sperm motility on 0 day were
21.703.80 and for 60th day were 46.565.06 (p<0.01). The mean and SEM
scores for sperm morphology on 0 day were 76.2 6.40 and for 60th day were
91.9 4.22 (p<0.01). The mean and SEM scores for serum testosterone on
0 day were 4.66 0.32 and for 60th day were 4.67 0.32 (p>0.05). The mean
and SEM scores for serum LH on 0 day were 5.8 0.44 and for 60th day were
6.3 0.47 (p>0.05). The mean and SEM scores for serum FSH on 0 day were
6.7 0.89 and for 60th day were 7.08 0.89 (p>0.05).The baseline and after
Mean SEM
Sperm Count Sperm Sperm Serum Serum Serum
(million/ml) Motility Morphology Testosterone LH FSH
BT AT BT AT BT AT BT AT BT AT BT AT
Test 10.53 18.06 21.70 46.56 76.2 91.9 4.66 4.67 5.8 6.3 6.7 7.08
Group
1.30 2.57 3.80 5.06 6.40 4.22 0.32 0.32 0.44 0.47 0.89 0.89
Discussion
misri (Orchis latifolia), Singhara (Trapa bispinosa) and Nishasta (Starch). These
results are in conformity with the properties of the drugs as indicated by Unani
scholars such as Ibn Rushd, Ibn Sina, Hakeem Abdul Hakeem, Najmul Ghani
ingredients of Test drug like Asteracantha longifolia, Trapa bispinosa and Orchis
latifolia (Chauhan et al., 2009; Agarwal et al., 2003; Mayank et al., 2008).
Chemical analysis of various test drugs show that apart from different chemical
Figure 1
riboflavin, pantothenic acid and pyridoxine etc (Patra et al., 2009; Singh et al.,
2010). These chemical constituents and vitamins are essential for the process
of spermatogenesis (Zakai et al., 2011). Therefore, the effect of Test formulation
might be due to presence of these elements. The studies of Tikkiwal et al. and
Wong et al., 2002 reveal that Zinc and folic acids are responsible for
The improvement in the sperm motility might be due to Muqqawie bah, Muwallide
which have been documented in Unani literature (Ibn Rushd, 1987; Ghani,YNM;
documented the antioxidant (Trommer et al., 2005; Kaur et al., 2008; Chryssavgi
Carmely et al. (2009) and Bansal et al. (2009) etc. that antioxidant and
was found that the difference between the Mean SEM scores of sperm
and FSH. The values of LH and FSH were analyzed statistically by using one
tail paired-T test and it was found that the difference between the Mean SEM
Zakai et al. (2011) mentioned that for the management of oligospermia, the
men with low sperm counts have optimal nutritional intake. In addition to
consuming a healthful balanced diet, there are several nutritional factors that
deserve special place viz vitamin C and other antioxidants, fats and oils, zinc,
badan property, and also the chemical analysis proved the presence of various
such as thiamine, riboflavin, pantothenic acid and pyridoxine etc (Patra et al.,
2009; Singh et al., 2010). The chemical constituents present in the ingredients
thereby effective in improving sperm count and motility.
In Unani system of medicine the principle of treatment is based on the concept
of organ protection, strengthening and maintenance of the Quwa (faculties) at
its equilibrium (etedal). The faculties at their equilibrium are balanced inherently
to maintain the normal function of that organ or system. It has been mentioned
that each organ has been gifted with special Quwat for its optimal functioning.
Unsiyaen (Testes) are the azae raesa (vital organs) for Quwwate tanasuliya
the drugs enhancing its power (muqawwi advia) are advocated. This is the
reason why in Unani system of medicine, for every organ and system there is
a group of tonic drugs (muqawwi advia) proposed that safe guard its larger
interest and bring it near to its equilibrium, if some derangement in its structure
or function takes place. Therefore, most of the sexual diseases are being
formulation are bestowed with the properties like Muqawwie bah, Muwalllide
mani and Muqawwie aam (general tonic) etc, by virtue of these actions these
drugs potentiated the functions of testes. Thus it may be presumed that the
would be due to Muqqawie bah, Muwallide mani and Mughallize mani activities
of the ingredients of Sufoofe Muallif. Thus we can say that scientific studies
to a great extent with that of our hypothesis as well as the inferences we drew
haemogram, LFT and KFT were carried out before and after the treatment in
each patient. It was found that all the safety parameters were within the normal
levels after the completion of trial. This suggests that Test formulation can be
This discussion is helpful to draw the conclusion that the Test formulation is
safe and effective for the management of oligospermia and can be used for
long period without any adverse effect. However, the long term studies with a
Test formulation.
The main limitation of this trial was the duration of the trial and by longer follow
On the basis of above results and observations it may be concluded that the
Test drug is safe and effective and can be used potentially in the management
of oligospermia. Further long term and large scaled phase III and IV trials are
advocated to explore other important chemicals and pharmacological actions
of the Test formulation.
Acknowledgment
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Wong, W.Y., 2002. Effects of folic acid and zinc sulfate on male factor subfertility:
491-498.
Aftimoon in the randomized single blind standard controlled study was
Patients of
Dyslipidemia
with Tasallube
A
conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Habbe Aftimoon in the patients of
dyslipidemia with Atherosclerosis. Thirty diagnosed patients were selected and
randomly allocated to Control and Test groups (comprising 20 patients in Test
group and 10 in Control group). Habbe Aftimoon in a dose of 4 Habb twice a
day in Test group whereas Lipotab 2 tablets once a day was given in Control
Sharaeen
group for 60 days. All the patients were advised low fatty diet and moderate
(Atherosclerosis) exercise. Before and after the treatment, both groups were assessed on
statistically by using Paired t test, Wilcoxon test, Friedman test with post test,
1Mohd.Aslam,
2*Mohd. Anwar, one way ANOVA with post test and Kruskal Wallis test with Dunns multiple
and
2M. Shoaib The Test drugs exhibited statistically significant result in subjective parameters
(Palpitation and Body weight) in intra group and inter group comparison. In
1Department
of Moalejat, objective parameters, reduction in S. Cholesterol and increase in L ank ASI
and ABI were observed, and this difference was found statistically significant
Muzaffarnagar-251002 (U.P.) in intra group comparison. The control drug exhibited significant improvement
in palpitation and reduces body weight in intra and inter group comparison. In
Aligarh Muslim University, decreased in intra group comparison, where as the changes in other subjective
3Department
The study revealed that Test drug is effective in some objective and subjective
Bangalore-560091
during and after the study. Thus, it can be concluded that Test drug is effective
Atherosclerosis.
Introduction
Obesity are two important risk factors associated with Atherosclerosis (Longo
et al., 2012).
2
*Author for correspondence
of Medicine, as most of the ancient Unani scholars like Majoosi, Ibn Sina, Ibn
Rushd, Ibn Zuhr and Samar Qandi have elucidated the cause of narrowing and
stiffness of vessels in their treaties (Ibn Sina, 1993; Khawaja Rizwan, 2010;
Majoosi, 1889; Ibne Zuhr, 1986) Now Tasallube Sharaeen is used as standard
term for arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis is main type of arteriosclerosis
(Anonymous, 2012).
diabetes mellitus, elevated plasma homocysteine and LDL are the principal
factors responsible for deposition of lipid in large and medium sized arteries
(Longe, 2002). Slow and progressive lipid deposition narrows down the arterial
myocardial and cerebral infarction and stroke etc. (Nicholas et al., 2006).
life style modifications like decreasing daily calorie intake, and increase in
physical activity is indeed helpful for most of the patients but in several
prescribed in conventional Medicine. But long term use of these drugs produces
High prevalence of the disease, multi factorial causes and life threatening
Unani system of Medicine offers different approach of treatment i.e. Ilaj bil
Ghiza (Diet therapy), Ilaj bit Tadbeer (Regimental therapy) and Ilaj bid Dawa
in combination. Fundamentally, combination of Ilaj bil Ghiza, and Ilaj bit Tadbeer
are very useful for the prevention of atherosclerosis. The principle of treatment
to eliminate Mawade fasida and correction of Sue mizaj barid, use of Qalilul
taghaziya kasirul kammiyat Ghiza along with Riyazate kasira and Hammam
management of Samne Mufrit. A large number of, drugs available in Unani
Medicine which possess action like Muhazzil, Munzij, Mushil, Mufatteh, Jaali
and Muhallil properties could also be used for prevention of Tasallube Sharaeen.
Unfortunately, there is no convincing treatment available for the management
of atherosclerosis in contemporary system of Medicine. Therefore, search of
safe and effective drug for its management is quite necessary. In Unani system
Aftimoon are Aftimioon (Cuscuta reflexa L.), Gule Surkh (Rosa damascene L.),
Mastagi (Pistacia lentiscus L.), Post Halela Zard (Terminalia chebula L.), Bisfaij
may be proven useful in this condition also, but its efficacy has not been
trial was designed to evaluate the efficacy of Habbe Aftimoon in the management
Methodology
A single blind standard controlled clinical trial was conducted from March 2012
The study protocol was designed according to the need of the trial, and
NIUM, Bangalore. After providing detailed oral information about the study,
written consent was obtained from the participants. The patients belonging age
brachial arterial stiffness index, left brachial arterial stiffness index, right ankle
arterial stiffness index, left ankle arterial stiffness index, right brachial pulse
wave velocity, left brachial pulse wave velocity, carotid femoral pulse wave
Individuals below 20 years and above 65 years of age , and those having
established I.H.D., advanced Kidney, Liver and Heart diseases and Pregnant
and lactating women were not included to the study. According to subjective
and objective criterion a total of 50 patients were registered for the study from
inclusion criteria and excluded from the study, remaining 39 patients were
randomly allocated into Test (Group A) and standard Control (Group B) groups
respectively by using simple randomization sampling method. In the Test group
4 tablets of Habbe Aftimoon twice a day (Each tablet contains 750 mg of Test
drug) was given orally for 60 days whereas Lipotab 2 tab was administered
once a day for the same duration. All the patients were advised low fatty diet
with low caloric value (1600-200 kcal per day) and aerobic exercise for 30-45
minute per day (Agarwal, 2014). All patients were asked to come fortnightly for
groups.
The assessment of efficacy of Test and Control drugs were carried out on the
symptoms like Palpitation, Xanthelesma, and Nabz sulb which were assessed
at fortnightly, while other objective parameters i.e. body weight, lipid profile,
arterial stiffness, pulse wave velocity and ankle brachial index were measured
In order to asses safety of the Test and Control drug , complete Haemogram
(TLC, DLC, Hb%, ESR), Liver Function Test (S. Bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT, Alkaline
Phosphates) and Kidney Function Test (Blood Urea & S. Creatinine) were also
During study seven patients from Test group and two patients from Control
group were lost to follow-up, leaving behind 20 patients in Test and 10 patients
only who were completed entire course of treatment. Data was statistically
analyzed by pairedt test, Wilcoxon matched pair test and Friedman test for
intra group comparison and one way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunns
Results
Out of 30, 14 (46.66 %) are male and 16 (53.33 %) are female. 05 (25 %),
10 (50%), and 05 (25%) subjects in test group belongs to 20-35 year, 36-50
year, and 51-65 year age groups respectively, similarly 01 (10%), 04 (40%),
and 05 (50%) subjects in standard control group belongs to 20-35 year, 36-
The effect of Test and control drug on various subjective and parameters are
Factor No. of patients Total Percentage
No. of (%)
Test group Control group Patients
Age 20-35 5 1 6 20
36-50 10 4 14 46.7
51-65 5 5 10 33.3
Female 11 5 16 53.33
Vegetarian 1 1 2 6.67
Palpitation Control 3(1,4) 3(1,4) 2.5(1,3) 1*,#,(1,2) (b) P<0.01 with respect
2(1,3)
n=10
# P<0.01 with respect to
difference was observed only in body weight, total cholesterol, L ank ASI, and
ABI in Test group, while in standard control group significant difference was
observed only in body weight, total cholesterol and serum triglycerides. Whereas,
Parameters Group Assessment day P value
Before After
Treatment Treatment
Body Control(10) 83.84.15 81.9 4.2* * P<0.01 with respect to before
weight Test(20) 79.02.4 76.82.6+ treatment in control group
Furthermore, safety markers i.e. Haemogram (TLC, DLC, Hb%, ESR), Liver
Function Test (S. Bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT, Alkaline Phosphates) and Kidney
Function Test (Blood Urea & S. Creatinin) remained normal before and after
treatment. (Table 4)
Discussion
accidents, Stroke and Hypertension. Obesity and Hyperlipidaemia are two risks
which is effective in the treatment of Amraze Saudawia. Apart from this the
Parameters Group Assessment day P value
Before After
Treatment Treatment
Right Brachial Control 304.77 28.92.87 P>0.05 Inter group comparison,
Arterial with respect to before & after
Stiffness Index Test 24.41.66 23.32.31 treatment in test & control group.
(R Bra ASI)
Stiffness Index Test 28.042.42 28.073.77 treatment in test & control group.
(L Bra ASI)
Stiffness Index Test 38.683.23 37.532.38 treatment in test & control group.
(R Ank ASI)
(L Ank ASI)
(R ba PWV)
(L ba PWV)
Wave Velocity Test 87018 1270119 treatment in test & control group.
(C F PWV)
Therefore, A single blind standard control study was designed to evaluate the
Parameters Test Control
No=20 No=10
B.T A.T B.T A.T
Hb% gm% 12.41.31 12.46.33 12.34.41 11.92.44
(IU/L)
Index (L Ank ASI), Arterial Brachial Index (ABI), and body weight significantly in
test group and total cholesterol, triglycerides, and body weight in standard
From above, it is evident that test drug is effective in intra group comparison.
Such effect may be due to ingredients of test drug Habbe Aftimoon which
al., 2003; Naik et al., 2006; Lee et al.,1639; Naik et al., 2004; Chang et al.,
(Chang et al., 2010) Mastagi (Stella et al., 2009; Xiuzhen Han et al., 2007;
1990; Yumi et al., 2008; Parejo et al., 2002; Ferreira et al., 2006; Gulcin et al.,
2004).
sauda properties of Aftimoon, Bisfaij, GuleSurkh, Mastagi, and Halela zard.
(Ghani, 2010; Nabi, 2007; Ibn Sina, 1993) These findings are in accordance
with the description given by Razi, Ibne Sina, Ibne Baitar, N.Ghani, Mohd. Azam
khan etc. Further, some recent studies revealed that Mastagi and Ustukhodoos
possess anti atherosclerotic action. (Duke, 2008; Catherine et al., 2001)
Individual drugs that constitute the ingredients of Test drugs have been reported
support our contentions regarding the efficacy of the Test drugs. Afteemoon
(Catherine et al., 2001) and Halela zard (Selvaraj et al., 2007; Duke, 2002)
(Prajapati et al., 2005, Cheng et al., 2003) Gule Surkh, (Prajapati et al., 2005;
Said, 1997; Boskabady, et al., 2001) and Mastagi (Benhammou et al., 2008;
effects are in the same line, as we have mentioned above that the drugs are
properties. Thus, on the basis of the scientific studies and the reported effects
with that of our hypothesis as well as the inferences we drew out of the present
study.
In the light of above discussion, it can be concluded that the Test drugs
Although, the Test drug did not produces any significant effect in most of the
objective parameters except body weight, S. Cholesterol, L Ank ASI, and ABI.
The Test drug (Habbe Aftimoon) is quite effective in reducing body weight and
used for the prevention of atherosclerosis and delaying the progression of the
Gillman, 2011) Hence, the Test drug Habbe Aftimoon can be safely used for
On the basis of above result and discussion, it can be concluded that the
compound formulation Habbe Aftimoon is effective in reducing lipid profile in
the patients of atherosclerosis associated with dyslipidemia. Hence, this drug
could be effectively used for prevention of atherosclerosis and to reduce
progression of its manifestation. Since the diverse mechanism is involved in
the development of Atherosclerosis and disease is complex in nature. Therefore,
Acknowledgement
The authors are very much thankful to Director of National Institute of Unani
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38
Efficacy of Abstract
Roghan-e- yperlipidaemia is an important factor for the
Kalonji (Nigella
sativa oil) in the
Treatment of
H
development of atherosclerotic lesion which is responsible for various
complications such as ischemic heart diseases, cerebrovascular diseases and
hypertension etc. These complications are major cause of mortality and
morbidity. The association of Hyperlipidaemia with development of atherosclerotic
lesion has prompted the researchers of various field of medicine to develop
Primary
Hyperlipidaemia number of plant origin hypolipidaemic drugs have been screened for
1M. Nazim, system Medicine a large number of drugs are reported to possess possible
1*B.D.
Khan, treatment for some metabolic diseases particularly obesity (Saman-e-Mufrat)
1Misbahuddin Siddiqui
and its related complications. Most of these drugs have not been subjected for
and
2M. Shoaib
standard controlled non randomized trial was planned to evaluate the efficacy
1Department of Moalijat of a Roghane Kalonji (Nigella sativa oil) in the management of primary
Aligarh Muslim University, The present study was conducted on 60 diagnosed patients of primary
Aligarh-202002
Aligarh. The patients were allocated in two groups. Group A (Test group)
patients. In group A the Roghane Kalonji in the dose of 6 ml twice a day was
administered for 3 months. The subjective and the objective parameters (lipid
profile) were assessed on 0, 15th, 30th, 60th, 90th days. The test drug was
Introduction
heart diseases. More than half of the coronary heart diseases are attributed
adverse impact of the sedentary life style and dietary factors like dietary fat
1
*Author for correspondence
10% of total calories. (Akbar et al., 1930; Biff et al., 2003; Fauci et al.,2008;
Hongdao, 2006; Joshep, 2003; Jurjani, 1878; Khan et al., 2002, Masson et al.,
2003; Rath et al., 1991). In classical Unani text Shaham is broadly classified
into two types Samin and Riwaj. It is essential for the nourishment of the body
and essential for normal health. According to Unani concept, when the amount
As such, there is no direct reference to this disease per se, but hyperlipidemia
is usually associated with obesity. The ancient Unani physicians like Buqrat
Mansoori, 1255H; Aqsarai, 1907; Arzani, 1954; Baitar, 1999; Hussain, 1980;
1989; Maseehi, 1963; Razi, 1999; Rushd, 1987; Ibne Sena, 1929).
has prompted the researchers of various field of medicine to develop safe and
activity but, none of them offers convincing treatment. Even though, in mainstream
Medicine Statin (HMG-co Reductase inhibitor) is being used but long term
administration is associated with several side effects. (Lazar et al., 2011; Siig
et al., 2004; Ziajka, 1998) Therefore, search of safe and effective drug is
be used for the treatment of obesity (Saman-e- Mufrat) and its related
Tripathi, 1984), Kundur (Anonymous, 2004) etc., among them Kalonji (Nigella
sativa L.) (Rafiquddin, 1985) is one the important drugs, which is extensively
used for the remedy of many diseases. The Holy Prophet said that black seed
(kalonji) is remedy for all diseases except death. (Ibne-al-Qayyum, 1985) Recent
studies revealed that seed oil contains major active constituent Thymoquinone
protective properties. Nigella sativa oil contains omega-3 fatty acids and other
and Decosahexaenoic (DHA) acids present in fish oil has shown a preventive
action against cardiovascular diseases (Anonymous, 2010).
Some practicing Unani physicians are using Kalonji oil in the treatment of
cardiovascular diseases and dyslipidaemic with better results, but clinical efficacy
of Kalonji oil has not been carried out, so far, particularly in relation to
primary hyperlipidaemia, patients were selected from Ajmal Khan Tibbiya College
Hospital OPD, Aligarh, during the period 2010-2012. In the present study, the
patients who attended OPD with the symptoms of palpitation, chest pain, joints
pain, obesity, dyspnoea on exertion, xantholesma and were enrolled for the
60 years of either sex, ready to participate in the study and whose serum
cholesterol, serum triglyceride level was found abnormal, were included in the
excluded from the study on the basis of relevant symptoms and investigations.
Similarly, the patients using oral contraceptive pills and having history of chronic
was confirmed on the basis of history, clinical examination and analysis of Lipid
Study Procedure
investigations, patients who fulfilled all the inclusion criteria and signed written
consent, were included in the clinical trial. Total 60 patients were selected for
the study. The patients were allocated into two groups, i.e. Test group (40
patients- Group A) and control group (20 patients- Group B). In the group A
the Test drug was administered in the dose of 6 ml three times a day for a
period of 90 days, while in the group B the Atrovastatin was given in the dose
of 10 mg once a day for same duration. Assessment was done on 0, 15th, 30th,
60th, 90th day of treatment for subjective and objective parameters. In all
cholesterol) was carried out before and after treatment. The data was statistically
Test (Serum Bilirubin, AST, ALT and Alkaline Phosphate), Kidney Function Test
(Blood Urea, Serum Creatinine) and complete Haemogram were also carried
out.
Results
years of age, 19 patients were 36-45 years of age, 12 patients were 46-55
years of age, 07 patients were 56-65 years of age group and 03 patients were
>65years of age. The highest prevalence was found in 4th decade. The
percentage of female patients is 76.66% was slightly higher than the male
patients i.e. 23.33%. The demographic data and other observation are depicted
in Table 1.
The effects of test drug on objective parameters i.e. Lipid profile (Serum
Cholesterol, Serum Triglyceride, HDL, LDL, and VLDL) and body weight are as
follows.
N Fp% N Fp%
>66 03 5.0%
Occupation History of
Business 17 28.33%
In Test group mean serum cholesterol level was 183.32 mg/dl 31.40 before
treatment and at the end of study it was167.60 mg/dl 26.52, showing mean
reduction 15.72 mg/dl 4.88 and which was found to be significant (P<0.001)
(Table 2).
In Test group mean serum triglyceride level was 299.07 mg/dl 97.64 before
treatment and at the end of study it was 235.8282.92 mg/dl, showing mean
reduction 63.25 mg/dl 14.72 and which was found to be significant (P<0.001)
(Table 2).
Effect on HDL
In Test group mean HDL level was 33.67 mg/dl 6.96 before treatment and at
the end of study it was 38.08 mg/dl 6.45, showing mean elevation 4.41 mg/
Effect on LDL
In Test group mean LDL level was 89.83 mg/dl 33.83 before treatment and
at the end of study it was 82.35 mg/dl 29.17, showing mean reduction 7.48
mg/dl 4.66 and where was found to be significant (P<0.05) (Table 1).
Effect on VLDL
In Test group mean VLDL level was 59.81 mg/dl 19.52 before treatment and
at the end of study it was 47.16 mg/dl 16.58, showing mean reduction 12.65
mg/dl 2.94 and which was found to be significant (P<0.001) (Table 2).
Table 2: Effect of Test drug on Objective parameter in Test and control group
No.
In Test group mean WHR level was 67.274.22 kg before treatment and at the
end of study it was 64.453.73 kg, showing mean reduction 2.820.49 kg and
which was found to be significant (P<0.001) (Table 2).
Effect on Safety Parameters
The safety parameters of the test drug like, AST, ALT, Blood Urea, Serum
Creatinine, Hb% and ESR were remained within the normal limits before & after
Discussion
reduces the risk of coronary heart disease and other associated complications.
drugs are imperative. Although, a large number of drugs are being used in
drug is still thrust area of research. The seed of Nigella sativa L. (black seed)
and its oil have been used since long time for the treatment of many diseases
Muhammad (PBUH) said, The black seed (kalonji) is the remedy for every
revealed that this drug possess lipid lowering effects in dyslipidaemic patients.
Table 3: Effect of Test drug on Safety parameter in Test and control group
No.
Phosphates
acids, Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), Decosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and Alpha
Linolenic acid (ALA) (Anonymous, 2010).
Several preclinical studies revealed that Omega-3 fatty acids decrease the
triglyceride levels either by decreasing hepatic synthesis or secretion of VLDL
particles by inhibiting various enzyme transcription factors or EPA and DHA
that the seed oil contains major active constituent Thymoquinone. Much of the
biological activity of the seed has been possess due to Thymoquinone, which
The present study demonstrates that the Test drug (Nigella sativa oil) significantly
by the Dakha Khani et al., 2000 who revealed that the administration of Nigella
sativa oil for four weeks duration showed significant decrease in serum
clinical study administration of 2.5ml of Nigella sativa oil in morning and evening
This drug also exhibited significant effect in reducing Blood pressure and other
subjective parameters. The safety parameters like, AST, ALT, Blood Urea, Serum
Creatinine, Hb% and ESR were remained within the normal limits before & after
treatment, in both groups. This indicates that oral administration of the test
The above mentioned effect of Test drug are mainly due to chemical constituent
Conclusion
In the present study the Test drug was found to be significant in lowering
without producing any adverse effect. Therefore, it can be concluded that the
Test drug possesses significant hypolipidaemic effect and thus it can be used
larger population.
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Evaluation of a yperlipidemia is a major public health problem
Unani
Formulation for
the Treatment
H
throughout the world. Consequent atherogenic disorders occupied the first
place in five major killer diseases due to high mortality and high morbidity in
the world.
of Fart-e- test the safety and efficacy of a unani formulation in subjects with hyperlipidaemia.
Tadassum-Fid-
lipidaemia): A
randomized,
Cardioprotective
Double Blind,
Introduction
Placebo
Clinical Study
1Rais-ur-Rahman, common condition which may either results from primary abnormality in lipid
2Afshan
and
3*Yasmeen Shamsi
1Department of AYUSH, is about 57,000 per 100,000 patients. In developing countries, the prevalence
Ministry of Health and F.W., of hyperlipidaemia is about 26,000 per 100,000 patients (Michael Gibson,
Government of India,
New Delhi-110023
2Department
of Moalijat,
(HDL) (Annonymous, 2001). According to the available data, the atherogenic
New Delhi-110005
mortality and high morbidity in the world. The diseases are usually considered
Jamia Hamdard,
New Delh-110062
hyperlipidemia.
drugs of better efficacy are being introduced in the modern system of medicine.
3
*Author for correspondence
et al in 1955 (Rudolf et al., 1960). Use of hypolipidaemic agents and low fatty
diet is the corner stone of the management of hypercholesetrolaemia. Several
hypolipidaemic drugs have been already introduced in main stream medicine
such as Hydroxy methyl glutaryl CO-A (HMG CO-A) reductase inhibitors
(levostatin, atorvastatin), bile acid sequestrents (colestipol) and fibric acid
derivetives (gemfibrozil, and fenofibrates) etc. But the long term use of these
drugs causes various side effects like myalgia, arthragia, dyspepsia and
cholelithiasis loss of libido, impotence etc (Tripathi, 1994). Such side effects
limit the use and the efficacy of these drugs. Hence, there is a need to develop
a drug from herbal source which should be safe, cost effective, easily available
and efficacious. Keeping in view all the above mentioned drawbacks of modern
clinical trial with dried aqueous extract of Abresham (Bombyx mori), Badranjboya
(Nepeta hindostana) and Arjun Bark (Terminalia arjuna) in the ratio of 1:2:1.
This study was double blind, randomized, placebo controlled clincal trial ,
carried out in the department of Moalejat , A &U Tibbia College, Karol Bagh,
New Delhi, from September 2012 to March 2013. The aim of the study was to
evaluate the efficacy and safety of unani formulation in the treatment of Fart-
Study Drug
The study drug was a combination of three Unani drugs supplied by Dehlvi
Naturals, India, in the form of capsule. Placebo capsules were also supplied by
Nepeta hindostana
Eligible subjects as per the inclusion/exclusion criteria were enrolled in the
study after obtaining written informed consent according to Helsinki declaration.
Inclusion Criteria
Subjects (men and women) aged 18-65 years were eligible for the study if they
had a history of dyslipidemia regardless of strict diet control and had fasting
2001).
Exclusion Criteria
or any other medication that might affect serum lipids (thyroid or steroid
Treatment
performed and the eligible cases as per the inclusion/exclusion criteria were
capsule twice daily for a period of 60 days. All the patients were instructed to
maintain low cholesterol diet. Clinical examination and laboratory tests were
done at each visit. Adverse events were recorded and compliance with study
The primary efficacy end point was percentage reduction from baseline in
Percentage of change from baseline in HDL, LDL/HDL ratio and TC/HDL ratio.
Safety Assaessment
For the assesment of safety, Liver function test, Kidney function test, Haemogram
and ECG were carried out at baseline, on first follow up visit i.e., on on 15th
day of treatment and at the end of therapy i.e., on 60th day. Data from the
as recorded in CRF were included in the analyses of safety and tolerability.
Statistical Analysis
The changes between pre-treatment and post treatment values of primary and
secondary outcome obtained in test group were compared with those obtained
with GraphPad InStat statistical softwere version 3.10 . Statistical analysis was
done only for those patients who completed the course of treatment for 60
days.
Results
Total 70 patients were registered out of them 10 cases (4 receiving test drug
and 6 receiving placebo) were dropped out from the study, only 30 patients in
Pretreatment and post treatment (after 60 days) maean values of lipid profile
Sixty days treatment with test drug was significantly effective than placebo on
4.21% in the placebo group (p < 0.001). Test drug also significantly reduced
respectively (p value was <.0001 in both cases). The mean reduction in total
lipids was 10.24%, in drug group, compared with placebo group (0.64%).
The test drug was also found significantly effective than placebo on the
with 2.47% in the placebo group and TC/HDL ratio by 24.22% (compared with
6.27% in placebo group). A significant rise in HDL was observed in test group
Unani formulation (also placebo) treatment for 60 days did not impair physical
Laboratory safety indicators e.g., kidney function test (blood urea, serum
creatinine), Liver function test (ALT, AST, serum bilirubin, serum alkaline
phosphalase) and haemogram remained within the normal limits in all study
patients.
Lipid Profile MeanSEM MeanSEM % t p
0 Day 60th Day Change value value
LDLCholesterol (mg/dl)
Test Drug 145.231.61 122.022.2 15.98% 2.69 0.001
Control 140.30 2.3 134.384.04 4.21%
Triglycerides (mg/dl)
Total Lipids
HDLCholesterol (mg/dl)
TC/HDL ratio
N=30 in each group; LDL=Low Density Lipoprotiens; HDL= High Density Lipoprotiens;
Figure 1: Mean Percent Change in Various Components of Lipid Profile After Treatment
In the present clinical trial the effects of test drug have been tested on all the
components of lipid profile in a double blind, randomized fashion and the
safety of the drug has also been established. Unani formulation (test drug)
significantly reduced LDL,TC, triglycerides, LDL/HDL and TC/HDL comparable
with control(placebo). Unani formulation also significantly improved HDL level
than that observed in control group. Individual ingredients of unani formulation
All these support the cardiovascular protective effects of test drug. Both
Abresham (Bombyx mori) and Arjuna (Terminalia arjuna) have been reported
The results of present study suggest that the unani test formulation is safe and
Conclusion
with placebo.
Anonymous, 2001. Executive summary of the Third Report of the National
Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert panel on detection, evaluation
and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult treatment panel III),
JAMA may 16; 285 (19): 2486 -97.
Christofer R, Edwin A, Nicholas R. Nikkia, 2004. Davidsons principles and
practice of medicine, 19th edition. Churchill living stone, pp.308-311.
Clayton, L., Thomas, Tabers Cyclopedic, 1999. Medical Dictionary, 16th Ed.
Ghani Najmul, ynm. Khzainul Advia: Sheikh Mohd. Basher and Sons Pub. Urdu
Halleys Khan, Z.M., Hossain Md. Faruquee , Md. Munan Shaik, 2011.
Maulik, G., Maulik, N., Bhandari, V., 1997. Evaluation of antioxidant effectiveness
Mir Mahdi Ali, Arumugam, A., Sarasa, Bharati, 2011. Effect of crude extract of
Singh, K.P. and Jayasomu, R.S., 2001. Bombyx mori; A review of its potential
56
Pharmacognostic Abstract
Evaluation of n view of probability of adulteration especially in unorganized
Dammul
Akhawain with
Reference to
I
drugs, this study was designed for standardization of Dammul Akhawain
(Dragons blood) to generate data for future reference. The study was carried
out on a samples of Dragons blood obtained from the plant Pterocarpus
marsupium Roxb, considered as the standard sample. The study comprised of
morphology, physicochemical study, physical constants, preliminary
Standardization
for this have not been mentioned sufficiently, therefore, the findings of this
Ehteshamuddin,
*Abdul Wadud,
Ghulamuddin Sofi,
Shamim Irshad
Introduction
Bangalore-560091
more plants are claimed to be the source of one drug especially in case of
such circumstances herbarium and drug museum, which are the main sources
Among the various steps to be taken for solving these problems, quality
are considered most reliable tools for quality assessment of herbal drugs
(Shinde, and Dhalwal, 2007). Most of the regulatory guidelines also suggest
Dragons blood (DB), as known in trade, is a bright red resin obtained from a
Linn, Croton draco Schltdl & Cham, Croton lechleri Mll Arg, Croton urucurana
didymophylla Becc, Daemonorops micranthus Becc, Daemonorops motleyi Becc,
Daemonorops rubra (Reinw ex Blume) Mart, Daemonorops propinquus Becc,
Dracaena cinnabari Balf.f, Dracaena cochinensis Hort ex Baker, and Pterocarpus
officinalis Jacq etc. have been accounted as the source of DB (Xing et al.,
2010). Such a big list of sources for one drug creates enormous degree of
DB is a red resin and the name refers to reddish resinous product applied to
red gum resin of some of the above mentioned sources have the official status
in their respective countries which they are indigenous to, such as red gum
2010).
(anti dysentery) (Ibn Sina, 2007). Its liniment is useful in anal fissure, prolapsed
whether used alone or with other astringent drugs, when used as enema it
In this study, red gum- resin of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. (DB) has been
considered as the standard sample viewing that the same is commonly available
in Indian crude drug markets. Therefore, it was obtained from the plant
Materials
Organoleptic evaluation
The organoleptic characters like color, odor, taste, luster, texture, fracture,
consistency and cut surface of were examined by naked eye (Anonymous,
1968).
Physicochemical evaluation
Determination of pH value
The pH value of 1% and 10% aqueous solution was estimated by the method
Campbell electronics.
Solubility test
(Anonymous, 1968).
acetone, benzene and distilled water. The extracts were subjected to various
acids etc.
Alkaloid was tested by Dragendroffs test, Mayers test, Hagers test and
Wagners test (Anonymous, 1992). Protein and amino acids were tested by
Molishs test (Paech and Tracey, 1955). Cardiac glycosides were tested by
Ferric chloride test (Brewster and Mcewen, 1971). Phenols were tested by
Ferric chloride test and Lead acetate test (Khandelwal, 2008). Phytosterols /
Terpenes were tested by Hosses reaction, Liebermann Burchards reaction,
and Moleschotts reaction (Khandelwal, 2008).
Test for Inorganic constituents
Ash of DB was prepared. To the ash 50% v/v hydrochloric acid and 50% v/v
Nitric acid were added, and kept for an hour and then filtered. Various tests
were performed with the filtrate for qualitative estimation of inorganic constituents
Spectrophotometery
scan Range: 190.00 to 360.00 nm; Measure Mode: Abs; Interval: 1.00 nm,
Speed: Medium.
Results
The results of macroscopic evaluation are shown in table 1 and figure 1&2.
The extractive values taken in ethanol, chloroform, diethyl ether, pet. ether,
benzene, acetone, and distilled water; mean percentage of total ash, acid
insoluble ash, water insoluble ash and water soluble ash; moisture content as
aqueous solution, and the melting point are given in table 2. The Preliminary
2. Luster Lustrous
3. Fracture Transverse
4. Texture Brittle
5. Consistency Liquid
6. Odor Odorless
7. Taste Astringent
Dragons blood
Chloroform 0.00
Benzene 0.00
positive. Iron, nitrate and phosphate were also detected. Spectrum scanning
Discussion
Due to crude nature of herbal drugs, traders often take advantage of it and
Usually it is noticed that commercial samples of some drugs do not match with
S.No. Solvents Result
TemperatureC
20 40 60 80
1. Ethanol Soluble
4. Chloroform Insoluble
5. Benzene Insoluble
6. Acetone Insoluble
drugs to draw some conclusion. Most of the literature consulted revealed that
Indian Dragons blood.
Morphological studies of crude drugs give some idea at very first sight. Color,
odor, taste, luster, fracture, and consistency etc. (Evans, 2008; Pearson and
Prendergast, 2007) are some prominent characters, therefore, these characters
were observed.
It is important to note that physical constants of a drug are good criteria for
identification. These constants are extractive values, ash values, and moisture
content. These parameters are widely accepted for checking purity of drugs
extractive value which was applied to the sample. In literature gum resin of
Our finding demonstrated no yield in diethyl ether, pet. ether and benzene.
However the yield % was 28.26 0.86, 63.33 1.46, 68.442.25 in ethanol,
Ash value is taken in terms of total ash, acid insoluble, water insoluble and
water soluble ash. In some cases there may be considerable difference in total
ash value in the same drug which may either be due to variation in the amount
of oxalate or some adulteration with metallic and the like materials or earthy
material. In such cases acid in soluble ash is taken into consideration. This
for checking purity of drugs. In this study, Thermo gravimetric Analysis (TGA)
method was applied for estimation of moisture content. This method is suitable
and oxidation of a sample with time and temperature (El-Sayd and Makawy,
DB is a gum-resin and for these types of drugs, melting point, pH and solubility
petroleum ether but more or less soluble in alcohol, chloroform, and ether.
Crude drugs containing mixed chemicals are described with certain range of
parameters were also. No data regarding melting point and pH of gum resin
our findings as stand. In literature melting point of gum resin of Calamus draco
standard sample did not coincide with the reported finding. Similarly, pH and
solubility were estimated at 20, 40, 60, and 80C. Except solubility, no data on
gum- resin of Pterocarpus marsupium, which is 80-90 % soluble in cold water
and almost soluble in alcohol, are available (Kokate, 2007), we considered our
results as standard.
flavonoid, phytosterol, essential oil, resin, tannin, etc. These were also estimated.
Conclusion
Detailed data on DB regarding physical, chemical and other properties are not
Acknowledgement
The authors are thankful to the Director, National Institute of Unani Medicine,
References
Anonymous, 1992. Quality Control Methods for Medicinal Plant Materials, rev.
Arthur, H.R. and Chan, R.K.R., 1962. A Survey of Hong Kong Plants testing for
the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act. Family Medicine 2002,
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gov/ pubmed /12144007.
Brewster, R.C. and Mcewen, W.E., 1971. Organic Chemistry, 3rd ed. Prentice-
Hall of India private Ltd, New Delhi, p. 406.
El-Sayd, N.I., and Makawy, M.M., 2010. Comparison of Methods for Determination
Reed Elsevier India Private Ltd., New Delhi, pp. 57-60, 525.
Ibn Sina, 2007. Al-Qanun Fit Tib. Part 1st, Vol.2nd. (Urdu translation by Kantoori,
Kartik, C.P., Surendra, K.P., Ranjit, K.H., Kumar, K.J., 2010. Traditional
Khan, M.A., 1314H. Muheete Azam, Part 2, Vol. 2nd. Matabae Nizami, Kanpur,
pp. 18-19.
Paech, K. and Tracey, M.V., 1955. Modern Methods of Plants Analysis, 3rd Vol.
Wallis, T.E., 2005. Text book of Pharmacognosy, 15th ed. CBS Publication, New
13].
2010 Oct. 24].
Xing Hong Wang, Changhe Zhang, Ling LIng Yang, Xiao-Hong Yang, Ji-Dong
Lou, Qiue Cao and Jose Gomes Laranjo, 2010. Enhanced dragons
blood production in Dracaena cochinchinensis by elicitation of Fusarium
oxysporum strains. J. Med. plants Res. (24): 2633-2640.
Activity of iver diseases have become one of the major causes of
Extracts and
Chemically
Defined
L
morbidity and mortality in man and animals all over the globe and hepatotoxicity
due to drugs appears to be the most common contributing factor. About 20,000
deaths occur every year due to liver disorders. Hepatocellular carcinoma is
one of the ten most common tumors in the world with over 2, 50,000 new cases
each year. Plants have potent biochemical components of phytomedicine. Plant
Molecules from
Herbal Drugs : of the plant and may contain active components. The beneficial medicinal
products present in the plant. The medicinal actions of plants are unique to a
particular plant species or groups and are consistent with this concept as the
2Nitin Rai
2Rajeev Kr. Sharma isoniazid are inducing hepatoxicity in the world. Herbal plants have been used
disease so. Herbal drugs were prescribed even when their biologically active
Ghaziabad-201002 compounds were unknown because of their effectiveness, few side effects and
2Pharmacopoeial
Laboratory for
Indian Medicine, Kamla Nehru Nagar, In this review, an attempt has been made to compile the reported
Ghaziabad-201002
hepatoprotective activity of plants from India and abroad and may be useful to
Introduction
The bile secreted by the liver has, among other things, an important role in
digestion. Liver diseases are among the most serious ailment. They may be
fibrosis of the liver). Liver diseases are mainly caused by toxic chemicals
#Invited Paper
1
*Author for correspondence
with metabolizing drugs, especially those given orally. It plays a key role in the
metabolism of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates, as well as in
immunomodulation. The sheer complexity and varied nature of its interactions
continually expose it to a variety of toxins, therapeutic agents etc., making it
susceptible to literally hundreds of diseases. Some of these diseases are rare;
others are common, such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, pediatric liver disorders, alcohol
related disorders, liver cancer, and weakened liver function on older people.
Cirrhosis is the third leading cause of death in adults aged between 25 and
59, and seventh leading cause of death overall. It has been estimated that
approximately 14 - 16 million people are infected with this virus in South East
Asia region and about 6% of the total population in the region are carriers of
this virus.
and fifth major cause of mortality of people in the age groups of 15-45 years.
virus B. Besides, incidence 60% chronic liver diseases and 80% of primary
liver cancer are due to residual effects of hepatitis B infection. With of lack of
safe and effective treatment for liver diseases, researches have been turned
towards alternative therapies with ethnic drugs of herbal origin used traditionally,
different system of medicines. The modern allopathic has very limited effective
market for the treatment of variety of liver diseases. In India alone there are
in validating the folk lore claims. This is evident from the voluminous scientific
in last two decades. Isolation of novel active phytoconstituents from many such
Herbal-based therapeutics for liver disorders have been in use in India for a
significant popularity of several herbal medicines in general, and for liver
diseases in particular, they are still unacceptable as treatment modalities for
liver diseases. The limiting factors that contribute to this eventuality are lack
of standardization of the herbal drugs, identification of active ingredient(s)/
principles(s), randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) and toxicological
evaluation.
been claimed to possess liver protecting activity. In India, more than 87 plants
are being sold all over the world. However, only a small proportion of
Numerous plants and polyherbal formulations are used for the treatment of
liver diseases. However, in most of the severe cases, the treatments are not
number of these plants and formulations, the studies were mostly incomplete
and insufficient. The therapeutic values were tested against a few chemicals-
antioxidants can provide such protection from liver damage caused by oxidative
Single plant may not have all the desired activities. A combination of different
therapeutical activity. The herbs used in hepatic disease have been extensively
exploited all over the world and large numbers of the plant species has been
diverse nature of chemical compounds has been identified from such plants
the total extract or fraction of extract has reported to possess better and
enumerated in Table 1 and 2.
Table 1: Plant Extracts with Hepatoprotective Activity
Family and Origin Plant Extracts Type of Hepato- References
Botanical name Parts Studied assay toxicity
used Inducing
Agents
In vivo
Andrographis In vivo
Nees
Hygrophila auriculata India Seeds Methanol In vivo PCM and Singh and Handa
Schult
Rhinacanthus nasuta India Root Methanol In vivo CCl4 Suja et al. (2003)
(L.) Kurz.
Aizoaceae Trianthema India Leaves Ethanol In vivo PCM and Kumar et al.
Apiaceae Apium India Seeds Methanol In vivo PCM and Singh and Handa
Carum copticum L. Pakistan Seeds Aqueous- In vivo CCl4 and PCM Gilani et al.
methanol (2005a)
Apocynaceae China, Leaf Aqueous In vivo CCl4 and GAIN Xiong et al.
In vivo
Maxim.) Harms
Sarcostemma
brevistigma Wight
parts (2002)
Achyrocline
satureioides (Lam.)
DC.
Botanical name Parts Studied assay toxicity
used Inducing
Agents
Pakistan Aerial Aqueous- CCl4 and Gilani and
Artemisia absinthium In vivo
L. parts methanol Aceta- Janbaz (1995a)
minophen
Artemisia maritima L Pakistan Aerial Aqueous- In vivo CCl4 and Janbaz and Gilani
parts methanol Aceta- (1995)
minophen
Artemisia vulgaris L. Pakistan Aerial Aqueous- In vivo GAIN and LPS Gilani et al.
Bidens chilensis DC Taiwan Whole Methanol CCl4 and PCM Chih et al.
In vivo
plant (1996)
Bidens pilosa L. Taiwan Whole Methanol In vivo CCl4 and PCM Chih et al. (1996)
plant
(2003)
vitro
vitro
Aublet) Gleason
GAIN
Wedelia In vivo
calendulacea L. (2008)
ex Rich. extract
desh (2009)
Botanical name Parts Studied assay toxicity
used Inducing
Agents
Burseraceae Saudi Aerial Ethanol CCl4 Al-Howiriny et al.
In vivo
Commiphora Arabia parts (2004)
opobalsamum (L.)
Engl.
Caesalpiniaceae India Bark Methanol In vivo CCl4 and PCM Gupta et al.
Lam
equisetifolia Forst
In vivo
vulgaris L. (2006)
vitro
(2006)
Roxb (2007)
Terminalia catappa L. Okinawa Leaves Aqueous In vivo GAIN and LPS Kinoshita et al.
vitro
vitro
Eclipta alba Hassk. India Whole Alcohol In vivo CCl4 Singh et al.
plant (1993)
Pers. ethanol
in vitro
extract of
marc
Botanical name Parts Studied assay toxicity
used Inducing
Agents
Cucurbitaceae Luffa India Fruits Pet.ether, CCl4 Ahmed et al.
In vivo
echinata Roxb. acetone, (2002)
methanol
Kostel
methanol
Emblica officinalis India Fruits Hydro- In vitro Anti TB drugs Tasduq et al.
Phyllanthus In vivo
Phyllanthus niruri L. Brazil Leaves Aqueous In vivo PCM Sabir and Rocha
(2008)
Fabaceae Acacia India Bark Ethyl acetate In vivo CCl4 Ray et al.
(2008)
(1999)
Cassia occidentalis L. India Leaves Aqueous- PCM and Jafri et al. (1999)
In vivo
Glycine max (L.) Merr Taiwan Seed Water In vivo Acetaminophen Wu et al. (2001)
Roxb.
Roxb
Trigonella foenum-
graecum L.
Botanical name Parts Studied assay toxicity
used Inducing
Agents
Fumariaceae Fumaria India Whole Methanol, In vivo PCM, Rao and Mishra
indica (Hausskn.) plant Pet.Ether, Rifampicin, (1997)
Pugsley aqueous CCl4
Blume.
Makino.
basilicum L. (2009)
In vivo
carica L. (2007)
(2000)
In vivo
Khan (2004)
Nymphaea stellata
Willd.
Helminthostachys
formosanus Hayata
in vitro
Willd.
Benth. butanol
and
aqueous
Lam. (2005)
Botanical name Parts Studied assay toxicity
used Inducing
Agents
Rubiaceae Hedyotis India Whole Methanol PCM Sadasivan et al.
In vivo
corymbosa (L.)Lam. plant (2006)
Mitracarpus scaber Mali Whole Methanol In vivo CCl4 Germano et al.
Zucc. plant and (1999)
in vitro
plant (2008)
Serr. inphysio-
logical
saline
Pennell
Morton
In vivo
Graham.
In vivo
Solanum In vivo
Hassl. vitro
plant (2004)
(Chao et Chuang)
Asia, (1995)
Africa
Nardostachys
jatamansi D.C.
Chemical substance Plant Plant part Class References
3,4-di-O- Lactuca indica L. Aerial parts Quinic acid Kim et al.
caffeoylquinic acid (2007b)
3,5-di-O-caffeoyl- Lactuca indica L. Aerial parts Quinic acid Kim et al.
muco-quinic acid (2007b)
Protium heptaphyllum
hierochuntica L. (2003)
hierochuntica L. (2003)
tianolin (1997b)
(1997b)
(1997b)
(2004)
Methoxyisoflavone (2004)
Ex G.Don. (2004)
Ex G. Don. (2004)
compound (2002)
Rahman (1998)
(1997a)
Taxiresinol Enciostemma littorale Aerial parts Tetrahydro- Nguyen et al.
furan (2004)
(7R)-7- Enciostemma littorale Aerial parts Tetrahydro- Nguyen et al.
hydroxylariciresinol furan (2004)
Onitin Equisetum arvense L. Aerial parts Phenolic Oh et al. (2004)
compound
Saururos chinensis
methyl ester
Goodyera
Schltr.G. discolor
Kergawl
(1992)
Monomethyl fumarate Fumaria indica Pugsley Whole plant Fumaric acid Rao and Mishra
(1998)
cochinchinensis (Lour.)
Kudo et Masam.
cochinchinensis (Lour.)
Kudo et Masam.
Cusson
Cusson.
thiosulfinates (2004)
Salidroside Rhodiola sachalinensis Roots Phenolic Song et al. (2003)
A.Bor. compound
1-O-galloyl-6-O- Combretum Seeds Gallic acid Adnyana et al.
(4-hydroxy-3,5- quadrangulare Kurz (2001)
dimethoxy)benzoyl-
-d-glucose
nitrocompound (2001)
koreanum Nakai
Myristica fragrans
Houtt. (2003)
glucopyranoside
_-Dapiofuranosyl-
1->6)--D
glucopyranoside
(2007)
Bunge (1998)
Sedum sarmentosum
Bunge (1998)
Bunge (1998)
formosanus Hay.
The liver is the most important organ in the body. It has a pivotal role in
regulation of physiological processes. It is involved in several vital functions
such as metabolism, secretion and storage. Liver diseases are among the
most serious ailments. They may be classified as acute or chronic hepatitis
(inflammatory liver diseases), hepatosis (non inflammatory diseases) and
cirrhosis (degenerative disorder resulting in fibrosis of the liver).
Modern society has innate knowledge about the herbal treatment of liver disease
from many cultures. Research into plants traditionally used in the treatment of
liver disease has significantly advanced in the past 15 years, and much of
system and the high incidence of liver complications, the present review
which are available in India and all over the world. These medicinal plants claimed
phytoconstituents; part used and plants in formulations. People from India are
of their easy availability and low cost. Since large mass of populations used
preparation.
These herbal drugs have shown the ability to maintain the normal functional
statues of the liver with or without fewer side effects. These are the reason
practitioners.
It has been seen that herbal hepatoprotective drugs have less side effect or
evidence from tests done to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of traditional
Pharmacokinetic and toxicity studies have not disclosed any issues that could
limit the therapeutic use of these drugs. Also the study is required to identify
Further studies including clinical trials need to be carried out to ascertain the
agents and preparations to treat hepatic disorders. The management of lives
disease is still challenges to modern medicine. The modern allopathic drugs
have very little to offer for alleviation of hepatic ailments and some these drugs
adversely affect the liver function. A phytotherapeutic approach to modern
drug development provides many invaluable drugs from traditional medicinal
plants. Search for pure phytochemical as drug is time consuming and extensive.
Numerous plants and polyherbal formulations are being used for the treatment
of liver diseases.
Today, unfortunately the herbal resources have declined rapidly because more
than 80% of our total medicinal plants used by Indian pharmaceutical industry
are collected from their wild sources and they are not being grown or
domesticated so far. To meet their burgeoning demand is the need of the day.
Moreover, our natural resource base of medicinal plants is being depleting day
prioritized medicinal plants through government initiatives before its too late.
References
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Ahmed, B.M. and Khater, R.M., 2001. Evaluation of the protective potential of
Ahsan, M.R., Islam, K.M. and Bulbul, I.J., 2009. Hepatoprotective activity of
Ali, S., Ansari, K.A., Jafry, M.A., Kabeer, H. and Diwakar, G., 2000. Nardostachys
K.H. and Rafatullah, S., 2004. Hepatoprotective properties of Commiphora
opobalsamum (Balessan), a traditional medicinal plant of Saudi Arabia.
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Anti- his study was carried out to detect the elevated serum Anti-
streptolysin
O antibodies at
Bhadrak
T
streptolysin O (ASO) in patients which were coming in OPD of Regional Research
Institute of Unani Medicine with various clinical conditions during the period of
January 2011 to December 2012. The serum samples were tested for ASO
antibodies by latex agglutination test. Total 205 patients including 30.24 %
male and 69.7 % female were tested for ASO serum levels. 60 were found
Region, India
positive and 145 were negative. In 60 positive cases 16 were male and 44
were female. The prevalence of ASO antibody in total cases was 29.26 %. The
*Kishore Kumar,
prevalence in male was 25.8 % and in female was 30.76 %. The presence of
Subhan A. Khan,
Mahe Alam,
Hakimuddin Khan,
Chander Pal,
Mukesh Kumar
and
Introduction
L. Samiulla
Mathasahi, Bhadrak-756100, the most frequent of which are acute pharyngitis (strep throat) and impetigo
Odisha
(pyoderma). It is also associated with two main non-suppurative sequelae:
acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) (Bisno, 1991).
Rheumatic fever causes inflammation of tissues and organs and can result in
serious damage to the heart valves, joints, central nervous system and skin.
number of factors. These include genetic determinants, for example, HLAs and
the presence of certain markers such as the B-cell alloantigens. One of the
(Homer and Shulman, 1991). The throat cultures are spontaneously negative
During infection, the host may produce antibodies to one or more extracellular
anti-streptolysin O (ASO) assay was the first such test to be developed and
is still widely used. ASO is not only useful in the diagnosis of streptococcal
infections or complications, but also in the follow-up process and in evaluating
the effectiveness of treatments. It measures the ability of serum to neutralize
streptolysin O.
Serum Collection
Serum samples were collected from 205 patients between the periods of January
Bhadrak, India. Blood samples from patients were obtained using a standard
rpm for 5 minutes. The serum was then separated by using micropipette.
Procedure
All the serum samples were tested by ASO kit (Span Diagnostics P. Ltd. India).
The instructions, reagents and accessories to follow were supplied with the kit.
Test serum and reagents were kept at room temperature before testing. 40l
patients serum within the circled area was placed on the clean and dry special
glass slide provided in the kit. One drop of well mixed ASO latex reagents was
added to serum. The reagent and serum using the applicator stick were mixed.
The slide was rotated and observed for agglutination macroscopically within
two minutes.
Results
Total 205 patients were included in this study. From them, 30.24 % male and
69.7 % female tested for ASO serum levels (Figure 1), 60 were positive and
In 60 positive cases 16 were male and 44 were female. In 145 negative cases
46 were male and 99 were female (Figure 2). Highest positive case (27 patients)
was found in the age group of 21- 40 while 23 patients were positive in age
group of 41-60 (Figure 3). The prevalence of total case was 29.26 %. The
prevalence of total female was 30.76 % and the prevalence of total male was
The number of positive cases in different age group is given in table 2. The
highest prevalence of male among positive cases found in the age group 41-
Figure 2: Sex wise distribution of ASO Positive and ASO Negative cases at RRIUM,
Bhadrak
Table 1: Sex wise prevalence of all streptococcal infection among General OPD at
RRIUM, Bhadrak
(%)
60 (6/16, 37.5%) and the highest prevalence of female among positive cases
prevalence rate of male and female in age group 21-40 was 31.25 % and 50
Figure 3: Age wise distribution of total Anti- streptolysin O (ASO) positive cases
Figure 4: The comparative chart of ASO positive cases between Male and Female
The prevalence rate of male and female in age group 41-60 was 37.5 % and
38.6 % respectively which was almost similar. The overall data clearly indicates
that the prevalence of ASO positive case is slightly higher in females than
males.
Discussion
The serological test for ASO is commonly used to aid in the diagnosis of post-
Figure 5: The prevalence rate of ASO among positive cases in different age group
Table 2: The prevalence rate of ASO among positive cases in different age group
increased antibody level, are present in the test specimen. A positive ASO titer
Fujikawa and Okuni (1979) observed that ASO elevation occurs only in 60%
rheumatic fever with 95% accuracy (Fujikawa and Okuni, 1979). In this study,
60 samples were positive out of 205 samples. Our study showed 29.26 %
prevalence of ASO positive cases whereas the same study which was conducted
in Nepal showed 45.45 % prevalence of ASO positive cases (Khan et al.,
2012). Similar study was also performed where 20.89 % prevalence was
for ASO antibodies by latex agglutination test during the period of January
2003 to December 2009. Among them 1944 samples were positive and 2286
al., 2010)
This clearly indicates that the ASO levels vary with age group of the study
population and geographical distribution. This study, together with data derived
from the present study indicates that the levels of the streptococcal antibodies
Acknowledgement
The authors are thankful to the Director General, Central Council for Research
in Unani Medicine, New Delhi for his cooperation and taking keen interest in
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98
Review on Abstract
Pharmacopoeial he dried mature roots of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal are
Standards of
Asgand
(Withania
T
specified source of drug named Asgand or Ashwagandha. The drug is highly
regarded for varied therapeutic values in Unani, Ayurvedic, Siddha and
Homoeopathic system of medicine. The drug has been compared to Panax
ginseng for its endurance - enhancing properties. The drug enjoys the official
status in Unani Pharmacopoeia of India, Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India,
somnifera (L.)
and mandatory for compliance to ensure the quality, safety and efficacy of
1*Nitin Rai drug. This communication reviews the pharmacopoeial monographs and
1Pharmacopoeial Laboratory
Kamla Nehru Nagar, Keywords: Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, Pharmacopoeias, Pharmacopoeial
Ghaziabad-201002
harmonization.
2Pharmacopoeia Commission
used in Unani system of medicine since a long time. It is an official drug and
body, rheumatism, scrofula, senile decay, ulcers and vulnerary treatment. The
homoeopathic system of medicine. The tender shoots of the plant are also
used as a vegetable and seeds are used as masticatory. The green berries
are bruised and rubbed on ringworm in human beings and on animal sores
and girth-golls in horses. They are also employed to curdle milk. The drug is
substituted with W. coagulans Dunal. (Kirtikar and Basu, 1933; Chopra et al.,
1
*Author for correspondence
Solanace. Solanaceae Juss. Lindl. Veg. Kingd. 618, Endl. Gen. 662. Miers,
Illustr. S. Amer. Pl. 1849-1857, Gen. Pl. II: 882.
This family comprises about 20 genera and 2,000 species found in tropical
and temperate regions of the world with the prime centers in Central and South
America. In India, this family is spread over 15 genera and 88 species, mostly
Genus: Withania Pauquy. Diss. de Bellad. Paris, 1824, ex Endl. Gen. 666;
Gen. Pl. II: 893, FBI 4:239.The genus consists of ten species which are
India. In India, 2 species are distributed in drier regions. The generic name of
W. somnifera (L.) Dunal. In DC. Prodr. 13: 453. 1852; FBI 4:239; FUGP 2:128,
Physalis somnifera Linn. Sp. Pl. 182. 1753, P. flexuosa Linn. Sp. Pl. 182. 1753.
fairly long, stem very short, stellate hairy often with hoary mealy exteremites.
gamopetalous, campanulate, three to six lobed to more than half way down,
ovate, stellate, hairy outside. Stamens five, inserted on the tube of the corolla
near its base, anthers broadly elliptic oblong and dehiscing longitudinally, pistil
linear filiform and stigma bifid. Fruit berry, globose, enclosed within the enlarged
calyx, stellate hairy, seed very many and discoid. Flowering and Fruiting:
January to September.
regions, Pakistan to Persia, the Canaries and to tropical and South Africa
Observations
Siddha, Homeopathic and Indian Pharmacopoeias are dealt in detail for content
review (Rai et al., 2012, 2013 and Tiwari et al., 2013).It was observed that
Dunal. ) is subjected for regulatory standards in Unani Pharmacopoeia of
India, Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Siddha Pharmacopoeia of India,
Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India, Indian Pharmacopoeia, British
Pharmacopoeia and United State Pharmacopoeia (Table -1). Non regulatory
quality standard are also published on the drugs in Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia
2010; 2011; 2013 a & b and 2014.) The monographs published in these
Conclusion
India is the only country which recognizes the five pharmacopoeias of different
Monograph)
dry extract
Amukkara SPI-I
Aswagandha
Asgand UPI-I
Pharmacopoeia
Sl. Quality Unani Ayurvedic Siddha Homoeopathy Indian
No. Specification Pharmaco- Pharmaco- Pharmaco- Pharmacopoeia Pharmacopeia
poeia of poeia of poeia of of India (IP 2014)
India, India, India, (HPI)
PartI Part-I Part-I Volume-I
(UPI) (API) (SPI) & VIII
Volume-I Volume-I Volume-I
& VIII
1. Pharmacopoeial Title
2. Definition-Botanical Botanical
distribution Distribution
are under
independent
headings
3. Synonyms
Name
5. Description Description-
Macroscopic Macroscopic
Microscopic Microscopic
Powder Powder-
independent
headings
Strength
Foreign Matter
Total Ash
Alcohol/ethanol
soluble extractive
Water soluble
Extractive
Loss on drying
Heavy metals
Microbial
contamination
Pesticide residues
Aflatoxins
7. Assay
Chromatography monographs
9. Constituents
No. Specification Pharmaco- Pharmaco- Pharmaco- Pharmacopoeia Pharmacopeia
poeia of poeia of poeia of of India (IP 2014)
India, India, India, (HPI)
PartI Part-I Part-I Volume-I
(UPI) (API) (SPI) & VIII
Volume-I Volume-I Volume-I
& VIII
system of
medicine)
11. Important
Formulations
13. Dose
Microscopic
& TLC
16. Preparation
19. Microbial
contamination
20. Storage
of India (UPI), of India (API), of India (SPI), of India (HPI) (IP 2014)
(With. Som.)
Withania
somnifera
Species somnifera Dunal. somnifera (L.) somnifera (L.) somnifera somnifera (L.)
P. arborescens
DC.
No. Specification Pharmacopoeia Pharmacopoeia Pharmacopoeia Pharmacopoeia Pharmacopeia
of India (UPI), of India (API), of India (SPI), of India (HPI) (IP 2014)
Part-I, Part-I, Part-I, Volume-I & VIII
Volume-I Volume-I & VIII Volume-I
4. Morphological Dried mature Dried mature Dried roots Root Root
part/Official roots roots
part
II. Microscopic II. Microscopic II. Microscopic II. Microscopic II. Microscopic
6. Identity, Purity
& Strength
Foreign Matter 2.0 %, Not 2.0 %, Not 2.0 %, Not 2.0 %, Not
Total Ash 7.0 %, Not 7.0 %, Not 7.0 %, Not 7.0 %, Not
Acid insoluble 1.0%, Not 1.0%, Not 1.0%, Not 1.2%, Not
ethanol soluble less than* less than* less than less than
(Vol. VIII)
Pesticide Pharmacopoeial
Aflatoxins Pharmacopoeial
(TLC/HPTLC/
HPLC)
Pharmacopoeia (IP) is the first official pharmacopoeia having its first edition in
the year 1955 followed by the publication of other pharmacopoeias viz. Ayurvedic
& Cosmetics Act 1940 & Rules thereunder for quality control of drugs of
Dunal published other Pharmacopoeias
Sl. Quality American Herbal British The United States
No. Specification Pharmacopoeia Pharmacopoeia Pharmacopoeia
(AHP) 2000 (BP) 2013 (USP 36/NF 31) 2013
1. Official Title Asvagandha Root Withania Somnifera Asvagandha Root
Root
3. Morphological part/ Dried root Dried mature root Dried mature root
Official part
Foreign Matter 2.0%, Not more than 2.0%, Not more than
Total Ash 7.0%, Not more than 7.0%, Not more than 7.0%, Not more than
Acid insoluble ash 1.0%, Not more than 1.0%, Not more than 1.0%, Not more than
soluble extractive
Water soluble
Extractive
Loss on drying 10.0%, Not more than 12.0%, Not more than 12.0%, Not more than
contamination
Not less than Not less than and Not less than
Withanolide 0.1%
(TLC/HPTLC/HPLC)
Dunal published on non Pharmacopoeial.
Sl. Quality Indian Herbal Quality Standards of
No. Specification Pharmacopoeia Indian Medicinal Plants
(IHP) 2002 (QCIMP) 2011
1. Official Title Withania Somnifera Withania somnifera (L.)
Dunal.(Asvagandha)
2. Botanical Species Withania somnifera (L.) Withania somnifera (L.)
Dunal. Dunal.
P. flexuosa L.,
P. arborescens DC.
Official part
III. Powder
Foreign Matter 2.0%, Not more than 1.0%, Not more than
Total Ash 7.0%, Not more than 8.0%, Not more than
Acid insoluble ash 1.2%, Not more than 2.0%, Not more than
Alcohol/ethanol soluble 20.0%, Not less than 18.0%, Not less than
to 0.094
(TLC/HPTLC/HPLC)
ensure the quality, safety and efficacy of herbal drugs without any ambiguity.
References
Anonymous, 1940. Drugs & Cosmetics Act and Rules, Govt. of India, Ministry
Sl. Quality Unani Ayurvedic Siddha Homoeopathy Indian
No. Specification Pharmacopoeia Pharmacopoeia Pharmacopoeia Pharmacopoeia Pharmacopeia
of India (UPI), of India (API), of India (SPI), of India (HPI) (IP 2014)
Part-I, Part-I, Part-I, Volume-I & VIII
Volume-I Volume-I & VIII Volume-I
1. Foreign Matter 2.0%, Not 2.0%, Not 2.0%, Not 2.0%, Not
more than more than more than more than
2. Total Ash 7.0%, Not 7.0%, Not 7.0%, Not 7.0%, Not
3. Acid insoluble 1.0%, Not 1.0%, Not 1.0%, Not 1.2%, Not
ethanol soluble less than less than less than less than
(Vol. VIII)
7. Pesticide Pharmacopoeial
8. Aflatoxins Pharmacopoeial
limits
(Vol. VIII)
less than
ed., Govt. of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi.
ed., Govt. of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi.
New Delhi.
First edition, Govt. of India, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, New Delhi,
pp.15-16.
India, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, New Delhi pp. 7-8.
of India, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, New Delhi, pp.136-37.
Anonymous, 2000b.American Herbal Pharmacopoeia and Therapeutic
Comendium-Aswgandha root, Published by ABC, USA, pp. 1-24.
Anonymous, 2002. Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Revised New Edition.
Published by IDMA-Mumbai, pp. 2479-2481.
I, II& III. Fifth ed. The Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Govt. of India,
VIII, First edition, Govt. of India, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, New
Delhi.
of India, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, New Delhi, pp. 1-3.
I, II& III. sixth ed. The Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Govt. of India,
Chopra; R.N., Nayar, S.L. and Chopra, I.C., 1956. Glossary of Indian Medicinal
Chopra, R.N; Chopra, I.C; Handa, K.L. and Kapoor, L.D. 1958. Chopras
Indigenous Drugs of India. U.N. Dhur & Sons Pvt. Ltd., Calcutta.
Kirtikar, K.R. and Basu, B.D., 1933. Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol. 1-4. L.M.
Basu, Allahabad.
Nadkarni, A.K., 1954. K.M. Nadkarnis Indian Materia Medica. ,Vol.I ,Popular
Rai, Nitin, Lalit Tiwari & Rajeev Kr. Sharma, 2012. Quality standards on medicinal
for Sustainable Agriculture (eds. Birendra Prasad and Sunil Kumar). Chapter
9, pp. 147-175.
drugs and related substances in Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP). Hippocratic J.
Unani Medicine 8(2): 149-170.
Rai Nitin and Rajeev Kr. Sharma,2014. Harmonization of Indian Pharmacopoeial
Standards. Hippocratic J. Unani Medicine 9(2): 75-108.
Sharma, B.M. and P. Kachroo,1988. Flora of Jammu and plants of
neighbourhood Vol.I. Bishan Pal Singh Mahendra Pal Sing, Dehradun.
Tiwari, Lalit; Nitin Rai and Rajeev Kr. Sharma, 2013. Regulatory Standards on
Homoeopathic Drugs: Indian Perspective. Int. J. Adv. Pharma. Sci. & Tech
1(1): 1-20.
110
Acute & Sub- Abstract
Acute Toxicity he present study was carried out during 2011-2012 to
Study of Qurse-
Nazla in
Experimental
T
investigate the safety of Qurse-nazla by conducting acute and sub-acute toxicity
in Swiss albino mice & rats respectively. Acute toxicity was determined by
administering aqueous extract of Qurse-nazla orally to two groups of mice of
six each at a dose 1gm/kg and 2gm/kg body weight. The animals were observed
for gross behaviour and mortality for 24 hours after drug administration. The
Animals
formulation was well tolerated by the animals and no abnormality was observed
*Mohd. Nadeem,
the animals and no overnight mortality was recorded. Similarly, sub-acute toxicity
Mohd. Urooj,
Habibur Rehman
three groups of seven animals each at a dose ranges from 1gm/kg and 3gm/
and
Shariq Ali Khan kg body weight for 28 days. The results of haematology and biochemistry
profile done on 29th day were found to be normal and no changes were
cordifolia Wild.
Introduction
number of resolutions adopted by the World Health Assembly and the Regional
Committee for the Western Pacific. Thus herbal medicines have been recognized
as a valuable and readily available resource for primary health care, and WHO
has endorsed their safe and effective use. A comprehensive programme for
of herbal medicines has been developed. Meanwhile, it has been realized that
medicinal plants are a valuable resource for new pharmaceutical products and
(Anonymous, 1993).
many people using these agents as self medication. Since there is limited data
available about the safety of the commonly used herbal remedies, therefore,
intensified. Toxicity testing in animal is typically the initial steps to determine the
effect profile of test substance and potential hazards which occurs due to short
according to the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) for the classification of
chemicals which cause acute toxicity (OECD, 2000).
Formulation
Qurse-nazla is a poly herbal formulation containing main constituents in equal
parts:
Methodology
Procurement of Drug
The Qurse nazla formulation was procured in the form of Tablet from CRIUM
(Central research Institute of Unani Medicine) A.G colony Road Near ESI
Animals
The study was carried out in Swiss albino mice (20-25 g) and rats (100-150g)
of either sex, for acute & sub-acute toxicity determination respectively. The
animals were procured from Mr. Rahat Hussain Enterprises Biological Suppliers
Babri Mandi Aligarh. They were acclimatized to the conditions for one week
12 Hrs light/Dark cycles, humidity (50-55%), and had free access to food
pellets. The study was conducted after approval of protocol from Institutional
The tablets of the drugs were crushed into fine powder and a weighed quantity
was steeped in acidulated distilled water. The water soaked mass of the drug
During this period it was occasionally stirred. After 24 hours it was filtered
through a filter paper and filtrate was dried over water bath. The aqueous
extracts of the drug thus obtained was used in different doses selected according
to OECD guidelines for safety evaluations.
Swiss Albino mice of either sex weighing 20-25 g were randomly selected and
divide into two groups of six mice each. Mice were kept fasted overnight
(12hrs) with free access to water prior to administration of dose ranging 1gm/
kg body weight and 2g/kg body weight as per limit test of OECD guideline. The
aqueous extract of the drugs was administered orally. The animals were kept
in polypropylene cages after drug administration and were observed for Gross
hour, 2 hour, 3 hour, 4 hour, 5 hour, 6 hour, 12 hour, 24 hour and thereafter
Swiss Albino rats of either sex weighing between 100-150 g were randomly
selected and divided into three groups of seven animals each. Rats were kept
dose ranging 1gm/kg and 3gm/kg body weight for 28 days as per limit test of
OECD guideline. Group I was kept as normal control which received distilled
water for 28 days, while in the IInd and IIIrd groups aqueous extract of the drug
was administered orally at a dose of 1gm/kg and 3gm/kg body weight for 28
days. The animals were observed for Gross behavior (salivation, lacrymation,
lethargy, sleep and coma) & mortality at 1 hour, 2 hour, 3 hour, 4 hour, 5 hour,
6 hour, 12 hour, 24 hour and thereafter once every day up to 28 days after
drug administration. On 29th day, blood was collected of all the three groups
leukocyte count and Differential leukocyte count. After collection of blood the
animals in all the three groups were sacrificed and liver, heart, kidney and
spleen were excised out for determination of organ to body weight ratio. SGOT,
1957). Alkaline Phosphatase was estimated by Bessey and Brock, 1946 method
(Bessay et al., 1946). Serum urea was estimated by GLDH, Ureas method
method given by (Bowers et al., 1980). Serum HDL was estimated by
Phosphotungstic Acid method given by (Burstein et al., 1970), while Serum
cholesterol and Triglyceride were estimated by CHOD-PAP method given by
(Roeschlau et al., 1974) and GPO-Trindev method given by (Mcgowan et al.,
1983). ESR and DLC were estimated by Westergreen and Leishman stain
Statistical Analysis
nazla in Swiss albino mice shows that the formulation was well tolerated by the
animals and no overnight mortality was recorded. Herbs and supplements can
The values of all the parameters including liver functions, renal functions
control group. The effects of the studied drug on organ body weight ratio in
control and treated animals are presented in Table 4. There were no significant
changes observed in organ body weight ratio of the control and the animals
treated with various doses. Table 1 and 2 is a summary of the results of the
changes in AST and ALT levels in all the treated animals compared with the
Test in Albino Rats
Groups Liver Function Test Renal Function Test
SGOT SGPT SALP Serum Urea Serum
Unit/L Unit/L KAU Mg/dl Creatinine
Mg/dl
Group I
Normal Control 178.0715.39 47.453.83 164.7420.08 33.70 4.03 1.29 0.07
(n = 7)
Group II
Group III
Table 2: Effect of Aqueous Extract of Qurse- Nazla on Lipid Profiles in Albino Rats
Group I
(n = 7)
Group II
(n = 7)
Group III
(n = 7)
group III animals where p value = 0.0319. This is not quite significant to effect
safety of the drugs. It can be concluded on the basis of above observation that
in Albino Rats
Groups Haemoglobin TLC / ESR DLC
gm % Cumm mm/hr
% Polymorph % Lymphocyte
count count
Group I
Normal Control 14.080.20 4264.28147.88 1.710.28 30.853.23 65.142.46
(n = 7)
Group II
(n = 7)
Group III
(n = 7)
Table 4: Effect of the Aqueous Extract of Qurse-Nazla on Organ to the Body Weight
Group I
Normal Control 4.50 0.10 0.50 0.01 0.99 0.03 0.51 0.07
(n = 7)
Group I
(n = 7)
Group I
Drug treated 4.80 0.23 0.50 0.01 1.11 0.05 0.52 0.01
(n = 7)
The formulation was well tolerated by the animals and no abnormality was
observed in the general behavior of the animals and no overnight mortality
was recorded. There were no finding of any organ toxicity and hematological
changes as laboratory findings were normal. It can be concluded on the basis
of above observation that drug is quite safe in animals.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to express their gratitude to Prof. Shakir Jamil, Director
General, Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, New Delhi, for
References
Anonymous, 1993. Research Guidelines for Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy
Bessay, O.A., Lowry, O.H., Brock, M.J., 1946. A method for the rapid
J Biol.Chem. 164:321-329.
Bowers, L.D., Wong, E.T., 1980. Kinetic serum creatinine assay I. The role of
Burstain, M., Scholnic, H.R., Morphin, R., 1970. Rapid method for the isolation
Res 11:583-595.
Macgowan, M.W., Artiss, J.D., Strangberg, D.R., Zak, B., 1983. A peroxidase-
37:465-496.
Scandinav 90:342-364.
serum glutamic oxaloacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases.
Am.J.Clin.Pathol. 28:56-63.
Roeschlau, P., Bernt, E., Gruber, W., 1974. Enzymatic determination of total
cholesterol in serum. Z Klin. Chem, Klin Biochem 12(5): 226.
Tiffany, T.O., Jansen, J., Burtis, C.A., Overton, J.B., Scott, C.D., 1972. Enzymatic
and Quality udri Surkh botanically equated to seeds of Cheiranthus cheiri
Control
Methods of
Unani Single
T
Linn. belongs to Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) family. In Unani System of Medicine
Tudri Surkh is used as stomachic, diuretic, expectorant, demulcent,
emmenagogue and also in the ailments of asthma, cough and fever. Seed oil
is applied locally for bruises, nervous and rheumatic pains. It is one of the
ingredients in the Unani formulations namely Majoon-e-Alkula, Majoon-e-
Drug Tudri
Sada. In view of its medicinal importance, the present study was conducted to
(Cheiranthus
cheiri Linn.)
were moisture content (9.56%), total ash (6.60%), acid in-soluble ash (1.25%)
1*D. Ramasamy, and solubility in alcohol (13.69 %) and water (20.01%). TLC studies of
1Rampratap Meena, chloroform and alcohol extracts showed various spots at 254nm, 366nm and
1S.Mageswari,
in visible light. The Quality control parameters such as microbial content (TBC,
2Shamsul
Arfin,
1Syed Jameeluddin Ahmed the heavy metals (Pb, Cd, As and Hg) were found within the permissible limits.
and Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) and pesticide residues were not detected in the
1Regional
Research Institute
Royapuram, Chennai-600013
Introduction
in Unani Medicine,
61-65 Institutional Area, Plants plays a vital role in maintaining human health and improving the quality
Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058 of human life from thousands of years and serves to human the valuable
medicine contains natural substances that can promote health and reduce
increased all over the world. Enormous evidence has been collected to show
et al., 2013).
The seed of Cheiranthus cheiri Linn. is known as Tudri Surkh in Unani System
cough and fever. Seed oil is applied locally for bruises, nervous and rheumatic
pains besides a tonic to improve the male reproductive system. Flowers are
1
*Author for correspondence
et al., 2006). Cheiranthus cheiri is a shrub like herb, indigenous in the North
Temperate zone, Central and Northern Europe; it is cultivated in Indian gardens
as an ornamental plant (wall flower).
Materials and Methods
Collection of drug
Seeds were collected from raw drug dealers, Chennai and identified by the
Pharmacognostical studies
Botanical identification of the fruit was carried out using available literature
(Kritikar and Basu, 1998; Khare, 2007; Hooker, 1999). The pharmacognostical
carried out using standard method (Johansen, 1940). Free hand sections of
the fruit were taken, microscopical drawings made using Camera Lucida and
observations recorded.
Physico-chemical parameters
Physico-chemical parameters like foreign matter, total ash, acid in-soluble ash,
loss on drying at 105C, solubility in alcohol and water were carried out as per
TLC analysis
Preparation of extract
The powder of the drug (2g) was extracted using 30ml of chloroform and
alcohol extracts were concentrated upto 10ml in a standard flask. These extracts
The TLC profile of chloroform and ethanol extracts were performed using pre-
coated silica gel 60 F254 TLC plate (E. Merck) as adsorbent. TLC studies of
both extracts were carried out using solvent systems like toluene: ethyl acetate:
Acetic acid (8: 2: 0.2) and toluene: ethyl acetate (1: 1) respectively. After
drying, the plates were examined under UV 254nm and 366nm and observed
the spots. Further the plates were dipped in vanillin-sulphuric acid reagent
followed by heating at 105C till appeared the bright spots appeared (Wagner
The WHO parameters like microbial load, heavy metals, aflatoxin and pesticide
residues were carried out using standard methods of WHO & AOAC guidelines
(Anonymous, 1997, 1998, 2000).
Results and Discussion
Pharmacognostic studies
Macroscopic: Seeds are reddish brown, bright, 2.5 to 3.5mm long, 1.5 to 2 mm
with large embryo, musky odour and mucilaginous taste (Fig. 1 & 2).
non-lignified cells with their radial and inner tangential walls thickened looks
like beaker shaped cells; pigmented cells consisting of single layer of elongated
parenchyma cells filled with yellowish brown contents; single layer of thick
A diagrammatic sketch
MUEP - Mucilaginous epidermis; PIGC - Pigmented cells; TWC - Thick walled cells
epidermal cell is surface view with mucilage, thick walled cells in surface view;
elongated pigmented cells in surface view, cotyledonary parenchyma cells in
surface view
(Fig. 6).
Chemical analysis
Analytical data shows 9.56 % of moisture content. Ash content of the drug
was 6.59 % and 1.25 % of acid in-soluble ash shows the siliceous matter in
the plant. Alcohol soluble extractives represent the extraction of polar constituents
like phenols, tannins, glycosides, alkaloids and flavonoids. The water soluble
The Rf values of the TLC analysis of chloroform and alcohol extracts are
shown in Table - II and III. The plates were visualized using vannilin-sulphuric
acid reagent and heated at 105 till appear the colored spots. The TLC of the
chloroform extract at UV- 254 nm showed 5 spots, UV-366 nm showed 3 spots
and 5 spots showed after derivatization with vanillin - sulphuric acid (Fig. 7).
Alcohol extract showed at UV-254 nm 4 spots, UV-366 nm showed 3 spots and
after derivatization with vanillin sulphuric acid showed 6 spots (Fig. 8).
The microbial load and heavy metals were found within the permissible limit
Solvent system: Toluene : Ethyl acetate Solvent system: Toluene : Ethyl acetate
(8 : 2 : 0.2)
Solvent system Rf Values
UV 254nm UV 366nm V. S. Reagent
0.91 Light pink 0.72 Blue 0.91 Grey
0.72 Pink 0.39 Pale blue 0.72 Violet
Toluene: Ethyl acetate
(1 : 1)
0.34 Violet
0.14 Violet
2 105 CFU / gm
The aflatoxin such as B1, B2, G1 & G2 and analysed pesticide residues such as
methoxychlor, phorate sulfoxide and phorate sulfone were not detected from
the drug.
Conclusion
TLC analysis and quality control parameters were derived and described are
Cheiranthus cheiri.
Acknowledgement
The authors are deeply indebted to the Director General, CCRUM, New Delhi,
for providing necessary research facilities and encouragement for this study.
References
Anonymous, 1998. Quality Control Methods for Medicinal Plant Materials. World
Health & Family Welfare, Department of AYUSH, Govt. of India, New Delhi.
17-26.
Hooker, J.D., 1999. The Flora of British India, Vol. I. Bishen Singh Mahendra
Johansen, D.A., 1940. Plant Microtechnique Mc. Graw Hill Book Company Inc.,
Kritikar, K.R. and Basu, B.D., 1998. Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol. 1. Bishen
Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L. and Chopra, I.C., 2006. Glossary of Indian Medicinal
pp. 6061.
Sethi, P.D., 1996. High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography. CBS Publisher
Wagner, H., Bladt, S.A., 1996. Thin Layer Chromatography Atlas. In: Plant
126
Development of Abstract
Quality he Unani system of medicine prescribes large number of
Standards on
Jawarish-e-
Kafoor Qawi A
T
classical herbal formulations to cure the different types of diseases. Jawarish-
e-Kafoor Qawi a Unani herbal formulation is prepared in combination of
ingredients like Kafoor, Zafran, Jauzbuwa, Filfil Siyah, Zanjabeel, Bisbasa,
Darchini, Narmushk, Qirfa, Filfilmoya, Faranjmushk and Qand Safaid. The Unani
Physicians prescribes the drug Jawarish-e-Kafoor Qawi to cure the ailments of
Classical Unani
it is basic requirement for the research on quality control of this drug. There
1*Rampratap Meena, is lack of standardization and proper documentation of Unani drugs. Based on
2S. Mageswari, the available sources an attempt is made to evaluate the drug on
2D. Ramasamy,
3Shamsul Arfin,
3Aminuddin parameters like powder microscopy, moisture content, ash values, bulk density,
and pH values, extractive values, TLC/HPTLC finger printing and other quality
4Nitin Rai control parameters viz. heavy metals, microbial content, aflatoxins and pesticide
residues are performed. The evaluated data will help to lay down
Institute,
Ghaziabad-201002
2Regional
Research Institute TLC/HPTLC, WHO parameters
of Unani Medicine,
Introduction
Royapuram, Chennai-600013
in Unani Medicine,
used classical Unani formulations. This poly herbal formulation consists of 12
61-65 Institutional Area, ingredients (Table 1). This drug is prescribed for the treatment of Zof-e-Meda
4Pharmacopoeial Laboratory
with the perspective of safety, efficacy and quality will not only to preserve the
Kamla Nehru Nagar, traditional heritage but also to rationalize the uses of Unani medicines in the
Ghaziabad-201002
health care.
quality control methods, there are batch to batch variations among the similar
the pharmacopoeial studies of the drug by applying modern parameters such
as microscopical, physico-chemical, thin layer chromatography and WHO
parameters such as microbial load, aflatoxin, heavy metals and pesticide residue.
Material and Methods
Genuine raw drugs namely Kafoor, Zafran, Jauzbuwa, Filfil Siyah, Zanjabeel,
of the formulation were procured from raw drugs dealers of Chennai and Delhi
(Fig. 1). The raw drugs were authenticated as per pharmacopoeial and other
The drug sample (5g) was weighed and mixed with 50ml of water in a beaker
with gentle warming, till the sample completely dispersed in water. The mixture
was centrifuged and decanted the supernatant. The sediment was washed
several times with distilled water, centrifuged again and decanted the
A few mg was taken in watch glass and added few drops of phloroglucinol and
features of the drug were observed in different mounts (Wallis, 1997; Johansen,
1940).
different solvents, pH values, bulk density and sugar content etc., are useful
(Anonymous, 1987).
Natural Camphor
Fruit Seed
The formulations of the three batch samples were extracted with chloroform
finger print analysis.
The TLC/HPTLC finger print analysis of chloroform and alcohol extracts of the
formulations were performed using aluminium plate precoated with silica gel 60
F254 (E.merck) employing CAMAG Automatic TLC sample - IV applicator. The
chromatogram were developed using the developing systems toluene: ethyl
acetate (9: 1) and toluene: ethyl acetate (6: 4) for chloroform and alcohol
extracts respectively. The plates were dried at room temperature to record the
image of the plates at UV-254 nm, UV-366 nm using TLC visualizer and the
plates were scanned at 254 nm to record the finger print spectrum using TLC
Scanner - IV. Finally the plate were dipped in vanillin-sulphuric acid and heated
at 105 till coloured spots appeared (Wagner, and Bladt, 1984; Sethi, 1996).
The usage of herbal products along with higher safety margins, WHO has
taken necessary step to ensure quality control parameters with the modern
techniques and application of suitable standards. The microbial load and heavy
metal parameters were carried out as per the WHO guidelines (Anonymous,
1998). Aflatoxin and pesticide residues were carried out by standard methods
(Anonymous, 2000).
Obseravtions
taste.
The physico-chemical data such as moisture content was obtained in the drug
19.57%. The alcohol soluble extractive (44.56%) might be due to the extraction
indicate the presence of inorganic constituents. The obtained data are shown
in Table 2.
The chloroform and alcohol extract of all the three batch samples showed
identical spots in UV 254nm and 366nm ranges and the Rf values of both
Formulation
S. Unani name Unani Name Part used Quantity Salient features of the drug
No.
1. Kafoor Cinnamomum Natural 25 g.
API-VI camphora (L.) camphor
Nees & Eberm.
2. Zafran Crocus Stamens & 25 g. Pollen grains size upto 120, spherical
UPI-VI sativus Linn. Stigmas in outline with clear exine and intine
oxalate crystals
Zingiber
starch grains
Myristica
Houtt.
zeylanicum
9. Qirfa UPI-III Cinnamomum Stem bark 25 g. Fibres thick walled lignified with
Elongated thick walled
Zafran Endosperm cells filled parenchyma cells
with starch grains Perisperm cells
Pollen grains
walls filled with starch grains spindle shaped stone cells with stone cells
Narmushk Zanjabeel
Pollen grains
Qirfa / Darchini
epidermal cells
the extracts are shown in Table 3 and 4. The plates were dipped in vanillin-
The evaluated quality control parameters such as microbial load and heavy
metals were found within the permissible limit in the drug shown in Table 5
Parameters Batch Number (n=3)
I II III
Extractives
Alcohol soluble matter 44.71% 44.17% 44.80%
Water soluble matter 65.31% 65.79% 65.52%
Ash
pH values
Sugar estimation
Rf Values
reagent
Rf Values
Solvent UV-254 nm UV-366 nm After derivatisation with
System vanillin sulphuric acid
reagent
0.92 Green 0.92 Red 0.92 Violet
and 6. The other parameters like aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 and pesticide
sulfoxide and phorate sulfone were not detected from the drug samples shown
in Table 7 and 8.
S.No. Aflatoxins Results WHO Limits
1 B1 ND 0.05ppb
2 B2 ND 0.05ppb
3 G1 ND 0.05ppb
4 G2 ND 0.05ppb
ND = Not Detected
ND Not detected
The TLC studies of chloroform extract are tabulated in Table 3. All the three
batch samples shows identical spots in UV-254 nm, UV-366 nm and visible light
and visible light it shows 10, 11 and 11 spots respectively with different Rf
values (Fig. 3). The finger print of the chloroform extract shows 13 peaks of
major peak whereas peaks at R f 0.04, 0.07, 0.22, 0.44 and 0.67 were
moderately smaller peaks (Fig.4). The HPTLC densitometry chromatogram of
chloroform extract of three batch samples were recorded at 254 nm (Fig. 5).
Fig. 3: TLC photos of chloroform extracts of three batch samples at different wavelength
of light
samples at 254 nm
The TLC studies of alcohol extract are tabulated in Table 4. All the three batch
samples shows identical spot in UV-254 nm, UV-366 nm and visible light (after
visible light it shows 6, 8 and 8 spots respectively with different Rf values (Fig.
6). The finger print of the alcohol extract shows 13 peaks of which peaks at
Rf 0.54, 0.74, 0.81 and 0.90 were the major peak whereas peaks at Rf 0.08,
0.12, 0.25, 0.32, 0.37, 0.44, 0.60, 0.67 and 0.99 were moderately smaller
standards on drug.
Fig. 6: TLC photos of alcohol extracts of three batch samples at different wavelength of
light
at 254 nm
Acknowledgement
The authors are extremely thankful to Director General, CCRUM, New Delhi
References
II. CCRUM, Min. of Health & Family Welfare, New Delhi, pp. 300 - 317.
Anonymous, 1998. Quality Control Methods for Medicinal Plant Materials. World
Edition.
Edition). Govt. of India, Min. of Health & Family Welfare, New Delhi, pp.
105-106; 146-147.
Edition). Govt. of India, Min. of Health & Family Welfare, New Delhi, p. 59.
Anonymous, 2007. The Unani Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-I, Vol.-I (English
Edition). Govt. of India, Min. of Health & Family Welfare, New Delhi, pp. 26-
27; 38-39; 88-89.
Anonymous, 2007. The Unani Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-I, Vol.-III (English
Edition). Govt. of India, Min. of Health & Family Welfare, New Delhi, pp. 82-
83.
Edition). Govt. of India, Min. of Health & Family Welfare, New Delhi, pp. 38-
39; 98-99.
Edition). Govt. of India, Min. of Health & Family Welfare, New Delhi, pp.
210-211.
Edition). Govt. of India, Min. of Health & Family Welfare, New Delhi, pp. 23-
24; 101-102.
Johansen, D.A., 1940. Plant Microtechnique. Mc. Graw Hill Book Company Inc.,
Myers, S.P., Cheras, P.A., 2004. The other side of the coin: safety of
225.
Sethi, P.D., 1996. High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography, Vol. X. (1st
Wagner, H., Bladt, S., and Zgainski, E.M., 1984. Plant Drug Analysis: A Thin
Wallis, R.E., 1997. Text Book of Pharmacognosy, 5th Edition. CBS Publishers
Overview of Catharanthus roseus (L.)
G. Don Alkaloids
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don; syn. Vinca rosea L.
Family : Apocynaceae
Introduction
grows wild but now cultivated scientifically for ornamental and medicinal use.
Flowers white or deep rose coloured; follicles long. Earlier civilisations knew
followed by several South East Asian countries viz., South Vietnam, Philippines
Alkalodial Composition
viz; alkaloids and tannins. Although it is a poisonous plant, but under close
medical supervision its alkaloids have been employed successfully for the
There are over 130 organic constituents present in Catharanthus roseus (L.)
which we shall focus upon here are known as Vinblastine and Vincristine. They
occur together naturally and the yield of the former alkaloid is pre-dominating.
activity.
Applications
claimed to be good for brain health. These alkaloids help in improving the
supply of nutrient (glucose) and oxygen to the brain, which it can effectively
known blood neurotransmitter in the Central Nervous System (CNS); its vital
function is to regulate the heart function, memory including sleep and appetite.
Lack of serotonin may lead to several mental disorders like schizophrenia. The
other application of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don alkaloids are;
Hypotensive
Sedative
Tranquiliser
Anticancer
Controls diarrhea
According to literature reports there are over 100 alkaloids isolated from the
various parts of the plant (viz; leaves, stem, root, root bark etc.).Amongst them
two medicinally important alkaloids may be mentioned here viz; vinblastine and
al., 2001). Amongst the other bio-active alkaloids may be mentioned reserpine
triple action medicine, viz; vaso-dilator, blood thinner and memory enhancer.
exhibits anticancer activity against numerous cell type in general and against
multi drug resistant cancer tumors in particular (Favretto et al., 2001). This
roseus (L.) G.Don exerts a synergic effect which counters the multi drug
important alkaloids viz; vinblastine and vincristine used for the treatments of
cancers.
Vinblastine
This alkaloid exhibits quite a different and wide spectrum of activity, and is
used for the following types of cancers;
Hodkgins lymphoma, cancer of breast, head, lungs, neck, ovaries and testicles.
allows the use of lower dose of belomycin thereby reducing the overall toxicity
al., 2003).
associated with wide adverse side effects, namely, hair loss, stomach and
Vincristine
Vincristine is the second vinca alkaloid, which is used for the treatment of
cancer. This cytotoxic drug acts by inhibiting the ability of the cell to divide,
which in turn stops the proliferation of the disease .The alkaloid has quite a
different and wide spectrum of activity. It is employed for the acute lymphobic
cancers in children, malignant tumor (Favretto et al., 2001) and breast cancer.
The use of the extract of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don on a rabbit led Beer
& Noble (Western Ontario, Canada) to a chance discovery. They noticed that
there was reduction of white blood cells (WBCs)and which decreased further
with the administration of higher concentration of the drug. Besides, the blood
platelets count, including the immunity of the animal fell considerably. There
was practically no resistance in the body of the rabbit and the animal died due
a medical condition wherein there is a large increase of WBCs than the normal.
This conclusion was found to be correct and was based on the positive results
a method of obtaining vincristine alkaloid in sizeable amounts. Recourse was
taken to extractive procedure from vinca rosea, involving the use of tons
quantity of dried leaves. This, however, is a cumbersome and time consuming
process. Thanks to the efforts of synthetic organic chemists, who were able to
prepare the valuable vincristine alkaloid on a pilot plant scale, in order to cope
These two alkaloids (vinblastine and vincristine) are now available in the US
The modern technique has been employed for the isolation of the above
Flavonidal/terpenoidal composition
The flowers of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don contained flavonids. The major
and Quercetin (both are strong antioxidants). The whole plant is reported to
severoside etc.
Acknowledgement
The authors thank Prof. G.S. Sandhu, Director, HIET, Ghaziabad, for the kind
References
Favretto, D., Piovan, A., Filippini, R., Caniato, R., 2001. Monitoring the production
15(5): 364-9.
Federico, M., Berte, R., Luisi, D., Molica, S., Cavalli, C., Dezza, L., Ascari,
E., 2003. Vinblastine, Belomycin and Methotrexate Chemotherapy plus
irradiation for Patients with Early Stage, Favorable Hodgkin Lymphoma.
Cancer 98 (11): 23932401.
Tiwari, D.N., Kumar, K. and Tripathi, A., 2001. SADABAHAR. Ocean book Pvt.
44 Duplex, Block-A
NOIDA-201301
and
Shalin Kumar
Hi-Tech Institute of
Engg.& Technology
Ghaziabad 201015
146
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