ltAatL af}4wd{sf] ;+lIfKt Oltxf;

A SHORT HISTORY OF BUDDHISM IN TIBET

ldng zfSo
rfs'kf6, nlntk'/

ltAatnfO{ To; b]zsf jfl;Gbfx¿n] ef]P! eGb5g\ . o; b]znfO{ lxpFsf] b]z jf 3fª\5]g@ klg
elgG5 . ltAatL pRr e"ldn] Pp6f ljzfn e"v08 cf]u6]sf] 5 . ef}uf]lns lx;fan] ltAatsf]
If]qkmn !) nfv ju{lsnf]ld6/ eGbf Hofbf 5 h'g ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] Ps rf}yfO{ e'efu xf] .
ltAatL pRre"ldsf] pFrfO{ ;/b/ !^))) kmL6 hlt 5 .# rf/}lt/ cUnf cUnf lxdlzv/x¿ /
kj{tx¿n] 3]/]sf 5g . To:tf] pRr kj{t z[+vnf ;w} lxpFn] 9flsPsf] x'G5 / lxpF klUnP/ ag]sf]
lxdgbL ltAatL v]tsf nflu l;+rfOsf ¿kdf k|of]u x'g] ub{5 . ltAatL e"ldsf] s;/L pTklt eof]
eGg] af/]df Uofn/fj\ ;fNj] d]nf]Ëdf Pp6f rfvnfUbf] ljj/0f lbOPsf] 5 M k/fk"j{sfndf ;Dk"0f{
e"ld h;nfO{ clxn] ltAat elgG5 kfgLd'lg lyof], kl5 7"nf] ef/t jif{sf] e"ld Plzof dxfåLkdf
cs:dft\ 7f]lSsof] . 7f]lSsbfv]/L hndUg e"ld la:tf/} aflx/ lg:sg yfNof] . kmn:j¿k ljZjsf]
;jf]{Rr lxdfnx¿sf] lgdf{0f eof] / ;a}eGbf cUnf] e"ld h'g clxn] ltAatsf] gfdn] lrlgG5
To;sf] klg lgdf{0f eof] . ltAatL e"ld alg;s]kl5 ;f] >f]tsf cg';f/ ToxfF b'O{6f jfl;Gbf dfq
lyP . afFb/ / /fIfzgL . afb/ ;fIfft\ cjnf]lst]Zj/ s?0ffdo af]lw;™js} lgdf{0fsfo lyof] To;}n]
zfGt, WofgL / s?0ffn] o'Qm :jefjsf] lyof] / ;w} Wofgdf nLg x'GYof] . /fIf;gLdf h+unL efj /
jf;gf lyof] . cfkm" PSnL ePsLn] ;fyLsf] nflu Psbd 56kl6P/ pm a]:;/L ?g yfnL . afFb/n]
/fIf;gL /f]Psf] ;'Gof] . p;df /fIf;gLk|lt 7"nf] s?0ff hfu[t eof] . To;kl5 afFb/n] /fIf;gL;+u}
ljjfx u¥of] . logLx¿af6 hDdf ^ hgf ;Gtfg hlGdP . ;a} ;Gtfgx¿ dflg; eP/ hlGdP .$
clxn] ltAatLx¿ oxL+ b'O{ jfb/ / /fIfzgLnfO{ cfˆgf k"j{h 7fGb5g\ .

!
ltAatL lnlkdf བོད n]lvG5 . w]/} h;f] Oltxf;sf/x¿n] ;f] zAb pRrf/0f ug{ ghfg]/ ef]b\ eg]/ klg n]v]sf]
kfOG5 . zfob ToxL ef]b\ af6 ltAatsf] gfd} ef]6 x'g uPsf] x'g ;S5 . t/ ltAat eGg] gfpF s;/L /xg uof]
eGg]
@
;DaGwdf dt}So 5}g .
གངས༌ཅན cyf{t lxpFsf] e"ld -The Land of Snow_ . ljb]zL lstfax¿df ltAatnfO{ oxL gfd lbOPsf] x'G5 .
#
x]g'{xf];\ M Marylin M. Rhie & Robert A. F. Thurman, Wisdom and Compassion: The Sacred Art of Tibet, (London:
Thames and Hudson Ltd., 1991), p. 20
$
x]g'{xf];\ M Mccomas Taylor and Chodak Yuthok (tr.), The Clear Mirror, (New York: Snow Lion Publications,
1996), pp. 75-79. To;a]nf b]lv g} ltAatdf af]lw;™j cfof{jnf]lst]Zj/sf] ljz]if s[kf /lxcfPsf] 5 . ltAat /
ltAatL hgtfnfO{ a'4wd{df lblIft u/]/ p4f/ ug{sf nflu af]lw;™j cfof{jnf]lst]Zj/nfO{ eujfg\ zfSod'lg
a'4n] g} cf1f lbg'ePsf] lyof] . of] s'/f ltAatL u|Gy བཀའ༌ཆེམས༌ཀ༌ཁོལ༌མ༌ -sf 5]d\ sf vf]n\ df_ df pNn]lvt 5 .

page 1
k|fu P}ltxfl;s sfnb]lv clxn];Dd u/L ltAatdf hDdf # j6f wd{x¿ km}lnPsf] kfOG5 . tL x'g\ M
!= dg'io wd{ -ld 5\of]P_%, @= af]g wd{ -emfqmLwd{_^ / #= lbJo wd{ jf af}4 wd{& .

dg'io wd{ cyf{t\ ld 5Øf]P ltAatdf a'4wd{ k|j]z x'g'eGbf w]/} klxn]sf] wd{ xf] . o;nfO{ wd{
eGbf klg dfgj ljZjf; eg] klg x'G5 . o;df cf:yf /fVg] cflbd ltAatLx¿ :yfgLo b]jtf,
k|]t lkzfrnfO{ efsn uy]{ . tL b]j k|]t lkzfrx¿ ltAat b]zsf] ;a} e"lddf a;f]jf; ub{5g\
eGg] pgLx¿sf] ljZjf; lyof] . dg'io wd{sf] cEof; ugf{n] ljleGg nf}lss nfex¿ k|fKt eOG5
eGg] 7"nf] ljZjf; lyof] . h:t} To;n] s'g} klg xflg gf]S;fgL x'g'af6 hf]ufpF5, cGgafnLx¿
lju|b}g, ;lk|G5g\, :jf:Yo /fd|f] x'G5, w]/} wg sdfpg ;lsG5 OToflb lsl;dsf] ljZjf; . tL
b]ptf tyf lkzfrx¿ d'Votof cfsfz, k[YjL / kftfndf /xG5g\ eGg] logLx¿sf] ljZjf; xf] .*
tL b]j lkzfrx¿nfO{ ;w} l/emfpg'k5{ gq logLx¿n] ;j{gf; kfl/lbG5, / /f]u nufOlbP/ Hofg}
lnOlbG5 eGg] ltAatLx¿ dfGby] . To;}n] plxn]sf ltAatLx¿ tL b]jtf lkzfrsf] sf]kaf6 aRg
a8f] ;fjwfgL ckgfpFy] / pgLx¿nfO{ l/emfpg kz'aln oxfF;Dd ls dfgjaln ;d]t lbg] ub{y] .

af]g wd{ k|fs[lts wd{ kl5sf] t/ a'4wd{sf] pbo x'g'eGbf klxn]sf] ltAatL wd{sf ¿kdf dflgG5 .
af]g eGgfn] To:tf] lsl;dsf] k'/f]lxtnfO{ hgfpF5 h;n] :yfgLo k|]t lkzfrx¿nfO{ dl/–
;s]sfx¿sf] klg ;'vsf nflu efsn ub{5g\ . af]gx¿n] k"hf ubf{ kz' -3f]8f, ofs jf e]8f_ aln
lbg], vfBk]o r9fpg], d[tsnfO{ w]/} /Tgx¿n] 9fSg] OToflb ub{5g\ . o;/L k"hf ubf{
dl/;s]sfx¿nfO{ w]/} nfe x'G5 eGg] ljZjf; ul/G5 . w]/}h;f] To:tf] sfd /fhfx¿nfO{ ul/GYof] .
To;}n] af]gkf]x¿ /fhk'/f]lxt g} lyP . o;}n] ubf{ sfnfGt/df klg af]gkf]x¿sf] ltAatL /fhsfhdf
cTolws¿kdf xfnLd'xfnL /Xof] . af]g wd{ dg'io wd{ eGbf clnslt kl/is[t ePsf] wd{ lyof] .

lbJo wd{ cyf{t Nxf 5Øf]P eGgfn] a'4 wd{nfO{ hgfpFb5 . ltAatdf a'4wd{sf] k|rf/ k|;f/nfO{
klg b'O{ P}ltxfl;s r/0fdf ljeflhg ug{ ;lsG5 .

!= a'4 wd{sf] k|rf/ k|;f/sf] klxnf] o'u(

@= a'4 wd{sf] k|rf/ k|;f/sf] bf;|f] o'u!)
%
མི༌ཆོས -Human Religion or Animism in the Tibetan Folk Religion_
^
བོན༌ཆོས c+u|]hL lxHh] M bon chos, pRrf/0f M bön chö -af]g 5Øf]P_
&
ལྷ༌ཆོས c+u|]hL lxHh] M lha chos, pRrf/0f M lha chö -Nxf 5Øf]P_ cyf{t lbJo wd{ .
*
cfsf; / jfo'd08ndf /xg] b]jtfnfO{ སྟེང༌ལྷ t]ª\ Nxf elgG5 . k[YjLdf /xg] b]jtfnfO{ བར༌བཙན
ef/\ r]g\ elgG5
eg] tn cyf{t hnd'lg /xg]x¿nfO{ གཡོག༌ཀླུ of]u\ n' elgG5 . o;af/] lj:t[t JofVof / ltAatdf
k|rlnt tLgj6f
wd{sf] qmdfut juL{s/0fsf af/]df hf]g kfj/n] lj:t[t¿kn] cWoog ug'{ePsf] 5 . x]g'{xf];\ M John Powers,
Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism, (New York: Snow Lion Publications, 1995). pp. 431-447.
(
ltAatdf klxnf]kN6 ePsf] a'4 wd{sf] k|rf/ k|;f/nfO{ སྔ༌དར ªf8f/ cyjf Tof] a]nf ag]sf] k/Dk/fnfO{ klxnf]
cg'jfbsf] k/Dk/f སྔ༌འགྱུར klg elgG5 .
!)
ltAatdf kl5Nnf] a'4 wd{sf] k|rf/ k|;f/nfO{ ཕྱི༌དར l58f/ cyjf Tof] a]nf ag]sf k/Dk/fx¿nfO{ kl5Nnf]
cg'jfbsf k/Dk/f ཕྱི༌འགྱུར klg elgG5 .
page 2
a'4wd{sf] k|rf/ k|;f/sf] klxnf] o'u (The First Transmission of Buddhism)

ltAatdf a'4wd{ Nxfyf]yf]/L Go]g\5]g\sf] kfnfdf k|j]z u/]sf] lyof] eg]/ ljZjf; ul/G5 . ;g\ !&#
df hGd]sf Nxfyf]yf]/L of/n'ª!!\ eGg] 7fpFdf /fHo ub{y] . logsf j+zsf] gfd g} of/n'ª\ j+z lyof] .
logL of/\n'ª\ j+zsf c6\7fO;f}+ /fhf lyof] . elgG5 ls pgL ;f7L jif{sf] pd]/df pgsf]
oDa'Nxfvfª\ b/jf/sf] sf};Ldf cfsfzaf6 Pslbg sf/08Jo"x / /Tgd]3;"q h:tf af}4 u|Gy, s]xL
kljq cl:ywft'x¿ / Pp6f kljq ;Gb's v;]sf] lyof] . u|Gy ;+:s[tdf n]lvPsf] x'Fbf /fhfn]
To;sf] Ps cIf/ klg a'‰g ;s]gg\ . t}klg efjL k':tfnfO{ sfd nfUg]5 egL /fhfn] tL ;a
rLhx¿nfO{ a8f] lxkmfhtsf ;fy ;fFr]/ /fv] .

Nxfyf]yf]/Lsf] ;dodf a'4wd{sf] k':ts h:t} sf/08Jo"x!@ / s]xL kljq cl:ywft'x¿ dfq
ltAatleq l5/]sf] lyof] t/ a'4wd{sf] vf;} ljsf; ePsf] lyPg . t/ Nxfyf]yf]/Lsf] kfFrf} k':tf
;f]ª\rf]ª\ uDkf]sf] ;dodf a'4wd{ ltAatdf ;kmntfk"j{s k|j]z u/]/ lgs} ljsl;t klg x'g k'Uof] .
of/n'ª\ j+zs} ## cf}+ /fhf ;f]ª\rf]ª\ uDkf] -O=;= ^!&–^%)_ n] cfˆgf l5d]sL d'n's h:t} ef/t,
g]kfn, rLg OToflb b]zdf a'4wd{sf] lgs} ljsf; eP/ tL ;a} b]zx¿ Psbd ;Eo / ;d[4zfnL
ePsf] b]Vbf cfˆgf] h+unL c;Eo dflg;x¿n] el/Psf] b]zdf klg af}4wd{ km}nfpg'k¥of] / b]znfO{
;Eo / ljsl;t kfg'{k¥of] eGg] p2]Zo lnP/ ;f]ª\ rf]ª\ uDkf]n] g]kfnsL e[s'6L!# / rLgsL j]ª\r]g\
!!
ཡར༌ལུངc+u|]hL lxHh] M Yar lung, ltAatsf] k|yd /fhf GoyL 5]Gkf] klg of/\n'Ë j+zs} lyof] . Nxfyf]yf]l/ pgs}
j+zh\ lyP . tL k|yd /fhfsf] pb\ejsf af/]df Pp6f ltAatL ls+jbGtL o:tf] 5 M of/\n'Ë eGg] pkTosfdf
cjl:yt of/ nfg\ zfª\kf] kj{tdf cfsfzaf6 k|yd /fhfsf] cjt/0f ePsf] lyof] . pgL cfsfzaf6 cfPsf] x'Fbf
:yfgLo dflg;x¿n] pgnfO{ cfˆgf] b]zsf /fhf agfO{ kfnsLdf af]s]/ NofP . pgsf] gfd GoyL 5]Gkf]
གཉའ༌ཁྲི༌བཙན༌པོ /xguof] . kl5sf ^ k':tf;Dd klg /fhfx¿ To;/L g} 8f]/Lsf] ;xf/fn] cfsfzaf6 cjt/0f u/]/
/fHo ub{y] t/ ;ftf} jf cf7f}+ /fhf l8u'd\ 5]Gkf]sf] hLjgsfndf Tof] 8f]/L aLr}df sfl6of] / elgG5 pgL km]l/
:ju{df cf/f]x0f ug{ ;s]gg\ . x]g'{xf];\ M The Clear Mirror, pp. 80-83. klxnfsf ;a} /fhfx¿ af]g\kf] g} lyP .
!@
o; u|GynfO{ ltAatL efiffdf འཕགས༌པ༌ཟ༌མ༌ཏོག༌བཀོད༌པ༌ཞེས༌བྱ༌བ༌ཐེག༌པ༌ཆེན༌པོའི༌མདོ cfo{ sf/08Jo"x gfd dxfofg ;"q elgG5 .
of] u|Gy cfsfzaf6 sf};Ldf v;]sf] eGg] ltAatL ljZjf; /x]tfklg jf:tjdf ef/taf6} a'4/lIftn] ltAatdf
nu]sf] xf] . lsgeg] cfkm"n] ga'em]sf] gb]v]sf] s'/fx¿nfO{ b}jL ¿k lbg' k|rng} xf] . of] s'/fdf 8]a y]/ ªf]g\kf]sf
n]vs uf] nf]rfjfsf] klg ;dy{g 5 . o; af/] yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu x]g'{xf];\ M Glenn H. Mullin - The Fourteen
Dalai Lamas: A Sacred Legacy of Reincarnation, (New Delhi: Jaico Publishing House, 2008.), p. 27. ;f] u|Gy
g]kfndf k'u]kl5 cufl8 u'0f Pp6f yk]/ u'0fsf/08Jo"x ;"q aGof] . u'0fsf/08Jo"x g]jf/ dxfofg af}4wd{sf]
Pp6f dx™jk"0f{ u|Gy xf] . o;df d"ndf gePsf / kl5 ylkPsf s'/fx¿ klg 5g\ / af]lwrof{jtf/sf Znf]sx¿
klg To;df /x]af6 Tof] u'0fsf/08Jo"x kSs}klg cf7f} ztfAbLeGbf -zflGtb]jsf] sfn_ kl5 k'g{n]vg u/]sf]
x'g'k5{ . d"n sf/08Jo"x u|Gy g} slxn] n]lvPsf] xf] eGg] s'/f eGg lgs} uf¥xf] 5 . lsgeg] dfly elgPem}+
To;df w]/} s'/fx¿ ylkb} nluPsf] 5 . t/ k|f= dLg axfb'/ zfSosf] ts{ adf]lhd To; u|Gysf s]xL efu t];|f]
ztfAbL cufl8sf] x'g'k5{ / bzf}+ ztfAbL;Dd cfOk'Ubf dfq u'0fsf/08Jo"x ;"qsf] ¿k lnof] . x]g'{xf];\ M Min
Bahadur Shakya (ed.), Guna Karandavyuha Sutra, (Lalitpur: Nagarjuna Institute of Exact Methods, 1997). p. 19.
!#
e[s'l6nfO{ ltAatL efiffdf ཁྲི་བཙུན l7 r'g\ elgG5 . g]kfnL /fhs'df/L e[s'l6af/] g]kfnL j+zfjnL tyf Oltxf;df
/fd|f];+u pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOFb}g . To;sf] nflu xfdLn] ltAatL >f]tx¿ h:t} Uofn\ /fa\ ;fNj] d]nf]ª\ / dfl0f
sfa'd\ x]g'{k5{ . dfl0fsfa'd\ >f]tnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ k|f= dLg axfb'/ zfSon] Nepalese Princess Bhrikuti Devi
n]Vg'ePsf] 5 . x]g'{xf];\ M Min Bahadur Shakya, Princess Bhrikuti Devi, (New Delhi: Book Faith India, 1997).
page 3
s+hf]l;t ljjfx u/] . oL b'O{6L >Ldlt jf /fgLn] ltAatdf a'4wd{ km}nfpgdf /fhf ;f]ª\rf]ª\
uDkf]nfO{ lgSs} ;xfotf u/]sf lyP . Tof] a]nf hf]vfª\, /fdf]5] h:tf w]/} af}4 dlGb/x¿sf] lgdf{0f
eof] / /fhfn] klxnf]kN6 af}4 lzIff cg';f/ /fHosf] sfg'g g} agfP/ zf;g rnfP . pgn] cfˆgf
dGqL yf]GdL ;Def]tfnfO{ ef/t k7fP/ ToxfFsf] k|sf08 ljåfg kl08tx¿;+u ;+:s[t efiff / a'4wd{
klg l;s]/ cfpg cfb]z lbP . tbg';f/ yf]GdL ;Def]tfn] ef/tdf ;+:s[t ljåfg b]jljBfl;+x;+u
;+:s[t l;s] . ToxfFsf c¿ af}4 cfrfo{af6 a'4wd{sf] klg lzIff k|fKt u/] . To;kl5 ltAat kms]{/
yf]GdLn] ;+:s[t lnlksf] cfwf/df ltAatL lnlk tof/ kf/] .!$ ToxL lnlksf] k|of]u u/]/ klxn] uf]Ko
/flvPsf] sf/08Jo"x ;"qsf] ltAatL efiffdf cg'jfb u/] . To;/L ef/taf6 NofOPsf y'k|} af}4
u|Gyx¿sf] klg cg'jfb ul/P . o;/L ;f]ª\rª\ uDkf]sf] g]t[Tjdf ltAatdf a'4wd{sf] Jofks k|rf/
k|;f/ eof] / ToxfFsf afl;Gbf klg lj:tf/} lj:tf/} ;Eo x'Fb} uP lsgsL /fhf ;f]ª\rª\ uDkf]n] bz
s'zn sd{ sf] cfwf/df ltAatdf sfg"g g} agfOlbPsf lyP .∗

ltAatsf csf{ wd{/fh 7L;f]ª\ 8]5]g\ lyP . pgsf] /fHo sfn O{=;+= &%% b]lv O{=;+= &(& ;Dd
/Xof] . pgsf] sfndf af]g kf]x¿sf] xfnLd'xfnL lyof] . lsgeg] pgsf df;fª\ gfd u/]sf ;a}eGbf
k|efjzfnL dGqL g} af]g wd{sf] cg'ofoL lyP . ;f]ª\rf]ª\ uDkf] h:t}, /fhf 7L;f]ª\ 8]5]g\ klg
a'4wd{sf] lgs} 7"nf] cg'ofoL lyP . ;f]ªrf]ª\ uDkf]sf] /fHo sfndf lgs} ljsl;t x'gk'u]sf] a'4wd{
km]l/ pgsf] d[To' kZrft af]gkf]x¿sf] xfnL d'xfnL ePsf sf/0f a'4wd{ cf]em]ndf kg{ uof] . To;f]
x'Fbf /fhf 7L;f]ª\ 8]5]g\ ltAatdf a'4wd{nfO{ km]l/ k'/fg} cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg rfxGy] . ToxL p2]Zo
lnP/ cfˆgf] dGqL df;fª\nfO{ yfxf glbOsg ;'t'Ss /fhfn] ef/taf6 Pshgf w'/Gw'/ af}4 kl08t
zfGt/lIftnfO{ ltAatdf cfpg lgdGq0ff k7fP . ltAatdf cfO;s]kl5 zfGt/lIftn] ltAatdf
ljxf/ / leIf'x¿ ePkl5 dfq a'4wd{sf] lbuf] k|rf/ k|;f/ x'g]5 eg]/ /fhf;+u cf1f lnP/
ltAatdf ljxf/sf] lgdf{0f ug{ yfn] . Tof] ljxf/nfO{ ;fDo] u'Daf elgG5 / ToxL ljxf/ ltAatdf
;a}eGbf klxn] ag]sf] ljxf/ xf] . t/ af]gkf]x¿nfO{ a'4wd{ k6Ss} dg k/]sf] lyPg To;}n] Tof]
ljxf/ aGg gkfpFb} tL af]gkf]x¿ / logLx¿n] efsn ug]{ b]jtfx¿n] /flt /flt cfP/ e6\sfpg]
sfd ug{ yfn] . zfGt/lIftnfO{ cfˆgf] zfGt ldhf;n] af]gkf]x¿ t/ nfUb}g h:tf] nfu]/ g]kfndf
!$
5]kf]+ ;fsfa\kfsf cg';f/ yf]GdL ;Def]6fn] ef/taf6 kms]{/ cfkm"n] l;s]/ cfPsf a|fXdL / u'Ktf lnlksf]
cfwf/df ltAatL lnlk tof/ kf/]sf lyP . ;f] lnlk k|of]u u/L sf/08Jo"x u|Gy cg'jfb ul/g' g} ltAatdf
a'4wd{sf] k|yd k|j]z x'g' xf] . x]g'{xf];\ M Tsepon Shakabpa W. D., Tibet: A Political History, (New York: Potala
Publications, 1984), p. 25. :d/0f /xf];\ ls Tof] a]nf cg'jfb ul/Psf] sf/08Jo"x, /Tgd]3 ;"q OToflb af]lw;™j
cjnf]lst]Zj/;+u ;DalGwt lyof] . kl5 af]lw;™j cjnf]lst]Zj/sf] dlxdfnfO{ JofVof u/L ;f]ª\rª\ uDkf]sf]
hLjgL / Tolta]nfsf] Oltxf; tyf cGo af}4 pkb]z ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L dfl0fsfa'd\ eGg] u|Gy n]lvof] h;nfO{
kl5Nnf] sfnsf nflu t]df{sf ¿kdf n'sfOPsf] lyof] . ;f]ª\ rf]ª uDkf]nfO{ klg af]lw;™j cjnf]lst]Zj/sf]
lgdf{0fsfo dflgG5 eg] b'O6L >LdtL e[s'6L / j]ªr]gnfO{ qmdzM xl/t tf/f / Zj]t tf/fsf ¿kdf lnOG5 .
∗
bz cs'zn d"n -མི་དགེ་བའི་རྩ་བ་བཅུ_ dWo] sfoaf6 ul/g] # sd{ h:t} k|f0ffltkft, cbQfbfg / sfdldYofrf/,
jfs\af6 ul/g] $ sd{ h:t} d[iffjfb, k}z'Gok|nfk, kf?io jrg, ;+leGgk|nfk / lrQaf6 ul/g] # sd{ h:t}
cljBf, Jofkfb / ldYofb[li6 x'g\ . bz cs'zn d"nsf] 7Ls ljkl/t bz s'zn d"n x'g\ . o;/L a'4wd{sf] lzIff
cg';f/ b]zsf] sfg'g ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ul/lbPsfn] pgsf] gfd æ;f]ª\rª\ Ps ;jflw{s¿kn] l;4x:t /fhf -སྲོང་
བཙན་སྒམ་པོ_Æ /xg uof] . x]g'{xf];\ M a'6f]g, བུ༌སྟོན༌ཆོས་འབྱུང་ The History of Buddhism in India and Tibet, !(((Ù k[= !*& .

page 4
Wofg u/L a;]sf kb\d;Dej!% nfO{ g} ltAatdf af]nfpg'k¥of] eg]/ pgn] ljrf/ u/] . kb\d
;Dejn] af]g\kf]x¿nfO{ bdg u/]/ ca b]lv a'4wd{sf] k|rf/ k|;f/df s'g} klg afwf k'¥ofpg]5}g
eGg] ;ky u|x0f u/fOlbP / To;sf] ;f6f] pgLx¿nfO{ a'4wd{sf] /Iff ug]{ wd{kfn agfOlbP .
kb\d;Dejn] Tof] a]nf ltAatdf jh|ofg a'4wd{sf] v'a} k|rf/ k|;f/ u/] . k|x]jh|, kb\d;Dej,
ljdnldq, d~h'>Lldqn] k|frLg ah|ofgL cg'Q/of]u tGqsf] cEof; dxf;lGw -emf]u\5]g\_ nfO{
ltAatdf km}nfpg'eof] . zfGt/lIftn] klg ltAatdf leIf' k/Dk/f :yfkgf ug{sf nflu ;j{k|yd
;ft hgf ltAatLx¿nfO{ >fd0f]/ leIf' -;] ld 8'g\ སད༌མི༌བདུན_ agfP/ x]/] . To;a]nf b]lv leIf'
k/Dk/fsf] yfngL ltAatdf eof] . kb\d;Dej, zfGt/lIft / l7;f]ª\ 8]5]gn] k|rf/ u/]sf] a'4wd{
kl5 lgª\df ;Dk|bfosf] ¿kdf kl/lrt x'g yfNof] . To;} a]nf w]/} ef/tLo af}4 cfrfo{x¿
ltAatdf cfP / y'k|} af}4 u|Gyx¿sf] ltAatL efiffdf cg'jfb eof] . lGoª\df ;Dk|bfosf] ljz]if
pkb]zx¿ dxf;lGw -emf]u\5]g\_!^, k"jf{ut cEof; -ªf]Gb|f] སྔོན༌འགྲོ_ OToflb x'g\ eg] ;dGteb|d'vfud
-s'g\ ;fË nfd] Zofn'+ ªf]Gb|f]_, cGt/fej >j0fd'lQm -ef/8f] yf]8n_ dx™jk"0f{ lGoª\df u|GydWo]df
kb{5 . lGoª\dfsf b'O{j6f k/Dk/fx¿ 5g\ M jrg k/Dk/f -sf df བཀའ༌མ_ / u'Xo lglw -t]/df གཏེར༌མ_
k/Dk/f . sfdf k/Dk/f u'? r]nf x'Fb} kl5;Dd x:tfGt/0f x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 eg] t]/df w]/}h;f] u'Xo
pkb]z g} x'g] ub{5 . To;a]nf kb\d ;Dejsf @% hgf lzio / zlQm o]z] 5f]u\ofnn] eljiodf
cToGt} of]Uo lzio cfP/ ltgnfO{ cgfj/0f u/]/ nf]sdf km}nfpg]5 eg]/ ljleGg kxf8, kj{t,
gbL vf]Fr, lrQ cfsfz OToflb 7fpFdf dGqzlQmn] tL lglw -t]df{_ x¿nfO{ n'sfP/ uPsf lyP .
t]/df km]nf kfg]{ ;fwsnfO{ t]tf]{g -གཏེར༌སྟོན_ elgG5 . lGoª\df k/Dk/fdf leIf'x¿ sd t/ of]uLx¿
-ªfu\kf སྔགས༌པ_ Hofbf x'g] ub{5 . sfdf ju{sf w]/}h;f] lGoª\dfsf pkb]zx¿ lGoª\df Uo'a'd\df
;+slnt ul/Psf] 5 eg] cfh;Dd km]nf kfl/Psf t]/dfx¿ l/G5]g t]/hf]sf] ¿kdf ;+slnt
ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L kb\d;Dej, zfGt/lIft / /fhf l7;f]ª\ 8]5]gsf] ;+o'Qm k|of;af6 ltAatdf
;wd{sf] l;+xgfb eof] / kl5 /fhfsf] lgdGq0ffdf zfGt/lIftsf] lzio sdnzLn ltAatdf cfP/
!%
kb\d ;Dejcyf{t u'? l/Gkf]5]sf] af/]df w]/} hLjgLx¿ kfOG5g\ . ljz]if u/]/ pxfFsf] hLjgL;DaGwL /
ltAatsf] ;f] a]nfsf] Oltxf; / pkb]z;DaGwL n]lvPsf] 5'§} t]/df u|GynfO{ པདྨ༌བཀའ༌ཐང k]df sf yfª\ elgG5 .
kb\d ;Dejsf] hGd p8Lofg eGg] 7fpFdf ePsf] xf] eg]/ n]lvPsf] 5 . xfn ;f] 7fpF kfls:tfgsf] k]zfj/ jf
:jf6 pkTosfdf klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . kb\d ;Dejsf] hLjgL pxfFsL zlQm o]z] 5f]Uofnn] tof/ kf/]/ t]df{sf
¿kdf n'sfOPsf] lyof] . kb\d ;Dejsf] hLjgLsf] nflu x]g'{xf];\ M Erik Pema Kunsang, The Lotus-Born: The Life
Story of Padmasambhava by Yeshe Tsogyal, (Boston: Shambhala Publications, Inc., 1999); Ngawang Zangpo, Guru
Rinpoche: His Life and Times, (New York: Snow Lion Publications, 2002); Tarthang Tulku, ‘Annual of Tibetan
Buddhism’, Crystal Mirror Vol. VI, (Berkeley: Dharma Publishing, 1984).
!^
emf]u\r]g རྫོགས༌ཆེན ljz'4¿kn] af}4 cEof; xf] . sf]xL sf]xL k|fl1sx¿ emf]u\5]g\ af]gkf]x¿l;t klg ePsf]n]
lGoª\dfkfnfO{ af]g\ wd{;+u ldNbf]h'Nbf] eGb5g\ . lGoª\dfdfsf] gf} ofgnfO{ klg af]gkf]sf] gf} dfu{;+u ;DalGwt
ug{ vf]Hg'x'G5 pxfFx¿ . Tof]h:tf] uNtL c¿ x'g ;Sb}g . af}4 dxf;lGw jf emf]u\5]g pkb]z ltAatdf Nofpg]
af]g ;+:yfks jf af]gkf]x¿ geP/ u/fa bf]h]{, ljdnldq, d~h'>Lldq / kb\d;Dej x'g\ . o;sf lrQfud,
;+s]tfud / >j0ffud u/L tLg cfudx¿ klg 5g\ / >f]t wd{sfo a'4 ;dGteb| / ;Def]usfo jh|;™jnfO{
dflgPsf] 5 . a? kl5 kb\d;Dejn] af]g\kf]x¿nfO{ bdg ubf{v]/L of] pkb]z l;sfpg'ePsf] x'g ;Sb5 jf kl5
oxL af}4 pkb]znfO{ ufFe]/ pgLx¿ sfnf] af]gaf6 Zj]t af]g ePsf x'g\ . lGoª\dfsf] gf} ofg ljz'4¿kn] af}4
;"qx¿d} Jojl:yt ul/Psf] >fjsofg, k|To]sa'4ofg, af]lw;™jofg, / rf/ tGqlk6s, lqmof, rof{, of]u /
k|frLg cg'Q/ of]u -cg', dxf / cltof]u_ g} x'g\ . To;}n] o;nfO{ af]gkf]sf] gf} dfu{;+u bfFHg vf]Hg' 7"nf] e"n
7xl/g]5 .
page 5
Tolta]nf unt 9+un] a'4wd{sf] JofVof ul//x]sf Xjf;fË dxfofgnfO{ zf:qfy{df x/fP/ k"/}
ltAat af}4 /fi6«sf ¿kdf 3f]lift ul/of] .!& ;f] 3f]if0ffkq s'9]sf] vDaf ;fDo] u'Dafaflx/ ufl9Psf]
5 h'g cBflk x]g{ kfOG5 .

ltAatsf csf{ wd{/fh /fNkf5]g lyP . pgsf] /fHo sfn O{=;+= *!% b]lv O{=;+= *#* ;Dd /Xof] .
Tof] a]nf klg af]gkf]x¿ k"/} kl/jt{g eO;s]sf] lyPgg\ . pgsf] efO{ nfª\bf/df g} af]gkf] lyP .
/fNkf5]g klg lgs} >4fjfg\ af}4 cg'ofoL lyP . pgsf] ;+/If0f kfP/ af}4 ;+3 lj:tfl/t x'Fb} uP /
pgsf] kfnfdf klg lgs} w]/} af}4 u|Gyx¿sf] cg'jfb ul/of] . af}4 u|Gyx¿ ltAatL efiffdf
cg'jfb ubf{ ;xL zAbsf] k|of]u xf];\ eGgfsf] nflu dxfJo"Tklt!* gfds ;+:s[t ltAatL af}4
zAbsf]ifsf] lgdf{0f ul/of] . pgsf] kfnfdf klg w]/} ef/tLo af}4 k08Ltx¿ ltAatdf cfP / a'4
wd{ lgs} kmNof] km'Nof] . of] ;a s'/f pgsf] efO{ nfª\bf/dfnfO{ dg k/]sf] lyPg . h;/L xf];\
zf;g cfˆgf] xftdf kf/L af]g wd{nfO{ ltAatdf km}nfpg] p2]Zo lyof] nfª\bf/dfsf] . To;}n]
nfª\bf/dfn] cfˆgf] bfh'nfO{ ;'lt/x]sf] a]nfdf df/]/ cfkm" ltAatsf] /fhf ag] .

nfª\bf/dfsf] zf;gsfn -O{= ;+= *#* b]lv *$! ;Dd_ nfO{ ltAatL af}4wd{sf] nflu sfnf] o'u
elgG5 . nfª\bf/df ;Qfdf cfPb]lv g} p;n] a'4wd{nfO{ bafpg] sfddf s'g} s;/ afFsL 5f]8]g .
p;n] leIf'x¿nfO{ ha/h:tL rLj/ Tofu u/fO{ ljjfx u/fO{ u[x:y hLjg latfpg afWo u/fof] .
w]/} af}4 dlGb/x¿ Wj:t kfl/P . nfª\b/dfsf] aj{/ cft+sn] ql;t ePsf af}4 ;fwsx¿ ltAatsf]
ljleGg efux¿df cfˆgf] Hofg hf]ufpg efUg yfn] . To;}a]nf s'g} u'kmfdf Wofg u/L a;]sf
Pshgf Nxfn'ª\ k]NuL bf]/h] gfd u/]sf ;fwsn] cfˆgf] Wofg;lQmdfkm{t /fhfnfO{ vQd u/]/ o;
jj{/tfnfO{ t'?Gt} /f]Sg'k5{ eGg] ;+s]t k|fKt u/] . To;}n] pgL Wofgaf6 p7]/ Ps r6sL b]vfpg]
dfG5]sf] e]if wf/0f u/L /fhfsf] b/jf/df uP . g[Tosf] clego u/]/ Nxfn'ª\ k]NuL bf]/h]n]
nfª\bf/dfnfO{ cfkm"n] n'sfP/ NofPsf] jf0f xfg]/ ToxL+ dfl/lbP . To;a]nfb]lv ltAatLdf l/Qmsfn
-interregnum period_ sf] ;'?jft eof] .

l/Qmsfn cjlwe/ ltAatdf Ps b'O{ hgf s]xL 9f]+uL kl08tx¿ afx]s sf]xL klg af}4 kl08t
cfrfo{x¿ ef/taf6 ltAatdf cfPg . tL tLly{s -caf}4_ wd{ dfGg] kl08tx¿n] ;f]emf ;femf
!&
of] zf:qfy{nfO{ ;fDo] zf:tfy{ (Samye Debate) elgG5 . Tof] a]nf rLgaf6 Xjf;fË dxfofgn] af]lw1fg t'?Gt}
k|fKt x'G5 To;sf nflu s7f]/ kl/>d jf k'0o;Def/ / 1fg;+ef/ ul//fVg' h?/L 5}g jf dfu{qmd h?/L 5}g
eg]/ ltAatdf k|rf/ ub}{ lxF8] . of] unt ckmjfxnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ l7;f]ª\ 8]5]gn] zfGt/lIftsf] ;Nnfxdf pgs}
lzio sdnzLnnfO{ ltAatdf af]nfP . To;kl5 Xjf;fª\ / sdnzLnaLr zf:qfy{ u/fP . To;df dfu{qmdsf]
kIf lnO/fv]sf sdnzLnsf] ljho eof] . ;fDo] zf:qfy{ emf]u\5]g\nfO{ unt t/Lsfn] a'‰g] jf lng]x¿sf nflu
hjfkm xf] h;cg';f/ ljgf k"jf{ut rof{ -8f]G8«f]_ jf k'0o;Def/ / 1fg;+ef/ sf]xL klg a'4 x'g ;Sb}g . ;fDo]
zf:qfy{sf nflu lj:t[t¿kdf x]g'{xf];\ M Reginald A. Ray, Insdestructible Truth: The Living Spirituality of Tibetan
Buddhism, (Boston: Shambhala Publications, Inc., 2000), pp. 98-101.
!*
o; u|GynfO{ ltAatL efiffdf ལོ༌པར༌མང༌པོས༌མཛད༌པའི༌བྱེ༌པྲག༌ཏུ༌རྟོགས༌བྱེད༌ཆེན༌མོ elgG5 . c+u|]hLdf o;nfO{ The Great Work
Made by Many Lotsawas and Pandits that Brings Comprehension of Particulars cg'jfb ul/Psf] 5 . 5f]6s/Ldf
བྱེ༌པྲག༌ཏུ༌རྟོགས༌བྱེད༌ཆེན༌མོ { Ho] 8fu t' tf]u\ Ho] 5]g\ df] h;nfO{ ;+:s[tdf dxfJo"Tklt elgG5 . dxfJo"Tkltsf] k"/}
u|GynfO{ xfn 6f]gL 8kmsf] sDkgLn] sDKo"6/df /fv]sf] 5 .
page 6
ltAatLx¿nfO{ unt kf7 l;sfP/ kye|i6 kfl/lbP . jh|ofgnfO{ klg unt cy{df lnP/ dgk/L
lsl;dn] hyfefjL cEof; ug{ yflnof] . ;f]ª\rª\ uDkf], kb\d;Dej, zfGt/lIft / l7;f]ª\ 8]5]gn]
:yfkgf u/]/ uPsf] ;4d{ o;/L cf]em]ndf kg{ uof] . o:tf] sfnf] cjlw @)$ jif{!( ;Dd oyfjt
sfod /Xof] . To;a]nf klg Ps b'O{ hgf wd{ ;fws / cg'jfbsx¿ g/x]sf xf]Ogg\ t/ tL ;a}
lqmofzLn gePsf sf/0f gu0o a/fa/ g} lyP . o;/L To;a]nf ;4d{sf] gfdf]lg;fg g} x/fP/
uof] eGbf klg c™of]lQm gxf]nf .

t/ klZrdL ltAatsf] Uo'u] eGg] k|fGtdf ;4d{sf] k'g?Tyfgsf nflu Psk6s km]l/ 7"nf] nx/
b]lvg yfNof] . Tof] ;fgf] Onfsfdf /fhf 1fgk|e -o]z] xf]P_ n] /fHo ub{y] . o:tf] s7Lg
kl/>dåf/f klxn]sf /fhf / ljåfg, u'?x¿n] :yfkgf, ljsf; u/]/ uPsf] ;4d{ o;/L cf]em]ndf
kl/ k'/f ltAatsf] cj:yf etfe'Ë ePsf] cfˆgf] cfFvfn] b]v]kl5 /fhfsf] dgdf c;fWo} 7"nf] rf]6
k'Uof] . To;kl5 /fhfn] km]l/ h;/L ePklg cfˆgf] Hofgsf] afhL yfk]/ ePklg Tof] ;4d{nfO{ k'/fg}
cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg] c7f]6 u/] . tL ;a ;kgf ;fsf/ ug{sf] nflu ef/taf6 s'g} Pshgf w'/Gw/
af}4 kl08t ltAatdf af]nfpg'k5{ eGg] s'/fsf] /fhfnfO{ /fd|f] x]Ssf lyof] . t/ :ki6 s'/f xf] ls
ef/tLo kl08t, ljz]if u/L To;a]nf lgs} Voflt sdfPsf ef/tLo kl08t ctLz bLk+s/ >L1fg@)
nfO{ ltAatdf af]nfpg] aftfj/0f tof/ kfg{sf] nflu w]/} vr{ nfUg]5 eGg] s'/f klg /fhfnfO{
/fd|/L yfxf lyof] . To;}n] /fhfn] w]/} 7fpFx¿df rfxf/]/ w]/} kl/df0fdf ;'g hDdf u/] . t/ 3'Dbf
3'Db} /fhf zq'sf] Onfsfdf cfOk'u] . ToxfF pgnfO{ aGbL agfOof] . z/L/sf] tf}n a/fa/ ;'g
NofP/ r9fPsf] v08df dfq /fhfnfO{ l/xf ul/g] zt{ /flvof] . To;kl5 /fhfnfO{ e]6\g pgsf]
elthf af]lwk|e -Hofª\5'j\ xf]P_ Tof] 7fpFdf cfP . /fhfn] af]lwk|enfO{ cfb]z lbP, …d t To;} a'9f]
eO;s]F, h]naf6 5'6]kl5 klg slt g} lbg afFr'nf / < a?, d}n] hDdf u/]sf] ;'gn] ef/tdf kl08t
ctLznfO{ af]nfpg dfG5] k7fpg" . To;}n] d]/f] af/]df lrGtf gug"{ . of] b]znfO{ d]/f] Hofg eGbf
a? wd{sf] Hofbf vfFrf] 5 . dnfO{ Tolt k'0osf] sfd ug{ b]pm elthf .Ú /fhfaf6 o:tf] cfb]z
kfPkl5 dg gnfuL gnfuL /fhfnfO{ Tot} 5f]8L af]lwk|e b/jf/lt/ kms]{/ uP / cfˆgf] sfsfsf]
!(
nfª\bf/dfsf] zf;g ;'? ePsf] ;fn *#* b]lv ctLz bLk+s/ >L1fgsf] cfudg ;fn !)$@ aLrsf]
cjlBnfO{
@)
u0fgf u/]/ @)$ jif{ lgsflnPsf] xf] .
ctLzsf] hGd Ps j+ufnL /fhkl/jf/df ;g\ (*@ df ePsf] lyof] . ctLzsf] jfNofsfnsf] gfd rGbue{
lyof] . kl5 pgL leIf' ePsf lyP . ;"q / tGqdf k|sf08 ljåfg / ;fws ePkl5 pgnfO{ ljqmdzLnsf] åf/kfn
k08Lt agfOPsf] lyof] . kl5 ltAat hfg] qmddf ctLz g]kfndf Ps jif{ a;]sf lyP . g]kfndf ctLz !)$!
;fndf cfPsf lyP . Ps jif{ dfq a;]tfklg pgn] g]kfnsf] a'4wd{df lgs} 7"nf] of]ubfg k'¥ofP/ uP . h:t}
pgn] ljqmdzLn dxfljxf/ agfP/ cfkm"n] NofPsf] xftL / af}4 u|Gyx¿ bfg:j¿k r9fP, / oxfFsf
dflg;x¿nfO{ af]lw;™j rof{sf pkb]z lbP/ ljdn/Tgn]v gfd, rof{;+u|xk|bLk / cflbsd{k|bLk klg oxL+ n]v] .
Tof] a]nf pgn] oxfF klg ljgf k"jf{wf/ g} a9\bf] tflGqs cEof;sf] afx'Notf /x]sf] b]v] . To;}n] af]lw;™j
l;4fGt, j}/fu h:tf s'/fx¿df pgn] hf]8 lbP . To;}n] g]jf/ af}4wd{df rf/ lbg leIf' eP/ km]l/ u[x:yL
hLjgd} kms{g] k/Dk/f ctLzsf] ToxL cflbsld{s k|bLks} cfwf/df rNb} cfPsf] xf] h'g s'/f oxfFsf dflg;x¿n]
lj;{b} uP . rf/ lbg >fjs ofg cg';f/ leIf' eP/ jf r"8fsd{ u/]/ ;f] JolQm cflbsld{s af]lw;™jsf ¿kdf
u[x:yL hLjgdf kmls{G5 / ;f/f ;™j k|f0fLx¿sf] lxtsf] nflu To;a]nf b]lv g} sfo{ ug{ ;'? ub{5 . To;}n]
ltAatdf h:t} g]kfnsf] a'4wd{df klg ctLzsf] of]ubfg ct'ngLo 5 . km/s dfq Tolt eof] ls ltAatLx¿n]
cEof; k/Dk/f klg cIf'00f¿kn] sfod} /fv] t/ Tof] cEof; / bz{gsf] k/Dk/f oxfF x/fP/ uof] vfln sd{sf08
dfq afFsL /Xof] .
page 7
cf1f adf]lhd ;a} ;'g lbP/ s]xL ;+:s[t hfg]sf dflg;x¿nfO{ ef/tdf k7fP . Tolta]nf df]6/,
xjfO{hxfh lyPg, Tolt nfdf] b'/L k}bn lxF8]/ g} to ug'{ kYof]{ . To;/L af6fsf] sl7gfO{n] ubf{
w]/} hgf ef/t k'Ug' cufj} d/] . ef/t;Dd b'O{ hgf dfq ;s'zn k'Ug ;kmn eP . To;a]nf
ctLz ljqmdzLn ljZjljBfnosf åf/kfn kl08t lyP . tL b'O{ hgf ltAatLx¿ ªf5f] nf]rfjf /
jLo{ l;+xn] ctLznfO{ ltAatdf wd{k|rf/sf] nflu af]nfpg s;/L /fhfn] cfˆgf] k|f0fsf] cfx"lt
lbP eGg] s'/f ;a} ;'gfPkl5 ctLz ltAat hfg /fhL eP . To;kl5 ^) jif{sf] pd]/df ;g\
!)$@ lt/ ctLz bLk+s/ >L1fg ltAatdf cfP .@! To;kl5 /fhf af]lwk|en] ltAatdf tGqsf
gfddf eO/x]sf ;a} unt cEof;x¿ / wd{ s;/L nf]k eP/ uof] OToflb ofjt\ s'/fx¿b]lv
cfˆgf] dfdf 1fgk|en] a'4wd{sf nflu s;/L cfˆg} Hofgsf] cfx'lt lbP ;a} s'/f v'n:t
ctLznfO{ atfOlbP . To;kl5 tL ;a} unt cEof;nfO{ x6fpg ;"q / tGqsf] dd{nfO{ /fd|/L
emNsg]u/L ;f]emf ;femf ltAatLx¿n] ;lhn} a'‰g] lsl;dn] a'4wd{sf] d"ne"t lzIffx¿nfO{ ;d]6]/
pkb]z lbg'xf];\ egL /fhf af]lwk|en] cg'/f]w ul/;s]kl5 ctLz bLk+s/ >L1fgn] af]lwky k|bLk
u|Gy -nfd 8f]g\ ལམ༌སྒྲོན_ n]v] . ;fg} u|Gy ePklg af]lwky k|bLkdf ctLzn] ;Dk"0f{ a'4wd{ -;"q /
tGq_ sf] ;f/nfO{ ;d]6L :ki69Ën] JofVof ug'{ePsf] 5 . o; u|Gydf qmda49Ën] lqk'?if -cwd
k'?if, dWod k'?if / pQd k'?if_ sf nflu af}4 pkb]zx¿nfO{ JofVof u/L ;"q / tGqsf]
cEof;nfO{ Ps csf{sf kl/k"/ssf ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ltAatdf ctLz bLk+s/sf] cfud0f
b]lv ;4{dsf] bf]>f] k|rf/ k|;f/sf] o'usf] ljlwjt\ ;'?jft eof] . ctLzn] ltAatdf wd{sf] gfh's
cj:yf b]lv;s]kl5 b'Mv, clgTo, b'Mv, sd{kmn, af]lwlrQsf] Jojxfl/s pkb]z cyf{t\ dltzf]wg
cEof; -nf]hf]ª\_ Jofks dfqfdf km}nfP/ ltAatdf Psrf]l6 km]l/ a'4wd{sf] lju'n km'lslbP .
To;a]nf ctLzfn] unt cy{ nufOPsf] jh|ofgsf] klg ;lx cy{ / cEof; atfP/ kb\d ;Dejn]
lj:tf/ u/]sf] jh|ofg cEof; km]l/ z'4 ¿kdf ltAatdf km}nfP . ctLzn] leIf' leIf'0fL rof{nfO{
lgs} hf]8 lbP/ km]l/ leIf' leIf'0fL k/Dk/f ltAatdf k'g{:yflkt u/] . Tof] a]nf b]lv ltAatdf
a'4wd{ ;Dk"0f{¿kn] o;/L :yflkt eof] ls s;}n] klg To;nfO{ xNnfpg ;s]g . 8]lj8 :g]nu'|e /
Xo'h l/rf8{zgn] t oxf;Dd eg]sf 5g\ ls æo;/L a'4wd{nfO{ hu}b]lv k'g?Tyfg u/]sf] sf/0f
ltAatdf ;'?b]lv g} pkb|j dRrfO/x]sf af]gkf]x¿n] To;a]nfb]lv a'4wd{nfO{ 5'g' t s] 6fpsf]
p7fP/ klg x]g{ ;s]g, pgLx¿ ;bfsf] nflu k/f:q eP .Æ@@ / ctLz cfpg'k"j{ ltAatLx¿
;"qofg / tGqofgnfO{ cnu cnu lsl;dn] x]b{y] t/ ctLzn] ubf{ b'j} ofgnfO{ Psj4 kf/L
lglj{jfb¿kn] cEof; ug{ ;lsg] eP . To;sf/0f ctLz bLk+s/ >L1fgsf] sf/0fn] ltAatdf
;4d{ cyf{t\ a'4wd{n] k"0f{t kfof], eGg'sf] cy{, ltAatdf tLg}j6f ofgx¿, >fjsofg, dxfofg /
jh|ofgsf] Pss[t 9Ën] s'g} lj/f]wfef;lagf g} cEof; ug{ yflnof] .@# To;kl5 ctLzsf] lzio
8«f]gtf]Gkfn] sf8Dkf eGg] ;Dk|bfo v8f u/]/ ctLzsf] pkb]znfO{ cg'z/0f ug{ yfn] .
@!
@@
x]g'{xf];\ M George Reorich (tr.) - Blue Annals, (New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1996), p. 247
x]g'{xf];\ M David Snellgrove & Hugh Richardson, The Cultural History of Tibet, (London: George Weidenfeld and
Nicolson Ltd., 1968), p.129.
@#
x]g'{xf];\ M Powers, p.138. ctLzsf] lj:t[t hLjgL / ltAatdf a'4wd{ k'gk|{rf/ ug{df pxfFsf] of]ubfgsf nflu
x]g'{xf];\ M Pabonka Rinpoche, The Liberation in the palm of your hand, (Boston: Wisdom Publications, 1991), pp.
45-71.; Milan Shakya, Life of Atisa Dipankara Sri Jnana (A Study), an unpublished dessertation submitted in 2004
page 8
a'4wd{sf] k|rf/ k|;f/sf] bf]>f] o'u (The Second Transmission of Buddhism)

ctLzn] o;/L ltAatdf a'4wd{sf] k'g?Tyfg u/]/ uPb]lv a'4wd{sf] cWoogsf nflu ltAatLx¿
km]l/ ef/tdf hfg] qmdsf] ;'?jft eof], / ef/tLo kl08tx¿ klg ltAatdf cfP . ef/tdf Tof]
a]nf jh|ofg k/Dk/f pTsif{ cj:yfdf k'u]sf] lyof] . ef/tsf ljleGg af}4 jh|ofgL u'?x¿sf
lzio eP/ ltAatLx¿n] ToxL k/Dk/f ltAatdf leq\ofP . Tolta]nf ltAatdf klxn] g} a'4wd{sf]
k|yd k|rf/ k|;f/ x'Fbf v]/L g} lGoª\df k/Dk/f :yfkgf eO;s]sf] lyof] . t/ bf]>f] k|rf/ k|;f/sf]
o'udf ctLzsf] cfud0f kl5 sf8Dkf k/Dk/f klg :yfkgf eof] . o; cjlwnfO{ a'4wd{sf] k|rf/
k|;f/sf] bf]>f] o'u elgG5 . of] cljlwdf w]/} af}4 u|Gyx¿ ljz]if u/]/ gjLg tGqx¿ ef/taf6
NofP/ cWoog ul/P . w]/} ltAatL ;fwsx¿n] ef/tLo u'?x¿af6 af}4 lzIff lbIff k|fKt u/]/
ToxfFaf6 y'k|} u|Gyx¿ ltAatdf NofP . tL ;fwsx¿ df/kf nf]rfjf / l/G5]g ;fË\kf] OToflb lyP .
Tof] a]nf NofOPsf] tGq gjLg tGq@$ lyof] . tL u|Gyx¿sf] cg'jfb sfo{sf] Psrf]l6 km]l/ yfngL
ul/of] / klxn] wd{/fhx¿sf] kfnfdf cg'jfb ul/Psf u|Gyx¿sf] klg k"0f{¿kn] ;Dkfbg ul/of] .
o;/L ljz'4¿kn] ;+:s[t kflnaf6 cg'jfb ul/Psf ;"q / zf:qx¿ qmdzM s+Uo"/ -པཀའ་འགྱར_ /
t]+Uo"/ -བསྟན་འགྱར_ sf ;+u|xdf ;'/lIft /flvP . ljleGg u'Dafx¿sf] :yfkgf u/]/ k"/} ltAat emg\ emg\
a'4wd{df 8'Ag yfNof] / kl5 klg ef/taf6 o;/L ljleGg k/Dk/fx¿ ltAatdf lelq;s]kl5
ltAatdf hDdf cf7cf]6f k/Dk/fx¿ eP . tL cf7 j6f k/Dk/fnfO{ cf7 dxf/y (lzª\ tf 5]g\ kf]
Uo] ཤིང་རྟ་ཆེན་པོ་བརྒྱད) elgGYof] . tL k/Dk/fx¿ lyP M != lGoª\dfkf, @= sf8Dkf -kl5 gof sf8Dkf jf
u]n'Ukf df ufFlePsf], #= zfSokf, $= df/kf sfUo'kf, %= ;fª\kf sfUo'kf@%, ^= lzh] / rf]P, &=
hf]/b's / *= bf]/h] ;'d UoL Go]g\b'|k . t/ tL ;a} k/Dk/fsf cEof;x¿ kl5 d'Votof rf/j6f
k/Dk/fdf ufFleP/ clxn] ltAatdf d'Vo¿kn] rf/j6f k/Dk/fx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . tL x'g\ M != lGoª\df,
@= ;fSof, #= sfUo', $= u]n'u\ .@^ kl5 cfP/ a'4wd{sf pkb]z nfO{ ;dfj]z u/]/ ;'wfl/Psf] Zj]t
to Central Department of Buddhist Studies for the partial fulfillment of the requirements of Post Graduate Diploma
in Buddhist Studies.
@$
gjLg tGq eGgfn] != lqmof, @= rof{, #= of]u, $= cg'Q/of]u tGq, $=!= dft[tGq, $=@= lkt[tGq, $=#= cåo
tGq xf] . k|frLg tGqnfO{ lGoª\df tGq klg elgG5 h;df != lqmof, @= rof{, #= of]u, $= cg'of]u, %= dxfof]u
/ ^= cltof]u kb{5 . cltof]unfO{ dxf;lGw cyf{t\ emf]u\r]g cEof; klg elgG5 .
@%
;fª\kf sfUo' g/f]kfsL alxgL lgu'dfaf6 Vo"ª\kf] gfnhf]/n] if8\of]u k|fKt u/]/ :yfkgf u/]sf x'g\ . h'g
cEof;df df/kfåf/f :yflkt sfUo'kfn] hf]8 lbGYof] ToxL cEof;nfO{ ;f] k/Dk/fn] klg hf]8 lbg] / Pp6}
k/Dk/faf6 cfPsf] x'Fbf o;nfO{ klg sfUo' g} elgof] / kl5 d"n sfUo'kfd} ufFleof] .
@^
a'4 wd{sf] klxnf] k|rf/df ag]sf] k/Dk/fnfO{ lGoª\df -༌རྙིང༌མ_ elgG5 eg] kl5Nnf] a'4 wd{sf] k|rf/df ag]sf]
tLgj6f k/Dk/f ;fSof -ས༌སྐྱ_ cyf{t\ v/fgL /Ësf] e"ld, sfUo' -བཀའ༌རྒྱུད_ cyf{t\ jrg k/Dk/f, u]n'u -དགེ༌ལུགས_
cyf{t\ k'0ojfg\ k/Dk/f nfO{ ;f/df -གསར༌མ_ cyf{t\ gjLg k/Dk/f elgG5 . ;f/dfleq cf7 dxf/ydWo] lGoª\df
afx]s ;a} k/Dk/fx¿ ;dflji6 5g\ .

page 9
af]g@& nfO{ klg ltAatdf :yfg lbg yflnof] . To;}n] clxn] Zj]t af]g ;d]t u/]/ kfFrj6f k/Dk/f
eP M rf/j6f af}4 k/Dk/f / Ps Zj]t jf]g k/Dk/f .

;fSof k/Dk/f M ltAatdf sf8Dkf k/Dk/fkl5 cGo k/Dk/fx¿ klg ag] . tL dWo] Ps k/Dk/f
;fSof k/Dk/f xf] . ;fSof (ས༌སྐྱ) eGg] ltAatL k|fGtdf /x]sf] ;fSof u'Dafs} gfddf ;fSof
k/Dk/fsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o;nfO{ :yfkgf ug]{ ltAatL ;fwssf] gfd vf]g sf]g5f]u UofNkf]
-hLjg sfnM ;g\ !)#$ b]lv !!)@ ;Dd_ lyof] . ;fSof ;Dk|bfosf] k/Dk/fut ;'?jft ef/tLo
af}4 l;4frfo{ lj?kfaf6 ePsf] lyof] . lj?kfaf6 of] k/Dk/f l;4 8f]lDakf, cnnjh|, jgk|:y,
b'h{orGb|, j}/jh| x'Fb} ltAatdf 8«f]UdL nf]rfjf@* ;Dd k'Uof] . 8«f]UdLaf6 of] k/Dk/f vf]g sf]g5f]u
UofNkf];Dd k'Uof] . of] k/Dk/fnfO{ kfFr k/Dk/fwf/L cfrfo{x¿@( h:t} != ;fr]g s'ª\uf lGoª\kf], @=
;f]gfd 5]df], #= 8«fUkf UofN5]g, $= ;fSof k08Lt s'ª\uf UofN5]g / %= 5\of]Uofn kmfUkf n]
lg/Gt/tf lbFb} nu] . ;fSof k/Dk/fsf] d'Vo pkb]z dfu{ kmn cEof; -nfd 8«] ལམ༌འབྲས_ h'g x]jh|
tGq;+u ;DalGwt 5 . nfd 8]« tLg bz{g (Three Visions) / tLg tGq (Three Continua) u/L b'O{
ju{df afl8Psf] 5 . cz'4 bz{g (Impure Vision), cg'e"lt (Experience) / z'4 bz{g (Pure
Vision) tLg bz{g x'g\ eg] e"ld (Ground), dfu{ (Path) / kmn (Result) tLg tGq x'g\ .
dltzf]wg pkb]zsf ¿kdf :jo+ d~h'>Ln] ;fr]g s'ª\uf lgª\kf]nfO{ lbg'ePsf] rf/ cf;lQmaf6
d'lQm -z]g\ kf zL 8«n ཞེན༌པ༌བཞི༌བྲལ_#) pkb]z lgs} k|Voft 5 . ;fSof k/Dk/fdf uxg cWoog -z]8«f
བཤད༌གྲྭ_ / cEof; -8'A8«f སྒྲུབ༌གྲྭ_ b'j}nfO{ plts} hf]8 lbg] x'gfn] of]uLx¿ klg 5g\ / leIf'x¿ klg
5g\ . ;fSofdf t}klg cWoognfO{ g} k|fyldstf lbOg] x'gfn] w]/}hgf Vo]Gkf] -pkfWofo\, Ps
cWoogsf] kbjL_ g} x'g] ub{5g\ . ;fSof k/Dk/fsf xfnsf k|d'v >4]o ;fSof l7«lhg l/Dkf]5]
x'g'x'G5 . o;/L kfFr ;fSof k/Dk/fwf/L u'?x¿n] :yfkgf u/]sf] ;fSof k/Dk/fsf] ltAat /fi6«nfO{
arfO/fVgdf klg 7"nf] of]ubfg /Xof] kl5 lsgeg] af¥xf}F ztfAbLlt/ d+uf]lnofn] k"/} s]lGb|o
Plzofsf w]/} h;f] e"efux¿ cfˆgf] cwLgdf kf/]/ Psbd zlQmzfnL ;fd|fHojfbL /fi6«sf] ¿kdf
cfkm"nfO{ lrgfpg yfNof] . ltAatdf klg d+uf]lnofn] w]/} k6s xdnf u/]sf] lyof] t/ ltAatnfO{
cfˆgf] cwLgdf eg] kf/]g t}klg ltAatnfO{ cfTd;dk{0f ug{ w]/} k6s ;Gb]z k7fO/xGYof] .
To;a]nf cfTd;dk{0f ug{sf nflu ;fSof kl08tnfO{ d+uf]lnofdf af]nfOof] t/ ;fSof kl08tsf]
@&
a'4wd{sf] pkb]z c+ufn]/ ;'lw|Psf] af]g wd{nfO{ Zj]t af]g wd{ elgof] t/ klxn]s} cEof;df rn]sf] af]g wd{
h'
@*
g cBflk ljBdfg g} 5 To;nfO{ sfnf] af]g -Black Bon_ eGg yflnof] .
8«f]u\dL nf]rfjfaf6 df/kf nf]rfjfn] ;a}eGbf klxn] ltAatL Jofs/0f / ;+:s[t k9]sf lyP . u'? df/kf
nf]rfjfsf] lj:t[t hLjgLsf nflu x]g'{xf];\ M Nalanda Translation Committee (tr.), The Life of Marpa, the
Translator, (Boulder: Prajna Press, 1982).
@(
kfFr k/Dk/fwf/L ;+:yfks cfrfo{x¿nfO{ ltAatL efiffdf རྗེ༌བཙུན༌གོང༌མ༌ལྔ h]r'g uf]ª\df ªf elgG5 .
#)
rf/ cf;lQmaf6 d'lQm rf/ x/kmdf JoQm ul/Psf] 5 M != olb o; h'gLsf] ;'vdf cf;Qm 5f} eg] ltdL
wfld{s JolQm xf]Ogf}+, @= olb lqwft'df cf;Qm 5f}+ eg] ltdLdf j}/fu 5}g, #= olb cfˆgf] dfq lgjf{0f rfxG5f}F
eg] ltdLdf af]lwlrQ 5}g / $= olb ltdL u|fx u5f}{ eg] ltdLdf ;Dos\ b[li6 5}g . o;sf] ltAatL d"n o;
k|sf/ 5 M ཚེ༌འདི༌ལ༌ཞེན༌ན༌ཆོས༌པ༌མིན༎ ཁམས༌གསུམ༌ལ༌ཞེན༌ན༌ངེས༌འབྱུང༌མིན༎ བདག༌དོན༌ལ༌ཞེན༌ན༌བྱང༌སེམས༌མིན༎ འཛིན༌པ༌བྱུང༌ན༌ལྟ༌བ༌མིན༎ -pRrf/0fM 5] lb nf
Zo]g\ gf 5Øf]P kf ldg\ .. vfd\ ;'d\ nf Zo]g\ gf ª] Ho'ª\ ldg\ .. 8fu\ wf]g\ nf Zo]g\ gf Hofª\ ;]d\ ldg\ .. lemg\ kf
Ho'ª\ gf tf jf ldg\ .._
page 10
pkb]zn] d+uf]lnofsf Tolta]nfsf ;d|f6 uf]bfg vfg lgs} k|efljt eof] / ;g\ !@$) df ;fSof
kl08ts} k|of;åf/f ltAatL af}4 ;fwsx¿ d+uf]lnog /fhfx¿sf] wd{u'? x'g'kg]{ zt{ /flvof]
To;kl5 ltAatdf cfqmd0f ug]{ d+uf]lnog /0fgLlt Tofluof] . To;a]nf b]lv ltAatLx¿ wd{u'?
x'Gy] eg] d+uf]lnog /fhfx¿ ohdfg x'Gy] . o:tf] wd{u'?–ohdfgsf] ;DaGwnfO{ kl5 s'ljnfO{
vfgn] klg lg/Gt/tf lbP . ;g\ !@%# df ;fSof kl08tsf] elthf 5\of]Uofn kmfUkf s'ljnfO{
vfgsf] wd{ u'? ag]/ ltAatdf /fHo u/] . Tolta]nf s'ljnfO{ vfgn] rLgnfO{ klg cfˆgf] cwLgdf
kf/L cfˆgf] /fhwfgL a]OlhËdf ;f/]sf lyP . Tolta]nf nfdf 5\of]Uofn kmfUkfn] s'ljnfO{ vfFsf]
lgb]{zgdf g]kfnaf6 *) hgf snfsf/x¿ lemsfPsf lyP . pgLx¿sf gfOs] !^ jif{sf] l76f]
c/lgsf] lyP . g]kfnL snfsf/ c/lgsf] / pgsf ;fyLx¿n] rLlgof, d+uf]lnof / ltAatL snf,
lzNksnf, w/f]x/x¿ lgdf{0fdf ct'ngLo of]ubfg u/]sf lyP . pbfx/0fsf nflu c/lgsf]n] a]Olhª\
/ k~r zLif{ kj{t -p yfO{ zfg_ df lgdf{0f u/]sf Zj]t r}To cBflk ljZj k|lz4 5g\ / tL b'O{
r}To clxn] rLlgofx¿sf] w/f]x/sf ¿kdf plePsf 5g\ .#! o;/L d+uf]lnofsf] o'j]g j+zsf]
;xf/fn] ;fSof k/Dk/fsf /fhu'?x¿n] em08} ! ztfAbL;Dd ltAatdf zf;g u/] .

sfUo'kf M ltAatdf bf];|f] wd{ k|rf/k|;f/sf] bf}/fgdf ag]sf] csf]{ k|efjzfnL k/Dk/f sfUo'kf
k/Dk/f xf] . sfUo'kf ;Dk|bfosf] k/Dk/fut ;'?jft ef/ts} dxfl;4 ltnf]kf -O=;+= (**–!)^(_
af6 ePsf] lyof] . ltnf]kfaf6 of] k/Dk/f qmdzM ef/tLo dxfl;4 gf/f]kf x'Fb} ltAatdf df/kf
nf]rfjf;Dd cfOk'Uof] . df/kf nf]rfjfaf6 klg qmdzM ldnf/]kf x'Fb} uDkf]kf#@ ;Dd k'Uof] .
uDkf]kfsf rf/hgf lzio lyP . tL dWo] Ps k|yd sdf{kf klg lyP .## rf/hgf lzion] rf/}j6f
zfvf ;Dk|bfo vf]n] . tL zfvf ;Dk|bfo lyP M != sdf{ sfUo', @= 5fNkf sfUo', #= af/fd sfUo' /
$= kmfU8«" sfUo' . kmfU8«" sfUo'sf ;+:yfks kmfUdf] 8'kfsf cf7 lziox¿ lyP . cf7}hgf lzion]
cf–cfˆgf] k/Dk/f :yfkgf u/] . tL k/Dk/fx¿ x'g\ M != l8s'ª sfUo', @= tfUn'ª sfUo', #= ofD;fª\
sfUo', $= y|f]km' sfUo', %= z'uz]j sfUo', ^= o]Nkf sfUo', &= df;fª sfUo' / *= 8'Ukf sfUo' .#$
#!
>L dLg axfb'/ zfSo, Famous Nepalese Architect Arniko and His Contribution to Buddhist Heritage of China
-ck|sflzt n]v_ lgs6 eljio d} k|sfzg x'g] .
#@
uDkf]kf klxn] sf8Dkf k/Dk/fsf lyP . kl5 ldnf/]kfsf] lzioTj kfP/ sfUo' k/Dk/fsf] pkb]zsf] cEof; u/] .
To;}n] uDkf]kfn] sf8Dkf / sfUo'kfsf pkb]z ldnfP/ 8fSkf] sfUo' -དྭགས༌པོ༌བཀའ༌རྒྱུད_ sf] :yfkgf u/] . To;}n]
clxn]sf] sfUo' k/Dk/f u]n'u\kf em}+ b'O{6f k/Dk/f sf8Dkf / sfUo'kfsf] ;+ud ePsf] k/Dk/f eg] x'G5 .
##
k|yd sdf{kf w';'d\ Vo]Gkfn] ;™j lxtfy{ cfˆgf] csf]{ lgdf{0fsfo -t'Ns' སྤྲུལ༌སྐུ_ k|s6 ug]{ OR5f u/] . tbg';f/
bf;|f] sdf{kf sdf{ kfs\ 5L k|s6 eP . To;/L g} qmda4¿kn] clxn] !& cf}+ sdf{kf pUo]{g l7Gn] bf]h]{ x'g'x'G5 .
t;y{ ltAatdf ;j{k|yd 6'Ns'sf ¿kdf cfpg] klg k|yd sdf{kf w';'d Vo]Gkf g} lyP . csf]{ zAbdf eGg'kbf{
6'Ns' k/Dk/f ;'? ePsf] ;Dk|bfo sfUo'kf lyof] . kl5 u]n'u\kfdf klg bnfO{ nfdf / k~r]g nfdfsf] ¿kdf ;f]
k/Dk/fsf] yfngL eof] .
#$
clxn] tL ;a} k/Dk/fdWo] sdf{ sfUo', af/d sfUo', tfUn'Ë sfUo', 8'kf sfUo', l8s'ª\ sfUo' dfq k|rlnt 5g\ .
e'6fgsf] sfUo' ;Dk|bfo 8'kf sfUo' xf] . tL ;a} sfUo' pkk/Dk/fsf nflu x]g'{xf];\ M The Crystal Mirror, Vol VI,
pp. 171-172.

page 11
sfUo'kfsf] d'Vo cEof; gf/f]kfsf] if8\of]u#%, dxfd'b|f#^ g} xf] eg] Oi6b]jtfsf ¿kdf u'Xo;dfh,
rqm;Da/, x]jh|, dxfdfof OToflb /x]sf 5g\ . sfUo' k/Dk/fdf cEof; ug]{ ;fwsx¿sf]
hLjgz}nL tLg y/Lsf] 5 . u[x:y, of]uL / leIf' . tLg ;+:yfkssf tLg}y/L hLjgz}nL h:t}
df/kf u'? u[x:y x'g'x'GYof], ldnf/]kf of]uL / uDkf]kf ljgow/ leIf'sf ¿kdf lyP . To;}n] sfUo'
k/Dk/fwf/Lx¿ oL tLg} ¿kdf kfOG5g\ . sfUo'df cWoog cWofkg -z]8«f_ / cEof; -8'A8f_ b'j}df
hf]8 lbOG5 . sfUo' k/Dk/fsf] dfu{qmd u|Gy uDkf]kflj/lrt ;4d{lrGtfdl0fdf]If/Tgfn+sf/ (The
Jewel Ornament of Liberation) c;fWo} nf]slk|o u|Gy xf] . sfUo' k/Dk/fdf sfD5fª sfUo' jf sdf{
sfUo' k/Dk/f g} clxn] sfUo'kfsf] ;a}eGbf k|efjzfnL zfvf k/Dk/fsf] ¿kdf /lxcfPsf] 5 .
clxn] sdf{ sfUo' sf !& cf}+ 6'Ns' pu]{g l7Gn] bf]h#&
]{ x'g'x'G5 . c¿ zfvf kmfU8«" sfUo'sf ;+:yfks
kmfUdf] 8"kf x'g\ . kmfUdf] 8"kfsf] j+zdf klg ltAatL zf;gsf] afu8f]/ cfOk/]sf] lyof] . s'lanfO{
vfFsf] d[To' kZrft\ d+uf]n zf;gsf] cGt h:t} ePsf] lyof] . ;fSof zf;g klg ToxLa]nf b]lv
cGt eof] . ;fSof zf;gd} s+Uo'/ / t+Uo'/ ltAatL lqlk6s klg ag]sf] lyof] . em08} ltAatdf Ps
ztfAbL;Dd /fHo u/]sf] ;fSof zf;gsf] cGtkl5 ltAatdf zf;g ug]{ afu8]f/ kmfUdf] 8'kfsf]
s"naf6 cfPsf Hofª\5'a\ Uon\5]g\sf] xftdf kg{ uof] . kmfUdf] 8'kfsf] s"n of/\n'ª\ j+zaf6} cfPsf]
dflgG5 .#* of] ;g\ !#%$ tfsfsf] 36gf lyof] . To;a]nf d+uf]lnofn] klg Hofª\5'a\ Uon\5]g\nfO{
:jtGq ltAatsf] zf;ssf ¿kdf lnPsf] lyof] . rLgnfO{ sAhf u/L zf;g rnfPsf] d+uf]lnofsf]
o'j]g j+zsf] cGttM ktg eP/ rLgdf :jb]zL ldª\ j+zsf] pbo ePkl5 ltAatLx¿n] klxn]
sfod ePsf] …ohdfg–wd{u'?Ú ;DaGwnfO{ klg a]jf:tf u/L Ps :jtGq ;fj{ef}d;DkGg ltAatsf
:jtGq /fhfx¿sf ¿kdf kl5sf jif{x¿df zf;g ug{yfn] . Hofª\5'a\ Uon\5]gn] cfˆgf]
#%
gf/f]kfsf if8of]unfO{ ltAatL efiffdf gf /f] 5Øf]P 8'u\ ན༌རོ༌ཆོས༌དྲུག elgG5 . of] jh|ofgL cEof; dxfl;4
gf/f]kfaf6 sfUo'kf k/Dk/fdf k|;f/0f ePsf] xf] . if8of]u o; k|sf/ 5g\ M != r08fln (Heat Yoga – གཏུམ༌མོ_, @=
dfofb]x (Illusory Body – སྒྱུ༌ལུས_, #= :jKgof]u (Dream Yoga – རྨི༌ལམ༌རྣལ༌འབྱོར_, $= k|ef:j/of]u (Luminosity Yoga –
འོད༌གསལ༌རྣལ༌འབྱོར_, %= cGt/fej of]u (Intermediate State Yoga – བར༌དོ༌རྣལ༌འབྱོར_ / ^= ;+qmflGt of]u (Transference of
Conciousness Yoga – འཕོ༌བ༌རྣལ༌འབྱོར_ . ltAatL pRrf/0f o; k|sf/ 5 M != 6' df], @= Uo' n', #= ld nfd gn Hof]/,
$= xf]P ;]n gn Hof]/, %= ef/ 8f] gn Hof]/, ^= kmf] af gn Hof]/ .
#^
dxfd'b|fnfO{{ ltAatL efiffdf 5Øf Uof 5]g\ kf] ཕྱག༌རྒྱ༌ཆེན༌པོ༌ elgG5 . af}4 jh|fofgL cEof; dxfd'b|f / dxf;lGw
-emf]u\5]g\_ b'a} oxL k|s[lt kl/z'4 cåo z"Gotf k|ef:j/ 1fg cyf{t\ tyfutue{ wd{sfo ;fIffTsf/ ug]{ pkb]z
x'g\ . t/ b'O{6fsf] k|s[ofdf clnslt leGgtf /x]sf] kfOG5 . dxf;lGwdf R5]bg -y]u\ 5\of] ཁྲེགས༌ཆོད_ / k|ToIf ljlw
-yf] un ཐོད༌གལ_ dfkm{t tyfue{sf] ;fIffTsf/ ul/G5 eg] dxfd'b|fdf rf/ of]u h:t} Psfu|tf -r] lru\ རྩེ༌གཅིག_,
;xhtf -6f] 8«n སྤྲོས༌གཅིག_, Ps/;tf -/f] lru\ རོ༌གཅིག_ / cefjgf -uf]d\ d] སྒོམ༌མེད_ dfkm{t tyfutue{sf] ;fIffTsf/
ul/G5
#&
.
sdf{kfx¿nfO{ ltAatdf bnfO{nfdfnfO{ em} s?0ffdosf] lgdf{0fsfo dflgG5 . bnfO{nfdfsf] clxn] !$ cf}+
lgdf{0fsfo xf] eg] sdf{kfsf] !& cf}+ lgdf{0fsfo xf] . t]¥xf}+ sdf{kf /fªHo'ª\ bf]h]{sf] lgdf{0fsfosf ¿kdf xfnsf]
k/d kfjg pUo]{g l7Gn] bf]h]{ k/d kfjg !$ cf}+ bnfO{ nfdf, yfO l;t'kf cflbn] kQf nufpg'ePsf] xf] . sdf{
sfUo' k/Dk/fsf csf{ k|efjzfnL 6'Ns' u'? :ofdfkf{n] klg yfo] bf]h]{nfO{ sdf{kfsf ¿kdf kQf nufpg'ePsf]
lyof] . t/ bnfO{ nfdf nufot 7"N7"nf sfUo' u'?x¿ h:t} >4]o y|f+u' l/Gkf]5] OToflbn] pUo]{g l7Gn] bf]h]{nfO{ g}
cflwsfl/s !& cf}+ sdf{kf dfGg'ePsf] 5 / k"j{hGd;DaGwL w]/} k/LIf0f / !# cf}+ sdf{kfsf] ;+s]tn] klg pUo]{g
l7Gn] bf]h]{ g} jf:tljs !& cf}+ sdf{kf xf] eg]/ k'li6 klg ePsf] 5 . t/ ;fwssf nflu b'j} u'?x¿ plQs} >4]o
5g\ . k|yd sdf{kf w';'d\ Vo]Gkf b]lv !^ cf}+ sdf{kf;Ddsf hLjgL, rof{ k9\gsf nflu k9\g'xf];\ M Karma
Thinley, The History of the Sixteen Karmapas of Tibet, (Boulder: Prajna Press, Boulder, 1987), p.21
#*
x]g'{xf];\ M Stephen Bachelor, The Tibet Guide, (London: Wisdom Publications, 1987), p.21
page 12
/fHosfnnfO{ k'/fgf] ofn'{ª\ /fhfx¿sf] :j0f{ o'usf] k|Tofudgsf ¿kdf lnGby] . Tolta]nf klxn]sf
tLg wd{/fhx¿ ;f]ª\ rª\ uDkf], ly;f]ª 8]prg\ / /fNkf5]gn] u/]/ uPsf wfld{s of]ubfg /
;'wf/x¿sf] Ps gjLgQd 9+un] sb/ ul/g yfNof] oxfF;Ddls tL /fhfx¿nfO{ b]ptf;/x g} k'Hg
yflnof] . kb\d ;Dejn] n'sfP/ uPsf y'k|} u'Xo lglw -t]df{_ x¿ klg km]nf kfl/Fb} uP . o;/L
k'/fgf] af}4 k/Dk/fx¿nfO{ Tolta]nf ljz]if cfb/sf ;fy lng yflnPsf] lyof] . Tolta]nf ltAatdf
zf;g ug]{ /fhfx¿ ljz]if u/]/ kmfUdf] 8«'kf vnssf sfUo"kf k/Dk/fsf u'?x¿ g} x'Gy] . o;
aLrdf cGo af}4 k/Dk/fx¿ klg /fhgLlts k|efjsf nflu Pscfk;df k|lt:kwf{df lyP / ;fgf
;fgf /hf}6fx¿ / d'lvofx¿l;t ;DaGw agfO/fVby] . 7"N7"nf ltAatL u'?x¿nfO{ wd{u'?sf ¿kdf
d+uf]lnofdf / rLgdf cfdGq0f ul/GYof] . t/ To;df /fhg}lts :jfy{ eg] lyPg . kmfUdf] 8'kfsf]
j+z ;g\ !$#% tfsflt/ ktg eof] . o;/L em08} *! jif{;Dd kmfUdf] 8'kf / pgsf
pQ/flwsf/Lx¿n] ltAatdf zf;g rnfP t/ kl5Nnf k':tfx¿df k|zf;gdf Tolt Hofbf 1fg /
cg'ej gePsf sf/0f *! jif{ leq} kmfUdf] 8'kfsf] j+zsf] zf;g ltAatdf ;dfKt eof] .
pgLx¿sf] 7fpFdf ltAatsf] zf;g ug{ l/a'ª\ hf] kmfUdf] 8'kfsf dGqL lyP sf 5f]/fx¿ cfP . kl5
l/a'Ë a+z klg ltAatdf Tolt w]/} ;do;Dd rn]g . pgLx¿sf] 7fpFdf ;g\ !%^% df 5fË
k|fGtdf /fHo ul//x]sf /hf}6fx¿n] ltAatdf zf;g rnfpg yfn] . t/ ;g\ !^$@ df d+uf]lnofnL
km]l/ PskN6 zlQmzfnL b]zsf ¿kdf Pltxfl;s kl/b[Zodf 5fpg yfNof] / d+uf]lnofnL /fhfn]
clGtd 5fË /fhfnfO{ l;+xf;gaf6 x6fP/ Psbd cf]hZjL JolQmTj ePsf kfFrf} bnfO{nfdfnfO{
/fHosf] afu8f]/ ;'lDklbof] . o;sf] ;fy} ltAatL :jtGqtfsf] o'u Psrf]l6 km]l/ ;dfKt h:t} eof] .

u]n'Ukf k/Dk/f M kGw|f} ztfAbLlt/ sf8Dkf k/Dk/fsf cg'ofoL rf]ª\vfkf -;g\ !#%& b]lv !$!(
;Dd_ n] ufG8]g eGg] ljxf/sf] :yfkgf u/] / ToxL u'Dafaf6 ufG8]Gkf eGg] 5'§} k/Dk/f /xg uof]] .
kl5 ToxL k/Dk/f u]n'u\kfsf] gfdn] kl/lrt x'g yfNof] . Tolta]nf ltAatdf kmfUdf] 8'kfsf] j+zn]
zf;g rnfO/fv]sf lyP . rf]ª\vfkfsf] /fhgLltk|lt Tolt cle?rL lyPg g t pgsf k|f/lDes
lziox¿df g} cle?rL lyof] . rf]+vfkfdf wfld{s ;Dk|bflostfsf] efj klg lyPg . To;}n] pgn]
;a} af}4 k/Dk/fsf 7"N7"nf u'?x¿af6 lzIff k|fKt u/] . rf]+vfkfn] a'4 wd{ / cEof;nfO{ Jojl:yt
kf/]/ Ps gofF cfofd ylklbP . pgL cfkm}n] klg lhGbuLe/ leIf'sf] hLjg lgjf{x u/]/ leIf' ;+3
/ ljgosf] kl/kfngfdf lgs} 7"nf] hf]8 lbP . ljz]if u/L dxfdfu{qmd -nfd l/d\ 5]g\ df]
ལམ༌རིམ༌ཆེན༌མོ_ / dxfdGqqmd -ªf l/d\ 5]g\ df] སྔགས༌རིམ༌ཆེན༌མོ_ h:tf b'O{j6f clt 7"N7"nf u|Gyx¿ nufot
cGo u|Gyx¿ klg n]v]/ ctLz bLk+s/ >L1fgsf] pbfx/0f k5\ofpFb} a'4wd{sf] >fjsofg b]lv
lnP/ jh|ofg;Ddsf] Psbd qmda4 / Jojl:yt ¿k pgn] tof/ kfl/lbP . u]n'u\ k/Dk/fdf
rf]+vfkfsf] oxL u|Gyx¿sf cfwf/df cWoog / cEof; ul/G5 . o;sf] cnfjf u]n'u\kfx¿ ljz'4
leIf' hLjg ofkg ub{5g\ . To;}n] u]n'u\kf k/Dk/fsf] :yfkgf ePb]lv ltAatL leIf'x¿sf] ;+Vofdf
klg XjfQ} a9]sf] b]lvG5 .#( pgLx¿n] z]8«fdf cWoog ug]{ kfFr 5'§} ljifox¿$) / rf]+vfkf / c¿
#(
o;sf] k|df0f:j¿k tTsfnLg u]n'Ukf u'Dafx¿df leIf'x¿sf] ;+VofnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . rLlgofx¿n] lng'k"j{
cyf{t\ klxn] u]n'Ukfsf tLg 7"N7"nf u'Daf sn]hx¿ h:t} ufg\8]g, z]/f / 8]k'Ëdf qmdzM ##)), %%)) /
&&)) leIf'x¿ k9\by] . 6fzLNx'Dkf]df #*)) leIf'x¿ lyP . ;a} u/]/ hDdf Nxf;fdf dfq leIf'x¿sf] ;+Vof
page 13
k/Dk/fwf/L nfdfsf u|Gyx¿df kf/+uTj xfl;n u/]/ u]z$! ] eO;s]kl5 dfq jh|ofg cWoog /
$@
cEof; ug{sf nflu tflGqs ljBfkL7 df egf{ x'g] ub{5g\ . o;/L qmda4¿n] a}/fu -ª] Ho'ª\ ངེས་
འབྱུང་_ af]lwlrQ, -Hofª\5'a\ ls ;]d བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་སེམས_ / z"Gotfsf] ;Dos\ b[li6 -ofª\ 8fu\ k] tf jf
ཡང༌དག༌པའི་ལྟ་བ༌_ :yflkt eO;s]kl5 dfq jh|ofgsf] cWoog / cEof; ul/G5 Pj+ c/0ofjf; -5fd
མཆམས jf Go]g\ kf བསྙེན༌པ_ df latfOG5 . u]n'u\kfsf] d"n Oi6b]jtf sfnrqm xf] eg] cEof;df
dltzf]wg -nf] hf]ª\ བློ༌སྦྱོང༌_, dxfd'b|f, Psbd Jojl:yt dfu{qmd adf]lhd k|1fkf/ldtf / k|f;+lus
dfWoldsdf AofVof adf]lhd z"Gotfsf] Wofg tyf lrGtg kb{5 . rf]+vfkf Ps u}/ ;Dk|bflos
;fws ePsfn] o; k/Dk/fdf cGo k/Dk/fsf cEof;x¿ h:t} gf/f]kfsf if8\of]u / emf]u\5]gsf]
klg cEof; ul/G5 . t/ tL ;a} cEof; k"0f{¿kn] z]8«fdf cWoog ul/;s]kl5 dfq yfngL
ul/G5 .$# rf]+vfkfsf] b]xj;fgkl5 pgsf lziox¿n] dWo ltAatdf y'k|} ljxf/x¿sf] lgdf{0f u/] /
rf]+vfkfsf] ljxf/ ufG8]gsf] gfdaf6 Pp6f 5'§} k/Dk/f ljsl;t eof] h;sf] gfd ufG8]Gkf /flvof]
/ kl5 u]n'Ukf aGof] . ctLz / rf]+vfkfåf/f atfOPsf] eujfg\ a'4sf] ljz'4 cfud / ljgodf a9L
hf]8 lbOg yfNof] . ;dosf] cGt/fnkl5 u]n'u\kf k/Dk/fsf] k|efj ltAatdf a9\b} uPkl5 lj:tf/}
pgLx¿ pRr cf]xbfsf] k/Dk/f x'g yfNof] . rf]ª\vfkfsf] lzio klxnf] bnfO{ nfdf u]G8'g\ 8'kf
lyof] . t/ bnfO{ nfdf eGg] kbjL u]G8'g\ 8'kfsf t]>f] cjtf/L jf lgdf{0fsfo ;f]gfd Uof5f]nfO{
d+uf]lnog ;d|f6 cNtfg vfgn] lbPsf lyP . To;a]nfb]lv km]l/ ltAatdf ohdfg–wd{u'?sf]
;DaGw ;'?jft eof] klxn] h:t} d+uf]lnog /fhfx¿ zlQmzfnL lyPg . kfFrf} bnfO{ nfdf nf];fª\
Uof5f]n] ;Dk"0f{ /fhsLo zlQm cfˆgf] xftdf kf/] / k"/} ltAatdf zf;g hdfpg ;kmn eof] .
kfFrf} bnfO{ nfdfn] g} kf]6fnf b/jf/ agfPsf lyP . To;a]nf b]lv g} ltAatdf bnfO{nfdfsf Ps
kl5 csf]{ lgdf{0fsfon] zf;g rnfpg yfn] . !$ cf}+ bnfO{ nfdf klg ;g\ !(%( df
!^))) b]lv !&))) ;Dd lyof] . o; ;DaGwL lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf nflu x]g'{xf];\ M W. Tailing (tr.), Tibet: the
Land and the People, (Beijing: New World Press, 1988.), p.21
$)
tL ljifox¿ x'g\ M != kf/ldtf ljifoM d}q]osf kfFr wd{ zf:qx? -cle;dofn+sf/, dxfofg;"qfn+sf/,
dWofGtljeË, wd{wd{tfljeË, pQ/tGq zf:q / zflGtb]jsf] af]lwrof{jtf/_ Ù @= k|df0f ljifoM lbUgfusf] k|df0f
;d'Rro, wd{sLlt{sf] k|df0fjflt{s / k|df0fljlgZro Ù #= ljgo ljifoM k|fltdf]If ;"q / ljgo ;"q -zfSok|e /
u'0fk|eåf/f lj/lrt_Ù $= clewd{ ljifoM clewd{;d'Rro -c;+u_ / clewd{sf]if -j;'aGw'_ Ù %= dfWolds ljifoM
d" ndWodssfl/sf -gfufh'{g_, dWodsfjtf/ -rGb|sLlt{_ / rt'zts -cfo{b]j_
$!
u]z] དགེ༌ཤེས u]n'u\kfsf] Pp6f kbjL (Degree) xf] . of] cGo k/Dk/f Vo]Gkf], /fahfd OToflb l8u|L x'G5 . u]z]sf]
cy{ sNof0fldq xf] . u]z] l8u|L ljleGg txsf] x'G5 h:t} So]l/Dkf, 5f]u|fDkf / Nxf/fDkf . Nxf/fDkf l8u|L
u]$@n'u\kfsf] ;a}eGbf pRr l8u|L xf] .
jh|ofg ;DaGwL cWoog cWofkg ug{sf nflu u]n'u\kf k/Dk/fdf 5'§} tflGqs sn]hx¿ vf]lnPsf 5g\ . tL
x'g\, Uo" tf], Uo" d] OToflb . cGo u]n'u\kf j}xfl/s sn]hx¿ h:t} 8]k'Ë, ufG8]g\, z]/f h], z]/f d] df tL kfFr
ljifo
$#
nufot cGo ljifox¿sf] k|fl1stj/n] k9fO x'G5 .
s]xL kfZrfTo n]vsx¿n] rf]+vfkfn] vfnL ;"q k/Dk/fdf dfq hf]8 lbg'eof] eg]/ n]v]sf 5g\ . of] jf:tjdf
unt xf] . pxfF ;"q / tGq b'j}df plQs} cEo:t x'g'x'G5 . pxfFsf] hf]8 o;df dfq xf] ls jh|ofg k"jf{wf/} ljgf
;Lw} cEof; ug{ ;lsGg To;}n] To;sf nflu a}/fu, dltzf]wg, af]lwlrQ k"0f{¿kdf cEof; ug'{k5{ . To;kl5
dfq jh|ofgsf] nflu of]Uo kfq x'g]5 . pxfF 5f]6f] ;dodf g} w]/} jif{x¿;Dd c/0ojf; u/]/ t'g 5\ofu xhf/
kfkb]zgf a'4x¿sf] cEof; klg u/]sf lyP / ;fFlRrs} a'4x¿sf] ;fIfft\ bz{g klg kfpg'ePsf] lyof] . To;}n]
ctLzn] h:t} >fjsofg / jh|ofg;Ddsf] cEof; Pss[t¿kdf lglj{jfb¿kdf s;/L cEof; ug{ ;lsG5
To;sf] vfsf sf]/]/ hfg'eof] . rf]+vfkfsf] hLjgLsf nflu x]g'{xf];\ M Robert A. F. Thurman, Glenn H. Mullin, etal.,
The Life and Teachings of Tsong Khapa, (Dharamsala: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, 1980.)
page 14
rLlgofx¿n] ltAatdf cfqmd0f u/];Dd ltAatdf wd{/fhsf] ¿kdf :yflkt eP . clxn] !$ cf}+
bnfO{ nfdf ef/tsf] w/dzfnfdf lgjf{l;t hLjg ljtfO/xg'ePsf] 5 . ltAatsf /fhf k/dkfjg
!$ cf}+ bnfO{ nfdf u]n'u\ kf k/Dk/fsf ePtfklg u]n'u\ kfsf] k|d'v nfdf eg] !)@ cf}+ ufG8]g
cf;gwf/L -ufg\8]g l7«kf དགའ་ལྡན་ཁྲི་པ་_ y'a\t]g lGodf n'ª\tf]u\ t]g\lhg\ gf]a'{ x'g'x'G5 .$$

kl5 !( cf}+ ztfAbLlt/ ltAatdf hfd\uf]gsf]Gq'n nf]8f] yfP, hfDofª\ Vo]Gr] OToflb u'?x¿n] s'g}
klg d]/f] k/Dk/f dfq 7"nf] eGg] vfnsf] ;fDk|bflos efj Tofu]/ ltAatdf k|rlnt ;a} af}4
k/Dk/f / To;df k|rlnt pkb]zsf] ljz]if ;Ddfg tyf cEof; ug]{ x]t'n] c;Dk|bflostfsf]
cleofg -l/ d] རིས་མེད་_ nfO{ cufl8 a9fP . To;kl5 o;/L c;Dk|bflos dg;fo dgdf lnP/ s'g}
vf; k/Dk/fdf cfa4 eP/ klg ;a} k/Dk/fsf pkb]znfO{ plQs} ;Ddfg / cEof; ul/g yfNof] .$%

clxn] ltAatL af}4wd{ ltAateGbf aflx/ w]/} d'n'sx¿df km}ln/x]sf 5g\ . Tof] ;a} k/d kfjg !$
cf}+ bnfO{ nfdf / cGo k/Dk/fsf 7"N7"nf nfdfx¿n] cgj/t¿kdf b]z b]zdf ToxfFsf hgtf–
x¿nfO{ a'4wd{sf] lzIff pknAw u/fpg'ePsf]n] x'g uPsf] xf] . pxfFx¿ ljZje/ cg]sf} s]Gb|
lgdf{0f u/L wd{ k|rf/ k|;f/ ub}{ x'g'x'G5 .

o;/L ltAatsf] Oltxf; eGg' g} a'4 wd{sf] Oltxf; h:t} ePsf] 5 . To;}n] ltAatL a'4 wd{sf]
/fd|f] cWoog ul/Pg eg] ltAatL Oltxf; a'‰g lgs} uf¥xf] kb{5 . lsgsL ;Dk"0f{ ltAatL Oltxf;
a'4wd{ ;+u;++u} uPsf] xfdL kfpF5f} . To;}n] Un]g d'lng dxf]bo eGg'x'G5 M æcGo b]zx¿ ef}lts
pGglts} xf]8afhLdf bf}8], ef}lts pTkfbg ug{tkm{ nfu], pgLx¿n] dgsf] zflGtnfO{ Tolt rf;f]
lbPgg\ t/ ltAatLx¿ dgsf] pGgog, wd{sf] ljsf;df tLj| ultdf uP, pgLx¿ 6'Ns' -lgdf{0f–
sfo_ pTkfbg ug{ tkm{ nfu] .Æ$^

ltAatL af}4 Oltxf;sf >f]tx¿

ltAatL af}4 Oltxf;sf w]/} d"n k|fylds >f]tx¿ (Primary Sources) pknAw ePsf 5g\ . ;Dk"0f{
Plzofd} ltAatdf ;a}eGbf w]/} / ;d[4 Pltxfl;s >f]t Pj+ b:tfj]hx¿ kfOG5 .$& ltAatL
$$
rf]+vfkfn] ufg\8]g\ ljxf/ :yfkgf ug'{ePsf] x'gfn] k|yd ufg\8]g\ cf;gwf/L nfdf rf]+vfkf g} x'g'x'GYof] .
clxn];Dd !)@ hgf ufg\8]g l7kfx¿ eO;s]sf 5g\ . klxnf] ufG8]g l7kfb]lv !)@ ufg\8]g\ l7kf;Ddsf] ;"rLsf]
nflu x]g'{xf];\ M http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganden_Tripa
$%
x]g'{xf];\ M Tulku, Ringu – The Ri-me Philosophy of Jamgon Kongtrul the Great : A Study of the Buddhist
Lineages of Tibet, Boston: Shambhala Publications, 2006.
$^
x]g'{xf];\ M Glenn H. Mullin - The Fourteen Dalai Lamas: A Sacred Legacy of Reincarnation, (New Delhi: Jaico
Publishing House, 2008), p. 5
$&
x]g'{xf];\ M Gedun Choephel, White Annals, (Dharamsala: Library of Tibetan Works & Archives), p. 5. of] u]8'g\
5f]Pkm]nlj/lrt 8]a\ y]/ sf/\ kf]sf] ;fd\t]g gf]a'{n] ug'{ePsf] cg'jfb xf] .
page 15
af}4wd{sf] Oltxf;sf k|fylds >f]tx¿ ljleGg lglw pkb]zx¿ -t]df{ གཏེར་མ_ nufot cGo tLg
d'Vo zLif{sx¿df kfOG5 . != j+zfjnL Oltxf; -nf] Uo' ལོ་རྒྱུས_, @= /fhj+zsf] Oltxf; -Uofn\/fj
$*
རྒྱལ་རབས_, / #= wfld{s Oltxf; -5\of]P Ho'Ë ཆོས་འབྱུང_ . ljxf/ u'Dafsf clen]v b:tfj]hx¿ -wg\
/fa\_, lgdf{0fsfox¿sf] j+zfjnL -8'ª\ /fa\_, ltly;lxt j+zj[If -t]g lr_, / Pltxfl;s tyf wfld{s
clen]v -8] y]/_ OToflb ;a} ToxL juL{s/0f leq kb{5 . s]xL k|fylds >f]t ltAatL lnlk /
c+u]|hL cg'jfb ;lxt b]jgfu/L pRrf/0fdf o; k|sf/ /fVg sf]l;; ul/Psf] 5 M

प्राथिमक ित बती ोत (Primary Tibetan Sources)

1. uf] nf]rfjf zf]g' kfn lj/lrt དེབ༌ཐེར༌སྔོན་པོ་ (8]a\ y]/ ªf]g\ kf] – The Blue Annals)
2. ;fSofkf ;f]gfd\ Uofn\5g lj/lrt རྒྱལ༌རབས༌གསལ༌བའི་མེ་ལོང (Uon /fa\ ;n j] d] nf]ª\ – The
Mirror of the Royal Geneologies or Clear Mirror)
3. u]g\ 8'g\ 5Øf]km]n -!()%–!(%!_ lj/lrt དེབ༌ཐེར༌དཀར་པོ་ (8]a\ y]/ sf/\ kf] – The White Annals)
4. 5fNkf s'ª\uf bf]h]{åf/f ;g\ !#$^ df lnlvt དེབ༌ཐེར༌དམར་པོ་ (8]a\ y]/ df/\ kf] – The Red Annals)
5. a'6f]g l/Gkf]5 -!@()–!#^$_ åf/f lnlvt བུ༌སྟོན༌ཆོས་འབྱུང་ ༎ (a' 6f]g 5\of]P Ho'ª\ – The History of
Dharma by Buton Rinpoche or translated into English as The History of Buddhism in India
and Tibet)
6. s]r'g\ zfª\kf]lj/lrt བཀའ་གདམས་གསར་རྙིང་རྗེས་འབྲངས་དང་བཅས་པའི་བླ་མ་བརྒྱུད་པའི་རྣམ་ཐར་ཀུན་བཏུས་ནོར་བུའི་དོ་ཤལ་ཞེས་བྱ་བའི་སྨད་ཆ ༎
(sf 8d ;f/\ lGoª\ Ho] 8«ª\ wª\ Ro] k] nf df Uo' k] gfd\ yf/\ s'g\ 6' gf]/\ a'O{ wf] zn Zo] Hof
j] Do] 5\of – Bibographical Dictionary of Tibet & Tibetan Buddhism)
7. u'? kb\d;Dej;+u ;DalGwt t]df{ u|Gy པདྨ་བཀའ་ཐང ༎ (k]df sf yfª\ the biography of Padma-
sambhava)
8. ;f]ª\ rª\ uDkf] cg'lbt af]lw;™j cjnf]lst]Zj/;+u ;DalGwt མ་ཎི་བཀའ་འབུམ ༎ (df l0f sf a'd\
$(
The collection of Teaching by Songtsen Gampo)
9. བཀའ༌ཆེམས༌ཀ༌ཁོལ༌མ༌ ༎ -sf 5]d\ sf vf]n\ df The Vase[-shaped] Pillar Testament {concerning
the genesis of Tibet’s first Buddha images_
%)
10. ལོ་རྒྱུས་ཆེན་མོ ༎ -nf] Uo" 5]g\ df] The Grand Annals_

o;/L ltAatL af}4 Oltxf;sf y'k|} k|fylds >f]t clxn] xfd|f] ;fd' /x]sf 5g\ h;dWo] s]xL dfq
dfly lbOPsf 5g\ . clxn] cg';Gwfgsf nflu ltAatL af}4wd{ / ;f] ;DaGwL Oltxf; Ps v'nf
;+u|xfno h:t} ag]sf] 5 . o; ljifodf ljZjsf k|Voft ljZjljBfnox¿ h:t} cd]l/sfsf]
$*
of] juL{s/0f ltAatL cWoogsf k|sf08 ljåfg lnof]gf8{ efg 8/ s'Oksf] cg';f/ xf] x]g'{xf];\ M Jose Ignacio
Cabezon and Roger R. Jackson, Tibetan Literature: Studies in Genre, (New York: Snow Lion Publications, 1996),
p. 42.
$(
o; ltAatL u|Gysf s]xL efu k|f= dLg axfb'/ zfSoHo"n] Nepalese Princess Bhrikuti k':tsdf cg'jfb
ul/;Sg'ePsf] 5 . x]g'{xf];\ M Min Bahadur Shakya, Princess Bhrikuti Devi (New Delhi: Book Faith India, 1997).
$(
lnof]gf8{sf cg';f/ of] u|Gy Psbd} k|Voft ePklg clxn];Dd b'n{e /x]sf] 5 . k"jf]{Qm kfb l6Kk0fL g= $* .
page 16
xf8{jf8{, a]nfotsf] cS;kmf]8{ OToflbdf 5'§} ljefudf cWofkg ul/G5 / s]of}+ ljb]zL ljåfgx¿n]
o;} ljifodf ljBfjfl/lw -Ph.D_ klg xfl;n u/]sf 5g\ / w]/}n] xfl;n ul//x]sf 5g\ .

pk;+xf/ / s]xL ;'emfj (Conclusion and Recommendations)

lxpFsf] b]zsf ¿kdf lrlgg] ltAat, pGgfO;f}+ ztfAbL;Dd Ps lsl;dn] lj/fgf] / b'u{Do b]zsf
¿kdf lyof] . To;f] x'g'sf] Pp6f sf/0f ToxfFsf] vlkg;Sg'sf] hf8f] df};d / Psbd s7f]/ e"agf}6
klg x'g ;Sb5 . t/ ;g\ !(%( df ltAatnfO{ rLlgofx¿n] lnPkl5 ltAatLx¿ cfˆgf]
dft[e"ldaf6 lgjf{l;t x'g'k¥of] . To;a]nfb]lv ;do / kl/l:yltdf 7"nf] kl/jt{g cfO;s]sf] 5 .
xf], ltAatLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] dft[e"ldaf6 cnu eP/ a:g'kg]{ 7"nf] b'Mv t 5Fb}5, t}klg ltAatL
af}4wd{n] ;+s'lrt ;Ldf kf/ u/]/ cfh ljZje/L g} Jofks¿kdf k|rf/ k|;f/ x'g] df}sf kfPsf] 5 .
clxn] kfZrfTo b]zx¿sf dflg;x¿ a9\bf] ;+Vofdf cfkm"nfO{ ltAatL af}4wd{ dfGg] JolQmsf
¿kdf kl/ro lbG5g\ . nfvf}+n] ltAatL u'?x¿n] n]v]sf lstfa / n]vx¿ k9\g kfPsf 5g\,
pxfFx¿sf] pkb]z ;'Gg kfPsf 5g\ . o;/L cfˆgf] dft[e"ldaflx/ ltAatL ;+:s[lt / wd{sf] olt
Hofbf cfsif{0f x'g' cfkm}df Psbd} cfZro{hgs / ck|Tofl;t s'/f xf] . oxL+ s'/fdf ltAatLx¿
cfkm"nfO{ zfGTjgf lbg] ub{5g\ . o;}sf/0fn] cfh ahf/df af}4wd{sf cGo k':tsx¿eGbf ltAatL
af}4 wd{sf k':tsx¿ w]/} dfqfdf kfOG5g\ . ctM ltAatL af}4 wd{sf] Psbd ;d[9 Oltxf; klg
kf7sju{n] ;lhn} k9\g ;Sg] ePsf] 5 . cfh ltAatL af}4 Oltxf; / ltAat;+u hf]l8Psf
oyfy{k/s tYox¿ s'g} /x:o /x]gg\ / h;n] a+UofPklg ;lhn} a+lug] vfnsf] klg /x]gg\ lsgsL
tL ;a} ;+Unf] kfgL / P]gf h:t} ;kmf ePsf 5g\ . To;sf] afjh'b klg dnfO{ nfU5 xfdL
g]kfnLx¿n] g} ltAatL af}4wd{sf] Oltxf; Tolt /fd|f];+u cWoog ug{ kfPsf 5}gf}+ / a'em]sf 5}gf}+
klg . xfdLn] ltAataf/] h] a'lem/x]sf 5f}F, To;df w]/}h;f] c;Totf / e|d w]/} g} dfqfdf JofKt 5 .
of] n]v ToxL e|dnfO{ lrg{ n]lvPsf] xf] / jf:tljs ltAatL af}4 Oltxf; aflx/ cfcf];\ eGg]
o;sf] p2]Zo xf] . To;}n] n]vsf] cGTolt/ ltAatL Oltxf;;+u hf]l8Psf s]xL d"n ltAatL
>f]tx¿ klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

ltAatL af}4 Oltxf;nfO{ ;du|df b'O{6f r/0fdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . klxnf] r/0f -o'u_ / bf;|f]
r/0f -o'u_ ;g\ !&# cyf{t Nxfyf]yf]/L Go]G5]g\sf] sfnb]lv ;f]ª\rª\ uDkf], ly;f]ª\ 8]prgsf] sfn
x'Fb} /fNkfrg;Ddsf] cyf{t\ *#* ;Ddsf] sfnnfO{ klxnf] lj:tf/sf] r/0f elgG5 h;leq lGoª\df
k/Dk/f :yflkt eof] / !)$@ b]lv cyf{t\ l/G5]g\ ;fª\kf], df/kf nf]rfjf nufot ctLzlbk+s/
>L1fgsf] ;do b]lv k/ !(%( ;Dd cyf{t\ ltAatnfO{ rLgn] lnPsf] sfn;DdnfO{ xfdL bf;|f]
r/0f eGg ;S5f}F . bf;|f] r/0f leq, sfUo'kf, ;fSofkf, u]n'Ukf k/Dk/fsf] :yfkgf kb{5 .
lGoª\dfb]lv u]n'Ukf;Ddsf ;a} ltAatL k/Dk/fsf d'Vo pb\ud >f]t ef/tLo d"n u'?x¿ g} ePsf
x'Fbf Tof] a]nf ef/tjif{df h'g ljz'4 a'4wd{sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ eP ToxLsf] k|ltlnlk ltAatL af}4 wd{
page 17
xf] . ;du|df eGg'kbf{ ltAatL af}4 wd{ ;[b[9 agfpgdf tLg wd{/fhx¿ qmdzM ;f]ª\rª\ uDkf],
l7;f]ª\ 8]5]g\ / /fNkfrg\, kb\d;Dej / ctLzsf] e"ldsf clj:d/0fLo /x]sf] 5 . ToxL sf/0fn]
ubf{ ltAatL Oltxf; eGg'g} af}4 wd{sf] Oltxf; x'g uof] . clwsf+z ltAatLx¿ Ps ;] Ps 7"nf
7"nf 1fg k|fKt ;fws eP/ lg:s] h:t} ldnf/]kf, ;fSofkl08t, nf]ª\r]Gkf, rf]+vfkf OToflb . To;}n]
cGo b]z dfgl;s ljsf;, 1fgnfO{ 5f]8]/ clt ef}ltsafbL¿kn] cufl8 al9/x]sf a]nf
ltAatLx¿ dgsf] pGgog, wd{sf] ljsf;df tLj| ultdf uP, pgLx¿ Ps ;] Ps 6'Ns'
-lgdf{0fsfo_ eP/ cfP . x'g klg s'g} klg b]zsf] ljsf; eg]s} ;f] b]zdf a:g] hgtfsf] dgsf]
zflGt / ;Gt'i6L g} xf] h'g ;Gt'li6 / zflGt ltAatLx¿df eGbf c¿x¿df kfpg sl7g 5 .

x'gtM ltAatL Oltxf; Psbd ljzfn / uxg ljifo xf] . o;nfO{ ;+lIfKt¿kdf k|:t't ug'{ c;fWo}
sl7g 5 . w]/} h;f] s'/fx¿ dflysf] Oltxf;df ;d]l6Psf 5}gg\ h:t} ltAatL ;+:s[lt, sd{sf08,
bz{g OToflb ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g . d}n] ltAatsf] lj:t[t Oltxf; / ;f] ;a} ljifoj:t'x¿ ;d]6]/
Tibetan Buddhism: History, Philosophy, Practice and Related Culture gfds csf]{ k':ts
c+u|]hLdf n]Vb}5' .

xfnsf] cj:yf x]g]{ xf] eg] w]/} hgf ljZjljBfno:t/sf lzIfsx¿klg lgª\df / af]g wd{ aLr
Psbd} lbUe|ldt x'g] ub{5 . lGoª\df slt ljz'4 a'4wd{ xf] eg] tYo g} a'‰g ;ls/fv]sf 5}gg\
h:tf] nfU5 . cem}klg ltAatL a'4wd{nfO{ af]gwd{;+u ld;fP/ x]l/G5 . xfdLn] oxfF of] s'/f a'‰g
clt h?/L 5 ls a'4wd{ hxfF hxfF km}lnof] ToxfF ToxfFsf] ;+:s[lt To;n] c+ufNg ;Sof] . h:t}
rLgdf hfFbf rLlgof ;+:s[ltcg';f/ g} x'Sof]{, g]kfndf g]kfnL ;+:s[lt cg';f/ g} x'Sof]{ a9\of] .
To;/L g} ltAatdf a'4wd{ km}lnFbf af]gkf]x¿sf] afXo ;+:s[ltnfO{ c+ufNof] t/ bz{g cEof; /
p2]Zodf /lte/ klg kl/jt{g cfPg . g]kfndf klg oxL+sf] jfXo¿kdf lxGb'ldl>t ;+:s[lt;+u
ld;]/ a'4wd{ km}lnof] . of] s'/fsf] pkh xf] :joDe" k'/f0f, ljleGg cGo g]jf/ af}4wd{sf u|Gyx¿ .
s] xfdLn] g]jf/L af}4 wd{nfO{ lxGb'wd{;+u ld;fP/ x]/]sf 5f}+ t To;f]eP < kSs}klg 5}gf}F . lsgsL
xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5 . oxL a'4wd{sf] ljz]iftf xf] ls sdnsf] km"nem} aflx/ h:tf] lsl;dsf] ePklg
leq ;w} clnslt klg k|efljt x'Gg, h:tfsf] t:t} x'G5, o:tf] s'/fnfO{ af}4 kfl/eflifs zAbdf
qmdzM g]ofy{ / gLtfy{ elgG5 . t/ lj8Dagf, clxn]sf k|fl1sx¿n] ljz]if1 u'?x¿ jf ltAatL
u'?l;t ;f]wk'5 g} gu/Lsg} ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ To:tf e|ldt s'/fx¿ k9fpg'x'G5 h;n] ubf{
ljBfyL{x¿ cem 7"nf] e|ddf kb{5g\ . To;}n] ltAatL a'4wd{nfO{ ;txdf dfq gx]/L leq};Dd 8'a]/
a'‰gsf nflu w]/} >j0f cWoog lrGtgsf] vfFrf] kb{5 . csf]{ 7"nf] sdhf]/L ltAatL a'4wd{
k9fpg] lzIfsx¿df s] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] pxfFx¿nfO{ ltAatL efiffsf] clnslt klg 1fg 5}g .
ltAatL efiff ghfg]klg ltAatL lnlk pRrf/0f ug{ t l;Sg'kg]{ xf] . pxfFx¿ ltAatL a'4 wd{sf]
w/f]x/¿kL u'Dafx¿df klg uPsf] b]lvFb}g / ltAatL u'?x¿l;t klg e]6\g'x'Gg . cr]n j]a;fO6df
ltAatL a'4wd{;DaGwL ck|zf]lwt / c;+Dkflbt¿kdf w]/} hfgsf/L /flvPsf] x'G5 . tL hfgsf/L /
ahf/df pknAw s]xL k':tsx¿ k9]sf] cfwf/df ltAatL af}4 wd{sf] sIff lng' ljBfyL{x¿nfO{
page 18
;fFRr} e|ddf kfg'{ xf] . ltAatL zAb pRrf/0f ug{ sd;]sd Wylie pRrf/0f ePklg l;Sg'kg]{ xf]
t/ Tof] klg ghfg]/ Zhva dmar pa (Shamarpa) sf] 7fpFdf Mar pa (Marpa) egL pRrf/0f u/]/
df/kf u'?sf] hLjgL k9fOg' cfkm}df xf:of:kb s'/f] xf] . ltAatL af}4 Oltxf;df To:tf] ltAatL
zAbx¿ Wylie ;+:s/0fdf cfOg} /xG5g\ . To;}n] sd;]sd Wylie z}nLdf pRrf/0f ug{ ;Sg'
cToGt} cfjZos 5 . csf]{ s'/f, ltAatL a'4wd{ h'g zf:tf zfSod'lg a'4sf] ;4d{sf] hLjGt /
ljz'4 ¿k xf] To;nfO{ ljz'4 Åbon] c+uLsf/ ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . lsgeg]:ki6 s'/f] xf] clxn] xfd|f]
g]jf/L af}4 wd{ dxfofg jh|ofg g} eg] klg To;df bz{g / k/Dk/fut d"n cEof;sf] cefj
ePs} xf] . t/ sd{sf08 ePklg xfdLn] arfO/fVg' ;Sg' klg sd ;¥xfxgLo s'/f xf]Og . klxn]
g]kfnsf ah|frfo{x¿af6} ltAatLx¿n] a'4wd{sf lzIff l;s]/ uP . af}4 wd{ t af}4 wd{ g} x'g\
Tof] rfx] ltAatL xf];\ of g]jf/L, To;}n] g]jf/ af}4 wd{nfO{ km]l/ klxn]s} cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg Pj+
;d[4 agfpg xfdLn] lgz+sf]r ltAatL k/Dk/fdf pknAw bz{g / cEof; kIf lng' h?/L 5 . of]
;Gbe{df >4]o 5\of]sL lGodf u'? eGg'x'G5, æklxn] xfdLn] g]kfnL u'?x¿af6} a'4wd{ ;DaGwL lzIff
lbIff lnof}+ ca g]kfnLx¿nfO{ g} To;sf] lzIff lbg rfxG5' .Æ To;}n] xfdL ;a}n] k"jf{u|x g/fvL
otftkm{ klg Wofg lbg'kg]{ ;do cfPsf] 5 .

cGtdf, ltAatdf h] hlt k/Dk/fx¿ 5g\ jf eP tL ;a}df vfnL lsl~rt leGgtfx¿ dfq
kfOG5g\ . To;}n] ;a} ;femf k/Dk/f x'g\ h;df ;Dk|bflostfjfbsf] s'g} 7fpF 5}g . vfnL tGq–
ljz]ifsf] hf]8df clnslt km/s dfq xf] . ;a}df ;j{k|yd\ j}/fu efjgfs} cEof; ul/G5, clg
af]lwlrQsf] cEof; ul/G5 clg dfq dxfofg / dxfofgL b[li6df cEo:t eO;s]kl5 dfq
jh|ofgdf k|j]z ul/G5 . To;}n] ltAatL af}4 wd{ zfSod'lg a'4åf/f pklbi6 ;4d{sf] Ps k"0f{ ¿k
-b'j} cfud / clwud_ xf] eGbf cTo'lQm gxf]nf .

ejt' ;j{ dËnd\

;Gbe{ u|Gyx¿ (Bibliography)

Published Books

Batchelor, Stephen - The Tibet Guide, London: Wisdom Publications, 1987

Cabezon, Jose Ignacio and Jackson, Roger R. – Tibetan Literature: Studies in Genre, New York: Snow
Lion Publications, 1996, p. 42.
Choephel, Gedun – The White Annals, Dharamsala: Library of Tibetan Works & Archives,1978.
H. Mullin, Glenn - The Fourteen Dalai Lamas: A Sacred Legacy of Reincarnation, New Delhi: Jaico
Publishing House, 2008.
Kunsang, Erik Pema - The Lotus-Born: The Life Story of Padmasambhava by Yeshe Tsogyal, Boston:
Shambhala Publications, Inc., 1999
Nalanda Translation Committee (tr.) - The Life of Marpa, the Translator, Boulder: Prajna Press, 1982.

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Powers, John - Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism, New York: Snow Lion Publications, 1995
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Thames and Hudson Ltd., 1991.
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1997
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Nicolson Ltd., 1968.
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Zangpo, Ngawang - Guru Rinpoche: His Life and Times, New York: Snow Lion Publications, 2002

Unpublished Books and Articles

Shakya, Milan, Life of Atisa Dipankara Sri Jnana (A Study), an unpublished dessertation submitted in
2004 to Central Department of Buddhist Studies for the partial fulfillment of the requirements of
Post Graduate Diploma in Buddhist Studies.
Shakya, Min Bahadur, Famous Nepalese Architect Arniko and His Contribution to Buddhist Heritage of
China
Warner, Cameron David – The Genesis of Tibet’s First Buddha Images: An Annotated Translation from
Three Editions of the Vase[-shaped] Pillar Testament (bka’ chems ka khol ma)

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