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159.

Thefifthdiflferencebetweenpersons,exists
betweencitizensandaliens.Thesewillbeseparately
considered.
Jlrt.1.

Ofcitizens.

160.AcitizenoftheUnitedStatesisonewhoisin
theenjoymentofalltherightstowhichthepeople
areentitled,andboundtofulfilthedutiestowhich
theyaresubject;thisincludesmen,womenandchildren,
(a)Inamorelimitedsense,acitizenisone
whohasarighttovoteforpublicofficers;forexample,
representativesincongress,andwhoisqualified
tofillofficesinthegiftofthepeople.
Citizensarenativesornaturalized.Allpersons
bornintheUnitedStatesarenotcitizens.Theexceptions
are,first,childrenofforeignambassadors;
secondly,Indians;andthirdly,ingeneral,personsof
color.(&)

161.Anaturalizedcitizenisonewho,bornanalien,
hasacquiredtherightofacitizenbycomplyingwith
therequisitionofthenaturalizationlaws.Theprincipal
ofwhichare,

1.Thattheapplicantshallbeanalien,andafree
whiteperson.

2.Thatheshallhavedeclaredbeforesomecompetent
tribunal,onoathoraffirmation,threeyearsat
leastbeforehisadmission,thatitwas,bonafide,hisintention
tobecomeaCitizenoftheUnitedStates,and

(a)Amyv.Smith,1Litt.334.
(J)AmyV.Smith,1Litt.334;Grandallv.State,10Conn.340.Persons
ofcolorandIndianshavesomerightsascitizens;theycannotinany
sensebeconsideredasaliens,norcantheybedeprivedofanyofthose
rightswhichbelongtoAmericancitizens,ofholdingproperty,ofobtaining
apatentforaninvention,andthelike;buttheyaredeprivedinsome
statesoftherightofvotingforpublicofficers,orofholdingoffice.

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