Entrance conditions in Turbulent Flow

Turbulent Flow
Consider the case of laminar flow, where velocity u increases with y.
Even though the fluid particles are moving horizontally to the right,
because of molecular motion, molecules would cross line ab and
transport momentum with them.
The velocities of molecules in slower moving fluid
Faster moving fluid
The result is shear stress along trace ab
In turbulent flow the velocity at a point in the flow field fluctuates
in both magnitude and direction.
We may observe these fluctuations in accurate velocity
measurements and we may commonly see their effects on pressure
gauges and manometers.
The fluctuations result from a multitude of small eddies, created by
the viscous shear between adjacent particles.
 First Expression

=

= + = +

In viscous flow velocity remain constant as a function of time at a particular

time
In turbulent flow, velocity varies as a function of time at a particular point
Turbulency increases with
o Velocity
o Roughness in the pipe
is not the physical property of liquid, it changes with turbulency
 First Expression
Eddy viscosity is not constant(unlike ) for a given fluid at a given
temperature.
Eta may be said as coefficient of momentum transfer, expressing the
transfer of momentum.
Its value may range from zero to many thousand times the value of .
Kinematic eddy viscosity (=/, epsilon), is a property of flow alone,
analogous to kinematic viscosity.
Next to and perpendicular to smooth wall, turbulent flow cannot exist
there.
Near a smooth wall the shear is due to laminar flow alone and = du/dy.
The shear stress always acts to cause the velocity distribution to become
more uniform.
 At some distance from the wall, such as 0.2 r , the value
of du/dy becomes small in turbulent flow, and so the
viscous shear becomes negligible in comparison with the
turbulent shear.
The latter can be large, even though du/dy is small, why?
Because of great turbulence that may exist at an
appreciable distance from the wall.
Then what about, at the centre of the wall?
In turbulent flow as well as laminar flow, the shear stress
is maximum at the walls and decreases linearly to zero at
the axis.
 Second Expression
1. What would be the momentum of the fluid below line ab, if mass
is m and velocity is u
2. If this fluid of mass m moves upward where the velocity is u+u,
what would be the momentum
3. What would the increase in initial momentum is the axial direction
4. Conversely what would be change in momentum when a mass m
moves from upper zone to lower zone
5. This transfer of momentum back and forth across at will produce a
shear in the plane through ab
6. What would be shear stress if this velocity profile is vertical? And
what about u
 Second Expression
7. If the distance y is chosen so that average value of +u in upper zone,
over a time period to include many velocity fluctuation
8. The distance between two streams is known as the maximum length l
9. m mass moving upward from below ab with a velocity
10. Momentum per unit time on an average=?
11. It will transport into upper zone where velocity is u+u
12. The slower moving mass from below ab tend to retard the flow above ab
13. This creates shear along ab
14. u: temporal average of the product of u and
15. In modern turbulence theory -u is known as Reynolds stress
16. Minus sign appears because the product u on average is negative
17. By inspecting 8.6 and 8.5 + is associated with u and vice versa.
18. According to Prandtl
 Second Expression
Reynold simplify this equation by using
fluctuation component of velocity i.e. u and v
u = fluctuation in the direction of flow
v = lateral fluctuation in flow

= =

 Prandtl mixing length theory for turbulent shear stress
To simplify the reynolds equation, Prandtl give a theory
for turbulent shear stress. From figure


=

Where, l = Prandtl mixing length, the distance b/w two
layers. It increases with turbulence.
In this theory
u = v
so equation will become
2
2
= = ( )

 Viscous Sublayer in Turbulent Flow
The initial condition is much like laminar flow. Laminar boundary layer increases in
thickness till the transition.
The transition occurs where the length xc of the laminar portion of the boundary
layer is about equal to 500,000/U , where U is uniform velocity
After transition, the turbulent boundary layer generally increases in thickness much
more rapidly.
So the length of in-viscid core where two opposite layers meet is relatively shorter.
It takes about four times this length (inviscid core) for the velocity profile to
become fully developed and 8 to 12 times this length for the detailed structure of
turbulence to become fully developed. Only when all these aspects are complete
do we have fully developed turbulent flow.
No single equation exist to predict entrance length for tubulent flow, ie the length
over which flow is developing.

As an approximate guide, the

velocity profile is generally fully
developed within 20 to 40 pipe
diameter.
 By plotting one velocity profile from the wall on the
assumption that the flow is entirely laminar and
plotting another velocity profile with assumption that
flow is turbulent.
The two will intersect, no abrupt change is observed.
One curve must merge into the other with some kind
of Transition.
When studying such velocity profiles, we find that
quantity under-root (o/), frequently occurs, scientists
have named it the shear stress velocity, u* .
Law of the Wall

=

5
The thickness of viscous sublayer: =

The transition zone appears to extend from a to c.
70
For the latter point, the value of y seems to about or 14


= =
8

When

= 5 or =

14.14 14.14
= =

 Hydraulically smooth pipe

When (/ < 5) (or e< )

e= equivalent height of the roughness projections, the viscous sublayer completely buries the surface
roughness, the roughness has no effect on friction, and pipe is hydraulically smooth.

Fully rough pipe

When ( > 70) (or e>14 ), the pipe will behave as fully rough.

Transitionally rough

When (5 70) (or e14 ), the pipe will behave as transitionally rou

 Pipe Roughness
It has been proved that the friction depends not only on the size
and shape of the projections, but also on their distribution and
spacing.
In 1933 by a German engineer, J. Nikuradse, a student of Prandtle,
coated several different sizes of pipe with sand grains that he had
sorted by sieving into different grain sizes of reasonably uniform
diameters.
Diameter of these sand grains have been represented by e, which
is known as absolute roughness.
It has already been known that the friction factor f is the function
of Reynolds Number.
A more general approach, including e as parameter reveals that f=
(R, e/D)
The term e/D is known as the relative roughness.
 Prandtl an equation for friction factor, the equation
applies to turbulent flow in any pipe as long as >e,
when this condition prevails the flow is known as
smooth pipe flow.
Range : R>4000
Assumption is that the surface is so smooth that the
effects of projections do not pierce the viscous
sublayer, which becomes increasingly thinner with
increasing R. (As from the equation , f=0 when R=
infinity.
Iteration or a graph of f versus R must be used to solve
the equation for f. It is implicit in f.

Smooth Pipe Flow:

 Colebrook suggested another explicit equation .
Range : 4000 R 108

Smooth Pipe Flow:

Blasius smooth pipe:

Blasius smooth pipe:

7th Root Law for turbulent velocity distribution(y=ro-
r)
For R >105, exponent< 1/7
 Von Karman found another friction factor
expression for fully rough pipe
At high value of R, becomes much smaller,
roughness element protrude to the viscous
sublayer.
If < e/14, flow would behave fully rough pipe
flow, then friction factor is independent of
Reynolds number

Fully rough pipe flow

Turbulent Flow, all pipes (Colebrook):

It provide good approximation to conditions in

intermediate range
When e=0, Colebrook equation reduces to smooth-pipe
equation.
For large R it reduces to fully rough pipe equation.
Thus it applies to all turbulent flow conditions
Disadvantage : it is implicit in f, which makes it inconvenient
to use manually evaluate f.
Turbulent Flow, all pipes (Haaland):

Range: 4000 R 108

Advantage: explicit in f
 Chart for friction factor
The preceding equations for f have been very
inconvenient to use in a number of
circumstances.
The inconvenience was largely overcome by
reading numerical values from a chart prepared
by Moody in 1944.
The chart is often called as the Moody diagram.
It is based on the preceding equations.
All the quantities involved in the chart are
dimensionless , so both FPS and SI unit systems
can be used.
 Zones in Moodys Chart

Laminar Flow Zone

Critical zone
Where the values are uncertain because the flow might be either laminar
or turbulent.
Transition Zone
Where f is the function of both Reynolds number and relative pipe
roughness
Zone of Complete turbulence
Where the value of f is independent of Reynolds number and depends
solely upon relative roughness., e/D
Sharp line of demarcation between the transition zone and the zone of
complete turbulence was suggested by R.J.S , the equation of this line is
3500/(e/D)
Chart for Friction Factor
 Excercise
1. Air at 30 degree Celcius and atmospheric pressure
flows with velocity of 6.5m/s through a 75 mm
diameter pipe (e=0.002 mm). Find friction head loss
in 30 m of pipe.
2. Crude oil (s=0.855) at 50 degree celcius flows at
300L/s through a 450mm diameter pipe (e=0.054
mm) 1500 m long. Find the head loss.
3. When water at 50 degree F flows at 2.5 cfs in a 20-in
pipeline, the head loss is 0.0004 ft/ft. what will be the
friction head loss when glycerine at 68 degree F flows
through this same pipe at the same rate.