Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(Part 1)
Virginia Tech
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Organization of this Section
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Understanding Aircraft Weights and
its Limits
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Aircraft Mass Definitions
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Aircraft Mass Definitions (II)
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Operational Definitions
DTW = desired takeoff weight (or mass) is the weight of the aircraft
considering fuel (includes reserve), payload and OEW to complete
a given stage length (trip distance)
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Runway Length Estimation Procedures
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General Equations of Motion to
Understand Runway Length Curves
and Tables
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Introductory Remarks on Aircraft Performance
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International Standard Atmosphere (1962)
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Important Aircraft Speed Terms to Know
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Compressibility Effects
where: M true is the true mach number, V CAS is the calibrated airspeed in
knots (CAS = IAS) in our analysis, 0 is the atmospheric density at
sea level, is the density at the altitude the aircraft is ying, and the
constants 0.2 and 661.5 account for the specic heat of the air and
the speed of sound at sea level (in knots), respectively.
Dening true mach number (M true) as the ratio of the true aircraft
speed (V TAS) and the speed of sound (a) at the ight level in question
we have,
V TAS = aM true (2.2)
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Example Computation
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Aircraft Runway Length Performance
Estimation
TE
D
Ff
mg
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Nomenclature
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Functional Forms of the Forces
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Notes on Various Parameters
Radial Tire
High Elevation
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Estimating Runway Acceleration
1 1
ma x = T ( V , ) --- V2 sc D mg --- V2 SC L f roll (2.9)
2 2
1 1
a x = ---- ( T ( V , ) + --- V 2 S ( C L f roll C D ) mg f roll (2.10)
m 2
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Remarks About Equation 2.10
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Aerodynamic Coefficients
CD CL
Constant Angle of Attack Constant Angle of Attack
5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 25
Flap Angle (degrees) Flap Angle (degrees)
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What is the Flap Angle?
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Remarks About Aerodynamic Coefficients
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Remarks
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Aircraft Operational Practices (Takeoff)
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Application of Equations of Motion to Takeoff
Runway Length Requirements
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Practical Example for Commercial
Transport
Consider the effects of
airport elevation in the
runway performance of a
Boeing 737-800 aircraft
http://www.boeing.com/
commercial/airports/737.htm
5900
155,000
11500
4950
140,000
8100
5500
ISA
10000
6500
ISA + 25deg. C
12600
Temperature Effects
The stalling speed can be estimated from the basic lift equation
1
L = --- V 2 SC L
2
2mg
V = -------------
SC L
2mg
V stall = ------------------
SC Lmax
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FAR Regulation Principles
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Integration of Equation 2.9
Vt =
Vo
---- ( T ( V , ) + --- V 2 S ( C L f roll C D ) mg f roll ) dt
m 2
(2.11)
D lof
St =
o
V t dt (2.12)
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Sample Results (Boeing 727-200 Data)
Sea Level
2.5
1250 m
2
2500 m
1.5
1
0 10 20 30 40 50
Roll Time (s)
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Aircraft Speed During Takeoff Roll
60 2500 m
40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Roll Time (s)
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Distance Traveled During the Takeoff Roll
3500
2500
1250 m
2000
1500
2500 m
1000
500
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Roll Time (s)
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Takeoff Roll Distance vs. Aircraft Mass
3500
DTW = 60,000 kg
3000 2500 m. Field Elevation
2000
1500
1000
500
DTW = 72,000 kg
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Roll Time (s)
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General Federal Aviation Regulation
Criteria to Develop Runway Length
Requirements at Airports
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General Procedure for Runway Length
Estimation (Runway Length Components)
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Runway Components
Stopway (SW)
Clearway (CL)
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FAR Certification Procedures
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Nomenclature
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Landing Distance Case
SD
LD
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Normal Takeoff Case
11 m (35 ft)
TODn = 1.15 * D35n
TODn - 1.15 LODn
1.15 LODn
LODn Relationships
CLn = 1/2 (TOD-1.15 LOD)
D35n TORn = TODn - CLn
FSn = TORn
FLn = FSn + CLn
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Engine-Out Takeoff Case
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Engine-Out Analysis
Stopway Clearway
V1 = decision speed 11 m (35 ft)
D35eo
D35eo - LODeo
LODeo
DAS
Continued Takeoff
TODeo = D35eo
Aborted Takeoff CLeo = 1/2 (D35eo-LODeo)
FSeo-a = DAS - SW TOReo = D35eo - CLeo
FSeo-c = TOReo
FLeo-a = FSeo-a + SW FLeo-c = FSeo-c + CLeo
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Runway Length Estimation
According to FAA AC 150/5325-4
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Runway Length Procedures (AC 150/5325-4)
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Advisory Circular 150/5325-4
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Contents of Advisory Circular 150/5325-4
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Advisory Circular 150/5325-4
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Runway Length for Aircraft Weights less
than 12,500 lb. (5670 kg)
Required inputs:
Airfield elevation
Low-activity airports
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Runway Length Curves for Small Airplanes with 10 or
more Seats (excludes Pilot and Co-Pilot)
Required inputs:
Airfield elevation
Mitsubishi MU-2L
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Important Note about the Grouping Method
Analysis
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Specific Aircraft Methods
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Sample Aircraft Performance Information in
Graphical Format (AC 150/5325-4)
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Another Example of Aircraft Performance
Information in Graph Format (AC 150/5325-4)
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Sample Aircraft Performance Information in
Table Format (AC 150/5325-4)
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Sample Aircraft Performance Information in
Graphical Format (Aircraft Manufacturer)
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Few Observations About AC 150/5325-4 Tables
and Charts
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Correction Factors for AC 150/5325-4 and
Specific Aircraft Performance Method
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