Concrete Structures I

Master in Civil Engineering

2016 / 2017

Concrete Structures I
Class 1/26: Introduction

Eduardo S. Jlio

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Table of contents

1. Presentation of the course unit

2. Historical framework
3. Portland cement based concrete

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Table of contents

1. Presentation of the course unit

2. Historical framework
3. Portland cement based concrete

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TEAM
Eduardo Jlio - research in structural concrete

Joo Almeida - research in design models for structural concrete | structural design

Jos Camara - research in serviceability limit states | structural design

Jorge Alfaiate - research in fracture mechanics of quasi-bri8le materials

Antnio Costa - research in durability and strengthening | structural design

 Concrete Structures I

1. Presentation of the course unit

GOAL
The main goal of this course is the acquisition of knowledge on the
behaviour of reinforced and pre-stressed concrete structures, in
terms of both durability and safety regarding ultimate and
serviceability limit states, including design, analysis, detailing, and
construction of beams, columns and slabs.

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1. Presentation of the course unit

PROGRAM (theoretical classes)1
1. INTRODUCTION 3 hours
2. STRUCTURAL SAFETY 1.5 hour
3. DURABILITY 1.5 hour
4. ULS COMPRESSION/TENSION, BENDING 7.5 hours
5. ULS SHEAR FORCE, TORSION 9 hours
6. SLS CRACKING AND DEFORMATION 4.5 hours
7. PRE-STRESS 3 hours
8. COLUMNS 3 hours
9. SLABS 6 hours

1 total of 39 hours lectured in 26 classes (13 weeks)

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1. Presentation of the course unit

REFERENCES
Set of slides from the 26 theoretical classes (in English)
IST text book (in Portuguese)
Concrete Structures, J. Appleton, Ed. Orion, 2013 (in Portuguese)
Standards and codes (EN 206; Eurocodes 0, 1 e 2; b Model-Code 2010)
Other publications (referred to in classes)

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1. Presentation of the course unit

EVALUATION METHOD
The assessment of this course unit includes a set of exercises, to be
solved out of the classes period, on a weekly basis, with a total grading
of 5/20 pts., and a written examination graded for 20/20 pts. with a
minimum of 8.5/20 pts.
The nal mark will be given by the sum of the classication obtained at
the set of exercises with 75% of the examination grade, or just the latter
if higher.
If the nal mark is higher than 16/20 pts., an oral examination will be
required to conrm it.

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1. Presentation of the course unit

SET OF EXERCISES2 - TOPICS & GRADES
1. Combination of actions 0.25 pts.
2. Durability 0.50 pts.
3. Analysis of cross-section in bending (including detailing) 0.25 pts.
4. Redistribution of internal forces 0.25 pts.
5. Shear force 0.50 pts.
6. Detailing 0.50 pts.
7. Cracking and deformation 0.25 pts.
8. Pre-stress (including detailing) 1.00 pts.
9. Columns 0.50 pts.
10. Slabs (including detailing) 1.00 pts.

2 to be solved by students autonomously out of classes

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1. Presentation of the course unit

TIME TABLE (for all 1st semester course-units of the Structural Concrete group)
Horas Segunda Tera Quarta Quinta Sexta

8 - 8.30

8.30 - 9

9 - 9.30 Est.Edif.
J. Camara
9.30 - 10 T. 5 (Ingls)
Prtica
10 - 10.30
V1.05
10.30 - 11 Est.Edif.
J. Almeida
11 - 11.30 T. 4
Prtica
11.30 - 12
V1.34
12 - 12.30 RREst Est. Edifcios
A.Costa/EJ J. Almeida
12.30 - 13 Est Beto I T. 4 e 5 T. 4
J. Alfaiate Prtica Prtica
13 - 13.30 E.Edifcios T. 7 RREst R.M. (Arq)
J.Almeida Prtica A.Costa/EJ V1.24 V1.17 J. Alfaiate
13.30 - 14 T. 1 e 2
T. 4 e 5 V1.24 T. 4 e 5 Terica
14 - 14.30 Est.Beto I Est.Beto I Terica Terica Est.Beto I EB I EB I RM (Arq) PEE
Eduardo Jlio Ant. Costa J. Camara EJ/Jalm A.Costa J.Alfaiate J.Cam VA1
14.30 - 15 T. 5 e 6 T. 3 e 4 R.M. (Arq.) T. 7 e 8 (Ing.) T. 1 e 2 T. 5 T. 2
Terica Terica V0.04 J. Alfaiate V1.31 Terica Terica Prtica Prtica T. 4 e 5
15 - 15.30 T. 1 Prtica PEE
VA2 VA6 Prtica VA2 QA V1.10 V1.12 J. Almeida
15.30 - 16 Est.Beto I Est.Beto I Est.Beto I Est.Beto I Est.Beto I EB I
J. Camara EJ/J.Alm Ant. Costa V1.32 Eduardo Jlio J,Alfaiate A. Costa T. 4, 5
16 - 16.30 T. 7 e 8 (Ing.) T. 1 e 2 T. 4 R.M. (Arq.) T. 5 e 6 T. 8 (Ingls) T. 3 e 4 Prtica
Terica Terica Prtica J. Alfaiate Terica Prtica Terica
16.30 - 17 T.1 e 2
VA2 VA6 V1.15 Terica VA2 V1.12 VA5 V1.14
17 - 17.30 Est.Beto I Est.Beto I EB I
Eduardo Jlio Eduardo Jlio VA5 E. Jlio
17.30 - 18 T. 2 T. 6 Est.Beto I T. 1
Prtica Prtica Eduardo Jlio Prtica V0.02
18 - 18.30 T. 3
V1.07 V1.15 Prtica V1.09
18.30 - 19
V1.14
19 - 19.30

19.30 - 20

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Table of contents

1. Presentation of the course unit

2. Historical framework
3. Portland cement based concrete

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 Concrete Structures I

Remarkable example of a concrete structure with two thousand years: the Rome Pantheon (127 A.D.)
with a lightweight aggregates concrete dome.
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2. Historical framework

Trajanos bridge (100 A.D.) over Tmega river in Chaves, Portugal.

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2. Historical framework

After the fall of the Roman Empire, and up to the eighteen century, the use of
concrete is limited to foundations and the inner part of walls.
Only in the eighteen century, with Smeaton in 1758, James Parker in 1776, and
Louis Vicat in 1818, studies on the cement properties are developed.

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2. Historical framework

In 1824, the invention of Portland cement is patented by Joseph Aspdin with
the title of Articial Stone.

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2. Historical framework

The rst construction in ferro-cement (the precursor of reinforced concrete)
is a boat by Joseph-Louis Lambot in 1848.

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2. Historical framework

The rst reinforced concrete bridge was built in Chazelet in 1875 designed by
Joseph Monier.

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2. Historical framework

In 1885, the rotary kiln invented by Frederick Ransome lowed down drastically
the price of cement (in the picture, a modied version, patented by Stokes is
shown).

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2. Historical framework

In Portugal, the rst Portland cement factory, Cimentos Tejo, was founded
by Antnio Telo de Arajo Rato, in Alhandra, in 1894.

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2. Historical framework

There are outstanding examples of concrete buildings by famous engineers

and architects:

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There are outstanding examples of concrete buildings by famous engineers
and architects:

Plougastel bridge, 1930

Eugne Freyssinet (engineer)
There are outstanding examples of concrete buildings by famous engineers
and architects:

Salginatobel Bridge, 1930

Robert Maillart (engineer)
There are outstanding examples of concrete buildings by famous engineers
and architects:

Hipdromo de La Zarzuela, 1941

Carlos Arniches Molt y Martn Domnguez (architects) and Eduardo Torroja (engineer)
There are outstanding examples of concrete buildings by famous engineers
and architects:

Cabril dam, 1954

Joaquim Laginha Seram (engineer)
There are outstanding examples of concrete buildings by famous engineers
and architects:

Chapelle Notre-Dame-du-Haut, Ronchamp, 1955

Le Corbusier (architect)
There are outstanding examples of concrete buildings by famous engineers
and architects:

Stuttgart television tower, 1956

Fritz Leonhardt (engineer)
There are outstanding examples of concrete buildings by famous engineers
and architects:

Ponte da Arrbida, Porto, 1963

Edgar Cardoso (engineer)
There are outstanding examples of concrete buildings by famous engineers
and architects:

Guggenheim museum, New York, 1967

Frank Lloyd Wright (architect)
There are outstanding examples of concrete buildings by famous engineers
and architects:

Highway service area, Deitingen, 1968

Heinz Isler (engineer)
There are outstanding examples of concrete buildings by famous engineers
and architects:

Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisbon, 1969

Rui Jervis Atouguia, Pedro Cid e Alberto Pessoa (architects)
There are outstanding examples of concrete buildings by
famous engineers and architects:

Catedral Metropolitana Nossa Senhora Aparecida, Braslia, 1970

scar Niemeyer (architect), Joaquim Cardoso (engineer)
There are outstanding examples of concrete buildings by famous engineers
and architects:

Norfolk Scope, 1971

Pier Luigi Nervi (engineer)
There are outstanding examples of concrete buildings by famous engineers
and architects:

Sydney Opera House, 1973

Jorn Utzon (architect)
There are outstanding examples of concrete buildings by famous engineers
and architects:

Ponte S. Joo, Porto, 1991

Edgar Cardoso (engineer)
There are outstanding examples of concrete buildings by famous engineers
and architects:

Bridge over the Arade river, 1991

Armando Rito (engineer)
There are outstanding examples of concrete buildings by famous engineers
and architects:

New Macau-Taipa bridge, 1994

Jos Lus Cncio Martins (engineer)
There are outstanding examples of concrete buildings by famous engineers
and architects:

Portugal Pavillion, Lisbon, 1998

lvaro Siza Vieira (architect), Segades Tavares (engineer)
There are outstanding examples of concrete buildings by famous engineers
and architects:

Braga Stadium, Braga, 2003

Eduardo Souto de Moura (architect), Rui Furtado (engineer)
 Concrete Structures I

Table of contents

1. Presentation of the course unit

2. Historical framework
3. Portland cement based concrete

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4. Portland cement based concrete

Concrete is obtained by mixing together the following constituents(1):
- cement;
- (ne and course) aggregates;
- additions;
- admixtures; and
- water.

(1) dierent constituents, dosages, and mixture and curing conditions lead to

signicantly dierent concrete types

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4. Portland cement based concrete

Cement (denition according to EN 206)
Finely ground inorganic material which, when mixed with water, forms a
paste that sets and hardens by means of hydration reactions and processes
and which, after hardening, retains its strength and stability even under
water.

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4. Portland cement based concrete

Addition (denition according to EN 206)
Finely divided material used in concrete in order to improve certain
properties or to achieve special properties. EN 206 deals with two types of
inorganic additions:
nearly inert additions (type I);
pozzolanic or latent hydraulic additions (type II).

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4. Portland cement based concrete

Addition (denition according to EN 206)
General suitability as type I addition, see 3.1.23, is established for:
ller aggregate conforming to EN 12620:2000;
pigments conforming to EN 12878

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4. Portland cement based concrete

Addition (denition according to EN 206)
General suitability as type II addition, see 3.1.23, is established for:
y ash conforming to EN 450;
silica fume conforming to prEN 13263:1998.

cement silica fume y ash blast furnace slag Leca - powder

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4. Portland cement based concrete

Aggregates
Granular mineral material suitable for use in concrete. Aggregates may be
natural, articial or recycled from material previously used in construction.

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4. Portland cement based concrete

Aggregates
Normal-weight aggregate aggregate with an oven-dry particle density >
2000 kg/m3 and < 3000 kg/m3, when determined according to EN 1097-6.

Fine sand Course sand Gravel Crushed stone

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4. Portland cement based concrete

Aggregates
Light-weight aggregate of mineral origin having an oven-dry particle density <
2000 kg/m3 when determined according to EN 1097-6 or a loose oven-dry bulk
density < 1200 kg/m3 when determined according to EN 1097-3.

Leca sand 0/3 structural Leca 2/4 structural Leca 4/12

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4. Portland cement based concrete

Admixture
Material added during the mixing process of concrete in small quantities
related to the mass of cement to modify the properties of fresh or hardened
concrete.

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4. Portland cement based concrete

Self-compacting concrete (SCC)

precast white SCC beams at car park, Souto de Moura, Matosinhos

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4. Portland cement based concrete

Self-compacting concrete (SCC)

SCC, Arts Business & Hotel Center, Lisbon, 2005

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4. Portland cement based concrete

Lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC)

rehabilitation of the Fo bridge deck with LWAC overlay

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4. Portland cement based concrete

High-performance concrete (HPC)

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4. Portland cement based concrete

Ultra-high performance bre reinforced concrete (UHPFRC)

!
QREN 18538, HiTechConcreteDesign

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 !

Lagoa das Sete Cidades, Azores

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4. Portland cement based concrete

Compressive strength increase of Portland based concretes

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4. Portland cement based concrete

Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.
Tall Buildings in Numbers - Tall Buildings, Structural Systems and Materials. 2010

Burj Khalifa , Dubai, 2010

H = 828 m, C80 / C60
SCC cast at cc. 600 m, tmax 50 C
William Baker, Skidmore Owings & Merill, Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 16, (2007)

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4. Portland cement based concrete

Development of eco-efficient Portland based concretes:

(research in progress at CERIS-IST)

Low-binder concrete

Recycled aggregates concrete

Alkali-activated concrete

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