Kinetics is a branch of dynamics that deals with the relationship between the change in motion

of a body and the forces that cause this change.

Newton's second law, which states that when an unbalanced force acts on a particle, the particle
will accelerate in the direction of the force with a magnitude that is proportional to the force.
(Second Law: If the resultant force on the particle is not zero, the particle experiences an
acceleration in the same direction as the resultant force. This acceleration has a magnitude
proportional to the resultant force.)

Newtons second law is a Law of Nature--experimentally proven and not the result of an
analytical proof.

F = ma where F is the resultant unbalanced force acting on the particle, and a is the
acceleration of the particle. This positive scalar m is called the mass of the particle.

Mass is an absolute property of a body. It is independent of the gravitational field in which it is

measured. The mass provides a measure of the resistance of a body to a change in velocity, as
defined by Newtons second law of motion (m = F/a)

The weight of a body is not absolute, since it depends on the gravitational field in which it is
measured. Weight is defined as W = mg where g is the acceleration due to gravity.

F = FR = ma where FR is the resultant force, which is a vector summation of all the forces.

The equation of motion can be extended to include systems of particles. This includes the
motion of solids, liquids, or gas systems.

The equation of motion, F = m a, is best used when the problem requires finding forces
(especially forces perpendicular to the path), accelerations, velocities or mass. Remember,
unbalanced forces cause acceleration!

F = ma or Fx i + Fy j + Fz k = m(ax i + ay j + az k)

or, as scalar equations, Fx = max , Fy = may , and Fz = maz

FBD

Establish your coordinate system and draw the particles free body diagram showing only
external forces. These external forces usually include the weight, normal forces, friction forces,
and applied forces. Show the ma vector (sometimes called the inertial force) on a separate
diagram.

Make sure any friction forces act opposite to the direction of motion! If the particle is connected
to an elastic spring, a spring force equal to ks should be included on the FBD.

n-t coordinates

When a particle moves along a curved path, it may be more convenient to write the equation of
motion in terms of normal and tangential coordinates

The normal direction (n) always points toward the paths center of curvature. In a circle, the
center of curvature is the center of the circle.
The tangential direction (t) is tangent to the path, usually set as positive in the direction of
motion of the particle.

Since the equation of motion is a vector equation , F = ma,

it may be written in terms of the n & t coordinates as;

Ftut + Fnun = mat + man

This vector equation will be satisfied provided the individual components on each side of the
equation are equal, resulting in the two scalar equations: Ft = mat and Fn = man

Since there is no motion in the binormal (b) direction, we can also write Fb = 0

The tangential acceleration, at = dv/dt, represents the time rate of change in the magnitude of
the velocity. Depending on the direction of Ft, the particles speed will either be increasing or
decreasing.

The normal acceleration, an = v2/r, represents the time rate of change in the direction of the
velocity vector. Remember, an always acts toward the paths center of curvature. Thus, Fn will
always be directed toward the center of the path.

This approach to solving problems has some external similarity to the normal & tangential
method just studied. However, the path may be more complex or the problem may have other
attributes that make it desirable to use cylindrical coordinates.

If the particle is constrained to move only in the r q plane (i.e., the z coordinate is constant),
then only the first two equations are used (as shown below). The coordinate system in such a
case becomes a polar coordinate system. In this case, the path is only a function of q.

Fr = mar = m(r rq2)

Fq = maq = m(rq 2rq)

Note that a fixed coordinate system is used, not a body-centered system as used in the n t
approach.

By substituting at = v (dv/ds) into Ft = mat, the result is integrated to yield an equation known as
the principle of work and energy.

A force does work on a particle when the particle undergoes a displacement along the line of
action of the force.

Work is defined as the product of force and displacement components acting in the same
direction. So, if the angle between the force and displacement vector is q, the increment of work
dU done by the force is; dU = F ds cos

The work of a weight is the product of the magnitude of the particles weight and its vertical
displacement. If Dy is upward, the work is negative since the weight force always acts
downward.

Work of a spring force

When stretched, a linear elastic spring develops a force of magnitude F s = ks, where k is the
spring stiffness and s is the displacement from the unstretched position.

So, the particles initial kinetic energy plus the work done by all the forces acting on the particle
as it moves from its initial to final position is equal to the particles final kinetic energy.

Both kinetic energy and work have the same units, that of energy! In the SI system, the unit for
energy is called a joule (J), where 1 J = 1 Nm. In the FPS system, units are ftlb.

The principle of work and energy cannot be used, in general, to determine forces directed normal
to the path, since these forces do no work .

The principle of work and energy can also be applied to a system of particles by summing the
kinetic energies of all particles in the system and the work due to all forces acting on the system.

Power is defined as the amount of work performed per unit of time.

Power is a scalar defined as the product of the force and velocity components acting in the same
direction.

Using scalar notation, power can be written

P = F v = F v cos q where q is the angle between the force and velocity vectors.

Efficiency

The mechanical efficiency of a machine is the ratio of the useful power produced (output power)
to the power supplied to the machine (input power) or e = (power output)/(power input)

If energy input and removal occur at the same time, efficiency may also be expressed in terms of
the ratio of output energy to input energy or e = (energy output)/(energy input).

The efficiency of a machine is always less than 1.