RAMConcept V8iSS7 Fundamentals TRN016340 1 0002

RAM Concept Fundamentals
RAM Concept V8i (SELECTseries 7)
Bentley Institute Course Guide
TRN016340-1/0002
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RAM Concept Fundamentals 2 Mar-13

Copyright 2013 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Table of Contents
Course Overview ____________________________________ 7

Course Description ____________________________________7
Target Audience_______________________________________7
Course Objectives _____________________________________7
Course Prerequisites ___________________________________8
Software Prerequisites _________________________________8
Modules Included _____________________________________8
Introduction to RAM Concept _________________________ 9

Module Overview _____________________________________9
Module Prerequisites __________________________________9
Module Objectives_____________________________________9
Getting Started _______________________________________10
Workspace________________________________________10
Starting a New File_____________________________________12
Model Criteria ________________________________________13
Layers _______________________________________________17
Preparing a File _______________________________________18
Specifying a Grid ___________________________________18
Importing a CAD Background _________________________20
Defining the Structure and Generating the Mesh __________ 23

Module Overview _____________________________________23
Mesh Input Layer ______________________________________24
Support Elements _____________________________________25
Modeling Walls ____________________________________25
Modeling Columns _________________________________29
Floor Areas and Members _______________________________33
Modeling Slabs ____________________________________34
Modeling Drop Caps ________________________________37
Modeling Openings _________________________________39
Modeling Beams ___________________________________40
Editing Objects________________________________________46
Generating a Mesh ____________________________________48
Mar-13 3 RAM Concept Fundamentals

Table of Contents
Troubleshooting Errors and Warnings __________________51
Loading the Model __________________________________ 53

Module Overview _____________________________________53
Loading Criteria _______________________________________54
Sign Convention ___________________________________54
Loading Criteria ____________________________________55
Load Combinations _________________________________59
Modeling Loads _______________________________________62
Point Loads _______________________________________62
Line Loads ________________________________________67
Area Loads________________________________________71
Pattern Loading _______________________________________74
Design Strips _______________________________________ 79

Module Overview _____________________________________79
Getting Started _______________________________________80
Span Segment Properties _______________________________81
General __________________________________________81
Strip Generation ___________________________________85
Column Strip and Middle Strip ________________________87
Live Load Reduction ________________________________91
Generate Spans Automatically ___________________________92
Edit Spans Manually ___________________________________94
Completing the Design Spans ____________________________102
Punching Shear _______________________________________107
Regenerate the Mesh __________________________________110
Reinforced Concrete Slabs ____________________________ 113

Module Overview _____________________________________113
Calculation Options ____________________________________114
General Calculation Options __________________________114
Performing the Calculation ______________________________117
Reviewing the Results __________________________________118
Design Status______________________________________118
Rule Set Design ____________________________________121
Deflection Calculations _________________________________125
Using the Auditor______________________________________130
Drawing Reinforcement_________________________________133

Table of Contents
Estimate Report _______________________________________139

Generating Report Output ______________________________140
Soil Supported Mat Foundations _______________________ 141

Module Overview _____________________________________141
Sample Model ________________________________________142
Soil Springs___________________________________________143
Design Strips _________________________________________145
Regenerate the Mesh __________________________________147
Performing the Calculation ______________________________148
Reviewing the Results __________________________________148
Design Status______________________________________149
Soil Bearing Stresses ________________________________150
Using the Auditor __________________________________151
Drawing Reinforcement_________________________________154
Tips and Tricks ________________________________________158
Post Tensioned Slabs ________________________________ 159

Module Overview _____________________________________159
Post-Tensioned Tendons ________________________________159
Tendon Parameters Layer____________________________160
Generated Tendon Layer ____________________________161
Manual Tendon Layer _______________________________161
Course Summary ____________________________________ 163

Course Summary ______________________________________163
RAM Concept Fundamentals Assessment ________________ 165

Questions ________________________________________165
Answers __________________________________________167

Table of Contents

Course Overview
Course Description
In this course, you will learn the basic skills to model, analyze, and design
reinforced concrete elevated slabs and mat foundations in RAM Concept.
Target Audience
This course is recommended for the following audience(s):
Structural Engineers
Course Objectives
After completing this course, you will be able to:
Navigate the RAM Concept Graphical User Interface
Define structural elements and generate the finite element mesh
Model loading and generate load combinations
Generate and edit design spans, design strips, and punching shear checks
Design an elevated reinforced concrete slab in RAM Concept
Design a soil supported mat foundation in RAM Concept
Mar-13 7 Course Overview

Course Prerequisites
Course Prerequisites
A basic understanding of Structural Engineering Principles
Software Prerequisites
This manual was created using the following software versions:
RAM Concept V8i (SELECTseries 7), Release 5.0.1 (Oct 11, 2012 Build)
Note: Earlier or later versions of the software may be used with this training manual,
but you may encounter slight differences in the user interface and/or exercises.
Modules Included
The following modules are included in this course:
Introduction to RAM Concept
Defining the Structure and Generating the Mesh
Loading the Model
Design Strips
Reinforced Concrete Slabs
Soil Supported Mat Foundations
Course Overview 8 Mar-13

Introduction to RAM Concept
Module Overview
In this module, you will learn the basic skills to navigate the RAM Concept
Graphical User Interface, start a new file, and review the model criteria.
Module Prerequisites
Module Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able to:
Navigate the graphical user interface of RAM Concept
Review and modify model criteria
Start a new file in RAM Concept
Understand the Layer System in RAM Concept
Mar-13 9 Introduction to RAM Concept

Getting Started
Getting Started
RAM Concept is an analysis and design program that uses finite element analysis
to design the following types of elevated concrete floor systems and mat
foundations:
Post-tensioned concrete (PT)
Reinforced Concrete (RC)
Hybrid (a mixture of PT and RC)
Note: In this training course, we will focus on reinforced concrete design. Post-
tensioned concrete is discussed in detail in the Advanced course.
RAM Concept is extremely powerful and allows you to design an entire floor in
one model, or design individual strips or beams.
Workspace
When you create a new file, RAM Concept generates layers, plans and
perspectives for you to begin design. As you open each layer in the workspace,
RAM Concept will activate the corresponding toolbar. The workspace is divided
into several sections:
Standard Toolbar: Contains typical commands, such as Generate Mesh, Calc
All, or Visible Objects.
Menu Bar: Contains the series of menus available. Most commands in the
menus are also available on the toolbar or in the Reports Window.
Action Tools: Used to manipulate the current view.
Snap Toolbar: Used to set coordinate snaps for the Active Window.
General Tools: Used to edit the Active Window. These tools are available in
every window and contain commands to stretch, move, rotate, and mirror.
There are also tools to dimension and add text notes, which will not have any
effect on the analysis.
Layer Specific Tools: Used to edit the Active Window. These tools will change
depending on what layer is currently active.
Report Sections Window: Lists the layers available, the corresponding plans
and perspectives, and the information that will be contained in the report. To
select a layer, use the Layers menu bar item or double click on the on the layer
in the Report Sections Window.
Introduction to RAM Concept 10 Mar-13

Getting Started
Active Window: Contains the graphical display area of the active layer. Layers
which are opened, but inactive, are indicated in the tabs at the top of the
Active Window for easy toggling.
Command Prompt: Used to display instructions and indicate the current
cursor location.
Menu Bar Standard Toolbar
Snap Toolbar Action Tools
General Tools
Active Window
Report Sections Window Command Prompt Layer Specific Tools

Starting a New File
Starting a New File

When starting a new file, you will immediately specify the following information
regarding your model:
Type of Slab: Mat Foundation or Elevated Slab
Concrete Design Code and Unit System
If you select a mat foundation, RAM Concept will set up your file to include
reports specific to foundations, such as soil bearing pressure plots. These reports
are not created if an elevated slab is chosen. Likewise, if an elevated slab is
selected, reaction plans are created, which are not available for mat foundations.
Note: It the type of slab is changed after the original file is created, you can manually
create appropriate plots.
Exercise: Create a Elevated Slab File

1 Open RAM Concept by double clicking on the icon on your desktop or
navigate to the program location through the Start menu.
2 In the menu bar, select File > New... or select the New icon on the
Standard toolbar.
3 In the New File dialog, enter the following parameters:

Structure Type: Elevated Floor
Code and Units: ACI 318-05 / US Units {ACI 318-05 / SI Units}
Click OK.
4 In the menu bar, select File > Save As. Navigate to a convenient location
and save as MyDataset1.cpt.
5 Keep this model open for the next exercise.

Model Criteria
Model Criteria
Before starting to model your structure, you should review the model criteria and
modify it as required. All of the model criteria is available through the Criteria
menu or the Criteria folder in the Report Sections Window.
Exercise: Review the Model Criteria

1 Continue with the model you started in the previous section.
2 In the menu bar, select Criteria > Units or select the Units item under the
Criteria folder in the Report Sections Window.
Note: RAM Concept allows you to work in three unit systems: US (or Imperial),
SI (metric) and MKS (metric using mass rather than weight). After
choosing which system you will work in, you can also change the
defaults within that system.
3 In the menu bar, select Criteria > Signs or select the Signs item under the
Criteria folder in the Report Sections Window.
Note: RAM Concept allows you to change the default sign convention. For
example, to change the positive loads from downward to upward, click
on the arrow illustrating this and you will see the arrow change
direction.

Model Criteria
Note: In RAM Concept, the X and Y axes are horizontal and the Z axis is
vertical.
4 In the menu bar, select Criteria > Materials or select the Materials item
under the Criteria folder in the Report Sections Window.
Note: RAM Concept has a library of standard materials, including concrete

mixes, PT systems, and reinforcement bars. You can edit, add, or delete
materials through the Materials Criteria.
5 In the menu bar, select Criteria > Loadings or select the Loadings item
Note: RAM Concept provides default loading criteria, or load cases, when a
file is created. You can add or delete these loadings through the
Loadings Criteria.
6 In the menu bar, select Criteria > Load Combos or select the Load
Combinations item under the Criteria folder in the Report Sections
Window.
Note: RAM Concept generates load combinations according to the concrete

design code selected when the file was created. You can review, add, or
edit the load combinations through the Load Combinations Criteria.
Warning: If you modify the Loadings criteria, select the menu bar item
Criteria > Rebuild Load Combos RAM Concept does not
automatically rebuild load combinations when new load cases are
added or deleted.
7 In the menu bar, select Criteria > Design Rules or select the Design Rules
item under the Criteria folder in the Report Sections Window.
Note: Depending upon the concrete design code selected, the Design Rules
Criteria will indicate the code provision required for each design check,
including the type of load combinations applicable.
Hint: Adding a new rule set will allow you to separate the results for different
load combinations with the same rule set design.
8 In the menu bar, select Criteria > Detailing Rules or select the Detailing
Rules item under the Criteria folder in the Report Sections Window.
Note: Span detailing includes the calculations to be performed to determine

the peak reinforcing requirements in a region and extending that bar
based upon code provisions or user defined requirements.

Model Criteria
Note: When specifying the properties of your design spans, which will be
covered in detail in a later module, you can specify code detailing
provisions or a user-defined span detailing rule. By default, RAM
Concept has automatically defined a code detailing rule.
9 In the Active Window, select the Add Detailing Rule button. In the Add
Detailing Rule dialog, enter the following parameter and then click OK.
Name: Example
10 In the Active Window, enter the following parameters for each variable in
the Example Detailing Rule:
A Fraction: 0.4 D Fraction: 0.5

A R1: 0.1 D R2: 0
B Fraction: 0.6 E Fraction: 0.5
B R1: 0.25 E R2: 0.2
C Fraction: 0 F Fraction: 0
C R1: 0 F R2: 0
Note: See below for additional information regarding the Support Zone Bars
(A, B, and C) and the Span Zone Bars (D, E, and F):
A: 40% of the peak reinforcement will be extended
[0.1*max(La,Lb)] from the face of the support.
B: 60% of the peak reinforcement will be extended
[0.25*max(La,Lb)] from the face of the support.
C: No Information.
D: 50% of the peak reinforcement will be extended to the
center of the support, [0 * Lb].
E: 50% of the peak reinforcement will be extended [0.20 * Lb]
from the center of the support
F: No Information
Note: A (fraction) + B (fraction) + C (fraction) cannot be greater than 1, but can

be less than 1. (Same for D, E, and F.)
Note: The peak values are for their respective zones (support or span). We
arbitrarily say within 15% of the span length of the support is within the
support zone and within 15% of the span length of the mid-span is
within the span zone.

Model Criteria
Note: All of the above applies to per-code detailing too. The only difference is
that per-code detailing is too complex to fit into the A, B, C, D, and E
formula. Code is always the default option when defining design strip
or design span properties.
Note: The pass 0 design is span-detailed and then the user-provided bar is
subtracted from that.
Pass 0 design is calculated without any user reinforcement.
If the user rebar provides 70% of the pass 0 requirement, and only 60%
of the pass 0 requirement is span-detailed, then the user-provided
reinforcement will cover all detailing requirements.
User bar length is fully considered in these calculations, i.e. you cannot
get out of detailed length requirements just by adding a little rebar at
peak locations.
11 In the menu bar, select Criteria > Load History or select the Load History
item under the Criteria folder in the Report Sections Window.
Note: RAM Concept can calculate load history deflections to incorporate the
effects of creep, shrinkage, cracking, and tension stiffening. The load
history calculation can include any sequence of specified load for any
duration.

Layers
Layers
In RAM Concept, a model is built by graphically laying out the objects that make
up the structural model. To organize the many objects involved in modeling a
structure, collections of related objects are contained in the following layers:
Drawing Import - Contains imported CAD drawing information.
Mesh Input - Contains objects that define the geometry of the structure.
Element - Contains the finite element objects, generated from the information
entered on the Mesh Input layer.
Loadings - Contains all the information that defines the loads on the structure.
Pattern - Contains the load patterns for the structure.
Load Combinations - Contains the load combination analysis results.
Design Strips - Contains the design strips; design sections; and the punching
shear checks.
Reinforcement - Contains the layout of the reinforcement.
Prestressing (Latitude and Longitude) - Contains the layout of the post-
tensioning tendons and jacks.
Rule Set Designs - Contains the rule set design results for analysis and design.
Load History Deflections - Contains the results of the load history analysis.
Vibrations - Contains vibrational related analysis results.
Design Status - Contains the status all the design results.
Each object or information defining the structure resides in only one layer.
Note: RAM Concept performs most of the layer management automatically. Typically,
all of the layers needed to design a structure are already in place when you
start a new file. RAM Concept adds appropriate layers when you create new
loadings, load combinations, and rule set designs.
Hint: Different layers may be overlaid on top of one another through the Visible
Objects icon in the Standard toolbar. In the Visible Objects dialog, you may
control the information displayed on the current layer and any information
from other layers.

Preparing a File
Preparing a File
A file can be created in RAM Concept by several methods. Some of the more
common methods are listed below:
Enter objects and other information directly into RAM Concept.
Import model loading and geometry for an analyzed elevated slab or mat
foundation from RAM Structural System or STAAD.Pro.
Note: In this course, we will focus on entering objects directly into RAM Concept.
Specifying a Grid
A grid can be set up to help you draw objects accurately by providing snap points
at a designated spacing. The Plan Grid Setup dialog, available in the menu bar
View > Grid item, allows you to make the grid visible and to specify the spacing,
origin, and rotation angle.
Hint: You can specify only one grid spacing in each direction. So, if your grids do not
have equal spacing over the length and width of your structure, you may want
to start your file using a different method.
Exercise: Specify a Grid

1 Continue with the model from the previous exercise.
2 In the menu bar, select Layers > Mesh Input > Standard Plan.
3 In the menu bar, select View > Grid or right click in the Active Window
and select Grid in the pop-up menu.
4 In the Plan Grid Setup dialog, enter the following parameters:
Grid Spacing:
X = 5 feet {1.5 meters}
Y = 5 feet {1.5 meters}
Grid Origin:
X = 0 feet {0 meters}
Y = 0 feet {0 meters}

Preparing a File
Grid Rotation:
Angle = 0 degrees
Show Grid: (checked)
Set for all Plans: (unchecked)
5 Click OK.
Note: The grid will now appear on the Mesh Input: Standard Plan.
Hint: Use the Snap to Grid icon when drawing objects on the grid.
6 In the menu bar, select File > Save. Keep this model open for the next
exercise.

Preparing a File
Importing a CAD Background

Model geometry can be defined quickly and accurately by using a CAD file (.dwg
or .dxf format) as a background. Object information, such as column locations,
slab edges, or loading can be created in RAM Concept by tracing over the
imported CAD drawing.
Note: To view the CAD background on each layer, select the Visible Objects icon in the
Standard toolbar. Each CAD Drawing Layer can be turned on and off from the
Dwg Import tab in the Visible Objects dialog.
Note: For the following exercise, we will be importing the following CAD drawing into
RAM Concept.

Preparing a File
Exercise: Import a CAD Background

2 In the menu bar, select File > Import Drawing
3 In the Import Drawing dialog, navigate to the dataset that was supplied
with this training. Select the file RC Slab.dwg and then click Open.
4 In the menu bar, select Layers > Drawing Import > Standard Plan.
Note: If changes occur in your CAD file after you imported it into RAM
Concept, you can re-import your CAD background following the same
process. The new background will overwrite what was there previously.
5 In the menu bar, select File > Save.

Preparing a File

Defining the Structure and
Generating the Mesh
Module Overview
In this module, you will learn the basic skills to model structural elements and
generate the finite element mesh in RAM Concept.
A basic knowledge of the RAM Concept Graphical User Interface
Module Objectives
Review and modify element criteria
Model walls and columns
Model slabs, drop caps, slab openings, and beams
Generate the finite element mesh
Mar-13 23 Defining the Structure and Generating the Mesh

Mesh Input Layer
Mesh Input Layer

In RAM Concept, the floor system is modeled on the Mesh Input Layer. Layer
specific tools are available for the modeling of each of the following elements.
Walls
Columns
Slabs
Slab Openings
Beams
Line and Point Supports
Area, Line, and Point Springs
Note: To define the default properties for each element type, double click on the icon
in the Layer Specific Tools. To model the elements, according to the default
element properties, single click on the icon in the Layer Specific Tools.
Defining the Structure and Generating the Mesh 24 Mar-13

Support Elements
Support Elements
In RAM Concept, you can create single story models and define columns and walls
above and below the slab. Supports above the slab do not provide vertical
support, only horizontal support and bending resistance.
Modeling Walls
When modeling concrete walls in RAM Concept, define the following wall
properties:
Concrete Mix: Allows for the selection of each of the concrete mixes that are
defined in the Materials Criteria.
Height: Defines the vertical distance from the centroid of the slab element to
the far end of the wall.
Support Set: Defines the wall as above or below the floor.
Thickness: Thickness of the concrete wall.
Shear Wall: Locks the wall to the slab horizontally and thus restrains it;
otherwise the slab can slide over the wall, which is sometimes detailed in
post-tensioning design.
Fixed Near: Provides a moment connection between wall and slab about the
walls R-axis; otherwise the wall is considered pinned.
Fixed Far: Provides a moment connection about the wall's R-axis at the far
end; otherwise the wall is considered pinned.
Compressible: Allows for the wall to elongate in the Z-direction according to
Hooke's law; otherwise the wall is considered incompressible.
Hint: Compressible walls usually produce results that are more accurate.

Support Elements
In RAM Concept, the Wall tool has a small triangle in the lower right corner
indicating that there are additional wall generation tools. Hold down your left
mouse button to view or utilize the additional tools.
Wall: Select the starting and ending nodes of the wall, which will correspond
to the centerline of the wall.
Right Wall: Select the starting and ending nodes of the wall, which will
correspond to the left face of the wall. (The wall will be on the right of the
line.)
Left Wall: Select the starting and ending nodes of the wall, which will
correspond to the right face of the wall.
Hint: These tools are helpful if you want the outside face of your wall to align with
the slab edge (to avoid small slab wedges) or if your CAD background does not
include a grid line at the center of the wall.
Intersecting walls require attention while modeling. As a rule, you should model
intersecting walls with their centerlines intersecting as shown in Scheme 3 below.
This will yield more accurate results.
Warning: Schemes 1 and 2 are examples of not recommended intersecting wall

modeling. Scheme 1 shows the walls' centerlines bypassing each other.
Scheme 2 shows the walls' centerlines not intersecting.
Scheme 1 Scheme 2 Scheme 3

(Not Recommended) (Not Recommended) (Recommended)

Support Elements
Exercise: Model Walls

1 Open RCDataset1.cpt in RAM Concept.
3 In the Standard toolbar, select the Visible Objects icon.
4 In the Visible Objects dialog, select the Dwg Import tab and then select
the Show All button. Click OK.
5 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Wall icon.
6 In the Default Wall Properties dialog, enter the following parameters:

Concrete Mix: 4000 psi {25 MPa}
Height: 10 feet {3 meters}
Support Set: Below
Thickness: 12 inches (305 mm}
Shear Wall: (checked)
Fixed Near: (unchecked)
Fixed Far: (unchecked)
Compressible: (checked)
Click OK.
7 In the Layer Specific Tools, hold down your left mouse button on the Wall
icon and then select the Right Wall icon when it appears.
8 In the Snap toolbar, activate the Snap to Intersection icon.
9 In the Active Window, click the outside corner of the wall adjacent to grid
intersection D-1 and then click the outside corner of the wall adjacent to
grid intersection F-1.

Support Elements
10 In the Active Window, click the outside corner of the wall adjacent to grid
intersection F-9 and then click the outside corner to the wall adjacent to
grid intersection D-9.
exercise.

Support Elements
Modeling Columns
When modeling concrete columns in RAM Concept, define the following column
properties:
Concrete Mix: Allows for the selection of each of the concrete mixes that are
defined in the Materials Criteria.
Height: Vertical distance from the centroid of the slab to the far end of the
column.
Support Set: Defines the column as below or above the floor.
Width: Measured along the column's r-axis. Set this value to zero for round
columns.
Depth/Diameter: Measured along the column's s-axis, or diameter for round
columns.
Angle: Measured counterclockwise from the global x-axis.
Bending Stiffness Factor: Can be used to modify the bending stiffness of a
column without changing the geometry (plan dimensions or height).
Roller at Far End: Releases the column at the far end in the x- and y-axes.
There will be no horizontal shear in the column. If you have columns above
the slab, this should be checked or the columns will provide lateral resistance.
Fixed Near: Provides a moment connection between the column and the slab.
If unchecked, it will be a pinned connection.
Fixed Far: Provides a moment connection between the column and the slab. If
unchecked, it will be a pinned connection.
Compressible: Allows for the column to elongate vertically according to
Hooke's Law. Compressible columns usually produce results that are more
accurate which is especially important if you have columns close together or
close to a wall.
Warning: The following is a list of errors you may receive when performing a
calculation on your model in RAM Concept:
Two column elements below the slab are at the same location: RAM
Concept does not allow two column elements at the same location.
A column element is not attached to the slab: This error is reported
when a column is not within the slab boundary.

Support Elements
Exercise: Model Columns

1 Continue with the model from the previous exercise. The Mesh Input:
Standard Plan should still be displayed in the Active Window.
2 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Column icon.
3 In the Default Column Properties dialog, enter the following parameters in

the General tab.
Support Set: Below
Width: 36 inches {915 mm}
Depth/Diameter: 24 inches {610 mm}
Angle: 0 degrees
Bending Stiffness Factor: 0.7
Roller at Far End: (unchecked)
Fixed Near: (checked)
Fixed Far: (checked)
Compressible: (checked)
4 In the Default Column Properties dialog, select the Live Load Reduction
tab and then set the Max Live Load Reduction to 40%. Click OK.
5 In the Active Window, click on each of the following grid intersections:
A-4 C-3 D-2 E-3

E-4 F-2 G-3 G-4
Hint: Activate the Snap to Intersection icon.

Support Elements
6 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Column icon. In the Default
Column Properties dialog, modify the following parameter and then click
OK.
Angle: 90 degrees
A.1-2.9 C.1-1.9 F.9-1.9
8 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Column icon. In the Default
Column Properties dialog, modify the following parameter and then click
OK.
9 In the Active Window, click on the following grid intersection:
AA-4.5
10 In the General Tools, select the Selection icon. In the Active Window, use
the cursor to select all of the columns in this plan.
Hint: In the General tools, use the Selection Filter tool to ensure that only the
columns are selected.
11 In the General Tools, select the Mirror icon.
12 In the Active Window, hold down the SHIFT key, click at grid intersection
A-5, and then click at grid intersection G-5.
Note: By holding down the SHIFT key, RAM Concept has created a copy of the
original columns on the opposite side of the line of symmetry, grid line
5. If we had not utilized the SHIFT key, RAM Concept would mirror the
columns, but not maintain the original ones.
13 In the General Tools, click the Selection icon. In the Active Window, use
the cursor to select the columns at the following grid intersections:
A-4 E-4 G-4

Support Elements
14 In the General Tools, select the Move icon.
15 In the Active Window, hold down the SHIFT key, click at grid intersection
A-4, and then click at grid intersection A-5.
exercise.
Hint: Follow the procedure below if you want to model columns above and below
your slab:
Model all of the columns below the slab.
Select all of the columns that should be modeled above the slab.
Right click in the Active Window and select Copy from the pop-up menu.
Right click in the Active Window and select Paste from the pop-up menu. This
pastes all of the selected columns in the same location as the original
columns.
Select all of the new pasted columns. (The original columns are de-selected
and the pasted columns will be automatically selected.)
Right clicking in the Active Window and select Selection Properties
Change the Support Set to Above.

Floor Areas and Members

Objects representing slabs, beams, and openings are defined as floor areas in
RAM Concept. If these object overlap, a different priority should be assigned to
each and the properties of the elements with the highest priority will govern at
that location. Priorities are not assigned to support elements.
Warning: You will receive an error when you generate the mesh if any overlapping
floor areas or members are assigned the same priority.
Drop Cap Slab Opening
(Priority 10) (Priority 20)
Beam
(Priority 4)
Girder Slab - Whole Floor

(Priority 5) (Priority 1)
In the example above, a slab has been drawn over the whole floor with a priority
of 1. The slab opening, drop caps, girders, and beams all overlap the slab and will
govern since they have been assigned a higher priority. In addition, note the
following overlapping areas:
Drop Caps Overlapping Girders: The drop cap properties will govern.
Girders Overlapping Beams: The girder properties will govern.

Modeling Slabs
When modeling concrete slabs in RAM Concept, define the following slab
properties:
Concrete Mix: The concrete mix pull down allows for the selection of each of
the concrete mixes that are defined in the Materials Criteria.
Thickness: Thickness of the concrete slab.
Surface Elevation: The surface elevation of the concrete slab.
Hint: It is recommended to set the surface elevation of the main slab at zero
and set any slab depressions or steps with respect to the zero elevation.
Priority: When two objects overlap, the object with the highest priority will
govern at that location when the mesh is generated by RAM Concept.
Hint: It is recommended to set the priority of the main slab at 1. Then, any
depressions, steps, dropped caps or panels will have a higher priority.
When defining the slab properties, the behavior of the slab will also be specified
as one of the following.
Two-way slab: The slab is isotropic and behaves in the same manner in all
directions.
One-way slab: The slab has normal bending stiffness along the r-axis and
about the s-axis. The slab has only minimal bending stiffness in the
perpendicular direction.
No-torsion 2-way slab: The slab behaves like a two-way slab, except that it has
only minimal torsional stiffness.
Custom: All of the stiffness parameters can be user-specified.
The R-axis defines the orientation for a one way slab. It is defined
counterclockwise from 3 o'clock. The S-axis is always 90 degrees counterclockwise
from the R-axis.

Exercise: Model Slabs

2 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Slab Area icon.
3 In the Default Slab Properties dialog, enter the following parameters in the
General tab:
Thickness: 12 inches {305 mm}
Surface Elevation: 0 inches {0 mm}
Priority: 1
4 Select the Behavior tab, enter the following parameters:
R-Axis: 0 degrees
Behavior: Two-Way Slab
Click OK.
5 In the Active Window, use the cursor to trace around the entire slab
perimeter as shown in the following figure:

Hint: Use your cursor to select each corner of the slab. To complete the
polygon, click back at the starting point or type C to close the polygon.
Hint: If you click at an incorrect point, right click in the Active Window to
cancel the last point selected.
6 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Slab Area icon. In the
Default Slab Properties dialog, modify the following parameters:
Surface Elevation: -2 inches {-50 mm}
Priority: 2
Click OK.
7 In the Active Window, use the cursor to trace around the six slab
depressions as shown in the following figure:
Note: Since the slab depressions have a higher priority than the main slab, the
slab depression properties will govern at these six locations.
exercise.

Modeling Drop Caps

In RAM Concept, the Slab Tool has a small triangle in the lower right corner,
indicating that there is an additional slab generation tool. Hold down your left
mouse button to view or utilize the additional tools.
Using the Drop Cap icon, you can add a drop cap by selecting a point in the Active
Window, such as a column centerline. When laying out a drop cap, you will be
prompted by a dialog box to input the angle and geometry of the drop cap.
Note: The thickness of the drop cap is the thickness from the top of the slab to the
soffit or bottom of the drop cap. Make sure the priority of the cap is set higher
than the priority of the slab.
Hint: Drop caps can also be drawn free hand as thicker slab elements using the
Slab Area icon.
Exercise: Model Drop Caps

2 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Slab Area icon.
3 In the Default Slab Properties dialog, set the parameters as follows in the
General tab:
Priority: 3
Click OK.

4 In the Layer Specific Tools, hold down your left mouse button on the Slab
Area icon and then select the Drop Cap icon when it appears.
5 In the Active Window, use the cursor and click on grid intersection E-3.
6 In the Drop Cap Tool dialog, enter the following parameters:
Square: (selected)
Side Dimension: 8 feet {2.4 meters}
Angle: 0 degrees
Click OK.
7 In the Active Window, use the cursor and click on grid intersection E-7.
8 In the Drop Cap Tool dialog, enter the following parameters.
Square: (selected)
Side Dimension: 8 feet {2.4 meters}
Angle: 0 degrees
Click OK.
exercise.

Modeling Openings
In RAM Concept, the Slab Opening Tool will allow you to draw an opening in a
slab. The only property to specify for a slab opening is the Priority.
Exercise: Model Openings

2 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Slab Opening icon.
3 In the Default Slab Openings dialog, set the parameters as follows and
then click OK.
Priority: 20
4 In the Active Window, use the cursor to trace around the slab opening as
shown in the following figure:

exercise.

Modeling Beams
Beams are modeled as thickened slabs with a specific width. When modeling
concrete beams in RAM Concept, define the following beam properties:
Concrete Mix: The concrete mix pull down allows for the selection of each of
the concrete mixes that are defined in the Materials Criteria.
Thickness: This is the total depth of the beam (including the thickness of the
slab).
Surface Elevation: The surface elevation of the concrete slab.
Width: The width of the Beam.
Note: In RAM Concept, beams are defined as plate elements. As such, some common
properties, such as member end fixity, are not available.
When defining the beam properties, the behavior of the beam can be specified as
one of the following:
Standard: The beam is isotropic and behaves the same in all directions.
No torsion: The beam behaves like a two-way slab, except that it has only
minimal torsional stiffness.
Custom: All of the stiffnesses can be user-specified.
Beam Meshing
When modeling beams in RAM Concept, the beams can be meshed one of two
ways:
Mesh as a Slab
Mesh as a Beam
If the beams are meshed as a slab, the priority of the beam must be specified,
similar to slab elements. When two beams overlap, the beam with the highest
priority will govern at that location when the mesh is generated.
If the beams are meshed as a beam, the priority of the beam will not be specified.
When two beams overlap, the deeper beam will govern at that location when the
mesh is generated.

Some Discussion about Beam Modeling
In RAM Concept, concrete beams should be modeled as they would be

constructed in the field.
Concrete beams should be modeled to the outside face of the supporting
column, not to the centerline of the column. For continuous concrete beams,
it is not necessary to model the beam in segments between each support. As
long as all of the columns are aligned, you can model one beam segment from
the outside face of the first column to the outside face of the last column.
Intersecting concrete beams should be modeled as overlapping. If a concrete
beam is modeled to the face of another, but accidentally left short, there will
be a significant decrease in stiffness at the beam intersection.
Note: If the beams are meshed as a slab, overlapping beams should be given
different priorities so the member that governs the design of the mesh
at the overlap is given the higher priority.
Note: If the beams are meshed as a beam, the beam with the greater depth
will govern the design of the mesh at overlapping locations.
It is safest to model concrete beams to the outside face of the supporting wall,
although it is also acceptable to model the beams to the centerline of the
wall. Modeling a beam to the inside face of the supporting wall may result in
shear failures as the beam end reaction will transfer to the wall centerline
through a short slab element.

In some situations, such as curved beams, a single beam may have many
segments. You may need to miter the ends of each beam such that there is
not a wedge of overlap or discontinuity. At the end of each beam, there are
three grips available to define mitered corners.
Exercise: Model Beams

2 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Beam icon.
3 In the Default Beam Properties dialog, enter the following parameters in

the General tab.
Mesh as Slab: (unchecked)

4 Select the Behavior tab and select the following parameter:

Behavior: Standard
Click OK.
5 In the Active Window, use the cursor to draw the following beams:
Beam along grid line 4: Click to the north side of the column at grid
intersection G-4, then click at the end of the cantilever to the south of
grid intersection A-4.
intersection G-5, and then click to the south side of the column at grid
intersection A-5.
intersection G-6, then click at the end of the cantilever to the south of
grid intersection A-6.
Beam along grid line A: Click to the west side of the column at grid
intersection A-4, and then click to the east side of the column at grid
intersection A-6.

Hint: To model a continuous beam, it is not necessary to stop the beam at the
intermediate support. Also, model the beam from the outside face of
support, not to the centerline of support.
6 In the Active Window, use the cursor to draw the following beams:
Click at the grid intersection corresponding to Point A, then click at the
gird intersection corresponding to Point B.
Click at the grid intersection corresponding to Point B, then click at the
gird intersection corresponding to Point C.
Click at the grid intersection corresponding to Point C, then click at the
gird intersection corresponding to Point D.
Click at the grid intersection corresponding to Point D, then click at the
gird intersection corresponding to Point E.
Click at the grid intersection corresponding to Point E, then click at the
gird intersection corresponding to Point F.
Click at the grid intersection corresponding to Point F, then click at the
gird intersection corresponding to Point G.
A G
B F
C E
D
7 In the General tools, select the Selection icon and double click on the
beam between points A and B.
Note: Notice that each end of the beam has 3 grip points.
8 In the General Tools, select the Stretch icon.

9 In the Active Window, click on one of the outside grip points at one the
ends of the selected beam. Then click at the end of beam shown in the
CAD background. Repeat this process for the 3 remaining outside grip
points.
Before After
10 Repeat the process above for the remaining beams, south of grid line A.
exercise.

Editing Objects
Editing Objects
It is typically easiest to first define the properties and then model the elements.
Element properties can, however, be edited after they are modeled. To edit an
element or group of elements, select the objects, right click, and select Selection
Properties from the pop-up menu.
Hint: Use the Selection icon or Selection Filter icon to select elements.
Exercise: Edit the Beams

2 In the General tools, select the Selection icon and double click on the
beam along grid line A.
3 In the Active Window, right click and select Selection Properties from
the pop-up menu.
4 In the Edit 1 Selected Items dialog, modify the following parameters and
then click OK.

Editing Objects
Note: At the locations where two beams overlap, at grid intersections G-4, G-
5, and G-6, the deeper beams will govern since we had not chosen to
mesh the beams as a slab.
5 With the Selection icon still active, select the concrete beams between
grid intersections AA-4.5 and AA-5.5.
Hint: In the General tools, use the Selection Filter icon to ensure that only
beam elements have been selected.
the pop-up menu.
7 In the Edit 4 Selected Items dialog, modify the following parameters and
then click OK.
Surface Elevation: -12 inches {-305 mm}
Note: If the surface elevation distance is greater than the depth of the slab,
you will receive an Analysis Error when meshing the model.
exercise.

Generating a Mesh
Generating a Mesh
Once all of the supports, floor areas, and members have been modeled on the
Mesh Input Standard Plan, the finite element mesh can be generated. The mesh
can be generated using one of the following methods:
Using the automatic meshing facility that uses the mesh input objects
Using the manual meshing tools
The automatic meshing facility is easier, faster, and recommended for most
models.
Note: During this training, we will focus on the automatic meshing facility. To review
the manual meshing tools, please refer to Chapter 18 of the RAM Concept
Manual.
When generating the mesh, you will need to decide what element size to use.
RAM Concept allows for a maximum element size of 32.8 feet {10 meters} and a
minimum element size of 2.5 inches {50 mm}. The model analysis time is related
to the element size and complexity of the model. Smaller finite element meshes
will yield more accurate results, but will require a longer analysis time. It is
recommended to use a relatively coarse mesh for preliminary designs and a finer
mesh for final designs.
Hint: A course mesh might have an element size of span length / 6. A fine mesh
might have an element size of span length / 12. If in doubt, you should
investigate the effects of different mesh element sizes.
Exercise: Generate Mesh

2 In the menu bar, select Layers > Element > Standard Plan.
3 In the menu bar, select Process > Generate Mesh or select the Generate
Mesh icon in the Standard toolbar.

Generating a Mesh
4 In the Generate Mesh dialog, set the parameters as follows and then click
Generate.
Element Size: 3 feet {1 meters}
Note: The mesh generated at this stage appears somewhat random. This is
normal. The mesh will be more refined and orthogonal once we specify
the design spans.
5 In the menu bar, select Layers > Element > Structure Summary
Perspective.

Generating a Mesh
Hint: Use the Perspective tools to manipulate the perspective plan.
Note: The slab depressions (priority = 2) governed

where they intersect with the main slab (priority = 1).
Note: The main slab surface elevation was maintained

when the curved beam was offset the depth of the slab.
Note: The deeper beams (along grid lines 4, 5, and 6)

govern where they intersect with the beam along grid line A
Note: The drop caps (priority = 3) govern

where they intersect the main slab (priority =1)

Generating a Mesh
Troubleshooting Errors and Warnings

RAM Concept will generate a mesh with the following modeling configurations,
but the model may not run properly:
A column or point support is outside the slab area
A wall or line support is partially outside the slab area
An area spring is completely outside the slab area
Two columns or walls of the same support set are duplicated (intersecting
walls are allowed)
RAM Concept will flag any illegal modeling when generating a mesh. To avoid
mesh warnings, do any of the following:
Adjust objects on the Mesh Input plan so that the minimum element size
dimension (or more) separates them
Edit priorities so that slab areas, beams, and openings with the same priority
do not overlap
The following is a list of errors that can be created when generating the mesh:
Feature Eliminated: The minimum element size effectively specifies a snap
distance to which two nodes in the same proximity will be merged together.
The Feature Eliminated warning is informing you that part of an object was
eliminated from the model when the nodes were merged. You can see this
in the final mesh if you look near the reported coordinates. To rectify this
warning, keep the minimum element size to be approximately 2 inches.
Warning: It is generally bad practice to model objects, such as slabs or beams, with
small overlapping areas or gaps, 0.25 inches or less. This will cause
merging of nodes and can lead to unacceptable mesh changes and
numerous warnings. Instead, when two objects connect, model them as
overlapping by a significant amount and control which object gets meshed
using the priorities.
Hint: In general, it is good practice to specify a small minimum element size and then
make sure that the minimum element size is not violated when objects are
modeled.
Recursion too Deep: If the mesh ends up with three nodes at a tight angle,
RAM Concept will attempt to use recursion numerous times to adjust the
nodes and make the minimum angle larger. This generally will not cause a
problem, although it will be indicative that there is a pointy element which
can affect the contour plots. Generally, it is best to avoid this situation.

Generating a Mesh
Point too Close: The Point Too Close error is reported at wedges between
the face of a beam and the slab edge, as illustrated below. In this example, the
slab is zigzagging along the outside face of the beam, which does not
accommodate RAM Concept's minimum mesh size. To rectify this error, layout
the slab edge to be aligned with the outside face of the beam.
Wedge of Slab

Loading the Model
Module Overview
In this module, you will learn how to apply loads to a model and define pattern
loading.
Working knowledge of basic structural engineering principles
Basic knowledge of modeling principles in RAM Concept, including modeling
elements and generating mesh.
Module Objectives
Model point, line, and area loads on the appropriate loading layer
Define pattern loading
Mar-13 53 Loading the Model

Loading Criteria
Loading Criteria
The following criteria are important to understand and review prior to assigning
loads to the model.
Sign Convention
Loadings
Load Combinations
Sign Convention
The direction of positive loads is indicated in the sign convention criteria. The sign
convention may be modified at any stage during the design process. Changing a
sign setting does not change the real value of any previously specified data.
Note: If a downward load is specified when the sign convention is set to positive
loading in the negative Z global axis direction, this load will remain a downward
load, even if the sign criteria is modified at a later time to set positive loading in
the positive Z global axis direction.
By default, RAM Concept uses the following sign convention:

X Axis: This is a horizontal axis. Assuming north is up, the positive loading
along X axis is pointing towards the east direction.
Y Axis: This is a horizontal axis. Assuming north is up, the positive loading
along the Y axis is pointing towards the north direction.
Z Axis: This is the vertical axis. Positive loading along the Z axis is pointing
down.
Loading the Model 54 Mar-13

Loading Criteria
Loading Criteria
Every load in RAM Concept has a loading type which is used to generate the
appropriate load combinations and to apply the appropriate live load reductions.
The following loading types are available:
Self-Weight: RAM Concept automatically calculates the structure's concrete
self-weight and applies it to this loading type.
Balance: Post-tensioning tendons and anchors apply internal loads to the
concrete structure and are generated in this loading type.
Hyperstatic: The hyperstatic loading is a theoretical loading that considers the
restraining effect of the supports on the structure as it tries to deform due to
the application of post-tensioning.
Stressing Dead Load: Stressing Dead Load contains superimposed loads
applied before stressing of post-tensioning tendons.
Dead Load: Permanent super imposed dead loads.
Live: Reducible, Unreducible, Storage, Parking, and Roof
Snow
Other: Unspecified loads.
Service Wind: Contains wind loads at service force levels.
Ultimate Wind: Contains wind loads at the ultimate force levels.
Service Seismic: Contains seismic loads at the service force levels.
Ultimate Seismic: Contains seismic loads at the ultimate force levels.
Note: All loading types except self-weight, balance, and hyperstatic may be used for
more than one loading.

Loading Criteria
Exercise: Review Loadings Criteria

3 In the Active Window, select the Add Loading button.
4 In the Add Loading dialog, enter the following information and then click
OK.
Name: Wind Loading
Note: The Wind Load we just added has now been added to the table in the
Loadings Criteria displayed in the Active Window.
5 In the Active Window, enter the following parameters for the new Wind
Loading:
Loading Type: Ultimate Wind 1
Analysis: Normal
exercise.

Loading Criteria
Live Load Reduction
RAM Concept can automatically perform live load reduction calculations on

columns, punching checks, design strip segments and design sections per a
variety of available codes. The code to consider during live load reduction
calculations is selected in the Calc Options dialog, available in the menu bar under
Criteria > Calc Options
Note: No live load reduction calculations will be performed if you select None in the
Live Load Reduction field.

Loading Criteria
In RAM Concept, live load reduction parameters can be defined for columns,
design strips, and punching checks as follows:
Maximum Allowed Reduction
Number of Levels Supported
Tributary Area
Influence Area
Note: RAM Concept will automatically calculate the LLR Levels, Tributary Area, and
Influence Area when the Use Specified LLR Parameters (below) checkbox is not
selected.

Loading Criteria
Load Combinations
In RAM Concept, load combinations are defined as either Single or Lateral Group.
Single load combinations are combinations where all of the loading types are
gravity loads, each containing a load factor.
Lateral group load combinations have individual load factors for each of the
gravity loading types and a single load factor for each lateral loading type,
producing an envelope result.
RAM Concept will not automatically update load factors when a loading's load
type changes or when a new loading is added. Therefore, you will have to re-build
the load combinations prior to analysis.
Warning: If any strength or ultimate load combinations have a factor of zero assigned
to the Hyperstatic Loading, you will receive the following error during the
calculation: Rule Set Strength Design is being used by load combinations
that appear to have load factors set for different purposes. To rectify this
error, add a factor of 1.0 to the hyperstatic loads for all load combinations
that have the strength rule assigned or all load combinations that are
strength or ultimate.
Exercise: Review the Load Combinations Criteria

2 In the menu bar, select Criteria > Load Combos or select the Load
Combinations item under the Criteria folder in the Report Sections
Window.
Note: In the Active Window, notice the new Wind Ultimate Loading is not
included in the Load Combinations criteria.
3 In the menu bar, select Criteria > Rebuild Load Combos
4 In the Rebuild Load Combos? dialog, set the parameters as follows and
then click Rebuild.
Structure Type: Elevated Slab
Rebuild Design Status Plans Also: (checked)
Note: This will delete all current load combinations and rule sets.

Loading Criteria
Note: In the Active Window, notice that factored wind load combinations
have now been added to the Load Combinations Criteria.

Loading Criteria
Notice the following in each of the load combinations including Ultimate

Wind:
Combo Type: Lateral Group
Key Loading Type: Wind-Ultimate if more than one Ultimate Wind
Load had been defined, they would all be included in this group load
combination.
Key Loading Load Factor: +/- 0.5 these load factors will be applied to
each Ultimate Wind Load Case.
Note: Notice that Wind Loading is not included in the Loading Table for the
lateral group load combinations.
Notice that several load combinations for Post Tensioned Slab design, such
as Dead + Balance LC, have been automatically generated. These
combinations may be deleted if you are planning to perform a reinforced
concrete slab design.
exercise.

Modeling Loads
Modeling Loads
In RAM Concept, loads are modeled in a series of loading layers according to the
specified load case and type. Loads can be modeled in the direction of the global
X, Y, or Z axes; moments can be about the global X or Y axes.
The following tools are available to model various loading types and are available
in the Layer Specific Tools:
Point Load
Line Load and Perimeter Line Load
Area Load
Point Loads
When modeling point loads in RAM Concept, define the following point load
properties:
Elevation above Slab Surface: Vertical distance between the point load and
the slab surface.
Fx, Fy, or Fz: Point forces in the direction of the global X, Y, or Z axes
respectively.
Mx or My: Point moments about the global X or Y axes respectively.
Note: In RAM Concept, point loads cannot be at the same location on the same
loading layer.
Note: Horizontal forces will cause applied moments in the slab unless the forces are
applied at the elevation of the slab centroid.
Loads are independent of the finite element mesh and have no effect on the
automatic mesh generation. For heavy point loads, the loads should be located at
finite element mesh nodes.
Hint: To locate point loads at the finite element mesh nodes, model pinned columns
above the floor and model the point loads at the same location. Alternatively,
you can refine the mesh locally with the use of dummy slab objects.

Modeling Loads
Exercise: Model Point Loading

2 In the menu bar, select Layers > Loadings > Other Dead Loading > Point
Loads Plan.
the Grid checkbox. Click OK.
5 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Point Load icon.
6 In the Default Point Load Properties dialog, enter the following

parameters:
Elevation above Slab Surface: 0 inches {0 mm}
Fx: 0 kips {0 kN}
Fy: 0 kips {0 kN}
Fz: 5 kips {22 kN}
Mx: 0 kip-ft {0 kN-m}
My: 0 kip-ft {0 kN-m}
Click OK.
Hint: For a downward vertical load, the default sign is positive in RAM
Concept.
7 In the Active Window, use the cursor to click at the following locations:
Grid intersection D-3

Modeling Loads
8 In the General Tools, select the Selection icon and draw a fence around all
of the point loads in the Active Window.
9 In the menu bar, select Edit > Copy or select the Copy icon in the Standard
toolbar.
10 In the menu bar, select Layers > Loadings > Live Load (Unreducible) >
Point Loads Plan.
11 In the menu bar, select Edit > Paste or select the Paste icon in the
Standard toolbar.
Note: The five point loads should be selected by default.

Modeling Loads
the pop-up menu.
13 In the Edit 5 Selected Items dialog, modify the following parameter and
then click OK.
Fz: 10 kips {44 kN}
Note: Since this point loading does not coordinate with a finite element mesh
node, we will model a pinned column above the slab.
15 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Column icon.
16 In the Default Column Properties dialog, enter the following parameters:

Support Set: Above
Depth/Diameter: 12 inches {305 mm}
Angle: 0 degrees
Bending Stiffness Factor: 0.7
Roller at Far End: (unchecked)
Fixed Near: (unchecked)
Fixed Far: (unchecked)
Compressible: (unchecked)
Click OK.
D-3 D-4 D-5 D-6 D-7

Modeling Loads
20 In the Generate Mesh dialog, set the parameter as follows and then click
Generate.
Note: Notice that the point loading now coordinates with a finite element
mesh node.
exercise.

Modeling Loads
Line Loads
The line load properties defined in RAM Concept include the following:
Elevation above Slab Surface: Vertical distance between the line load and the
slab surface
Fx, Fy, or Fz: Line forces in the direction of the global X, Y, or Z axes
respectively
Mx or My: Line moments about the global X or Y axes respectively
Note: Line loads can intersect or overlap, but cannot have the exact same length and
location on the same loading layer.
Loads are independent of the finite element mesh and have no effect on the
automatic mesh generation. For heavy line loads, the loads should be located at
finite element mesh nodes.
Hint: To locate line loads at the finite element mesh nodes, model pinned walls
above the floor and model the loads at the same location. Alternatively, you
can refine the mesh locally with the use of dummy slab objects.
Exercise: Model Line Loads

2 In the menu bar, select Layers > Loadings > Other Dead Loading > Line
Loads Plan.
5 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Line Load icon.

Modeling Loads
6 In the Default Line Load Properties dialog, enter the following parameters:
Fx: 0 kips/ft {0 kN/m}
Fy: 0 kips/ft {0 kN/m}
Fz: 1 kips/ft {15 kN/m}
Mx: 0 kips {0 kN}
My: 0 kips {0 kN}
Click OK.
7 In the Active Window, use the cursor to add the line loads at the following
locations:
Click on grid intersection A-4, then at grid intersection E-4
8 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Line Load icon. In the
Default Line Load Properties dialog, modify the following parameter and
then click OK.
Fz: 1, 0.25 {15, 3.75}

Modeling Loads
9 In the Active Window, use the cursor to add the line loads as follows:
Click on grid intersection E-4, then at grid intersection G-4
10 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Perimeter Line Load icon.
11 In the Default Line Load Properties dialog, enter the following parameters:
Fx: 0 kips/ft {0 kN/m}
Fy: 0 kips/ft {0 kN/m}
Fz: 0.25 kips/ft {3.75 kN/m}
Mx: 0 kips {0 kN}
My: 0 kips {0 kN}
Click OK.
12 In the Active Window, use the cursor to select the edge of slab at the
perimeter.
13 In the Perimeter Line Load Tool dialog, set the parameters as follows and
then click Apply.
Inset Distance: 0 feet {0 m}
14 In the menu bar, select Layers > New Perspective
15 In the Create New Perspective dialog, enter the following parameters and
then click OK.
Name: Other Dead Line Loading
Layer: Other Dead Loading
16 In the Visible Objects - [Other Dead Line Loading Perspective] dialog,
select the Loadings tab and enter the following parameters:
Select Layer: Other Dead Loading
Point Loads: (unchecked)
Line Load: (checked)
Area Loads: (unchecked)
Click OK.

Modeling Loads
Hint: The Other Dead Loading: Other Dead Line Loading Perspective is now
displayed in the Active Window. Use the Perspective tools to review the
line loading.
exercise.

Modeling Loads
Area Loads
The area load properties defined in RAM Concept include the following:
Elevation above Slab Surface: Vertical distance between the area load and the
slab surface
Fx, Fy, or Fz: Area forces in the direction of the global X, Y, or Z axes
respectively
Mx or My: Area moments about the global X or Y axes respectively
Note: Area loads can overlap, but cannot have the exact same shape and location on
the same loading layer. Overlapping loads are additive.
Exercise: Model Area Loads

2 In the menu bar, select Layers > Loadings > Live (Unreducible) Loading >
Area Loads Plan.
3 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Area Load icon.
4 In the Default Area Load Properties dialog, enter the following

parameters:
Fx: 0 psf {0 kN/m2}
Fy: 0 psf {0 kN/m2}
Fz: 50 psf {2.4 kN/m2}
Mx: 0 #/foot {0 kN/m}
My: 0 #/foot {0 kN/m}
Click OK.

Modeling Loads
5 In the Active Window, use the cursor to draw a box around the entire
perimeter of the slab.
Note: Area loads may extend beyond the slab area. RAM Concept will trim the
area load to match the edge of slab.
Note: Line load and point loads must be placed within the slab area.

Modeling Loads
6 With the Area Load icon still active, use the cursor to click on the four
corners of each of the six depressed slab areas.
Hint: Activate the Snap to Endpoint icon in the Snap toolbar.
Note: Area loads are additive. For the six depressed slab areas, the total live
load is 50 psf + 50 psf = 100 psf {2.4 kN/m2 + 2.4 kN/m2 = 4.8 kN/m2}.
7 In the menu bar, select Layers > Loadings > Wind Loading > Area Loads
Plan.
8 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Area Load icon. In the
Default Area Load Properties dialog, modify the following parameter and
then click OK.
Fz: -25 psf {-1.2 kN/m2}
Note: For an upward vertical load, the default sign is negative.

perimeter of the slab.
exercise.

Pattern Loading
Pattern Loading
Pattern loading refers to a load arrangement that ignores or reduces loads on
selected spans for the purpose of maximizing moments, shears, or reactions. A
load pattern creates a pattern loading that contains only filtered loads for each
standard loading. The On-Pattern and Off-Pattern factors, within the Loadings
Criteria, control the filtering.
Note: Refer to the local building code to determine your requirements for pattern
loading. In most circumstances, you will pattern the live loading only.
RAM Concept allows for a maximum of 10 loading patterns, which will allow five
load patterns in each direction. Some typical loading pattern configurations are
shown below:

Pattern Loading
Exercise: Create Pattern Loading

2 In the menu bar, select Layers > Pattern > Load Pattern 1 Plan.
5 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Pattern Load icon.
6 In the Default Load Pattern Properties dialog, set the parameter as follows
and then click OK.
Pattern Number: Pattern 1
7 In the Active Window, use the cursor to apply Pattern 1 loading at the
following locations:
Between grid lines A and C
Between grid lines D and E
Between grid lines F and G

Pattern Loading
8 In the menu bar, select Layers > Pattern > Load Pattern 2 Plan.
9 In the Standard toolbar, select the Visible Objects icon. In the Visible
Objects dialog, select the Dwg Import tab and then select the Grid
checkbox. Click OK.
10 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Pattern Load icon. In the
Default Load Pattern Properties dialog, select Pattern 2 and then click OK.
11 In the Active Window, use the cursor to apply Pattern 2 loading at the
following locations:
Between grid lines C and D
Between grid lines E and F
Note: For this training, we will only apply the Pattern 1 and Pattern 2 loadings
through the exercises. In the next module, we will open a new dataset
file which contains information on all of the 10 pattern loading layers to
reflect an appropriate live load reduction configuration for both the X
and Y horizontal axes of this elevated slab structure.

Pattern Loading
Exercise: Specify the Live Load Reduction Criteria

3 In the Loadings Criteria, notice the On-Pattern and Off-Pattern Factors. For
this exercise, we will set the factors as follows:
Load Case On-Pattern Factor Off-Pattern Factor

Dead Load 1.0 1.0
Live Load 1.0 0.0
Wind Load 1.0 1.0
Note: The On-Pattern and Off-Pattern Factors are editable. Depending upon
your requirements, the Live (Unreducible) Loading factors may be
different (higher) than the other types of Live Loading factors.

Pattern Loading

Design Strips
Module Overview
In this module, you will learn how to generate and edit design spans, design
strips, and punching shear checks for a reinforced concrete slab.
elements and generating mesh
Module Objectives
Specify span segment properties
Generate span segments and design strips automatically
Edit the span segments manually using the General and Layer Specific tools
Apply punching shear checks at column locations
Mar-13 79 Design Strips

Getting Started
Getting Started
In RAM Concept, design strips and design sections are used to link the finite
element analysis with concrete code rules and concrete design. A design strip is
an object that:
Contains a series of cross sections at specific locations
Can have any length within the structure, but is usually the length of the span
segment
Integrates resultants (moments, shears, axial forces, torsions) for all load
combinations along each cross section
Applies appropriate code rules to the resultants
The following objects are used to define design strips:

Span Segment: A line segment entity that is intended to indicate a portion of a
structural plan or a whole structural plan
Span: One or more connected span segments that together make up a single
structural span
Frame: One or more spans that are connected together to form a continuous
line of spans
Span Segment Strip: A set of cross sections associated with a span segment
Center Span Segment Strip
(Column Strip)
Span Segment
(In this example, the
span segment and
span are the same.)
Frame
Left and Right Span

Segment Strip
(Middle Strip)
Design Strips 80 Mar-13

Span Segment Properties

RAM Concept uses the span segment properties to determine the following:
Design Method
Design Strip Width and Cross Section Geometry
Appropriate Code Design Rules
Reinforcement
Live Load Reduction
To define the default span segment properties, double click on the Span Segment
icon. in the Layer Specific Tools.
General
When modeling span segments in RAM Concept, define the following General
properties:
Span Set: Specifies the direction of the span. Span sets can be generated in
the Latitude and Longitude directions to account for two-way slabs.
Environment: Used to determine the appropriate service code rules; choose
protected, normal, corrosive, or very corrosive.
Consider Net Axial Force in Strength Design: Used in bending design. By
selecting this option, RAM Concept will include the interaction of the axial
force with the bending in the cross section strain calculations.
Consider as Post-Tensioned: Used to determine the appropriate code rules.
Don't Reduce Integrated M and V due to Sign Change: The intent of this option
is to allow for safe, conservative design where cross sections include regions
of moment or shear with the opposite signs, which would cause the moment
or shear recorded to be less than that for a shorter sub-cross section.

Don't Reduce Integrated M and V due to Sign Change
This option is intended to automatically ensure the span design forces are
conservative, even when a cross section includes elements with forces that tend
to cancel.
This is best illustrated through an example. In the following bending moment plot,
the design strip through the interior row of columns has some cross sections (near
the interior columns) that contain areas of both positive and negative moment. In
the midspan cross sections of the center span also contain areas of positive and
negative moment.

Below are the Bending Moment results for the exact same model:
Without using the Don't Reduce option, the design moments are:
Maximum Moment
Minimum Moment
With using the Don't Reduce option, the design bending moment become
slightly more conservative, as the cancelling moment portions of the cross
sections are excluded in one of the moment envelopes:
Maximum Moment
Minimum Moment
Note: The Don't Reduce option works similarly for cancelling shear quantities.
In conclusion, the Don't Reduce option is very useful in ensuring that design
quantities are appropriate and safe even when the strip widths are not exactly
correct for the particular applied loads.

Exercise: Define General Span Segment Properties for the Latitude Direction
2 In the menu bar, select Layers > Design Strip > Latitude Design Spans
Plan.
3 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Span Segment icon.
4 In the Default Span Properties dialog, select the General tab and enter the
following parameters:
Span Set: Latitude
Environment: Class T (normal)
Consider Net Axial Force in Strength Design: (checked)
Consider as Post-Tensioned: (unchecked)
Don't Reduce integrated M and V due to sign change: (checked)
Note: See the following notes for a description of the properties we defined:
Span Set: These parameters will apply to the span segments in
the Latitude direction. When we are ready to specify the
Longitude Design Strips, we will review and modify the
parameters in the Default Span Properties dialog as required.
Environment: This property is used to determine the class of
post-tensioned members.
Consider Net Axial Force in Strength Design: It is generally
recommended to consider axial forces in strength design. For
sections with net axial compression, this will tend to reduce the
reinforcement demand. For sections with net axial tension, this
will typically increase the reinforcement demand.
Consider as Post-Tensioned: For this exercise, we will design a
two-way reinforced (non post-tensioned) concrete slab.
Don't Reduce Integrated M and V due to Sign Change: With this
option selected, RAM Concept will perform five integrations of
the cross section forces for every loading and load pattern:
standard integration, maximum moment integration, minimum
moment integration, maximum shear integration, and
minimum shear integration.
5 Keep the Default Span Properties dialog open for the next exercise.

Strip Generation
When modeling span segments in RAM Concept, define the following Strip
Generation properties:
Span Width Calc: Used to determine how RAM Concept calculates the span
width; choose Automatic or Manual.
Column Strip Width Calc: Used to determine how the column strip width is
determined; choose Full Width, Code Slab, Code T-Beam, or Manual.
Design Column Strip for Column + Middle Strip Resultants: Instructs RAM
Concept to combine the column and middle strip forces into a single resultant
at the centroid of the column strip cross section.
Hint: This option may be useful when designing a concrete T-Beam. The
column strip represents the concrete beam, including the effective
flange width. The middle strip represents the slab between the effective
flange widths.
Skew Angle: The angle between the design strip cross section and a line
perpendicular to the span segments.
Min Number of Divisions: Used to determine how many design cross sections
per span.
Max Division Spacing: Used to override the minimum number of divisions with
an upper bound on the division spacing.
Detects Supports and Edges Automatically (resets supports and widths
below): Used to detect the presence of supports at ends of span segments and
overrides the Consider End as Support and the Support Width options.
Consider End 1 as Support: Used to allow RAM Concept to determine your
interpretation of spans in the structure. This affects how span-related code
rules are applied.
Support Width at End 1: Used to specify the dimension of the support parallel
to the design strip. This affects where the first and last design strip cross
sections are located.

Exercise: Define Span Segment Strip Generation Properties

1 Continue with the model from the previous exercise. The Default Span
Properties dialog should still be open from the previous exercise.
2 In the Default Span Properties dialog, select the Strip Generation tab and
enter the following parameters:
Lock Generated Strips: (unchecked)
Span Width Calc: Automatic
Column Strip Width Calc: Code Slab
Design Column Strip for Column + Middle Strip Resultants:
(unchecked)
Skew Angle: 0 degrees
Min Number of Divisions: 4
Max Division Spacing: 2.5 feet {0.75 meters}
Detect Supports and Edge Automatically: (checked)
Note: A Span Width can be generated by considering the distance half-way to

the next adjacent strip, half-way to the center of an adjacent wall, to
the slab edge, or the a span boundary polyline.
Span Width Calc: For this exercise, we will perform an
Automatic generation of the strip widths. Once this process is
completed, we will review the strips generated and manually
edit them as required.
Column Strip Width Calc: The Code Slab specification is typical
for most two-way reinforced concrete slabs.
Detect Supports and Edges Automatically: For this exercise,
RAM Concept will automatically detect the supports at the end
of each span segment.

Column Strip and Middle Strip

When modeling span segments in RAM Concept, define the following Column and
Middle Strip properties:
Cross Section Trimming: Reduces the design strip cross section based on the
geometry; choose Max Rectangle, Slab Rectangle, Beam Rectangle, T or L,
Inverted T or L, Max Shear Core, or None.
Hint: See the discussion below for additional information on cross section
trimming.
Inter Cross Section Slope Limit: Reduces design strip cross sections based on
slope limits.
Hint: See the discussion below for additional information on intercross

section slope limits.
Top Bar and Bottom Bar: Identifies the reinforcing bars used for flexural
design.
Shear Bar: Identifies the reinforcing bars used for one-way shear design.
Top Cover and Bottom Cover: Specifies the shear cover over the top and
bottom bars.
Legs in Shear Reinforcement: Determines the area of vertical shear
reinforcement by multiplying the number of legs by the shear bar area.
Torsion Design: For torsion design; choose Beam, As Shear, As Bending, Wood-
Armer, or None.
Design System: Specifies the design system type and the subsequent
minimum reinforcement and applicable code rules; choose Beam, One-Way
Slab, or Two-Way Slab.
Span Detailer: Specifies the detailing system; choose None or Code.
Minimum Reinforcement Location: Specifies the face of the minimum
reinforcement; choose Elevated Slab, Mat Foundation, Tension Face, Top,
Bottom or None.
Mid Top Reinforcement Ratio: Specifies a user defined reinforcement ratio for
the top face.
Bottom Reinforcement Ratio: Specifies a user defined reinforcement ratio for
the bottom face.

Note: To use the same values in the Middle Strip as were defined for the Column
Strip, use the Middle Strip uses Column Strip Properties checkbox in the Middle
Strip tab of the Default Span Properties dialog.
Shear Core and Cross Section Trimming
In RAM Concept, a shear core is defined as the parts of the trimmed cross section
that include any vertical slices that extend from the top of the cross section to the
bottom of the cross section. Some typical examples are shown below:
Shear Core for a Slab

with a Depression
Shear Core for a T-Beam
Supported Slab
RAM Concept bases one-way shear calculations on the entire shear force over the
shear core. It is important to understand the shear core that will be used in the
design to properly specify the trimming required.
The following options are available to specify in the Cross Section Trimming Field:
Max Rectangle: Trims the top and bottom of the structure to produces a cross
section, or a series of cross sections, with the maximum area, with a uniform
top and bottom elevation.
Untrimmed Slab and Shear Core Trimmed Slab and Shear Core
Slab Rectangle: Trims the top and bottom of the structure to produces a cross
section with the maximum width, with a uniform top and bottom elevation.
Beam Rectangle: Removes sections of the structure to produce a cross section
with the maximum thickness, with a uniform top and bottom elevation.

T or L (or Inverted T or L): Trims the top and bottom and removes sections of
the structure to produce a cross section with a uniform top elevation and two
different bottom elevations.
Untrimmed L and Shear Core Trimmed L and Shear Core
Max Shear Core: Trims the top and bottom of the structure to produce the
maximum shear core.
Untrimmed Beam and Shear Core Trimmed Beam and Shear Core
Inter Cross Section Slope
Since compression and tension forces cannot flow at sharp angles, adjacent cross
sections must be trimmed relative to each other. The inter-cross section slope
limits the slope between cross sections in order to trim the top and bottom
accordingly.
Section 1 Section 2
Span Direction
X
Y
Inter Cross Section Slope Limit = Y/X
Hint: RAM Concept recommends a maximum inter cross section slope limit of 0.25.

Exercise: Define Span Segment Column and Middle Strip Properties

2 In the Default Span Properties dialog, select the Column Strip tab and
enter the following parameters:
CS Cross Section Trimming: Slab Rectangle
CS Inter Cross Section Slope Limit: 0.25
CS Top Bar: #6 {19M}
CS Bottom Bar: #6 {19M}
CS Shear Bar: #4 {13M}
CS Top Cover: 0.75 inches {20 mm}
CS Bottom Cover: 0.75 {20 mm}
CS Legs in Shear Reinforcement: 2
CS Torsion Design: None
CS Design System: Two-Way Slab
CS Span Detailer: Code
CS Code Min. Reinforcement Location: Tension Face
CS Min Top Reinforcement Ratio: 0
CS Min Bottom Reinforcement Ratio: 0
CS Cross Section Trimming: For this exercise, we have two drop
caps, six slab depressions, and no beams in the Latitude
direction. Therefore, we have chosen Slab Rectangle for the
Cross Section Trimming. If we had chosen Max Rectangle for
this exercise, the depth of the drop caps would be considered
in the one-way shear calculations. Refer to your local building
code to determine if the increased depth due to the drop caps
is permitted to be considered based on the geometry.
CS Design System: In the latitude direction, we will design the
slab as a two-way slab.

CS Span Detailer: The Code span detailing options uses the

applicable code rules for continuous and end spans. If we had
selected user defined, the detailing rules would be controlled
by the Detailing Rules Criteria.
CS Code Minimum Reinforcement Location: By selecting the
Tension Face, RAM Concept will detail the minimum
reinforcement on the tensile face, or the face with the least
amount of compression. Note that this is based on the actual
forces within the section.
3 In the Default Span Properties dialog, select the Middle Strip tab and
enter the following parameter:
Middle Strip uses Column Strip Properties (ignore settings below):
(checked)
Live Load Reduction

When modeling span segments in RAM Concept, define the following Live Load
Reduction properties:
Max Live Load Reduction (%)
User Specified LLR Parameters
Exercise: Define Span Segment Column and Middle Strip Properties

2 In the Default Span Properties dialog, select the Live Load Reduction tab
and enter the following parameter:
Max Live Load Reduction: 40%
3 In the Default Span Properties dialog, click OK.
exercise.

Generate Spans Automatically

In RAM Concept, design spans may be generated automatically or manually. In
most cases, it would be convenient to generate design spans automatically,
review the results, and then manually edit the spans as necessary.
Exercise: Generate Design Strips in the Latitude Direction

1 Continue with the model from the previous exercise. The Design Strip:
Latitude Design Spans Plan should still be displayed in the Active Window.
Note: We will generate the design strips based upon the properties we
selected in the previous exercise.
2 In the menu bar, select Process > Generate Spans or select the Generate
Spans icon in the Standard toolbar.
3 In the Generate Spans dialog, enter the following parameters:

Spans to Generate: Latitude
Consider Spans in other direction as Supports: (unchecked)
Minimum Span Length: 2 feet {0.6 meters}
Ignore Holes Smaller Than: 1 feet {0.3 meters}
Orientation: X-Axis Orientation
Max Orientation Deviation: 20 degrees
Click OK.
4 In the Span Generation dialog, click OK to acknowledge the warning.
Note: RAM Concept uses imperfect algorithms that do not always produce
acceptable span segments and span segment strips. You, as engineer,
need to review the generated spans, determine if they are reasonable,
and make any necessary changes.

5 In the menu bar, select Process > Generate Strips or select the Generate
Strips icon in the Standard toolbar.
exercise.

Edit Spans Manually
Edit Spans Manually

In RAM Concept, design spans may be generated automatically or manually. In the
previous section, we generated design spans and design strips automatically.
After the design spans and strips are generated, you should always review the
layout and manual adjust them, as necessary based on the geometry of the slab
system.
Span segment properties can be edited after they are generated. To edit the
properties, select the span segments and then right click and select Selection
Properties from the pop-up menu.
Hint: Use the Selection icon or Selection Filter icon to assist in selection.
The following tools are available to manipulate the design segments:

Manipulate the Design Segments: In the General Tools, use the tools to move,
stretch, rotate, or mirror the span segments.
The Utility tool, located below the Selection tool in the General Tools, is a
multi-purpose tool used for selecting, move, and stretching objects.
Draw Span Segments: In the Layer Specific Tools, use the Design Section, Span
Segment, and Span Segment Polyline tools to manually draw span segments.
Define Span Segment and Strip Widths: In the Layer Specific Tools, use the
Span Boundary Polyline and the Column Strip Boundary Polyline tools to
manually define span segment and strip widths.
Adjust the Span Orientation: In the Layer Specific tools, use the Orient Span
Cross Section tool to modify the span orientation.

Edit Spans Manually
Exercise: Manually Edit the Latitude Design Strips

Note: For this training, we will modify the latitude design spans and strips in
the north-west corner of the elevated slab. The techniques used in this
exercise can be used to adjust the remainder of the Latitude and
Longitude Design Spans Plans.
Plan.
Note: At each end of the elevated slab, along grid line E, the column strips
narrow as they approach the load bearing walls along grid lines 1 and 9.
We will use the Span Boundary Polyline tool to adjust this area.
4 In the Visible Objects dialog, select the Design Strip tab and then select
the Numbers checkbox (below the Latitude Span Segments category).
Click OK.
5 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Span Boundary Polyline
icon in the Layer Specific Tools.
6 In the Default Span Boundary Properties dialog, enter the following

parameter and then click OK.
Span Set: Latitude
7 In the Active Window, draw two polylines on the slab as shown below.
A
B
D C

Edit Spans Manually
Hint: Activate the Snap to Intersection and Snap to Perpendicular icons. After
each line is constructed, right-click and then select Enter from the pop-
up menu.
8 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Column Strip Boundary
Polyline icon in the Layer Specific Tools.
9 In the Default Strip Boundary Properties dialog, enter the following

parameter and then click OK.
Span Set: Latitude
10 In the Active Window, draw two lines on the slab as shown below.
11 With the Selection icon, select Span 3-1 in the Active Window. Right-click
and select Selection Properties from the pop-up menu.
12 In the Edit 2 Selected Items dialog, select the Strip Generation tab, modify
the following parameters, and then click OK:
Span Width Calc: Manual
Column Strip Width Calc: Manual

Edit Spans Manually
exercise.

Edit Spans Manually
Exercise: Manually Edit Latitude Design Strips at the Slab Depressions

Latitude Design Spans Plan should still be displayed in the Active Window.
4 In the Active Window, select Span 2-1 using the Selection icon.
5 In the General Tools, select the Stretch icon and use your cursor to select
the end of Span 2-1, at grid intersection F-2. Then, click at the corner of
the slab depression between grid lines 1 and 2 as seen below:
6 In the Layer Specific Tools, select the Span Segment icon.

Edit Spans Manually
7 In the Active Window, use the cursor to add the following two spans:
Click on grid intersection F-2 and then at the southwest corner of the
slab depression between grid lines 1 and 2.
Click on the northwest corner of the slab depression between grid
lines 1 and 2, and then select the point perpendicular to grid line 2,
adjacent to grid intersection F.9-2.
Additional Spans
Hint: Activate the Snap to Intersection and the Snap to Perpendicular icons.
8 With the Selection icon, select the additional span we just created along
grid line F, from the edge of the slab depression to grid intersection F-2.
9 In the Snap toolbar, select the Snap to Orthogonal icon.
10 In the Layer Specific Tools, select the Orient Span Cross Section icon.

Edit Spans Manually
11 In the Active Window, click anywhere and then click again at a point 90
degrees from the first point (parallel with the global Y axis).
Note: The tick mark on the new span is now oriented vertically.
Notice orientation
of span segment
12 In the Layer Specific Tools, select the Span Boundary Polyline icon and
draw a horizontal line along the middle of the slab depression.
Line
Hint: Activate the Snap to Mid Point icon.
13 With the Selection icon, select Span 2-1 and the two new spans we just
created in the Active Window. Right click and select Selection Properties
from the pop-up menu.

Edit Spans Manually
14 In the Edit 3 Selected Items dialog, select the Strip Generation tab, modify
the following parameters, and then click OK:
Span Width Calc: Manual
Column Strip Width Calc: Full Width
Note: For this training, we will only modify the latitude design spans and
strips in the north-west corner of the elevated slab. The techniques
used in the previous exercises can be used to adjust the remainder of
the Latitude Design Spans Plan, as appropriate.

Completing the Design Spans

Using the same techniques demonstrated in the previous exercises, complete the
Longitude Design Spans Plan.
Exercise: Generate Design Strips in the Longitude Direction

2 In the menu bar, select Layers > Design Strip > Longitude Design Spans
Plan.
3 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Span Segment icon.
4 In the Default Span Properties dialog, select the General tab and modify
the following parameter:
Span Set: Longitude
Note: The Consider as Post-Tensioned checkbox should not be selected.

5 In the Default Span Properties dialog, select the Column Strip tab and
modify the following parameters:
CS Top Cover: 1.5 inches {40 mm}
CS Bottom Cover: 1.5 inches {40 mm}
Click OK.
6 In the menu bar, select Process > Generate Spans or select the Generate
Spans icon in the Standard toolbar.
7 In the Generate Spans dialog, modify the following parameters and then
click OK.
Spans to Generate: Longitude
Orientation: Y-Axis Orientation

exercise.

Exercise: Manually Edit the Longitude Design Spans Plan

Longitude Design Spans Plan should still be displayed in the Active
Window.
4 With the Selection icon, select the six spans along grid lines 4, 5 and 6.
Right click and select Selection Properties from the pop-up menu.
5 In the Edit 6 Selected Items dialog, modify the following parameters:

Strip Generation tab:
Column Strip Width Calc: Code T-Beam
Column Strip tab:
CS Cross Section Trimming: Beam Rectangle
CS Torsion Design: Beam
CS Design System: Beam
Click OK.
Note: For this training, we will only modify the longitude design spans and
strips along the concrete beams between grid lines A and E. The
techniques used in the previous exercises can be used to adjust the
remainder of the Latitude Design Spans Plan, as appropriate.

Exercise: Review the Completed Design Strip Plans

Note: This dataset contains suggestions and examples of the types of edits
that may be performed on the design strips. Review the Latitude and
Longitude Design Spans Plan for additional information. Areas that were
manually edited have been indicated.
Plan.

Plan.

Punching Shear
Punching Shear
RAM Concept can calculate punching failure planes and the punching shear
stresses due to column reactions. When modeling punching shear checks in RAM
Concept, define the following properties:
Maximum Search Radius: The radius that defines the area that RAM Concept
searches for potential failure locations.
Cover to CGS: The distance that will be subtracted from the slab depth in each
region to determine the effective depth for critical section calculations.
Angle: The angle of the first ray measured counter-clockwise from the global
x-axis.
Number of Desired Sections per Zone: This property enables RAM Concept to
determine how many sections you want to generate in each zone, a region
outside a column, drop cap, beam, etc.
Edge Treatment: This determines how RAM Concept treats edges and
openings. Choose from one of the following: Sector Voids, Ignore Edges, or
Failure Planes.
Connection Type: This determines which column classification RAM Concept
uses for calculating allowable stresses. Choose from one of the following:
Corner, Edge, Interior, or Auto.
SSR System: Used to specify the stud shear reinforcement system, if required,
for design.
Align Punch Check Axis with Rectangular Columns: Aligns the punch check
angle with the rectangular column angle during a calc all.
Design SSR if Necessary: Generates an SSR design where the unreinforced
strength is insufficient.
Align SSR with Punch Check Axis: Aligns the SSR with the punch check axis.
All punching shear checks should be centered on a column.
Warning: If a column is relocated after a punching check had been assigned, and the
check is no longer centered on the column, you will receive an error when
performing the calculation.

Punching Shear
Exercise: Define the Punching Shear Checks

2 In the menu bar, select Layers > Design Strip > Punching Checks Plan.
3 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Punching Shear Check icon.
4 In the Default Punching Shear Check Properties dialog, select the General
tab and enter the following parameters:
Maximum Search Radius: 8 feet {2.5 meters}
Cover to CGS: 3 inches {75 mm}
Angle: 0
Number of Desired Sections per Zone: 4
Edge Treatment: Failure Planes
Connection Type: Auto
SSR System: 3/8 SSR {9.5mm SSR}
Max Slab Overhang Factor: No Limit
Align Punch Check Axis with Rectangular Columns: (checked)
Design SSR is Necessary: (checked)
Align SSR with Punch Check Axis: (unchecked)
Cover to CGS: This is typically the distance from the top of the
slab to the bottom of the top bar = 3 inches {75 mm}
considering the cover and bar sizes we specified.
Edge Treatment: An edge treatment of Sector Voids is always
conservative. For columns near a slab edge, however, the
Sector Voids setting stops the critical section before it reaches
the slab edge. We will use the Failure Planes setting for the
interior columns only.
Connection Type: RAM Concept will determine if the column is
a corner, edge, or interior type based upon the total void angle
around it.
5 In the Default Punching Shear Check Properties dialog, click OK.

Punching Shear
6 In the Active Window, draw a fence around all of the columns as shown in
the following figure:
7 In the Active Window, draw a series of fences around the exterior columns
as shown in the following figure:

Regenerate the Mesh
Regenerate the Mesh

Once all of the design strips have been generated and edited, the finite element
mesh can be re-generated. Previously, when we had generated the mesh after the
structure was defined, the mesh appeared somewhat random. At this stage, the
mesh should be re-generated to produce a more refined and orthogonal finite
element model.
Exercise: Regenerate the Mesh

Note: Previously, we generated the mesh after modeling the structure, but
before we modeled the design strips. The generated mesh appeared
somewhat random.

Regenerate the Mesh
Generate.

Regenerate the Mesh

Reinforced Concrete Slabs
Module Overview
In this module, you will learn how to design an elevated reinforced concrete slab
in RAM Concept.
Basic knowledge of modeling principles in RAM Concept
Module Objectives
Perform a design for a reinforced concrete slab in RAM Concept
Review the design status and results
Calculate the short and long term deflections of the model
Use the auditor to review the results and check for errors
Review and modify the program and user reinforcement
Review the estimate report to determine the cost and quantity of material in
the model
Mar-13 113 Reinforced Concrete Slabs

Calculation Options
Calculation Options
The calculation options available in RAM Concept can be reviewed and modified
in accordance with your project requirements. To access the calculation options,
select Criteria > Calc Options from the menu bar. The calculation options are
separated into three main categories:
General Calculation Options
Load History / ECR Options
Vibration Option
Note: In this training, we will focus on the General Calculation Options. The RAM
Concept Advanced training courses covers topics pertaining to Load History
and Vibration Analysis.
General Calculation Options

The General Calculation Options contains information that RAM Concept will use
to design the slab system and optimize reinforcement. The general options
include the following:
Auto-stabilize structure in X and Y directions: If this item is checked, RAM
Concept will apply braces in the X and Y global axis directions to stabilize the
structure, which would not be appropriate for a model with induced
horizontal loading.
Create viewable self-dead loading: If this item is checked, RAM Concept will
illustrate the self-dead loading on the Self-Dead Loading Layers. This option
has no effect on the calculations.
Include supports above the slab in the self-dead loading: If this option is
selected, RAM Concept will include the weight of supports (columns and
walls) as loads.
Include tendon component in punch check reaction: If this option is selected,
RAM Concept will include the vertical component of the tendon force within
the punch zone (which often reduces the punch check reaction).
Check capacity of longitude user reinforcement: If this option is selected, RAM
Concept will perform a check of the existing user reinforcement and post-
tensioning and report any failed locations. For this model, we have not
defined any user reinforcement, so we will leave this option un-selected.
Reinforced Concrete Slabs 114 Mar-13

Calculation Options
In addition, the following information can be customized to effect the design and
the layout of the program reinforcement:
Codes: The concrete design code and live load reduction parameters can be
modified through the Calc Options dialog. Although the design code can be
modified here, RAM Concept will not automatically update the load factors
when the design code is changed. If a different design code is selected, you
will have to re-build the load combinations prior to performing the
calculation.
Zero-Tension Iterations: These options pertain to the design of mat
foundations. If a mat is flexible or there are large overturning loads then the
springs may initially be resisting tension. You can reduce this tension by
iteration.
Reinforcement Layout and Detailing Parameters: These options control how
RAM Concept creates the reinforcement layout. The Cost parameters affect
the priorities when layout out the program reinforcement:
Bar Length Cost: Increasing this priority will result in minimizing the
weight of the reinforcement and producing a greater number of
callouts.
Bar Group Length Cost: Increasing this priority will result in minimizing
the total length of all the callouts summed together and may produce
more reinforcement than necessary.
Bar Callout Cost: Increasing this priority will result in minimizing the
total number of callouts and may produce more reinforcement than
necessary in some areas or reinforcement in areas where none is
required.

Calculation Options
Exercise: Specify the General Calculation Options

2 In the menu bar, select Criteria > Calc Options
3 In the Calc Options dialog, review the General criteria and enter the
Auto-stabilize structure in X and Y directions: (unchecked)
Create viewable self-dead loading: (unchecked)
Include supports above the slab in self-dead loading: (unchecked)
Include tendon component in punch check reaction: (unchecked)
Check capacity of longitude user reinforcement without designing
additional program reinforcement: (unchecked)
Matrix Solver: Default (Pardiso)
4 In the Calc Options dialog, review the Codes criteria and enter the
Design: ACI 318-05
Live Load Reduction: IBC 2003
5 In the Calc Options dialog, review the Reinforcement Layout and Detailing
Parameters criteria and enter the following parameters:
Bar Rounding Length: 0.5 feet {0.1 meters}
Bar End Cover: 1 inch {25 mm}
Bar Length Cost: 1
Bar Group Length Cost: 1
Bar Callout Cost: 1
6 In the Calc Options dialog, click OK.
exercise.

Performing the Calculation

A calculation may be performed at any stage during the design process to review
the modeling progress and check for errors. In RAM Concept, two types of errors
can occur when performing a calculation: fatal and non-fatal.
If a fatal error occurs, a complete analysis cannot be performed and the
calculation will stop. An example of this would be if instability occurs in the
model and RAM Concept cannot resolve the forces.
If a non-fatal error occurs, you will have the option to continue the calculation
or stop and adjust the model. An example of this would be if a point load was
not located on the structure. You would have three options: continue the
analysis and ignore the point load; fix the problem and continue the
calculation; or stop the analysis.
Note: RAM Concept will generate an Analysis Error message if an error occurs. The
Calc All icon will be grayed out after the calculation if the model was analyzed
successfully with no errors.
In RAM Concept, the design calculations can be performed on the entire model or
on part of the model. The Calc Partial command can be performed to several
different levels on the RAM Concept Model:
Through Analysis: Includes the global slab analysis and the strip and section
forces.
Through Design: Includes the design of the strips, sections, and punching
shear checks, along with the Through Analysis results.
Through Layout: Includes the layout of the reinforcement layers, along with
the Through Design results.
All: Includes the detailing of reinforcement into individual bars, along with the
Through Layout results.
Exercise: Perform the Calculation

2 In the menu bar, select Process > Calc All or select the Calc All icon in the
Standard toolbar.
3 In the Analysis Warning dialogs, click Continue to acknowledge that there

are certain areas of congested reinforcement.

Reviewing the Results

The calculations results can be viewed in table format, on plans, or on
perspectives on the following layers:
Loading
Load Combinations
Rule Set Design
Design Status
Design Status
In concrete design, it is possible for a concrete member to fail or exceed code
limitations regardless of the amount of reinforcement provided. For example, if
the shear demand in a concrete member exceeds the code allowed shear
capacity, RAM Concept will report a code violation. Such code violations can be
viewed on the Design Status Layers.
Note: There is no consideration of deflection limits in the status report.

Exercise: Review the Design Status Plans

2 In the menu bar, select Layers > Design Status > Punching Shear Status
Plan.
Note: Notice that RAM Concept has performed a punching shear check at
each location we specified. All of the punching shear checks have
passed with no SSR Reinforcement.
3 In the menu bar, select Layers > Design Status > Latitude Status Plan.

4 In the menu bar, select Layers > Design Status > Longitude Status Plan.
exercise.

Rule Set Design

In addition to reviewing the Design Status Plans, the bending moment maximum
capacity and maximum demand can be viewed on the Rule Set Design layers.
Exercise: Review the Bending Moment Capacity and Demand

2 In the menu bar, select Layers > New Plan
3 In the Create New Plan dialog, enter the following information and then
click OK.
Name: Moment
Layer: Strength Design
4 In the Visible Objects - [Moment Plan] dialog, click OK.
5 In the menu bar, select View > Plot or select the Plot icon in the
Standard toolbar.
6 In the Plot Setting dialog, select the Section Analysis tab, select the
parameters as shown below, and then click OK.
Active: (checked)
Value: Bending Moment
Show Values: (checked)
Maximum Demand: (checked)
Minimum Demand: (unchecked)
Maximum Capacity: (checked)
Minimum Capacity: (unchecked)
Min Frame Number: 1
Max Frame #: 999
Left: (checked)
Center: (checked)
Right: (checked)

7 In the Active Window, the Maximum Capacity is in blue and the Maximum
Demand is shown in red. Notice that the capacity exceeds the demand in
all areas.
Standard toolbar.

9 In the Plot Setting dialog, select the Section Analysis tab, modify the
following parameters as shown below, and then click OK.
Min Frame #: 5
Max Frame #: 5
Left: Unchecked (refers to the left middle strip)
Center: Checked (refers to the column strip)
Right: Unchecked (refers to the right middle strip)
Maximum Capacity
Maximum Demand
exercise.

Exercise: Review the Bending Moment on the Slab

2 In the menu bar, select Layers > Rule Set Design > Strength Design > Min
Mx Plan.
4 In the Visible Objects dialog, select the Design Strip tab and select the
Longitude Span Segment Strips: (checked)
Cross Sections: (checked)
Note: For some of the design strips, some cross sections contain areas of both
positive and negative moment. When the design strip properties were
defined, we selected the Don't reduce integrated M and V due to Sign
Change option under the General tab in the Default Span Properties
dialog. With the Don't Reduce option selected, the design bending
moment becomes slightly more conservative, as the canceling moment
portions of the cross sections are excluded in one of the moment
envelopes.
exercise.

Deflection Calculations
In RAM Concept, load history deflections can be calculated to incorporate the
effects of the following:
Creep
Shrinkage
Cracking
Tension Stiffening
The load history calculation can include any sequence of specified load for any
duration.
Note: In this training, we will perform a basic load history analysis. The RAM
Concept Advanced training course, contains a complete detailed discussion on
load history analysis.
Exercise: Review the Initial and the Long Term Deflections

2 In the menu bar, select Criteria > Load History.
3 In the Load History Criteria, review the parameters for each load history
step as follows:
Maximum Short Term Load: 30 days duration
Sustained Load: 5000 days duration
4 In the menu bar, select Process > Calc Load History Deflections or select
the Calc Load History Deflections icon in the Standard toolbar.
5 In the Analysis Warning dialog, click Continue.

6 In the menu bar, select Layers > Load History Deflections > Maximum
Short Term Load > Std Deflection Plan.
Standard toolbar.

8 In the Plot Setting dialog, select the Slab tab, modify the parameters as
follows and then click OK.
Plot: Contour
Plot Resolution: Very Fine
Label Frequency: Very Frequent
9 In the Layer Specific tools, select the Selected Plot Distribution icon.

10 In the Active Window, use the cursor to draw a horizontal line between
grid lines 3 and 7 at the maximum deflection location.
= 0.8 inches
{21 mm}
11 In the menu bar, select Layers > Load History Deflections > Sustained
Load > Std Deflection Plan.
Standard toolbar.

13 In the Plot Setting dialog, select the Slab tab, modify the following
parameters, and then click OK.
Plot: Contour
Plot Resolution: Very Fine
Label Frequency: Very Frequent
Note: The maximum deflection between grid lines 4 and 5, and between grid
lines C and D, is approximately 1 inches {26 mm}.
exercise.

Using the Auditor
Using the Auditor

In RAM Concept, the Auditor is a tool that displays information that could be
useful for:
Checking input data, such as reinforcement bar cover.
Checking calculated data, such as the elevation of the center of a
reinforcement bar.
Review the rule set designs.
Checking the envelope of resultants.
Layer Specific Tools are available to audit cross sections and punching shear
checks.
In RAM Concept, the design process is divided into three steps, as shown below:
Step 1 (Pass 1): RAM Concept selects, and summarizes, the reinforcement
required for each rule set.
Step 2 (Pass 2): RAM Concept selects, and summarizes, the reinforcement
required, in addition to the reinforcement required in Step 1, for each rule set.
Note: For some rule sets, such as shear and ductility design, the results for
Step 1 are required prior to performing the design.
Step 3 (Final Check): RAM Concept performs a final check for each rule set
considering the reinforcement results determined in Step 1 and Step 2.
The results of each step are indicated in the Auditor results.

Using the Auditor
Exercise: Use the Auditor to Review the Design

Plan.
3 In the layer specific tools, select the Audit Cross Section icon and then
select the strip shown below.
Selection
4 The Cross Section Audit Results dialog will appear on screen. The
information displayed is for a single cross section of one span segment
strip, or a design section.
Within the Auditor, the following rule sets are checked for each pass:
Code Minimum Design
User Minimum Design
Initial Service Design
Service Design
Sustained Service Design
Strength Design
Ductility Design

Using the Auditor
For each pass indicated below, the designs are performed and the results
are summarized for each rule set design:
Starting Pass 0 Design
Starting Final Design Check
Within the Final Design Check, notice the following results in the Strength
Design Rule Set:
11.3 Shear Check Result: Section Analysis: No Failures
10.2 Bending Check Results: Section Analysis: No Failures
Final Check for ACI 318-05 Strength designer: Section Analysis: No
Failures
At the end of the Auditor, notice the following:
Final Status: No Failures
5 Click the X in the top right hand corner of the auditor.
7 In the layer specific tools, select the Audit Punch Check icon and then
select column at grid intersection E-3.
8 The Punching Check Audit Results dialog will appear on screen. The
information displayed is for a punching check at a single column.
Within the Auditor, the following rule set is checked:
Strength Design
Design Rule Set:
Maximum Absolute Stress < Allowable Stress
Unreinforced Stress Ratio < 1.0
Status: OK (non-standard section)
9 Click the X in the top right hand corner of the auditor.
exercise.

Drawing Reinforcement
In RAM Concept, there are two types of reinforcement:
Program Reinforcement: Generated by RAM Concept, which is in addition to
any specified user reinforcement. When a calculation is performed, the
previous program reinforcement is removed and new program reinforcement
will be generated.
User Reinforcement: Generated by the user using the various layer specific
tools or by changing the program reinforcement to user reinforcement. When
a calculation is preformed, RAM Concept only designs reinforcement in
addition to the reinforcement tagged as user reinforcement.
Hint: Typically, it is recommended to convert the program reinforcement to user

reinforcement and then modify it as required.
The following tools are available to model or modify user reinforcement and are
available in the Layer Specific Tools.
Concentrated Reinforcement
Distributed Reinforcement
Orient Reinforcement
Skew Reinforcement Extents
In RAM Concept, reinforcement can be modified or drawn on the Reinforcement

Layers. To define the default reinforcement properties, double click on the icon in
the layer specific tools. To edit the properties, select the reinforcement and then
right click and select Selection Properties from the pop-up menu.
Hint: Use the Selection icon or Selection Filter icon to assist in selection.

Exercise: Review and Modify the Reinforcement Layers

2 In the menu bar, select Layers > Reinforcement > Bottom Bars Plan.
3 In the Snap toolbar, select the Snap Orthogonal icon.
4 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Distributed Reinf. Cross in
Perimeter (click at cross point and end point) icon.

5 In the Default Distributed Reinforcement Properties dialog, enter the

Span Set: Longitude
Elevation Reference: Absolute
Elevation: -10.5 inches {-265 mm}
Ending at End 1: Straight
Slab Face: Bottom
Bar Type: #6 {19M}
Spacing: 12 inches {305 mm}
Orientation: 90
Designed By: User
Click OK.
6 In the Active Window, use the cursor as follows:
Click at any point within the slab (A).
Click at another point, 0 or 90 degrees from the first point, within the
slab (B) to define the orientation of the reinforcement.
Note: This tool creates three objects: a polygon matching the slab outline, a
reinforcement object that belongs to the latitude reinforcement layer,
and a reinforcement object that belongs to the longitude reinforcement
layer.

Point A
Point B
Hint: For this exercise, we will provide distributed reinforcement in each

orthogonal direction parallel to the X and Y axes. The Snap to
Orthogonal icon facilitates this process.
8 In the Visible Objects dialog, select the Drawing Import tab and then
select the Grid checkbox. Click OK.
9 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Concentrated
Reinforcement icon.

10 In the Default Concentrated Reinforcement Properties dialog, enter the

Span Set: Longitude
Ending at End 1: 90 Hook
Ending at End 2: 90 Hook
Slab Face: Bottom
Bar Type: #8 {25M}
Bar Extent Skew: 0 degrees
Quantity Type: Quantity
Number of Bars: 12
Zone Width: 3 feet {0.9 meters}
Designed By: User
Click OK.
11 In the Active Window, use the cursor to click at the following grid
intersections:
Click at G-4, then A-4
Standard toolbar.
Note: In the Calc Options dialog box, there is an option to check capacity of
longitudinal reinforcement without designing additional program
reinforcement. This option instructs RAM Concept to perform a check
of the existing defined longitudinal user reinforcement and post-
tensioning and report any failed locations.

13 In the Reinforcement: Bottom Bars Plan, notice that some nominal

Program Reinforcement is required in addition to the specified User
Reinforcement.
Note: When performing design calculations, RAM Concept generates program

reinforcement required in addition to any existing user reinforcement.
In subsequent calculations, all of the program reinforcement is removed
before starting the calculation.
exercise.

Estimate Report
Estimate Report
In RAM Concept, the Estimate Report is available to quickly review the cost and
amount of materials used in a model. RAM Concept will automatically calculate
the material quantities. The unit costs can be edited per your project needs.
Hint: Use the Estimate Report to review the cost impact on a model during
preliminary design or when changes are made throughout the design process.
Exercise: Review the Concrete Estimate

2 In the menu bar, select Report > Estimate.
3 The Estimate tab will be displayed in the Active Window. In this tab, you
can customize the material and labor costs for the following items:
Concrete
Post-Tensioning
Formwork
Mild Steel Reinforcing
SRR
Note: The weight of the mild steel reinforcing is based upon the detailed
reinforcement in the Reinforcement Layers, including bar hooks. This
does not include bar laps or bars not shown on the Reinforcement
Layer, such as detailing or tendon support bars.

Generating Report Output
Generating Report Output

The Report Sections Window, at the left of the Graphical User Interface, contains
all of the information available to add to a printed report.
Used to include or exclude

items in the Report
Used to adjust the orientation

of the item in the Report
Items can be dragged to

customize the order that they
appear in the Report
Any layer available in RAM Concept can be added to the printed report through
the Report Sections Window. To include a layer in the report, ensure that the
Include button is set to Yes and every item above it in the report hierarchy is
also set to Yes.

Soil Supported Mat
Foundations
Module Overview
In this module, you will learn how to design a reinforced concrete soil-supported
mat foundation in RAM Concept.
elements and generating mesh
Basic knowledge of modeling and design principles in RAM Concept for
reinforced concrete slabs
Module Objectives
Model soil springs for soil supported mat foundations
Calculate the results of a reinforced concrete soil supported mat foundation
Review the design status and results, including the soil pressure plans
Use the auditor to review the results and check for errors
Review and modify the program and user reinforcement
Mar-13 141 Soil Supported Mat Foundations

Sample Model
Sample Model
In this module, we will be designing a mat foundation for the following structure:
Typical Slab:
Thickness: 18 inches
Surface Elevation: 0
Priority: 1
Concrete Mix: 5000 psi {35 MPa} for all elements
Loading: Reactions at the concrete columns and walls have been entered for the
following load types:
Dead Load
Live (Reducible)
Ultimate Seismic East Loading / Ultimate Seismic North Loading
Service Wind East Loading / Service Wind North Loading
Soil Supported Mat Foundations 142 Mar-13

Soil Springs
Soil Springs
In RAM Concept, soil supported mat foundation may be modeled using area
springs, available in the Layer Specific Tools in the Mesh Input Layer.
When modeling soil springs in RAM Concept, define the following properties:
Elevation Above Slab Soffit: Vertical distance between the spring and the
soffit.
Note: RAM Concept uses the lowest numbered element in determining the
spring elevation. It is not recommended to model springs at slab steps.
Spring Angle: Orientation of the local axis.
R-Force, S-Force, Z-Force Constants: Spring constant in the direction of the
local R, S, or Z axes, respectively.
R-Moment, S-Moment Constants: Angular spring constant about the local S or
R axes at each end, respectively.
Springs defined with horizontal stiffness properties may cause an unintentional

arching action, in addition to the horizontal component, if they are not modeled
at the centroid of the slab. The Calc Options dialog, available in the menu bar
under Criteria > Calc Options, allows the ability to stabilize the structure in the
horizontal direction, without modeling springs with horizontal stiffness.

Soil Springs
Exercise: Modeling Soil Springs

1 Open MATDataset1.cpt in RAM Concept.
3 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Area Spring icon.
4 In the Default Area Spring dialog, enter the following parameters:

Elevation above Slab Soffit: 0 inches {0 mm}
Spring Angle (R=X, S=Y@0): 0 degrees
R Force Constant: 50 pci {0.0136 N/mm3}
S Force Constant: 50 pci {0.0136 N/mm3}
Z Force Constant: 250 pci {0.0679 N/mm3}
R Moment Constant: 0 k/ft {0 kN/m-rad}
S Moment Constant: 0 k/ft {0 kN/m-rad}
Click OK.
perimeter of the mat foundation.
exercise.

Design Strips
Design Strips
Generating and editing span segments and punching shear checks for a mat
foundation is similar to that for a reinforced concrete slab.
Exercise: Review the Design Strips and Punching Shear Checks

Note: For this model, the design strips and punching shear checks have
already been applied to the mat foundation.
Plan.
Note: The span segment properties for this mat foundation are similar to
those specified on the reinforced concrete slab, except the code
minimum reinforcement location for the column and middle strips were
set to mat foundation instead of elevated slab.

Design Strips
Plan.
exercise.

Regenerate the Mesh
Regenerate the Mesh

Once all of the design strips have been generated and edited, the finite element
mesh can be re-generated to produce a more refined mesh.
Exercise: Regenerate the Mesh

Generate.


Performing the calculation on a mat foundation is similar to an elevated slab.
Exercise: Calculate the Results

1 Continue with the model from the previous exercise, or open
MATDataset2.cpt.
2 In the menu bar, select Criteria > Calc Options In the Calc Options dialog,
modify the following parameter and then click OK.
Live Load Reduction: IBC 2003
Standard toolbar.
4 In the Analysis Warning dialog, click Continue to acknowledge that some

reinforcement has a small spacing.
exercise.

The calculations results can be viewed in table format, on plans, or on
perspectives on the following layers:
Loading
Load Combinations
Rule Set Design
Design Status
Hint: To view various results in RAM Concept, it is important to navigate to the

appropriate layer first.

Design Status
In concrete design, it is possible for a concrete member to fail or exceed code
limitations regardless of the amount of reinforcement provided. For example, if
the shear demand in a concrete member exceeds the code allowed shear
capacity, RAM Concept will report a code violation. Such code violations can be
viewed on the Design Status Layers.
Note: There is no consideration of deflection limits in the status report.
Exercise: Review the Design Status Plans

2 In the menu bar, select Layers > Design Status > Status Plan.
exercise.

Soil Bearing Stresses

The Soil Bearing Rule Set Design layers indicate the envelope result of the
minimum or maximum soil bearing pressures for all load combinations below the
mat foundation.
Exercise: Review the Maximum and Minimum Soil Pressure Plans

2 In the menu bar, select Layers > Rule Set Designs > Soil Bearing Design >
Max Soil Bearing Pressure Plan.
exercise.

Using the Auditor

Using the auditor for a mat foundation is similar to using it for an elevated slab.
Exercise: Use the Auditor to Review the Design

Plan.
3 In the layer specific tools, select the Audit Cross Section icon and then
select the strip shown below.
Selection

4 The Cross Section Audit Results dialog will appear on screen. The
information displayed is for a single cross section of one span segment
strip, or a design section.
Within the Auditor, the following rule sets are checked for each pass:
Code Minimum Design
User Minimum Design
Initial Service Design
Service Design
Sustained Service Design
Strength Design
Ductility Design
Soil Bearing Design
For each pass indicated below, the designs are performed and the results
are summarized for each rule set design:
Starting Final Design Check
Design Rule Set:
11.3 Shear Check Result: Section Analysis: No Failures
Min Capacity < Min Demand < Max Demand < Max Capacity
10.2 Bending Check Results: Section Analysis: No Failures
Min Cap. < Mid Dem. < Max Dem. < Max Cap.
Final Check for ACI 318-05 Strength designer: Section Analysis: No
Failures
Min Cap. < Mid Dem. < Max Dem. < Max Cap.
At the end of the Auditor, notice the following:
Final Status: No Failures
5 Click the X in the top right hand corner of the auditor to return to the
Design Strip: Latitude Design Spans Plan.

7 In the layer specific tools, select the Audit Punch Check icon and then
select one of the columns.
8 The Punching Check Audit Results dialog will appear on screen. The
information displayed is for a punching check at a single column.
Within the Auditor, the following rule set is checked:
Strength Design
Design Rule Set:
Analyzing 1 Column Sections
Maximum Absolute Stress < Allowable Stress
Unreinforced Stress Ratio < 1.0
Status: OK
9 Click the X in the top right hand corner of the auditor to return to the
Design Strip: Punching Checks Plan.

Drawing reinforcement for a mat foundation is similar to an elevated reinforced
concrete slab.
Exercise: Review and Modify the Reinforcement Layers

4 In the Visible Objects dialog, select the Reinf tab and then select the
Hatching checkbox. Click OK.
5 In the General Tools, activate the Snap to Orthogonal icon.
Perimeter icon.
7 In the Default Distributed Reinforcement dialog, enter the following

parameters:
Span Set: Latitude
Slab Face: Bottom
Bar Type: #5 {16M}
Spacing: 6 inches {150 mm}
Orientation: 0 degrees
Designed By: User
Click OK.


Note: For this exercise, we will provide distributed reinforcement in each

orthogonal direction parallel to the X and Y axes. The Snap to
Orthogonal icon facilitates this process.
Point A
Point B
Note: This tool creates three objects: a polygon matching the slab outline, a
reinforcement object that belongs to the latitude reinforcement layer,
and a reinforcement object that belongs to the longitude reinforcement
layer.
Hint: The hatching verifies that distributed reinforcement has been added to
the entire slab area.
9 In the menu bar, select Layers > Reinforcement > Top Bars Plan.
10 In the General Tools, activate the Snap to Orthogonal icon.
Perimeter icon.

12 In the Default Distributed Reinforcement dialog, modify the following

parameters and then click OK.
Slab Face: Top
Point A
Point B
Standard toolbar.

Note: Notice that program reinforcement has been added below the concrete
walls. This is in addition to the distributed user reinforcement over the
entire slab area.
Program
Reinforcement
User
Reinforcement
Note: When performing design calculations, RAM Concept generates program

reinforcement required in addition to any existing user reinforcement.
In subsequent calculations, all of the program reinforcement is removed
before starting the calculation.

Tips and Tricks
Tips and Tricks

RAM Concept is not designed to handle expansive clays, so you will have to use
some engineering judgment and tricks to approximate the behavior. One
approach for the center lift condition is to remove the area springs from around
the slab edges and let the slab cantilever out, assuming a conservative removal
distance.
For edge lift, you can make some assumptions and adjustments to get an
approximation. One approach would be as follows:
Assume the outer 1 foot of soil is in contact with the slab. Then, assume there
is an em minus 1 foot distance that is unsupported by the slab. These
assumptions are likely conservative.
Create a new loading for Soil Expansion Loading.
Define the line loads on the outside for the slab to give the specified ym
deflection at the edge for the Soil Expansion Loading. You will need to iterate a
few times to get the right load values.
Add the Soil Expansion Loading to the applicable load combinations with the
applicable load factors (typically 1).
Warning: Do not use zero-tension iterations.
View the soil reactions from the load combination. If the reactions are
negative in the inner area, you may want to expand the non-contact area.
Use the slab forces and stresses from the load combinations straight from
RAM Concept.
Note: The soil reactions in the inner area can be used straight from the load
combination, but those in the outer area cannot.

Post Tensioned Slabs
Module Overview
In this module, we will discuss the modeling post-tensioned tendons in RAM
Concept. Post-tensioned concrete is discussed in greater detail in the Advanced
course.
Post-Tensioned Tendons
The RAM Concept Layer menu contains two folders, latitude and longitude, for
modeling tendons in each orthogonal direction. Each folder contains the following
three layers:
Tendon Parameters Layer
Generated Tendon Layer
Manual Tendon Layer
Tendons can be created by specifying objects on the Tendon Parameters Layer,

resulting in generated tendons on the Generated Tendon Layer, or by drawing
individual tendons directly in the Manual Tendon Layer. When the calculation is
performed, all tendons modeled on the generated and manual tendon layers will
be considered.
Mar-13 159 Post Tensioned Slabs

Tendon Parameters Layer

On the Tendon Parameters Layers, high level objects are defined and used for the
generation of individual tendons. This layer facilitates a production quality
presentation of high level tendon layout information.
Modeling Tendons
The following objects can be modeled on the Tendon Parameters Layer and used
to generate individual tendons:
Banded Tendon Polyline: A polyline representing a specification for generation
of a group of tendons at a fixed spacing and parallel to the polyline segments.
Distributed Tendon Quadrilateral: A quadrilateral representing a specification
for generation of an array of tendons at a specified angle within the shape.
Tendon Void: A polygon shape that represents an area where no tendons are
to be generated. Typical usage might be stressing blockouts or small slab areas
that are too short for tendons to get stressed.
Modeling Profile Polylines
Profiles for distributed and banded tendons are determined by creating profile
polylines on the Tendon Parameters Layer. Tendon half spans are created
wherever a generated tendon intersects a profile polyline. The profile points can
reference the following elevations:
Absolute: Elevation relative to the zero datum.
Above Soffit: The elevation is measured from the soffit to the elevation to the
CGS of the tendon.
Above Surface: The elevation is measured from the surface elevation to the
CGS of the tendon. The values is almost always negative.
Top Cover: The elevation is measured from the surface elevation to the CGS of
the tendon. The value is always positive.
Bottom Cover: The elevation is measured from the soffit elevation to the CGS
of the tendon. The value is always positive.
Post Tensioned Slabs 160 Mar-13

Profile polylines can be created using the following methods:

Drawing them manually using the Profile Polyline tool.
Generating span and support polylines for the entire floor in one span
direction using the Generate Profile Polylines tool.
Note: The Generate Profile Polylines tool will automatically generate support
polylines that coordinate with the location of the span segments
modeled on the opposite Design Spans Plan layers. It is important that
the design spans and strips are generated prior to generating profile
points.
Generating span polylines from already defined support polylines using the
Generate Span Polylines tool.
Generated Tendon Layer

The Generated Tendon Layers contain the individual tendons generated from the
parameter objects on the Tendon Parameters Layer. The generated individual
tendons cannot be edited, but can be selected and copies to the Manual Tendon
Layer for further manipulation.
Manual Tendon Layer

The Manual Tendon Layers contain individual tendons drawn or otherwise
manipulated manually by the user. In the Manual Tendon Layers, layer specific
tools are available for the modeling of banded and distributed tendons.
Mar-13 161 Post Tensioned Slabs

Post Tensioned Slabs 162 Mar-13

Course Summary
Course Summary
Now you will be able to:
Navigate the RAM Concept Graphical User Interface
Define structural elements and generate the finite element mesh
Model loading and generate load combinations
Design an elevated reinforced concrete slab in RAM Concept
Design a soil supported mat foundation in RAM Concept
Mar-13 163 Course Summary

Course Summary
Course Summary 164 Mar-13

RAM Concept Fundamentals
Assessment
Assessment is often equated with evaluation, but the two concepts are different.
Assessment is used to determine what an individual knows or can do.
Complete the assessment to see what you have gained from reviewing this
module or course (access to surveygizmo.com is necessary).
Note that assessments are for classroom or virtual classroom learning, and not for
OnDemand learning.
Questions
1 When floor areas and members (such as slabs, beams, or openings)
overlap, which object would govern the design in the overlapping region?
a. The object on top, or the last drawn.
b. The object with the highest priority.
c. None of the above, do not model overlapping objects.
2 In RAM Concept, the finite element mesh can be generated automatically.
a. True
b. False
3 RAM Concept automatically calculates and applies the concrete self-
weight of the structure.
a. True
b. False

4 RAM Concept will automatically update load combination factors when a
new load case is added.
a. True
b. False
5 In RAM Concept, design spans may be generated automatically or
manually.
a. True
b. False
6 RAM Concept will automatically update the load factors when the design
code is changed.
a. True
b. False
7 In RAM Concept, which layer would indicate if a concrete member failed
or exceeded a code limitation for punching shear?
a. Design Status > Punching Shear Status Plan
b. Rule Set Designs > Punching Shear Stress Plan
c. Design Strip > Punching Checks Plan
8 Reinforcement that is generated by RAM Concept when a calculation is
performed is known as:
a. User Reinforcement
b. Program Reinforcement
c. Reinforcement
9 Springs modeled with horizontal stiffness properties defined may cause an
unintentional arching action in addition to the horizontal component if
they are not modeled at the centroid of the mat foundation.
a. True
b. False
10 RAM Concept can calculate the soil bearing pressure below a soil-
supported mat foundation.
a. True
b. False

Answers
1 b. The object with the highest priority
2 a. True
3 a. True
4 b. False
5 a. True
6 b. False
7 a. Design Status > Punching Shear Status Plan
8 b. Program Reinforcement
9 a. True
10 a. True
Take Assessment


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RAM Concept Fundamentals

RAM Concept V8i (SELECTseries 7)

Bentley Institute Course Guide

AutoCAD is a registered trademark of Autodesk, Inc.

Copyright 2013, Bentley Systems, Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

RAM Concept Fundamentals 2 Mar-13

Course Overview ____________________________________ 7

Introduction to RAM Concept _________________________ 9

Defining the Structure and Generating the Mesh __________ 23

Mar-13 3 RAM Concept Fundamentals

Troubleshooting Errors and Warnings __________________51

Loading the Model __________________________________ 53

Design Strips _______________________________________ 79

Reinforced Concrete Slabs ____________________________ 113

RAM Concept Fundamentals 4 Mar-13

Estimate Report _______________________________________139

Soil Supported Mat Foundations _______________________ 141

Post Tensioned Slabs ________________________________ 159

Course Summary ____________________________________ 163

RAM Concept Fundamentals Assessment ________________ 165

Mar-13 5 RAM Concept Fundamentals

RAM Concept Fundamentals 6 Mar-13

Mar-13 7 Course Overview

Copyright 2013 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

Course Overview 8 Mar-13

Mar-13 9 Introduction to RAM Concept

Copyright 2013 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

Introduction to RAM Concept 10 Mar-13

Snap Toolbar Action Tools

Report Sections Window Command Prompt Layer Specific Tools

Mar-13 11 Introduction to RAM Concept

Starting a New File

Exercise: Create a Elevated Slab File

3 In the New File dialog, enter the following parameters:

Introduction to RAM Concept 12 Mar-13

Exercise: Review the Model Criteria

Mar-13 13 Introduction to RAM Concept

Note: RAM Concept has a library of standard materials, including concrete

Note: RAM Concept generates load combinations according to the concrete

Note: Span detailing includes the calculations to be performed to determine

Introduction to RAM Concept 14 Mar-13

A Fraction: 0.4 D Fraction: 0.5

Note: A (fraction) + B (fraction) + C (fraction) cannot be greater than 1, but can

Mar-13 15 Introduction to RAM Concept

Introduction to RAM Concept 16 Mar-13

Mar-13 17 Introduction to RAM Concept

Exercise: Specify a Grid

Introduction to RAM Concept 18 Mar-13

Mar-13 19 Introduction to RAM Concept

Importing a CAD Background

Introduction to RAM Concept 20 Mar-13

Exercise: Import a CAD Background

Mar-13 21 Introduction to RAM Concept

Introduction to RAM Concept 22 Mar-13

Mar-13 23 Defining the Structure and Generating the Mesh

Copyright 2013 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

Mesh Input Layer

Defining the Structure and Generating the Mesh 24 Mar-13

Mar-13 25 Defining the Structure and Generating the Mesh

Warning: Schemes 1 and 2 are examples of not recommended intersecting wall

Scheme 1 Scheme 2 Scheme 3

Defining the Structure and Generating the Mesh 26 Mar-13

Exercise: Model Walls

6 In the Default Wall Properties dialog, enter the following parameters: