International Journal of Steel Structures

December 2012, Vol 12, No 4, 473-482

DOI 10.1007/s13296-012-4002-6

www.springer.com/journal/13296

Behavior of Plate-to-Circular Hollow Section Joints of

600 MPa High-Strength Steel
Swoo-Heon Lee1, Kyung-Jae Shin1,*, Hee-Du Lee1, Woo-Bum Kim2, and Jae-Guen Yang3
1
School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Sankyukdong, Bukgu, Daegu, 702-701, Korea
2
Department of Architecture, Kongju National University, Shinkwandong, Kongju, Chungnam, 330-717, Korea
3
Deparment of Architecture, Inha University, Yonghyun-dong, Nam-gu, Incheon, 402-751, Korea

Abstract

While the recent high demand for high rise buildings has led to the development of high-performance and high-strength
steels, the requirements for structural-performance steel for such buildings have been raised as engineers recognized the
potential wreak damage that an earthquake could cause on a tall building. Many studies on high-strength steels have explored
such requirements, but appropriate design equations are needed for the case of hollow structural section (HSS) due to the design
equations that limit the maximum yield stress up to 360MPa in the design codes (AISC, 2011; KBC, 2009). This study
investigated the behavior of 600MPa plate-to-circular hollow section joints subjected to applied moment and shear force by
experiment and finite element analysis (FEA), and the results are compared with current design equations. The nominal strength
of AISC (2005) (or KBC (2009)) overestimated the tested strength in the range between 105% and 137%. It is found that the
nominal strength equation of AISC (2011) is reasonably revised in comparison to those of other design codes.

Keywords: high-strength, hollow structural section, design equation, plate-to-circular hollow section joint, finite element
analysis

1. Introduction connect the members by using a longitudinal plate as

There has recently been an increased global trend for
the use of non-regular, twisted, tilted, and high rise
structures using high-strength steel material. In line with
this trend, USA and Japan have already developed high-
strength steel, HPS690W and BHS700W, of over 690
MPa tensile strength to expand their usage more widely
(Kim et al., 2008b). Korea has also developed steel
material of 600MPa grade, and many studies on the
performance and the structural resistance of such high
strength steel have been carried out (Kim et al., 2008a).
Although these studies on the performance of high-
strength steel material are being carried out, there are a
few studies on the structural resistance of high-strength
tubular structures. Circular hollow sections (CHS) combine
excellent structural properties with an architecturally
attractive shape. The easiest method to connect CHS is to
Note.-Discussion open until May 1, 2013. This manuscript for this
paper was submitted for review and possible publication on May 8,
2012; approved on October 2, 2012.
KSSC and Springer 2012
*Corresponding author
Tel: +82-53-950-5591; Fax:+82-53-950-6590
E-mail: shin@knu.ac.kr
shown in Fig. 1. These types of joints are a very flexible
and simple connection because the rotational stiffness
comes from the flexible plate bending and plastification
of CHS wall. It can be seen that the moment at the face
of CHS is generated by shear force and the eccentricity.
A number of studies on the capacity of joints between
plates as braces (or shear plate) and a CHS chord have
been conducted over the years (Ariyoshi and Makino,
2000; Ariyoshi et al., 1998; Lu et al., 1993, 1994; Packer
et al., 2010; Voth, 2010; Wardenier, 1982; Winkel et al.,
1993).
These studies found that the HSS connections tend to
be flexible with significant deformation. HSS connections
also showed such various failure modes as plastification
of the chord wall, brace failure and chord shear failure
depending on the loading condition, connection type and
geometrical parameters (Wardenier, 2001). These phenomena
make it difficult to determine the ultimate capacity of the
joint. After a first peak load on the load-deflection curve
the load decreases in the joint since the joint becomes
unstable. Then, the load increases again while undergoing
large deformation, or the load continuously increases
without a conspicuous peak load on the load-deflection
curve. Hence, many researchers proposed a deformation
limit to define the strength of such a joint (Lu et al., 1994;
474 Swoo-Heon Lee et al. / International Journal of Steel Structures, 12(4), 473-482, 2012

Figure 1. Example of plate-to-CHS joints.

de Winkel et al., 1993; Yura et al., 1980, 1981). The 3%D
(or 3%d0) limit, i.e., a connecting face deformation of 3%
of the main chord diameter as proposed by Lu et al.
(1994), is generally used as a numerical and experimental
ultimate deformation limit load of the databases of many
researchers.
A database of prior experimental result has influenced
the design specifications in Canada as well as Japan. The
application of design equations on high-strength steel is
still in progress, but the design equations of AISC (2011)
and AISC (2005) (or KBC (2009)) limit the maximum
yield stress up to 360 MPa in the case of HSS.
This study aims at analyzing behavior of XP joints
made of 600 MPa steel and comparing experimental
values with the results of finite element analysis (FEA) as
well as investigating the applicability of design equations
[AISC (2005) (or KBC (2009)), AISC (2011), CIDECT
(2008) (Wardenier et al., 2008), CISC (1992) (Packer and

Table 1. Joint type and nominal strength equations of LM shape

Type

Nominal strength of Mn =NRn, Rn =5.5Fyt2[1+0.25N/D]Qf

AISC (2005) Qf =1.0 (in tension), Qf =1.0-0.3U(1+U) (in compression)
(or KBC (2009))
U=|Pr /Ag Fc+Mr /SFc|
Mn =0.8lbRn, Rn=5.5Fyt2[1+0.25lb/D]Qf
Nominal strength of
Qf =1.0 (in tension), Qf =1.0-0.3U(1+U) (in compression)
AISC (2011)
U=|Pr0 /Ag Fc+Mr0 /SFc|
M1*=QubQf fy0t02h1, N1*=QuQf fy0t02, Qub=0.8Qu, Qu=5(1+0.4)
Design strength of =h1/d0, Qf =(1|n|)C1, =0.9
CIDECT (2008)
(or CISC (1992)) C1 =0.2 for n0 (in tension), C1 =0.25 for n<0 (in compression)
n=N0/Npl,0 +M0/Mpl,0
Maximum strength of
AIJ (2002) Mmax =2.14Ma, Ma=2.6B( 0.1+0.55 0.3B/2D)T2F', =D/2T
 Behavior of Plate-to-Circular Hollow Section Joints of 600 MPa High-Strength Steel 475

Henderson, 1992) and AIJ (2002)]. The XP connection is

a joint with plates symmetrically welded at the opposite
sides of the main chord as shown in Fig. 1 (b). If a plate
is only welded at one side of the chord, this joint is called
TP joint. Particularly, the longitudinal plate to CHS chord
connection subjected to in plane bending is dealt with,
and this type is called LM type, which represents the
longitudinal and moment resisting plate.
The current strength equations for this connection are
summarized in Table 1. The maximum strength equation
of AIJ (2002) does not consider the effect of the utilization
ratio (U or n) of the chord. The design equations of AISC
(2005), AISC (2011), KBC (2009), and CIDECT (2008)
Figure 2. Stress-strain curve of stub-column test.
(or CISC (1992)) use the variable of chord-stress interaction
parameter, Qf. In the design equation of CIDECT (2008)
(or CISC (1992)), the joint resistances should be multiplied
by =0.9 for nominal yield strengths greater than 355
MPa. AISC (2011) recently updated the in-plane bending
design equation of AISC (2005) (or KBC (2009)). Simply
multiplying the width of plate (N or lb) by the brace axial
load (Rn) results in an in-plane bending nominal equation
(Mn) of AISC (2005), and a provision of AISC (2011)
multiplies Mn of AISC (2005) by 0.8.

2. Experimental Program
2.1. Specimens
The fabrication of XP joint referred to a previous
research (Wardenier, 1982) as shown in Table 1. LM type
consisted of XP-joints were prepared by welding plates in
longitudinal direction of the chord, and moment and shear
force were applied simultaneously to the plate. The
dimensions of the chord were D=350 mm of outer
diameter, t=12 mm of thickness, and L=1750 mm of
length as summarized in Table 2 (RIST, 2010). K-81T
Figure 3. Stress-strain curve of tensile test for HSB600.
(KS D 7104) electrode with yield strength of 590MPa,
tensile strength of 650MPa and Charpy V-Notch (CVN)
toughness of 120J at 30oC was used for Flux Cored Arc
Welding (FCAW). Fillet welding between chord and plate
was applied.

Table 2. Summary of specimens

Width of Length of Chord (mm) Prestrain on
Pr
No. Specimen Material plate, N loading, H Pr/Py tension bar
(kN) L D t
(mm) (mm) ()
1 LM-N350-0.0 HSB600 350 500 0 0 1750 350 12 0
2 LM-N350-0.3 HSB600 350 500 0.27 1682 1750 350 12 501
3 LM-N350-0.6 HSB600 350 500 0.54 3364 1750 350 12 1003
4 LM-N700-0.0 HSB600 700 500 0 0 1750 350 12 0
5 LM-N700-0.3 HSB600 700 500 0.27 1682 1750 350 12 501
6 LM-N700-0.6 HSB600 700 500 0.54 3364 1750 350 12 1003
7 LM-N700-0.0 SS400 700 500 0 0 1750 350 12 0
8 LM-N700-0.3 SS400 700 500 0.16 898 1750 350 12 268
9 LM-N700-0.6 SS400 700 500 0.32 1797 1750 350 12 536
476 Swoo-Heon Lee et al. / International Journal of Steel Structures, 12(4), 473-482, 2012
Table 3. Material properties
Nominal yield
Test Material Strength
(MPa)
SS400 235
Stub-column test
HSB600 450
Tensile test HSB600 450
Figure 4. Loading of compressive force on the chord.
2.2. Material test
Stub-column tests were carried out on cylindrical
specimens (35012) of HSB600 and SS400 material,
and a tensile test was performed on HSB600 coupon with
the same thickness (t=12 mm) as the chord. The results
are shown in Figs. 2, 3 and Table 3. The yield ratio for
SS400 was 0.9, because the CHS was made by cold
forming and already included the residual stress.
2.3. Loading of compressive force on the chord
Figure 4 shows the method of loading the compressive
force on the chord (Lee et al., 2012a; 2012b). End plates
were attached to both ends of the chord, and the compressive
force was applied by four hydraulic cylinders and four
tension bars of =72 mm. Strain gauges were attached to
the four tension bars in order to monitor the axial force
during the test. The prestrain at the target compressive
Figure 5. Test setting.
Experimental values
Fy (MPa) Fu (MPa) Fy/Fu (%) Elongation (%)
440 487 90.3 -
485 606 80.0 -
478 630 75.9 34.8
force for each specimen is shown in Table 2. When the
experiment was completed, the utilization ratio (Pr/Py)
was defined normally with respect to the nominal yield
strength, 235 MPa (for SS400) and 450 MPa (for HSB600),
of the chord. However, the utilization ratio of Table 2
used the yield strength of stub-column test.
2.4. Test setup and loading process
Each specimen was prepared with jigs and hinges for
loading test with universal test machine (UTM) of 10,000
kN capacity. The joint of the specimen was subjected to
both monotonic shear force and bending moment. Two
LVDTs were installed at the center of loading hinges to
measure the deflection as shown in Fig. 5. The specimens
were tested under controlled loading at the elastic region,
and displacement control was subsequently applied until
the end of test. The actual connection detail reveals that
the eccentricity is not as large as the tested cases, which
means the shear force is relatively large in comparison to
the moment. Design equations were suggested for the
axial force (perpendicular to chord) and moment at the
plate. The design equation for the combination of bending
moment, shear force and axial force was not considered,
and this test indicated that the eccentricity (loading
distance H) was larger than the practical case to eliminate
the effect of shear force.
2.5. Experimental results
Figure 6 explains the definition of 3%D deformation.
The deflections (3%D) corresponding to the 3%D limit
are 30mm and 15mm for N350 and N700 specimens,
 Behavior of Plate-to-Circular Hollow Section Joints of 600 MPa High-Strength Steel 477

Figure 6. Definition of 3%D deformation.

Figure 7. Moment-deflection curve for N350. Figure 8. Moment-deflection curve for N700.

respectively. The elastic deformation of the plate is

neglected in calculating the deflection.
Figures 7 and 8 show the experimental results of each
specimen. The compressive axial stress in the chord reduces
the load capacity according to the design equation in
consideration of utilization ratio. However, the moment
capacities of LM-N350-0.0 and LM-N350-0.3 specimens
(No. 1 and 2) were opposite to expectation as shown in
Fig. 7. This can be explained by the finding that small
utilization ratio would have minimal impact on the
strength of joints as previously reported by Wardenier
(1982). Figure 9. Failure mode of LM-N700.
The 3%D deformation limit capacity (Mexp,3%D)
corresponding to 3%D limit for SS400 and HSB600
material is very similar with respect to the same of main tube. Most of HSB600 specimens failed on the
utilization ratio as plotted in Fig. 8 and Table 4, because weld, suggesting a defect in the weld filler metal fastened
both yield strengths of SS400 and HSB600 by stub- to high strength steel material. A total of 9 specimens
column test are not significantly different as shown in failed finally by weld rupture between chord and plate or
Table 3. tear of chord around the corner of plate. All specimens
Figure 9 illustrates the general failure mode of the failed after large deformation of more than two times the
specimens. LM-N700 specimen had the wall of the chord 3%D deformation limit.
torn at left connection and the welded part rupture at the Figure 10 shows the nominal resistance of various
right followed by a large deformation (more than 3%D) design provisions normalized by experimental resistance
478 Swoo-Heon Lee et al. / International Journal of Steel Structures, 12(4), 473-482, 2012

3. Finite Element Analysis

Figure 10. Normalization by experimental resistance.
at 3%D limit. Design equations of AISC (2005) (or KBC
(2009)) generally overestimated the resistance by 5~37%.
The AISC (2011) estimated the tested strength by 84~
110%. The CIDECT (2008) (or CISC (1992)) and the AIJ
(2002) yielded estimates of 79~108% and 84~113% of
the measured capacities, respectively. Comparing LM-
N700 specimens made of HSB600 and SS400 or N350
and N700 specimens made of HSB600, as the strength or
width of plate increased, nominal strength equations
tended to overestimate the resistance roughly. Table 4
summarizes the failure mode and comparisons of all test
results and nominal strengths.
3.1. Analysis model
The nine specimens in Table 2 were modeled and
analyzed with a commercial finite element analysis program
ABAQUS/CAE, Standard and Viewer (ABAQUS, 1998a;
1998b; 2000) as illustrated in Fig. 11. There are many
different shell elements in ABAQUS. In this analysis, the
S4R finite-strain element was used. The reasons are given
in the following. First, since the S4R element allows the
element thickness to change during the analysis and
accounts for finite membrane strains and arbitrary rotations,
it can be applied to large-strain analysis. Second, the S4R
element allows for transverse shear deformation to use
thick shell theory as the shell thickness increases or
discrete Kirchhoff thin shell elements as the thickness
decreases; the transverse shear deformation becomes very
small as the shell thickness decreases. Lastly, the S4R
element is a reduced integration element, which significantly
reduces running time, and it typically provides more
accurate results. Hourglassing can occur in the S4R
element due to the reduced number of integration points
(ABAQUS, 1998a; Seay, 1998).
The boundary conditions were such that x, y
displacements and x, y, z rotations were fixed at the top
(d3=0, and d1=d2=R1=R2=R3=1), and all of
displacements and rotations were fixed at the bottom
(d1=d2=d3=R1=R2=R3=1). Both ends of the chord

Table 4. Test results and design resistances

Failure Test (kN m, mm) AISC (2005) AISC CIDECT (2008) AIJ
Specimen
mode* Mexp,3%D 3%D (KBC (2009)) (2011) (CISC (1992)) (2002)

LM-N350-0.0 Mn 168.1 134.4 123.2 120.8

W.R. 134.4 30
( HSB600) Mn/Mexp,3%D 1.25 1.00 0.92 0.90
LM-N350-0.3 Mn 150.6 120.5 113.8 120.8
W.R. 144.0 30
( HSB600) Mn/Mexp,3%D 1.05 0.84 0.79 0.84
LM-N350-0.6 Mn 125.7 100.5 101.2 120.8
W.R. 116.6 30
( HSB600) Mn/Mexp,3%D 1.08 0.86 0.87 1.04
LM-N700-0.0 T.C. Mn 403.3 322.7 316.8 275.0
293.9 15
( HSB600) & W.R. Mn/Mexp,3%D 1.37 1.10 1.08 0.94
LM-N700-0.3 Mn 361.4 289.1 292.6 275.0
W.R. 288.0 15
( HSB600) Mn/Mexp,3%D 1.25 1.00 1.02 0.95
LM-N700-0.6 Mn 301.6 241.3 260.3 275.0
W.R. 243.3 15
( HSB600) Mn/Mexp,3%D 1.24 0.99 1.07 1.13
LM-N700-0.0 Mn 365.9 292.7 287.4 249.5
T.C. 290.2 15
( SS400) Mn/Mexp,3%D 1.26 1.01 0.99 0.86
LM-N700-0.3 Mn 345.5 276.4 275.1 249.5
W.R. 270.0 15
( SS400) Mn/Mexp,3%D 1.28 1.02 1.02 0.92
LM-N700-0.6 Mn 319.4 255.5 260.9 249.5
T.C. 258.8 15
( SS400) Mn/Mexp,3%D 1.23 0.99 1.01 0.96
Mexp,3%D, 3%D: 3%D deformation limit capacities corresponding to 3%D limit (Lu et al., 1994)
*W.R.: Weld Rupture after 3%D deformation, T.C.: Tear of Chord after 3%D deformation
 Behavior of Plate-to-Circular Hollow Section Joints of 600 MPa High-Strength Steel 479

Figure 13. Moment-deflection curve for N350 (HSB600).

Figure 11. Model and result of FEA.

Figure 14. Moment-deflection curve for N700 (HSB600).

Figure 12. Detailed shell model of fillet welding.

instead of end plates of the specimen were modeled to

consider rigid body motion using Tie of the region type
and Reference point at Constraints menu. Loads were
increased under displacement control at the hole of the
plate.
A detailed model of the joint is shown in Fig. 12. The
part of fillet weld was also modeled in order to reasonably
simulate the ultimate strength of joint as reported by Lee Figure 15. Moment-deflection curve for N700 (SS400).
and Wilmshurst (1995). The size of this shell element was
determined based on the leg dimension of the fillet.
LM-N700-0.0 specimens (No. 2 and 4). The moment test
3.2. Analysis results strength decreased after the ultimate deformation limit
Figures 13~15 depict the curves to compare the strength because of weld rupture or chord tear, but that of
experimental results with the FEA results for moment and FEA increased continuously after the ultimate deformation
deflection at loading point. Although such failure modes limit capacity due to no-cracking modeling and the
as weld cracking and chord tear were not simulated in FE membrane effect of chord wall. Table 5 summarizes the
models, the initial stiffness and the 3% deformation limit comparisons of test results and FEA results. The 3%D
capacity corresponding to 3%D limit were almost the deformation limit capacities corresponding to 3%D limit
same (within 3% of error range) for the experimental by FEA tended to decrease due to the compressive force
results and FEA results except for LM-N350-0.3 and on the chord.
480 Swoo-Heon Lee et al. / International Journal of Steel Structures, 12(4), 473-482, 2012

Table 5. Comparison of test results and FEA results

Specimen Mexp,3%D (kN m) MFEA,3%D (kN m) MFEA,3%D/Mexp,3%D
LM-N350-0.0 (HSB600) 134.4 135.6 1.01
LM-N350-0.3 (HSB600) 144.0 128.4 0.89
LM-N350-0.6 (HSB600) 116.6 113.5 0.97
LM-N700-0.0 (HSB600) 293.9 317.0 1.08
LM-N700-0.3 (HSB600) 288.0 290.3 1.01
LM-N700-0.6 (HSB600) 243.3 239.1 0.98
LM-N700-0.0 (SS400) 290.2 281.1 0.97
LM-N700-0.3 (SS400) 270.0 269.4 1.00
LM-N700-0.6 (SS400) 258.8 251.7 0.97

Figure 16. Design equations and MFEA,3%D for Pr/Py =0.0. Figure 18. Design equations and MFEA,3%D for Pr/Py =0.6.

respectively, indicating a good conformity. The difference

in the values of three design provisions and FEA
decreased with greater utilization ratio.

Figure 17. Design equations and MFEA,3%D for Pr/Py =0.3.
4. Comparison of FEA Results with Design
Equations
Figures 16~18 show the moment resistance of design
provisions and the 3%D deformation limit capacity
(MFEA,3%D) with respect to the width of plate. Nominal
equations (without reduction factor ) of AISC (2005) (or
KBC (2009)) overestimated the resistance by 10~27%,
but the revised AISC (2011) estimated the resistance in
the reasonable range of 88~102%. Design equations of
CIDECT (2008) (or CISC (1992)) and AIJ (2002) estimated
within 88~109% and 84~115% of the actual capacities,
5. Conclusions
Test and finite element analysis of plate-tube connection
of 600 MPa high-strength CHS were performed, and the
following conclusions are drawn.
(1) The effect of compressive force on CHS was
minimal for specimens with the utilization ratio below 0.3
of yield strength based on the experimental result.
(2) The 3%D deformation limit capacity at 3%D limit
could be accurately predicted by FEA with less than 10%
error.
(3) The AISC (2005) (or KBC (2009)) nominal strength
equation values overestimated the experimental results
and were greater than other design equation values.
(4) The revised nominal strength equation of AISC
(2011) was suitable for its application to plate-to-circular
hollow section joints. KBC (2009) may need to be adjusted.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the National Research
Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea
government (MEST) (No. 2012000149). And this work
 Behavior of Plate-to-Circular Hollow Section Joints of 600 MPa High-Strength Steel 481

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