Chapter 9.

The Islamic Empire

1. What are the central believes if Islam?

Only one God. "God is One, God the Eternal; He did not have children), and
no one is equal to Him.
Emphasizes the virtues of temperance, humility, justice, generosity,
tolerance, obedience to law, and courage.
Muslims do not drink alcohol or eat pork.
Muslim men restricted to 4 wives.

2. 5 pillars of Islam:
a. 1. Recite the Profession of Faith: There is no God but Allah and
Muhammad is his prophet.
b. 2. Daily Prayers.
c. 3. Give Alms (money or food) to the poor.
d. 4. Fasting during Ramadan.
e. 5. If possible, make a pilgrimage to Mecca once in their lives.

3. Define:
Hijrah: Migration of Muhammad and his followers to Al-Madinah in 622,
marking the first year in the Muslim calendar.
Qur'an: Holy book of Islam
Jihad: Struggle to defend the faith
Mosques: Muslim places of worship
Caliph: successor to the prophet
Jabal Tariq: the "Mountain of Tariq", known in Europe as Gibraltar
Imams: Spritual leaders who, that should be direct descendants of
Muhammad.
Suttee: Ritual of a widow committing suicide by throwing herself onto
her husband's flaming pyre.
Bedouin: Arabic herders who lived as nomads
Muhammad: The founder of Islam who was born in Mecca c. 570.
Abu Bakr: The first successor of Muhammad, the first caliph
Al-Razi: A physician who wrote Ibn-Sinba and wrote about smallpox,
surgery, and measles.
Ottomans: Turkish peoples who founded the Ottoman Empire
Janissaries: Captives of war who were slave soldiers who were Balkan
Christians
Mecca: The capital of the Islam culture.
Medina: "City of the Prophet" one of the two holiest cities in Islam
Sheikh: a man who rules a tribe
Suttee: Ritual of a widow committing suicide by throwing herself onto
her husband's flaming pyre.
 Caliphates : Three parts of Muslim Empire. Disputes led to the break up of the
muslim empire.
Dower: Groom's marriage gift to his bride
Sultan: Ruled the empires secular affairs.
Millets: Communities of religious minorities within the Ottoman Empire

4. Muhammads migration to medina is known as the: Hijra

5. Muslims believe that the Qur'an presents Gods laws and teachings as
revealed to Mohammad.
6. Mosque: is a muslim place of wokship.
7. the successor to the prophet was called: caliph
8. The shiah believed that Imams were intermediaries between God and
people.
9. The muslim empire broke up into three parts called: Sunnis, Shi'ah and Sufis.
10.How did trade in the ancient world influence muhammads ideas?
He met people of different religions as he traveled and traded. Their ideas
and beliefs influenced his personal ideas.
11.In what ways is the qur an similar to the Torah and the Christian Bible?

Several of the figures in the Torah and the Bible are also found in the Qur'an.
The Qur'an states that God "earlier revealed the Torah and the Gospel as a
source of guidance."

12.Why did Islam spread so rapidly?

The Islamic state expanded very rapidly after the death of Muhammad through
remarkable successes both at converting unbelievers to Islam and by military
conquests of the Islamic community's opponents. Immediately after Muhammads
death in 632, Abu Bakr, as the first Caliph, continued the effort also to incorporate
Arabia into a region controlled by the political power of Medina. Abu Bakrs
successors continued conquering non-Muslim territories. Islam spread rapidly.

13.What ideological differences developed within the Muslim community?

The division between the Sunnis and Shi'a began in a dispute about
succession to Muhammad and over interpretation of the Quran.
Sunnis believe that consensus of the Islamic community establishes religious
and civil authority. Shiaah "Ali's successors" or "imams" for sole spiritual
and secular authority. They are also called the "party of Ali".

Ch. 2
14.What was the cultural basis unit of muslim society?
The Abassid caliphate was known for its great cultural development of Islam.
It oversaw great advances in arts, math, sciences and architecture, as well as
the accumulation of wealth and diffusion of Islamic culture through trade and
commerce. It was during this time that Islam experienced its "golden age".
15.Evaluating ideas. What do you consider to be the three most important
scientific contribution of the Islamic culture?
 a. Advance in medicine. Developed the canon of medicine.
b. Advance in geography. calculated the positions of the planets.
c. Advance in mathematics. Algebra comes from Arabs.

16.In what way did many Europeans encounter muslim culture? Through the
Crusades and contact with Spain.
17.Explain how Ottoman turks used muslim organization of government.
By organizing non-Muslim solider groups whose allegiance to sultan made
them a powerful force in government; by allowing religious minorities to have
limited self- government.

Section 3
18.Identify the contributions that harsha and the raiptus made to northen india
Harsha established peace and stability and fostered education and the arts,
allowing low taxes and high living standard; Rajputs established their culture
and code of conduct, strengthened caste system.
19.What differences between muslims and hindus led to antafonism
Muslims object to Hindus' worship of many gods and idols, use of music in
religious ceremonies, eating of pork, and caste system. Hindus objected to
Muslim's eating of beef and to purdah.

Baghdad; capital of Iraq; capital of one of the Muslim caliphates

Cairo: city in Egypt, -capital of one of the Muslim caliphates
Cordoba: city in southern Spain, capital of one of the Muslim caliphates-
famous center of learning
Toledo: -a city in central Spain on the Tagus river
Seville: -prosperous city
-Spain's capital under Islam

1. List the Mughal emperors discussed in the section and one achievement of
each emperor

a. Babur the tiger: Focused his ambition on conquering India.

b. Humayun: Baburs son. He nearly lost the empire.
c. Akbar: Baburs grandson. Considered the greatest Mughal emperor. He used
force to maintain power and introduced a standard tax assessment system in
villages.
d. Shah Jahan: Best known for his construction of two famous buildings, the Taj
Mahal at Agra and the Hall of Private Audience in the Red Fort at Delhi.
e. Aurangzeb: insisted on the strict observance of the Holy law of Islam.
 2. Why was Muslim Spain important to Europes cultural development?

The cities of Crdoba and Toledo were famous centers of learning, and prosperous
Seville was Spains capital under Islam. Christian and Jewish scholars carried Muslim
learning from Spain into western Europe. A Muslim Spain architect directed the
building of several important mosques.

3. Define:

Harsha: ruler in one of the three kingdoms. He built an effective army.

Rajputs: Means son of a king. After Harshas death, his empire split into
numerous small states and strong rulers (Rajputs) had emerged.
Timur: a Turko-Mongol leader, better known in Europe as Tamerlane. He was
fierce, created an army and established power in Central Asia and destroyed cities.

Urdu: New language introduced by the Muslims. It is the language of present-

day Pakistan.
Babur: A descendant of Timur, who became leader of the Delhi sultanate.
Focused his ambition on conquering India.
Akbar: Baburs grandson. Considered the greatest Mughal emperor. He used
force to maintain power and introduced a standard tax assessment system in
villages.
Shah Jahan: Mughal emperor who is best known for his construction of two
famous buildings, the Taj Mahal at Agra and the Hall of Private Audience in the Red
Fort at Delhi.
Nanak: A mystic prophet who was born a Hindu and attempted to bring about
a total union of the Hindu and Muslim faiths. Out of his teachings grew a new
religion called Sikh. It stressed loving devotion to one god, a lack of representational
idols, and a less rigid social system.

4. Locate and explain

Delhi: City which the Mamluk rulers used as their capital, which is why they
are called the Delhi sultanate.
 Samarkand: Land which is now Uzbekistan. Timur was born in a city near
there.

Angora: City in Asian minor in which Timurs forces defeated the Ottoman
Turks and captured the sultan.

Agra: Where the Taj Mahal is built.