ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Two years duration of Master Degree has been passed quickly. I learnt a lot in
this short period of time. I spent precious moments and studied most valuable lessons
of life.

I would like to express my sincere and deep sense of gratitude from my heart
to my guide Prof. Amrish Tiwari, Professor, VITS, Satna (M.P.), for his help
supervision and encouragement as a guide throughout the course of this investigation.

With great pleasure and deep sense of gratitude I would like to express my
special thank to Prof. Bhanu Pratap Singh, Head of Department of Computer
Science & Engineering, VITS, Satna, for his erudite guidance, affectionate
encouragement and wholehearted involvement in my thesis, without which it would
have been difficult for me to complete this work. I am fortunate to be his student.

I would like to take this opportunity to offer my special thank to Mr. Sunil
Senani, Chairman, VITS, Satna for his constant encouragement and bearing with me
and light up my path.

I express my deepest gratitude to Dr. Pushpendra Singh, Principal of the

VITS, Satna for encouragement, useful suggestions and inspiration for completing my
thesis.

I would like to express the special thanks to all faculty members and the staff
of the Department of Computer Science. They are excellent teacher and have inspired
me to continue learning with an open and positive mind.

I express my heartfelt gratitude to my friends and also to each and every

individual who was associated with my work, including those whom I may have
inadvertently failed to mention.

Finally, I am highly obliged to all my family members for their support and
blessings.

(Ghanshaym Sahu)

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 ABSTRACT
Face detection system is an automatic process of detection of faces in images
captured by the cameras in the artificial intelligence systems. There are various
methodologies have been adopted for face detection. In this work used for face
detection and has been accessible method is used. To identify a face from using a
different online regulation system or a taking offline image and the important factor
that should be predictable is the skin area. In this thesis we focused on the
enhancement of Speed and Accuracy of Skin color detection.

Therefore, this thesis presented a skin based segmentation algorithm for face
detection in color images with detection of multiple faces and skin color regions. In
Face recognition, the given input image is checked whether it contains human face or
not, if so, then give the result as location of the human face .In this thesis, YCbCr
color model is used as an important part to detect the skin area which is the most
important model for the skin detection. This Thesis also presented the idea of
cropping the image for skin reorganization and enhancement of skin color detection.

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 CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...I
ABSTRACT .....II
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......III
LIST OF FIGURES ............V
LIST OF TABLES .......VII

CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION .01

1.1 Overview .01
1.1.1 Objective ....02
1.1.2 Motivation .......02
1.2 Types of Face Detection...02
1.2.1 Feature Based Methods....04
1.2.1.1.1 Low Level Feature Analysis ......04
1.2.1.1.2 Edges .04
1.2.1.1.3 Skin Color .....
04
1.2.1.1.4 Motion ..04
1.2.2 Knowledge Based ...05
1.2.3 Image or Appearance Base Method.05
1.2.4 Template Matching Method.....06
1.3 Color Space Model and Color Transformation....06
1.3.1 The YCbCr Color Model.....07
1.4 Image Segmentation.10
CHAPTER-2: LITERATURE SURVEY .... 11
CHAPTER-3: PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION ..... 15
CHAPTER-4: METHODOLOGY .... 17
4.1 Overview of Flowchart.....17
4.2 Algorithm.........18
4.3 Erosion Operation.....19
4.4 Median Filtering...19
CHAPTER-5: RESULT & PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS ..21

CHAPTER -6: CONCLUSION ....30

CHAPTER-7: SCOPE & FUTURE WORK......31
LISTS OF REFERENCES ...........32
PUBLICATIONS...33

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Face Detection Methods ...03

Figure 1.2 YCbCr Color Model...08

Figure 1.3 Skin Pixel in YCbCr Color Space...08

Figure 1.4 Histogram Distribution of Cb ....09

Figure 1.4 Histogram Distribution of Cr ....09

Figure 1.5 Color Segmentation Result of Training Image..10

Figure 1.6 Small Region Eliminated Image....10

Figure 4.1 Flowchart of Methodology ...17

Figure 4.2 Algorithm of Face Segmentation ..18

Figure 4.3 Matrix Equation For RGB to YCbCr....19

Figure 5.1 Sample-1 Original Image ..21

Figure 5.2 RGB Component of Sample-1.. 21

Figure 5.3 YCbCr Color Component of Sample-1. ...22

Figure 5.4 Binary Image of Sample-1.22

Figure 5.5 Face Detected of Sample-122

Figure 5.6 Combine Result of Sample-1.23

Figure 5.7 Sample-2 .23

Figure 5.8 Sample-3 23

Figure 5.9 (a) Sample-4 Original Image...24

Figure 5.9 (b) Sample-4 Skin Like Area.24

Figure 5.9 (c) Sample-4 Face Detected25

Figure 5.10 (a) Sample-5 Original Image..25

Figure 5.10 (b) Sample-5 Skin Like Area.26

Figure 5.10 (c) Sample-5 Face Detected26

Figure 5.11 (a) Sample-6 Original Image...27

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Figure 5.11 (b) Sample-6 Skin Like Area.27

Figure 5.11 (c) Sample-6 Face Detected28

Figure 5.12 Performance of Evaluation Graph.29

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 5.1 Performance Evaluation of the Algorithm 28