Chapter 03

Lecture Outline
See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-
inserted into PowerPoint without notes.

Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1

 2
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Functions
Basic unit of life

Synthesis of molecules

Communication

Cell metabolism and energy release

Reproduction and inheritance (DNA)

3
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Cell Structure
Organelles:
- specialized structures in cells that perform
specific functions
- Ex. Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, etc.

Cytoplasm:
jelly-like substance that holds organelles

4
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Cell Membrane
What is it?
outermost component of a cell

Functions:
- selective barrier
- encloses cytoplasm

Extracellular: material outside cell

Intracellular: material inside cell 6
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Structure of Cell Membrane
Called Fluid Mosaic Model

Made of phospholipids and proteins

Phospholipids form a double layer or bilayer

Phospholipids contain 2 regions: polar and

nonpolar
7
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Polar regions:
- heads
- hydrophilic (H2O loving)
- exposed to H2O

Nonpolar regions:
- tails
- hydrophobic (H2O fearing)
- away from H2O
8
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Figure 2.14b

9
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Figure 3.2a

Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

 11
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Movement through Cell Membrane
Cell membrane selectively determines what can
pass in and out of the cell.

Enzymes, glycogen, and potassium are found in

higher concentrations INSIDE the cell.

Sodium, calcium, and chloride are found in higher

concentrations OUTSIDE the cell.

12
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Ways molecules Pass through Cell Membrane
1. Directly through (diffusion):
O2 and CO2 (small molecules)
2. Membrane channels:
- proteins that extend from one side of cell
membrane to other
- size, shape, and charge (+/-) determine what can
go through
- Ex. Na+ passes through Na+ channels
13
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
3. Carrier molecules:
- bind to molecules, transport them across, and
drop them off
- Ex. glucose

4. Vesicles:
- can transport a variety of materials
- fuse with cell membrane

15
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Na+
Please update to 9e
copyright

K+ leak
K+ channel Gated Na+ Gated Na+
(always open) channel (closed) channel
(open)

Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Diffusion
What is it?
movement of molecules from areas of high to low
concentration
Solution:
solid, liquid, or gas that contains one or more solutes
Solute:
substance added to solvent that dissolves
Solvent:
substance such as H2O that solute is being added to

Ex. Add salt to H2O. H2O =solvent, salt=solute,

mixture=solution 18
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Concentration gradient:
- measures conc. difference at 2 points
- greater the distance the faster the solute
will travel

Filtration:
movement of fluid through a partition with holes

20
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Mediated Transport Mechanisms
Facilitated diffusion:
- diffusion with aid of a carrier molecule
- requires no ATP

Active transport:
- moves substances from low to high conc.
- requires ATP
- Ex. Sodium-potassium pump
21
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Na+K+ pump

1 Three sodium ions (Na+) and adenosine

triphosphate (ATP) bind to the
sodiumpotassium (Na+K+) pump.

Na+
ATP
1

Na+K+ pump
changes shape Na+
(requires energy). K+
2 The ATP breaks down to adenosine diphosphate
(ADP) and a phosphate (P) and releases energy.
That energy is used to power the shape change in the
Na+K+ pump.

2
ADP

3 The Na+K+ pump changes shape, and the Na+ are 3

transported across the membrane and into the
Na+ K+ 4
extracellular fluid.

4 Two potassium ions (K+) bind to the Na+K+ pump.

5
5 The phosphate is released from the Na+K+ pump P
binding site.

Na+K+ pump
resumes original
shape.
6 The Na+K+ pump changes shape, transporting K+
across the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The
Na+K+ pump can again bind to Na+ and ATP.

6 K+

Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

 Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Carrier
molecule

Na+K+
pump Na+
2 Glucose
1

K+
Na+
Glucose

1 A Na+K+ pump maintains a concentration of Na+ that is higher outside

the cell than inside.

2 Na+ move back into the cell by a carrier molecule that also moves glucose.
The concentration gradient for Na+ provides the energy required to move
glucose, by cotransport, against its concentration gradient.
24
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Osmosis
What is it?
diffusion of water across a cell membrane

Osmotic pressure:
force required to prevent movement of water across
cell membrane

25
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
3% salt solution
Selectively
permeable
membrane
Distilled
water
Water
1 The end of a tube 2 The tube is immersed in
containing a 3% salt distilled water. Water
solution (green) is closed moves into the tube by
at one end with a osmosis (see inset above*).
selectively permeable The concentration of salt in
membrane, which allows the tube decreases as
water molecules to pass water rises in the tube
through but retains the (lighter green color ).
salt ions within the tube.
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
* Because the tube contains salt ions
(green and pink spheres) as well
as water molecules (blue spheres),
there is proportionately less
water in the tube than in the beaker,
which contains only water. The
water molecules diffuse with their
concentration gradient into the
tube (blue arrows). Because the
salt ions cannot leave the
tube, the total fluid volume inside
the tube increases, and fluid moves
up the glass tube (black arrow) as a
result of osmosis.
Weight
of water
Salt solution column
rising
The solution
stops rising when
the weight of the
water column
prevents further
movement of
water into the
tube by osmosis.
Osmosis
3 Water moves by osmosis into
the tube until the weight of
the column of water in the
tube (hydrostatic pressure)
prevents further movement
of water into the tube. The
hydrostatic pressure that
prevents net movement of
water into the tube is equal
to the osmotic pressure of
the solution in the tube.
 Types of Osmotic Solutions
Hypotonic solution:
- lower conc. of solutes outside cell
- higher conc. of H2O outside cell
- H2O moves into cell
- lysis (burst)
Hypertonic solution:
- higher conc. of solutes outside cell
- higher conc. H2O inside cell
- H2O moves out
- crenation (shrinks) 27
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Isotonic solution:
- equal conc. of solutes
- water doesnt move
- cell remains intact

28
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Endocytosis
What is it?
process that brings materials into cell using
vesicles
2 types
- Phagocytosis:
cell eating (solid particles)
- Pinocytosis:
cell drinking (liquid particles)

30
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Exocytosis
What is it?
process that carries materials out of cell
using vesicles

31
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 33
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Cell Structures
Cytoplasm
Location: inside cell
Characteristic: jelly-like fluid
Function: give cell shape and hold organelles in
place
Nucleus
Location: center of cell
Characteristic: all cells contain nucleus at some
point
Function: houses DNA 35
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Nuclear envelope:
Location: edge of nucleus

Nuclear pores:
Location: surface of nucleus
Function: where materials pass in and out of
nucleus

37
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Chromosome:
Location: inside nucleus
Characteristic: made of DNA and proteins
Function: part of genetic makeup

Chromatin:
Location: inside nucleus
Characteristic: loosely coiled chromosomes

39
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Nucleolus
Location: in nucleus
Function: produce ribosomes

Ribosome
Location: attached to RER or cytoplasm
Function: produce proteins

41
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1 Ribosomal proteins, produced in the
cytoplasm, are transported through rRNA
nuclear pores into the nucleolus. Nucleolus

2 rRNA, most of which is produced in the

nucleolus, is assembled with ribosomal
proteins to form small and large ribosomal 2
subunits. Nucleus

3 The small and large ribosomal subunits

leave the nucleolus and the nucleus DNA
through nuclear pores. (chromatin)

4 The small and large subunits, now in the

Nuclear pore
cytoplasm, combine with each other and
with mRNA during protein synthesis.
3

Large
ribosomal
1 unit

Small
Ribosomal ribosomal
proteins from unit 4
cytoplasm

mRNA
Ribosome

42
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 RER (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum)
Location: cytoplasm
Characteristic: membranes with ribosomes attached
Function: site of protein synthesis

SER (Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum)

Location: cytoplasm
Characteristic: membranes with no ribosomes
Function: site of lipid synthesis (Ex. Cholesterol)

43
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Golgi apparatus
Location: cytoplasm
Characteristic: closely, packed stacks of
membranes
Function: collect, sort, package, and distribute
proteins and lipids

Secretory vesicle
Location: cytoplasm
Function: distributes materials out of cell
45
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Lysosome
Location: cytoplasm
Function: enzymes that digest foreign material

Mitochondria
Location: cytoplasm
Characteristic: contains folds (cristae)
Function: produces ATP

47
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Cilia
Location: cell surface
Characteristic: many per cell
Function: move materials across cells surface

Flagella
Location: cell surface
Characteristic: 1 per cell
Function: move cell, Ex. sperm

50
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Microvilli
Location: cell surface
Characteristic: shorter than cilia
Function: increase surface area

51
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Cytoskeleton
What is it?
- cells framework
- made of proteins

Functions:
- provide support
- hold organelles in place
- enable cell to change shape
52
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Types of Cytoskeleton
Microtubules:
- largest diameter
- provide structural support
- form cilia and flagella
Intermediate filaments:
- medium diameter
- maintain cell shape
Microfilaments:
- smallest diameter
- involved in cell movement 53
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Centriole
(in cross
section)

Centriole
(in longitudinal
section)
Microtubule
triplet

TEM 60,000x
(a) (b)
(b): Biology Media/Photo Researchers, Inc.

55
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Whole Cell Activity
A cells characteristics are determine by the
type of proteins produced

Proteins function is determined by genetics

Information in DNA provides the cell with a

code for its cellular processes

56
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 DNA
What is it?
- double helix in nucleus
- composed of nucleotides
- contains 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose,
nitrogen base, phosphate

57
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Flow of Genetic Information
Also called Central Dogma
Occurs in three stages:
DNA replication
Transcription
Translation

Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

 DNA
Replication

Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

 Gene Expression
What is it?
- information in DNA directs protein
synthesis
- proteins provide code for gene expression
- enzymes regulate chemical reactions
- uses transcription and translation

61
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Transcription
What is it?
- process by which DNA is read
- occurs in ribosomes
- produces mRNA (messenger RNA)
- mRNA contains codons
- codons: set of 3 nucleotide bases that code for
a particular amino acid

63
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Translation
What is it?
- process by mRNA is converted into amino
acids (polypeptides)
- produces proteins
- codons pair with anticodons
- anticodons: 3 nucleotide bases carried by tRNA

65
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Cell Division
What is it?
- formation of 2 daughter cells from a single
parent cell
- uses mitosis and meiosis
- each cell (except sperm and egg) contains
46 chromosomes (diploid)
- sperm and egg contain 23 chromosomes

67
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Mitosis
What is it?
- cell division that occurs in all cells except
sex cells
- forms 2 daughter cells

68
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Components of Mitosis
Chromatid:
2 strands of chromosomes that are genetically
identical
Centromere:
where 2 chromatids are connected
Centrioles:
small organelle composed of 9 triplets

69
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Stages in Mitosis
1. Interphase:
- time between cell divisions
- DNA is in strands (chromatin)
- DNA replication occurs
2. Prophase:
- chromatin condenses into chromosomes
- centrioles move to opposite ends

71
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
3. Metaphase:
chromosomes align
4. Anaphase:
- chromatids separate to form 2 sets of
chromosomes
- chromosomes move towards centrioles
5. Telophase:
- chromosomes disperse
- nuclear envelopes and nucleoli form
- cytoplasm divides to form 2 cells
72
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.