Advance Medical Instrumentation

Digital Modulation

HUDA ALI
 Digital Modulation

References

Chapter 5
 ASK
In this technique, amplitude of the RF
carrier is varied in accordance with
baseband digital input signal. The figure
depicts operation of ASK modulation. As
shown in the figure, binary 1 will be
represented by carrier signal with some
amplitude while binary 0 will be
represented by carrier of zero
amplitude(i.e. no carrier)
Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK)
The frequency-shift keying (FSK) signal can be characterized
as one of two different types,
depending on the method used to generate it. One type is
generated by switching the transmitter
output line between two different oscillators, as shown in
Fig. 523a. This type generates an
output waveform that is discontinuous at the switching
times. It is called discontinuous-phase
FSK, because u (t) is discontinuous at the switching times.
Types of digital phase modulation include BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying),
QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying), 8PSK, and /4 Shift QPSK
 QPSK modulation
With QPSK, 2 bits of the information signal can be expressed with 1 symbol. The
constellation of QPSK modulation and phase transition is as shown in the figure
below. As shown in the figure below, information is assigned to the /4, 3/4, -/4
and -3/4 phases of the carrier wave as 00, 01, 10 and 11 respectively.
 information signal is divided into an I component signal and Q component
signal QPSK modulation can be expressed as changing the phase of the I and
Q carrier wave C(t) proportionally to the information signal.
note : The carrier waves Ci(t) and Cq(t)
As in the figure below, QPSK modulation is achieved by multiplication
of the I and Q components of the dipolar NRZ modulating signal and
the I and Q carrier waves with a mixer based on the information, and
adding the two signals
THEORY:
DPSK: Phase Shift Keying requires a local oscillator at the receiver which is accurately
synchronized in phase with the un-modulated transmitted carrier, and in practice this can be
difficult to achieve. Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) over comes the difficult by
combining two basic operations at the transmitter (1) differential encoding of the input binary
wave and (2) phase shift keying hence the name differential phase shift keying.
The differential encoding operation performed by the modulator is explained below Let b (t) be
the binary message to be transmitted . An encoded message stream b(t) is generated from b(t)
by using a logic circuit The first bit in b(t) is arbitary which may be chosen as 1 or 0 . The
subsequent bits in b(t) are determined on the basis of the rule that when b(t) is 1 b(t)does not
change its value. In the first bit stream, the initial bit (arbitary) is 1 and in the second bit stream,
the intial bit is 0 EX-NOR gate can be used to perform this operation as its output is a 1 when
both the input are same, and a 0 when the inputs are different
.Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
is a method of amplitude modulation
1-that allows two different signals sent simultaneously on the same
carrier frequency, effectively doubling the bandwidth that can be
transmitted.
2- By modulating two carriers at exactly the same frequency, but shifted
by 90, both the amplitude (ASK) and phase (PSK) of the carrier is
modulated: QAM.
3.-No binary QAM methods (M = 21 = 2), but lots of higher-order QAM:
A.4QAM (M = 22 = 4 signal levels; 2 bits per symbol, like QPSK)
B.16QAM (M = 24 = 16 signal levels; 4 bits per symbol)
C.64QAM (M = 26 = 64 signal levels; 6 bits per symbol)
D.256QAM (M = 28 = 256 signal levels; 8 bits per symbol
applications
Used in applications where spectral efficiency is critical, e.g. DSL and high data
rate wireless. Since both amplitude and phase are used to carry symbol
information, Mary QAM is very bandwidth efficient but requires a lot of transmit
power for operation
QAM applications
QAM is in many radio communications and data delivery applications
For domestic broadcast applications for example, 64 QAM and 256 QAM are
often used in digital cable television and cable modem applications. In the UK,
16 QAM and 64 QAM are currently used for digital terrestrial television using
DVB - Digital Video Broadcasting In addition to this, variants of QAM are also
used for many wireless and cellular technology applications.
 practical part

Matlab first part

Multisim second part
 practical part with matlab
1) ASK code
2) FSK code
3) PSK code
4) Error probability Curve of M ary PSK
5) Error probability Curve of M ary QAM
6) code of ( ASK FSK PSK )
7) Qpsk code
 practical part with Multisim
1) ASK
2) FSK
3) BPSK
http://www.cdt21.com/resources/Modulation
/modulation_PSK.asp