1.Define syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations and differentiate between them.

syntagmatic relations are horizontal relations, they occur in-presentia

the verb to bite usually can't take an inanimate subject
paradigmatic relations are vertical relations, they occur in-absentia
they are characterised by selectional restriction: from a given set of possibilities (the
paradigm), only one is selected
he home today
go
goes
gone
went

2.Why and how is meaning dependent on the context?

because of polysemy, words can have different meanings, which can change according to
context
you are my father
I have a confession, father

3.What are hierarchical relations? Give examples.

hierarchical relations are relations of inclusion

examples: hyponymy/hypernymy, patronymy (v. 4, 5)

4.What is hyponymy? What are hyponyms and hypernyms? What

does the transitivity of the relation refer to?

hyponymy is a hierarchical relation in which the hyponym is

a subtype of a more-encompassing term, the hypernym
if A is a hypernym to B and B is a hypernym to C, then A is
also a hypernym to C (transitivity)

5.What is the difference between hyponymy and partonymy? Give examples.

hyponymy is a subset relationship (the hyponym is a subtype of the hypernym)

a schoolboy is a hyponym for boy, because schoolboy is one of the many types of boys
patronymy is a whole/part relationship
a window is made up of a frame, a pane and a sill1 (a window frame is not a type of
window, but it is a part of a window, together with the pane and the sill)
a dog is made up of tail, teeth etc. (tail is not a type of dog)
1
pervaz
6.Which can be the sources of linguistic variation? Give examples.

sources:
geographical position: cldare/gleat, sicriu/cociug, lubeni/harbuz
social/cultural differences: mito/beton, nasol/varz
education
borrowings: a manageria/a gestiona, full/plin, cool/de gac

7.What is synonymy? Dive examples of different types of synonymy.

different form, same meaning

perfect synonymy: although / even if / even though ; cioc / plisc / clon ; corp/trup
partial synonymy: big/large, hot/spicy

8Prove that synonymy depends on the context. Explain why.

v. rezumat

9.List and illustrate different types of oppositions.

v. rezumat

10.How are gender oppositions expressed in English?

v. rezumat

11.What are taxonomies? Give examples.

taxonomy = the science of classifying

examples: days of the week, months of the year, types of furniture, types of ~

12.What is homonymy? Distinguish between homonymy proper and homophony.

homonymy = same form, different meaning

homophony = same pronunciation, different writing, different meaning
homography = same writing, different pronunciation, different meaning
homonyms: bear, kind, can, light, minute
homophones: knight/night, write/right, sight/site, lead (noun) / led, read (past tense) / red
homographs: lead (verb, noun), read (present, past), suspect (verb, noun)

13.What is polysemy. How is it different from homonymy?

homonymy = two unrelated words with different meanings come to have the same form
polysemy = an already existing word develops a new meaning
homonyms: a pli (to strike, to become pale), kind (noun, adj) unrelated words
polysemantic words: wood (material ; forest) question (interrogative sentence ; point at issue: a
 question of time ; doubt: there is no question about it)
14.Show that synonymy, antonymy etc. can also exist at sentence level.
the same principles must apply:
synonymy = same meaning, different form
passivisation: The government imposed new taxes = New taxes were imposed by the
government (change in emphasis)
negating the opposite: He was happy He was not unhappy (partial synonymy, figure of
speech)
antonymy = opposite meaning
negation: I can do it = I can't do it ; Someone did it = No one did it
homonymy = same form, different meanings (ambiguity)
stop killing dogs!
they decided on the boat
Boy paralysed after tumour fights back to get black belt