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MechanicalEnergyBalance
Contents
Exercise1
Exercise2
Exercise3
KeyWords:Fluidflow,MacroscopicBalance,FrictionalLosses,TurbulentFlow
Exercise1
Itisproposedtoinstallafantodrawairatrestinahorizontalstraightductof250mm 350mmcross
section.Theductis60mlong.
Figure1:Horizontalstraightduct
SOLUTION
Applyingmechanicalenergybalancebetweenplane1and2andnotingthatZ Z (ductishorizontal),
P P (inletpressureat1=exitpressureatplane2andV V (velocityatplane1=velocityat
plane2),weget.
F M 0(1)
L
F 2f V ef V ef V (2)
D
By1and2weget
L
M V 2f ef ef (3)
D
FisfrictionfactorandisafunctionofReynoldsnumber.
D V
Re (4)
. . K
De 0.292 m and 1.18
. . RT
InsertingthevaluesofDe, , andV(Visvelocityofairinduct),ineq.4,weget
Re 1.105 10
.
Flowisturbulentandweusef 0.0791 Re
Exercise2
Afandrawsexhaustgasesat800 fromthehoodofafurnaceasshownbelow
Figure2:Arrangementofhoodtodischargeexhaustgases
Theductisrectangularcrosssection0.2m 0.3mandisjoinedbyanelbowasshowninthefigure.
Totallengthoftheductis90m.Calculatehorsepowerofthefanfromthefollowingdata
Frictionlossesduetocontractionandexpansionare0.4and1respectively.
1.77 10 m s at 1073 K. Use f 0.0791 Re tocalculatefrictionfactor.
L
Equivalentlengthforelbow 20.
D
Hint:Applymechanicalenergybalancebetweenplane1and2andgetthefollowingexpression
gZ F M(5)
L L
gZ V 2f ef ef (6)
D D
Substitutingthevalues.
Power=8.8hP.
Exercise3
Applymechanicalenergybalanceequationtocalculatevelocityofgasflowinginapipe
Velocityofgasflowinginapipeiscalculatedbymeasuringthedifferencebetweenthestaticpressure
andtheimpactpressurebythepitottubeatagivenpointintheflow.Thepitottubeconsistsoftwo
openings:impactandstatic.Impactopeningisdirectedtoreceivetheimpactoftheflowandthestatic
openingremainsatparalleltothedirectionofflow.
Mechanicalenergycanbeappliedatplane1whichisupstreamfromtheimpactpointandplane2just
attheimpactpointtofindtherelationshipbetweenpressuredifferenceandvelocity.Kineticenergyof
thegasisconvertedtopressureatplane2.Atpoint1velocityisknownandthepressureisthat
determinedbystaticopeningofpitottube.Atpoint2velocityiszeroandpressureisthatdetectedby
impactopening.
Mechanicalenergybalancesimplifiesto
P P V
0 (7)
P P
V V (8)
Thefrictionallossesaretakenintoaccountbythedischargecoefficient CP whichdependsonthe
designofimpactandstaticopeningsofthepitottube.Thuseq.8is
P P
V CP (9)
Notethatthepitottubemeasuresthepressureataparticularpointintheflowandthevelocitywillalso
correspondtothatpoint.Inordertoobtainthecompletevelocityprofile,itisnecessarytotraversethe
pitottuberadiallyinordertobeabletomeasurethepressureandthentocalculatethevelocity.The
followingrelationscanbeusedtocalculatetheaveragevelocity:
Forlaminarflow
V
0.5 0 Re 2100 (10)
V
andinturbulentflowregion10 10 .
V DV
0.62 0.04 log (11)
V
Forgasesatlowspeeds 60 / andisothermalconditionswemayuseeq.8aswell.Athigher
velocityofgases,densityofthegasisnotconstantandBernouliequationistobewrittenina
differentialformi.e.
P P V
P
(12)
Forthecompressiblefluidflowingunderadiabaticconditionsandassumingidealgaslaw,therelation
betweenPand is
P constant (13)
Whereistheisentropicexponentofthegas.Itsvalueis1.3formonoatomic,1.4fordiatomicand
1.669forHeandargon.
By12and13weget.
P P
V V CP 1 (14)
P
Assignment:
1)Itisproposedtoinstallafantodrawairatrestinahorizontalstraightductof250mm 350mm
crosssection.Theductis60mlong.Theairenterstheductat30 m minmeasuredat298Kand755
mmHg.Calculatethehorsepowerofthefan,ifthefandischargesairat755mmHgpressure.
1mmHg 133.2 Nm .Frictionlossduetocontractionandexpansionare0.4and1respectively.
K
Viscosity air 1.78 10
Figure1:Horizontalstraightduct
2)Afandrawsexhaustgasesat8000Cfromthehoodofafurnaceasshownbelow
Figure2:Arrangementofhoodtodischargeexhaustgases
Theductisrectangularcrosssection0.2m 0.3mandisjoinedbyasselbowasShowninthefigure.
Totallengthoftheductis90m.Calculatehorsepowerofthefanfromthefollowingdata
Frictionlossesduetocontractionandexpansionare0.4and1respectively.
1.77 10 m s at 1073 K. Use f 0.0791 Re tocalculatefrictionfactor.
L
Equivalentlengthforelbow 20.
D