Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction
Radio team is the responsible of
handling the Air Interface network in
terms coverage, capacity & quality HLR
1
CELL PLANNING PROCESS
System Growth T
Initial Planning
Coraffic
Qu vera
. ality ge
.
.
Tra es
Dataffic lan Sit
ll P
Ce
n
Traffic &&Coverage
Capacity Coverage FQ
Pla
analysis
Dimensioning
Nominal
System tuning cell plan
ign
es
p l l d ta
ma C e da
v.
Co
f.
Implementation ec
on Surveys
Sit
System design
9602131
Tra es
Dataffic lan Sit
ll P
Ce
n
Traffic &&Coverage
Capacity Coverage FQ
Pla
analysis
Dimensioning
Nominal
System tuning cell plan
ign
installing the es
l l d ta
. ma
p C e da The final site annual
site according C ov
to its RF design Implementation
Sit
ec
on
f.
Surveys plan, resulted from
combining coverage,
capacity and quality
dimensioning, taking into
System design accounts the practical
Interacting with the rollout team to Visiting the nominated limitation
choose a suitable location, and finalize location to assess the
the site design (height, orientation, real environment to
tiltetc)
9602131 and determine the needed
determine whether it is a
equipment. suitable site location
2
Cell Planning Process
Why Do We Add More And More Sites To Our
Network ?
Capacity Dimensioning
Traffic Unit:
Erlang = One resource is busy for 1 hour per hour.
Number of calls/hr X Average call holding time (Sec)
Traffic in Erlang =
3600
Required resources:
Define the blocking rate (GOS).
Differentiate between offered traffic and carried traffic.
Offered traffic
carried traffic= (1-GOS) X offered traffic
TN X e-T T: Traffic in Erlang
GOS =
N!
N: Resources (Time slots)
Using Erlang B table
3
Capacity Dimensioning
Eralng B table (Poisson PDF)
GOS
Resources 1% 2% 3% 5% 10%
1 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.052 0.1111
2 0.15 0.223 0.2815 0.381 0.5954
3 0.455 0.6 0.715 0.8994 1.27
4 0.869 1.09 1.25 1.5249 2.0454
5 1.36 1.657 1.8752 2.218 2.8811
6 1.9 2.2759 2.543 2.9603 3.7584
7 2.5 2.935 3.249 3.737 4.6662
8 3.12 3.627 3.986 4.543 5.5971
9 3.78 4.3447 4.747 5.3702 6.5464
10 4.46 5.084 5.529 6.2157 7.5106
11 5.15 5.8415 6.328 7.0764 8.4871
Table12is designed
5.87
assuming
6.6147 7.141
arrival rate as a Poisson
7.9501 9.7295
13 6.6 distribution
7.4015 7.966 function
8.8349 10.663
Capacity Dimensioning
Trunking efficiency(T):
A very important factor to be taken into consideration while dimensioning.
Measure the utilization of traffic resources. T= Traffic in Erlang X 100
N of resources
90
80
70
Trunking Efficency %
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Number of Channels
4
Capacity Dimensioning (for new network)
Assumption to be made/obtained for excepting capacity
1-Traffic map calculation:
Area is to be divided to smaller areas with homebound traffic profile.
Total number of subscribers per sub area.
(Total number of people X mobile penetration ratio X operator share).
Peak hour percentage
How many user will use their mobiles in the peak hour.
Traffic user profile.
Normally to be assumed between (20mE40mE).
Get the traffic estimated for each sub area
3-Verfications
Check utilization for each cell (GOS% or reuse pattern).
Check C/I.
Check coverage thresholds.
5
Capacity Dimensioning (for exsiting network)
Cell Traffic Dimensioning
80
70
60
50
Traffic (E)
40
30
?
20
10
0
Actual Traffic Forecasted Traffic
Time
Coverage dimensioning
Wave propagation (Air Interface lose)
Free space propagation.
Lfs=32.44+20 log (F) + 20 log (D)
2 rays model.
Lfs=20 log (hbs) +20 log (F)+ 40 log (D)
6
Coverage dimensioning
Fading
Coverage dimensioning
Rayleigh fading (fast fading): Multi path fading (17 cm). (3 dB)
Due to mutilpath.
7
Coverage dimensioning overview
Power Budget Equation: Get D radius
Output power of Base station Losses due to the Margins due to of cell
the cabinet.. antenna gain air propagation (2 any excepted
determined rays model ,multi obstacles (Cars,
according to the path modeletc) Buildings, Body
cabinet type Function in loseetc)
Distance.
Pre= Pcab- Lfeeder +Gbant- Lcoupling- Lair interface- Lfading- Lmargin+ Gmant
Power received form Feeder loses. Coupling losses Losses due to Mobile station
mobile determined that represent the air fading
according to antenna again
the ratio of the (slow fading &
1- Coverage threshold.
2-reqirued C/I. obtained power fast fading).
from the mobile Function in
to the total power Distance.
of the antenna
(3050 db)
-104 dB
3dB
3 dB
3-5 dB
8
Coverage dimensioning detailed power budget equation
2-Design Signal Strength.
Depending on the target coverage area (coverage strategy)
6 dB
9
Coverage dimensioning detailed power budget equation
Log normal fading values (indoor).
User propagation
model to get max cell radius
as height of the Base station increase;
as the coverage area increase (umbrella
cells).
The height practically is relative to the
obstacles (building) heights
Interference/ capacity dimensioning is
the limitation for increasing the base
station height.
10
Coverage dimensioning detailed power budget equation
Max path loss
Pl (max)= P tx (Cab power) feeder loss + Gant + G mob- SS (design) +
diversity gainetc
For dense areas (less than 1 Km cell radius) use a modified propagation loss equation.
Link budget equation should be calculated in the uplink and the downlink the
weaker output should be strict to.
Use a traffic map to calculate the needed resources for the each cell (non
homogonous freq planning)
11
Site component; site types
& site design
12
1- Site component
Radio cabinets
Transmission cabinets
Radiating element
Feeders
Accessories
13
GSM site equipment
Radio equipment
Shelter
Equipment
TX Accessories
equipment
dTRU
CDU
dTRU
ESB
(TG Sync)
Y C
dTRU
External Alarms
X
(16) L CDU
I U
OMT
DXU
21
N dTRU
Interface K
PCM A dTRU
PCM B
CDU
PCM C
PCM D
dTRU
Mains Supply
EPC Bus
PSU
14
Macro Radio Cabinets
1-TRUs
Transmitter and receiver unit responsible of
transmitting the downlink freqs and receive the
uplink carrier.
Max output power determine the coverage
limitation of the site.
Typical values
Macro site (47 dbm)
Micro site (33 dbm)
Max output power is limited by the balance
between uplink and downlink link budget.
Support diversity for the uplink.
Number of trus per cabinet determine its
capacity
Typical Values
Macro cabs (6-12 TRUs) dTRU block diagram
Micro cabs (2-4 TRUs)
15
Macro Radio Cabinets
2-CDU (2/3)
Two type of combiner.
Duplexer Duplexer
CXU CXU
4 16
Radio Cabinets
2-CDU (3/3)
Two type of combiner.
16
Macro Radio Cabinets
3-CXU
Configuration switching unit distrusting signal from TRU to the CDU and vice versa.
Programmable controlled switches; make it possible to expand and reconfigure a
without moving or replacing any RX cables.
5-PSU
Power supply unit which act as regulator for the cab devices.
Cab devices works of a voltage ranges (-48 +24V).
6-DF
Distribution frame that provide the alarm system for
the cabs.
Can support up to 16 external alarms.
17
Micro Radio Cabinet (Block diagram)
18
Radiating Element (Antenna)
Antenna specs
1-Gain
Defined as the ratio between the power of the max direction of the antenna to the
power obtained by an isotropic antenna in the same direction.
Virtual gain (antenna is a passive element).
Define for both vertical and horizontal plans.
2-BeamWidth
Defined as the angel between the max direction to the direction where the
power is reduced to the half in the max direction.
Represent the directivity of the antenna.
Define for both vertical and horizontal plans.
Antenna specs
3-Tilt
Defined as the angle between the direction of the maximum
radiation to the direction of the horizontal axes
Define for the horizontal plane only.
Can be achieved electrically or mechanically.
19
Radiating Element (Antenna)
Antenna specs
4-Diveristy
Defined as the redundancy in receiving and/or transmitting the
signal.
The purpose is to overcome fading/attenuation that may be
experienced in the signal path.
Typical gain value is (36)db.
Three types of diversity
X not used in GSMFreq
Polarization Space
Antenna specs
5-Side loops
First side loops suppression ratio
Front to back loop ratio.
Side loops is important for GSM to achieve near field coverage;
while the effect for the back loop is bad as its adding an
interference.
design hint The mechanical tilt affecting both the main loop only; while the
electrical tilt affecting the front and back loops.
20
Antenna Specs (Summary)
Gain
Horizontal Gain
Vertical Gain
Beam-width
Horizontal Beam
Vertical
width Beam width
Tilting
Electrical Tilt
Mechanical Tilt
Diversity
Space
Freq
Polarization
21
Radiating Element (Antenna)
Practical directional
Antenna
Omni-Directional Antennas
Omni-directional antennas have a uniform
radiation pattern with respect to horizontal
directions. However, concerning vertical
directions, the radiation pattern is concentrated,
what makes gain possible. Typical gain values
are 2.15 dB
Uni-Directional Antennas
N array dipole.
22
2-Site Types
Sites Types
Site's Types
23
Macro Site
Green filed:
Equipment
Antennas
Used to provide coverage for wide indoor/outdoor rural areas (all Roads)
Macro Site
Roof top:
Antennas
Used to provide coverage and capacity for wide indoor/outdoor urban areas (all cities)
24
Macro Site
Micro Site
Street level:
25
Micro Site
Indoor:
26