EwaGlos

EUROPEAN ILLUSTRATED GLOSSARY OF CONSERVATION TERMS

FOR WALL PAINTINGS AND ARCHITECTURAL SURFACES

English definitions with translations into Bulgarian, Croatian, French,

German, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Romanian, Spanish and Turkish
SERIES oF PuBlICaTIonS By THE HoRnEmann InSTITuTE

Edited by angela Weyer

Volume 17
 EwaGlos
EUROPEAN ILLUSTRATED GLOSSARY
OF CONSERVATION TERMS
FOR WALL PAINTINGS AND ARCHITECTURAL SURFACES
English definitions with translations into Bulgarian, Croatian, French,
German, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Romanian, Spanish and Turkish

2nd revised digital edition December 2016

edited by

angela Weyer, Pilar Roig Picazo, Daniel Pop, Joann Cassar,

aysun zkse, Jean-marc Vallet, Ivan Sra

MICHAEL IMHOF VERLAG

 To all those who have dedicated their lives to the conservation of our cultural heritage

Cover illustrations:
Relief, p. 92; Exposed concrete, p. 46; underpaint, p. 60; Scagliola, p. 116; levelling coat, p. 54;
Tempera, p. 88; Brick masonry, p. 34; Rising damp, p. 156; Varnish, p. 64

IMPRINT

EwaGlos European Illustrated Glossary of Conservation Terms for Wall Paintings and Architectural Surfaces
Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2015, Germany

michael Imhof Verlag GmbH & Co. KG

Stettiner Strae 25 | 36100 Petersberg | Germany
Tel.: 0661/2919166-0 | Fax: 0661/2919166-9
www.imhof-verlag.com | info@imhof-verlag.de

Texts: Institutions and persons mentioned on page 6-7

Photos /Illustrations: Institutions and persons mentioned in the captions
Layout: meike Krombholz, michael Imhof Verlag (layout of chapters a C based on a draft by Carolin Taebel, Hannover)
Reproduction: michael Imhof Verlag
Printing: Schreckhase Werbedruck GmbH, Spangenberg

Printed in the Eu

ISBn: 978-3-7319-0260-7
TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

FOREWORDS
ECCo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
CEn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
ICCRom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

PREFACE
User Documentation and Introduction to EwaGlos European Illustrated Glossary
of Conservation Terms for Wall Paintings and Architectural Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Overview scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

THE GLOSSARY: DEFINITIONS AND COMMENTS

A) Art and Craft Techniques

Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Surface Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Construction aids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

B) Condition
Deterioration Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Deterioration Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

C) Interventions
Documentation and Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Preventive Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326

D) Materials Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348

ANNEX

Indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Bulgarian Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Croatian Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
English Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
French Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
German Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Hungarian Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Italian Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Polish Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
Romanian Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Spanish Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Turkish Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

COORDINATOR

DE Hochschule Hildesheim/Holzminden/Gttingen (HAWK)

responsibilities: project management, English terms, translations into German and Italian

Hornemann Institute:
angela Weyer, Sophie Haake-Harig, Barbara Hentschel, Barbara neubauer, Valeria Corradetti, Karin Schinken, nadia Thalguter

Faculty of architecture, Engineering and Conservation:

ursula Schdler-Saub, nicole Riedl-Siedow, anneli Ellesat

CO-ORGANISERS

ES Universitat Politcnica de Valncia (UPV)

responsibilities: English terms, translations into Spanish
Pilar Roig Picazo, maria del Pilar Bosch Roig, Jos antonio madrid Garca, mercedes Snchez Pons, maria Pilar Soriano Sancho,
Juana C. Bernal navarro, Jos luis Regidor Ros, Juan C. Valcrcel andrs, Julia osca Pons, Ignacio Bosch Reig

RO University of Art and Design, Cluj-Napoca (UAD)

responsibilities: English terms, translations into Romanian
Theo-Sandu murean, Vasile Daniel Pop, adrian Rauca, Gil Turcule

MT University of Malta (UM)

responsibilities: English terms, English revision
Joann Cassar, Shirley Cefai, Roberta De angelis, oriana aquilina, matthew Bonett, Semira Bugeja, Christine Caruana, James Farrugia

TR Karabk niversitesi (KBU)

responsibilities: English terms, translations into Turkish
aysun zkse, oana Gui, Eray ahbaz, Kerim Tan, aye Hilal Tan

FR Centre Interdisciplinaire de Conservation et Restauration du Patrimoine (CICRP)

responsibilities: English terms, translations into French
Jean-marc Vallet, Emilie Checroun, nicolas Bouillon, Fabien Fohrer, odile Guillon, Isabelle locoge, Elise Bouvet

HR Croatian Conservation Institute (HRZ)

responsibilities: English terms, translations into Croatian
Ivan Sra, Katarina Gavrilica, Kristina Kruli, Fani upan, Bruno nahod

ASSOCIATED PARTNERS

BG Stefan Belishki, national academy of arts, Sofia (naa) | responsibility: translations into Bulgarian
DE Drthe Jakobs, landesamt fr Denkmalpflege im Regierungsprsidium Stuttgart (RPS)
DE Roland lenz, akademie der Bildenden Knste Stuttgart (aBK)
IT mariarosa lanfranchi, opificio delle Pietre Dure (oPD)

6
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 FOREWORD
Heritage in Europe is a key element in the cultural identity of
the many nations on our small continent. Conservation-restora-
tion as a discipline and profession is directly involved in the
safeguarding of this heritage for future generations. The disci-
pline has a long history evolving over many centuries and
spreading across Europe. Today, conservator-restorers share
common professional principles and although communication
is not always easy in a continent rich in languages, a profession-
al terminology has developed both at national level and inter-
national level.
Terminology at national level may have some specific features,
often related to the regional techniques and materials used, or
specific characteristics of the cultural heritage in a particular
country. This fact reflects the diversity of our heritage, but at
the same time it can cause difficulties in communication. It is
critical for the professionals in conservation-restoration to be
able to understand each other in what is now a highly profes-
sionalised field and to communicate correctly, explicitly and
easily. Clear and exact communication not only guarantees
better results, but helps avoid misunderstandings and reduces
the risk of malpractice in the conservation and restoration of
cultural heritage.
8
Wall paintings and architectural surfaces are a significant part
of the European heritage. The traditions of conservation-
restoration within this facet of heritage can be traced back to
the Renaissance. In spite of the cultural diversity, the principles
in the conservation and restoration of wall paintings and ar-
chitectural surfaces are the same around the continent. nev-
ertheless, there is no multilingual dictionary to help profes-
sionals in their practice and use of language.
Several attempts were made in the last decade to create such
a dictionary, but without success so far. The EwaGlos project is
an admirable initiative in this direction. With its eleven lan-
guages, this is going to be the most ambitious dictionary to
date. It will be an important instrument for communication
which, undoubtedly, will benefit both conservator-restorers
and other professionals involved in the preservation of wall
paintings and architectural surfaces. last but not least, the dic-
tionary will facilitate and encourage mobility and joint initia-
tives between conservator-restorers throughout Europe.
Susan Corr
President of ECCO (European Confederation
of Conservator-Restorers Organisations), July 2015
FOREWORD
Work on the preservation of cultural objects, in all domains
and in their broadest sense, has grown immensely over the
last 40 years. The preservation (and often restoration) of print-
ed works and archival material had been a concern (inter alia,
to libraries and archives) for a long time, but only made a mas-
sive impact when the dramatic deterioration of such material
became a wide-spread phenomenon. This may be somewhat
true for the broader field which encompasses the discovery,
analysis and protection of all types of historical monuments,
which work has been ongoing for a long time but which
gained vital momentum around 1975, with the rediscovery
of the importance of monuments and municipal architecture.
International organisations, or specialised sectors within
them, together with specific programmes that did not exist
50 years ago, arose (and supported upcoming projects); this
is due to the ever-growing importance and recognition of this
society-wide duty of heritage preservation. new and now very
respectable disciplines, such as conservation science and
(study of ) material culture, have arisen and are another clear
expression of this development. But still, such endeavours of-
ten remained somewhat sector-specific (and language-spe-
cific) and within the limits of the very particular contexts
which gave rise to their existence.
This is only one side of the coin of that impetuous develop-
ment. and there is, of course, also another, earlier side. as with
every branch within the division of labour in society, and as
for the formation of every new professional discipline, a large
number of project and practice related documents, reports,
journal articles, guidelines and textbooks were necessarily cre-
ated as part of that process an impressive volume of profes-
sional experience and of professional documents on good
practice related to such undertakings has now been available
for quite a long time. Such skilled practical work and scientific
study necessarily bring along with them the development,
step-by-step, of new terminology, in different languages: prac-
tice and procedures give rise to linguistic expression, special-
ized terms emerge, and as new phenomena are discovered,
all these call for adequate phraseology and terminology. This
is the point where the long standing, centuries-old terminol-
ogy associated with the skills and the craft and wisdom of art
history and the care of monuments come together, with the
addition of more recent specialised technical language in the
field. at this point, besides the ordering and restructuring of
terms, clarification or re-evaluation of long-standing concepts
and of the terms expressing them may at times be acceptable
and called for. and this is also the point where traditions re-
lated to documentation (in our case, recording, compiling lists
and describing cultural objects) reaching back as far as long
before the 1900s -, as well as art history, conservation science,
and their specialised terminology, come together in forming
a new practical discipline.
The new fields of practice, and later of science, in a specific do-
main first generate, slowly, special linguistic expressions, which
later become lists of specialised words. Subsequently, these
words often need an explanation to be understood, within and
outside their context, so glossaries are added to the literature.
These are usually specific and event- based. Thus, the first sys-
tematic dictionaries start being compiled. next, the need for
translation from and into other languages follows. later, even
more accuracy (i.e., via the creation of definitions) is needed, and
hence a desire arises for an overview of the whole specialised
field (i.e., a concept system) which also allows for the retrieval of
specific technical words required at a given moment. Good def-
initions are always the combination of comprehensive subject
knowledge and trained terminological abilities, because certain
precisely defined features are required of a good definition. In
addition, picture dictionaries can help the correct understand-
ing of the meaning of certain terms. and then, when the some-
times lean though carefully structured systematic terminolo-
gies have been created, there is still a hunger for more informa-
tion: can we not add some more flesh to the bones, besides
and around the pure concepts and terms presented? The mo-
ment for lexicon-based articles, partial and complete encyclo-
pedias has come nevertheless, gently and softly, during this
process, something of Terminology as an organised discipline
and practice comes into play here and this also includes the
science on which it is based of good use of language within a
field, the procedures involved, resulting in exact scientific record-
ing and data interchange (as possibilities). It is no miracle that
the establishing of some general and methodical foundations
for such work with words is also taking place at the same time.
Terminology has evolved from the early 1930s onwards, as has
the professional practice which has been framing and helping
(sometimes guiding) language-based descriptions. and it may
as well today offer quite some help to the many dictionary com-
pilers in so many professions. a few existing terminology
method standards (also adopted by CEn), like ISo 10241Pre-
sentation of terminological entries in vocabularies (new edition
2015), but certainly with ISo 704 Terminology work: Principles
and methods (latest edition: 2009) are leading the way, and
some others are also at hand. and finally, at a very advanced
stage, the knowledge contained in all of these sources can be
refined and systematically grouped, if needed and so desired, in
tools like thesauri (as just one example, the online aaT art and
architecture Thesaurus provided by the Getty Trust in los an-
geles). In this way, ever-increasing and better understanding
and communication in the more and more complex technical
fields can be achieved in an up-to-date way.
9
 It is, then, very appropriate that at this moment a project enters
the scene that strives to present the carefully elaborated, up-
to-date terminology of Wall paintings and architectural sur-
faces, one area in the study of, and care for, an important field
in cultural heritage nurturing and monument conservation. The
formation of a group of experts and the undertaking of a proj-
ect to bring together, from appropriate and skilled minds, a uni-
fied form of this knowledge as it now stands, and a negotiated
common understanding of the professional language in the
field, is a logical consequence. Such careful work on
technical/professional language naturally in itself then also
brings with it some kind of standardisation, i.e. a clarification
and unification of the use of this language and its terms and
concepts the way every good, systematic dictionary does.
Carefully researched dictionaries of every kind are always an in-
dispensible requisite for any kind of standardised work proce-
dure, guidelines, or standards themselves.
Standardisation of cultural issues? That sounds strange or dan-
gerous does it not? But there is no reason for concern here.
Standardisation does and shall always concern only a limited,
clearly defined range of individual technical procedures, never
the contents of cultural institutions, the artistic appreciation of
the individual cultural object or the interpretation of the ob-
jects.
Indeed, common endeavours of this type and the joining of
forces arrived even later when it comes to cultural heritage;
here, condensed technical knowledge, a unified approach to
structuring it and making it accessible to the technical commu-
nity as a whole, also have their natural place in the national and
transnational bodies of standardisation. It was only in 2002 that
CEn (the Comit europen de normalization) was the first databases and IT tools. EwaGlos is a respectable achievement
such body to create a (new) Technical Committee 346 on the
Conservation of cultural property which now has over 50 proj-
ects and some 20 published standards the majority of the
standards dealing, very concretely, with methods and compo-
nents of conservation science and the care of monuments and
cultural heritage connected with them, both indoors and out-
doors. among the standards CEn is issuing in the field of cul-
tural heritage are e.g., En 16095 on preparing Condition reports
on movable cultural objects and En 16096 Condition reports
on non-movable cultural objects where, obviously, technical
terms, and good use of professional language, play an impor-
tant role. There are also quite a number of standards for test
methods, but particular attention might be drawn to En 15898
Conservation of cultural property : main terms and definitions
which contains 50 fundamental definitions of the cornerstones
10
of cultural heritage preservation, such as conservation, reme-
dial conservation, restoration, repair, value etc. and offers
them to the community for testing, use, and all and any im-
provements resulting from possible implementation. all CEn
standards as opposed to ISo standards which are only in Eng-
lish and sometimes in French are issued specifically and ex-
clusively as national editions, like BS En in the uK, aFnoR En in
France, DIn En in Germany, etc., and thus from the very start in
several (ideally: all) of the different languages of Europe. all this
brings them and EwaGlos even closer together .
and now, to cut a long story short: EwaGlos unites a great many
of all these features described above, and compensates for the
individual shortcomings of many of them. It is based on a care-
fully selected word list of the most important technical terms
in the field of wall paintings, its entries aptly combine a short
delimiting definition with a subsequent lexicon-style explana-
tion and information useful and required for the full under-
standing of each issue and its associated term. EwaGlos is or-
ganised on a subject-oriented basis; it is substantially multilin-
gual, and each entry spans over two facing pages so that easy
overview over all of the entries is guaranteed. In addition, it has
images for each of the phenomena which are listed through
their terms and which are so explained. Thus, EwaGlos should
indeed be a very valuable means of reference, a means of com-
munication among those working in the field, a help in profes-
sional education and development, and also a good presenta-
tion of its specific subject field to a general audience. It is cer-
tainly the basis from which further useful tools for the conser-
vation community could be developed, such as possibly word
lists (authorities) for incorporation into conservation-related
and a big step to bring forward the work, the insights and the
academic education of future experts who are still currently un-
dertaking academic and practical studies.
I do wish EwaGlos a warm response, success in its professional
field, and I should like to thank its authors and its editor for ac-
cepting the burden of developing such a sophisticated product
while additionally also considering fundamental technical stan-
dards in the field of such work.
Axel Ermert
Member of the German delegation to CEN/TC 346/WG 1
Conservation of cultural heritage, WG 1 Foundations and
vocabulary; Institute for Museum Research, State Museums
Berlin, Foundation Prussian Heritage (SPK), Berlin, August 2015
FOREWORD
Wall paintings and decorated architectural surfaces form a sig-
nificant component of the worlds cultural heritage spanning
cultures and languages, stretching back through time to feature
among the first known instances of human artistic expression.
a key element in the understanding and care of this global her-
itage is that this requires interdisciplinary and often interna-
tional teamwork, and therefore rests on good communication.
The EwaGlos project, and this publication which arises as a re-
sult of it, represents an important step to create a much needed
tool to facilitate communication across cultures and languages
through the medium of word and image. This task is not easy,
as the extensive discussions and deliberations within the work-
ing groups of the EwaGlos project bore witness since to define
meaning with clarity and precision, not just in one language
but in many, is a semantic challenge which requires exactness
not only of language but of concept. The exercise opens up
hitherto unexplored territory, as drawing a distinction between
what is true and what is false can prove something of a conun-
drum, owing to the inevitable multiplicity and mutability of
meanings across cultural contexts and over time:
there are at least twenty-four possible aspects of any single
statement, depending on where you are standing at the time or
on what the weathers like. A categorical statement I find will
never stay where it is and be finite. It will immediately be subject
to modification by the other twenty-three possibilities of it.
I suggest there can be no hard distinctions between what is real and
what is unreal, nor between what is true and what is false. A thing is
not necessarily either true or false; it can be both true and false.
Pinter, Harold, Introduction: Writing for the Theatre. Harold
Pinter, Plays: one. london, Eyre methuen (1978) pp. 9-16.
Bearing in mind the difficulties expressed by Pinter refer to the
navigation of meaning within a single language when multi-
plied across many, the challenge becomes Herculean!
a primary purpose of a glossary is to explain, the act of which not
only facilitates communication, but also furthers thinking. The link
between explaining and understanding is vital, not only in the
sense of being something of fundamental importance, but also in
that it is alive. Deeper understanding comes through explaining,
but to do so requires a process of re-examination of words and
concepts which challenges any reliance on all too easily (and for
some of us long ago) accepted notions, and through this comes
greater awareness of how usage and meaning continue to evolve.
at the same time, wall painting as a form of cultural and artistic
expression also continues to evolve. In addition to the terminol-
ogy related to historic wall paintings and their conservation, new
words are entering the field for example, in relation to contem-
porary street art and so, no doubt, future glossaries in this area
will include terms such as buffing, tagging, reverse graffiti, legal
wall etc. and their associated counterparts in other languages.
In addition to its textual definitions, EwaGlos is a plentiful re-
source for images to clarify and communicate, and contains a
wealth of references to important bibliographic sources and
as such will no doubt prove a valuable tool for didactic purpos-
es. Indeed, EwaGlos draws upon a rich tradition of technical
reference literature for wall paintings conservation in many lan-
guages (for example, the various language editions of mora,
mora and Philippots seminal work The conservation of wall
paintings (mora et al. 1984), and the ICCRom GraDoc publica-
tion (GRaDoC 2000), to name but a few), which have served
this community well in the past but require revision and update,
as well as previous initiatives to produce illustrated glossaries
for wall paintings conservation, and other visual glossaries pro-
duced in related fields (for example the IComoS, ISCS Illustrated
glossary on stone deterioration patterns (Glossary on Stone
2008)). However, EwaGlos takes these initiatives in wall paint-
ings conservation a step further not only in the array of lan-
guages covered eleven in total but also in making its results
available online as an open access publication under a creative
commons licence, thereby producing a resource that is through
the internet freely available and open to all.
For many years ICCRom has campaigned for improved commu-
nication and dialogue across languages, cultures and disci-
plines. From a global and historical perspective, the EwaGlos
project represents a valuable and noteworthy effort to draw to-
gether the international community to create a usable tool.
looking forward, this platform offers an opportunity for ongo-
ing development to extend and improve the current first edi-
tion. It is to be hoped that this will be the starting point for fu-
ture initiatives to develop and enlarge EwaGlos, to extend its
scope beyond Europe. The inclusion of further languages and
terms, and ongoing revision and development of the collected
definitions will create a living communication tool for the global
wall paintings conservation community, which reflects and
serves a professional field and a form of cultural expression
which is not static but rather very much alive.
Alison Heritage
ICCROM (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation
and Restoration of Cultural Property)
Rome, September 2015
11
 PREFACE

User Documentation and Introduction to EwaGlos

European Illustrated Glossary of Conservation Terms
for Wall Paintings and Architectural Surfaces

The mobility of conservation specialists across Europe and con-
tract tendering at European level are increasing at the same rate
as the publics interest in its cultural heritage and its preserva-
tion, as shown for example during European Heritage Days. But
communication still remains difficult because cultural heritage
conservation is quite a young academic field and its terminol-
ogy is not yet standardised across Europe. This leads to enor-
mous problems during activities such as practical work, in the
understanding of scientific publications produced by other
countries and in other disciplines, as well as the inability to
search data increasingly available in digital form.
motivated by this strong practical need in Europe for more
amenable conservation terminology and encouraged by the
example of a very useful illustrated stone conservation glos-
sary1, a consortium of seven academic institutions supported
by associated partners2 and external experts has developed
this richly illustrated glossary of conservation terms for wall
paintings and architectural surfaces. In the so-called EwaGlos,
concise texts and explanatory images and sketches illustrate
concepts as used today in the field.
Preliminary note: according to established international ter-
minology and due to the sometimes negative connotation of
the English term restoration, the word conservation is used
as an umbrella term in the title and in the preface to this book
to refer to the two preservation measures of conservation
and restoration.3 In the glossary itself we follow the custom
of differentiating conservation from restoration to give the
list of terms a better structure.4 Thus, conservation is used in
the narrow sense of to keep, to preserve (conservare), using
techniques and strategies designed to maximise the preser-
vation in situ of existing material, and minimise restoration or
replacement. In contrast, restoration is defined as to re-es-
tablish (restaurare), meaning intervention made with the
deliberate intention of revealing or recovering a known ele-

Fig. 1: Participants of the last working meeting in Zagreb, September 2015: Jean-Marc Vallet (FR), Ignacio Bosch Roig (ES), Roland Lenz (DE), Alison Heritage (UK, IT), Maria del
Pilar Bosch Roig (ES), Aysun zkse (TR), Stefan Belishki (BG), JoAnn Cassar (MT), Kerim Tan (TR), Aye Hilal Tan (TR), Oana Gui (RO, TR), Pilar Roig Picazo (ES), Angela Weyer
(DE), Ewa wicka (PL), Adrian Rauca (RO), Fani upan (HR), Sophie Haake-Harig (DE), Kristina Kruli (HR), Mrta Guttmann (RO), Daniel Pop (RO), Drthe Jakobs (DE), Barbara
Neubauer (DE), Ivan Sra (HR), Barbara Hentschel (DE)

12
ment of heritage value that had been eroded, obscured or pre-
viously removed.5
Specification
a glossary comprises definitions of terms in a particular domain
of knowledge because no one dictionary can contain all termi-
nology. Therefore, at the beginning of the project, the consortium
defined the scope of the vocabulary, determining first the area of
knowledge to be encompassed and second, the length, structure
and content of the texts for each term6: due to the fact that in the
conservation field terminology varies among specialists in differ-
ent materials, we established a boundary, namely the field of wall
paintings and architectural surfaces, because this terminology is
of great significance for a large proportion of our heritage, i.e. his-
toric buildings, their surfaces and decorations, from the floor to
the ceiling: this encompasses a completely different sector com-
pared to that which is found in museums and collections.
This glossary is focused on paintings on walls and ceilings, but
also includes architectural surfaces made of plaster, render,
stucco, mosaics, tiles, masonry, etc., because all these surfaces
together with or without polychromy often coincide and
are mostly treated by the same conservators.
However, for this glossary we narrowed down the definition of
wall paintings to paintings on inorganic substrates such as plas-
ter and stone and excluded wall paintings on organic substrates
such as wood, because in many Europeans countries this work
is done by conservators specially trained in the conservation of
panel paintings.7 Therefore, except for wooden construction
materials like half-timber, all other organic substrates such as
wood, leather, or paper are not part of this EwaGlos edition.8 In-
tangible concepts such as prevention, monument conserva-
tion, etc. are also not included.9
Who was involved?
The partners and other contributors
The Coordinator of this Eu Project was the Hornemann Institute
of the HaWK university of applied Sciences and arts
Hildesheim/ Holzminden/Gttingen (project manager: Dr. an-
gela Weyer). The co-organisers included the universitat Politc-
nica de Valncia (project manager: Prof. Dr. Pilar Roig Picazo),
the university of art and Design, Cluj-napoca (project manager:
Prof. Dr. Daniel Pop), the university of malta (project manager:
Prof. Dr. Joann Cassar), the Karabk niversitesi (project man-
ager: Prof. Dr. aysun zkse), the Centre Interdisciplinaire de
Conservation et Restauration du Patrimoine (project manager:
Dr. Jean-marc Vallet) and the Croatian Conservation Institute
(project manager: Prof. Ivan Sra). We were further supported
by many experienced colleagues, also, inter alia, from additional
European countries.10 (Fig. 1, 2)
altogether we were about 70 specialists from different gener-
ations and different disciplines, some of us with two or more
mother languages. at first, researchers with teaching experi-
ence (mostly from universities) were mainly involved, because
they already had photographs and texts for this purpose. For
methodological advice, we involved CEn (European Committee
for Standardization) and consulted axel Ermert, a member of
the working group/TC 346/WG, who is working on The Euro-
pean Standard En 15 898, Glossary of Damages.
The dissemination was supported by leading non-governmen-
tal or intergovernmental organisations in the field: IIC (Inter-
national Institute for Conservation of Historic and artistic
Works), ICCRom (International Centre for the Study of the
Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property), WTa (Inter-
national association for Science and Technology of Building
maintenance and the Preservation of monuments), ECCo (Eu-
ropean Confederation of Conservator-Restorers organisations)
and the German national Scientific Committee for the Conser-
vation and Restoration of Wall Paintings and architectural Sur-
faces of IComoS (International Council on monuments and
Sites).
Languages
The glossary is published in the eleven mother languages of
the experts involved in the project: English (leading language),
Bulgarian, Croatian, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Polish,
Romanian, Spanish and Turkish. Thus, the glossary comprises
the three official European languages German, English and
French. Italian is included due to the long tradition of wall paint-
ing conservation in Italy that Italian restorers spread through-
out Europe during the 19th and 20th centuries; in addition,
many European restorers were educated in Italy. Spanish is in-
cluded because of the widespread use of Spanish in the world.
Due to the fact that most existing glossaries concentrate mainly
on Western European languages, it was the intention from the
beginning to complement the glossary with some Eastern Eu-
ropean languages. The three Eastern European countries Croa-
tia, Romania and the candidate for Eu membership, Turkey,
brought very important aspects from their great wealth of valu-
able wall paintings and architectural surfaces into the project,
due to the different materials, artistic techniques, artistic styles
(Byzantine art) and craftsmanship employed there. The same
was also true for malta in the south of Europe, which also of-
fered additional expertise in the English language.
Objectives and target groups
The main focus of this book is to clarify the current use of a term
within different cultures and languages. The goal is to convey
the essence and to be accurate, but not to be exhaustive.
The Culture Programme (20072013) of the Eu provided 50%
of the finances. Due to the fact that the Culture Programme is
not primarily a research but rather a communication pro-
gramme involving also the public, EwaGlos strongly focuses on
13
 intercultural dialogue. It intends to foster transnational co-op-
eration between state offices, conservation institutions, univer-
sities, as well as building trades, tradesmen and the construc-
tion industry. The terminology should improve communication
and co-operation among the different trades on site, and com-
munication among the multidisciplinary professionals/lecturers
and during lectures to the public.
Therefore, this glossary addresses a widely diverse range of
readers:
* Professionals, to help them with their daily work, especially
if their work extends to other European countries;
* administrative authorities, to give them a tool for communi-
cating their tasks;
* Conservation students in Europe, to provide them with com-
mon educational material;
* Individuals, to aid them in understanding deterioration and
preservation processes within their built environment.
The target group can include, for example, a person who needs
to write or answer a European request for tender. This need is
increasing because more and more large preservation projects
are carried out today by international and multidisciplinary
teams. In addition, universities should prepare their students
to enter other foreign universities and possibly also pursue an
international work career.
For dissemination to the target groups, we chose two formats:
a book as a printed version and a free PDF e-publication. The
book will appeal to those who would like to have a physical ob-
ject in their hands; the PDF to those who prefer a full-text search
option or who do not wish to buy the book.
Fig. 2: Kick-o meeting of the consortium in Karabk (TR), February 2014 (on the right) Aysun zkse, Shirley Cefai; (on the other side) Pilar Roig Picazo, Maria
del Pilar Bosch Roig, Jean-Marc Vallet, Oana Gui, Daniel Pop, Kerim Tan; Photo: KBU
14
Specific challenges of terminology in the
conservation field
Due to the cultural diversity within every profession in the field
of European cultural heritage, the meanings of the terms are
not identical in different languages and countries; sometimes
there are differences, sometimes the meanings overlap.
In the conservation field, these problems might be greater than
in other cultural areas because it is still a young discipline: its
terminology is influenced by the natural sciences, the arts and
humanities, the engineering sciences, but also by traditional
craftsmanship and artistic traditions. moreover, it does not
stand alone, as is obvious from the different professions work-
ing together on construction and conservation sites nowadays.
This applies in particular to the conservation of wall paintings
and architectural surfaces, because connections with the con-
struction industry and the traditional trades continue to be ac-
tively promoted in heritage conservation.
Today, from region to region, the development of this profes-
sion reveals differences in content and context. on a European
(and on a national) level this has led to the use of often confus-
ing, mistaken terminology (including the incorrect use of for-
eign language terms), which has made communication very
difficult not only between tradespeople, restorers, conservators
and scientists, but also with building owners and users. Con-
flicts and misunderstandings can arise especially when people
make use of the typical mixes of terminology from different lan-
guages.
a very simple example of inconsistent meaning is the term
restoration itself. For some colleagues, the English term restora-
Fig. 3: During the kick-off meeting the
first draft of the chosen terms was
projected onto a wall and discussed,
standing: Sophie Haake-Harig,
February 2014; Photo: Oana Gui
tion still has a negative reputation resulting from the restora-
tion methods of the nineteenth century that focused more or
less on reconstructions.11 Even though the history of restoration
in the nineteenth century in Italy and Germany shows similar
bad and falsifying interventions on precious historic monu-
ments, the terms restauro and Restaurierung as well as the
French restauration and the Polish restauracja underwent
a positive update during the course of the twentieth century.12
Even the term wall painting has various meanings in Europe.
For EwaGlos, we defined wall paintings as paintings on inor-
ganic substrates such as plaster and stone. other countries,
however, define them as paintings on the wall which include,
for example, paintings on wooden walls.
The term fresco is used in France today for all kinds of wall
paintings; in other countries, however, it is limited to painting
on fresh lime plaster. The background of this development
might be that most wall paintings outside Italy are a combina-
tion of fresco technique and secco technique.
But there are other differences in technical execution for
example, wall paintings in malta can be found applied directly
to the stone without a preparatory plaster layer.
moreover, they are executed in oil paint, which in countries
north of the alps is known only in rare cases for wall paintings,
mainly from the 18th to the 19th century. There, oil paint is more
common in the context of polychromy on stone sculpture.
also historic render and masonry materials and techniques vary
regionally. The binding materials, aggregates, fillers and additives
used for a render depend strongly on available regional resources,
as well as on requirements. Depending on the climatic region, the
demands on a render or on brick can be quite different.
In addition, there are terms without an exact equivalent in
another language for example, the German term Befund-
sicherung, which was translated after long discussions into ar-
chitectural paint research, or Bauforschung, which was left
untranslated in some languages as a similar term does not exist,
to make the end users understand where it came from, and why
it is there.13 Regional names for which we also did not find a
comparable term, including specific plaster types like anatolian
and central asian sweet lime or sweet plaster, were also prob-
lematic in this regard.
Terms of Latin derivation are in use in many European lan-
guages to define typical phenomena in conservation: in English
as well as in Italian, a loss (for example in a painting surface)
is called a lacuna. In addition, the exchange of restoration
knowledge at a European level and the activities of Italian re-
storers, in particular in other European countries, go back to the
19th century in many cases. Specialists from Italy were called
in for the detachment of wall paintings in northern European
countries, in order to apply the stacco and strappo methods
and to teach these techniques to other colleagues. Italian
restoration methods were published in journals in other Euro-
pean countries and many European restorers were educated in
Italy.14 Therefore many Italian terms like pontata, tratteggio,
giornata, arriccio or intonaco have spread throughout Eu-
rope, but not all of them are still in use today: the use of Italian
terminology in todays practical work has to be decided on a
case by case basis and for every language. languages develop:
when does the current use of a word require revision and who
decides this the practical user or the academic world?
another challenge is to clarify todays usage of words: terms
used in report writing and publications can differ from their cur-
rent use on site. academics may use different terminology com-
pared to the conservators communicating on the scaffolding.
This situation presented us with the challenge to decide
whether to change our own academic terminology (in favour
of what is actually said in reality, on site).
15
 Therefore, whilst the extraction of soluble salts may still be
called desalination on site, we chose to use the modern (more
correct) term salt reduction. on the other hand, we left terms
like chalking unaltered, because it is commonly in use on site,
although it is not a correct academic term.
In addition, of course, we are influenced by what we ourselves
have learnt from our teachers which spanning about three
decades, various countries, and different subjects is necessar-
ily characterised by change. So it was also necessary to some-
times question our own learning traditions and perhaps re-
evaluate some of our own findings in the context of regional
peculiarities. Therefore, the project used the humanities
method of source criticism, referring to answers derived from
practical restoration work on objects/ the practical experiences
of colleagues, and their comparison with specialised literature.
In the end, so as to solve these language problems we had with-
in the group, we tried to clarify the terms. We started with pre-
liminary definitions and as a second step enhanced the def-
initions with photographs or sketches of the material state of
an object.
Selection of the terms and their structure
The number of chosen terms was a pragmatic consequence of
the desire to produce an affordable book at the end of the proj-
ect. That meant approximately 450 pages with an English intro-
duction, the illustrated glossary, a materials appendix (practi-
cally without figures), and eleven indices (one for each lan-
guage), as well as a bibliography.
Based on practical conservation work and lectures, the selec-
tion of terms attempted to identify approximately 200 of the
most important currently used terms in this field in Europe,
which need to be explained in many languages. The selection
Preventive Conservation
Cleaning
Salt reduction Fixing
Sacrificial render Injection of grout
Poulticing
Consolidation Neutral reintegration
Infilling Tratteggio
Conservation
and Restoration
Repointing Pointillism
Edging repair Tonal adjustement / glazing
Dutchman repair Mimetic reintegration
Uncovering Astrazione cromatica
Reintegration Selezione cromatica
Detachment Transfer
16
focused on the current state of cultural heritage, and on up-to-
date common treatment methods and materials, not on histor-
ical methods. There was also room for some terms often needed
on site, which seem to be so colloquial that they are almost nev-
er explained elsewhere, like for example edging repair, level-
ling coat, brick dust or sand.
The terms are meant to be free standing, and not overlapping
in meaning. The delineation of terms like plaster and render
or bleaching and fading, for instance, was a challenge. an-
other objective was not to judge or assign value by putting a
term in a particular context, and to decide whether a term
should be included in the definition of a generic term or
whether it needs to be explained separately. For example,
could/should stacco and strappo be defined under detach-
ment of wall paintings? or should egg tempera and casein
tempera be defined under tempera painting?
Self-explanatory words as, for example, a protecting roof were
not considered, although they have been used successfully for
centuries for preservation purposes.
after a long process of reflection, we subdivided the glossary
into three chapters and a materials appendix that we distin-
guished by different colours to make them user friendly:
a) art and Craft Techniques: Construction, Surface Design, Con-
struction aids
B) Condition: Deterioration Sources, Deterioration Phenomena
C) Interventions: Documentation and Investigation, Preventive
Conservation, Conservation, Restoration
D) materials appendix
Within the three chapters, EwaGlos has neither hierarchical
structures, nor a thesaurus which would combine terms accord-
ing to their relationships:15 when we collected the terms and
made our selection, we did not think too much about a logical
order but rather preferred a logical succession of terms. We
mainly wanted to have important terms in the glossary (Fig. 3).
Environmental assessment
Indoor climate study
Monitoring
Environmental management
Drainage
Emergency measure
Maintenance and care
Fig. 4: Tree diagram of the hierarchical structure of the
conservation and restoration terms (according to Spanish
methodology); Illustration: 2015, Raimar Heber based on a
draft by UPV (Jose Antonio Madrid Garca)
 First selection of existing definitions and definition proposals for German EwaGlos-Work Package
state: august 2014 Hornemann Institute

Developed by: Sophie Haake, Barbara Hentschel, Barbara neubauer, angela Weyer

Render mortars 2011, 606 a plastic mixture, primarily of inorganic binder(s) and aggregate or fillers that can set to form a
(auenputz) uniform, protective exterior surface finish for masonry.

mortars 2011, 87 The terms render and plaster have often been used interchangeably. nicholson (1823) distin-
guished between plastering on laths and rendering on brick and stone, which in the 19th centu-
ry could be exterior or interior work. There were other terms to describe the different forms of ex-
ternal render, but these also varied over time. In the latter part of the 20th century render has
evolved to describe external applications, with plaster now generally reserved for internal work.
External render was integral to design of many buildings. Its primary function was to protect
against the weather, but it could also disguise the method of construction or make the building
appear to be of a more prestigious material.

Harris 1983, 454 Rendering: a coat of plaster directly on an interior wall or stucco on an exterior wall.

Harms 1983, 511 Stucco: an exterior finish, usually textured, composed of Portland cement, lime, and sand, which
are mixed with water.

Cocke et. al. 2009, 35 Rendering: the covering of outside walls with a uniform surface or skin for protection from the
weather.

oxford Dictionary 2010, 1503 Cover (stone or brick) with a coat of plaster: external walls will be rendered and tiled.
a first coat of plaster applied to a brick or stone surface.

aaT render (1.5.2014) a plaster (usually a mix of sand, stone, lime, and water) applied directly to structural walls as a
decorative or weather-resistant finish; the coating so produced.

mora et. al. 1984, 10
The rendering or ground on which the mural painting is generally executed is often composed of
two layers. In this case, one can usually distinguish a first coarser layer applied to even out the
surface of the wall and sometimes (in the case of frescoes) to hold moisture; a second, thinner
and finer layer receives the painting. The two layers of rendering make up the ground or render-
ing; they anchor the painting to the wall and provide a flat smooth surface for painting upon.

Kollmann 2013, 16 auenputze: auf Innenflchen angebrachte Putze (DIn V 18550). materialen und Putzsysteme fr
den auengebrauch (DIn En 998-1)

The conservation dictionary See stucco.

2001 Stucco: Stucco is a traditional decorative plaster based on lime. Its surface may be lined out in imi-
tation of ashlar stone.

oED: Render (9.5.2014) Plastering. To cover (stonework, brickwork, etc.) with a first coating of plaster

Fig. 5: The German team started work on its work package with a collection of quotations from sources from different countries

In the designated three chapters, the order of the terms is de-
termined by different organisational strategies for example,
in Construction the order follows the structure of a wall. In
Restoration we have a sequence building up according to the
impact of the interventions from uncovering, to reintegra-
tion with their different techniques, ending with very seldom
used and risky methods like detachment and transfer (Fig.
4). The materials appendix is arranged alphabetically.16
Definitions and comments
We have built on pre-existing resources; indeed, the defini-
tions and comments are regarded only as further work on
that which was already there (Fig. 5). We do not intend to re-
place the generally excellent national glossaries. The whole
point of EwaGlos is that the definitions and comments are in-
tended to define a multilingual organised vocabulary acces-
sible to an international audience. They need to be generic
and acceptable to the worldwide conservation community.
Due to the numerous existing national glossaries and the fact
that this glossary is written by different authors from twelve
countries, the sources used are not fully identical.
The goal of a definition is to be as concise as possible. The
length of each definition/ comment, in every language, was
limited by the layout of one double-sided page for the illus-
trated terms in chapters aC and therefore consists of up to
730 characters. If there was space after the translation and a
need for national additions, these were placed at the end of
the translations. The content thus restricts itself to the conser-
vation of wall paintings and architectural surfaces and does
not include other fields of conservation. For systematic cor-
rectness, we tried to use terms in the definitions (and their
translations) that are themselves also defined in the glossary;
however this proved to be very difficult due to the large num-
ber of authors and the parallel working process.
We learnt from CEn that the definitions should explain a mean-
ing (concept), not a word. For example, a wood hammer is a

17
 Fig. 6: Workshop of aut-
hors and translators in
Valencia (ES), Septem-
ber 2014, during a dis-
cussion on the definiti-
ons of the terms: (from
left) Mrta Guttman,
Sophie Haake-Harig,
Ursula Schdler-Saub,
Mercedes Snchez
Pons, Adrian Heritage,
Jean-Marc Vallet, Ange-
la Weyer; Photo: Stefan
Belishki

tool made of wood with a cylindrical head used to beat or - different meanings,
knock is a concept definition, but a wood hammer is a ham- - relationships to other terms,
mer for hammering wood is only a definition of a word (Fig. 6). - local characteristics, if these are important for a larger part of
To reach a consistent, clear format we tried to employ a hierar- Europe,
chy within our definitions, starting with a broad definition like - adoptions from another language,
painting technique, and continuing with more specific details - synonymous terms,
like the binding medium of this painting technique. - terms not to be confused with.
The definition needed to comprise the function and generic
materials used and needed to be very much related to the il-
lustration, making the illustration clear without further expla- Cross-references
nations.
The comment may contain: Cross-references at the end are used to link terms that have a
- examples of use and of specific materials, similar meaning, that give additional information, or that are
- historic references to the concept/ the material (not to the term), sometimes confused. This collection of the cross-references

Fig. 7: Discussion on the

selection of the photo-
graphs, standing: Axel
Ermert and Barbara
Hentschel, sitting (from
left) Drthe Jakobs, Ste-
fan Belishki, JoAnn Cas-
sar, Ewa wicka, Ay-
sun zkse, Jean-Marc
Vallet, Angela Weyer,
Mercedes Snchez
Pons, Maria del Pilar
Bosch Roig, Ursula
Schdler-Saub, Mrta
Guttman, Roland Lenz,
Daniel Pop (hidden);
Marseille (FR), February
2015; Photo: Adrian
Rauca

18
does not claim to be complete, because sometimes editing had
to take place for the sake of brevity: the text had priority.
Selection of the illustrations
a picture is worth a thousand words, is a very true saying: we
tried to select pictures that illustrate a term very accurately and
without the need for further explanation: the term as it is de-
fined. This was not very easy, because most photographs can
communicate several issues. of course, the diversity of Euro-
pean cultural heritage throughout the centuries should be
mapped, too (Fig. 7). The infographics were particularly useful
to emphasise salient features of a term (Fig. 8).
Translations
The leading (or dominant) language of this glossary is (Euro-
pean) English and so the definitions and comments were first
written in English and then translated into the mother lan-
guages of the researchers involved, sometimes with additions
especially in the materials appendix. We are aware of the fact
that this selection of a leading language reduced the possibil-
ity of documenting the full range of European cultural diversity,
but any alternative to deal with terms of all eleven languages
was impractical within the framework of this project. However,
if space was left, there was the possibility of adding national re-
marks to the comments.
as already mentioned above, due to the cultural diversity within
every cultural profession, the meaning of the terms (the so
called concepts) are not 100% the same across different lan-
guages and certain terms might be missing or unknown in a
particular language.17 Certain terms may also have a broader
or narrower meaning in different languages, or meanings may
overlap: one term may cover (parts of ) several terms in the tar-
get language.
If we had a term with an inconsistent meaning in a particular
language, the translators used a foreign (so called loan) term
and a term in the mother language, separated by a slash. none
of our translators opted for the possibility of indicating the dif-
ferent meanings of a term by numbering them (1), (2), etc. For
English terms with double equivalents in a particular language,
we mostly included the second possibility as a synonym at the
end of the comment. In the single case of the German term
Bauforschung, that is without an English equivalent, we chose
Building archaeology, a so-called coined term, because it is
a newly invented term (as a translation from the German term)
that does not exist in English. For synonyms, one of the terms
or names was generally chosen as the preferred term for the
heading and used in the text. If there was no equivalent in a
particular language, there was the possibility to leave the term
blank but none of the EwaGlos translators used that option ei-
ther.
Painting
Preparatory drawing
Sinopia on arriccio
Masonry
Fig. 8: Only a few illustrations show the context of several of the terms: here the
scheme of the construction of a fresco; Illustration: 2015, Raimar Herber based
on a draft by Knoepfli et al. 1990, p. 63
Indices
an important issue for us was that different end users spe-
cialists and non-expert users should be able to find their way
to the definitions they are looking for. accordingly, we did not
choose an automated method for compiling the indexed
terms, but rather the authors were free to select the indexed
terms for their mother language indices to broaden the search
and to facilitate end-user access: each index comprises all
main terms, the mentioned sub-terms, most synonyms and
terms not to be confused with the main term. In EwaGlos,
synonyms are terms for which meanings and usage are iden-
tical (true synonyms) or nearly identical (near synonyms)
in a wide range of contexts. They may include terms of differ-
ent linguistic origin, dialectical variants, scientific and com-
mon terms for the same concept or names in different lan-
guages. If, for example, Italian terms are no longer in practical
use in a particular country but still appear in academic litera-
ture, authors could put them in the index of the language of
that country. By placing terms, that are not to be confused
with the main term, in the index, too, access for a broad range
of users is enhanced without constraining them to search for
the right term. The indices may also comprise broader and
narrower terms, because non expert users, and also the inter-
disciplinary community, often do not know the exact term
19

Fig. 9: Proof reading by authors and translators in Zagreb (HR), September
2015, here: Mrta Guttmann and Ewa wicka; Photo: Drthe Jakobs
used by a conservation specialist. Due to the fact that the in-
dices were constructed with the help of Excel, the sorting fol-
lows its rules being a word-by-word sorting.
Writing
Due to the fact that this glossary is written by ca. 45 authors
from ten countries, a consistent style, grammar, and sentence
structure has been nearly impossible as well as the order of
the sources, the selection of the cross references, and the in-
Fig. 10: Speakers at the final conference in Zagreb (HR), September 2015: (from left) Barbara Hentschel, Maria del Pilar Bosch Roig, Sophie Haake (hidden), JoAnn
Cassar, Angela Weyer, Adrian Rauca, Stefan Belishki, Ivan Sra; Photo: Drthe Jakobs
20
dexed terms. However, with the help of author guidelines, we
harmonized some essentials: except for the headings, the
terms are normalised to all lowercase letters (=ISo) unless the
national rule is different. We used unicode to have a set of di-
acritics required by the various alphabets of the many lan-
guages used. Instead of chemical symbols we used the ele-
ment or compound name. Due to the very limited space avail-
able, only the male occupational titles are mentioned in the
glossary, unfortunately, but of course females are included
too.
Quality management
Due to the short duration of the project (24 months) and the
difficulties in accessing the results of other multilingual proj-
ects in the conservation field over the past 20 years (i.e. the
projects Caleidoscopio, artis, Raphael, lmCR, The Conserva-
tion Dictionary, CRISTal),18 we wish to place a special focus
on the limitations of the work and quality management. These
included:
- accomplishing realistic tasks within given timeframes,
- involving only specialised scientific and conservation staff,
who were primarily staff of the partner institutions, so that
the content was developed by a national or international
team and not by a single freelancer,
- adding some of the consulted sources to every term,
- involving associated partners and external interested experts
(without Eu administrative issues),
- pre-publishing the glossary online in april 2015 seeking crit-
ical comments from the scholarly community.
Responsibilities
Due to the chosen quality management format, the content
was developed by teams. We divided the list of terms into work
packages. Each partner institution assumed responsibility for
one work package until the end of the project and for one or
two languages.19 (Fig. 9)
It is important to note that this glossary is not intended as a
practical conservation handbook. The teams that have worked
on these definitions, comments, and translations hope that it
will provide a useful scientific basis which will enable easier
communication within international conservation teams, the
reading and understanding of tenders and specialist papers
and books in the conservation field more effectively as well as
finding needed information in our digital scientific cultural her-
itage resources because they need streamlined vocabularies to
reach worldwide multiple audiences.
In addition, we have tried to inform of the possible damage that
might be caused through the use of a particular method or ma-
terial. However, any communication or publication related to this
glossary shall indicate that it reflects only the views of the respon-
sible team. The consortium and the Eu are not responsible for
any use that may be made of the information it contains (Fig. 10).
Future perspectives
Terminology is changing over the time. Therefore vocabularies
must be living tools and should be growing resources: after the
project ends we will maintain the project website www.ewag-
los.eu to develop an advanced second edition: on the website,
readers can contact us to comment or suggest improvements
for the second edition of EwaGlos (Fig. 11).
Two possibilities to extend EwaGlos are obvious:
To begin with, it might motivate colleagues to add their own
translations in other European languages. or we might extend
the content with all the information that EwaGlos so far could
not provide, such as:
- introduction of new terms,
- differences in historic and current usages of the terms; vari-
ous techniques and materials used in different countries,
- regional differences in terms and techniques within countries,
- differences between use in the field of wall paintings conser-
vation and standard terminology used in other areas of spe-
cialisation,
- historical contexts and origins of terms,
- explanations of historical terms that are not in use anymore,
- differences between Italian terminology used in Italy and its
use in other countries.
Fig. 11: Screenshot of the project website www.ewaglos.eu that will be maintained by the
Hornemann Institute until 2020: You can use it to communicate with the consortium.
EwaGlos is a small but important step to aid international co-
operation in the conservation of wall paintings through con-
formity within the fields terminology. This is a very important
endeavour in light of the daily damage to wall paintings and
architectural surfaces in Europe. We are fully aware that the se-
lection of terms or some definitions and comments can be dis-
cussed controversially or that some information may be miss-
ing. nevertheless, we hope that our compilation will support
colleagues in their international preservation efforts and that
the glossary will be further developed with the aim of proper
use of conservation terminology.
We would like to dedicate this glossary to all those who have
devoted their lives to the conservation of our cultural heritage.
Acknowledgements
a special thank you is extended to all the contributors to the
glossary!
First of all, I would like to thank the project managers of my part-
ner institutions who shared the responsibility with me: Joann
Cassar (mT), aysun zkse (TR), Pilar Roig Picazo (ES), Daniel
Pop (Ro), Ivan Sra (HR) and Jean-marc Vallet (FR).
We also wish to thank all the experts involved, hoping the fol-
lowing list is complete:
Roberta De angelis (mT), oriana aquilina (mT), Joanna m. ar-
szyska (Pl), Raniero Baglioni (ES), Elke Behrens (DE), Stefan Bel-
ishki (BG), Juana C. Bernal navarro (ES), Istvn Bna (Hu),
matthew Bonett (mT), mlodie Bonnat (FR), Igancio Bosch Roig
(ES), maria del Pilar Bosch Roig (ES), nicolas Bouillon (FR), Elise
Bouvet (FR), Semira Bugeja (mT), Christine Caruana (mT), Shirley
Cefai (mT), Gianluigi Colalucci (IT), Emilie Checroun (FR), Valeria
Corradetti (IT), Florence Crmer (FR), Vincent Detalle (FR),
Glseren Dikilita (TR), anneli Ellesat (DE), axel Ermert (DE),
21
 James Farrugia (mT), Fabien Fohrer (FR), Bencze Fruzsina (Ro),
Katarina Gavrilica (HR), maria Jos Gonzlez (ES), oana Gui (TR,
Ro), oana mara Gui (Ro), odile Guillon (FR), mrta Guttmann
(Ro), nikifor Haralampiev (BG), Sophie Haake-Harig (DE), Raimar
Heber (DE), Barbara Hentschel (DE), adrian Heritage (DE, uK), al-
ison Heritage (IT, uK), Drthe Jakobs (DE), Violeta Karailieva (BG),
Dorota Kowalik-Kociszewska (Pl), Kristina Kruli (HR), mariarosa
lanfranchi (IT), Roland lenz (DE), Heike leuckfeld (DE), Isabelle
locoge (FR), ana lozano de la Pola (ES), martion mach (DE), Jos
antonio madrid Garca (ES), Barbara mazzei (IT), Domagoj
mudronja (HR), Theo-Sandu murean (Ro), Bruno nahod (HR),
Barbara neubauer (DE), B. nilgn z (TR), Christoph oldenbourg
(DE), Julia osca Pons (ES), mercedes Sanchez Pons (ES), adrian
Rauca (Ro), Jos luis Regidor Ros (ES), nicole Riedl-Siedow (DE),
Dominique Rogers (FR), Eray ahbaz (TR), Simona Sajeva (IT, FR),
Notes
1 Illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns, ed. by IComoS-
ISCS: English-French, Paris 2008; English-German, Petersberg 2010;
English-Czech 2011; English-Spanish 2011; English-Korean 2014;
English-Japanese 2014.
2 Every institution chose whether it wanted to be a member of the
consortium or an associated partner.
3 after Caple 2000. For stylistic reasons we could not use the compos-
ite term conservation-restoration proposed by E.C.C.o. (European
Confederation of Conservator-Restorers organisations).
4 For an alternative see Fig. 4 in this chapter.
5 Petzet 2009, 17/8; Conservation Basics 2013, 344, 355; Caple 2000,
32, 122. For more information on these changing meanings see
Schdler-Saub 2010 and ICom-CC: Terminology to characterize the
conservation of tangible cultural heritage: www.icom-cc.org/242/
#.VBtlH5SSzak; www.icom-cc.org/330/about-icom-cc/what-is-con-
servation/conservation:-who,-what-amp;-why/
6 See below under Definitions and comments.
7 For further information see the term wall painting in the chapter
a3: art and Craft Techniques Surface design, 66.
8 Basic literature: mora et al.: la conservation des peintures murales,
Bologne 1977, translated into English 1984, into Romanian 1986, into
Italian 1999, into Spanish 2003; IComoS Principles 2003.
9 For a good academic book on conservation (including the reasons
for preserving the past, the history of conservation, conservation
ethics, and preventive conservation), see Caple 2000; Conserva-
tion Basics 2013 with an updated bibliography. For an overview
of the history of modern restoration theory and conservation
methods, see Philippot 1989.
10 you will find the list of the contributors and their responsibilities at
the beginning of this book and all names in alphabetical order at the
end of this introduction.
11 Petzet 2009, 17.
22
maria mercedes Sanchez Pons (ES), ursula Schdler-Saub (DE),
Karin Schinken (DE), antoinette Singaglia (FR), alexandra
Skedzuhn-Safir (DE), maria Pilar Soriano Sancho (ES), Grayna
Schulze-Gazik (Pl), Ewa wicka (Pl), manfred Stocken (DE),
Erzsbet Szsz (Ro), aye Hilal Tan (TR), Kerim Tan (TR), nadia
Thalguter (DE), Jlia Tvissi (Ro), Francisco arquillo Torres (ES),
Elitsa Tsvetkova (BG), Gil Turcule (Ro), Juan C. Valcrcer andrs
(ES), Jennifer Weber (DE), Fani upan (HR).
Dr. Angela Weyer,
Project Coordinator of EwaGlos
HAWK, Hildesheim, August 2015
12 Schdler-Saub 2010, 3.
13 See below Translations.
14 Schdler-Saub 2007, 66.
15 For now we have not followed the thesaurus idea because some
chapters and groups of terms could not be organised well in such a
hierarchy, with single terms that did not fit anywhere in the structure
of the thesaurus. Some terms were not related that well with others
and were thus unallocated.
16 For the structure of the terms of the chapter Documentation and
Investigation see the illustration of Phenomenological approach,
230.
17 This procedure is based on the advice of axel Ermert from CEn dur-
ing the project meetings and the following literature: Harping 2010,
5.4.; 7.2 -7.5; lanzi 1998; Getty Vocabulary Program 2003; Brief Rules
2007.
18 *Caleidoscopio, 1994-1995, ICCRom archiv; *artis (art and Restora-
tion techniques Interactive Studio), from 1997; *Raphael. analysis,
Protection and Preservation of medieval Wall Paintings, 1999-2001;
niederschsisches landesamt fr Denkmalpflege, Hannover (pub-
lished in July 2015 on the website); *argos (art and Restoration Glos-
sary operating System), www.argosprospect.org was not active in
2014; *lmCR (lessico tecnico multilingue di conservazione e restau-
ro, dipinti su tela supporto) 20012007; assoziatione Secco Suardo;
*The conservation dictionary, CD, not commercially available (athens
2001), 19992001, contains a shift in the tables using various lan-
guages, so that for a particular word the wrong term is shown in a
different language; *Plaster architecture, from 2000: the website
www.plasterarc.net was not active in 2014; *CRISTal (Conservation
Restoration Institutions for Scientific Terminology dedicated to art
learning, 19992000 (only the Italian part was published: nimmo,
2001).
19 See the overview of all terms and the responsible institution on page
23 and the list of contributors on page 67.
THE OVERVIEW SCHEME:
the English terms and the partners responsibilities
Art and Craft Techniques Condition Interventions Materials Appendix
Construction Deterioration Sources Documentation and Investigation Acrylic HAWK
Cave KBU Intrinsic cause of deterioration UM Phenomenological approach CICRP Additive KBU
Masonry KBU Extrinsic cause of deterioration UM Historical investigation CICRP Aggregate KBU
Natural stone masonry KBU Soiling / Dirt UM Building and site survey CICRP Binder HAWK
Ashlar stone masonry KBU Humidity UM Structural examination CICRP Brick KBU
Rubble masonry KBU Condensation UM Object investigation CICRP Brick dust ABK
Brick masonry KBU Hygroscopicity / Deliquescence UM Site investigation CICRP Calcite crust HRZ
Adobe KBU Infiltration UM Metric survey CICRP Carbonation HRZ
Joint KBU Rising damp UM Building archaeology CICRP / HAWK Casein HRZ
Pietra rasa KBU Freeze-thaw cycles UM Architectural paint research CICRP / HAWK Cement HAWK
Wooden structure KBU Wet-dry cycles UM Stratigraphic investigation CICRP Ceramic KBU
Half-timber KBU Environmental deterioration UM Mapping CICRP Chalk HAWK
Exposed concrete KBU Air pollution UM Scientific investigation CICRP Clay KBU
Support HAWK Soluble salts UM Conservation report CICRP Consolidant HAWK
Plaster HAWK Aerosols UM Non- invasive investigation CICRP Crushed brick KBU
Render HAWK Biological growth UM Contactless investigation CICRP Drying oil HAWK
Levelling coat HAWK Anthropically induced deterioration UM Photodocumentation CICRP Filler KBU
Rough cast (Roughcast) HAWK Inappropriate historic interventions UM Raking light CICRP Glue HAWK
Ground HAWK Overpaint UPV Scientific images CICRP Grout (injection) KBU
Underpaint RPS Structural interventions UM Sampling CICRP Gypsum KBU
Glaze HAWK Deterioration Phenomena Drill core sampling CICRP Hydraulic binder KBU
Varnish HAWK Lacuna UAD Sample preparation CICRP Lime KBU
Surface Design Cavity UAD Cross section CICRP Lime milk KBU
Wall painting HRZ Crumbling UAD Thin section CICRP Lime mortar KBU
Painting stratigraphy HRZ Abrasion UAD Material analysis and examination CICRP Lime putty KBU
Fresco HRZ Corrosion UAD Pigment analysis CICRP Marble dust HRZ
Arriccio HAWK Peeling UAD Analysis of binding media CICRP Pigment RPS
Pontata HAWK Scaling UAD Biological examination CICRP Plaster of Paris KBU
Intonaco HAWK Flaking UAD Mineralogical examination CICRP Pozzolan/ Pozzolana KBU
Giornata HAWK Chalking UAD Spot test CICRP Sand HRZ
Final render HAWK Deformation UAD Treatment trials CICRP Terracotta KBU
Mezzo fresco HRZ Bulge UAD Preventive Conservation Tesserae HRZ
Secco HRZ Static crack UAD Environmental assessment CICRP Waterglass HAWK
Whitewash HAWK Crack UAD Indoor climate study CICRP Wax HRZ
Tempera HRZ Hairline crack UAD Monitoring CICRP
Pentimento HRZ Craquelure UAD Environmental management CICRP
Relief HRZ Patina UAD Drainage CICRP
Decorative application HRZ White veil UAD Emergency measures CICRP
Encaustic HRZ Yellowing UAD Maintenance and care CICRP
Oil painting HRZ Darkening UAD Conservation
Impasto HRZ Colour saturation UAD Cleaning UPV
Sgraffito HRZ Bleaching UAD Salt reduction UPV
Distemper HRZ Fading UAD Sacrificial render UPV
Acrylic painting HRZ Pigment alteration UAD Poulticing UPV
Palimpsest HRZ Salt efflorescence UAD Consolidation UPV / HAWK
Mineral paints HRZ Wind erosion UAD Fixing UPV / HAWK
Mosaic HRZ Injection of grout UPV / HAWK
Stucco ABK Infill UPV / HAWK
Scagliola HRZ Repointing UPV
Glazed decorations HRZ Edging repair UPV
Clapboard / Shingle KBU Dutchman repair UPV
Construction Aids Restoration
Putlog holes UM Uncovering UPV
Sinopia UM Reintegration UPV / HAWK
Snapped line UM Neutral reintegration UPV / HAWK
Grid UM Tratteggio UPV / HAWK
Preparatory drawing UM Pointillism UPV / HAWK
Spolvero UM Tonal adjustment UPV / HAWK
Direct incision UM Mimetic reintegration UPV / HAWK
Indirect incision UM Astrazione cromatica UPV / HAWK
Keying UM Selezione cromatica UPV / HAWK
Stencil UM Detachment UPV
Transfer UPV

institutions

ABK Akademie der Bildenden Knste Stuttgart (Stuttgart State Academy of Fine Arts)

CICRP Centre Interdisciplinaire de Conservation et Restauration du Patrimoine, Marseille

HAWK HAWK Hochschule fr angewandte Wissenschaft und Kunst - University of Applied Sciences and Arts - Hildesheim/Holzminden/Gttingen

HRZ Croatian Conservation Institute, Zagreb

KBU Karabk niversitesi

RPS Landesamt fr Denkmalpflege im Regierungsprsidium Stuttgart

UAD University of Art and Design, Cluj-Napoca

UM University of Malta

UPV Universitat Politcnica de Valncia

23
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
CoNstRuCtioN
Rock carved church, arkl Church, Greme (Turkey), 11th century; Photo: 1991, KBU (Aysun zkse)
Cave EN
Definition: A natural or man-made cavity in
rocks which may be decorated with drawings,
paintings, sculpture, and/or scratched engrav-
ings.
Comment: By carving solid rock where it nat-
urally occurs, one can create architecture
and/or sculpture. This kind of activity creates
what is known as rock-cut architecture. Such
architecture can be seen mostly in the
Mediterranean area in places like Cappadocia
(Turkey), Sassi di Matera (Italy) and Petra (Jor-
dan). Modified caves and caverns are not con-
sidered rock-cut architecture, but can also
contain imposing decorations.
Sources: Brandi, Crea 1979, 5590; Fyfe 2007; orakba 2012
24
Abri sous roche
Dfinition: Cavit naturelle ou creuse par
lhomme, qui peut tre dcore de dessins,
peintures, sculptures et/ou gravures.
Commentaires: En sculptant la roche solide
l o elle est naturellement prsente, on peut
crer une architecture et/ou une sculpture. Ce
type dactivit constitue ce que nous ap-
pelons larchitecture troglodyte. On retrouve
ce type darchitecture en Cappadoce (Tur-
quie), Matera (Italie) et Petra (Jordanie). Les
grottes et cavernes amnages ne sont pas
seulement considres comme de larchitec-
ture troglodyte mais elles peuvent galement
contenir dimposantes dcorations.
FR Hhle DE
Definition: Ein natrlicher oder knstlich ge-
schaffener Hohlraum in Felsen, der mit Zeich-
nungen, Malereien, Skulpturen und/oder ein-
geritzten Gravuren verziert sein kann.
Kommentar: Durch die Bearbeitung von mas-
sivem Naturfelsen kann Architektur und/oder
Skulptur geschaffen werden. Diese Art der Ge-
staltung wird als Hhlenarchitektur bezeich-
net. Man kann sie z.B. im Mittelmeerraum in
Kappadokien (Trkei), Sassi di Matera (Italien)
oder in Petra (Jordanien) besichtigen. Natr-
liche, baulich nicht vernderte Hhlen werden
nicht als Hhlenarchitektur bezeichnet, kn-
nen aber gleichermaen beeindruckende De-
korationen aufweisen.
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

CoNstRuCtioN

pilja HR Jaskinia PL Maara tR

Definicija: Prirodna ili umjetna upljina u
stijenama koja moe biti ukraena crteima,
slikama, skulpturama i/ili rezbarijama.
Napomena: Klesanjem u vrstoj prirodnoj sti-
jeni moe se stvoriti arhitektura i/ili skulptura.
Ta je vrsta djelovanja poznata kao isklesana
arhitektura. Ona se moe vidjeti uglavnom na
Mediteranu na mjestima poput Cappadocije
(Turska), Sassi di Matera (Italija) i Petre (Jor-
dan). Modificirane pilje i peine mogu sadr-
avati jednako impozantne dekoracije kao i
isklesana arhitektura.
Definicja: Naturalne lub wykonane przez
czowieka zagbienie w skaach, ktre moe
by zdobione rysunkami, malowidami, rze-
bami i / lub rytami.
Komentarz: Bywa, e poprzez cicie litej skay
tworzona jest architektura i / lub rzeba. Ten
rodzaj dziaa tworzy tzw. architektur wyku-
t w skale. Tak architektur spotka mona
gwnie w obszarze Morza rdziemnego w
Kapadocji (Turcja), Sassi di Matera (Wochy) i
Petrze (Jordania). Zmodyfikowane jaskinie i
pieczary mog take mieci imponujce de-
koracje, podobnie jak architektura wykuta w
skale.
Tanm: izimlerle, resimlerle, kazma ve/ya da
oyma desenlerle dekore edilen kayalklardaki
doal ya da insan yapm kovuk.
Yorum: Doal yollardan oluan sert kayalar
oyularak mimari yap ve /veya yontu oluturu-
labilir. Bu tr alma kaya mimarisi olarak bi-
linen oluumu yaratr. Bu tr mimari yaplar
Kapadokya (Trkiye), Sassi di Matera (talya)
ve Petra (rdn) gibi yerlerde grlmektedir.
ekillendirilmi maaralar ya da oyuklar kaya
mimarisi olmann yan sra ayn zamanda gr-
kemli sslemeleri de ierebilir.

Barlang Hu Grot Ro BG

Meghatrozs: Termszetes vagy ember ltal Definiie: O cavitate ntr-o roc, natural sau :
sziklban vjt reg, ami ltalban rajzokkal, realizat de om, ce poate fi decorat cu de- , -
festssel, faragvnyokkal s/vagy karcolt min- sene, picturi, sculpturi, i / sau incizii. , ,
tkkal dsztett. / .
Adnotare: Prin sculptarea n roc, acolo unde
Megjegyzs: A termszetes elfordulsi he- aceasta apare n mod natural, se pot crea ope- : -
lykn kivjt, kifaragott szilrdkzetek pt- re de arhitectur i/sau sculptur. Acest tip de /
szeti s/vagy szobrszati alkotsokat eredm- activitate creeaz ceea ce este cunoscut drept . ..
nyeznek. Ez sziklaptszetknt ismert. Ilyen arhitectur rupestr. O astfel de arhitectur ( -
ptszeti emlkeket leginkbb a mediterrn poate fi ntlnit n zona mediteranean n lo- ). -
vezetben, pldul Kappadkiban (Trkor- curi precum Cappadocia (Turcia), Sassi di Ma- -
szg), Sassi di Materaban (Olaszorszg) vagy tera (Italia) i Petra (Iordania). Grotele modifi- . (), -
Petrban (Jordnia) tallunk. Az talaktott cate de om nu sunt considerate arhitecturi ru- () (). -
barlangok vagy regek nem szmtanak szik- pestre, ns pot avea decoraii la fel de impu- -
laptszetnek, de ugyangy tartalmazhatnak ntoare. , -
ltvnyos dsztmnyeket. Sinonime: cavern, peter .

Grotta it Cueva Es

Definizione: Una cavit naturale o artificiale
che pu essere decorata con disegni, pitture,
sculture e/o incisioni.
Commento: Scavando e intagliando la roccia
solida, laddove questa si trova in natura, si pu
creare unarchitettura e/o una scultura. Questa
chiamata architettura negativa. Tali architet-
ture si trovano per esempio in Cappadocia
(Turchia) e a Petra (Giordania). Grotte e caver-
ne naturali successivamente modificate dal-
luomo non sono considerate architetture ne-
gative, ma possono comunque contenere de-
corazioni grandiose.
Sinonimi: caverna
Definicin: Cavidad natural o realizada por el
hombre sobre rocas, que puede ser decorada
con dibujos, pinturas, esculturas y/o grabados
incisos.
Comentario: Mediante el tallado de la roca
natural, se pueden crear arquitecturas y/o es-
culturas. Este tipo de actuaciones permite la
creacin de arquitecturas rupestres. Pueden
verse en diversos lugares como, por ejemplo,
la Capadocia (Turqua) y Petra (Jordania). Cue-
vas modificadas o cavernas no son considera-
das arquitecturas rupestres, pero pueden
igualmente contener decoraciones.

25
 ART AND CRAFTTECHNIQUES
CONSTRUCTION
Unrendered masonry surface, Church ofSt. Michael, 11th century; Photo: 2010, HAWK (Ciemen s Kappen)
MMon~ EN
Definition: The art and craft of building which
creates structures from building blocks (ma-
sonry units). Theseblocks can be extracted or
manufactured, and include stone (rubble or
ashlar), adobe, brick, and concrete. They are
also bonded tagether with mortar, and possi-
bly graut and/or reinforcement.
Comment: Building is carried out eitherwith-
out mortar (dry wall) orwith mortar. Above all,
masonry has a static, structural, and protective
function, and it may also incorporate decora-
tive elements. Masonry provides an architec-
tural surface in itself, but it can also serve as a
support for wall paintings or decorative sur-
faces made of various plasters or renders.
_, adobe, _, ash/ar stone masonry, _, brick, _, p/as-
ter, _,rubble masonry
Sources: Chin g 1995, 155; Harri s 1984, 300; Langenbach 2009, 128; Haso l 2002, 153
26
Mac;onnerie FR
Definition: Type de construction a base de
blocs (unites de ma<;:onnerie) qui sont extraits
ou fabriques, tels que des blocs de pierre
tailles ou non, de terre, d'argile, de brique ou
de beton. Les blocs sont lies par un mortier,
voire un coulis.
Commentaires: La construction peut etre
realisee avec du mortier (ma<;:onnerie) ou sans
(pierre seche ou joints vifs). La ma<;:onnerie a
surtout une fonction statique, structurelle et
de protection. Eile peut egalement comporter
des elements decoratifs. Elle peut montrer
une surface architecturale nue ou servir de
Support a des peintures murales OU des
surfaces decoratives faites de mortiers divers.
_, brique de terrre crue! adobe, _, brique, _, enduit,
_, mac;onnerie de moellons, _, mac;onnerie de
pierrede taille
Mauerwerk DE
Definition: Eine Konstruktion aus meist recht-
eckig geformten Bausteinen (Mauersteinen),
die aus Feld- oder Bruchstein, aus bearbeite-
tem Naturstein oder aus geformten, knstli-
chen Steinen aus luftgetrocknetem Lehm
(Adobe), Ziegel oder Beton bestehen kann .
Das Mauerwerk wird meist mit Mrtel und
eventuell mit Vergussmrtel und/ oder Armie-
rungen zusammengehalten.
Kommentar: Errichtet wird es entweder mit
oder ohne Mrtel (Trockenmauer). Mauer-
werk hat vor allem eine statische, konstruktive
und schtzende Funktion, kann aber auch de-
korative Elemente aufweisen. Das Mauerwerk
hat selbst eine Architekturoberflche, dient
aber auch als Trger fr Wandmalereien oder
fr gestaltete Putzoberflchen.
_, Lehmziegelmauerwerk /Adobe, _, Quadermau-
erwerk, _,Ziegel, _, Putz, _, Feldsteinmauerwerk
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

CoNstRuCtioN

Zidanje HR Budownictwo PL mente, estructural, esttica y de proteccin, y

Definicija: Umjetnost i obrt graenja koje Definicja: Sztuka i rzemioso budowlane, ktre
stvara strukture graevnim blokovima (zidar- pozwala tworzy konstrukcje z blokw budow-
skim jedinicama). Ti se blokovi mogu vaditi ili lanych (pojedynczych elementw). Bloki te mo-
proizvesti te ukljuuju kamen (neobraen ili g by wycite lub wytworzone, mog to by:
priklesan), erpi, opeku i beton. Zajedno se kamienie (nieobrobione lub opracowane), ado-
povezuju mortom te katkad rijetkom bukom be, cega i bloki betonowe. S zwizane ze sob
i/ili pojaanjem. zapraw, ciek zapraw i / lub wzmocnione.
Napomena: Gradi se mortom s ili bez njega Komentarz: Budynek jest albo wykonany bez
(suhozid). Prije svega, zidanje ima konstruktiv- zaprawy (suchy mur) albo z zastosowaniem
nu, strukturnu i zatitnu funkciju te takoer zaprawy. Budownictwo ma przede wszystkim
moe ukljuivati i dekorativne elemente. Zida- funkcje statyczne, konstrukcyjne i zabezpie-
nje samo po sebi odreuje arhitekturnu povr- czajce, moe te zawiera elementy dekora-
inu, ali takoer moe sluiti kao nosa zidnih cyjne. Budownictwo samo stanowi po-
slika ili dekorativnih povrina napravljenih od wierzchni architektoniczn, ale moe te su-
razliitih vrsta unutarnjih ili vanjskih buka. y jako podoe malowide ciennych lub de-
korowanych powierzchni pokrywanych roz-
erpi, zid od priklesanoga kamena, opeka, maitymi tynkami i zaprawami.
buka, zid od neobraenoga kamena
adobe, mur z obrobionych kamieni, cega,
tynk, mur z surowego kamienia
Fal Hu
Meghatrozs: Nagyrszt szgletesre alaktott Zidrie Ro
ptelemekbl (falazblokkokbl) ksztett tr-
hatrol ptmny, vltozatos falazattal (pts- Definiie: Arta i meteugul de a crea struc- lerine ya da eitli svalar ya da sslemelerden
s ktsmddal). Az ptelemek lehetnek kiter- turi din blocuri de construcie (elemente de
mels ltal nyert ptkvek vagy mestersge- zidrie). Aceste blocuri pot fi extrase sau fabri-
sen ellltott vlyogtglk, tglk vagy betone- cate, i includ piatr (brut sau fuit), chir-
lemek. A falazelemeket leggyakrabban habarcs- pici, crmid i beton. Blocurile de construc-
csal, esetleg folykony habarccsal ktik ssze, ie pot fi legate cu mortar sau cu un alt liant,
esetenknt megerstseket is hasznlnak. i/sau elemente de ranforsare.
pueden incluir elementos decorativos. Es una
superficie arquitectnica por s misma, pero
puede tambin ser el soporte de pinturas mu-
rales o decoraciones realizadas con diversos
morteros y revoques.
adobe, fbrica de sillera, ladrillo, mor-
tero, revoque, mortero de revestimiento,
mampostera de piedra tosca
Duvar tR
Tanm: Yap bloklarndan (duvar niteleri) ya-
ratlm olan yap sanat ve zanaati. Bu bloklar
doadan elde edilir veya yapay olarak retilir
ve ta, kerpi, kil, tula, moloz ya da beton blok-
lar ierebilir. Bunlar ayn zamanda har, muh-
temelen erbet ve/veya donat ile birletirilir.
Yorum: Duvar harsz olarak (kuru duvar) ya
da harl ina edilebilir. En nemlisi, duvarlar,
strktrel ve koruyucu ilevinin yannda ayn
zamanda dekoratif elemanlar da ierebilir.
Duvarlar, bal bana bir mimari yzey olu-
turmann yan sra ayn zamanda duvar resim-
yaplan dekoratif yzeylere zemin olarak kul-
lanlr.
kerpi, kesme ta, tula, sva, moloz
ta duvar

Megjegyzs: A falat rakhatjk habarccsal Adnotare: Construcia se realizeaz fie fr / BG

vagy anlkl (szrazfalazat). Mindenekeltt te- mortar (zid uscat), fie cu mortar. Mai presus de
herhord, szerkezeti s vd szerepe van, s toate, zidria are o funcie static, structural : -
dsztelemeket is hordozhat. A falazat lehet i de protecie i poate implica, de asemenea , -
nmagban ptszeti fellet, de szolglhat elemente decorative. Zidria ofer o suprafa ( ). -
falkpek vagy vakolatbl kszlt klnfle de- arhitectural n sine, ns totodat poate servi -
koratv felletek hordozjaknt. ca suport pentru picturile murale sau pentru ( -
suprafeele decorative realizate din diverse ), , .
vlyogfal, kvderfal, tgla, vakolat, tencuieli.
termsk fal / .
chirpici, zidrie din piatr de talie, zidrie
din piatr brut, crmid, tencuial :
Muratura it ( ) -
. (-
Definizione: Un tipo di costruzione fatto di Fbrica Es ) ,
elementi da costruzione irregolari o rettango- -
lari (unit di muratura) che sono scalpellati o Definicin: Sistema de construccin realizada . -
squadrati oppure fabbricati in modo artigia- con mampuestos, que son fragmentos o ele- -
nale o industriale e possono consistere di pie- mentos que se obtienen de su extraccin en ,
tra, mattoni, argilla, pietrame o calcestruzzo. canteras o manufacturados, como por ejem- , -
plo piedra, adobe, ladrillo y cemento. Los -
Commento: La costruzione pu essere esegui- mampuestos se pueden unir entre ellos con .
ta senza malta (muro a secco) o con malta (una morteros y/o refuerzos.
cosiddetta malta di posa per gli elementi da co- , ,
struzione). Solitamente la muratura portante. Comentario: Este tipo de construccin se re- , , , -
aliza sin mortero (fbrica en seco) o con mor-
muratura di pietra greggia, muratura a taglio tero (fbrica ordinaria). Su funcin es, general-

27
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
CoNstRuCtioN
Mixed stone construction, southern faade, Dormition of the Theotokos Church, Strei (Romania), 13th century; Photo: 2015, UAD (Adrian Rauca)
Natural stone masonry EN
Definition: A type of construction made out
of natural stones, which are field-collected or
quarried. These can be self-supporting or
bonded with mortar.
Comment: Common materials include mar-
ble, granite, travertine, limestone, and sand-
stone. The arrangement of stones (with or
without mortar), the different combinations
of stone types, and stone and brick combina-
tions (called composite masonry) create rich
architectural surfaces. Natural stone masonry
does not depend on bonding for stability (in
the case of downward loads). Stability is poor
in the case of loads that exert force at an angle
(such as vaults, arches and domes).
Depending on the degree of shaping of the
stones, it is classified in two main categories:
rubble masonry and ashlar masonry. Natural
stone is a redundant term, but it is used to dif-
ferentiate from stone imitations.
rubble masonry, ashlar stone masonry, brick
Maonnerie de pierres naturelles FR
Dfinition: Construction faite de pierres na-
turelles recueillies sur place ou bien rappor-
tes. Elles peuvent tre assembles sec ou
avec du mortier.
Commentaires: Les matriaux communs
comprennent le marbre, le granite, le traver-
tin, le calcaire et le grs. Lagencement des
Sources: Ching 1995, 158; Harris 1984,117, 328; Hasol 2002, 448; Bechar 2005, 111120
28
pierres (avec ou sans mortier), les diffrents
types de pierres et la combinaison de pierres
et de briques (appele maonnerie compo-
site) crent de riches surfaces architecturales.
La stabilit de la maonnerie de pierres natu-
relles ne dpend pas du liant (pour les charges
verticales). Elle est faible lorsque les charges
suivent un angle (votes, arches, dmes).
Selon le degr de taille de la pierre, on parle
de blocaille, mollon ou de pierre de taille.
maonnerie de mollons, maonnerie de
pierre de taille, brique
Natursteinmauerwerk DE
Definition: Konstruktion aus Steinen, die auf-
gesammelt oder abgebaut wurden. Sie kann
selbsttragend oder mit Setzmrtel gemauert
sein.
Kommentar: Gngige Materialien sind Mar-
mor, Granit, Travertin, Kalk- und Sandstein.
Reiche Architekturoberflchen knnen aus
der Anordnung der Steine (mit oder ohne
Mrtel), aus den Kombinationen von verschie-
denen Steinarten sowie aus Stein- und Ziegel-
kombinationen (Mischmauerwerk) entstehen.
Bei vertikal wirkenden Lasten hngt die Sta-
bilitt nicht von der Verbindung mit Mrtel ab.
Die Stabilitt gegenber Lasten, die schrg
wirkende Krfte ausben, wie bei Gewlben
und Bgen, ist hingegen niedrig. Je nach Aus-
ma der Steinbearbeitung wird es in folgende
Hauptkategorien unterteilt: Feld- oder Bruch-
steinmauerwerk und Quadermauerwerk.
Feldsteinmauerwerk, Quadermauerwerk,
Ziegel
Zid od prirodnoga kamena HR
Definicija: Tip konstrukcije od prirodnoga ka-
mena, skupljanoga ili vaenoga u kamenolo-
mu. Moe biti samonosiva ili vezana mortom.
Napomena: Mramor, granit, travertin, vapne-
nac i pjeenjak uobiajeni su materijali. Sla-
ganjem kamenja (s mortom ili bez njega), raz-
liitih vrsta kamena i kombinacijom kamena i
opeke (kompozitno zidanje) ostvaruje se bo-
gata arhitektonska povrina. Stabilnost zida od
prirodnoga kamena ne ovisi o vezivu (u sluaju
optereenja prema dolje). Stabilnost je slaba
kod optereenja koje se napree prema uglo-
vima (poput svodova, lukova ili kupola). Ovi-
sno o stupnju oblikovanja kamena, klasificira
se u dvije glavne kategorije: zid od neobrae-
noga kamena i zid od priklesanoga kamena.
Prirodni kamen opiran je naziv, ali se upotreb-
ljava da bi se razlikovao od imitacija kamena.
zid od neobraenoga kamena, zid od prikle-
sanoga kamena, opeka
termszetes kfal Hu
Meghatrozs: Termszetes kvekbl ll
ptmny, melyhez a kvet bnybl vagy fel-
szni gyjtsbl nyerik. A fal lehet szrazon ra-
kott vagy habarccsal kttt.
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

CoNstRuCtioN

Megjegyzs: Falazkknt leggyakrabban
mrvnyt, grnitot, travertint, vulkni tuft,
mszkvet vagy homokkvet hasznlnak. A
kvek elrendezse (habarccsal vagy anlkl),
a klnbz ktpusok, vagy a k s tgla p-
rostsa (vegyes falazat) vltozatos, gazdag
ptszeti felletet eredmnyez. Fggleges
terhels esetben, a termszetes kfalak sta-
bilitst a habarccsal val kts nem befoly-
solja. Ha oldalnyoms van (boltozat, boltv, ku-
pola) a stabilits cskken.
A kvek megmunkltsgtl fggen kt f
kategria ltezik: a termsk, illetve a kvder-
k fal. A termszetes k redundns kifejezs,
a kutnzatoktl, mktl val megkln-
bztets cljbl hasznljk.
rem zoonym) moe tworzy bogate po-
wierzchnie architektoniczne.Naturalna stabil-
no kamiennego muru nie zaley od typu wi-
zania (w przypadku obcie pionowych). Sta-
bilno jest sabsza w wypadku obcie dzia- No confundir con: imitacin de piedra
ajcych pod ktem (jak sklepienia, uki i kopu-
y). Zalenie od stopnia obrobienia kamieni
dzieli si na dwie gwne kategorie: budowle z
kamieni polnych i z ciosw kamiennych.
Kamie naturalny to termin przestarzay, ale
jest uywany dla odrnienia od imitacji ka-
mienia.
mur z surowego kamienia, mur z ciosw ka-
miennych, cega
Dependiendo de la forma de las piedras y de
su labrado, hay varios tipos de mampostera
que en espaol se denominan: careada, con-
certada y ordinaria.
fbrica de sillera, mampostera ordinaria,
mortero, ladrillo
Doal ta duvar tR
Tanm: Ta ocaklarndan karlan ya da arazi-
den toplanan doal talardan oluan bir tr
yap. Bunlar kendini tayabilir ya da harla
balanabilir.

termsk fal, kvderfal, tgla Zidrie din piatr natural
Muratura in pietra naturale it
Definizione: Un tipo di costruzione fatta di
pietre naturali raccolte in campo o estratte da
una cava. Possono essere autoportanti o lega-
te con malta.
Commento: I materiali comuni sono il marmo,
il granito, il travertino, il calcare e larenaria.
Con la disposizione delle pietre (con o senza
malta), i vari tipi di pietra e la combinazione di
pietra e mattone (chiamata muratura mista) si
possono creare superfici architettoniche con
svariati aspetti.
Per i carichi dallalto verso il basso, la muratura
in pietra naturale staticamente autosorreg-
gente e non ha bisogno di una malta di posa.
Invece, per i carichi che esercitano forze ango-
lari (come le volte, gli archi e le cupole), la sta-
bilit scarsa. Secondo il grado di sagomatura
della pietra, questa muratura classificata in
due categorie principali: Muratura di pietrame
e muratura a taglio.
Il termine pietra naturale un termine ridon-
dante, ma utilizzato per poterlo differenziare
dalle pietre artificiali.
muratura di pietra greggia, muratura a taglio
Mur z naturalnych kamieni PL
Definicja: Typ konstrukcji wykonanej z natu-
ralnych kamieni, zebranych lub wydobytych z
kamienioomu. Moe by samonona lub
zwizana zapraw.
Komentarz: Popularne materiay to: marmur,
granit, trawertyn, wapie i piaskowiec.
Sposb spajania kamieni (z uyciem zaprawy
lub bez), zastosowanie rnych rodzajw ka-
mienia, czenie cegy z kamieniem (zwane mu-
Ro Yorum: Yaygn malzemeler, mermer, granit,
traverten, kire ta ve kum tadr. Talarn di-
Definiie: Un tip de construcie realizat din zimi (harl ya da harsz) farkl ta trlerinin
piatr natural colectat din mprejurimi sau birleimi ve tula kombinasyonlar (karma
din cariere de piatr. Aceasta poate fi autopor- malzeme duvar) zengin mimari yzeyler olu-
tant sau legat cu mortar. turur. Doal ta duvarlarn dey yklerdeki
dengesi birleme ile ilgili deildir. Kemer, to-
Adnotare: Materiale frecvent utilizate sunt noz ve kubbelerde olduu gibi, kedeki yk-
marmura, granitul, travertinul, calcarul i gre- lerde denge zayftr. Talarn ekillendirme l-
sia. Modul de aranjare a pietrelor (cu sau fr eine gre iki ana kategoriye ayrlabilir: mo-
mortar), diferitele combinaii de tipuri de pia- loz ta duvar ve kesme ta duvar.
tr, precum i combinaiile de piatr i crmi- Doal ta, genel bir terimdir fakat imitasyon
d (denumit zidrie mixt) creaz suprafee doal olmayan talardan ayrmak iin kullanlr.
arhitecturale bogate. Stabilitatea zidriei din
piatr natural nu depinde de legarea cu mor- moloz ta duvar, kesme ta duvar, tula
tar (n cazul sarcinilor verticale). Stabilitatea
este minim n cazul ncrcturilor ce exercit
fore la unghiuri (boli, arce i cupole). / BG
n funcie de gradul de modelare a pietrei, zi-
dria din piatr natural este clasificat n do- : -
u categorii: zidrie din piatr brut i zidrie , -
din piatr fuit. .
.
zidrie din piatr brut, zidrie din piatr de
talie, crmid :
, , , -
. (
Mampostera Es ) -
-
Definicin: Tipo de construccin que se rea- ( ),
liza con piedras naturales no labradas u obte- .
nidas de canteras. Estas pueden sostenerse -
unas a otras o estar unidas con mortero. ( -
).
Comentario: Los materiales comnmente ,
usados son el mrmol, el granito, la piedra ca- (. , ).
liza y la arenisca.
La diversidad de disposicin y rejuntado de ,
las piedras crea superficies arquitectnicas :
dignas de inters. . ,
La mampostera no depende del uso de adhe- , -
sivos para su estabilidad en el caso de cargas .
verticales. La estabilidad es mnima en el caso
de cargas que ejercen una fuerza en los ngu- / ,
los (bvedas, arcos y cpulas). ,

29
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
CoNstRuCtioN
Masonry, ancient Roman aqueduct, Kemerhisar (Turkey), 30 BC; Photo: 1995, KBU (Aysun zkse); Illustration: 2015, Raimar Heber based on a drawing by Oana
Gui
Ashlar stone masonry EN
Definition: A type of stone masonry which
uses regularly cut blocks of stones, of almost
uniform size, usually bigger than bricks (self-
sustaining or properly bonded with mortar
with very thin and uniform joints).
It is also finely dressed.
Comment: There are many categories of ash-
lar masonry, depending on the degree of
stone dressing. These include rough or fine
ashlar, rock or quarry-faced ashlar, or rusticat-
ed ashlar. Depending on the course disposi-
tion, the terms: random ashlar, coursed ashlar,
and broken range work may be used. Ashlar
facing refers to smooth facing applied over
rough or rubble masonry to obtain improved
aesthetic effects at a lower cost.
masonry, brick, joint, rubble masonry
Maonnerie de pierre de taille FR
Dfinition: Maonnerie de blocs de coupe
rgulire (uniformes et de taille gnrale-
ment plus importante que la brique). Ils peu-
vent tre assembls joints vifs (sans mortier)
ou avec un mortier (joints trs fins et rgu-
Sources: Bechar 2005, 111120; Harris 1994, 27; Davies, Jokiniemi 2006, 24; Juracek 2002, 2546, 337; Ching 1995, 158
30
liers). Les pierres sont finement dresses (tail-
les).
Commentaires: La pierre de taille peut tre
utilise comme parement dcoratif. On parle
de pierre de taille apparente. La maonnerie
de pierre de taille dpend du dressage de la
pierre: grossire ou fine, rocheuse ou de car-
rire, ou rustique. Arrangement: lappareil peut
tre alatoire ou joints horizontaux continus.
En franais, on parle de rgularit du dressage
pour un parement rgulier ou irrgulier, de di-
mension moyenne pour un petit, moyen ou
grand appareil.
maonnerie, brique, joint, maonnerie
de mollons
quadermauerwerk
Definition: Mauerwerk aus regelmig bear-
beiteten Natursteinblcken, die annhernd
gleich gro sind, hufig grer als Ziegel (mit
oder ohne Mrtel, mit sehr dnnen, gleichm-
igen Fugen). Es ist sorgfltig bearbeitet.
Kommentar: Je nach Ausma der Steinbear-
beitung gibt es viele Kategorien: u.a. grobes
oder feines Quader-, Bossen- und Rustikamau-
Coursed ashlar
Random ashlar
Broken-coursed ashlar
erwerk mit Kantenschlag oder Polsterquader-
mauerwerk. Je nach Anordnung von Lufer-
und Binderschichten wird es auch in unregel-
miges oder regelmiges Schichtmauer-
werk mit gleich hohen oder wechselnden
Schichthhen und Polygonalmauerwerk ein-
geteilt. Bei Verblendmauerwerk sind glatte
Steine auf rohes Mauerwerk aufgebracht, um
kostengnstig eine sthetisch bessere Wir-
kung zu erreichen.
Mauerwerk, Ziegel, Fuge, Feldsteinmau-
erwerk
Zid od priklesanoga kamena HR
Definicija: Tip kamenoga zida koji ima pravil-
no rezane blokove kamena, gotovo jednake
DE veliine, obino vee od opeka (samonosei
ili pravilno povezan mortom veoma tankih i
jednakih spojnica), te fino obraen.
Napomena: Mnogo je kategorija zida od pri-
klesanoga kamena, ovisno o stupnju obrade,
primjerice grubi ili fini priklesani kamen, pri-
klesani kamen iz stijene ili kamenoloma te ru-
stikalni priklesani kamen. Ovisno o nainu ra-
sporeda blokova, mogu se rabiti nazivi: zid od
slojevitoga poluklesanog kamena, sloeni zid
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

CoNstRuCtioN

od poluklesanoga kamena i kamenje razliitih
dimenzija i rasporeda. Obloga od priklesano-
ga kamena odnosi se na glatku oblogu koja
se stavlja preko grubo obraenoga zida ili zida
od lomljenoga kamena, radi postizanja bolje-
ga estetskog dojma po nioj cijeni.
zidanje, opeka, spojnica, zid od neobra-
enoga kamena
Mur z blokw kamiennych
Definicja: Rodzaj budownictwa z kamienia z
uyciem regularnie wycitych blokw ka-
miennych o moliwie jednakowych wymia-
rach, zwykle wikszych od cegy (bez spoino-
wych lub naleycie zwizanych zapraw z jed-
nakowymi, bardzo cienkimi jednolitymi spoi-
nami). Jest te starannie wykoczony.
PL aplantillada, moldurada, almohadillada, deco-
rada.
Dependiendo de la disposicin tambin pue-
de ser aleatoria, trabajada, rota.
Sillera de revestimiento se refiere a revesti-
mientos con aplacado de piezas lisas super-
puestas sobre un muro de mampostera sin la-
brar u otros muros para mejorar su aspecto es-
ttico de manera econmica.

Komentarz: Istnieje wiele kategorii budow- fbrica, ladrillo, junta, mampostera de

Kvderfal Hu nictwa z ciosw, zalenie od stopnia wyko- piedra tosca
czenia kamieni. Obejmuj surowe lub opraco-
Meghatrozs: Szablyosra s szinte azonos wane bloki skalne, amane lub rustykowane.
mretre formlt, rendszerint tglnl na- Zalenie od trybu opracowania okrelane s Yonu ta duvar tR
gyobb mret faragott kelemekbl ptett jako: przypadkowe ciosy, regularne ciosy i
falazattpus (lehet szrazon rakott, vagy ha- przeamane. Tanm: Hemen hemen ayn boyutlarda, genel-
barccsal megkttt, vkony, egyenletes fug- Okadzina ciosowa to gadka okadzina na- likle tuladan daha byk (harsz ya da ok
j). Rendszerint gondosan kidolgozott. oona na mur z surowych ciosw lub z tucz- ince harla dzgn ekilde ve derzle balan-
nia dla osignicia podanych efektw este- m) kesme ta bloklarnn dzenli ekilde kul-
Megjegyzs: A k megmunkltsgnak mr- tycznych przy obnieniu kosztw. lanld bir tr ta duvarcldr. Ayn zaman-
tktl fggen szmos faragott kfaltpus l- da mkemmel bir ekilde yontulmutur.
tezik. Lehet tbbek kzt durva vagy sima, ha- budownictwo, cega, spoina, mur z su-
stott vagy egyengetett fellet, illetve ruszti- rowego kamienia Yorum: Ta ileme derecesine bal olarak kes-
ka. A rtegek elrendezstl fggen a sza- me ta duvarcln birok tr vardr. Bunlar
blytalan, vltsoros s soros falazat terminu- kaba ya da ince kesme ta, kaya ya da ocakta
sokat hasznlhatjuk. A kvderburkolat olyan Zidrie din piatr de talie Ro aplanm kesme ta ya da kaba yontulmu
sima fellet burkolatot jelent, melyet egy kesme talardr. Dzenleme ekline gre kaba
durvbb falazatra hznak fel, ezltal a megfe- Definiie: Un tip de zidrie de piatr ce folo- yonu ta, ince yonu ta ve kiklop rgs vb.
lel eszttikai hatst alacsonyabb ron rik el. sete blocuri de piatr tiate regulat i de di- terimler kullanlabilir. Yonu ta yz dk
mensiuni aproximativ egale, de obicei mai maliyette gelimi estetik etki elde etmek iin
fal, tgla, fuga, termsk fal mari dect crmizile (de sine stttoare sau przl ya da akll duvara uygulanan prz-
legate ntre ele cu mortar, cu mbinri foarte sz yzeye verilen isimdir.
subiri i uniforme). Are de asemenea o supra- E anlam: kesme ta duvar
Muratura a taglio / Bugnato it fa neted.
duvar, tula, har, moloz ta duvar
Definizione: Un tipo di muratura di pietra per Adnotare: Exist mai multe tipuri de zidrie
la quale sono utilizzati blocchi di pietra tagliati din piatr de talie n funcie de gradul de fini-
regolarmente, di dimensioni pressocch uni- sare: grosier sau finisat, decorat, rusticiza- BG
forme e di solito pi grandi di mattoni (auto- t, etc. Zidria aparent se refer la plcile din
portanti o posati in letti di malta con giunti di piatr de talie aplicate peste zidria din piatr : ,
solito molto sottili e uniformi). Richiede una brut cu scopul de a obine un efect estetic -
lavorazione accurata. mbuntit la un cost mai mic. , -
Sinonime: zidrie din piatr fuit, zidrie ( -
Commento: Si possono distinguere molte ca- ashlar, zidrie din piatr cioplit
tegorie di muratura a taglio / bugnato secon- ).
do il grado di lavorazione della pietra. Queste zidrie, crmid, rost, zidrie din piatr .
includono conci grezzi o fini, bugne rustiche brut
o fini, con la superficie solo sbozzata o accu- : -
ratamente levigata. Secondo la messa in ope- -
ra delle pietre, di piano e/o di punta, e secon- Fbrica de sillera Es : -
do laltezza e la regolarit dei corsi, variano la , , .
struttura e laspetto della muratura e dei giun- Definicin: Obra de fbrica compuesta por :
ti. In riferimento alla forma dei giunti, si parla piezas de piedra (sillares o sillarejos) de corte , -
di muratura a croce o di muratura a fascia. Una regular, de tamao casi uniforme, general- .
muratura poligonale presenta corsi di pietra mente mayores que los ladrillos (unidas con
irregolari con altezza variabile. mortero muy fino, sillera a hueso), con juntas -
Il termine inglese ashlar facing definisce il ri- uniformes y acabados precisos.
vestimento di una muratura grezza con lastre - .
di pietra levigata, per ottenere in modo pi ra- Comentario: Existen varios tipos dependien-
pido ed economico leffetto di una muratura do de su labra: sillera sin labrar, toscamente , , , -
a taglio. labrada o fina; de piedra de cantera, recta,

31
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
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Typical rubble masonry, historic building, Santa Maria Val Mstair (Switzerland); Photo: 2015, HAWK (Angela Weyer)
Rubble masonry EN
Definition: A construction type made out of
natural, rough pieces of stone that are self-
supporting or bonded with mortars (coursed
or uncoursed).
Comment: It was used as a stand-alone tech-
nique, usually for walls, but also in combina-
tion with ashlar masonry and/or brick for cre-
ating more regular surfaces, or with timber
beams in a technique called timber-laced,
which confers an increased resistance to
earthquakes. It was also used as an infill be-
tween ashlar wall faces. According to the di-
mensions and the level of the courses of
stone, there are a number of masonry types:
random rubble, squared rubble, cyclopean
rubble, etc. Another traditional use was for
decorative pavements (cobblestones), usually
in courtyards.
Not to be confused with: boulder masonry,
rubble work
ashlar stone masonry, brick
Maonnerie de mollons FR
Dfinition: Faite de blocs de pierres naturelles
brutes, autoportants ou lis avec des mortiers
(poss en assise ou non).
Sources: Ching 1995,158; Langenbach 2009, 4350; Bechar 2005, 111120; Juracek 2002, 2530; Maropolou et al. 1997
32
Commentaires: Technique qui confre une
rsistance accrue aux tremblements de terre,
pour les murs simples ou en combinaison
avec la maonnerie de pierre de taille ou de
briques pour crer des surfaces plus rgu-
lires, avec des poutres en bois (technique de
bois-lac). Aussi utilise en remplissage en-
tre les faces de murs en pierre de taille.
Selon les dimensions et le niveau des assises
de pierre, diffrents types de maonnerie exis-
tent: avec des blocs de forme alatoire, carrs,
cyclopens etc. Aussi utilise pour les pavages
dcoratifs, comme dans les cours.
Ne pas confondre avec: maonnerie de blocs
de roche, maonnerie de blocage
maonnerie de pierre de taille, brique
Feldsteinmauerwerk
Definition: Konstruktion aus natrlichen, gro-
ben Steinen, selbsttragend (Trockenmauer-
werk) oder mit Mrtel zusammengefgt (als
Schichtenmauerwerk oder in wildem Mauer-
werksverband)
Kommentar: Eigenstndige Technik, in der
Regel fr Mauern, aber auch fr Kombinatio-
nen mit Quadermauerwerk und/oder Ziegeln
verwendet, um regelmigere Oberflchen zu
erhalten, oder mit Holzbalken, die eine hhere
Widerstandsfhigkeit gegen Erdbeben verlei-
hen (Murus Gallicus). Es wird auch als Fllung
zwischen Mauerwerksschalen benutzt. Je
nach Gre und Verarbeitung der Steine wer-
den eine Reihe von Typen unterschieden: wil-
des Mauerwerk, Polygonal-, Zyklopenmauer-
werk etc. Auerdem wird es traditionell als de-
koratives (Feldstein-) Pflaster verwendet, in der
Regel in lndlichen Innenhfen.
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Felssteinmauer-
werk, Bruchsteinmauerwerk
Quadermauerwerk, Ziegel
Zid od neobraenoga kamena HR
Definicija: Konstrukcija od prirodnih, samo-
noseih ili bukama vezanih grubih kamenih
DE komada (obraenih ili neobraenih).
Napomena: Obino se rabi za samonosee zi-
dove, ali i za pravilnije povrine u kombinaciji
sa zidom od priklesanoga kamena i/ili opeke
ili s drvenim gredama u tehnici drveni vez,
koje su otpornije na potrese. Takoer se upo-
trebljava kao ispuna izmeu lica zida od pri-
klesanoga kamena.
Prema dimenzijama i razini obraenoga ka-
mena postoje razliiti tipovi zidanja; kame-
nom nepravilnoga oblika i nejednake veliine,
etvrtastim kamenom, divovskim kamenom
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

CoNstRuCtioN

itd. Druga tradicionalna uporaba bila je za Komentarz: Stosowany by zwykle do budo- rejada, mampostera ciclpea, mampostera
ukraavanje kolnika (oblucima), obino u dvo- wy wolno stojcych murw, ale czony te z concertada, mampostera careada, etc.
ritima. blokami kamiennymi i / lub ceg, w celu uzys- Tiene un uso tradicional tambin para decorar
kania bardziej regularnych powierzchni, lub z pavimentos (adoquines), normalmente, en
zid od priklesanoga kamena, opeka belkami drewnianymi w technice szkieleto- patios.
wej, ktra wykazuje wiksz wytrzymao No confundir con: fbrica de sillera, fbrica de
podczas trzsie ziemi. Stosowano te do wy- ladrillo
termsk fal Hu penie pomidzy cianami murw z regular-
nych blokw. Zalenie od wymiarw i ukadu fbricas de sillera, ladrillo
Meghatrozs: Egy termszetes, nyersk da- kamieni rozrnia si typy murw: przypad-
rabokbl ksztett ptmnyfajta, mely lehet kowe, regularne, cyklopowe itp.
nhordoz vagy habarccsal kttt (szablyos Tradycyjnie surowy kamie stosowano do wy- Moloz ta tR
vagy szablytalan). robu dekoracyjnych nawierzchni (bruk), zwyk-
le dziedzicw. Tanm: Har kullanlmadan ya da har ile bir-
Megjegyzs: nll technikaknt hasznltk, letirilmi (sral ya da srasz) doal, przl
ltalban falakhoz, de a termskvet faragott k- mury z surowego kamienia, cega mur z ta paralar ile yaplan duvar teknii.
vel s/vagy tglval is trstottk szablyosabb blokw kamiennych,
felletek ltrehozsa rdekben, vagy fageren- Yorum: Duvar yapmnda tek bana kullanla-
dkkal szttk t (Murus Gallicus), ami a fldren- bilecei gibi daha dzgn yzeyler oluturmak
gsekkel szemben biztostott nagyobb ellenl- Zidrie din piatr brut Ro iin kesme ta duvar ve/veya tula ile veya dep-
lst. A kvderk homlokzatok repedseinek ki- reme daha dayankl hale gelmesine yardmc
tltsre/vzkitltknt is hasznltk. A kvek Definiie: Tip de construcie realizat din bu- olan ahap hatllar veya kuaklar kullanlanah-
mrete s a krtegek vzszintessge szerint ci de piatr natural brut fie autoportant ap hatl teknii ile birlikte uygulanabilir.
tbb fle falazat ltezik: szablytalan termsk (zidrie uscat), fie legat cu mortar (dispus Ayrca kesme ta duvar yzeylerinde dolgu
fal, szablyos termsk fal, ciklopfal (kklpikus n rnduri sau nu). olarak da kullanlr.
fal), stb. Egy msik hagyomnyos alkalmazsa Talarn ebatlarna ve rg trne gre, adi
dszt kvezsnl volt, ltalban udvarokon. Adnotare: A fost folosit ca o tehnic de con- moloz ta duvar, aplanm duvar, kiklop du-
strucie n principal pentru ziduri, dar i n com- var rgs gibi birka tr vardr. Geleneksel
kvderfal, tgla binaie cu zidria din piatr fuit i/sau crmi- olarak dier bir kullanm tr ise, genellikle av-
d cu scopul de a crea suprafee mai regulate, sau lularda grlen dekoratif amal kaldrmlar
cu grinzi de lemn pentru a conferi o rezisten (parke ta) dr.
Muratura di pietra greggia it crescut la cutremure. Zidria din piatr brut a Kartrmaynz: kaba ta duvar, moloz ta du-
fost, de asemenea, utilizat ca o umplutur ntre var, kaba duvar.
Definizione: Costruzione con sassi naturali, pereii de zidrie din piatr fuit. n funcie de
di solito raccolti sul campo, autoportante (mu- dimensiunea i modul de aranjare n rnduri a kesme ta duvar, tula
ratura a secco) o con i sassi posati in letti di pietrei, exist mai multe tipuri de zidrie din pia-
malta, a corsi regolari o irregolari. tr brut: cu dispunere aleatoare, rectangular,
ciclopean, etc. O alt ntrebuinare tradiional BG
Commento: Questa tecnica di solito usata per a fost pentru realizarea pavimentelor decorative
edificare semplici muri in ambiente rurale, ma (cobblestones), de obicei n curi exterioare. :
si pu combinare anche con conci di pietra o ,
con mattoni, per ottenere vari effetti costruttivi zidrie, zidrie din piatr de talie ( ).
e decorativi. Secondo il tipo di lavorazione, la
pietra greggia pu essere utilizzata anche per :
muri poligonali o ciclopici o altri. In combina- Mampostera de piedra tosca Es , ,
zione con travi di legno, si aumenta la resistenza
della muratura contro terremoti (Murus Galli- Definicin: Tipo de construccin realizada / - -
cus). La pietra greggia (o il pietrisco) serve anche con fragmentos (mampuestos) de piedra na- ..
come materiale da getto, legato con la malta, tural sin labrar que pueden sostenerse unos ( -
per riempire una muratura a sacco. In campa- con otros (mampostera en seco) o pueden es- ), -
gna, la pietra greggia tradizionalmente anche tar unidos con mortero. .
utilizzata per il selciato decorativo dei cortili. .
Comentario: Se utilizaba, normalmente, para
muratura a taglio, mattone muros autoportantes. Tambin se combinaba :
con sillares y/o con ladrillos para crear super- ,
ficies ms regulares, o con travesaos de ma- , -
Mur z surowego kamienia PL dera de construccin, lo que le confera mayor . -
resistencia al sismo. Se usaba tambin para re- -
Definicja: Rodzaj konstrukcji wykonanej z na- llenar fbricas de sillera. En funcin de las di- (), .
turalnych, nieobrobionych kawakw kamieni, mensiones, disposicin, traba, labrado, etc., de
samononej lub zwizanej zaprawami (uka- las piedras, hay diversos tipos de mamposte- ,
danej warstwowo lub nie). ra: mampostera ordinaria, mampostera apa-

33
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
CoNstRuCtioN
Brick masonry with decorative elements, Little Chapel, Amasra (Turkey), 9th century; Photo: 2014, KBU (Eray ahbaz); Illustration: 2015, Raimar Heber based on a drawing by Oana Gui
Brick masonry EN
Definition: Construction method which uses
bricks bonded with mortar.
Comment: Both as a craft and as the art of
bonding bricks effectively, the technique offers
nearly endless creative possibilities of achiev-
ing outstanding architectural surfaces and vol-
umes (due to the large variety of shapes, tex-
tures, and colours of bricks). There are different
types of historical techniques of brick masonry,
e. g. gauged, solid, rendered brickwork, brick-
and-stud work. The appearance of the architec-
tural surface is also dictated by the bonding
technique, such as English bond, Flemish bond,
the ancient Roman running bond, and diago-
nal bond (also called dogtooth bond). Bricks
can also be used with other materials: adobe,
timber, tile, ceramic, stone, concrete and steel.
Not to be confused with: adobe
ceramic, adobe
Maonnerie de brique FR
Dfinition: Construction de briques lies par
un mortier.
Commentaires: Artisanat et art dassem-
blage, cette technique trs crative permet
dobtenir des volumes et des surfaces archi-
tecturales exceptionnels (grande varit de
formes, de textures et de couleurs des
briques). Il y a diffrentes techniques histo-
riques de maonnerie de brique: la maon-
nerie de brique calibre, en mur double, de
brique enduite ou sur ossature claire-voie.
Lapparence de la surface architecturale est
dicte par la technique dassemblage: lan-
Sources: Ching 1995, 1820; Harris 1984, 69; Hasol 2002, p. 466468; Juracek 2002, 4760; Maropolou et al. 1997
34
glaise, la flamande, la manire antique ro-
maine ou en diagonale. Les briques peuvent
tre associes la terre, le bois, la terre cuite,
la cramique, la pierre, le ciment et lacier.
Ne pas confondre avec: brique de terre crue/
adobe
brique de terre crue/adobe, cramique
Ziegelmauerwerk DE
Definition: Bauweise, in der mit Mrtel ver-
bundene Ziegel verwendet werden.
Kommentar: Sowohl als Handwerk wie auch als
Kunst, die Ziegel wirkungsvoll miteinander zu
verbinden, bietet es nahezu endlose knstleri-
sche Mglichkeiten fr herausragende Architek-
turoberflchen und Volumina durch den groen
Variantenreichtum der Ziegelformen, -texturen
und -farben. Es wird mit verschiedenen histori-
schen Techniken hergestellt, z.B. Gewlbe-, Voll-
ziegel-, verputztes Mauerwerk, Fachwerk. Die
Architekturoberflche wird auch ber die Ver-
bundtechnik gestaltet, u.a. Blockverband, Fl-
mischer Verband, antiker Rmischer Luferver-
band und Diagonalverband (Fischgrtmuster).
Ziegel knnen auch mit anderen Materialien
kombiniert werden: Lehmziegel (Adobe), Holz,
Fliesen, Keramik, Stein, Beton und Stahl.
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Lehmziegelmauer-
werk/Adobe
Keramik, Lehmziegelmauerwerk/Adobe
Zidanje opekom HR
Definicija: Metoda gradnje kod koje se opeke
povezuju mortom.
Napomena: Kao zanat i umjetnost uinkovi-
toga vezivanja opeka, nudi gotovo beskrajne
kreativne mogunosti postizanja zanimljivih
arhitektonskih povrina i volumena (s obzirom
na veliku raznolikost oblika, teksture i boja
opeke). Razliiti su tipovi povijesnih tehnika
zidanja od opeke, npr.: isklesani, puni, obu-
kani te kao ispuna.
Vanjtina arhitektonskih povrina takoer je
odreena tehnikom vezivanja, poput engle-
skoga veza, flamanskoga veza, rimskoga du-
njakog veza i dijagonalnoga veza (vez pse-
ega zuba).
Opeke se takoer mogu kombinirati i s dru-
gim materijalima poput erpia, drva, ploice,
keramike, kamena, betona ili elika.
Ne smije se mijeati s: erpi
keramika, erpi
tglafal Hu
Meghatrozs: Habarccsal kttt, tglkbl
ll ptmny.
Megjegyzs: Mind a mestersgbeli tuds,
mind a tglaraks fajtja s mdja, csaknem
vgtelen kreatv megvalstsi lehetsget k-
nl kiemelked ptszeti felletek s tmegek
ltrehozsra (a tglk sokfle formjbl, tex-
trjbl, sznbl addan). Tbbfle trt-
neti falazsmd ismert, mint pldul az idom-
tgls, tmr, vakolt tglafal s a favzas tg-
lafal. A ktstechnika meghatrozza az pt-
szeti fellet megjelenst, ltezik gt (lengyel)
kts, holland(i) kts, az kori rmai futsoros
kts, valamint tls kts (farkasfog kts).
Tves megnevezs: vlyogfal
kermia, vlyogfal

Muratura di mattoni
Definizione: Un metodo di costruzione con
mattoni legati con malta.
Commento: Sia lattivit artigianale che larte
di mettere in posa i mattoni efficacemente of-
frono infinite possibilit creative per realizzare
superfici architettoniche ed effetti plastici di
gran pregio (il motivo la grande variet di
forme, strutture e colori dei mattoni). Ci sono
diversi tipi di tecniche storiche per le murature
di mattoni, per esempio: la muratura in mat-
toni pieni, la muratura di mattoni intonacata
e il graticcio.
Laspetto della superficie architettonica de-
terminato dalla forma e anche dalla posa in
opera del laterizio. Si distinguono diverse va-
rianti storiche e regionali, secondo le misure
e le caratteristiche dei corsi, con i mattoni po-
sati di piano e/o di punta, a spina di pesce ecc.
I mattoni possono essere utilizzati con mate-
riali come ladobe (mattoni in terra cruda), il
legno, le piastrelle, la ceramica, la pietra, il cal-
cestruzzo e lacciaio.
Da non confondersi con: adobe
mattone, ceramica, adobe
Mur ceglany PL
Definicja: Metoda budowania polegajca na
uyciu cegie zwizanych zapraw.
Komentarz: Spoinowana cega, zarwno jako
rzemioso, jak i sztuka, daje nieomal niesko-
czone moliwoci twrcze osigania znakomi-
tych powierzchni architektonicznych i prze-
strzeni (stosownie do wielkiej rnorodnoci
ksztatw, tekstury i kolorw cegie). Istniej
rne typy historycznych technik budowli
ceglanych, cega profilowana, peny mur, tyn-
kowane cegy, licowanie ceg. Wygld po-
wierzchni architektonicznej jest te dyktowa-
ny przez sposb ukadania cegie, jak ukad
angielski, flamandzki, ukad antyczny rzymski,
oraz ukad ukony (lub ukad na tzw. psi zb).
Cegy mog wystpowa razem z innymi ma-
teriaami, jak adobe, drewno, dachwki, cera-
mika, kamie, beton i stal.
Nie naley myli z: adobe
ceramika, adobe
ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
CoNstRuCtioN
it Zidrie din crmid Ro tula duvar tR
Definiie: Tip de construcie ce utilizeaz c- Tanm: Tulalar har ile tutturan yap metodu.
rmizi legate cu mortar.
Yorum: Tula duvarcl, eitli desenler, do-
Adnotare: Att ca meteug ct i ca art a zi- kular ve renklerin kullanld ve etkili biimde
dirii crmizilor, aceasta ofer posibiliti ne- birletirildii snrsz yaratclk sunan duvar za-
limitate de creaie n realizarea volumelor i su- naat ve sanatdr. Tula duvarclnda farkl
prafeelor arhitecturale (datorit varietii de tarihi yapm teknikleri vardr, rnein, kemer,
forme, texturi i culori a crmizilor). Exist o blok, desenli tula ve gz dolma teknii vb.
varietate de tehnici istorice de realizare a zid- Mimari yzeyin grnm balama teknii ile
riei din crmid, cum ar fi: cu crmid cali- de anlr; ngiliz ba, Flaman Ba, Antik Roma
brat, tencuit, cu elemente de ranforsare Fa- ba ve apraz ba (kpek dii ba).
chwerk. Aspectul suprafeei arhitecturale este Tulalar kerpi, ahap, ini, seramik, ta, beton
de asemenea dictat de modelul de zidire, pre- ve elik ile birlikte de kullanlabilir.
cum: modelul englezesc, modelul flamand, Kartrmaynz: kerpi
clasicul model roman i modelul n diagonal
(sau modelul n solzi). Crmizile pot fi utilizate seramik, kerpi
mpreun cu materiale precum chirpiciul, che-
resteaua, ceramica, piatra, betonul i oelul.
BG
chirpici, crmid, ceramic
: ,
.
Fbrica de ladrillo Es
: -
Definicin: Mtodo constructivo que usa la- , -
drillos unidos con mortero.
Comentario: Ofrece infinidad de posibilida- ( oo
des creativas, tanto artesanales como artsti- , ).
cas, para realizar superficies y volmenes ar- -
quitectnicos debido a la gran variedad de , .
formas, texturas y colores de los ladrillos.Hay , , -
diferentes tipos de tcnicas histricas para su , .
ejecucin: ladrillo calibrado, ladrillo macizo,
fbrica para enlucir. El aspecto de la superficie , -
arquitectnica tambin se determina por el ,
sistema de aparejo utilizado: ingls, a soga y , -
tizn (flamenco), a soga (a la romana), en dia- , (
gonal, a sardinel o en punta de diamante. Los ).
ladrillos tambin pueden asociarse con otros : , , -
materiales como el adobe, la madera, la cer- , , , .
mica, la piedra, el hormign y el acero. :
adobe, cermica ,
35
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
CoNstRuCtioN
Half-timber construction with adobe, Yourk village of Safranbolu (Turkey), 19th century; Photo: 2014, KBU (Eray ahbaz)
Adobe EN
Definition: Unfired clay masonry made of
sun-dried handmade bricks that are formed
from a mixture of clay soil, sand, silt and a
small amount of straw (or other fibrous mate-
rials), and water. The raw material can also be
used as a plastering material.
Comment: Since ancient times, adobe brick
has been used as a construction unit in ma-
sonry because of its low cost, ease of manu-
facture, and insulation properties.
brick, clay, masonry, plaster, sand
Sources: Harris 1984, 6; Langenbach 2009, 125; Hasol 2002, 261; Ching 1995, 34; Juracek 2002, 337
36
Brique de terre crue / Adobe
Dfinition: Maonnerie dargile crue faite de
briques fabriques la main et sches au so-
leil, contenant un mlange de terre argileuse,
de sable, de sdiment et dune petite quantit
de paille (ou autre matriau fibreux) et deau.
Le matriau brut peut aussi tre employ
comme un enduit.
Commentaires: Depuis les temps anciens on
utilise les briques de terre crue comme units
de construction en maonnerie cause de
leur faible cot, leur fabrication simple et leur
proprit isolantes.
brique, argile, maonnerie, enduit, sa-
ble
FR Lehmziegelmauerwerk / Adobe DE
Definition: Mauerwerk aus getrockneten, un-
gebrannten, handgefertigten Lehmziegeln,
die aus einer Mischung aus Lehm, Sand,
Schluff und kleinen Mengen Stroh (oder an-
deren Fasermaterialien) sowie Wasser ange-
fertigt werden. Das Rohmaterial kann auch als
Verputzmaterial benutzt werden.
Kommentar: Seit dem Altertum werden
Lehmziegel als Bausteine fr Mauerwerk ver-
wendet, weil sie gnstig und einfach zu ver-
arbeiten sind und wrmedmmende Eigen-
schaften besitzen.
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Ziegelmauerwerk
Ziegel, Ton, Mauerwerk, Putz, Sand
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

CoNstRuCtioN

erpi HR Adobe PL Kerpi tR

Definicija: Zid sazidan od runo napravljenih
opeka suenih na suncu, koje su izraene od
smjese gline, pijeska, mulja, male koliine sla-
me (ili drugih vlaknastih materijala) i vode. Si-
rov materijal takoer se moe upotrebljavati
kao materijal za bukanje.
Napomena: erpi je od davnina rabljen kao
graevna jedinica u zidanju jer je najjeftiniji,
jednostavno se proizvodi te ima izolacijska
svojstva.
opeka, glina, zidanje, buka, pijesak
Definicja: Mury z niewypalonej gliny, wyko-
nane z rcznie robionych cegie suszonych na
socu, formowanych z mieszaniny gliniastej
ziemi, piasku, szlamu z niewielkim dodatkiem
somy (lub innych materiaw wknistych)
oraz wody. Surowy materia moe by te uy-
wany do tynkowania.
Komentarz: Od czasw staroytnych adobe
byo uywane w budownictwie jako materia
konstrukcyjny z powodu tanioci, atwoci wy-
twarzania i wasnoci izolacyjnych.
cega, glina, budownictwo, tynk, piasek
Tanm: Kil topra, kum, mil, az miktarda sa-
man (ya da dier lifli malzemeler) ve su kar-
mndan elde edilen gnete kurutulmu el ya-
pm bloklarda oluan pimemi kil yap mal-
zemesidir. lenmemi, hamur halindeki ker-
pi, sva malzemesi olarak da kullanlabilir.
Yorum: Eski zamanlardan beri kerpi; ucuz ol-
mas, retim kolayl ve yaltm zelliinden
dolay duvarclkta ina eleman olarak kulla-
nlmtr.
tula, kil, duvar, sva, kum

Vlyogfal Hu Chirpici Ro BG

Meghatrozs: getetlen agyagtglkbl ra-
kott fal. A napon szrtott, kzzel formzott
tglk, agyag, homok, iszap s kis mennyisg
szalma (vagy egyb szlas anyag) keverkbl
kszlnek, vz hozzadsval. A nyers keverk
vakolanyagknt is hasznlhat.
Megjegyzs: A vlyogot hasznltk az kor-
tl kezdve a falazat ptelemeknt, olcss-
ga, knny ellltsa s szigetel tulajdons-
ga miatt.
tgla, agyag, fal, vakolat, homok
Definiie: Zidrie din argil nears, realizat : , -
cu crmizi fabricate manual i uscate la soare, -
obinute dintr-un amestec de argil, nisip, n- ,
mol, o cantitate mic de paie (sau un alt ma- , , , -
terial fibros), i ap. Materia prim poate fi de ( ) . -
asemenea folosit ca material de tencuial.
.
Adnotare: nc din antichitate, chirpiciul a
fost folosit ca element de construcie n zidrie :
datorit ieftintii sale, uurinei cu care este
produs i a proprietilor sale de izolare. , ,
crmid, argil, zidrie, tencuial, nisip .

, , /, -
Adobe it Adobe Es ,

Definizione: Una muratura con mattoni in
terra cruda che composta di mattoni fatti a
mano ed essiccati al sole. Questi sono prodotti
con una miscela di argilla, sabbia, limo e una
piccola quantit di paglia (o altri materiali fi-
brosi) e acqua. La materia prima pu anche es-
sere utilizzata come malta per un intonaco.
Definicin: Bloques de barro realizados a ma-
no con forma de ladrillo y secados al sol. Estn
compuestos por una mezcla de arcillas, are-
nas, fangos y pequeas cantidades de paja (u
otros materiales fibrosos) amasados con agua.
Este material, en crudo, tambin puede usarse
como material de revoque.

Commento: Ladobe stato usato nelledilizia Comentario: Desde la antigedad, el adobe

fin dallantichit per la sua economicit, per la se ha utilizado para la construccin debido a
sua facilit di fabbricazione e per le sue pro- su bajo coste, su facilidad de fabricacin y sus
priet disolamento. propiedades aislantes.

mattone, argilla, muratura, intonaco, ladrillo, arcilla, fbrica, revoque, arena

sabbia

37
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
CoNstRuCtioN
Natural stone masonry joint, Safranbolu (Turkey), 19th century; Photo: 2014, KBU (Aysun zkse); Illustration: 2015, Raimar Heber based on a drawing by Oana Gui
Joint EN
Definition: The space between masonry
blocks which is filled with mortar. In the case
of unplastered surfaces, mortar joints con-
tribute to the overall appearance of the archi-
tectural surface.
Comment: There are many types of joints in
masonry, each of which contribute to the vi-
sual effect of an architectural surface depend-
ing on the shape, colour, and material used. In
the case of dry stone masonry, the term dry
masonry joint refers to the space between
masonry blocks.
Not to be confused with: dry joint masonry
masonry
Sources: Hasol 2002, 140; Harris 1984, 274; Juracek 2002, 25/6, 28, 3237; Ching 1995, 155; Ramos et al. 2004
38
Flush
Weathered
Vee
Beaded
Joint
Dfinition: Interstice entre les blocs de ma-
onnerie, rempli de mortier. Sur une surface
non enduite, les joints de mortier contribuent
laspect de la surface architecturale.
Commentaires: Il y a de nombreuses sortes
de joints de maonnerie, qui contribuent tous
leffet esthtique dune surface architectu-
rale de par sa forme, sa couleur et sa compo-
sition matrielle. Dans le cas dune maon-
nerie de pierres sches (sans mortier), on parle
de joints-vifs.
Ne pas confondre avec: maonnerie de pierre
sche
maonnerie
Struck
non water shedding
Raked
non water shedding
Concave
Extruded
FR Fuge DE
Definition: Der mit Mrtel gefllte Raum zwi-
schen zwei Bausteinen wird als Fuge bezeich-
net. Bei unverputzten Oberflchen tragen
Mrtelfugen zum Erscheinungsbild der Archi-
tekturoberflche bei.
Kommentar: Es gibt viele verschiedene Fu-
genarten im Mauerwerk, von denen jede
durch ihre Form, Farbe und durch das verwen-
dete Material zur optischen Wirkung einer Ar-
chitekturoberflche beitrgt. Bei Trockenmau-
erwerk bezieht sich der Begriff der Fuge auf
den Hohlraum zwischen den Mauersteinen.
Mauerwerk
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

CoNstRuCtioN

spojnica HR spoina PL Derz tR

Definicija: Prostor izmeu zidnih blokova
ispunjen mortom. Kod neobukanih povrina
spojnice morta doprinose ukupnom izgledu
arhitektonske povrine.
Napomena: Mnogo je tipova spojnica u zida-
nju, svaki od njih doprinosi vizualnome dojmu
arhitektonske povrine oblikom, bojom i upo-
trebljenim materijalom. Kod suhozida, naziv
pritisnuta spojnica zida odnosi se na prostor
meu blokovima.
zidanje
Definicja: Przestrze pomidzy blokami bu-
dowlanymi wypeniona zapraw. W przypad-
ku powierzchni nieotynkowanych spoiny
wpywaj na caociowy wygld powierzchni
architektonicznej.
Komentarz: Jest wiele rodzajw spoin mu-
rw, kada z nich wpywa na wizualny efekt ar-
chitektonicznych powierzchni poprzez ksztat,
kolor i rodzaj uytego materiau. W przypadku
murw bez spoinowych termin spojenia od-
nosi si do przestrzeni pomidzy blokami bu-
dowlanymi wypeniona
Tanm: Harla doldurulan duvar kalplar ara-
sndaki boluk. Svasz yzeylerde, har derz-
leri mimari yzeyin grnmne katk salar.
Yorum: Duvarclkta her biri ekli, rengi ve kul-
lanlan malzemesi ile mimari yzeyin grselli-
ine katk salayan birok derz tr vardr. Ku-
ru duvarlarda, kuru duvar derzi terimi, duvar
bloklar arasndaki boluu ifade eder.
duvar

budownictwo

Fuga Hu Rost Ro BG

Meghatrozs: A falazelemek kztti ha- Definiie: Spaiul dintre blocurile de zidrie : -

barccsal kitlttt hzag. A vakolatlan felletek ce este umplut cu mortar. n cazul suprafeelor , -
esetn a fuga meghatrozza az ptszeti fe- netencuite, rosturile contribuie la aspectul es- . ,
llet sszkpt. tetic general al suprafeei arhitecturale.
-
Megjegyzs: Szmos fugatpus ltezik, mely Adnotare: Exist mai multe tipuri de mbinri .
formtl, szntl s anyagsszetteltl fgg- n zidrie, fiecare dintre acestea contribuind la
en hozzjrul az ptszeti fellet vizulis ha- efectul vizual al suprafeei arhitecturale, prin : -
tsnak kialaktsban. A szraz (habarcs nl- form, culoare i materialul utilizat. n cazul zi- .
kli) kfalak esetn a ,,szraz fal fuga a fala- driei fr mortar (dry stone masonry), terme- -
zelemek kztti rsre, hzagra vonatkozik. nul dry masonry joint se refer la spaiul din- , . -
tre blocurile zidriei. ,
fal -
zidrie .

/
Giunto it Junta Es

Definizione: Lo spazio tra i blocchi di una mu-
ratura che riempito con malta. Quando una
superficie architettonica non intonacata, i
giunti di malta assumono anche una funzione
estetica importante.
Commento: Esistono molti tipi di giunti in mu-
ratura, ognuno dei quali contribuisce con le
sue caratteristiche specifiche, p. es. la forma, il
colore e il materiale utilizzato, allaspetto della
superficie architettonica. Per le murature a sec-
co il termine giunti di muratura a secco si ri-
ferisce allinterstizio tra i blocchi di muratura.
Sinonimo: commessura
Da non confondersi con: giunto di muratura a
secco
muratura
Definicin: El espacio entre los bloques de si-
llar, mampuesto o ladrillo que es rellenado
con mortero. En el caso de las superficies sin
revoque, las juntas de mortero contribuyen a
la apariencia general de la superficie arquitec-
tnica.
Comentario: Hay muchos tipos de juntas de
fbrica.Cada uno contribuye al efecto visual
de la superficie arquitectnica a travs de su
forma y color, as como del material usado. En
el caso de la mampostera de piedra seca, el
trmino juntas secas de mampostera se refie-
re al espacio entre los bloques de mamposte-
ra.
fbrica

39
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
CoNstRuCtioN
Detail of external wall, Chapel of St. Ulrich, Elmenau (Germany) , 12/13th century; Photo: 2004, RPS (Drthe Jakobs)
Pietra rasa
Definition: A historical, combined joint plas-
tering and rendering technique applied to
rubble stone walls, characterised by the spe-
cific way in which the mortar is used. The mor-
tar is applied so that it forms smooth and flat
surfaces around the protruded ends of the
rubble masonry. After that, a rendering tech-
nique (pointing, trowel) is used to create an
enhanced visual effect and also to help stones
remain clear and visible.
Comment: Rendering styles in pietra rasa,
which vary by region and stone masters, were
used both for structural and ornamental pur-
poses, bringing aesthetic value to rubble ma-
sonry surfaces.
Not to be confused with: pointing, testa scop-
erta
rubble masonry
Sources: Harris 1984, 372; Emmenegger 1993, 105118; Bielmann 2013, 182/3
40
EN Pierre apparente
Dfinition: Technique historique la croise
entre lenduit de jointement et le badigeon,
applique sur les maonneries de blocailles.
Elle se caractrise par un emploi spcifique du
mortier, qui est appliqu de manire crer
une surface lisse et plate autour de la protu-
brance des mollons de la maonnerie.
Aprs cela, une technique de rendu (pointage,
truelle) a pour but de crer un effet visuel
et aussi pour laisser les pierres claires et visib-
les.
Commentaires: Lenduction avec pierres ap-
parentes, qui varie selon les rgions et les ar-
tisans, est utilise la fois des fins structu-
relles et ornementales, en embellissant les
maonneries de blocailles.
Ne pas confondre avec: testa scoperta
maonnerie de mollons
FR Pietra Rasa DE
Definition: Eine historische Technik, in der
Verfugen mit Verputzen kombiniert wird und
die sich durch den besonderen Mrtelauftrag
auf Feld- und Bruchsteinmauern auszeichnet:
Der berschssige Setzmrtel wird so verteilt,
dass eine ebene Flche um die hervorstehen-
den Steinoberflchen des Mauerwerks ent-
steht. Danach wird eine Verputztechnik (Ver-
fugen, Kellenzug) angewandt, mit der man ei-
ne gesteigerte optische Wirkung erzielt, und
die hilft, dass die Steinkpfe unbedeckt und
sichtbar sind.
Kommentar: Pietra Rasa Putzarten knnen je
nach Region und Handwerker variieren. Sie
werden sowohl fr konstruktive als auch fr
dekorative Zwecke eingesetzt und steigern
den sthetischen Wert der Oberflchen von
Feldsteinmauerwerk.
Synonym: Pietra-Rasa-Verputz
Feldsteinmauerwerk

Pietra rasa HR
Definicija: Povijesno kombiniranje bukanja
spojnica i tehnike gruboga bukanja primijenje-
no na zidovima od lomljenoga kamena, karak-
teristino po posebnome nainu koritenja mor-
ta. Mort se nanosi tako da oblikuje glatku i ravnu
povrinu oko istaknutih kamena u zidu od lom-
ljenoga kamena. Nakon toga, primjenjuju se
tehnike gruboga bukanja (ispunjavanja spojni-
ca, zidanje licom) za poboljanje vizualnoga
dojma te da kamenje ostane jasno i vidljivo.
Napomena: Stilovi bukanja pietra rasa, koji
variraju ovisno o regiji i klesarima, koriteni su
za strukturne i ornamentne svrhe, donosei
estetsku vrijednost povrinama zida od lom-
ljenoga kamena.
zid od neobraenoga kamena
Pietra rasa Hu
Meghatrozs:Trtneti vakol s hzagkitl- wykonanej z surowych kamieni.
t technika, melyet termsk falaknl alkalmaz-
tak. Jellegzetessgt a habarcs specifikus alkal-
mazsi mdja adja. A habarccsal kiegyenltik a
kill termskvek kztti hzagokat, amg sk
s sima fellet keletkezik. Ezutn a vakolkanl-
lal fugkat rajzolnak a habarcsba. Ezltal egy
egysgesebb rajzolat keletkezik, ugyanakkor a
kvek is tisztn lthatak maradnak.
Megjegyzs: A pietra rasa vakolsi mdok-
nak, melyek rgi s kmvesmester szerint modul specific n care este utilizat mortarul.
vltoztak, szerkezeti s dszt szerepk volt, Mortarul se aplic n aa fel nct acesta for-
kiemeltk a termsk falak felletnek eszt- meaz suprafee netede i plate n jurul bolo-
tikai rtkt.
Tves megnevezs: hzagols, testa scoperta
termsk fal
Pietra rasa it
Definizione: Una tecnica storica dintonacatu-
ra combinata di giunti e dintonaco per esterni,
usata per le murature costruite con conci di pie-
tra, caratterizzata dal modo specifico con il qua-
le utilizzata la malta. La malta applicata in
modo che formi superfici lisce e piane intorno
ai conci sporgenti della muratura. Segue una
tecnica dintonacatura (stuccatura, cazzuola)
per creare un effetto visivo gradevole e per fare
in modo che le pietre rimangano visibili.
Commento: Lintonacatura a pietra rasa, che
varia con le regioni e i maestri, stata utilizzata
per scopi strutturali e ornamentali, portando
un valore estetico alle superfici di muratura di
pietrame.
ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
CoNstRuCtioN
Da non confondersi con: stuccatura, cazzuola, la aplicacin del mortero, se alisa a paleta cre-
pietra rasa e testa scoperta ando un efecto visual peraltado que ayuda a
las piedras a quedar despejadas y visibles.
muratura di pietra greggia
Comentario: El estilo del revoque en pietra
rasa variaba segn las regiones y segn los
Pietra rasa PL maestros albailes. Se usaba con funcin es-
tructural y ornamental y aportaba valor est-
Definicja: Historyczna technika muru z tu- tico a las superficies de mampostera de pie-
czonych kamieni czca spoinowanie zapra- dras sin labrar.
w z tynkowaniem, charakteryzujca si Sinnimo: revoque con juntas enrasadas
szczeglnym sposobem zastosowania zapra-
wy. Zaprawa jest nakadana w taki sposb, by mampostera de piedra tosca
uformowa gadkie i paskie powierzchnie
wok wystajcych kamieni muru. Nastpnie
uywa si techniki tynkowania (spoinowanie, Pietra rasa tR
kielnia), efekt wizualny jest spotgowany, ka-
mienie s czyste i pozostaj odkryte. Tanm: Harcn zel bir ekilde kullanld kaba
tal (sel ta) duvara uygulanan bir tr tarihi
Komentarz: Style tynkowania pietra rasa bar- derz svama ve kaba sva tekniidir. Kaba, mo-
dzo rni si w zalenoci od regionu i mist- loz talar arasnda kalan boluklar doldurarak
rzw, technika uywana jest zarwno z powo- daha przsz ve dz yzeyleri elde etmek
dw strukturalnych, jak i w celach dekoracyj- iin har uygulamas yaplr. Daha sonra, ge-
nych, podnosi walory estetyczne powierzchni limi grsel efekt yaratmak ayn zamanda ta-
larn net grnr kalmas iin mala ile yzey
Nie naley myli z: spoinowanie, testa scoperta uygulamas yaplr.
mur z surowego kamienia Yorum: Blgeye ve ta ustalarna gre deien
pietra rasa, hem yapsal amal hem de moloz,
kaba ta duvar yzeylere daha estetik deer
Pietra rasa Ro getirmek iin ssleme amacyla kullanlrd.
E anlam: mala derzi
Definiie: O tehnic istoric combinat de Kartrmaynz: derzleme, testa scoperta
tencuire i de modelare a rosturilor, folosit la
zidurile din piatr brut i caracterizat prin moloz ta duvar
BG
vanilor din zidria de piatr brut. Dup aceea,
este folosit o tehnic special de tencuire (cu :
ajutorul unei mistrii) pentru a crea un efect vi- -
zual sporit i, de asemenea, pentru a pune i ,
mai bine n eviden pietrele din zidrie. -
-
Adnotare: Tehnicile de tencuire n pietra rasa . ,
ce variaz dup regiune i meteri pietrari au
fost folosite att cu scopuri structurale ct i
ornamentale, aducnd valoare estetic supra- . -
feelor zidriei din piatr brut. (,
A nu se confunda cu: testa scoperta ),
.
zidrie din piatr brut, mortar de var
: -
Pietra rasa Es . -
, ,
Definicin: Tcnica histrica combinada de -
revoques y enlucidos de revestimiento aplica- .
da a las juntas de los muros de piedras sin la- : , -
brar. El mortero se aplica de manera que forme
superficies lisas y planas alrededor de las rocas
protuberantes de la mampostera. Despus de
41
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
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Painted Painted wooden structure, church at Petrindu village Romulus Vuia National Ethnographic Park, Cluj-Napoca (Romania); Photo: 2016, (Stefan Belishki)
Wooden structure EN
Definition: Structural skeleton of a building
made out of wooden elements from the trunk
and the large branches of trees which are then
kept together with various types of joints.
Comment: The structure forms a complex sys-
tem of parts that have different relationships
with each other and aim at carrying loads as
well as ensuring the stability of the building.
Wooden structures can appear as ornamental
architectural surfaces (even without paint or
wall paintings on plaster). Conservation of
wooden structures requires complex analyses
to determine general characteristics such as
configuration, loading, chronology of inter-
ventions, and also the influence of the envi-
ronment, the decay of materials, and the in-
teraction of different materials used for joints.
joint, plaster
ossature en bois FR
Dfinition: Squelette dun btiment fait dl- Stabilitt eines Gebudes gewhrleisten soll.
ments de bois venant du tronc et des larges
branches de larbre, assembls de diverses fa-
ons.
Sources: Hasol 2002, 2729; Langenbach 2008; Tobriner 2000; zkse 2001; Tampone 2001; Barnwell, Adams 1995; Brc, Dinescu 1997
42
Commentaires: Lossature forme un systme
complexe dont les lments sont porteurs de
charge. Ils rigidifient ldifice. Les ossatures en
bois peuvent servir de surfaces architecturales
ornementales (mme sans dcor peint). Leur
conservation requiert une analyse complexe
qui dfinisse ses caractristiques principales
(configuration, charges, chronologie dinter-
ventions), mais aussi linfluence de lenviron-
nement, la dgradation des matriaux et
linteraction entre les diffrents matriaux uti-
liss pour les joints.
joint, enduit
Hlzerner skelettbau DE
Definition: Skelettkonstruktion eines Baus aus
Holzelementen, die aus Stmmen und groen
sten gefertigt und mit verschiedenen Verbin-
dungsarten zusammengefgt werden.
Kommentar: Die Konstruktion ist ein komple-
xes System aus verschiedenen, zusammen-
hngenden Teilen, die Lasten tragen und die
utjecaja okolia, propadanje materijala i inte-
Hlzerne Skelettkonstruktionen knnen als
ornamental gestaltete Architekturoberflche
fungieren (auch ohne Farbe oder Wandmale-
reien auf Putz). Ihre Erhaltung erfordert kom-
plexe Untersuchungen, in denen allgemeine
Eigenschaften wie Struktur, Belastung, Ma-
nahmenchronologie wie auch Umwelteinfls-
se, Materialzerfall und Interaktion der ver-
schiedenen Verbindungsmaterialien analy-
siert werden.
Fuge, Putz
Drvena struktura HR
Definicija: Strukturni kostur graevine na-
pravljen od drvenih elemenata od debla i ve-
likih grana stabala, koji se zajedno dre razli-
itim vrstama spojnica.
Napomena: Strukturu oblikuje sloeni sustav
dijelova razliitih spojeva i svrha im je noenje
optereenja te osiguranje stabilnosti graevi-
ne. Drvene konstrukcije mogu se pojaviti kao
ornamentne arhitektonske povrine (ak i bez
boje ili zidnih slika na buci). Konzerviranje dr-
vene strukture zahtijeva sloene analize odre-
ivanja opih znaajka kao to su konfigura-
cija, optereenje, kronologija intervencija,
rakcija razliitih materijala upotrebljenih za
spojnice.
spojnica, buka
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

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Faszerkezet Hu a jako dekoracyjne powierzchnie architekto- Ahap iskelet tR

niczne (nawet bez pomalowania czy malowide
Meghatrozs: Egy fbl kszlt plet vz- ciennych na tynku). Konserwacja konstrukcji Tanm: eitli birleme trleri ile bir araya geti-
szerkezete. A fa trzsbl s vastag gaibl drewnianych wymaga kompleksowej analizy w rilen aalarn byk dallar ve gvdelerinden
kszlt elemek alkotjk, melyeket klnbz celu ustalenia ich oglnej charakterystyki jak: karlan ahap elementlerin oluturduu bina-
facsapok, illesztsek tartanak ssze. ukad, obcienia, chronologia interwencji, nn strktrel, tayc sistemini oluturan iskelet.
wpyw rodowiska, rozpad materiaw i interak-
Megjegyzs: A szerkezet sszetett rendszert cja rnych materiaw uytych do cze. Yorum: Birbiriyle farkl ilikilere sahip parala-
kpez, melyben az egyes elemek klnbz- rn karmak bir yapsn ekillendiren strktr,
kppen kapcsoldnak egymshoz s teher- spoina, tynk binann dengesini salad gibi yk tamay
hord, illetve stabilizl szerepet tltenek be. da amalar. Ahap yaplar mimari yzeyler de
A faszerkezetek dsztfunkcival is brhatnak ssleme eleman olarak da bulunabilir (boya-
(a vakolat festsnek, illetve falfestmnynek structur din lemn Ro sz, dorudan ahap zerine boyal ya da ahap
hinyban is). A faszerkezetek konzervlsa zeri svaya boyal rneklerde olduu gibi).
sszetett vizsglatokat felttelez az ltalnos Definiie: Scheletul structural al unei con- Ahap yaplarn korunmas; doku, ykleme,
jellemzk meghatrozsra, mint amilyen a ki- strucii realizate din elemente din lemn, din dnemsel mdahale gemii ayrca evre et-
alakts, terhels, a beavatkozsok idrendje, trunchi i ramuri mari de copaci asamblate cu kisi, malzemenin rmesi ve birleimler iin
a krnyezeti hatsok, az anyagok krosods- diferite tipuri de mbinri. kullanlan farkl malzemelerin etkileimi gibi
nak mrtke, illetve a klnbz fugz anya- genel zellikleri belirlemek iin karmak bir
gok egymsra gyakorolt hatsa. Adnotare: Structura formeaz un sistem com- analiz gerektirir.
plex de piese ce au relaii diferite ntre ele i vi- E anlam: ahap strktr
fuga, vakolat zeaz preluarea sarcinilor, precum i asigurarea
stabilitii cldirii. Structurile din lemn pot servi birleim, sva
ca suprafee arhitecturale ornamentale (chiar
struttura lignea it i lipsite de culoare sau picturi murale executa-
te pe o tencuial). Conservarea structurilor din BG
Definizione: Lo scheletro strutturale di un lemn necesit analize complexe pentru a de-
edificio fatto di elementi lignei del tronco e dei termina caracteristici generale precum confi- : ,
rami grandi degli alberi, tenuto insieme con guraia, ncrctura, cronologia interveniilor i
vari tipi di giunti. influena factorilor de mediu, degradarea ma- , -
terialelor, precum i interaciunea diferitelor .
Commento: La struttura un sistema com- materiale utilizate pentru mbinri.
plesso di parti che hanno rapporti differenti : -
tra di loro, portano i carichi e stabilizzano la rost, tencuial
costruzione. Le strutture lignee possono pre- ,
sentare superfici architettoniche ornamentali
(anche senza colori o dipinti murali sullinto- Estructura de madera Es . -
naco).
La conservazione delle strutture lignee richiede Definicin: Esqueleto estructural de un edifi- (
analisi complesse per determinare le caratteri- cio realizado con elementos de madera ob- ).
stiche generali come la configurazione, il carico, tenidos del tronco y las ramas largas de los r-
la cronologia degli interventi, linfluenza del- boles y unidos mediante varios tipos de jun- -
lambiente, il degrado dei materiali e lintera- tas. , -
zione dei materiali diversi utilizzati per i giunti. , ,
Comentario: La estructura forma un sistema , -
costruzione a graticcio, giunto, intonaco complejo de diversas partes que permiten so-
portar cargas y asegurar la estabilidad del edi- , .
ficio. Pueden aparecer como ornamentacin
Konstrukcja drewniana PL de superficies arquitectnicas (incluso sin pin- ,
turas ni revoques). La conservacin de las es-
Definicja: Szkielet konstrukcyjny budynku tructuras de madera requiere anlisis comple-
wykonany z elementw drewnianych, pozys- jos para determinar sus caractersticas gene-
kanych z pni i duych gazi drzew poczo- rales: la configuracin, la carga, las interven-
nych rnymi typami zcz ciesielskich. ciones cronolgicas, la influencia del ambien-
te, la degradacin de los materiales y la inter-
Komentarz: Konstrukcja tworzy zoony system accin entre los diferentes materiales usados
wzajemnie powizanych ze sob czci, maj en los ensambles y las juntas.
one funkcje none i zapewniaj budynkowi sta-
bilno. Konstrukcje drewniane mona rozwa- junta, revoque

43
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
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Multistorey half -timber construction, reconstruction of Old Greek Bath House, Safranbolu (Turkey), 19th century; Photo: 2008 (Randolph Langenbach)
Half-timber EN
Definition: A type of construction made out
of wooden frames which represent the struc-
tural part of the building (floor, cross, wall, and
roof frames) and infills (partitions between the
frame work) which are filled with different ma-
terials to form floors, walls, ceilings, and roofs.
Comment: The frame structures are formed
of wooden beams with horizontal, vertical,
and diagonal joints. The infills are made of
wattle, daub, bricks, and/or stones which are
usually rendered with clay mortar and plaster.
In post-medieval times, half-timbering origi-
nally buried in plaster was uncovered for aes-
thetic reasons. Fake half-timbering became
popular in the 19th century.
Not to be confused with: joint
brick, clay
Colombage FR
Dfinition: Ossature de bois constituant les
parties structurelles de ldifice (sol, croise, mur
Sources: Gnay 1998, 66; zkse 2001; Harris 2006, 3/4, 58, 89; Morris et al. 1995; Barnwell, Adams 1995, 2843
44
et charpente) et comble de matriaux lgers
(cloisonnements entre les parties structurelles)
qui est remplies laide de matriaux divers
pour former des sols, murs, plafonds et toits.
Commentaires: Lossature est forme de pou-
tres de bois horizontales, verticales et diago-
nales. Les comblements sont faits de torchis,
clayonnages, briques et/ou de pierres gn-
ralement lies par un mortier de chaux et en-
duites. Aprs le Moyen-ge, les colombages
originellement recouverts de pltres ont t
mis nus pour des raisons esthtiques. Les
faux colombages sont devenus populaires au
19me sicle.
brique, argile, enduit
Fachwerk DE
Definition: Eine Konstruktion aus hlzernem
Trgersystem/Skelett (Boden-, Wand-, Quer-
und Deckentrger bzw. -rahmen) und Fllun-
gen bzw. Gefachen aus verschiedenen Mate-
rialien, mit der Bden, Wnde, Decken und D-
cher gebildet werden.
Kommentar: Die Rahmenkonstruktionen
werden aus Holzbalken mit horizontalen, ver-
tikalen und diagonalen Verbindungen zusam-
mengefgt. Die Gefache werden mit Flecht-
werk, Lehm, Ziegeln und/oder Steinen gefllt,
die blicherweise mit Lehmmrtel und Putz
verputzt sind.
Ursprnglich unter Verputz verborgenes Fach-
werk legte man in nachmittelalterlicher Zeit
aus sthetischen Grnden frei. Im 19. Jahrhun-
dert wurden Fachwerkimitationen beliebt.
Ziegel, Ton, Putz
Kanatna konstrukcija / Bondruk HR
Definicija: Konstrukcija od drvenih okvira koji
ine strukturni dio zgrade (kat, zid i krovnu
konstrukciju) i ispuna (dijelovi izmeu okvira),
od razliitih materijala za formiranje podova,
zidova, stropova i krovova.
Napomena: Konstrukcije okvira oblikuju se
od drvenih greda horizontalnim, vertikalnim
i dijagonalnim spojnicama. Ispune su izraene
pleterom od prua i buke i/ili kamena, obino
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

CoNstRuCtioN

obukanoga glinenim mortom i bukom. Na- Konstrukcja ryglowa PL tas horizontales, verticales y diagonales. Los
kon srednjega vijeka kanatna konstrukcija iz- estucados se hacen con barro, ladrillos o pie-
vorno prekrivena bukom otkrivana je iz estet- Definicja: Rodzaj struktury wykonanej z dras revestidas normalmente con mortero de
skih razloga. Lana kanatna konstrukcija po- drewnianych ram, stanowicych konstrukcyj- cal y revoque. En la poca post-medieval, el
stala je popularna u 19. stoljeu. n cz budynku (ramy podogi, cian i da- entramado de madera, originalmente sepul-
chu) oraz z wypenie (przestrzenie midzy tado en revoque, era desencalado por razones
opeka, glina, buka elementami konstrukcji), ktre s zapenione estticas. En el siglo XIX se hicieron populares
rnymi materiaami w celu uformowania los entramados de madera falsos.
podg, cian, stropw i dachw.
Favzas plet Hu ladrillo, arcilla, revoque
Komentarz: Obramowania konstrukcyjne
Meghatrozs: Favz alap ptmny, mely- skadaj si z belek drewnianych z czeniami
nl az plet tartszerkezett kpez faele- poziomymi, pionowymi i ukonymi. Wype- Ahap atk tR
mek (alap, keresztmerevts, fal- s tetszer- nienia s wykonane z plecionki, narzutu, ce-
kezet) kztti rszt klnbz anyagokkal tl- gie, i / lub kamieni, zwykle otynkowanych za- Tanm: Zemin, duvar, tavan ve at oluturmak
tik ki a padl, falak, mennyezet s tet kialak- praw zawierajc glin lub tynkiem. iin farkl malzemelerle doldurulan dolgu (er-
tsa rdekben (Fachwerk). Po okresie redniowiecza oryginalne kon- eve arasndaki boluklar) ve binann yapsal
strukcje ryglowe ukryte pod tynkiem byy od- ksmlarn (zemin, atk, duvar ve at iskeleti)
Megjegyzs: A vzszerkezet vzszintes, fg- krywane z powodw estetycznych. Faszywe temsil eden ahap erevelerden oluan ya-
gleges s tlsan sszecsapolt gerendkbl fachwerki stay si popularne w 19. wieku. pm tr.
pl fel. A vzkitlt anyag vesszbl, agyag- Synonimy: fachwerk, mur pruski, konstrukcja
bl, tglbl s/vagy kbl ll, melyet ltal- szachulcowa, konstrukcja szkieletowa Yorum: Yatay, dikey ve kegen balantl ah-
ban agyag habarccsal s vakolattal ltnak el. ap kirilerden oluan tayc sistem erevesi,
A kzpkor utni idszakban az eredetileg va- cega, glina, tynk iskeleti. Kam, amur, tula ve/veya tatan
kolt favzas pleteknl eszttikai okokbl le- oluan dolgular genellikle kil harc ve svas
vlasztottk a vakolatot. Az lfavzas szerke- ile rtlr.
zet ptkezs a 19. szzadban volt npszer. Fachwerk Ro Ge ortaa zamanlarnda, daha nceleri s-
vayla kapatlan ahap elemanlar, estetik ne-
tgla, agyag, vakolat Definiie: Un tip de construcie realizat din ra- denlerden dolay ak braklmaya baland.
me de lemn ce reprezint partea structural a Sahte ahap atklar 19. yzylda popler ol-
cldirii (podele, ferestre, perei i arpant) i du.
Costruzione a graticcio it umpluturi (ntre elementele ramei din lemn),
care sunt realizate cu diferite materiale pentru tula, kil
Definizione: Un tipo di costruzione composto a forma pardoseli, perei, tavane, i acoperiuri.
da intelaiature lignee che formano la struttura
portante delledificio (intelaiature di pavimen- Adnotare: Structurile cadrelor sunt realizate BG
to, a croce, di pareti e di tetti) e di riempimenti din grinzi din lemn cu mbinri orizontale, ver-
(spazi tra le intelaiature), che sono riempiti di ticale i diagonale. Umpluturile sunt realizate : ,
materiali diversi per formare pavimenti, pareti, din nuiele, argil, crmid i/sau piatr, care ,
soffitti e tetti. sunt de obicei tencuite cu mortar pe baz de (,
argil i tencuial. n perioada post-medieval , )
Commento: Le strutture dellintelaiatura sono tipul de construcie fachwerk, aflat iniial sub ( -
costituite con travi di legno con giunti orizzon- tencuial a fost dezvelit din motive estetice. ),
tali, verticali e diagonali. I riempimenti sono Reproducerea acestui stil de construcie a de- , , , -
fatti di canniccio, fango, mattoni, e / o pietre venit popular n secolul al XIX-lea. .
che di solito sono intonacati con una malta di
argilla e un intonaco. Per ragioni estetiche crmid, argil, tencuial : -
nellepoca post-medievale la costruzione a ,
graticcio, originariamente coperta dintonaco, . -
rimaneva scoperta. Limitazione di costruzioni Muro de entramado de madera Es , , / -
a graticcio per motivi solo decorativi diven- , -
tata popolare nel XIX secolo. Definicin: Tipo de construccin hecha con . -
Sinonimi: costruzione a traliccio, casa a gratic- armazn de madera, que representa tanto la , -
cio, casa a traliccio parte estructural del edificio (armazn de sue- ,
los, travesaos, paredes, techos) como los es- . -
mattone, argilla, intonaco tucados (particiones entre el armazn), y que .
es rellenada con diferentes materiales para : ( -
formar suelos, paredes, techos y tejados. joint,
: )
Comentario: Las estructuras de madera estn
formadas por travesaos de madera con jun- , ,

45
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
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Different concrete surface finishes, La Cit Radieuse by Le Corbusier, Marseille (France), 1952; Photo: 2015, RPS (Drthe Jakobs)
Exposed concrete EN
Definition: A smooth architectural surface
made without plaster. The surface is made of
very fine concrete which consists of fluid ce-
ment and small grained aggregate that ex-
poses the forms and structures of the shutter-
ing.
Comment: Since the 1920s, concrete was no
longer simply being used as a structural ma-
terial, but was also starting to be appreciated
for its decorative appearance as an exposed
architectural surface. There are numerous
methods of making exposed concrete sur-
faces by means of formwork sheeting: board
shuttering, smooth formwork, form liner, form
moulds or filter fleeces. There are also surface
processing techniques, like washed concrete
surfaces, photo concrete, acidified surfaces,
blasting using solid abrasives and stone-ma-
sonry-like treatment.
Synonyms: fair-faced concrete, exposed ag-
gregate, brut concrete, beton brut
plaster, aggregate
Bton apparent FR
Dfinition: Surface architecturale lisse et sans
enduit. Elle est faite dun bton trs fin consti-
Sources: Peck, Bosold 2009; Juracek 2002, 329; Hasol 2002, 84; Ching 2006, 47
46
tu de ciment liquide et de charges fines qui
rvle les formes et les structures de la peau
de coffrage.
Commentaires: Depuis les annes 1920, le
bton est utilis comme matriau la fois
structurel et ornemental, laiss nu. Il y a de
nombreuses mthodes de fabrication de b-
ton apparent, au travers de coffrages et de
moules: planches de coffrage, coffrage lisse,
bton moul, en superposition de couches. Il
existe aussi des procds de surfaage
comme le photobton, le lavage, le traitement
acide ou le sablage et le faux- appareillage en
pierre.
Synonymes: bton de parement, bton gra-
nulat, bton brut
enduit, granulat (agrgat)
sichtbeton
Definition: Eine glatte Architekturoberflche
ohne Verputz. Die Oberflche wird aus sehr
feinem Beton hergestellt, der aus flssigem
Zement und feinkrnigem Zuschlag besteht
und die Form und Struktur der Schalung zeigt.
Kommentar: Seit den 1920er Jahren wird Be-
ton nicht nur als Baumaterial, sondern auch
fr sein dekoratives Erscheinungsbild als
sichtbare Architekturoberflche geschtzt. Es
gibt zahlreiche Methoden, Sichtbetonoberfl-
chen mit Hilfe der Schalhaut herzustellen:
Schalungsplatten, glatte Schalungen, Folien,
Strukturmatrizen, Strukturschalungen oder
Filtervliese. Die Techniken zur Oberflchenver-
edelung sind u.a. Waschbetonoberflchen,
Fotobeton, gesuerte Oberflchen, Strahlen
mit festen Strahlmitteln und steinmetzmige
Bearbeitung.
Putz, Zuschlag
otkriveni beton HR
Definicija: Arhitektonska glatka povrina koja
se upotrebljava bez buke. Ova je povrina iz-
raena od vrlo finoga betona, sastavljenoga
od tekuega cementa i agregata male granu-
lacije koji otkriva formu i strukturu oplate.
DE
Napomena: Od 20-ih godina 20. stoljea be-
ton se upotrebljava kao konstrukcijski mate-
rijal i u dekorativne svrhe kao vidljiva arhitek-
tonska povrina. Postoje brojni naini izrade
vidljivih betonskih povrina s pomou oplata
za oblaganje: drvena oplata, glatka oplata,
oplata s uzorkom, oplata s kalupom ili grae-
vnim tekstilom. Postoje i tehnike obrade po-
vrina poput: isprane betonske povrine, fo-
tobetonske povrine, povrine obraene kise-

linom ili abrazivnim mlazom te primjenom
tehnike obrade za kameni zid.
buka, agregat
Ltszbeton Hu
Meghatrozs: Vakolat nlkli, burkolatlan, si-
ma ptszeti fellet (nyersbeton). Ez a fellet na-
gyon j minsg, cementet s finomszemcsj
tltanyagokat tartalmaz betonbl kszl,
mely tveszi a zsaluzat formjt s felptst. form, take z uyciem wkien. S i inne spo-
Megjegyzs: Az 1920-as vektl kezdden
a betont nemcsak szerkezeti anyagknt alkal-
maztk, hanem rtkelni kezdtk a ltszbe-
ton felletek dekoratv megjelenst is. A k-
lnbz ltszbeton felletek kialaktshoz Synonim: beton brutalny
szmos zsaluhj ltezik: tbls zsaluzat (ha-
gyomnyos), finom fellet zsaluzat, textrlt
felletkpz zsalubett, strukturlt hjak vagy
zsaluszvet alkalmazsa. Egyb felletkpzsi
technikk a mosott beton fellet, a fotbeton,
a savval kezelt fellet, a homokfvsos, csi-
szolt felletek s a kfalszeren kezelt fellet.
vakolat, tltanyag
Calcestruzzo a vista
Definizione: Una superficie architettonica li-
scia e senza intonaco. Questa superficie fatta
di calcestruzzo molto fino composto di cemen-
to liquido e di aggregati a grana piccola che ri-
velano le forme e le strutture della cassaforma.
Commento: Dagli anni 20 del XX secolo il cal-
cestruzzo cominci a essere utilizzato non so-
lo come elemento per la costruzione, ma fu
apprezzato anche per il suo aspetto decorati-
vo per le superfici architettoniche a vista.
Ci sono vari metodi per creare superfici in cal-
cestruzzo a vista con casseforme: casseforme
con tavole lignee, casseforme lisce o filtri di tes-
suto. Ci sono anche tecniche di lavorazione
specifiche per le superfici, ad esempio le super-
fici in calcestruzzo lavate, le superfici acidificate,
la sabbiatura con abrasivi solidi e i trattamenti
simili a quelli per la muratura di pietra.
Sinonimo: cemento a vista
Da non confondersi con: calcestruzzo liscio,
aggregati a vista, cemento grezzo, bton brut
intonaco, inerte
Beton eksponowany
Definicja: Gadka powierzchnia architekto-
niczna bez stosowania tynku. Powierzchnia
ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
CoNstRuCtioN
wykonana z drobnoziarnistego betonu zawie- modo de molde, bruido a muequilla. Tam-
rajcego pynny cement i drobny wypeniacz, bin hay diversas tcnicas de tratamiento de
ukazuje form i konstrukcj szalunku. las superficies: lavado de superficies de hor-
mign, serigrafiado del hormign, tratamien-
Komentarz: Od lat 1920. zaczto stosowa to al cido de la superficie, proyeccin con
beton nie tylko do konstrukcji, doceniono te abrasivos slidos y tratamientos de simula-
jego walory dekoracyjne jako eksponowanej cin tipo fbrica de sillera o mampostera.
powierzchni architektonicznej.
Jest wiele metod wykonywania betonowych revoque, carga
powierzchni betonu formowanego szalun-
kiem jak: deskowanie, formowanie gadkich
powierzchni, szalunek ozdobny, stosowanie Brt beton tR
soby opracowywania powierzchni jak puka- Tanm: Svasz kullanlan bir tr przsz mi-
nie betonu, foto beton, wytrawianie po- mari yzey. Bu yzey akkan imento ve kal-
wierzchni, piaskowanie z uyciem mocnego bn yapsn ve eklini gsteren kk taneli
cierniwa i z uyciem metod stosowanych do agregadan oluan ok ince betondan yaplr.
obrbki kamienia.
Yorum: 1920lerden beri, beton sadece yapsal
malzeme olarak deil ayn zamanda plak mi-
tynk, wypeniacz mari yzeylerde dekoratif grnme katk
salamak iin de kullanlmaya baland. plak
beton yzeyler elde etmek iin kullanlan bir-
Beton aparent Ro ok kalplama tr arasnda: kalp tahtas, p-
rzsz kalp, ekil verici kalp, ekilli kalp ya da
Definiie: O suprafa arhitectural neted astarl kalp gibi yntemler bulunmaktadr. Ay-
utilizat fr tencuial. Aceast suprafa este rca ykanm beton, foto beton, asitlendirilmi
realizat din beton foarte fin, care const din yzeyler, sert andrclar kullanan patlatma
ciment fluid i agregate cu o granulaie fin, ve kaplama benzeri ta duvar gibi yzey ile-
care expune formele i structurile cofrajului. me teknikleri de bulunmaktadr.
it E anlaml: plak beton, plak agrega
Adnotare: Din anii 20, betonul a nceput s
fie utilizat nu doar ca un material structural, sva, agrega
dar a fost apreciat i pentru aspectul su de-
corativ ca suprafa arhitectural aparent.
Exist numeroase metode de realizare a su- BG
prafeelor din beton aparent cu ajutorul co-
frajelor. Exist, de asemenea, tehnici de pre- : -
lucrare a suprafeei, cum ar fi splarea supra- ,
feelor de beton, foto-betonul, atacarea su- ,
prefeelor cu substane acide, sablarea folo- , -
sind materiale abrazive solide, precum i teh- .
nici care confer un aspect similar zidriei de
piatr. : 1920-
,
tencuial, agregat -
.
-
Hormign visto Es
: , -
Definicin: Superficie arquitectnica lisa sin , , ,
revoque realizada con hormign muy fino for- . -
mado por cemento, carga fina y agua y que : -
deja a la vista las formas y las estructuras del ; ; ; -
encofrado. ,
, .
Comentario: A partir de 1920, el hormign se :
empez a utilizar no solo como material es-
PL tructural, sino tambin como material deco- ,
rativo para superficies arquitectnicas vistas.
Hay muchos mtodos para realizarlo en fun-
cin del encofrado: tabla, liso, deslizante, a
47
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
CoNstRuCtioN
Loss of plaster shows masonry support (detail), Fortified Church in Apold (Romania), 13th century; Photo: 2014, UAD (Adrian Rauca)
support EN
Definition: A structure on which a plaster or a
ground with a subsequent paint layer, or just a
paint layer, are applied. Its function is to provide
a more or less even substratum for the painting,
to carry it, and to give it physical stability.
Comment: The support of wall paintings can
be a natural rock with a prepared surface, but
also any other architectural surfaces like walls
or ceilings.
For better backing, the support may include
reinforcements made of wood, reed, or metal
meshes. The stability of the wall painting
strongly depends on the stability and surface
properties of the support. Depending on the
painting technique and materials applied, the
smoothness of the support may vary in order
to achieve good adhesion.
Synonym: image carrier
ground
support FR
Dfinition: Surface sur laquelle est applique
une couche de peinture ou un enduit suppor-
Sources: Mora et al.1984, 10; Weber 2013, 87; Nimmo 2001, 217; Conservation Dictionary 2001
48
tant celle-ci. Substratum de la peinture, elle lui
confre sa stabilit.
Commentaires: Le support dune peinture
murale peut tre un matriau de construction
naturel, brut, apprt ou nimporte quelle sur-
face dune architecture formant des parois ou
un plafond, travaille (enduits) ou dune struc-
ture manufacture (maonnerie etc.). Si cette
structure est constitue dun matriau friable,
celui-ci peut tre renforc par du bois, de la
paille ou du grillage mtallique. La stabilit de
la peinture murale dpend pour beaucoup de
celle du support et de ses proprits de sur-
face. La surface doit tre suffisamment ru-
gueuse pour une bonne adhsion de la pein-
ture.
prparation
trger DE
Definition: Eine Konstruktion, auf der ein
Putz, eine Grundierung mit anschlieender
Farbschicht oder nur eine Farbschicht aufge-
tragen wird. Sie hat einen relativ ebenen Un-
tergrund fr die Malerei zu bilden, sie zu tra-
gen und ihr Stabilitt zu verleihen.
Kommentar: Felsen mit bearbeiteter Oberfl-
che oder jede andere Architekturoberflche
wie Wnde oder Decken knnen Trger von
Wandmalereien sein.
Zur Verstrkung kann der Trger Bewehrun-
gen aus Holz, Schilfrohr oder Drahtgeflecht
enthalten. Die Bestndigkeit einer Wandma-
lerei hngt stark von seiner Stabilitt und sei-
nen Oberflcheneigenschaften ab. Abhngig
von der Maltechnik und den Materialien kann
seine Gltte variieren, um eine gute Haftung
der Farbe zu ermglichen.
Synonym: Bildtrger
Grundierung
Nosa HR
Definicija: Struktura na koju su naneseni bu-
ka i bojeni sloj ili bojeni sloj izravno. Funkcija
mu je osigurati manje-vie jednaku podlogu
za sliku te da je nosi i osigura fiziku stabil-
nost.
Napomena: Nosa zidnih slika moe biti pri-
rodna stijena s pripremljenom povrinom, ali
i arhitektonske povrine poput zidova, stropo-
va i svodova.

Nosa radi bolje potpore moe sadravati oja-
anja od drva, trske ili metalne mreice. Sta-
bilnost zidne slike jako ovisi o stabilnosti i po-
vrinskim svojstvima nosaa. Da bi se ostvarila
dobra adhezija, glatkoa nosaa moe varirati
ovisno o slikarskoj tehnici te primijenjenim
materijalima.
podloga
Hordoz Hu
Meghatrozs: Egy tartszerkezet, melyre
kzvetlenl, illetve elzetes vakolat vagy ala-
pozs rtegre festkrteg(ek)et hordanak fel.
Szerepe tbb-kevsb egyenletes alapot biz-
tostani a festsnek, illetve hordozni azt s fi-
zikai stabilitst adni neki.
Megjegyzs: A falfestmny hordozja lehet
egy megmunklt fellet termszetes szikla,
s brmely ptszeti fellet, mint pldul fa-
lak vagy mennyezetek. A falkp jobb alt-
masztsnak rdekben hasznlhatnak fa,
nd s fmhl erstst is.
A falkp stabilitsa nagyban fgg a hordoz
stabilitstl s felleti tulajdonsgaitl. A
hasznlt anyagok s feststechnika fggv-
nyben a hordoz felletnek simasga vl-
tozhat, annak rdekben, hogy a festkrteg
jobban ktdjn.
Szinonima: festalap
alapozs
supporto
Definizione: Una struttura sulla quale appli-
cato lo strato pittorico. Sostiene la pittura e le
d stabilit fisica.
Commento: I supporti di pitture murali pos-
sono essere di roccia naturale con superfici
preparate in modo adeguato, oppure ogni ti-
po di superficie architettonica, come ad esem-
pio muri o soffitti. Per un sostegno migliore il
supporto pu includere rinforzi fatti di legno
o di canna o una rete metallica. La stabilit del-
la pittura murale dipende fortemente dalla
stabilit e dalle caratteristiche della superficie
del supporto. Secondo la tecnica pittorica
adoperata, la superficie del supporto deve
presentare caratteristiche adatte per permet-
tere unadesione buona della pittura.
Sinonimi: struttura di sostegno, struttura di
appoggio
preparazione
ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
CoNstRuCtioN
Podoe PL Para un mejor agarre, el soporte puede incluir
refuerzos hechos de madera, caa o malla me-
Definicja: Struktura / konstrukcja na ktr na- tlica. La estabilidad de la pintura mural de-
oony jest tynk lub grunt i kolejno warstwa pende especialmente de las propiedades de
malarska, albo sama warstwa malarska. Spe- la superficie del soporte. Dependiendo de la
nia funkcj bardziej lub mniej rwnej po- tcnica pictrica y de los materiales aplicados,
wierzchni pod malowida i zapewnia im fizycz- la rugosidad del soporte puede variar para ob-
n stabilno. tener una buena adhesin.
Komentarz: Podoem malowida ciennego capa preparatoria
moe by przygotowana powierzchnia natu-
ralnej skay, ale take kada inna powierzchnia
architektoniczna jak ciany czy stropy. Dla Zemin tR
ustabilizowania podoa stosowane s
wzmocnienia z drewna, trzciny, czy siatki me- Tanm: Sva veya onu takip eden boyal bir y-
talowej. Stabilno malowida ciennego za- zey (astar) veya sadece boya katmannn ze-
ley w duym stopniu od stabilnoci i wasno- rine uyguland strktr, yap. levi, boya ve
ci powierzchni podoa. Zalenie od rodzaju hatta en azndan alt tabaka iin duvar resmini
techniki malowida i uytych materiaw sto- tamak ve fiziksel salamlk vermektir.
pie wygadzenia podoa moe by rny
aby zapewni dobr przyczepno. Yorum: Duvar resimlerinin zemini hazrlanm,
Synonim: nonik obrazu dzenlenmi yzeyli doal kayalar olabilecei
gibi, ayrca her trl duvar ya da tavan gibi mi-
grunt mari yzeyler olabilir.
Daha iyi destek iin, aatan, kamtan veya
metal rgden glendirmeler ierebilir. Du-
suport Ro var resminin salaml byk lde zeminin
dayankllna ve yzey zelliklerine baldr.
Definiie: O structur pe care se aplic o ten- Boyama tekniine ve uygulanan malzemelere
cuial sau un grund cu un strat subsecvent de bal olarak, iyi yapma elde etmek iin zemi-
culoare. Are rolul de a furniza un substrat mai nin przszl deiiklk gsterebilir.
mult sau mai puin neted pentru pictur, de a E anlam: resim tayc
purta pictura, oferindu-i stabilitate fizic.
yzey
Adnotare: Suportul picturilor murale poate fi
o piatr natural cu o suprafa pregtit sau
orice alt suprafa arhitectural, cum ar fi zi- BG
it durile sau plafoanele. Pentru o mai bun sus-
inere, suportul poate include ranforsri reali- : , -
zate din lemn, stuf sau plas metalic. Stabili- , -
tatea picturii murale depinde foarte mult de . -
stabilitatea i de proprietile suprafeei su- --
portului. n funcie de tehnica de pictur pre- ,
cum i de materialele folosite, netezimea su-
portului poate varia, pentru a obine o ade- .
ren sporit.
:
grund -
,
, . -
soporte Es -
, -
Definicin: Estructura sobre la que se aplica . -
directamente la capa de pintura o el revoque, -
o la capa preparatoria y la posterior capa de . -
pintura. Su funcin es la de dar un sustrato a -
la pintura, sostenerla y darle estabilidad fsica.
, -
Comentario: El soporte de una pintura mural .
puede ser roca natural con una superficie pre- :
parada, pero tambin puede ser otra superfi-
cie arquitectnica como una pared o un techo.
49
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
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Plaster layers (detail), Dubrovnik Cathedral (Croatia) 10/11th century; Photo: 2011, HRZ (Katarina Gavrilica)
Plaster EN
Definition: Protective and/or decorative coat
which is applied to architectural surfaces. It is
also used for moulding and casting decorative
elements.
Comment: It consists of a mixture of binders,
aggregates, water and often fillers, additives
and admixtures. The term is mainly used for
the coating material for interior walls and ceil-
ings. The three stages of the material can be
used: dry powder, prepared wet mass or final
solid product.
Plasters are distinguished by their binders (in-
organic/organic), which can also be mixed.
Not to be confused with: render
render, binder, filler, additive, aggre-
gate
Sources: Gettens, Stout 1966, 250; Trench 2000, 373; E DIN EN 16572: 2012, 9
50
Enduit FR
Dfinition: Couche protectrice et/ou dcora-
tive applique sur les surfaces architecturales.
Elle peut servir de support secondaire aux
peintures murales (support-enduit).
Commentaires: Mlange de liant, de charges,
deau et parfois dadditifs. Le terme dsigne
surtout le matriau pos, recouvrant les parois
et plafonds et est souvent qualifi de liss, ta-
loch, etc. Le matriau en cours de prpara-
tion est nomm mortier. Le liant peut tre mi-
nral, organique ou mixte. Les charges de ren-
fort peuvent tre minrales et organiques (fi-
bres). Des adjuvants synthtiques peuvent
modifier les proprits des enduits modernes.
liant, charge, additif, granulat (agrgat) gemischt werden knnen.
Putz DE
Definition: Eine schtzende und/oder deko-
rative Beschichtung, die auf Architekturober-
flchen aufgebracht wird und die man auch
zum Modellieren und Abformen von Zierele-
menten benutzt.
Kommentar: Putz besteht aus einer Mi-
schung von Bindemitteln, Zuschlgen, Wasser
und oft Fllstoffen, Zusatzmitteln und Zusatz-
stoffen. Der Begriff wird meistens fr Be-
schichtungsmaterial fr Innenwnde und De-
cken sowie fr alle drei Phasen des Materials
benutzt: Trockenmischung, feuchte ge-
brauchsfertige Masse oder festes Endprodukt.
Putze werden anhand ihrer Bindemittel (an-
organisch/organisch) unterschieden, die auch
Synonyme: Verputz, Putzmrtel
Auenputz, Bindemittel, Fllstoff, Zu-
satzmittel, Zuschlag
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

CoNstRuCtioN

buka HR Possono essere inclusi inerti e additivi organici Comentario: Mezcla de aglutinantes, cargas,
per il rinforzo. Negli intonaci moderni, lag- agua y a menudo algunos aditivos y mezclas.
Definicija: Zatitni i/ili ukrasni premaz na ar- giunta di additivi sintetici pu modificare le Se utiliza principalmente para el material de
hitektonskim povrinama. Upotrebljava se i za caratteristiche del composto. Ricette storiche revestimiento de paredes y techos interiores.
modeliranje i zalijevanje dekorativnih eleme- elencano additivi come zucchero o cagliata. Se puede usar en los tres estados del material:
nata. Da non confondersi con: intonaco per esterni polvo seco, masa preparada hmeda o pro-
ducto slido final. Se diferencian por los aglu-
Napomena: Sastoji se od smjese veziva, agre- intonaco per esterni, rinzaffo, intonaco/in- tinantes que contienen (orgnicos, inorgni-
gata, vode i esto punila, dodataka i primjesa. tonachino, arriccio, legante, inerto, ad- cos o mezclas).
Naziv se uglavnom upotrebljava za pokrivni ditivo, filler Sinnimo: enfoscado
materijal na unutarnjim zidovima, stropovima
i svodovima. Moe se upotrebljavati za mate- mortero de revestimiento, ligante, carga fi-
rijal u tri stanja: kao prah, pripremljena mokra tynk PL na aditivo, carga
masa ili zavrni vrsti proizvod. buke se raz-
likuju prema vezivima (anorganskim/organ- Definicja: Powoka zabezpieczajca i / lub de-
skim) koja se mogu mijeati. koracyjna naoona na powierzchni architek- sva tR
toniczn. Uywany te do modelowania i od-
vanjska buka, vezivo, punilo, aditiv, lewania elementw dekoracyjnych. Tanm: Mimari yzeylere uygulanan koruyucu
agregat ve/ya da dekoratif kaplama. Ayrca dekoratif
Komentarz: Jest mieszanin spoiw i kruszy- elemanlarnn kalba dkme ve kalbn kar-
wa, wody, czasem wypeniaczy, dodatkw i ma iin de kullanlr.
Vakolat Hu domieszek. Termin stosowany gwnie dla
materiau pokrywajcego ciany i sufity Yorum: Balayc, agrega, su, sklkla dolgu,
Meghatrozs: ptszeti felletekre felvitt wntrz. Uywany do okrelenia trzech postaci: katk ve ek karmlardan meydana gelir. Terim,
vd s/vagy dszt bevonat. A dsztelemek suchego proszku, wilgotnej masy i wysuszo- asl olarak i duvarlarn ve tavanlarn kaplama
formba ntsre s mintzsra is hasznl- nego produktu kocowego. Tynki rozrnia malzemesi iin kullanlr.
jk. si wg rodzajw spoiw, (nieorganicznych / or- Materyalin aamas iinde kullanlabilir: kuru
ganicznych), mog by te mieszane. toz, hazrlanm slak ktle veya nihai kat rn.
Megjegyzs: Ktanyagok, aggregtumok s Svalar, ayn zamanda kartrlabilen balayc-
vz keverkbl ll, gyakran tltanyagokat, tynk zewntrzny, spoiwo, wypeniacz, larna (inorganik-organik) gre ayrt edilebilr.
adalkanyagokat is tartalmaz. A kifejezs leg- kruszywo Kartrmaynz: d cephe svas
inkbb a bels falak, mennyezetek burkol-
anyagra vonatkozik. Az anyag mindhrom l- har, d cephe svas, balayc, dolgu
lapotnak megnevezsre hasznlhat (sz- tencuial Ro maddesi, katk, agrega
raz por, nedves massza, szilrd vgtermk).
A vakolatokat ktanyaguk alapjn klnbz- Definiie: Strat protector i/sau decorativ, ca-
tetik meg, mely lehet szerves, szervetlen, illet- re se aplic pe suprafee arhitecturale. Este uti- BG
ve a kett keverke. A magyar szaknyelvben a lizat, de asemenea, pentru realizarea elemen-
kls felletek, homlokzatok burkolanyagt telor decorative. : /
is vakolatnak nevezik. , -
Adnotare: Const dintr-un amestec de liani, .
kltri vakolat, ktanyag, tltanyag, agregate, ap i, de cele mai multe ori, mate- .
adalkanyag, aggregtum riale de umplutur, aditivi i adaosuri. Terme-
nul este folosit mai ales pentru a desemna ma- : , -
terialul de acoperire pentru perei interiori i ,
intonaco it plafoane. Poate fi folosit pentru cele trei etape .
ale materialului: pulbere uscat, material , -
Definizione: Uno strato protettivo e/o deco- proaspt preparat, sau produs final solid. Ten- .
rativo che applicato sulle superfici architet- cuielile se deosebesc prin lianii folosii (anor- : ,
toniche. anche usato per la modellatura e ganici, organici) acetia putnd fi utilizai i n -
per il calco di elementi decorativi. amestec. .
(/ ),
Commento: Consiste di una miscela di legan- tencuial exterioar, liant, material de um- .
ti, aggregati, acqua e a volte inerti e additivi. plutur, aditiv, agregat :
Il termine usato in contesti differenti, ma -
principalmente usato per il materiale di ri- .
vestimento di muri interni e soffitti. Il termine Revoque Es : x ,
pu essere usato per i tre stadi del materiale: ,
la polvere asciutta, la massa bagnata prepara- Definicin: Capa protectora y/o decorativa,
ta o il prodotto finale solido. Gli intonaci sono que se aplica a superficies arquitectnicas. , ,
distinti in base ai loro leganti (inorganici, or- Tambin se utiliza para el moldeo y el calco de , , ,
ganici), che possono anche essere mescolati. elementos decorativos.

51
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
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Rendered faade of historic building, Santa Maria Val Mstair (Switzerland); Photo: 2015, HAWK (Angela Weyer)
Render EN
Definition: A protective and/or decorative
coat (possibly in multi layers), which is applied
to exterior architectural surfaces.
Comment: It consists of a mixture of binders,
aggregates, water and maybe additives/ad-
mixtures. The term is used for the three stages
of the material: the dry powder, the prepared
wet mass, but mostly for the final solid pro-
duct. Because the materials and the method
of processing can be similar to interior wall
coatings, the term is often used interchange-
ably with the more generic and formerly syn-
onymous term plaster.
Not to be confused with: plaster
binder, plaster
Sources: Mortars 2011, 87, 606; Cocke et al. 2009, 35
52
Enduit FR
Dfinition: Couche protective et/ou dcora-
tive (potentiellement en plusieurs strates) qui
est applique sur des surfaces architecturales
extrieures. Elle peut servir de support secon-
daire aux peintures murales (support-enduit).
Commentaires: Mlange de liant, de charges,
deau et parfois dadditifs. Le terme est utilis
principalement pour le matriau recouvrant
les parois et plafonds et est souvent qualifi:
liss, taloch etc. Il vaut pour le matriau pos;
le matriau en cours de prparation est
nomm mortier. Du fait de matriaux et de
processus dapplication communs aux revte-
ments poss en intrieur, le terme est iden-
tique en franais.
liant, charge, additif, granulat (agrgat)
Auenputz DE
Definition: Eine schtzende und/oder deko-
rative Beschichtung (eventuell mehrlagig), die
auf uere Architekturoberflchen aufge-
bracht wird.
Kommentar: Auenputz besteht aus einer
Mischung von Bindemitteln, Zuschlgen, Was-
ser und manchmal Zusatzmitteln/-stoffen. Der
Begriff wird fr alle drei Verarbeitungsstufen
des Materials benutzt: die Trockenmischung,
die gebrauchsfertige feuchte Masse, aber
hauptschlich fr das feste Endprodukt. Da
die Materialien und die Verarbeitungsmetho-
den hnlich sein knnen wie bei innen ange-
wandten Wandbeschichtungen, wird der eng-
lische Begriff render oft anstelle von dem all-
gemeinen und frher synonymen Begriff
plaster verwendet.
Synonyme: Fassadenputz, Verputz
Bindemittel, Putz

Vanjska buka HR
Definicija: Zatitni i/ili ukrasni premaz (mo-
gue i vieslojni) koji je stavljen na vanjsku ar-
hitektonsku povrinu.
Napomena: Sastoji se od smjese veziva, agre-
gata, vode te ponekad dodataka i primjesa.
Naziv vanjska buka obuhvaa materijal u tri
stanja: prah, pripremljena mokra masa te naj-
ee zavrni vrsti proizvod.
S obzirom na to da materijali i metode obrad-
be mogu biti nalik na unutarnje bukane slo-
jeve, naziv se esto naizmjence upotrebljavao
s openitijim nekadanjim sinonimnim nazi-
vom; buka.
vezivo, buka
Kltri vakolat Hu
Meghatrozs: Kls ptszeti felletekre
felvitt (esetlegesen tbbrteg) vd s/vagy
dszt bevonat.
Megjegyzs: Ktanyag, tltanyag, vz, eset-
leg adalkanyagok keverkbl ll. A kifejezs
az anyag mindhrom llapotnak megneve-
zsre szolgl (szraz por, nedves massza, szi-
lrd vgtermk, leginkbb ez utbbira hasz-
nljk). Mivel alapanyagai s felhordsi mdja
a vakolatval hasonl, az angol ,,render fogal-
mat gyakran felcserlik az ltalnosabb, egy-
kor szinonimaknt hasznlt ,,plaster-ral. A
magyar szaknyelvben a beltri s a kltri bur-
kolanyagot egyarnt vakolatnak nevezik.
Szinonima: homlokzatvakolat
ktanyag, vakolat
intonaco per esterni
Definizione: Uno strato protettivo e/o deco-
rativo (eventualmente in pi strati) che ap-
plicato sulle superfici architettoniche esterne.
Commento: Consiste di una miscela di legan-
ti, inerti, acqua e a volte di additivi.
Il termine usato per i tre stadi del materiale:
la polvere asciutta, la massa bagnata prepara-
ta e il prodotto finale solido. Spesso, il termine
inglese render usato intercambiabilmente
con il termine inglese pi generico e in prece-
denza sinonimo plaster, perch i materiali e
i metodi di lavorazione sono simili a quelli dei
rivestimenti di muri interni.
Sinonimo: rinzaffo
Da non confondersi con: intonaco
legante, intonaco
ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
CoNstRuCtioN
tynk zewntrzny PL D cephe svas tR
Definicja: Warstwa zabezpieczajca i / lub de- Tanm: D mimari yzeylere uygulanan koru-
koracyjna (moe by wielowarstwowa) nao- yucu ve/veya (genellikle ok katmanl) deko-
ona na zewntrzn powierzchni architekto- ratif kaplama.
niczn.
Yorum: Balayc, agrega, su ve bazen dier
Komentarz: Jest mieszanin spoiw, wypenia- katk ve karmlardan oluabilir.
czy, wody oraz ewentualnie dodatkw / domie- Terim, materyalin aamas iin de kullanlr:
szek. Termin uywany jest do okrelenia trzech kuru toz, hazrlanm slak ktle, ama oun-
postaci tego materiau: suchego proszku, przy- lukla nihai sert rn. Malzeme ve ileme tr
gotowanej masy (zaprawa), ale najczciej do i duvar kaplamalarnda benzer olduu iin,
kocowego staego produktu. Poniewa uy- terim daha genel/jenerik ve ilk e anlaml te-
wane materiay i sposb wytwarzania s podob- rim olan sva ile sklkla birbirlerinin yerine kul-
ne do powok wewntrznych, terminy te pospo- lanlr.
licie s uywane jako oglne okrelenie tynk. Kartrmaynz: sva
Nie naley myli z: zaprawa
balayc, sva
spoiwo, tynk
BG
tencuial exterioar Ro
: /
Definiie: Un strat de protecie i/sau decora- ( -
tiv (eventual n straturi multiple), care se aplic ),
pe suprafee arhitecturale exterioare. .
Adnotare: Const dintr-un amestec de liani, : -
agregate, ap i poate aditivi/adaosuri. Terme- , ,
nul este folosit pentru cele trei etape ale ma- .
terialului: pulberea uscat, masa umed, dar, : , -
mai ales, pentru produsul final, solid. Deoare- , - -
ce materialele i metodele de prelucrare pot .
fi similare cu tencuiala de interior, termenul
tencuial exterioar este adesea utilizat n pa- ,
ralel sau substituie termenul, mai generic, ten- -
cuial (tencuial de interior). .
: / -
liant, tencuial
c,
Mortero de revestimiento Es
it
Definicin: Capa protectora y/o decorativa
(posiblemente formada por mltiples capas),
que se aplica a superficies arquitectnicas ex-
teriores.
Comentario: Compuesta por una mezcla de
ligantes (aglutinantes), cargas, agua y, quizs,
aditivos.
El trmino se utiliza para las tres etapas del
material: el polvo seco, la masa hmeda pre-
parada y, sobre todo, para el producto slido
final. Debido a que los materiales y el mtodo
de procesamiento pueden ser similares a los
revestimientos de paredes interiores, este tr-
mino se usa a menudo de forma indistinta con
el trmino ms genrico: mortero.
No confundir con: revoque
ligante, revoque
53
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
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Levelling coat between masonry and finishing plaster (detail), Church of St. John Aliturgetos, Nessebar (Bulgaria), 13/14th century; Photo: 2014 (Stefan Belishki)
Levelling coat EN
Definition: A single or multi-layered coat for
architectural surfaces to compensate for irreg-
ularities in the masonry.
Comment: These coarse-grained plaster lay-
ers carry the finer finishing plaster or paint
layers. The levelling coat consists of a mixture
of binders, aggregates, and water, and some-
times admixtures. The use of these layers of
plaster or render differs greatly and depends
on the requirements of the final surface de-
sign. The surface is usually levelled with a float
but not compacted to ensure better adhesion
of the subsequent coatings. Hence the syn-
onymous term floating coat.
Synonyms: floating coat, coarse rendering
masonry, plaster, binder, render, arric-
cio
Sources: Mortars 2011, 595; Knoepfli, Emmenegger 1990, 28ff., 296
54
Gobetis
Dfinition: Revtement simple (gobetis, rin-
zaffo) ou multi-couche (dressage), destin
compenser les irrgularits de la maonnerie.
Commentaires: Ces enduits ont des charges
grossires. Ils supportent les enduits de fini-
tion plus fins ou la couche picturale. Le mor-
tier est fait dun mlange de liants, de charges,
deau et parfois dadditifs. Lemploi de ces en-
duits est vari et dpend des exigences de
rendu final. Le mortier est jet la truelle et
gnralement nivell la taloche, mais sans
pression pour assurer une meilleure adh-
rence des couches suivantes. Le gobetis est in-
contournable sur supports irrguliers destins
tre enduits avec des mortiers ne suppor-
tant pas lapplication en couche paisse.
Synonymes: enduit de dressage, rinzaffo
maonnerie, enduit, liant, arricio
FR Ausgleichsputz DE
Definition: Eine einlagige oder mehrlagige
Putzschicht fr Architekturoberflchen zur Ega-
lisierung von Unebenheiten im Mauerwerk.
Kommentar: Diese grobkrnigen Putzlagen
tragen die abschlieenden Schichten von
Feinputz oder Farbe. Der Ausgleichsputz be-
steht aus einer Mischung von Bindemitteln,
Zuschlgen, Wasser und manchmal Zusatz-
stoffen. Die Anwendung dieser Putzschichten
variiert stark und hngt von den Anforderun-
gen der darauf folgenden Oberflchengestal-
tung ab. Die Oberflche wird normalerweise
mit einem Glttbrett ausgeglichen, aber nicht
verdichtet, um eine bessere Haftung der fol-
genden Beschichtungen zu ermglichen. Aus
der Werkzeugbezeichnung des Glttbrettes
(float) ergibt sich das englische Synonym
floating coat.
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Unterputz, Zwi-
schenputz, Glttputz
Mauerwerk, Putz, Bindemittel, Auen-
putz, Arriccio/Grobputz
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

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izravnavajui premaz HR al nome dellutensile (float), nella lingua in- de mortero o de pintura. La capa de nivelacin
glese si usa il termine sinonimo floating co- consiste en una mezcla de aglomerantes, ri-
Definicija: Jednoslojni ili vieslojni premaz at. dos, agua y, a veces, aditivos.
kojim se izravnavaju nepravilnosti arhitekton- Sinonimi: strato di livellamento, fratassatura El uso de estas capas de mortero es muy va-
skih povrina. Da non confondersi con: arriccio riable y depende de los requisitos del diseo
de la superficie final. La superficie se nivela ge-
Napomena: Ovi krupnozrnati slojevi buke muratura, intonaco, legante, intonaco neralmente pasando una herramienta de ni-
nose finiju zavrnu buku ili slikane slojeve. Iz- per esterni, arriccio velacin pero de forma no compactada (man-
ravnavajui se premaz sastoji od smjese vezi- teniendo la superficie porosa) para garantizar
va, agregata i vode, a ponekad i od primjesa. una mejor adherencia de los recubrimientos
Uporaba tih slojeva vanjske i unutarnje buke Warstwa wyrwnujca PL posteriores.
znatno se razlikuje i ovisi o zahtjevima zavr-
noga oblikovanja povrine. Da bi se osiguralo Definicja: Pojedyncza lub wielowarstwowa fbrica, revoque, ligante, mortero de re-
bolje prianjanje naknadnih slojeva povrina powoka na powierzchni architektonicznej vestimiento, arriccio
se obino izravnava gladilicom bez sabijanja. wyrwnujca nieregularnoci muru.
Otuda sinonim zaglaeni sloj.
Komentarz: Gruboziarnista, szorstka warstwa Dzeltme tabakas tR
zidanje, buka, vezivo, vanjska buka, tynku poprzedzajca naoenie wykoczenio-
arriccio wego tynku lub warstw malarskich. Warstwa Tanm: Mimari yzeylerde duvarn bozuklu-
wyrwnujca zawiera spoiwa, wypeniacze i unu dzeltmek iin uygulanan tek ya da ok
wod, a czasem domieszki. katmanl kaplama trdr.
Kiegyenlt vakolat Hu Zastosowanie tej warstwy tynku jest uzalenio-
ne od zaoe jak ma wyglda powierzchnia Yorum: ri taneli sva katmanlar daha ince
Meghatrozs: ptszeti felletek egy- vagy finalna. Powierzchnia jest zwykle wyrwnywa- olan son svay veya boya katmanlarn tutar.
tbbrteg bevonata, mely a fal egyenetlen- na pack, ale bez wygadzania, eby zapewni Dzeltme katman balayc, agrega, su ve ba-
sgeinek elsimtsra szolgl. przyczepno gadkim warstwom kocowym. zen de katklardan oluur. Bu sva ya da al
Synonimy: tynk wyrwnujcy, gruboziarnisty katmanlarnn kullanm ok farkldr ve son
Megjegyzs: Ezek a durva szemcsj vakolat- narzut wyrwnujcy yzey tasarmnn gereklerine baldr. Yzey
rtegek hordozzk a vgs, finomabb vako- genellikle mala ile dzeltilir ama sonraki kap-
latrtege vagy a festkrtegeket. A kiegyenlt budownictwo, tynk, spoiwo, arriccio lamalarn daha iyi yapmasn garantilemek
rteg ktanyagok, tltanyagok, vz s ese- iin ok sktrlmaz. Bu yzden e anlaml te-
tenknt adalkanyagok keverkbl ll. E va- rim kaba sva dr.
kolatrtegek hasznlata rendkvl vltozatos strat egalizator Ro
s fgg a felleti dszts ltal tmasztott k- duvar, sva, balayc, d cephe svas,
vetelmnyektl. A felletet ltalban simt- Definiie: Unul sau mai multe straturi de aco- ikinci kat sva
vas segtsgvel egyenltik ki, de nem tm- perire pentru suprafeele arhitecturale, cu rol
rtik, a ksbbi rtegek jobb tapadsnak r- de compensare a neregularitilor zidriei.
dekben. Az angol ,,float simt eszkz elne- BG
vezsbl ered a ,,floating coat kifejezs. Adnotare: Aceste straturi de tencuial grosie-
Szinonima: simtvakolat, durva vakolat r sunt cele pe care se va aplica tencuiala fin :
sau straturile de culoare. Stratul egalizator
fal, vakolat, ktanyag, kls vakolat, const dintr-un amestec de liani, agregate, .
alapvakolat ap i, uneori, adaosuri.
Utilizarea acestor straturi de tencuial difer :
foarte mult i depinde de cerinele suprafaei - -
Rinzao it finale. Suprafaa este nivelat, de obicei cu o . -
mistrie, dar nu compactat, pentru a asigura -
Definizione: Uno strato singolo o pi strati di o mai bun aderen straturilor ulterioare. , ,
rivestimento applicati sulle superfici architet- .
toniche per livellare le irregolarit della mura- zidrie, tencuial, liant, tencuial exte- -
tura. rioar, arriccio

Commento: Questi strati dintonaco a grana . -
grossa supportano gli strati dintonaco di fini- Capa de nivelacin Es -
tura o lo strato pittorico. Il rinzaffo consiste , -
in una miscela di leganti, inerti, acqua e a volte Definicin: Capa simple o mltiples capas en - -
di additivi. Luso di questi strati dintonaco o superficies arquitectnicas aplicadas para .
dintonaco per esterni differisce molto e di- compensar las irregularidades en la fbrica o : ,
pende dalla superficie finale desiderata. La su- la mampostera.
perficie solitamente livellata con un fratazzo /, , -
ma non compattata per assicurare unade- Comentario: Estas capas de revoque de gra- , ,
sione migliore degli strati successivi. Dovuto no grueso llevan por encima un fino acabado

55
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
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Detail of rough cast finish on an exterior wall, private building (detail), Hildesheim (Germany), mid-20th century; Photo: 2015, HAWK (Barbara Hentschel)
Rough cast (Roughcast) EN
Definition: Decorative surface and protective
coating with a very rough surface, mainly used
for exterior walls.
Comment: This type of render is often single
layered. It is made of a mixture of binders, ad-
ditives, water and aggregates with a particu-
larly high proportion of very coarse-grained
material (rock fragments), sometimes with ad-
ditional shells or pebbles. For different surface
effects, it may be treated with traditional and
often regional varying techniques and mate-
rials, during or after application.
Synonyms: rough plaster, pebbledash
binder, plaster, render
Sources: Oxford Dictionary 2010, 1549, 1503, 1933; Kemp 1912, 178
56
Crpi FR
Dfinition: Revtement dcoratif et protec-
teur trs rugueux employ essentiellement
sur les murs extrieurs.
Commentaires: Ce type denduit est souvent
en une couche unique. Il est fait dun mlange
de liants, dadditifs, deau et de charges conte-
nant une proportion particulirement leve
de grains trs grossiers, parfois avec des co-
quilles ou des graviers. Pour obtenir diff-
rentes textures, un crpi peut tre trait selon
diffrentes techniques traditionnelles et sou-
vent rgionales pendant ou aprs son appli-
cation.
Synonyme: enduit grossier
liant, enduit
Rauputz DE
Definition: Dekorative Oberflche und
Schutzschicht mit einer sehr rauen Oberfl-
che, hauptschlich fr Auenwnde.
Kommentar: Diese Art des Auenputzes ist
meistens einlagig. Sie wird aus einer Mi-
schung von Bindemitteln, Zuschlgen, Wasser
und Zusatzstoffen hergestellt, die einen be-
sonders hohen Anteil von Grobkorn-Material
haben, zuweilen unter Zugabe von Muscheln
oder Kieseln. Um unterschiedliche Oberfl-
cheneffekte zu erreichen, kann der Putz in tra-
ditionellen und oft regional unterschiedlichen
Techniken whrend oder nach dem Auftragen
bearbeitet werden.
Synonyme: Rauhputz, Strukturputz, Berapp,
Grob(ver)putz
Auenputz, Bindemittel, Putz

Gruba buka HR
Definicija: Dekorativni i zatitni povrinski
premaz vrlo grube povrine, koji se najee
primjenjuje na vanjskim zidovima.
Napomena: Ovaj je tip vanjske buke esto
jednoslojan. Izrauje se od smjese veziva, do-
dataka, vode i agregata s naroito velikim
omjerom veoma krupno zrnatoga materijala
(komadii kamena), a ponekad i s dodatcima
koljaka ili ljunka. Za razliite povrinske efek-
te moe se tijekom ili nakon nanoenja obra-
diti tradicionalnim i esto razliitim regiona-
lnim tehnikama i materijalima.
vezivo, buka, vanjska buka
rdes vakolat Hu
Meghatrozs: Leginkbb kls falak bevo-
nsra hasznlt, nagyon durva, rdes fellet
dszt rteg.
Megjegyzs: Ez a fajta kls vakolat gyakran
egyrteg. Ktanyagok, adalkanyagok, vz
s aggregtumok keverke. Ez utbbi jelents
hnyadt nagyon durva szemcsj anyag k-
pezi (ktrmelk), esetenknt kagyl s kavics
adalkkal. A klnbz felleti hatsok elr- obicei ntr-un singur strat. Este realizat dintr-un
shez a felletet gyakran rgikknt vltoz, amestec de liani, aditivi, ap i agregate, n
hagyomnyos technikkkal munkljk meg a
felhords ideje alat vagy azt kveten.
Szinonima: durva vakolat, kavicsvakolat, dsz-
tvakolat
ktanyag, vakolat, kltri vakolat du-se n timpul sau dup aplicarea lor.
intonaco per esterni (grezzo)
Definizione: Strato decorativo e protettivo
della superficie, con struttura molto ruvida,
usato principalmente per pareti esterne.
Commento: Questo tipo dintonaco per ester-
ni consiste spesso di uno strato. fatto di una
miscela di leganti, additivi, acqua e inerti con
una proporzione particolarmente alta di ma-
teriale a grana grossa, qualche volta con lag-
giunta di conchiglie o ciottoli. Per ottenere
svariati effetti della superficie, durante o dopo
lapplicazione pu essere trattato con modi
tradizionali e con tecniche e materiali che
spesso variano regionalmente.
Sinonimo: rinzaffo
legante, intonaco, intonaco per esterni
ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
CoNstRuCtioN
szorstki narzut PL Kaba sva tR
Definicja: Dekoracyjna i ochronna powoka Tanm: Genellikle d duvarlarda bulunan ka-
powierzchniowa o bardzo chropowatej po- ba yzeylere yaplan dekoratif yzeyli ve ko-
wierzchni stosowana gwnie do cian ze- ruma amal kaplama.
wntrznych.
Yorum: Bu tr sva genellikle tek katmanldr.
Komentarz: Ten rodzaj zewntrznego tynku Balayclar, katk maddeleri, su ve yksek
jest czsto jednowarstwowy. Skada si z mie- oranda ta paracklar gibi ok iri taneli akl-
szaniny spoiw, dodatkw, wody i wypeniaczy larn karm, bazen ek olarak deniz kabuklar
ze szczeglnie du zawartoci materiaw ve akl talarnn karm ile yaplr. Farkl y-
gruboziarnistych (kawakw ska), czasem tak- zey etkileri iin, uygulama srasnda ya da son-
e z dodatkiem muszli czy okrgych kamy- rasnda sklkla eitli geleneksel ve blgesel
kw. Dla zrnicowania efektu powierzchni teknikler ve malzemelerle ilenebilir.
stosowane s rozmaite tradycyjne, czy czsto E anlaml: serpme sva, akll sva
regionalne techniki i materiay uywane za-
rwno podczas wykonywania tej warstwy, jak balayc, sva, d cephe svas
i ju po jej naoeniu.
Synonimy: szorstki tynk, tynk kamyczkowy
BG
spoiwo, tynk, tynk zewntrzny
:
-
tencuial grosier Ro , .
Definiie: Strat decorativ i protectiv cu o :
structur rugoas utilizat n principal pentru .
pereii exteriori. , ,
Adnotare: Acest tip de tencuial se aplic de (-
),
. -
care se afl, ntr-o proporie ridicat, materiale -
foarte aspre, grosiere, uneori scoici sau pietri.
Pentru diferite efecte/aspecte ale suprafaei -
se pot utiliza diferite tehnici i materiale tradi- -
ionale, adesea regionale, intervenia fcn- .
:
liant, tencuial, tencuial exterioar , , -
it
Revestimiento rugoso Es
Definicin: Acabado decorativo y de protec-
cin de superficies muy irregulares utilizado
principalmente para paredes exteriores.
Comentario: Este tipo de acabado est for-
mado a menudo por una sola capa y com-
puesto por una mezcla de aglutinantes, aditi-
vos, agua y ridos con una proporcin parti-
cularmente alta de material de grano muy
grueso. A veces puede incluir otros elementos
como, por ejemplo, conchas. Para obtener dis-
tintos efectos puede ser tratado con diferen-
tes tcnicas y materiales autctonos durante
o despus de la aplicacin.
ligante, revoque, mortero de revestimiento
57
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Monochrome ground under flaking paint layer, Church of St. Lorenz, Schningen (Germany), 1904; Photo: 2001 (Barbara Hentschel)

Ground EN
Definition: The first preparatory coat applied
to an image carrier, to build a fine surface for
the painting.
Comment: The ground should provide better
adhesion and better reflection of the colours
executed on top than only the plain image
carrier. Its filler is usually finer than that of a
slurry, for example chalk, gypsum or lime. Its
binding material varies, depending on the
technique of painting executed on top.
Usually white, a ground may also be coloured
if appropriate for the painting above. The
ground layer may include a primer between
the support and ground, which provides bet-
ter adhesion between these coats, and stabil-
ity to the painting.
Synonym: grounding
Not to be confused with: primer, ground
preparation
support, filler, chalk, gypsum, lime,
binder
Prparation FR
Dfinition: Premire couche de prparation
applique sur un support pour fournir une
surface approprie la peinture.
Commentaires: La prparation doit fournir se wei kann eine Grundierung aber auch far-
une bonne accroche et une surface suffisam- big sein, wenn es zur darber liegenden Male-
ment rflchissante pour les couleurs qui vont rei passt. Die Grundierungsschicht kann einen
tre poses dessus. La charge quelle contient Voranstrich zwischen Trger und Grundierung
est gnralement plus fine que celle dune beinhalten, der eine bessere Haftung zwischen
barbotine (ex. craie, gypse, chaux). Son liant diesen beiden Beschichtungen ermglicht
peut varier et dpend de la technique dex- und der Malerei Stabilitt verleiht.
cution envisage. Gnralement blanche, une Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Grundierungsmittel
prparation peut tre colore, en accord avec
le projet pictural qui sera dessus. La couche de Trger, Fllstoff, Kreide, Gips, Kalk/
prparation peut tre prcde dun apprt, Branntkalk, Bindemittel
qui favorise son adhrence au support et ac-
croit la stabilit de la peinture.
Ne pas confondre avec: apprt Podloga HR
support, charge, craie, gypse, chaux, Definicija: Prvi pripremni premaz na nosau
liant slike, nanesen kako bi stvorio finu povrinu za
slikanje.
Grundierung DE Napomena: Podloga bi trebala osigurati bolje
prianjanje i bolju refleksiju boja na povrini, od
Definition: Die erste vorbereitende Beschich- golog nosaa slike. Uglavnom je finijega kaa-
tung eines Bildtrgers, auf dessen feiner Ober- stog punila, primjerice od krede, gipsa ili vap-
flche sich die Malerei aufbaut. na. Njezin vezivni materijal varira ovisno o sli-
karskoj tehnici koja e se na njoj izvesti. Obino
Kommentar: Im Vergleich zum reinen Bildtr- bijela, podloga takoer moe biti izvedena u
ger soll die Grundierung die Haftung und die boji ako bolje odgovara slici. Podloni sloj mo-
Reflexion der Farben, die darauf aufgetragen e sadravati temeljni sloj izmeu nosaa i po-
werden, verbessern. Ihr Fllstoff ist meist feiner dloge, koji osigurava stabilnost slike i bolje
als der einer Schlmme, zum Beispiel Kreide, prianjanje meu premazima.
Gips oder Kalk. Ihr Bindemittel variiert je nach
darauf ausgefhrter Maltechnik. blicherwei- nosa, punilo, kreda, gips, vapno, vezivo

Sources: Cameo: Ground (1.5.2014); Trench 2000, 223/4; Oxford Dictionary 2010, 1933; Calvo 1997, 179 (Preparacin)

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Alapozs Hu go wypeniacz stanowi zwykle czsteczki tre el soporte y el mortero, que proporcione
bardziej drobnoziarniste ni w rzadkiej zapra- una mejor adhesin entre estas capas, y d es-
Meghatrozs: A hordozra felvitt elkszt wie, na przykad kreda, gips lub wapno. Jego tabilidad a la pintura.
rteg, melynek finom, egyenletes felletre spoiwa rni si zalenie od techniki malo- Sinnimo: mortero de preparacin
kerl r a fests. wida. Zwykle biay, grunt moe te by bar- No confundir con: imprimacin
wiony, stosownie do namalowanej na nim
Megjegyzs: Az alapozs jobb tapadst biz- kompozycji. soporte, carga fina, piedra caliza, yeso,
tost a festkrtegnek, mint az alapozatlan hor- Warstwa gruntowania moe te zawiera po- cal, ligante
doz, s segtsgvel a sznek is jobban rv- redni powok pomidzy podoem a grun-
nyeslnek. Tltanyaga ltalban igen finom tem, ktra poprawia przyczepno midzy ty-
szemcszet, lehet pldul krta vagy gipsz. mi warstwami i zapewnia stabilno malowid- Yzey tR
Ktanyaga az alkalmazott feststechnika sze- a.
rint vltozhat. ltalban fehr, de lehet a rke- Synonim: gruntowanie Tanm: Resim iin tam, gzel bir yzey elde et-
rl festkrtegnek megfelelen sznezve. Nie naley myli z: podkad, warstwa przygo- mek iin tayc zerine uygulanan ilk hazrlk
A hordoz s alapozs kz kerlhet egy kz- towawcza katman.
tes szigetel rteg (elenyvezs), mely jobb
tapadst biztost a kt rteg kztt, ezltal sta- podoe, wypeniacz, kreda, gips, wap- Yorum: Zemin, zerine ilenmi renklerin ya-
bilitst ad a festkrtegnek. no, spoiwo pma ve yansmasn basit bir taycdan da-
Szinonima: alapozrteg ha iyi salamaldr. Dolgusu, genellikle kire-
ta, al veya kire gibi bulamalardan daha
hordoz, tltanyag, krta, gipsz, Grund Ro incedir. Yzeye yaplan resim tekniine bal
msz, ktanyag olarak balayc malzemesi farkllklar gsterir.
Definiie: Primul strat preparator aplicat pe Genellikle beyaz olan zemin zerindeki resme
un suport pe a crei suprafa final va fi exe- uygun ekilde bir renge boyanabilir. Zemin
Preparazione it cutat pictura. katman, daha iyi yapma ve resmin dayank-
ll iin zemin ve yzey katmanlar arasnda
Definizione: Il primo strato preparatorio che Adnotare: Grundul ar trebui s ofere o mai bir astar ierebilir.
applicato su un supporto, sul quale poi sar bun aderen i o mai bun reflexie a culori- E anlam: zeminleme
creata una superficie fine per la pittura. lor aplicate deasupra, fa de un suport nepre- Kartrmaynz: astar boya, zemin hazrlama
parat. Materialul de umplutur are o granula-
Commento: La preparazione deve fornire ie fin, de exemplu creta, gipsul sau varul. De destek, dolgu maddesi, kireta, alta,
unadesione e una riflessione migliori, in con- obicei alb, grundul poate fi realizat ns i n- kire, balayc
fronto al supporto senza preparazione, per i tr-o culoare apropiat de tonul picturii ce va
colori che verranno in seguito sovrapposti. I urma deasupra. Liantul folosit difer, n funcie
suoi inerti sono generalmente pi fini di quelli de tehnica folosit pentru pictarea suprafeei. BG
di una scialbatura, per esempio gesso o calce. ntre suport i grund poate fi aplicat un liant
I suoi leganti variano in base alla tecnica pre- (primer) care asigur o mai bun aderen n- : ,
scelta per la seguente pittura. tre aceste straturi, precum i stabilitate pentru , -
Lo strato di preparazione di solito di colore pictur. -
chiaro, ma pu anche essere colorato con un Sinonime: preparaie, strat de preparaie, strat .
colore adatto per la pittura sovrastante. preparator
Lo strato della preparazione pu includere un : -
primer fra il supporto e la preparazione che suport, material de umplutur, cret, - -
fornisce unadesione migliore tra questi strati gips, var, liant ,
e d stabilit alla pittura. .
Sinonimo: strato di preparazione - ,
Da non confondersi con: primer, imprimitura, Capa preparatoria Es . , .
scialbatura
Definicin: Primera capa de preparacin apli- .
supporto, inerto, gesso, calcare organo- cada al soporte con el fin de construir una su- ,
geno/biancone, legante, filler perficie fina para la pintura. , -
.
Comentario: Debe proporcionar una mejor
Grunt PL adherencia y un mejor reflejo de los colores , -
aplicados si se compara con un soporte sin la
Definicja: Pierwsza powoka przygotowaw- preparacin. El material usado es un mortero .
cza naoona na nonik obrazu, tworzca generalmente fino de yeso o cal. Su material : , -
gadk powierzchni pod malowido. de carga vara, dependiendo de la tcnica pic-
trica ejecutada sobre el mortero. Normal-
Komentarz: Grunt powinien zapewni lepsz mente es blanco, aunque tambin puede eje- , , , , ,
przyczepno warstwy malarskiej i lepsze od- cutarse con un color que sea apropiado para
bicie kolorw przedstawienia malarskiego. Je- la pintura. Puede incluir una imprimacin en-

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Green underpaint, detail of a wall painting by Philip Christian Bentum, library of a Post-Cistercian
monastery, Lubi (Poland), 1738; Photo: 2013 (Grayna Schulze-Gazik)

underpaint EN sous-couche FR untermalung DE

Definition: A preliminary layer of paint. It
serves as a base for subsequent layers of paint
and to define colour values for later painting
details. It is always intended to be painted
over.
Dfinition: Couche de peinture prliminaire.
Elle sert de base la composition, dtermine
le ton gnral sur lequel pourront sappuyer
les teintes suivantes. Elle nest jamais destine
rester en rserve.
Definition: Eine vorbereitende Malschicht.
Sie dient nicht nur als Basis fr darauffolgende
Farbschichten, sondern auch dazu, Farbwerte
spterer Malereidetails zu definieren. Sie ist
immer dazu bestimmt, bermalt zu werden.

Comment: Underpainting is not necessarily
monochrome; there are different types of un-
derpaint, such as veneda, verdaccio or mor-
relone. All types of underpainting serve to de-
fine tonal values for the later painting. The
term underpaint should not be confused with
imprimatura, a term for coloured grounding
of oil-paintings.
Synonyms: undercoat, base coat
Not to be confused with: imprimatura
Commentaires: La sous-couche nest pas for-
cment monochrome; certains types de sous-
couches traditionnelles sont clairement carac-
triss, tels que les veneda, verdaccio ou mor-
relone. Toutes les sous-couches servent d-
finir la tonalit gnrale de la peinture finale.
Le terme sous-couche ne doit pas tre
confondu avec celui dimpression, qui corres-
pond une couche fine et vibrante modifiant
la prparation dune peinture lhuile.
Ne pas confondre avec: impression
Kommentar: Eine Untermalung ist nicht not-
wendigerweise monochrom; es gibt verschie-
dene Arten von Untermalungen, wie Veneda,
Verdaccio oder Morrelone. Alle Arten der Un-
termalung dienen dazu, Tonwerte fr die fol-
gende Malerei zu definieren. Der Begriff Un-
termalung sollte nicht mit Imprimatur ver-
wechselt werden, einem Begriff fr farbige
Grundierungen von lgemlden.
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Imprimatur

Sources: Drescher et. al., 1990, 82; Nimmo 2001, 30; AAT: Underpaint (1.5.2014)

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Podslika HR Podmalowanie PL Alt boyama tR

Definicija: Prethodni sloj boje koji slui kao
temelj sljedeim bojenim slojevima i za odre-
ivanje koloristikih vrijednosti kasnijih slikar-
skih detalja. Podslika je uvijek namijenjena da
se preslika.
Napomena: Podslika nije nuno monokrom-
na; razliiti su tipovi podslika, poput venedae,
verdaccioa ili morrelonea. Svi tipovi podslika
slue za odreivanje tonskih vrijednosti kasni-
jega slikanja. Naziv podslika ne smije se mije-
ati/zamjenjivati s nazivom imprimatur, koji
oznauje obojenu podlogu za uljno slikarstvo.
Sinonimi: podloni sloj, temeljni sloj
Ne smije se mijeati s: imprimatur
Definicja: Przygotowawcza warstwa malars-
ka. Suy jako podkad dla kolejnych warstw
malowida i okrela walory barw pod pniej-
sze szczegy malowida. W zamierzeniu za-
kada dalsze nawarstwienia malarskie.
Komentarz: Podmalowanie nie musi by mo-
nochromatyczne; istniej rozmaite typy pod-
malowa, takie jak veneda, verdaccio czy mor-
relone. Wszystkie rodzaje podmalowa su
sprecyzowaniu tonacji walorowej przyszego
malowida. Nie naley myli podmalowania z
imprimatur, termin ten oznacza barwn
warstw stosowan w malarstwie olejnym.
Nie naley myli z: imprimatura
Tanm: Resmin ilk katmandr. Resmin sonraki
katmanlar iin zemin hazrlar ve daha sonraki
boyama detaylar iin boya deerlerini belirler.
zeri her zaman resimle kaplanr.
Yorum: Alt boyama genellikle monokrom (tek
renkli) deildir, Veneda, Verdaccio veya Mor-
relone gibi alt boyama tipleri vardr. Tm alt
boyama tipleri, sonraki resmin renklerine to-
nal deerler vermek iin yaplr. Alt boyama te-
rimi, yal resimlerin renkli zemini iin kullan-
lan imprimatur terimi ile kartrlmamaldr.
E anlaml: astarlama, temel boya katman
Kartrmaynz: imprimatur

Alfests Hu Culoare de fond Ro BG

Meghatrozs: A falfestmny alatti festkr- Definiie: Un strat de culoare preliminar. Aces- : .

teg. A rkerl festkrtegek alapjul szolgl, ta servete ca baz pentru straturile ulterioare
meghatrozza a festmny rszleteinek sznr- i definete valoarea cromatic a urmtoarelor -
tkt. Minden esetben fests kerl r. straturi de culoare. Este ntotdeauna destinat -
s fie strat de baz peste care se picteaz. .
Megjegyzs: Az alfests nem felttlenl .
egyszn. Klnbz tpusai ismertek: veneda, Adnotare: Culoarea de fond nu este neaprat
verdaccio vagy morrelone. Mindegyik tpus a monocrom; exist diferite tipuri de culoare : -
rkerl fests tnusrtknek meghatroz- de fond, cum ar fi: Veneda, Verdaccio sau Mor- . -
sra szolgl. Az alfests nem tvesztend relone. Toate tipurile de culoare de fond ser- ,
ssze az olajfestmnyek sznes alapozsval, vesc pentru a defini valori tonale pentru pic- . -
az imprimaturval. tura de mai trziu.Termenul culoare de fond
Tves megnevezs: imprimatura nu trebuie confundat cu termenul imprimatur, -
un termen care definete preparaiile colorate .
pentru pictura n ulei. , -
Sinonim: ton de baz -
A nu se confunda cu: imprimatura .
:

Campitura preparatoria it Pintura de base Es

Definizione: Uno strato preliminare di colore.
la base per gli strati di colore successivi e de-
finisce la tonalit del colore per i dettagli di
pittura seguenti. sempre destinata a essere
coperta con un altro strato di colore.
Definicin: Capa preliminar de pintura. Sirve
como base para las capas posteriores de pin-
tura y para definir la importancia que tendrn
los colores de los detalles pictricos posterio-
res. Sobre ella siempre se aplica pintura.

Commento: La campitura preparatoria non Comentario: Esta capa no es necesariamente

necessariamente monocroma; ci sono tipi dif-
ferenti di campiture preparatorie, per esempio
la Veneda, il Verdaccio o il Morellone. Tutti i tipi
di campitura preparatoria servono per definire
i valori tonali della pittura seguente. Il termine
campitura preparatoria non deve essere con-
fuso con imprimitura, un termine per le pre-
parazioni colorate dei dipinti a olio.
monocromtica; hay diferentes tipos de pin-
tura de base, como veneda, verdaccio o mo-
rellone. Todos estos tipos de capas preparato-
rias sirven para definir los valores tonales de
la pintura posterior. Este trmino no debe con-
fundirse con imprimatur (imprimacin), que
define preparaciones coloreadas en pinturas
al leo.
Sinnimo: tono base

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Translucent colour application, detail of a wall painting by Philip Christian Bentum, Post-Cistercian monastery, Lubi (Poland), 1738; Photo: 2013 (Grayna Schulze-Gazik)
Glaze EN
Definition: A thin transparent or semi-trans-
parent layer on a wall painting with the func-
tion of modifying the appearance of the un-
derlying paint layer.
Comment: It consists of a great amount of
binding medium in relation to a very small
amount of pigment. It can extend the tonal
range of a colour applied underneath. The tran-
sition of colours underneath a glaze can appear
more subtle and colours may take on another
nuance. Some painting techniques are based
on applying several glazes. It is also used for the
final retouching of wall paintings. On architec-
tural surfaces it is used only for artistic purposes
in contrast to a glaze on wooden objects, where
it has a protective function as well.
Not to be confused with: ceramic glaze
underpaint, reintegration, binder, pigment
Glacis FR
Dfinition: Couche de peinture transparente
ou semi-transparente qui a pour fonction de
modifier subtilement lapparence dune
couche sous-jacente.
Sources: OED: Glaze (9.5.2014); Schdler-Saub, Jakobs 2006, 172; Paolini, Faldi 2005, 372; Gettens, Stout 1966, 25
62
Commentaires: Il sagit dune couche forte-
ment charge en liant et faiblement en pig-
ments. La modification des teintes sous-
jacentes peut ainsi tre plus graduelle et plus
subtile. Certaines techniques picturales
consistent appliquer une succession de gla-
cis des fins esthtiques.
Il en est fait usage galement lors dinterven-
tions de rintgrations de peintures murales.
Le glacis nest utilis sur des surfaces architec-
turales qu des fins esthtiques, contraire-
ment aux glacis poss sur les pices de bois et
qui remplissent galement une fonction pro-
tectrice.
Ne pas confondre avec: glaure
repeint, rintgration, liant, pigment
Lasur
Definition: Eine dnne, transparente oder
halbtransparente Schicht auf einer Wandma-
lerei, die die optische Wirkung der darunter-
liegenden Farbschicht verndern soll.
Kommentar: Sie besteht aus einem groen
Teil Bindemittel, im Verhltnis zu einem sehr
kleinen Teil Pigment. Sie kann den Umfang
des Tonwertes einer darunter aufgetragenen
Farbe erweitern. Die bergnge der Farben
unter der Lasur knnen weicher und die Far-
ben in einer anderen Nuance erscheinen. Ei-
nige Maltechniken basieren auf dem Auftrag
von mehreren Lasuren. Sie wird auch zur ab-
schlieenden Retusche von Wandmalerei be-
nutzt. Auf Architekturoberflchen wird sie nur
zu knstlerischen Zwecken verwendet, im Ge-
gensatz zur Lasur auf Holzobjekten, auf denen
sie auch eine schtzende Funktion hat.
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Glasur
Untermalung, Integration, Bindemittel,
Pigment
Lazura HR
Definicija: Tanak proziran ili poluproziran sloj
DE na zidnoj slici kojemu je funkcija modificiranje
donjega, bojenoga sloja.
Napomena: Sastoji se od velike koliine vezi-
va u odnosu na vrlo malu koliinu pigmenta.
Moe poveati skalu boje ispod sebe. Prijelaz
boja ispod lazure moe se pojaviti jasnije, a sli-
kani sloj u drugoj nijansi. Za umjetnike po-
trebe neke slikarske tehnike primjenjuju ne-
koliko lazura. Takoer se upotrebljava za retu-
iranje zidnih slika. Lazura se na arhitekton-

skim povrinama upotrebljava samo u svrhu
umjetnosti, za razliku od lazure na drvenim
predmetima, gdje ima i zatitnu ulogu.
Ne smije se mijeati s: keramika lazura
podslika, reintegracija, vezivo, pigment
Lazr Hu
Meghatrozs: A falfestmnyre felhordott
vkony, tltsz vagy ttetsz rteg, melynek niach architektonicznych uywane s jedynie
az a szerepe, hogy mdostsa az alatta lev
festkrteg optikai hatst.
Megjegyzs: A lazr igen nagy mennyisg
ktanyagot tartalmaz a pigment mennyis-
ghez viszonytva. Kibvtheti az alatta lev sz-
nek tnusainak skljt. A lazr alatt lev sznek
tmenetei rnyaltabb vlhatnak, a festkrteg
ms szntnust kaphat. Bizonyos feststechni-
kk tbb rtegben felhordott lazrt hasznl-
nak. Falkpek retuslsra is hasznljk.
Az ptszeti felleteken a lazrnak csupn
eszttikai szerepe van, mg fatrgyak eset-
ben vdbevonatot is jelent.
Tves megnevezs: zomnc
alfests, kiegszts, ktanyag, pigment Adnotare: Glasiul este compus dintr-o canti-
Velatura
Definizione: Uno strato fine e trasparente o
semi-trasparente su una pittura murale con la
funzione di modificare lapparenza dello stra-
to di pittura sottostante.
Commento: Una velatura consiste in una
quantit elevata di legante con una quantit
molto piccola di pigmento. I cambiamenti del
colore sottostante possono sembrare pi gra-
duali, lo strato pittorico sottostante pu mo-
strare altre sfumature. Alcune tecniche di pit-
tura sono basate sullapplicazione di varie ve-
lature, a fini artistici. La velatura anche usata
per ritoccare pitture murali, ad opera dellar-
tista stesso o in una successiva fase di inter-
vento. La velatura sulle superfici architettoni-
che usata solamente per scopi artistici in
contrasto alle velature sui materiali lignei, che
hanno anche una funzione protettiva.
campitura preparatoria, reintegrazione/re-
stauro pittorico, legante, pigmento
Laserunek PL
Definicja: Cienka, przejrzysta lub pprzej-
rzysta warstwa na malowidle ciennym mo-
dyfikujca warstwy lece pod spodem.
ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
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Komentarz: Laserunek zawiera du ilo ficies arquitectnicas, se utiliza solo con fines
spoiwa w stosunku do bardzo maej iloci pig- artsticos, a diferencia de una veladura sobre
mentu. Moe rozszerzy zakres tonw koloru objetos de madera, en la que esta tambin tie-
ze spodniej warstwy. Dziki zastosowaniu la- ne una funcin de proteccin.
serunkw przejcia kolorw spodnich warstw
s bardziej subtelne, moliwe jest uzyskanie pintura de base, reintegracin, ligante,
wikszej liczby niuansw. pigmento
Niektre techniki malarskie oparte na laserun-
kach polegaj na ich kilkakrotnym nanosze-
niu. S stosowane take do ostatecznego re- sr tR
tuszu malowide ciennych. Na powierzch-
Tanm: Alt katmandaki resim tabakasnn g-
w celach artystycznych w odrnieniu od rnn gelitirme ilevi gren duvar res-
obiektw drewnianych, gdzie peni te funk- mindeki ince saydam veya yar-saydam taba-
cje zabezpieczajce. ka.
Nie naley myli z: szkliwienie
Yorum: Srlama, en kk pigmentlerle ba-
podmalowanie, uzupenianie / reintegracja, lantl ok byk oranda balayc malzeme
spoiwo, pigment ierir. Sr, alta uygulanan ton araln bytr.
Sr altndaki renklerin geii daha ho grlr
ve renkler daha farkl bir grnm sergiler. Ba-
Glasiu Ro z resim teknikleri, birka sr uygulamasn te-
mel alr. Ayrca duvar resimlerinin son rtula-
Definiie: Un strat subire, transparent sau se- rn yapmak iin de kullanlr. Mimari yzeyler-
mitransparent aplicat peste o pictur mural de sadece artistik amalarla kullanmn aksine
cu funcia de a modifica aspectul stratului de ahap nesnelerde srlama ayn zamanda koru-
culoare subdiacent. ma amal da kullanlr.
Kartrmaynz: seramik sr
tate mare de liant amestecat cu o cantitate alt boyama, btnleme, balayc, ren-
foarte mic de pigment. Poate extinde tonali- klendirici
it tatea gamei cromatice a stratului de culoare
aflat dedesubt. Tranziiile de culoare de dede-
subt pot s par mai subtile i culorile pot c- BG
pta o alt nuan. Unele tehnici de pictur
sunt bazate pe aplicarea mai multor straturi : -
de glasiuri n scopuri artistice. Este utilizat i , -
pentru retuul final al picturilor murale. Pe su- -
prafeele arhitecturale acesta este utilizat ex- .
clusiv n scop artistic, n timp ce glasiul de pe
obiectele din lemn are i funcie de protecie. :
-
culoare de fond, reintegrare cromatic, . -
liant, pigment .
-, - -
Veladura Es .
-
Definicin: Fina capa transparente o semi- .
transparente sobre una pintura mural que tie-
ne la funcin de modificar la apariencia de la . -
capa de pintura subyacente.
Comentario: Est compuesta por una gran ,
cantidad de aglutinante y una pequea can- ,
tidad de pigmento. Permite extender las to- .
nalidades de los colores. La transicin de los :
colores bajo la veladura son ms sutiles y los
colores pueden tomar otros matices. Algunas , ,
tcnicas de pintura se basan en la aplicacin ,
de varias veladuras. Tambin se utiliza para re-
toques finales en pintura mural. Sobre super-
63
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
CoNstRuCtioN
Partially removed varnish, wall painting by Johann Georg Schmidt, Peterskirche, Vienna (Austria), 1733; Photo: 1998 (Barbara Hentschel)
Varnish EN
Definition: A solution of a binder in a solvent,
applied for aesthetic or protective purposes
as a thin, transparent coating, as a final layer
over a painting.
Comment: Besides having a protective func-
tion against environmental damage, the dried
film influences the optical and aesthetic prop-
erties of a surface. In addition to gloss, the
most common effects are colour intensifica-
tion and toning down light effects. The range
of materials used for varnishes is wide. A mix-
ture of resin in a volatile solvent or a drying oil
is common, but egg white, gum, or tempera
binders may be used as well. Varnishes are not
very common on wall paintings and even less
so on architectural surfaces. They can often be
attributed to later restoration or conservation
treatments.
binding medium, drying oil
Vernis FR
Dfinition: Rsine en solution dans un sol-
vant, applique pour des raisons de protec-
tion et desthtique en film fin et transparent
sur une peinture.
Sources: Gettens, Stout 1966, 72; Schramm, Hering 1988, 10
64
Commentaires: Le film protge loeuvre de
limpact environnemental et modifie les pro-
prits optiques et esthtiques dune surface.
Brillance, saturation des couleurs et rduction
des effets de la lumire sont les effets habi-
tuels. Le panel de matriaux utiliss dans les
vernis est large. Rsines cassure vitreuse, r-
sines fossiles, huile siccative, blanc doeuf ou
gommes ont pu tre utiliss. Les vernis ne sont
pas systmatiques en peinture murale et sont
rares sur les dcors architecturaux. Ils sont
souvent attribus des interventions de res-
tauration tardives.
liant, huile siccative
Firnis DE
Definition: Lsung aus Bindemittel in Lse-
mittel, die aus sthetischen Grnden oder
zum Schutz als dnne, transparente Beschich-
tung zuletzt auf die Malerei aufgetragen wird.
Kommentar: Neben seiner Schutzfunktion
gegen Umweltschden beeinflusst der ge-
trocknete Film die optischen und sthetischen
Eigenschaften der Oberflche. Zustzlich zum
Glanz sind Farbintensivierung und gedmpfte
Lichteffekte die hufigste Wirkung. Die Band-
breite von Materialien fr Firnisse ist gro. Die
Mischung aus Harz in flchtigem Lsemittel
oder trocknendem l ist hufig, aber auch Ei-
wei, Gummen oder Temperabindemittel
werden verwendet. Firnisse sind auf Wandma-
lereien sehr selten und noch seltener auf Ar-
chitekturoberflchen. Sie stammen oft aus
nachtrglichen Restaurierungen.
Bindemittel, trocknendes l
Lak HR
Definicija: Otopina veziva kojom se u tanko-
me, prozirnome zavrnom sloju slika pokriva
radi estetike ili kao zatite.
Napomena: Osim zatite od tete iz okolia,
suhi film utjee na optika i estetska svojstva
oslikane povrine. Dubina boja i sniavanje to-
nova svjetlosnih efekata uz sjaj najuobiajeniji
su uinci. Lakovi se izrauju od velikoga broja
razliitih materijala. Uobiajena je otopina
mjeavina smole u hlapljivu otapalu ili suivim
uljima, ali se takoer mogu upotrijebiti bjela-
njak, guma ili veziva za temperu. Lakovi nisu
uobiajeni na zidnim slikama niti na arhitek-
tonskim povrinama. Oni su esto dio kasnijih
restauratorskih ili konzervatorskih zahvata.
vezivo, suivo ulje
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

CoNstRuCtioN

Vdbevonat Hu Komentarz: Wyschnita powoka, poza funk- vente voltil o un aceite secante son las ms
cj ochrony przed niszczcym dziaaniem ro- comunes, aunque se puede usar tambin cla-
Meghatrozs: Oldszerben oldott kt- dowiska, wpywa na parametry optyczne i es- ra de huevo o gomas. Los barnices no son muy
anyag, melyet eszttikai vagy vd cllal hor- tetyczne powierzchni. Obok poysku najwa- comunes en las pinturas murales y menos an
danak a felletre, s vkony, ttetsz zrr- niejsze efekty to nasycenie koloru i stonowa- sobre superficies arquitectnicas. A menudo
teget kpez a festmnyen. nie wiate. Zakres materiaw uywanych do su presencia se puede atribuir a tratamientos
wyrobu werniksw jest szeroki. Popularne s de restauracin o conservacin posteriores.
Megjegyzs: Amellett, hogy vdelmet nyjt mieszaniny ywic w lotnych rozpuszczalni-
a krnyezeti krost hatsok ellen, a megsz- kach czy schncych olejw, uywa si te: bia- ligante, aceite secante
radt lakkrteg befolysolja a festett fellet op- ka jaja, gum czy spoiw temperowych. Werni-
tikai s eszttikai hatst, fnyess teszi a fe- ksy nie s zbyt czste w malarstwie ciennym,
lletet, felersti a sznek intenzitst s tom- a jeszcze rzadsze na powierzchniach architek- Cila tR
ptja a fnyhatsokat. Tbbfle anyag hasznl- tektonicznych. Naley je raczej przypisa p-
hat vdbevonatknt. Gyakori az illkony ol- niejszym dziaaniom restauratorw. Tanm: Resim zerine estetik ya da koruma
dszerben oldott gyanta s szrad olaj keve- amal en son olarak uygulanan ince, saydam
rke, de a tojsfehrje, a nvnyi mzgk vagy spoiwo, oleje schnce zc iindeki balayc solsyonu.
a tempera ktanyagok is egyarnt hasznla-
tosak. Yorum: evresel zararlara kar koruyucu zel-
A vdbevonatok nem jellemzek falkpe- Vernis Ro liinin yan sra, kuru tabaka yzeyin grsel ve
ken, mg kevsb az ptszeti felleteken. estetik zelliklerini korur. Parlamaya ek olarak,
Gyakran llagmegvsi vagy restaurlsi be- Definiie: O soluie a unui liant ntr-un sol- renk derinletirme ve n parlama etkilerini
avatkozsoknak tulajdonthatk. vent, aplicat peste o pictur ca strat final, sub- azaltma en yaygn etkilerdir. Cila iin kullanlan
Szinonima: lakkrteg ire i transparent, avnd rol estetic i de pro- malzeme trleri olduka genitir. Uucu z-
tecie. c iindeki reine solsyonu veya kurutucu
ktanyag, szrad olaj ya olduka yaygndr, bunun yannda yumur-
Adnotare: n afara faptului c are rol de pro- ta ak, zamk veya boya tutkal da kullanlabilir.
tecie mpotriva aciunii factorilor ambientali Cilalar, duvar resimlerinde ok yaygn deildir
Vernice it de degradare, filmul uscat influeneaz pro- ve hatta mimari yzeylerde daha da azdr. Ge-
prietile optice i estetice ale unei suprafee. nellikle daha sonraki restorasyon veya koruma
Definizione: Una soluzione di un legante in n afar luciului, intensificarea culorii i estom- ilemlerine atfedilir.
un solvente applicata per scopi estetici o pro- parea strlucirii sunt efectele cele mai frecven-
tettivi come ultimo strato sottile e trasparente te. Gama materialelor utilizate pentru verni- balayc madde, kurutucu ya
su una pittura. suri este larg. Un amestec de rin ntr-un
solvent volatil sau ntr-un ulei sicativ sunt frec-
Commento: Oltre ad avere una funzione pro- vent utilizate, dar la fel de bine se poate utiliza BG
tettiva contro i danni ambientali, il film asciut- albuul de ou, cleiul sau lianii tempera. Ver-
to influenza le caratteristiche ottiche ed este- nisurile nu sunt frecvent utilizate pe picturile : -
tiche di una superficie dipinta. In aggiunta alla murale, cu att mai puin pe suprafeele arhi- ,
lucidezza, lintensificazione del colore e la sfu- tecturale. Pot fi adesea atribuite unor trata-
matura, gli effetti di luce e di smorzamento di mente anterioare de conservare sau restaura-
luce sono gli effetti pi comuni. La gamma di re. .
materiali usati per le vernici molto ampia.
Sono comuni miscele di resine in un solvente liant, ulei sicativ :
volatile o oli siccativi, ma possono essere uti- , -
lizzati come leganti anche lalbume, le gomme -
ed altri leganti in uso per la pittura a tempera. Barniz Es .
Le vernici non sono molto comuni sui dipinti ,
murali e ancor meno sulle superfici architet- Definicin: Solucin de aglutinante en un di- -
toniche. Spesso possono essere attribuite a in- solvente aplicado sobre una pintura como .
terventi di restauro o di conservazione succes- una capa final de recubrimiento fina y trans- . -
sivi. parente que tiene funcin esttica y protec-
tora. ,
legante, olio siccativo ,
Comentario: Adems de tener una funcin .
protectora contra el dao medioambiental, la
Werniks PL pelcula seca influye en las propiedades pti- - -
cas y estticas de una superficie. Los efectos . -
Definicja: Roztwr spoiwa w rozpuszczalniku, ms comunes son la intensificacin del brillo - .
nanoszony jako cienka, przejrzysta powoka, y del color y el atenuado y matizacin de los
ze wzgldw estetycznych czy ochronnych, efectos de la luz. Son muchos los materiales ,
kocowa warstwa malowida. que pueden ser utilizados como barnices. Una
mezcla de sustancias resinosas en un disol-

65
 ART AND CRAFT TECHNIQUES
SURFACE DESIGN
Dome paintings, Church of St. Jerome, Strigova (Croatia), 18th century (left); painted fa~ade of Arbore Church, (Romania), 1502 (right); Photos: 2014, HRZ (Katarina Gavrilica),
UAD (Adrian Rauca)
Wall painting
Definition: Painting executed directly on an
architectural surface; can include various
painting techniques.
Comment: Paintings can be applied directly
on a support (e. g. oil on stone) or on a previ-
ously prepared support (with various paint
coats or plasters). Among the painting tech-
niques used on lime plaster, paintings execut-
ed on a fresh and still damp plaster (fresco,
lime fresco) should be distinguished from
paintings executed on a dry plaster (e.g. secco,
lime secco) or on a half-damp plaster (mezzo
fresco). Painting techniques also include sgraf-
fito and two additional techniques: decorative
applications and polishing the wall paintings
with wax and oil as a protective and/or deco-
rative measure (lustro).
Synonym: mural painting
- support, - plaster, - fresco, - secco, - oil
painting, - mezzo fresco, - sgraffito
Peinture murale
Definition: Peinture sur une surface architec-
turale, qui a pu etre executee selon de nom-
breuses techniques.
Commentaires: Les peintures peuvent etre ap-
pliquees sur un support apprete (revetements
peints ou enduits) ou non (huile sur pierre).
Parmi les techniques de peinture sur enduit de
Sources: Botticelli 1992, 23; Botticelli, Botticelli 2008, 13; Doherty, Woollett 2009, 48
66
EN chaux, celles executees dans un enduit frais et
a
humide (a fresco) sont differencier des pein-
a
tu res sur enduit sec (par ex. a secco, la chaux)
ou sur un enduit semi humide (mezzo fresco).
Les techniques de peintures incluent aussi le
sgraffito et deux autres techniques: les orne-
ments rapportes et le polissage des peintures
avec de la cire et de l'huile en mesure de pro-
tection et/ou de decoration (lustro).
a
-support,- peinture a secco,- peinture l'huile,
- sgraffite (sgraffito), - omements rapportes,
- cire, - enduit
Wandmalerei DE
Definition: Malerei auf Architekturoberfla-
chen, die in verschiedenen Maltechniken aus-
gefUhrt se in kann.
Kommentar: Eine Wandmalerei kann direkt
auf den Trager (z.B. 01 auf Stein) oder auf den
(m it mehreren Malschichten oder Putzen) vor-
bereiteten Trager aufgetragen werden. Bei
Maltechniken auf Kalkputz wird unterschie-
FR den zwischen Malerei auffrischem und noch
feuchtem Putz (Fresko, Kalkfresko), Malerei auf
trockenem Putz (Secco, Kalkmalerei) oder auf
halbfeuchtem Putz (Mischtechnik!Fresko-Sec-
eo). Die Maltechniken schlieBen auch ein:
Sgraffito, dekorative Applikationen sowie das
Polieren von Wandmalereien m it Wachs und
01 als schutzende und/oder dekorative MaB-
nahme (Lustro-Technik).
Synonym: Wandgemalde
- Triiger,- Kalkmortel,- Freskomalerei,- Secco,
- Olmalerei, - Mischtechnik (Fresko-Secco),
- Sgraffito,- dekorativeApplikationen,- Wachs
Zidno slikarstvo HR
Definicija: Slikanje izvedeno izravno na arhi-
tektonskim povrsinama; koje obuhvaca razli-
cite slikarske tehnike.
Napomena: Slikati se moze izravno na nosacu
(npr. uljem na kamenu) ili na prethodno pri-
premljenome nosacu (od razlicitih bojenih
premaza ili zbuka). Medu slikarskim tehnika-
ma na vapnenoj zbuci, slike izvedene na svje-
zoj i jos uvijek vlaznoj zbuci (fresco, vapneni
fresco) treba razlikovati od slika izvedenih na
suhoj zbuci (npr. secco, vapneni secco) ili na
poluvlaznoj zbuci (mezzo fresco). Slikarske
tehnike takoder ukljucuju sgraffito i dvije do-
datne tehnike: nanosenje ukrasa i poliranje
zidnih slika voskom kao zastitnom i/ili deko-
rativnom mjerom (lustro).
- nosac- fresco,- secco,- ibuka,- uljnoslikar-
stvo,- mezzo fresco,- sgraffito,- nanosenje
ukrasa,- vosak
Falkep HU
Meghatarozas: Festmeny vagy festes, me-
lyet kozvetlenul az epiteszeti feluletre hor-
danak fel; tobbfele festestechnikaval keszul-
het.

Megjegyzs: A festmny felvihet kzvetle-
nl egy hordozra (pl. olaj k hordozn) vagy
egy elzleg elksztett hordozra (mely k- wida na wieym i wilgotnym tynku (fresco,
lnfle festkrtegeket vagy vakolatokat tar-
talmaz). A mszvakolattal kszlt festszeti
technikk kztt meg kell klnbztetni azo- (mezzo-fresco). Techniki malarskie obejmuj
kat a festmnyeket, melyek egy friss s mg
nedves vakolatra kszlnek (fresk, mszfres-
k), azoktl melyek egy szraz vakolatra k-
szlnek (szekk, msz szekk), vagy melyek
egy flnedves vakolatra kerlnek fel (vegyes-
technika). A falfestsi technikk magukba fog-
laljk a sgraffito-t s kt tovbbi technikt is:
a dekoratv rtteket (applikcikat) s a falra
felhordott, vd s/vagy dekoratv rtegknt
megjelen polrozott viasz- s olajrteget
(lustro).
hordoz, fresk, szekk, olajfestmny, Definiie: Pictur realizat direct pe suprafe-
vegyestechnika, sgraffito, dekoratv rttek, ele arhitecturale; poate include diverse teh-
viasz, vakolat
Pittura murale it
Definizione: Una pittura eseguita diretta-
mente sulla superficie architettonica; pu
comprendere varie tecniche pittoriche.
Commento: La pittura pu essere eseguita di-
rettamente sul supporto (per esempio pittura
ad olio su pietra) o su un supporto preceden-
temente preparato (con vari strati di prepara-
zione e/o di intonaco). Fra le tecniche pittori-
che eseguite su intonaco di calce, si distinguo-
no pitture sullintonaco fresco e ancora bagna-
to (affresco; affresco con colori stemperati nel
latte di calce) da quelle eseguite sullintonaco
asciutto (pittura a secco; pittura a calce; pittura
ad olio). Un mezzo fresco eseguito su un in-
tonaco ancora bagnato e poi rifinito a secco.
Fra le pitture murali sono incluse anche le tec-
niche dello sgraffito, delle decorazioni appli-
cate e della pittura a cera. La cera e vari olii
possono essere applicati come protettivi e per
lustrare la superficie.
supporto, affresco, mezzo fresco, pittura
a secco, pittura a olio, sgraffito, encausto,
decorazione applicata
Malowido cienne PL
Definicja: Malowido wykonane bezpored-
nio na powierzchni architektonicznej; obej-
muje rozmaite techniki malarskie.
Komentarz: Malowida mog by wykonane
bezporednio na surowym podou (np. olej
na kamieniu) lub na wczeniej przygotowa-
nym podou (pokrytym rnymi powokami
ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
suRFACE DEsiGN
lub tynkami). Pord technik wykonywanych soporte, revoque de cal, fresco, pintura
na tynku wapiennym naley rozrni malo- al seco, pintura al leo, mezzo fresco, es-
grafiado, aplicaciones decorativas, cera
fresk wapienny), na suchym tynku (np. secco,
technika wapienna) lub na psuchym tynku
Duvar resmi tR
te sgraffito i dwie techniki dodatkowe:
ozdobne aplikacje oraz polerowanie malowi- Tanm: Dorudan mimari yzeylere uygula-
de pokrytych woskiem i olejem w celu zabez- nan ve eitli boyama teknikleri ieren resim.
pieczenia i / lub wykoczenia (lustro).
Yorum: Resimler, tayc duvara (r: ta ze-
podoe, tynk, fresco, secco, technika rinde ya) dorudan uygulanabilecei gibi
wapienna, malarstwo olejne, mezzo-fresco, daha nceden sva ya da eitli boya katman-
sgraffito, ozdobne aplikacje, wosk lar ile astarlanm tayclara da uygulanabilir.
Kireli sva zerine uygulanan boyama teknik-
leri arasnda bulunan; yeni ve nemli svaya uy-
Pictur mural Ro gulanan resimler (fresko, kireli fresko), kuru
svaya uygulanan (kuru fresko, kireli kuru fres-
ko, yal boya resimleri) ya da yar nemli svaya
uygulanan resimler (yar fresko) birbirinden
nici de pictur. ayrt edilmelidir. Resim teknikleri ayrca kaz-
ma ve iki ilave teknik ierir, bunlar: dekoratif
Adnotare: Picturile pot fi aplicate direct pe un uygulamalar ile duvar resimlerini koruma ya
suport (de ex. ulei pe piatr), sau pe un suport da dekoratif amal mum ve ya ile uygulanan
preparat anterior (cu diferite straturi de culoa- cilalama teknikleridir.
re sau tencuial). Printre tehnicile de pictur
executate pe tencuial de var, picturile reali- tayc, sva, fresko, kuru fresko, yal
zate pe o tencuial proaspt i umed n ace- boya, yar fresko, kazma, dekoratif uygu-
lai timp (a fresco) trebuie difereniate de pic- lama, mum
turile realizate pe tencuieli uscate (a secco) sau
pe tencuieli semi-umede (mezzo-fresco). Teh-
nicile de pictur includ, de asemenea, tehnica BG
sgraffito i dou tehnici adiionale: aplicaiile
decorative i lustruirea picturilor murale cu : , -
cear i ulei ca o msur de protecie i/sau ;
decorativ (lustro). .
suport, tencuial, a fresco, a secco, pic- : -
tur n ulei, mezzo-fresco, sgraffito, aplica- (.
ii decorative, cear )
( -
).
Pintura mural Es ,
(,
Definicin: Pintura realizada directamente ) -
sobre superficies arquitectnicas; puede in- (. , -
cluir diversas tcnicas pictricas. ) -
(-).
Comentario: Pueden ser aplicadas directa- -
mente sobre un soporte (por ejemplo, leo so- :
bre piedra) o sobre soportes preparados pre- -
viamente con varias capas pictricas o revo- / ().
ques. Entre las tcnicas pictricas sobre revo-
que de cal, se deben distinguir las ejecutadas o, , , -
sobre el revoque fresco y hmedo (fresco), so- , , , -
bre el revoque seco (pintura al seco, pintura ,
de cal) y sobre revoque semi-hmedo (mezzo
fresco). Las tcnicas pictricas tambin inclu-
yen el esgrafiado y dos tcnicas adicionales:
las aplicaciones decorativas y el pulido de las
pinturas murales con cera y aceite como me-
dida protectora y/o decorativa (lustro).
67
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
suRFACE DEsiGN
Paint stratigraphy above plaster (cross section), Kera Palace, Dubrovnik (Croatia), 18/19th century; Photo: 2002, HRZ (Marijana Fabei)
Painting stratigraphy EN
Definition: Layers of a paint consisting of pig-
ments in a binder, sometimes with inorganic
fillers or with an added protective coating.
Comment: Stratigraphy begins with the sur-
face of the plaster, followed by the preparato-
ry drawing, ground or base tone, middle tone
and is finished with the retouching of draw-
ings (e.g. emphasis of light and shadow). If the
wall painting surface is protected, the painted
layer is finished with coats made from varnish
or a wax and oil mixture.
pigment, binder, filler, plaster,
preparatory drawing, wall painting, var-
nish, wax, sinopia
Sources: Thompson 1956, 42/3; Constable 1979, 30/1; Mora et al. 1984, 15, 56, 66; Botticelli 1992, 12, 18
68
stratigraphie de la peinture FR
Dfinition: Succession des couches dune
peinture, composes de pigments dans un
liant, avec des charges et parfois une ou plu-
sieurs couches de protection.
Commentaires: La stratigraphie commence
avec la surface de lenduit, suivie par le dessin
prparatoire, la sous-couche, les grandes
masses, les rehauts et glacis. Si la surface de la
peinture murale est protge, la stratigraphie
sachve avec le ou les films de vernis ou autre
couche protectrice (cire, huile, etc.).
pigment, liant, charge, enduit, dessin Wachs-lgemisch.
prparatoire, vernis, cire, sinopia
Fassungsaufbau DE
Definition: Malschichten aus Pigmenten in ei-
nem Bindemittel, manchmal mit anorgani-
schen Fllstoffen oder mit einer schtzenden
Beschichtung.
Kommentar: Die Stratigrafie beginnt mit der
Oberflche des Putzes, gefolgt von der Vor-
zeichnung, den Untermalungen, dem Lokal-
ton und schliet mit der Retusche der Pinsel-
zeichnung ab (z.B. zum Aufsetzen von Licht
und Schatten). Ist die Wandmalerei mit einer
Schutzschicht versehen, so besteht diese
oberste Schicht aus einem Firnis oder einem
Pigment, Bindemittel, Fllstoff, Putz,
Vorzeichnung, Wandmalerei, Firnis,
Wachs, Sinopie
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

suRFACE DEsiGN

stratigrafija slike HR stratygrafia warstwy malarskiej PL Boya katman tR

Definicija: Slojevi boje koji se sastoje od pig-
menata u vezivu, katkad s anorganskim puni-
lima ili s dodanim zatitnim slojem.
Napomena: Stratigrafija poinje s povrinom
buke, nakon ega slijede pripremni crte, po-
dloni ili osnovni ton, srednji ton te zavrava
retuem crtea (npr. naglaavanjem svjetla i
sjene). Ako je povrina zidne slike zatiena,
slikani sloj zavrava s premazom od laka ili
mjeavinom voska i ulja.
pigment, vezivo, punilo, buka, pri-
premni crte, zidno slikarstvo, lak, vosak,
sinopija
Festmny rtegszerkezet Hu
Meghatrozs: A fests rtegei, amelyek pig-
mentek s ktanyag keverkbl llnak, n-
ha szervetlen tltanyagokat is tartalmazhat-
nak, vagy egy vdbevonattal lehetnek ellt-
va.
Megjegyzs: A rtegszerkezet els rtege a
vakolat fellete, erre kerl az elkszt rajz,
azutn a kiindul vagy alap rnyalat, a kzp-
tnus s befejezsl a rajzok retuslsa (pl-
dul a fny s rnyk kihangslyozsa). Ha a
falkp fellete vdett, akkor a festett rteg fe-
drtegeket kap, amely lehet vdbevonat
vagy viasz s olaj keverke.
pigment, ktanyag, tltanyag, vako-
lat, elkszt rajz, falkp, vdbevonat,
viasz, szinpia
stratigrafia della pittura
Definicja: Warstwy malowida zawierajce Tanm: Balayc iinde bulunan renk hcre-
pigmenty w spoiwie, czasami z nieorganicz- lerinden bazen de inorganik dolgular ya da ek-
nymi wypeniaczami, lub z dodatkow war- lenmi koruyucu astarla oluan boya katman-
stw zabezpieczajc. lar (belirten grafik).
Komentarz: Stratygrafia zaczyna si na po- Yorum: Stratigrafi, hemen sonrasnda yzey
wierzchni tynku, od rysunku przygotowawcze- ya da taban tonunda taslak izim yaplan sva-
go, potem gruntu lub tonu podstawowego, to- nn yzeyinde balar sonrasnda orta tonlarda
nu poredniego wykoczonego cieniowaniem uygulanr ve izim rtularyla sonlandrlr (r:
lub retuszujcym rysunkiem (np. podkrele- k ve glge vurgusu). Duvar resminin yzeyi
niem wiate lub cieni). Jeli powierzchnia ma- korunuyorsa, boyal katman cila ya da mum ve
lowida ciennego ma by zabezpieczona, to ya karmndan oluan astarla bitirilir.
moe by wykoczona powok werniksu lub
mieszanin wosku z olejem. pigment, balayc, dolgu maddesi, sva,
taslak izim, duvar resmi, cila, mum,
pigment, spoiwo, wypeniacz, tynk, ry- sinopya
sunek przygotowawczy, malowido cienne,
werniks, wosk, sinopia
BG
stratigrafia picturii Ro : ,
, -
Definiie: Succesiunea straturilor unei picturi,
constituite din pigmeni ntr-un liant, uneori .
cu materiale de umplutur anorganice sau cu
un strat protector adugat. : -
, -
Adnotare: Stratigrafia ncepe cu suprafaa ,
tencuielii, urmat de desenul preparator, cu- ,
loarea sau tonul de baz, tonul de mijloc i fi- (. -
nalizat cu retuurile finale (de ex. accentele ). -
de lumin i umbr). n cazul n care suprafaa -
picturii murale este protejat, stratul de culoa- .
re este finisat cu straturi de vernis sau cu un
amestec cu cear i ulei. , , ,
, -
pigment, liant, material de umplutur, , , , ,
tencuial, desen preparator, pictur mura-
l, vernis, cear, sinopia
it

Definizione: Complesso degli strati compo- Estrato pictrico Es

nenti una pittura, formati da pigmenti e legan-
ti, talvolta con cariche inorganiche e con uno
strato di rifinitura e/o protettivo.
Commento: La stratificazione di solito inizia
con lintonaco. Possono seguire un disegno
preparatorio, unintonachino, unimprimitura,
campiture preparatorie, vari strati pittorici in-
clusi quelli di rifinitura. Lultimo strato pu es-
sere uno strato protettivo di vernice, cera o
una miscela di olii.
intonaco, intonaco/intonachino, disegno
preparatorio, campitura preparatoria, pittura
murale, vernice, cera, sinopia, pigmento,
legante, filler
Definicin: Capas de pintura compuestas por
pigmentos en un ligante, a veces con cargas finas
inorgnicas o con una capa protectora aadida.
Comentario: La estratigrafa empieza con la
superficie del revoque, a la cual le sigue el di-
bujo preparatorio, la capa de preparacin o el
tono base, el tono medio y, finalmente, el reto-
que de dibujo (por ejemplo, el nfasis con luces
y sombras). Si la pintura mural est protegida,
la capa pictrica se finaliza con protecciones de
barniz o una mezcla de cera o aceite.
Sinnimos: capa pictrica, pelcula pictrica
pigmentos, ligante, cargas finas, revo-
que, dibujo preparatorio, pintura mural,
barniz, cera, sinopia

69
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
suRFACE DEsiGN
Fresco painting, Chapel of St. Peter, Novo Mjesto (Croatia), first half of 14th century; Photo: 2000, HRZ (Ivan Sra)
Fresco
Definition: A wall painting technique in
which pigments are mixed with clear water
and applied to a fresh and still damp lime plas-
ter (intonaco); pigments are fixed inside a thin
layer of calcium carbonate formed on the plas-
ter surface (carbonation).
Comment: The technique whereby pigments
are mixed with lime water or with lime milk
and then applied to a fresh and still damp
lime plaster is called lime fresco painting. The
term fresco is often incorrectly associated with
all paintings executed on architectural sur-
faces, regardless of their execution technique.
Not to be confused with: fresco secco, mezzo
fresco
wall painting, pigment, intonaco, car-
bonation, lime milk
Fresque
Dfinition: Technique de peinture murale
dans laquelle les pigments sont poss leau
claire sur un enduit de chaux frais et humide
Sources: Vasari 1907, 221/2; Thompson 1956, 69/70; Mora et al. 1984, 12, 85,140/1; Botticelli, 1992, 23, 27; Vitruvius 1999, 146 (VII, 3); Merrifield 2003, 788;
Fuga 2006, 99 ; Cennini 2007, 6974 (LXVII); Doherty, Woollett 2009, 34; Clarke 2010, 103; Autenrieth et ali. 2010/1
70
EN (intonaco); les pigments sont fixs par une fine
couche de carbonate de calcium form la
surface de lenduit (carbonatation).
Commentaires: Lorsque les pigments sont
appliqus dans une eau de chaux ou un lait
de chaux sur un enduit frais, on parle de pein-
ture la chaux sur enduit frais. Le terme
fresque est abusivement employ dans le lan-
gage courant pour voquer toutes sortes de
peintures murales.
Ne pas confondre avec: fresco-secco, mezzo-
fresco
pigment, mortier de chaux, intonaco,
carbonatation (raction de), lait de chaux
Freskomalerei
Definition: Wandmalerei-Technik, bei der die
Pigmente mit klarem Wasser vermischt und
auf den noch frischen, feuchten Kalkputz (In-
FR tonaco) aufgetragen werden. Die Pigmente
werden in einer dnnen Calciumcarbonat-
schicht gebunden, die sich in der Putzoberfl-
che bildet (Karbonatisierung).
Kommentar: Eine Maltechnik, in der Pigmen-
te mit Kalkwasser oder Kalkmilch vermischt
und dann auf den noch frischen, feuchten
Kalkputz aufgetragen werden. Der Begriff
Fresko wird oft flschlicherweise fr alle Ma-
lereien auf Architekturoberflchen verwen-
det, ohne deren Maltechnik zu bercksichti-
gen.
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Fresko-Secco-Tech-
nik, Mezzo-Fresko, Kalkfresko, Kalkmalerei
Wandmalerei, Pigment, Intonaco/Feinputz,
Karbonatisierung, Kalkmilch
Fresco HR
Definicija: Tehnika zidnoga slikarstva u kojoj
DE se pigmenti mijeaju s istom vodom i nanose
na svjeu i jo uvijek vlanu vapnenu buku
(intonaco). Pigmenti su fiksirani unutar tanko-
ga sloja kalcijeva karbonata koji se formira na
povrini buke (karbonatacija).
Napomena: Tehnika u kojoj se pigmenti
mijeaju s vapnenom vodom ili vapnenim mli-
jekom, a zatim stavljaju na svjeu i jo uvijek vla-
nu buku naziva se vapneno fresco slikarstvo.

Naziv fresco esto se pogreno povezuje sa svim
slikama izvedenima na arhitektonskim povri-
nama, bez obzira na tehniku njihove izvedbe.
Ne smije se mijeati s: fresco secco, mezzo fre-
sco
zidno slikarstvo, pigment, intonaco, kar-
bonatacija, vapneno mlijeko
Fresk Hu
Meghatrozs: Egy falkptechnika, amely-
ben a pigmenteket tiszta vzzel keverik, s egy
friss, mg nedves mszvakolatra (intonaco)
hordjk fel; a pigmenteket egy vkony kalci-
um-karbont rteg rgzti, amely a vakolat fe-
lletn alakul ki (karbontosods).
Megjegyzs: Az a technika, melyben a pig-
menteket mszvzzel vagy msztejjel keverik,
majd egy friss s mg nedves mszvakolatra
hordjk fel, mszfresk festmnynek hvjk. A
fresk kifejezst gyakran helytelenl hasznl-
jk valamennyi ptszeti felleten lev fest- pigmenii sunt amestecai cu ap curat i
mny megnevezsre, fggetlenl azok fes- aplicai pe o tencuial de var proaspt i
tstechnikjtl.
Tves megnevezs: fresk-szekk, mezzo-fres-
k carbonat de calciu format pe suprafaa tencu-
falkp, pigment, intonaco, karbonto-
sods, msztej
Aresco it
Definizione: La pittura a buon fresco utilizza
pigmenti stemperati solo in acqua e applicati
sullintonaco ancora bagnato; la calce dellin-
tonaco funge da legante; i pigmenti si fissano
sulla superficie murale durante il processo di
carbonatazione, formando una pellicola com-
patta di carbonato di calcio che ingloba il co-
lore.
Commento: Quando i pigmenti sono stem-
perati in acqua o latte di calce e poi applicati
sullintonaco fresco ancora bagnato, si parla
sempre di pittura a fresco (tecnica molto in
uso nellEuropa del Nord). Il termine affresco
spesso usato erroneamente per definire tut-
te le pitture eseguite su una superficie archi-
tettonica, indipendentemente dalla tecnica di
esecuzione.
Da non confondersi con: mezzo fresco, fresco
secco
calce, intonaco/intonachino, legante,
pigmento, carbonatazione, pittura murale,
pigmento, latte di calce, malta di calce/in-
tonaco a calce
ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
suRFACE DEsiGN
Fresk PL sobre superficies arquitectnicas, indepen-
dientemente de la tcnica.
Definicja: Technika malowida ciennego w No confundir con: fresco secco, mezzo fresco
ktrej pigmenty wymieszane z czyst wod
nakadane s na wiey, wilgotny tynk wa- pintura mural, pigmento, revoque de cal,
pienny (intonaco); pigmenty s utrwalone we- intonaco, carbonatacin, agua de cal,
wntrz cienkiej warstwy wglanu wapnia po- lechada de cal
wstaej w procesie karbonizacji na powierzch-
ni tynku.
Fresko tR
Komentarz: Termin fresk bywa czsto niewa-
ciwie odnoszony do wszelkiego malarstwa Tanm: Pigmentlerin temiz suda kartrlp ye-
na powierzchniach architektonicznych, nieza- ni ve nemli kire svasna (intonaco) uygulan-
lenie od techniki wykonania. mas ile yaplan duvar boyama teknii; pig-
Nie naley myli z: fresco-secco, mezzo-freco mentler sva yzeyinde (karbonlama) oluan
kalsiyum karbonatn ince katmannn iinde
malarstwo cienne, pigment, tynk wapien- sabitlenirler.
ny, intonaco, karbonizacja, mleko wapien-
ne Yorum: Pigmentlerin kire suyuyla ya da s-
tyle kartrlp sonrasnda yeni ve nemli kire
svasna uygulanmas tekniidir. Fresko terimi,
A fresco Ro uygulama tekniklerine baklmakszn mimari
yzeylere uygulanlan btn duvar resimleriy-
Definiie: O tehnic a picturii murale n care le yanl bir ekilde ilikilendirilir.
E anlam: gerek fresko
Kartrmaynz: kuru fresk, yar fresk
umed n acelai timp (intonaco); pigmenii
sunt fixai n interiorul unui strat subire de duvar resmi, pigment, son kat sva, karbon-
lama, kire st
ielii (carbonatare).
Adnotare: Tehnica de pictur n care pigmen- BG
ii sunt amestecai cu ap de var sau lapte de
var i apoi aplicai pe o tencuial de var proas- : , -
pt i nc umed este numit fresc de var.
Termenul fresc este adesea asociat incorect , -
cu toate picturile executate pe suprafee arhi- ().
tecturale, indiferent de tehnica lor de execu- ,
ie. -
A nu se confunda cu: fresco-secco, mezzo-fres- ().
co
: , -
pictur mural, pigment, intonaco, car- , ,
bonatare, var, lapte de var ,
.
-
Fresco Es , -
.
Definicin: Tcnica pictrica mural en la cual : ,
los pigmentos son mezclados con agua y apli-
cados en un revoque de cal (intonaco), fresco
y todava hmedo; los pigmentos quedan fi- , , , -
jados en una fina capa de carbonato clcico ,
formada en la superficie del revoque (carbo-
natacin).
Comentario: Tcnica en las que los pigmen-
tos se mezclan con agua de cal o lechada de
cal y se aplican sobre un revoque de cal fresco
y todava hmedo. El trmino fresco se utiliza
incorrectamente para toda la pintura realizada
71
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
suRFACE DEsiGN
Coarse layer of arriccio (lower section) under intonaco, Chapel of St. Helen, enkovec (Croatia), late 14th century; Photo: 2014, HRZ (Katarina Gavrilica)
Arriccio EN
Definition: A relatively coarse plaster coat ap-
plied before the last plaster layer, the intona-
co, for levelling the unevenness of the sup-
port.
Comment: Its function is also to retain mois-
ture for the top finishing layer of plaster, the
intonaco. The surface of the arriccio is used to
apply the underdrawing (sinopia). Tradition-
ally this term was used only for the fresco tech-
nique. Today it is also used in the context of
other wall painting techniques and in restora-
tion. The Italian term arriccio has been adopt-
ed in many languages.
Synonym: rough coat
plaster, support, intonaco, fresco,
sinopia, levelling coat
Sources: Nimmo 2001; Mora et al. 1984, 325; Glossar Wandmalerei 20032006 (1.5.2014)
72
Arriccio
Dfinition: Couche denduit relativement
grossire applique en une seule main pour
niveler la couche sous-jacente.
Commentaires: Cette couche peut tre appe-
le dressage. Cette couche a aussi pour fonc-
tion de retenir lhumidit jusqu lapplication
de lintonaco et la ralisation de la fresque. Ce
terme ntait traditionnellement utilis que
pour la technique fresque. Aujourdhui il est
aussi utilis pour dautres travaux de peinture
murale et en restauration. Ce terme italien est
utilis dans de nombreux pays.
Synonyme: enduit de dressage
enduit, support, intonaco, sinopia, go-
betis, fresque
FR Arriccio / Grobputz DE
Definition: Eine relativ grobe Putzlage, die
unter dem Intonaco liegt und Unebenheiten
des Trgers ausgleichen soll.
Kommentar: Seine Funktion ist auerdem,
Feuchtigkeit fr die oberste Feinputzlage (In-
tonaco) zu speichern. Auf die Oberflche des
Arriccio wird die Unterzeichnung (Sinopie)
aufgetragen. Traditionell wurde der Begriff
nur in der Freskotechnik verwendet. Heute
wird er auch im Zusammenhang mit anderen
Wandmalerei-Techniken und in der Restaurie-
rung benutzt. Der italienische Begriff Arriccio
wurde in viele Sprachen bernommen.
Synonyme: Grobputz, Rauputz, Unterputz,
Grundputz
Putz, Trger, Intonaco/Feinputz, Fresko-
malerei, Sinopie, Ausgleichsputz
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

suRFACE DEsiGN

Arriccio HR Arricio PL kinci kat sva tR

Definicija: Predzadnji, relativno grubi sloj
buke nanesen radi izravnavanja neravnina
nosaa.
Napomena: Njegova je svrha i zadravanje
vlage za zavrni glatki gornji sloj buke, into-
naco. Povrina arriccioa upotrebljava se i za
nanoenje podlonoga crtea (sinopije). Tra-
dicionalno taj se naziv rabi u fresco tehnici. Da-
nas se upotrebljava u kontekstu ostalih tehni-
ka zidnoga slikarstva i u restauriranju. Talijan-
ski naziv arriccio preuzeli su mnogi jezici.
buka, nosa, intonaco, fresco, sino- w wielu jzykach.
pija, izravnavajui premaz
Definicja: Stosunkowo szorstka warstwa za-
prawy naoona dla wygadzenia nierwnoci
podoa, poprzedza warstw kocow, czyli
intonaco.
Komentarz: Spenia take rol utrzymania
wilgoci w wierzchniej warstwie intonaco.
Na powierzchni arriccio nanoszony bywa
wstpny rysunek (sinopia). Tradycyjnie termin
by uywany jedynie w technice freskowej.
Dzi bywa stosowany szerzej w kontekcie in-
nych technik malarstwa ciennego i w restau-
racji. Woski termin arricio zosta przyswojony
Synonim: szorstka warstwa
tynk, podoe, intonaco, fresk, sinopia,
warstwa wyrwnujca
Tanm: Tayc duvarn przlerini dzeltmek
iin son kat svadan nce yaplan olduka ka-
ba/kaln sva.
Yorum: Grevi ayn zamanda, svann en st
yzeyini (intonaco) bitirmek iin nemi tutmak-
tr. Kaba svann yzeyi taslak izim (sinopia)
uygulamak iin de kullanlr. Terim, geleneksel
olarak sadece Fresko tekniinde kullanlrd.
Gnmzde dier duvar resim tekniklerinde
ve restorasyon da kullanlr. Bu terim talyanca
adyla bir ok dile gemitir.
E anlam: kaba rt
sva, tayc, son kat sva, fresko teknii,
sinopya, tesviye tabakas

Alapvakolat Hu Arriccio Ro BG

Meghatrozs: Egy viszonylag durva vakolat- Definiie: Strat de tencuial relativ grosier ce se : ,
rteg, melyet a vgs rteg, az intonaco eltt aplic anterior stratului de intonaco i are rol de
hordanak fel, a hordoz egyenetlensgeinek egalizare a suprafeei neregulate a suportului. , -
elsimtsa cljbl. .
Adnotare: Are totodat funcia de a reine umi-
Megjegyzs: Msik szerepe visszatartani a ditatea necesar stratului de finisare de dea- :
nedvessget a legfels vakolatrteg, az intona- supra (intonaco). Suprafaa stratului de arriccio -
co szmra. Az alapvakolat felletre szoktk este folosit pentru executarea desenului de tip . -
felrajzolni az alrajzot (szinpia). Hagyomnyo- sinopia. n mod tradiional acest termen a fost -
san e kifejezst csak fresktechnikban hasz- folosit doar n tehnica de pictur a fresco. Astzi, ().
nltk. Ma mr egyb fakptechnikkkal s res- este folosit i n contextul altor tehnici de pic- .
taurlssal kapcsolatosan is hasznljk. Az olasz tur mural i n restaurare. Termenul italian ar- -
arriccio kifejezst tbb nyelvben tvettk. riccio a fost adoptat n mai multe limbi. . -
.
vakolat, hordoz, intonaco, fresk, szi- tencuial, suport, intonaco, a fresco,
npia, kiegyenlt rteg sinopia, strat egalizator , , -
, , ,

Arriccio it Arriccio Es

Definizione: Uno strato di intonaco relativa- Definicin: Mortero relativamente grueso

mente ruvido che viene applicato prima del- aplicado como estrato previo a la capa final de
lintonachino, per pareggiare dislivelli e ruvi- intonaco para nivelar las irregularidades del
dit del supporto. soporte.

Commento: Ha anche la funzione di immagaz- Comentario: Su funcin es tambin retener

zinare umidit per lo strato di rifinitura sovra-
stante, lintonachino. Sulla superficie dellarric-
cio si esegue il disegno preparatorio, la sinopia.
Tradizionalmente, il termine era in uso solo per
la pittura a buon fresco. Oggi adoperato an-
che per altre tecniche della pittura murale e nel
restauro. Il termine arriccio di origine italiana,
oramai adottato in molte lingue.
supporto, intonaco, intonaco/ntonachino,
affresco, disegno preparatorio, sinopia,
rinzaffo
la humedad de la capa superior, intonaco. La
superficie del arriccio se utiliza para aplicar el
dibujo subyacente (sinopia). Tradicionalmente
se utiliz este trmino solo en la tcnica al fres-
co. Hoy en da se utiliza tambin en el contex-
to de otras tcnicas de pintura mural y en res-
tauracin. El trmino italiano arriccio ha sido
adoptado en muchos idiomas.
Sinnimos: guarnecido, repellado
revoque, soporte, intonaco, fresco, si-
nopia, capa de nivelacin

73
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
suRFACE DEsiGN
Horizontal seam within plaster, Church of St. George, Lovran (Croatia), 14th century; Photo: 2014, HRZ (Katarina Gavrilica)
Pontata EN
Definition: A wide area of plaster applied at
the same high as the scaffolding, leaving hor-
izontal seams in the finished work.
Comment: The application of the usually
rather rectangular pontata is technically lim-
ited by the accessibility of the wall from a scaf-
folding lift, or other structural conditions of
the building. The sequence of plastering starts
from top to bottom of the wall and leaves
more or less visible seams between the pon-
tate. In comparison, the smaller plaster coat-
ing area of a giornata applied in fresco tech-
nique, has irregular seams, which follow the
outline of the composition. The Italian term
pontata has been adopted in many lan-
guages.
plaster, giornata, fresco
Sources: Glossary of Wall Paintings 2001; Paolini, Faldi 2005, 275; Knoepfli, Emmenegger 1990, 23; Staschull, Rsch 2009, 387
74
Pontata
Dfinition: Large plage denduit correspon-
dant un niveau dchafaudage et laissant des
joints horizontaux gnralement apparents.
Commentaires: La surface de la pontata est
limite par laccs au mur depuis le niveau de
lchafaudage. Lenduit sapplique de haut en
bas. Les joints sont serrs pour rendre les li-
mites de pontate les plus discrtes possibles.
Les joints horizontaux des pontate, gnrale-
ment grands et rectilignes, sont souvent situs
au niveau dun bandeau de registre. Le terme
italien est ddi la fresque; on parle sinon
denduit dun niveau de plancher dchafau-
dage. Les surfaces petites et irrgulires des
giornate suivent, elles, le contour de la com-
position. Le terme italien pontata est utilis
dans beaucoup de pays.
enduit, giornata
FR Pontata DE
Definition: Eine groe Putzflche, die auf der-
selben Ebene wie eine Gerstlage verluft
und nach der Fertigstellung horizontale Putz-
nhte hinterlsst.
Kommentar: Der Auftrag einer blicherweise
eher rechteckigen Pontata wird technisch von
der Zugnglichkeit der Wand durch eine Ge-
rstlage oder andere bauliche Gegebenheiten
begrenzt. Der Putzauftrag, oben beginnend,
hinterlsst mehr oder weniger sichtbare Nh-
te zwischen den Pontate, abhngig von der
Trocknungsgeschwindigkeit der folgenden
Pontata. Im Vergleich haben die kleineren Be-
reiche einer Giornata unregelmige Formen,
da sie den Umrissen der Komposition folgen.
Der italienische Begriff ist in viele Sprachen
bernommen worden.
Synonyme: Gerstgrenze, Putzgrenze, Putz-
naht
Putz, Giornata, Freskomalerei

Pontata HR
Definicija: iroko obukano podruje dovre-
no na istoj razini skele, na kojemu je nakon
bukanja vidljiv vodoravni spoj.
Napomena: Primjena uobiajenih pravokut-
nih pontata tehniki je ograniena dostupno-
u zidova sa skele ili drugim stanjem kon-
strukcije graevine. bukanje od vrha prema
dnu zida ostavlja manje ili vie vidljive spojeve
izmeu pontata. Za usporedbu, manje podru-
je bukanja giornate ima nepravilne rubove,
koji slijede obrise kompozicije.
Talijanski naziv pontata usvojen je u mnogim
jezicima.
buka, giornata, fresco
Pontata Hu
Meghatrozs: Egy nagy kiterjeds vakolt
fellet, amely az llvnyzattal azonos szinten
kerl fel, vzszintes varratokat hagyva a ksz
munkban.
Megjegyzs: Az ltalban meglehetsen
szgletes alak pontata felhordst a falak az
llvnyzatrl val elrhetsge vagy az plet
egyb szerkezeti elemei korltozzk. A vakolat
felhordsa fentrl lefel trtnik, s a pontate Pontata
kztt egy tbb-kevsb lthat varrat ma-
rad. sszehasonltva a fresktechnikban
hasznlt napi varrattal, ez utbbi egy kisebb
vakolt fellet, melynek szablytalan hatrai l-
talban a kompozci krvonalait kvetik. Az tale.
olasz pontata/pontate (tbbes szm) kifeje-
zst tbb nyelvben tvettk.
vakolat, napi varrat, fresk
Pontata it
Definizione: Stesura di intonaco con porzioni
di grandi dimensioni che procede secondo
scansioni orizzontali determinate dai piani del
ponteggio. Nellopera ultimata, restano visibili
le linee orrizontali dei bordi dintonaco sovrap-
posti.
Commento: Lapplicazione di una pontata,
di solito di forma allincirca rettangolare, viene
limitata dalle possibilit di accesso al muro
causate dal ponteggio. Procedendo dallalto
verso il basso, lapplicazione delintonaco crea
linee di sovrapposizione delle porzioni di in-
tonaco pi o meno marcate, secondo la velo-
cit di essicamento della pontata sucessiva. In
paragone, le porzioni dintonaco di una gior-
nata sono di dimensioni pi ridotte e presen-
tano forme irregolari che seguono i contorni
della composizione. Il termine di origine ita-
liana oramai accolto in molte lingue.
intonaco, affresco, giornata
Pontata PL
Definicja: Szeroki pas warstwy tynku odpo-
wiadajcy poziomowi rusztowa, widoczny
na ukoczonym malowidle jako horyzontalne
czenie.
Komentarz: Pontata zwykle ma ksztat pro-
stoktny, co jest uwarunkowane dostpem
do cian z rusztowania, podnonika, czy in-
nymi warunkami konstrukcji budynku. Na-
kadanie warstwy tynku rozpoczynano od
gry ku doowi, co pozostawia mniej czy bar-
dziej widoczne czenia pomidzy kolejnymi
pontate.
Dla porwnania: mniejsze fragmenty tynku
giornate dniwki, stosowane w technice fre-
skowej maj nieregularny ksztat odpowiada-
jcy kompozycji. Woski termin pontata zosta
przyswojony w wielu jzykach.
tynk, giornata / dniwka, fresk
lk olarak uygulanm daha kk sva kapla-
Ro
Definiie: Registru de intonaco aplicat la ace-
lai nivel cu cel al unui etaj de schel; dup rea-
lizarea picturii sunt vizibile mbinrile orizon-
Adnotare: Aplicarea pontatei pe o suprafa
aproximativ dreptunghiular este limitat din
punct de vedere tehnic de accesul la perete
pe care schela l ofer sau de alte aspecte ale
structurii cldirii. Se tencuiete ncepnd de
sus n jos lsndu-se ntre pontate mbinri
mai mult sau mai puin vizibile. Comparativ,
suprafaa unei giornata aplicat n tehnica a
fresco este de dimensiuni mai reduse i are m-
binri neregulate ce urmeaz conturul com-
poziiei. Termenul italian pontata a fost preluat
n mai multe limbi.
tencuial, giornata, a fresco
Pontata
Definicin: Amplia zona de revoque de mor-
tero que se aplica siguiendo la limitacin que
el mismo andamio impone, y que deja a la vis-
ta las uniones horizontales y verticales en la
obra terminada.
ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
suRFACE DEsiGN
Comentario: Su aplicacin, generalmente
rectangular, se ve tcnicamente limitada por
la accesibilidad a los muros desde el andamio
u otras condiciones estructurales del edificio.
Empezando la capa de revoque de arriba a
abajo, se dejan uniones ms o menos visibles
entre ellas. En comparacin, la pequea rea
de revoque de una jornada en la tcnica al
fresco deja a la vista uniones irregulares que
sigven el contorno de la composicin. El tr-
mino italiano pontata se ha adoptado en mu-
chos idiomas. En plural: Pontate.
revoque, jornada, fresco
Kat seviyesi tR
Tanm: skele ile ayn seviyede tamamlanm
ve bitmi ite yatay derzler brakan sva kapla-
mann geni bir blm.
Yorum: Olduka dikdrtgen biimli kat sevi-
yesinin uygulanmas iskele asansrndeki du-
varlarn eriilebilirlii ya da binann dier ya-
psal durumlar tarafndan teknik olarak kst-
lanmtr. Yukardan aa sva kaplamaya ba-
laynca, kat seviyeleri arasnda az ok grnr
damarlar brakr. Buna nazaran, Fresko da gn-
mas komposizyon taslan takip eden d-
zensiz ek yerlerine sahiptir.talyanca bir terim
olan pontata birok dile uyarlanmtr.
E anlam: seviyeleme
sva, gnlk sva, fresko
BG
: , -
, -
.
: (
) -
-
.
-
. -
-
Es ,
. -
.
, , -
.
75
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

suRFACE DEsiGN

Fragments of painted intonaco, St. Helen Chapel, enkovec (Croatia), late 14th century; Photo: 2014, HRZ (Katarina Gavrilica)

intonaco EN
Definition: The last, fine-grained, thin and
well-evened layer of plaster on which the wall
painting is applied in fresco technique.
Comment: In fresco technique, the intonaco
is a fine plaster which is applied on top of the
rough plaster layer, called arriccio. The pig-
ments, mixed with water, are applied on the
wet intonaco, which binds with the pigments
and becomes part of the paint layer. The pig-
ments are then bound within a thin layer of
calcium carbonate formed by the intonaco as
it sets. Originally, this Italian term was used on-
ly for frescos. Today it is also used for other
plaster finishes and has been adopted in many
languages. In Italian, it is not just used for fres-
co technique but is also the generic term for
plaster.
Synonyms: final rending, plaster finish
fresco, plaster, arriccio
Intonaco FR
Dfinition: Enduit de finition, granularit
fine et granulomtrie rgulire, dpaisseur in- der Farbschicht wird. Die Pigmente werden
frieure celles du ou des enduit(s) sous-ja-
cent(s), bien nivel et sur lequel est applique
la peinture fresque.
Commentaires: Dans la technique fresque,
lintonaco est appliqu sur lenduit grossier (ar-
ricio). Il peut tre suivi dun intonachino encore
plus fin. Les pigments mlangs de leau
sont appliques sur lintonaco ou lintonachino
frais. Ils sont fixs par la remonte de laitance
la surface et la carbonatation de la chaux lors
du schage de lenduit.
En France, ce terme italien nest utilis que
pour la technique fresque. Il est actuelle-
ment employ dans dautres pays pour dcrire
dautres enduits de finition.
Synonyme: enduit de finition
enduit, arricio, fresque
intonaco / Feinputz
Definition: Die letzte, feinkrnige, dnne,
stark geglttete Putzlage, auf der ein Fresko
aufgetragen wird.
Kommentar: In der Freskotechnik ist Intonaco
ein Feinputz, der auf den Grobputz (Arriccio)
aufgetragen wird. Die mit Wasser vermischten
Pigmente werden auf den nassen Intonaco
gemalt, der sich mit ihnen verbindet und Teil
dann unter einer dnnen Schicht Calciumcar-
bonat eingeschlossen, die der trocknende In-
tonaco bildet. Ursprnglich nur fr Fresken
gebruchlich wird der italienische Begriff heu-
te auch fr andere Oberputze verwendet und
ist in viele Sprachen bernommen worden. In
Italien wird er nicht nur fr Freskotechnik be-
nutzt, sondern als berbegriff fr Putz.
Synonyme: Sichtputz, Oberputz, Deckputz
Freskomalerei, Putz, Arriccio/Grobputz
intonaco HR
Definicija: Posljednji, finozrnati tanki i dobro
poravnati sloj buke na kojemu je u fresco teh-
nici naslikana zidna slika.
DE Napomena: U fresco tehnici intonaco je fina
buka nanesena na grubi bukani sloj, arriccio.
Pigmenti pomijeani s vodom nanose se na
svjei intonaco, koji se s njima vee i postaju
dijelom slikanoga sloja. Pigmenti su tada ve-
zani unutar tankoga sloja kalcijeva karbonata
oblikovanog sporim suenjem intonacoa. Iz-
vorno se taj talijanski naziv upotrebljavao sa-
mo za fresco. Danas je usvojen u mnogim je-
zicima te se rabi i za ostale zavrne buke. U
talijanskome jeziku taj se naziv ne upotreblja-
va samo za fresco tehniku nego openito za
buku.
fresco, buka, arriccio

Sources: Glossar Wandmalerei 20032006 (1.5.2014); Mora et al. 1984, 325, 10; AAT: intonaco (1.5.2014)

76

lntonaco HU
Meghatarozas: Az utols6, finomszemcses, ve-
kony es egyenletesen elsimitott vakolatreteg,
amelyre a fresk6technikaval keszitett falkepet
hordjak fel.
Megjegyzes: A fresk6technikaban az intona-
co egy finom vakolatreteg, amely egy dur-
vabb retegre, az alapvakolatra (arriccio) kerl.
A vizzel kevert pigmenteket a nedves intona-
co felletere viszik fel, ezek reszben behatol-
nak es letrehozzak a festekreteget. A pigmen-
teket egy vekony kalcium-karbonat reteg rg-
ziti, amely az intonaco szaradasa folytan kelet-
kezik. Eredetileg ezt az olasz kifejezest csak a
fresk6technikaval kapcsolatosan hasznaltak.
Manapsag mas zar6vakolatok eseteben is
hasznaljak es tbb nyelvben is atvettek. Az
olasz nyelvben nem csak a fresk6technikaban
hasznalatos, hanem altalanos kifejezeskent
szolgal a vakolatra.
Szinonima: zar6vakolat
- fresk6, - vako/at, - a/apvako/at
lntonaco /lntonachino IT
Definizione: l'ultimo strato di intonaco, a gra-
nulometria fine, di spessore ridotto e perfet-
tamente levigato, ehe serve per l'applicazione
della pittura a fresco.
Commento: Nella tecnica dell'affresco, con in-
tonaco si intende uno strato sottile di malta di
calce applicato sull'arriccio. Si esegue l'affre-
sco stendendo il colore direttamente sull'in-
tonaco ancora bagnato. Asciugandosi, con il
processo di carbonatazione l'intonaco fissa i
pigmenti. Si produce cosi una pellicola com-
patta di carbonato di calcio ehe ingloba il co-
lore.ln origine il termine italiano era in uso so-
lo per Ia tecnica dell'affresco. Con questo si-
gnificato e adottato in molte lingue. ln ltalia,
il termine intonaco e utilizzato come termine
generico per intonaci di rivestimento delle
murature.
lntonachino eil termine italiano piu specifico
e appropriato per Ia tecnica dell'affresco.
- arriccio, - affresco, - carbonatazione, - into-
naco
lntonaco PL
Definicja: Ostatnia, drobnoziarnista cienka i
dobrze wygladzona warstwa tynku, na kt6rej
jest wykonane malowidlo scienne w technice
fresku.
Komentarz: Wtechnice freskowej intonaco to
gladki tynk nakladany na bardziej szorstkq_
warstw~ zwanq_ arriccio. Pigmenty wymiesza-
ne z wodq_ nakladane sq_ na wilgotne intonaco,
kt6re lq_czy si~ z pigmentami stajq_c si~ cz~sciq_
wa rstwy malarskiej. Pigmenty sq_ zamkni~te
pod cieniutkq_ warstwq_ w~glanu wapnia ufor-
mowanq_ przez wysychajq_ce intonaco. Poczq_t-
kowo ten wloski termin byl uzywany jedynie
dla fresku. Dzis bywa stosowany do okreslenia
kor'lcowej warstwy tynku i zostal przyswojony
przez inne j~zyki. Takze po wlosku terminnie
ogranicza si~ do fresku, ale stanowi synonim
tynku .
Synonimy: koricowa zaprawa, koricowy tynk
- fresk, - tynk, - arriccio
lntonaco RO
Definitie: Ultimul strat de tencuiala, subtire,
cu granulatie fina ~i bine netezit pe care este
aplicata pictura murala in tehnica a fresco.
Adnotare: Tn tehnica a fresco, intonaco este o
tencuiala fina ce se aplica peste stratul de ten-
cuiala dur, numit arriccio. Pictura este execu-
tata pe stratul de intonaco proaspat ~i umed,
astfel incat pigmentii aplicati cu apa sunt fixati
pe intonaco, devenind astfel parte a stratului
de culoare. Pigmentii sunt apoi blocati sub un
strat subtire de carbonat de calciu, format prin
uscarea lenta a stratului de intonaco. Initial
acest termen italian a fost folosit doar pentru
tehnica a fresco. Astazi este utilizat ~i pentru
alte tencuieli fine ~i a fost adoptatin mai multe
Iimbi. Tn Iimba italiana este folosit nu doar in
tehnica a fresco, este ~i termenul generic pen-
tru tencuiala .
Sinonim: tencuiala de finisare
- a fresco, - tencuia/, - arriccio
lntonaco ES
Definicion: Ultimacapa demorterode grano
fino bien allanada sobre Ia quese aplica el co-
lor en Ia tecnica al fresco.
Comentario: En Ia tecnica al fresco, el intona-
co es una fina capa demorterode cal quese
aplica en Ia parte superior del arriccio. Los pig-
mentos mezclados con agua se aplican sobre
el intonaco hmedo, quese mezcla con los
pigmentos formando el estrato pict6rico. Los
pigmentos quedan englobados en Ia matriz
de carbonato calcico quese forma con el se-
cado del intonaco. Originalmente, este termi-
no italiano se utiliz6 solo para frescos. Sin em-
ART AND CRAFT TECHNIQUES
SURFACE DESIGN
bargo, hoy en dia, tambien se utiliza para otros
tipos de acabados y ha sido adoptado por mu-
chos idiomas. En italiano no solo se usa para
Ia tecnica al fresco, sino que se utiliza como
termino generico para revoques.
Sin6nimo: enlucido
- fresco, - revoque, - arriccio
Son kat s1va TR
Tanrm: Fresko tekniginde zerine duvar resmi
uygulanan c;:ok ince taneli ve ince son kat srva
katmanr .
Yorum: lntonaco fresko tekniginde, "arriccio"
adryla anrlan przl/ kaba srva katmanr ze-
rine uygulanrr. Suyla karr~trrrlan boya pig-
mentlerinin rslak "intonaco"nun zerine uygu-
lanmasr ile boya pigmentleri srva ile btnle-
~erek boya katmanrnrn bir parc;:asr olur. Pig-
mentler daha sonra kuruyan intonaco tarafrn-
dan olu~turulan ince kalsiyum karbonat kat-
manr ile birbirine gec;:erler. Kkeni italyanca
olan bu terim sadece fresko tekniginde kulla-
nrlrrdr. Gnmzde diger alc;:r srvalar /srva ic;:in
de kullanrlmakta ve birc;:ok dilde de gec;:mek-
tedir. ltalyanca'da sadece fresko teknigi ic;:in
degil diger srvalar ic;:in de bir yan terim olmu~
tur.
E~ anlamlr: son srva, alc;:r srva
-Fresko, - a/c;r, - ikinci kat srva
IIIHTOHaKo BG
AecjiiiiHIIIL!IIIH: noclleAHVIlH CllOi'l cpVIHa TbHKa
VI A06pe V13paBHeHa Ma3VIJ1Ka, BbpXy KOilTO Ce
Vl3nbllHilBa CTeHOnVIC B TeXHVIKa cppeCKO.
KoMeHTap: npVI TeXHVIKa cppeCKO VIHTOHaKO e
cpVIHa Ma3VIIlKa, nono>KeHa Bbpxy no-
rpy6 Ma3VIIlKOB CJlOi'!, Hape4eH apV14VIO.
CMeceHVITe c BOAa nVIrMeHTVI ce HaHacilT
BbpXy Blla>KHO VIHTOHaKO, KOeTO Ce CMecsa C
nVIrMeHTVITe VI ce npeBpbllja B 4aCT OT
>KVIBOnVICHVIil CllOi'!. nVIrMeHTVITe Ca CBbp3aHVI
B TbHbK nOBbpXHOCTeH CllOi'! Kalll.\VIeB
KapfioHaT, o6pa3yBaH npVI VI3CbXBaHeTO Ha
VIHTOHaKOTO. nbpBOHa4allHO T03VI VITallVI-
aHCKVI TepMVIH e Vl3nOJl3BaH CaMO 3a cppeCKO.
,[\Hec ce Vl3nomsa VI 3a APYrVI Kpai'IHVI Ma3VIIlKVI
VI e npVIeT B MHOro e3VIL\VI. Ha VITa!lVIaHCKVI Ce
nomsa He caMo 3a cppecKo, HO VI Karo o6ll1
repMVIH 3a VIHTepVIOpHa Ma3VIIlKa.
CVIHOHVIM: Kpai'!Ha Ma3VIIlKa
-ljipecKo, - uHmepuopHa Ma3unKa,- apu'!uo
77
 ART AND CRAFTTECHNIQUES
SURFACE DESIGN
Visible border of plasteraraund a group of figures, Castle He/torf, Dsseldorf-Angermund (Germany), 1826; Photo: 2013 (Jennifer Weber)
Giornata
Definition: An area offresh plaster(intonaco)
applied as one part of a fresco.
Comment: Because frescos are painted on
fresh intonaco, the intonaco must be applied
in several portians to ensure it is still moist
when painted. Thus the size of a portion de-
pends on the time the painter needs for paint-
ing. The term giornata comes from the ltalian
ward giorno, which means day. Translated,
giornata means"a day's work". Giornate is also
used.The border of a giornata is often aligned
with the underdrawing (sinopia).
~ plaster, ~ intonaco, ~ fresco, ~ sinopia
Sources: Paolin i, Fald i 2005, 165; Knoepfli, Emm enegge r 1990, 23; Mora et al. 1984, 11 ; Ca lvo Ma nuel1 997, 125 (Jorn ada)
78
EN Giornata FR
Definition: Surface d'enduit frais (intonaco)
appliquee pour une journee de travail a (lntonaco), der als ein Teil eines Freskos auf
fresque.
Commentaires: Parce que les fresques sont
executees sur enduit frais, l'intonaco doit etre
applique en plusieurs portians pour assurer Ia
parfaite humidite de l'enduit pendant Ia rea-
lisation de Ia peinture. Ainsi, Ia taille de Ia por-
tion depend du temps necessaire au peintre
pour peindre. Le terme giornata (plur. gior-
nate) vient du mot italien giorno (jour) et se
traduit par "journee" en fran~ais. Les limites de
Ia giornata correspondent au dessin prepara-
toire qui peut etre une sinopia.
~ enduit, ~ intonaco, ~ sinopia , ~ fresque
Giornata DE
Definition: Ein Bereich frischen Oberputzes
den Arriccio aufgetragen wird.
Kommentar: Da Fresken auf den frischen ln-
tonaco gemalt werden, muss dieser in mehre-
ren Teilstcken aufgebracht werden, damit er
dann noch feucht ist. Daher hngt die Gre
einer lntonaco-Fiche davon ab, wie lange der
Maler bentigt, um sie zu bemalen. Der Begriff
Giornata (plural: giornate) kommt vom italie-
nischen Wort"giorno'; also"Tag': bersetzt be-
deutet Giornata "Tagwerk': Die Tagwerknhte
sind oft bndig mit der Unterzeichnung (Si-
nopie) . Sie stimmen blicherweise mit den
Konturen von Figuren, Gesichtern, Architek-
turen etc. berein.
Synonyme: Tagwerk, Tagewerk
~ Putz, ~ lntonaco/ Feinputz, ~ Freskomalerei,
~Sinopie

Giornata HR
Definicija: Povrina svjee buke (intonaco)
koja je dio freske.
Napomena: Budui da se freske slikaju na
svjeemu intonacou, mora se nanositi u nekoliko
dijelova kako bi se osigurala vlanost tijekom
slikanja. Veliina tih dijelova ovisi o vremenu ko-
je je slikaru potrebno za slikanje. Naziv giornata
dolazi od talijanske rijei giorno, koja znai dan.
Giornata znai dnevnica. Takoer se upotreblja-
va i naziv giornate. Granice giornata esto su
usklaene podlonim crteom (sinopija).
buka, intonaco, fresco, podcrte, si- tynk, intonaco, fresk, rysunek przygoto-
nopija
Napi varrat Hu
Meghatrozs: Egy frissen vakolt fellet (in-
tonaco), melyet a fresk egy rszeknt horda-
nak fel.
Megjegyzs: Mivel a freskt friss intonaco r-
tegre festik, az intonacot tbb rszletben kell
felhordani, hogy biztostva legyen a nedvess-
ge, amikor rkerl a fests. Ily mdon egy napi
varrat mrete fgg a fest szmra szksges nate depinde de timpul de care are nevoie pic-
festsi idtl. A giornata kifejezs az olasz gi-
orno szbl ered, amely napot jelent. Lefordt-
va, a giornata egy napi munkt jelent. A gior- seamn zi. Tradus, giornata nseamn o zi de
nate kifejezst is hasznljk. A napi varrat ha-
tra gyakran igazodik az alrajzhoz (szinpia).
vakolat, intonaco, fresk, szinpia
Giornata it
Definizione: Una porzione di intonaco fresco
stesa sopra larriccio, destinata a essere dipinta
nella tecnica dellaffresco
Commento: Laffresco devessere eseguito
sullintonaco ancora fresco. Per questo si appli-
ca lintonaco a porzioni per garantire cos che
questo mantenga il grado di umidit necessa-
rio per lesecuzione della pittura (ca. 8 ore). Per-
ci le dimensioni di una porzione dintonaco
dipendono dallarco di tempo impiegato dal
pittore per eseguire la parte corrispondente
della pittura. Il termine italiano giornata indi-
ca che la porzione dintonaco corrisponde al-
lincirca al lavoro di un giorno. I margini di una
giornata di solito corrispondono al disegno
preparatorio (sinopia) e coincidono con i con-
torni di figure, volti, architetture ecc.
intonaco/intonachino, affresco, sinopia
ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
suRFACE DEsiGN
Giornata dniwka PL Gnlk sva tR
Definicja: Obszar wieego tynku (intonaco) Tanm: Freskonun bir blm olarak uygula-
naoony jako jedna z partii fresku. nan bir taze sva (intonaco) blmdr.
Komentarz: Poniewa freski s malowane na Yorum: Freskolar taze intonaco zerine bo-
wieym intonaco, musi ono by nakadane w yandndan, boyandnda hala nemli olma-
kilku partiach, by zapewni obecno wilgoci sn garanti etmek iin intonaco birka blm
podczas malowania. Std wielko obszaru olarak uygulanr. Bunun iin uygulanacak bl-
zaley od czasu potrzebnego malarzowi do je- genin ebat ressamn boya iin ihtiya duydu-
go namalowania. Termin giornata pochodzi u zamana gre deiir. Giornata terimi tal-
od woskiego giorno dzie i oznacza dniw- yanca da gn anlamna gelen giorno kelime-
k. Granice dniwek czsto pokrywaj si z sinden gelir. Giornata bir gnlk i olarak ter-
elementami sinopii czyli wstpnego rysunku. cme edilir. Giornate de kullanlr. Giornatann
snr genellikle altizim (sinopya) ile belirlenir.
wawczy, sinopia sva, son kat sva, fresko, sinopya
Giornata Ro BG
Definiie: O poriune de tencuial proaspt : (-
(intonaco) aplicat ca o parte dintr-o fresc. ), -
.
Adnotare: Deoarece frescele sunt pictate pe
un intonaco proaspt, acesta trebuie aplicat :
n mai multe etape pentru a fi siguri c tencu- ,
iala este nc umed n momentul n care se , ,
realizeaz pictura. Astfel, ntinderea unei gior- , .
torul pentru a executa pictura. Termenul gior- , .
nata deriv din cuvntul italian giorno, ce n-
, . -
munc. Este, de asemenea folosit i termenul , . -
giornate. Marginea unei giornata corespunde .
adesea cu desenul subiacent (sinopia). -
().
tencuial, intonaco, a fresco, sinopia
, , -
,
Jornada Es
Definicin: rea de intonaco aplicado para
ser pintado mientras el mortero est hmedo
en la tcnica al fresco.
Comentario: Debido a que la tcnica al fresco
se pinta sobre intonaco hmedo, este debe
aplicarse en varias reas para asegurarse que
todava est hmedo cuando se pinta. As, el
tamao de cada rea depende del tiempo que
el artista necesita para pintar. El trmino gior-
nata (usado en otros idiomas) procede del tr-
mino italiano giorno, que significa da. Tam-
bin se utiliza giornate (en plural). Los lmites
de una jornada a menudo se adaptan al dibu-
jo marcado por la sinopia.
revestimiento, intonaco, fresco, sinopia
79
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
suRFACE DEsiGN
Plaster layers with final render above, historic building, Santa Maria Val Mstair (Switzerland); Photo: 2015, HAWK (Angela Weyer)
Final render EN
Definition: Last layer of coating for exterior
architectural surfaces with a protective as well
as a decorative function.
Comment: This type of mortar has a greater
amount of fine fill material than a regular ren-
der. It is usually applied in a multilayered ren-
der system to exterior architectural surfaces.
Synonyms: skim, finish coat
Not to be confused with: intonaco
filler, render
Sources: Mortars 2011, 595; E DIN EN 16572: 2012,10
80
Enduit de finition
Dfinition: Dernier revtement pour les sur-
faces architecturales en extrieur, avec une
fonction de protection et de dcoration.
Commentaires: Ce type de mortier possde
une charge plus fine quun mortier ordinaire.
Il est gnralement appliqu sur un systme
denduit multicouche, en extrieur.
Ne pas confondre avec: intonaco
charge, enduit
FR Feinputz DE
Definition: Die letzte Putzschicht auf einer Ar-
chitekturoberflche im Auenraum mit einer
sowohl schtzenden als auch dekorativen
Funktion.
Kommentar: Diese Art Mrtel hat einen gr-
eren Anteil an feinem Fllstoff als ein norma-
ler Auenputz. Er wird blicherweise in einem
Mehrschichtputzsystem auf Architekturober-
flchen im Auenraum aufgebracht.
Synonyme: Oberputz, Glttputzschicht
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Intonaco
Fllstoff, Auenputz, Intonaco/Feinputz

Zavrna vanjska buka HR
Definicija: Posljednji pokrivni sloj zatitne i
dekorativne funkcije na vanjskim arhitekton-
skim povrinama.
Napomena: Ova vrsta morta ima vei udio fi-
noga punila od uobiajene vanjske buke. Uo-
biajeno se stavlja u vieslojnome sustavu
buka na vanjskim arhitektonskim povrina-
ma.
punilo, vanjska buka
Finom vakolat Hu
Meghatrozs: A legkls bevonatrteg kl-
tri ptszeti felleteken, melynek vd s suprafeelor arhitecturale exterioare, avnd
dekoratv szerepe van.
Megjegyzs: Ez a fajta vakolat nagyobb
mennyisg finom tltanyagot tartalmaz,
mint egy hagyomnyos kltri vakolat. lta-
lban egy tbbrteg vakolatrendszerben al-
kalmazzk kltri ptszeti felleteken. (A
magyar szaknyelv nem klnbzteti meg a
kls s a bels vakolatot).
Szinonimk: simt vakolat, zrvakolat, glett
Tves megnevezs: intonaco
tltanyag, kltri vakolat
intonaco di rifinitura
Definizione: Ultimo strato di intonaco per ri-
finire una muratura di facciata o pi generica-
mente una superficie architettonica esterna
con un intonaco che assume una funzione sia
protettiva che decorativa.
Commento: Lintonaco di rifinitura caratte-
rizzato da cariche (elementi inerti) pi elevate
di granulometria fine, rispetto ad un intonaco
per esterni consueto. Di solito fa parte di un
sistema di intonacatura a pi strati, da appli-
care su facciate e superfici architettoniche
esterne. Il termine deriva dallinglese ed in
uso nei paesi anglosassoni, non in Italia. Non
identico con il termine italiano intonachino
usato in particolare nella pittura a fresco.
muratura, intonaco, inerte, filler, into-
naco per esterni
ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
suRFACE DEsiGN
tynk kocowy zewntrzny PL son sva tR
Definicja: Ostatnia warstwa tynku zewntrz- Tanm: Dekoratif zelliinin yannda koruyu-
nego na powierzchni architektonicznej spe- cu zellii de olan d mimari yzeylere uygu-
niajca funkcje zabezpieczajce i dekoracyjne. lanan son kaplama katman.
Komentarz: Ten rodzaj tynku zawiera wiksz Yorum: Bu tip har yaygn svadan daha yk-
ilo drobnego wypeniacza ni zwyky tynk. sek miktarda kaliteli dolgu malzemesine sa-
Zwykle stosowany w wykoczeniach wielo- hiptir. Genellikle ok katmanl sva sistemiyle
warstwowych zewntrznych powierzchni ar- d mimari yzeylere uygulanr.
chitektonicznych. E anlaml: har kayma, bitirme katman
Synonim: warstwa wykoczeniowa Kartrmaynz: son kat sva
Nie naley myli z: intonaco
dolgu maddesi, sva
wypeniacz, tynk
intonaco de finisare Ro BG
Definiie: Ultimul strat de tencuial destinat :
-
rol decorativ dar i de protecie. , , -
.
Adnotare: Acest tip de mortar conine o can-
titate mai mare de material fin de umplutur, : -
fa de o tencuial exterioar obinuit. Se ,
aplic pe suprafeele arhitecturale exterioare, - .
de obicei printr-un sistem de acoperire mul- -
tistratificat.
Sinonim: tencuial de finisare .
A nu se confunda cu: intonaco
,
material de umplutur, tencuial exterioar
it Mortero de acabado Es
Definicin: ltima capa de recubrimiento pa-
ra superficies arquitectnicas exteriores con
funcin tanto protectora como decorativa.
Comentario: Este tipo de mortero tiene una
mayor cantidad de carga fina que un mortero
de revestimiento normal. Se aplica general-
mente como un sistema multicapa de morte-
ro de revestimiento en superficies arquitect-
nicas exteriores.
No confundir con: intonaco
carga fina, mortero de revestimiento
81
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
suRFACE DEsiGN
Detail of wall painting, Chapel of St. John the Baptist, Ivani Miljanski (Croatia), ca. 1450; Photo: 2010, HRZ (Ivan Sra)
Mezzo fresco
Definition: Technique where the painting is
executed on a lime plaster surface which is in
a state of advanced carbonation.
Comment: Sometimes paintings are de-
scribed as fresco secco or mezzo fresco if
they were started as a fresco and then com-
pleted on dry plaster (secco). This may have
happened if the execution took too long, or
deliberately when using special design tech-
niques (underpainting, glaze) or non-lime re-
sistant pigments. The difference between fres-
co and mezzo fresco is in the degree of plaster
carbonation. Some consider the term mezzo
fresco to be imprecise and that it should be
avoided.
Not to be confused with: fresco secco
carbonation, secco, underpaint, glaze,
pigment, fresco
technique mixte / Mezzo-fresco
Dfinition: Technique de peinture excute
sur un enduit de chaux dont la carbonatation
est avance.
Sources: Mora et al. 1984, 13, 153; Botticelli, 1992, 29
82
EN Commentaires: Parfois les peintures sont d-
crites a fresco-secco ou a mezzo-fresco si
elles ont t commences dans lenduit frais
puis continues dans lenduit sec. Cela peut ar-
river quand le temps dexcution est trop long
ou dlibrment pour lemploi de techniques
spcifiques (dessin prparatoire, glacis) ou de
pigments non rsistants la chaux. La diff-
rence entre la fresque et la mezzo-fresco est
le degr de carbonatation. Le terme est sou-
vent imprcis et devrait tre abandonn. Le
terme de technique mixte est plus adapt.
Ne pas confondre avec: fresco-secco
carbonatation (raction de), dessin prparatoire,
glacis, pigment, fresque, peinture a secco,
mortier de chaux
Mischtechnik (Fresko-secco)
Definition: Bei dieser Technik wird die Malerei
auf die Oberflche eines Kalkputzes aufgetra-
gen, der sich in einer fortgeschrittenen Phase
FR der Karbonatisierung befindet.
Kommentar: Malereien, die als Fresko begon-
nen und dann auf dem getrockneten Putz
(Secco) vollendet werden, bezeichnet man
manchmal als Mischtechnik, Fresko-Secco-
Technik oder Mezzo-Fresko. Dies kommt vor,
wenn die Ausfhrung zu lange dauert oder
spezielle Gestaltungstechniken (Unterma-
lung, Lasur) oder nicht kalkechte Pigmente
eingesetzt werden. Der Unterschied zwischen
einem Fresko und einer Mischtechnik liegt im
Grad der Karbonatisierung des Putzes. Einige
meinen, dass der Begriff Mezzo-Fresko zu
ungenau ist und deshalb vermieden werden
sollte.
Kalkmrtel, Karbonatisierung, Secco, Un-
termalung, Lasur, Pigment, Freskomalerei
Mezzo fresco HR
Definicija: Tehnika u kojoj se slika izvodi na
DE povrini vapnene buke koja je u stanju uzna-
predovale karbonatacije.
Napomena: Ako su zapoete kao fresco, a za-
tim dovrene na suhoj buci (secco), katkad su
slike opisane kao fresco secco ili mezzo fresco.
To se moe dogoditi ako izvedba traje predu-
go te kad se promiljeno upotrebljavaju pose-
bne tehnike (podslikavanje, lazura) ili pigmen-
ti koji nisu otporni na vapno. Razlika izmeu
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

suRFACE DEsiGN

fresco i mezzo fresco tehnike je u stupnju kar- P-fresk PL largas o, deliberadamente, cuando se usan
bonatacije buke. Neki smatraju da je naziv tcnicas especiales de ejecucin de la pintura
mezzo fresco neprecizan te da bi ga trebalo iz- Definicja: Technika w ktrej malowido wyko- (pintura de base, veladura) o pigmentos que
bjegavati. nane jest na tynku wapiennym, ktrego po- no resisten la cal. La diferencia entre fresco y
Ne smije se mijeati s: fresco secco wierzchnia jest w stanie zaawansowanej kar- mezzo fresco est en el grado de carbonata-
bonizacji. cin del revoque en el momento de pintar. Al-
karbonatacija, secco, podslika, lazura, gunos consideran este trmino como impre-
pigment, fresco Komentarz: Czasem malowida okrelane s ciso, por lo que consideran que se debera evi-
jako fresco secco lub mezzo fresco gdy ma- tar su uso.
lowido rozpoczto jako fresk, a dokoczono No confundir con: fresco secco
Vegyestechnika Hu na suchym tynku (secco). Moe si tak zdarzy,
gdy proces malowania przeduy si, lub gdy revoque de cal, carbonatacin, pintura al
Meghatrozs: Az a technika, melyben a fest- celowo zastosowano tak technik (podma- seco, pintura de base, veladura, pigmento,
mnyt egy elrehaladott karbontosodsi l- lowania, laserunku), albo przy stosowaniu pig- fresco
lapotban lev mszvakolat felletre hordjk mentw nieodpornych na dziaanie wapna.
fel. Rnica midzy freskiem i p-freskiem pole-
ga na stopniu karbonizacji tynku. Niektrzy Yar fresko tR
Megjegyzs: Ha a megfests fresktechnik- sdz, e termin mezzo-fresco jest mao pre-
ban kezddtt, majd szraz vakolaton fejez- cyzyjny i naley go unika. Tanm: leri derecede karbonlam durumda
dtt be (szekk), ltalban fresk szekkrl Nie naley myli z: suchy fresk olan kire svas yzeyine uygulanan boyama
vagy mezzo freskrl beszlnek. Ez akkor teknii.
trtnhetett meg, ha a kivitelezs tl sok id- tynk, karbonizacja, secco, podmalowa-
be telt vagy, ha szndkosan dntttek gy, nie, laserunek, pigment, fresk Yorum: Bu boyamalar fresko olarak balatl-
amikor sajtos technikkat (alfests, lazr) m, sonrasnda kuru svada (secco) tamamlan-
vagy nem mszll pigmenteket alkalmaztak. msa bazen fresko-secco ya da mezzo-sec-
A klnbsg a fresk s a vegyestechnika k- Mezzo-fresco Ro co olarak da betimlenir. Uygulama uzun za-
ztt a vakolat karbontosodsnak a mrt- man alm olsayd ya da kastl bir ekilde zel
kben rejlik. Egyesek gy vlik, hogy a mezzo Definiie: Tehnic n care pictura este execu- tasarm teknikleri (taban boyama, cilalama)
fresk kifejezs pontatlan, emiatt kerlni k- tat pe o tencuial de var aflat ntr-o stare ya da kire olmayan dayankl pigmentler kul-
ne. avansat de carbonatare. lanlsayd bu durum gerekleebilirdi. Fresko
ve mezzo-fresko arasndaki fark sva karbon-
vakolat, karbontosods, szekk, alfes- Adnotare: Uneori, picturile sunt descrise ca lamasnn derecesidir. Bazlar, mezzo-fresko-
ts, lazr, pigment, fresk fresco-secco sau mezzo-fresco n cazul n care yu belirsiz ve kanlmas gereken bir terim ola-
au fost ncepute n tehnica a fresco i apoi fi- rak kabul ederler.
nalizate pe o tencuial uscat (a secco). Acest Kartrmaynz: kuru fresko
Mezzo fresco it lucru se poate ntmpla dac execuia a durat
prea mult timp, sau n mod deliberat atunci karbonlama, secco, alt boyama, sr,
Definizione: La pittura applicata su un into- cnd se utilizeaz tehnici speciale de realizare pigment, fresko
naco di calce che si trova in uno stato avanzato a picturii (culoare de fond, glasiu) sau pig-
di carbonatazione. meni nerezisteni la var. Diferena dintre a
fresco i mezzo-fresco este dat de gradul de BG
Commento: Il grado di carbonatazione del- carbonatare a tencuielii. Unii consider c ter-
lintonaco definisce la differenza tra un affre- menul de mezzo-fresco ar trebui evitat, fiind : ,
sco e il mezzo fresco. Il termine in uso nelle imprecis.
fonti e nella letteratura artistica comunque A nu se confunda cu: fresco-secco .
ambiguo. Una pittura iniziata sullintonaco fre-
sco ancora bagnato e compiuta sullintonaco var, carbonatare, a secco, culoare de : -
secco pu essere definita come mezzo fresco fond, glasiu, pigment, a fresco ,
o fresco-secco o pi appropriatamente come
tecnica mista. un fenomeno tipico per un ().
processo di esecuzione lungo, p. es. con luso Mezzo fresco Es -
di tecniche specifiche di elaborazione e rifini- , -
tura della pittura, o di pigmenti non resistenti Definicin: Tcnica en la que la pintura se re- ( , )
alla calce. Per evitare lambiguit e limpreci- aliza sobre una superficie de revoque de cal .
sione del termine mezzo fresco, si consiglia di que se encuentra en avanzado estado de car-
usare il termine tecnica mista. bonatacin. . -
,
intonaco, affresco, carbonatazione, pit- Comentario: Algunas veces, las pinturas son .
tura a secco, campitura preparatoria, velatu- descritas como fresco secco o mezzo fresco si
ra, pigmento, malta di calce/intonaco a cal- han sido comenzadas como un fresco y des- , , -
ce pus completadas con el revoque seco (sec- , , ,
co). Esto puede ocurrir en ejecuciones muy

83
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
suRFACE DEsiGN
Detail of thinning wall painting, Chapel of St. John the Baptist, Ivani Miljanski (Croatia) ca. 1450; Photo 2010, HRZ (Ivan Sra)
secco EN
Definition: A wall painting technique where
pigments mixed with an organic binder and /or
lime are applied onto a dry plaster.
Comment: An organic binder is usually used
due to the adverse chemical reactions by cer-
tain pigments in contact with the lime from the
plaster (e.g. orpiment, azurite, vermillion, white
lead), or to obtain an opaque and soft sheen
instead of the bright tones of the fresco. If the
pigments are mixed with lime water or lime
milk and applied onto a dry plaster this tech-
nique is called lime secco painting. To ensure
better pigment adhesion, the plaster is mois-
tened with clear or lime water before painting.
Not to be confused with: fresco secco, mezzo
fresco
wall painting, pigment, lime, fresco,
lime milk
Peinture a secco FR
Dfinition: Technique de peinture murale o
les pigments sont mlangs un liant orga-
nique ou de la chaux et appliqus sur enduit
sec.
Commentaires: Un liant organique est sou-
vent utilis pour viter toute raction chi-
Sources: Thompson 1956, 7173; Mora et al. 1984, 13, 85, 160; Botticelli 1992, 30; Lock Eastlake 1847, 148; Merrifield 2003, 60; Fuga 2006, 92; Cennini 2007,
7785 (LXXIILXXXVII); Clarke 2010, 224; Clarke 2011, 80, 143, 215
84
mique de certains pigments au contact de la
chaux de lenduit (ex. orpiment, azurite, ver-
millon, blanc de plomb) ou pour obtenir un
lustre opaque et doux la place des tons lu-
mineux de la fresque. Si les pigments sont m-
langs de leau de chaux ou du lait de chaux
et appliqus sur un enduit sec, cette tech-
nique est nomme peinture la chaux a secco.
Avant de peindre, lenduit est mouill avec de
leau ou de leau de chaux pour une meilleure
adhsion des pigments.
Ne pas confondre avec: fresco-secco, mezzo-
fresco
pigment, peinture murale, chaux,
fresque, lait de chaux
secco
Definition: Bei dieser Wandmalereitechnik
werden Pigmente in einem organischen Bin-
demittel und/oder in Kalk gebunden und auf
einen trockenen Putz aufgetragen.
Kommentar: Organische Bindemittel werden
meistens verwendet, um negative chemische
Reaktionen der Pigmente mit Kalk zu vermei-
den (z.B. Auripigment, Azurit, Zinnober, Blei-
wei) oder um einen opak matten Glanz zu
schaffen, anstatt der leuchtenden Farbtne
der Freskomalerei. Wenn in Kalkwasser oder
Kalkmilch gebundene Pigmente auf trockenen
Putz aufgetragen werden, bezeichnet man
dies als Kalksecco-Malerei. Fr eine bessere
Haftung der Farbe wird der Putz vor dem Auf-
trag mit Wasser oder Kalkwasser vorgensst.
Synonyme: Secco-Malerei, Trockenmalerei,
Sekko-Technik
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Fresko-Secco-Tech-
nik, Mezzo-Fresko
Wandmalerei, Pigment, Kalk/Branntkalk,
Freskomalerei, Kalkmilch
secco HR
Definicija: Tehnika zidnoga slikarstva kojom
se pigmenti pomijeani s organskim vezivom
i/ili vapnom nanose na suhu buku.
DE
Napomena: Organsko vezivo obino se upo-
trebljava zbog nepovoljnih kemijskih reakcija
pojedinih pigmenata u dodiru s vapnom iz
buke (npr. auripigment, azurit, cinober, olo-
vno bijelo) ili da bi se dobio neproziran i blagi
sjaj umjesto jarkih tonova freske. Ako su pig-
menti pomijeani s vapnenom vodom ili vap-
nenim mlijekom i naneseni na suhu buku ta
se tehnika naziva vapneno secco slikarstvo. Da
bi se osiguralo bolje prianjanje pigmenata,
buka se prije slikanja vlai istom ili vapne-
nom vodom.
Ne smije se mijeati s: fresco secco, mezzo fre-
sco

zidno slikarstvo, pigment, vapno, fresco,
vapneno mlijeko
szekk Hu
Meghatrozs: Az a falkptechnika, melyben
a szerves ktanyagokkal s/vagy msszel el-
kevert pigmenteket szraz vakolatra hordjk
fel.
Megjegyzs: A szerves ktanyagot ltal-
ban azon pigmentek esetn hasznljk, me-
lyek reaglnak a vakolatban lv msszel s
ezltal krosodnak (pl. auripigment, azurit, ci-
nber, lomfehr), illetve olyankor, ha a fresk
lnk tnusai helyett tltszatlansgot s egy
lgy fnyt szeretnnek klcsnzni a fest-
mnynek. A msz szekk feststechnikban a
pigmenteket mszvzzel vagy msztejjel ke-
verik, majd egy szraz vakolatra hordjk fel. A
pigmentek jobb tapadsa rdekben a vako-
latot fests eltt tiszta vzzel vagy mszvzzel
nedvestik.
Tves megnevezs: fresk szekk, mezzo fresk
falkp, pigment, msz, fresk, msztej nic datorit reaciilor chimice adverse ale unor
Pittura a secco
Definizione: In questa tecnica della pittura
murale, i pigmenti stemperati in un legante
organico o con acqua di calce o latte di calce,
vengono applicati su intonaco asciutto.
Commento: Di solito si usano leganti organici
per evitare reazioni chimiche con certi pig-
menti non resistenti al processo di carbonata-
zione, cio alla calce contenuta nellintonaco
(p. es. oripigmento, azzurrite, vermiglione,
biacca), oppure per ottenere effetti opachi o
poco lucidi, al posto dei colori brillanti e chiari
dellaffresco. Quando i pigmenti vengono mi-
scelati in acqua di calce o latte di calce e poi
applicati sullintonaco asciutto, si tratta di una
pittura a calce. Per favorire una migliore ade-
sione dei colori sul supporto, si pu bagnare
lintonaco con acqua semplice o acqua di calce
prima di iniziare a dipingere.
malta di calce/intonaco a calce, calce, af-
fresco latte di calce, pittura murale, pig-
mento
secco PL
Definicja: Technika malarstwa ciennego w
ktrej na suchy tynk nakadane s pigmenty
wymieszane ze spoiwem organicznym i / lub
wapnem.
ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
suRFACE DEsiGN
Komentarz: Spoiwa organiczne uywane s voque se suele mojar con agua limpia o agua
dla uniknicia niepodanych reakcji che- de cal antes de pintar.
micznych w kontakcie niektrych pigmentw No confundir con: fresco secco, mezzo fresco
z wapnem z tynku (np. aurypigment, azuryt,
cynober, biel oowiowa) lub dla uzyskania pintura mural, pigmento, revoque de cal,
kryjcego i mikkiego stonowania wietlis- cal, fresco, agua de cal, lechada de cal
tych tonw fresku. Jeli pigmenty s miesza-
ne z wod wapienn lub mlekiem wapien-
nym i nakadane na suchy tynk, technika na- Kuru fresko tR
zywana jest technik wapienn. Dla lepszej
przyczepnoci tynk przed malowaniem jest Tanm: Organik balayc ile kartrlan pig-
zwilany czyst wod lub wod wapienn. mentlerin ve/veya kirecin kuru svaya uygu-
Nie naley myli z: suchy fresk, p-fresk land duvar boyama teknii.
malowido cienne, pigment, wapno, Yorum: Bir organik balayc genellikle sva-
fresk, mleko wapienne daki kirele temas eden baz pigmentlerin (r:
orpiment, azurit, zincifre, beyaz kurun) kim-
yasal etkisine kar ya da ya da freskin parlak
A secco Ro tonlar yerine opak ve yumuak prlt elde et-
mek iin kullanlr. Pigmentler kire suyuyla ya
Definiie: O tehnic de pictur mural n care da style kartrlp kuru sva zerine uygu-
pigmenii amestecai cu un liant organic landnda bu teknik kireli kuru fresko boya-
i/sau cu var sunt aplicai pe o tencuial usca- ma olarak adlandrlr. Pigmentlerin daha iyi
t. tutmasn salamak iin boyamadan nce s-
va, temiz ya da kireli su ile nemlendirilmeli-
Adnotare: Este folosit de obicei un liant orga- dir.
Kartrmaynz: yar fresko
pigmeni n contact cu varul din tencuial (de
ex. auripigment, azurit, vermillon, alb de duvar resmi, pigment, kire, fresk, kire
it plumb), sau pentru a obine un luciu slab i st
opac n locul tonurilor luminoase ale picturii
a fresco. n cazul n care pigmenii sunt ames-
tecai cu ap de var sau lapte de var i aplicai BG
pe tencuiala uscat, aceast tehnic se nu-
mete pictur a secco cu var. Pentru a asigura : , -
o mai bun adeziune a pigmentului, tencuiala , -
este umectat cu ap curat sau cu ap de var / , -
nainte de pictare. .
A nu se confunda cu: fresco-secco, mezzo-fres-
co : -
-
pictur mural, pigment, var, a fresco,
ap de var, lapte de var (. -
, , , )
Pintura al seco Es . -
Definicin: Tcnica pictrica mural en la que ,
los pigmentos son mezclados con un ligante . -
orgnico y/o con cal y aplicados sobre un re-
voque seco. .
: ,
Comentario: Se usa normalmente un ligante
orgnico para evitar reacciones qumicas ad-
versas de ciertos pigmentos en contacto con c, , , ,
la cal (por ejemplo, azurita, bermelln, blanco .
de plomo) o para obtener tonos opacos y sua-
ves, en vez de los tonos luminosos del fresco.
Si los pigmentos se mezclan con agua de cal
o lechada de cal y son aplicados sobre revo-
que seco, se les llama pintura a la cal. Para ase-
gurar una mejor adhesin del pigmento, el re-
85
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
suRFACE DEsiGN
Fragmentary whitewash on damaged plaster layer, eyrekgiller House, Safranbolu (Turkey), 19th century; Photo: 2012, KBU (Aysun zkse)
Whitewash EN
Definition: A white surface coating for archi-
tectural surfaces.
Comment: Usually a mixture of slaked lime
and water, but chalk, gypsum or white clay are
also possible main components, sometimes
enhanced with an extra binder like casein, tal-
low or glue and white pigments or white
fillers. The texture of this coating is not neces-
sarily smooth; it is applied with a big brush
and is often used as an inexpensive paint or
as a ground coat for wall paintings. Depend-
ing on the regional climate it can be used as
interior and/or exterior paint. This term is of-
ten confused with limewash which is only
used for a material based on slaked lime. The
more generic term wash can also be applied
to slightly coloured paints.
Synonym: wash
Not to be confused with: limewash, slurry
ground
Badigeon FR
Dfinition: Couche blanche revtant les sur-
faces architecturales.
Commentaires: Fait gnralement dun m-
lange de chaux teinte et deau, mais aussi
Sources: Mortars 2011, 441, 612; Oxford Dictionary, 2010, 2025; Cameo: Whitewash (1.5.2014)
86
avec de la craie, du gypse ou de largile
blanche. Parfois amlior par un liant suppl-
mentaire (ex. casine, suif, colle) et des pig-
ments ou charges blanches. La texture de ce
revtement nest pas forcment lisse. Il est ap-
pliqu avec un gros pinceau et est souvent uti-
lis comme une peinture bon march, en in-
trieur ou extrieur selon le climat rgional ou
comme couche de fond pour les peintures
murales. En anglais, terme souvent confondu
avec le badigeon de chaux, utilis pour un ma-
triau base de chaux. En franais, on parle
plutt de badigeon, sans sparer le blanc du
color.
Ne pas confondre avec: base, lait de chaux,
blanc de chaux
prparation
tnche DE
Definition: Ein weier Anstrich fr Architek-
turoberflchen.
Kommentar: Meist eine Mischung aus
Sumpfkalk und Wasser, die man aber auch mit
Kreide, Gips oder weiem Ton herstellt.
Manchmal wird sie verbessert durch zustzli-
che Bindemittel, wie Kasein, Talg oder Leim,
und Weipigmente oder weie Fllstoffe. Tn-
che kann auch farbgebende Pigmente enthal-
ten. Ihre Struktur ist nicht notwendigerweise
glatt. Sie wird mit einem Quast aufgetragen
und oft als kostengnstige Farbe oder Grun-
dierung fr Wandmalerei benutzt. Je nach re-
gionalem Klima kann sie als Auen- und/oder
als Innenfarbe verwendet werden. Der Begriff
wird oft mit Kalktnche verwechselt, der nur
Materialien auf Sumpfkalkbasis bezeichnet.
Synonyme: tnchen, weien, kalken
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Kalktnche, An-
strich, Schlmme
Grundierung
Bijeli premaz HR
Definicija: Bijeli povrinski premaz za arhitek-
tonske povrine.
Napomena: Obino smjesa od gaenoga vap-
na i vode, no kao glavni sastojci mogui su i
kreda, gips ili bijela glina. Ponekad je pojaana
s dodatnim vezivom poput kazeina, loja ili tut-
kala te bijelih pigmenata ili bijelih punila. Tek-
stura nije nuno glatka; nanosi se velikom et-
kom i esto se upotrebljava kao jeftina boja ili
kao podloni premaz za zidne slike. Ovisno o
lokalnoj klimi, moe se rabiti kao unutarnja i/ili
vanjska boja. Taj se naziv esto mijea s vap-
nenim premazom koji se rabi jedino za mate-
rijale temeljene na gaenome vapnu. Openi-
to se naziv premaz moe primijeniti i na bla-
ge boje.
podloga

Meszels Hu
Meghatrozs: Egy fehr felleti bevonat
ptszeti felleteken.
Megjegyzs: ltalban oltott msz s vz ke-
verke, viszont lehetsges f sszetev a krta,
a gipsz vagy a fehr agyag is. Nha egy plusz
ktanyaggal erstett, ilyen a kazein, a faggy
vagy az enyv, s fehr pigmentekkel vagy fehr
tltanyagokkal javtjk hatst. Ennek a be-
vonatnak a textrja nem felttlenl sima; egy
nagy ecsettel hordjk fel s gyakran alkalmaz-
zk, mint egy olcs festket, vagy mint egy ala-
poz bevonatot falkpeknl. A regionlis g-
hajlattl fggen, hasznlhat, mint beltri
s/vagy kltri festk. Ezt a kifejezst gyakran
sszetvesztik a mszfestssel, amely csak egy
oltott msz alap anyagra hasznlt kifejezs. A
meszels ltalnos jelentse alkalmazhat
enyhn sznezett festkek esetben.
Tves megnevezs: mszvz, hg cementha-
barcs
alapoz
imbiancatura
Definizione: Imbiancare significa tingere di
bianco una superficie; si forma cos uno strato di
rivestimento che di solito non permanente.
Commento: La struttura di questo strato di ri-
vestimento non necessariamente liscia. Lim-
biancatura di solito applicata con una pen-
nellessa. Tradizionalmente eseguita con cal-
ce spenta (grassello). Simbiancano cos a bas-
so costo pareti interne. Per una pittura murale,
limbiancatura pu servire come strato di pre-
parazione. Imbiancatura il termine moderno
per scialbo o scialbatura, eseguiti per rivestire
una superficie con bianco di calce ma anche
per coprire pitture murali che non corrispon-
dono pi al gusto di un determinato periodo.
Unimbiancatura pu contenere cariche inerti,
p. es. sabbia fine.
Da non confondersi con: descialbo, descialba-
tura
preparazione, grassello di calce
Pobiaa PL
Definicja: Biaa powoka warstw architekto-
nicznych.
Komentarz: Zwykle mieszanina wapna ga-
szonego z wod, ale moe skada si te
gwnie z kredy, gipsu lub biaej glinki. Cza-
ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
suRFACE DEsiGN
sem wzbogacona dodatkiem spoiwa jak ka- En Espaa el encalado se hace generalmente
zeina, oju lub kleju i biaymi pigmentami lub con lechada de cal. La lechada de cal solo se
biaymi wypeniaczami. Faktura powoki nie utiliza para materiales a base de cal.
musi by gadka; jest nakadana duym pdz-
lem, czsto stosowana jako tania farba lub capa preparatoria
grunt pod malowida cienne. Zalenie od kli-
matu bywa stosowana na zewntrz i we wnt-
rzach. Termin ten czsto mylony jest z pobia Badana tR
wapienn, ale okrelenie to jest waciwe je-
dynie dla rodka opartego na wapnie. Popu- Tanm: Mimari yzeyler iin renklendirici pig-
larny termin pobielenie moe odnosi si mentler ierebilen genellikle beyaz yzey kap-
take do farb lekko zabarwionych. lamas.
Synonimy: pobiaka, pobielenie
Yorum: Genellikle snm kire ve su kar-
grunt mdr, ayn zamanda tebeir, alta veya be-
yaz kil muhtemel temel bileenlerdir. Bazen
kazein, donya, zamk, beyaz pigmentler veya
Zugrveal Ro beyaz dolgular gibi ekstra balayclarla zen-
ginletirilir. Genellikle bu kaplamann yaps
Definiie: Un strat alb de acoperire a suprafe- przsz olmak zorunda deildir; byk bir
elor arhitecturale. fra ile uygulanr ve sklkla ucuz i boyama ya
da duvar resimleri iin zemin olarak kullanlr.
Adnotare: De obicei, un amestec de var stins Bu terim genellikle kire badanas ile kartr-
i ap, ns pot fi folosite i creta, gipsul sau ar- lr. Boya tabakas ya da badana, daha ok yan
gila alb ca i componente principale. Uneori, terimdir, kire badanas ise sadece kire ile uy-
mbuntit cu un liant suplimentar precum gulanr.
cazein, seu sau clei i pigmeni albi sau ma- Kartrmaynz: kire badanas, sulu har
it teriale de umplutur de culoare alb.
Structura acestui strat nu este neaprat nete- yzey
d; este aplicat cu o pensul mare i este ade-
sea folosit drept culoare ieftin sau ca i
grund pentru picturile murale. n funcie de BG
climatul regional, poate fi aplicat att la inte-
rior ct i la exterior. Acest termen este adesea :
confundat cu vruiala (zugrveala cu var), ter- .
men folosit doar pentru materialul pe baz de
var stins. Termenul generic zugrveal poate : -
fi folosit i pentru materialul uor colorat. ,
A nu se confunda cu: vruial , -
. -
grund ,
.
.
Encalado Es ( -
, ..) -
Definicin: Recubrimiento, generalmente -
blanco, de superficies arquitectnicas. . -
Comentario: Sus componentes principales . -
contienen normalmente una mezcla de cal , -
apagada y agua, pero tambin pueden con- . -
tener yeso, calcita o arcilla blanca. A veces in-
cluye otros aglutinantes, como la casena, la .
cola o la grasa, y pigmentos blancos o carga : ,
blanca.
La textura de este recubrimiento no es nece-
sariamente lisa. Se aplica con brocha grande
o con rodillo y se utiliza a menudo como pin-
tura barata o como capa preparatoria de pin-
turas murales. Dependiendo del clima, puede
usarse como pintura interior o exterior.
87
 ART AND CRAFTTECHNIQUES

SURFACE DESIGN

Detail of textured tempera paint layer, Church of St. Lawrence, Poiega (Croatia), second half of 14th century; Photo: 2014, HRZ (lvan Srsa)

Tempera EN Peinture a tempera FR Tempera DE

Definition: A painting with a water-miscible
medium, pigments and organic binders.
Comment: Tempera originally referred to a
paste which combines whole egg or egg yolk
and pigments mixed with water (egg tem-
pera). After the water evaparates and the
bind er dries, a hard and waterproof film is
formed. Besides egg, tempera binders used in
wall paintings include casein, animal glue and
some plant gums in emulsions with oils. These
organic binders we re chosen depending on
the pigment and substrates onto which they
were tobe applied.
Nottobe confused with: distemper
~ pigment, ~ binder, ~ wa/1 paintings, ~ casein,
~glue
Definition: Peinture en solution aqueuse,
constituee de pigments et de liants orga-
niques.
Commentaires: Fait initialement reference a
une pate qui combine l'oeuf entier ou lejaune
d'oeuf et des pigments melanges a de l'eau
(tempera a l'oeuf). Apres l'evaporation de l'eau
et le sechage du liant, un film dur et etanche
est forme. Outre l'oeuf, Ies liants utilises pour
une peinture murale a tempera sont Ia caseine,
Ia colle animale et certaines gommes vege-
tales dansdes emulsions avec des huiles. Ces
liants organiques etaient choisis selon le pig-
ment et les substrats sur lesquels ils etaient
appliques.
Ne pas confondre avec: detrempe
Definition: Eine Malerei mit einem wasser-
mischbaren Medium, Pigmenten und organi-
schen Bindemitteln.
Kommentar: Ursprnglich bezieht sich Tem-
pera auf einen Leim aus einer Mischung aus
Ei oder Eigelb, Pigmenten und Wasser (Ei-Tem-
pera). Nach Verdunsten des Wassers und
Trocknen des Bindemittels entsteht ein was-
serfester, harter Film. Neben Ei werden in der
Wandmalerei weitere Tempera-Bindemittel
wie Kasein, tierische Leime und einige pflanz-
liche Gummen in lemulsionen verwendet.
Diese organischen Bindemittel werden je
nach Pigment und Maluntergrund, auf den sie
aufgetragen werden sollen, ausgewhlt.
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Leimfarbe

~ pigment, ~ /iant, ~ caseine, ~ col/e animale, ~Pigment, ~ Bindemittel, ~ Wandmalerei, ~ Ka-

~ peinture mura/e sein, ~ Leim

Sources: Vasa ri 1907, 22; Tho m pson 1956, 63/4, 71, 73; Laurie 1967, 178- 181; Mora et al. 1984, 13, 74, 76, 89, 131, 138, 142, 160, 327; Constabl e 1979, 63, 68;
Bottice ll i 1992, 30; Lock Eastlake 1847, 100-102; Merrif ield 2003, 34; Fuga 2006, 112; Cenn ini 2007, 78 (LXX II); Doherty, Wooll ett 2009, 74; Clarke 2010, 243/4;
Clarke 20 11 , 72

88
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

suRFACE DEsiGN

tempera HR pigmento, legante, caseina, colla, pit- mural se usan, adems de huevo, otros ligan-
tura murale tes como la casena, la cola animal y algunas
Definicija: Slikanje s vezivom koje se moe resinas vegetales en emulsiones con aceites.
mijeati s vodom, pigmentima i organskim ve- Estos ligantes orgnicos se eligen en funcin
zivima. tempera PL de los pigmentos y de los substratos sobre los
que se aplican.
Napomena: Tempera se izvorno odnosi na Definicja: Malowido zawierajce spoiwo En espaol se usa indistintamente temple o
pastu koju ini cijelo jaje ili umanjak i pig- mieszalne z wod, pigmenty i spoiwa orga- pintura al temple, independientemente del
menti pomijeani s vodom (jajana tempera). niczne. aglutinante con el que est hecho (cola, hue-
Nakon to voda ispari i vezivo se osui, formira vo, casena, etc.)
se tvrd vodootporan film. Osim jaja, veziva za Komentarz: Pocztkowo termin tempera od- Sinnimo: pintura al temple
temperu koja se upotrebljavaju u zidnim sli- noszono do mieszaniny caego jaja lub tka
kama su kazein, tutkalo i neke biljne gume u z pigmentami zmieszanymi z wod (tempera pigmento, ligante, pintura mural, case-
emulzijama s uljima. Ta organska veziva oda- jajowa). Po odparowaniu wody spoiwo wysy- na, cola
biru se ovisno o pigmentu i podlozi na koju se cha tworzc tward, wodoodporn powok.
trebaju nanijeti. Poza jajem, spoiwa temperowe uywane w
malarstwie ciennym to: kazeina, klej glutyno- tutkall resim tR
pigment, vezivo, zidno slikarstvo, kazein, wy i niektre gumy rolinne stosowane jako
tutkalo emulsje z olejami. Te organiczne spoiwa wy- Tanm: Suda znebilen maddeler, pigment-
bierano w zalenoci od rodzaju pigmentu i ler ve organik balayclarla oluan resim.
typu podoa na jakie byy nakadane.
tempera Hu Nie naley myli z: farba wodna Yorum: Aslnda tutkall resim, tm yumurtay
ya da yumurta sarsn ve suda znebilen
Meghatrozs: Vizes alap festkzeg, mely pigment, spoiwo, malowido cienne, ka- pigmentleri birletiren macun iin sylenir
pigmentekbl s szerves ktanyagokbl ll. zeina, klej (yumurtal tutkall resim). Su buharlatktan ve
balayc kuruduktan sonra sert ve su geir-
Megjegyzs: A tempera kifejezst eredetileg mez tabaka oluur. Yumurtann yan sra; ka-
egy pasztzus keverkre hasznltk, melyet Pictur n tempera Ro zein, hayvansal tutkal, yala emlsiyona ura-
egsz tojsbl vagy tojssrgbl, pigmen- yan baz am sakzlar, duvar resimlerinde kul-
tekbl s vzbl ksztettek (tojstempera). Mi- Definiie: O tehnic de pictur ce folosete un lanlan tutkall resim balayclarndandr. Bu
utn a vz elprolgott s a ktanyag megsz- mediu miscibil n ap, pigmeni i liani orga- organik balayclar, uygulanlmas gereken alt
radt, egy kemny s vzll film kpzdtt. A nici. katmanlara ve pigmentlere bal olarak sei-
tojson kvl, a falkpekhez hasznlt tempera lirler.
keverkek ktanyaga lehet kazein, llati enyv Adnotare: Original, tempera se referea la o Kartrmaynz: tutkall boya
s nvnyi mzga, olajokkal kpzett emulzi- past ce combina oul ntreg sau glbenuul
knt. A szerves ktanyagokat annak fggv- de ou i pigmeni amestecai cu ap (temper pigment, balayc, duvar resimleri, ka-
nyben vlasztottk ki, hogy milyen pigmen- cu ou). Dup evaporarea apei i uscarea lian- zein, tutkal
teket hasznltak s milyen hordozra kerlt tului, se formeaz o pelicul dur i rezistent
fel a keverk. la ap. n afara oului, lianii tempera utilizai n
Tves megnevezs: distemper picturile murale sunt cazeina, cleiul animal i BG
unele gume vegetale n emulsii cu uleiuri.
pigment, ktanyag, falkp, kazein, enyv Aceti liani organici au fost alei n funcie de : , -
pigment i de substraturile pe care urmau s
fie aplicai. .
Pittura a tempera it A nu se confunda cu: distempera
:
Definizione: Tecnica pittorica nella quale i pigment, liant, pictur mural, cazein, -
pigmenti sono miscelati con leganti organici clei ( ). -
acquosi.
.
Commento: In origine, con il termine si inten- temple Es , -
de un impasto fatto con uovo intero o giallo ,
duovo stemperati in acqua insieme ai pig- Definicin: Pintura realizada con pigmentos ()
menti (tempera alluovo). Quando lo strato mezclados con un ligante orgnico miscible . -
pittorico si essiccato, forma una pellicola en agua.
compatta resistente allacqua. Per la pittura a , .
tempera sul muro, si usano anche altri leganti, Comentario: Originalmente se refera a una :
p. es. caseina, colle animali o gomme vegetali pasta de huevo entero o yema de huevo y pig-
emulsionati con olii. La scelta del legante or- mentos mezclada con agua (temple de hue- , , , -
ganico dipende dal pigmento e dal supporto vo). Tras el evaporado del agua y el secado del ,
utilizzato per la pittura. ligante, se forma una pelcula dura que, con el
tiempo, se hace resistente al agua. En pintura

89
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
suRFACE DEsiGN
Pentimento in an area on the childs back, Chapel of St. Helen, enkovec (Croatia), late 14th century; Photo: 2014,
HRZ (Katarina Gavrilica)
Pentimento EN
Definition: Correction of the painting done
by the artist himself.
Comment: Painting alterations (visible within
the painting) are sometimes the result of a
correction (change of particular motif, e.g. the
position of a hand), but they may also be the
result of a phase during the execution when
the artists finished and refined their work.
Artists did not always try to hide an after-
thought (pentimento) and correction. The
modification of certain parts of a painting
were mostly done based on the authors own
judgement, but they could also be the result
of a customers request.
Sources: Laurie 1967, 109; Constable 1979, 97; Mora et al. 1984, 86, 121; Lock Eastlake 1847, 165, 238, 258/9; Botticelli 2008, 32; Doherty, Woollett 2009, 55;
Clarke 2010, 188
90
Repentir
Dfinition: Correction dune peinture faite
par lartiste lui-mme.
Commentaires: Les repentirs visibles dans les
peintures sont parfois le rsultat dune modi-
fication (changement particulier de motif, par
exemple la position dune main), mais peu-
vent aussi tre excuts alors que le travail est
bien avanc. Les artistes nessayaient pas tou-
jours de cacher leur changement davis. La
modification de parties dune peinture tait le
plus souvent faite selon lapprciation propre
de lauteur, mais aussi pour rpondre la de-
mande dun client.
Les repentirs laissent une trace fantme et
peuvent influencer le relief de la peinture ou
son rseau de craquelures.
FR Pentimento DE
Definition: Vom Knstler selbst ausgefhrte
Korrektur an der Malerei.
Kommentar: Sichtbare nderungen an einer
Malerei sind manchmal Korrekturen (Vern-
derung eines Teils des Motives, z.B. die Hal-
tung einer Hand), aber auch das Ergebnis von
Verfeinerungen whrend der Vollendungs-
phase des Werks. Knstler haben nicht immer
versucht, nachtrgliche Vernderungen und
Korrekturen zu verbergen: Die Vernderungen
einzelner Bildpartien sind meistens aufgrund
der eigenen Auffassung des Knstlers ge-
macht worden, knnen aber auch Folge eines
Kundenwunsches sein.
Synonyme: Korrekturen, Reuestriche
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

suRFACE DEsiGN

Pentimento HR Pentimento PL Dzeltme tR

Definicija: Ispravak na slici koji je napravio au- Definicja: Korekta na malowidle wykonana Tanm: Resimde ressamn kendisi tarafndan
tor. przez samego malarza. yaplan dzeltmeler.

Napomena: Promjene na slici (vidljive unutar
slike) katkad su rezultat korekcije (promjena
odreenoga motiva, npr. poloaja ruke), ali ta-
koer mogu biti i rezultat faze tijekom izvedbe
u kojoj umjetnici zavravaju i proiuju svoj
rad. Umjetnici nisu uvijek nastojali sakriti vla-
stito pokajanje (pentimento) i ispravak. Izmje-
ne pojedinih dijelova slike mogao je obaviti
autor, uglavnom na osnovi vlastite procijene,
ali su takoer mogle uslijediti na zahtjev na-
ruitelja.
Komentarz: Zmiany na malowidle (widoczne
w obrbie kompozycji) czasem s skutkiem
poprawki (zmiana poszczeglnego motywu,
np. ukadu rki), mog by wykonane podczas
pracy, ale take i w fazie gdy autor poprawia
swoje dzieo ju po jego ukoczeniu. Artysta
nie zawsze stara si ukry zmian zamiaru
(pentimento) i korekt. Modyfikacja niekt-
rych partii malowida moga wypywa z in-
tencji autora, ale moga te by wykonana na
yczenie zamawiajcego.
Yorum: Resimdeki grlebilen deiiklikler
bazen dzeltmenin (zel bir motif deiimi,
rnein: elin pozisyonu) bir sonucu ya da res-
samn eserini bitirip rtu yapt zamanki aa-
mann bir sonucu da olabilir. Ressam her za-
man sonradan aklna gelen dnceyi (penti-
mento) ve dzeltmeyi saklamaya almazd.
Resmin baz blmlerinin dzeltilmesi oun-
lukla eser sahibinin kendi karar ya da ayn za-
manda eser sahibinin istei dorultusunda da
gerekleebilirdi.
E anlam: rtu

Pentimento Hu Pentimento Ro BG

Meghatrozs: Olyan kiigazts a festm- Definiie: Corectur a unei picturi realizat de : , -

nyen, melyet maga az eredeti festmvsz ctre artistul nsui. .
hajtott vgre.
Adnotare: Alterrile vizibile ntr-o pictur :
Megjegyzs: A festmnyen lthat korrekci- sunt uneori rezultatul unei corecturi (schim- ( )
k olykor a festsi szndk vltozsnak ered- barea unui anumit motiv, de exemplu, poziia ( ,
mnyei (bizonyos rszletek megvltoztatsa, unei mini), dar pot fi, de asemenea, rezultatul ),
pldul egy kz helyzete), de trtnhettek a unei etape n timpul execuiei, cnd artitii -
kivitelezs ksbbi fzisa sorn is, amikor a i-au finalizat i rafinat opera. Artitii nu au n- , -
mvsz a mr elkszlt munkjt finomtotta. cercat ntotdeauna s-i ascund rzgndi- .
A mvszek nem prbltk mindenkor ken- rea (pentimento) i coreciile. Modificarea
dzni festsi szndkuk vltozsait s az ut- unor pri ale unei picturi se realiza mai ales () .
lagos korrekcikat. A festmny egyes rsze- din propria hotrre a autorului, ns aceast
inek mdostst a fest leginkbb sajt meg- decizie putea fi cerut i de ctre client. ,
fontolsbl kvette el, de trtnhetett a v- .
srl ignyeibl addan is.

Pentimento it Arrepentimiento Es

Definizione: Cambiamento apportato dallar- Definicin: Correccin en una pintura reali-

tista allopera nel corso dellesecuzione zada por el propio artista.

Commento: Alterazioni visibili nella pittura Comentario: Las alteraciones visibles en la

possono essere il risultato di un tale cambia-
mento riguardante p. es. un particolare moti-
vo come la posizione della mano di una figura.
Questo pu avvenire durante lesecuzione del-
la pittura o in una successiva fase di rifinitura.
Talvolta gli artisti non hanno neppure cercato
di nascondere questi pentimenti, dovuti so-
prattutto a motivi artistici, ma in certi casi an-
che alle richieste del committente.
pintura pueden ser el resultado de una correc-
cin (cambio de un motivo particular, por
ejemplo, la posicin de una mano), pero tam-
bin se pueden haber realizado durante el
proceso de ejecucin, cuando el artista, fina-
lizaba y refinaba su trabajo. Los artistas no
siempre trataban de ocultar el cambio y la co-
rreccin. La modificacin de ciertas partes de
una pintura pueden haber sido hechas por de-
cisin propia del autor, en su mayora, pero
tambin por una peticin del cliente.

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Modelled gloriole, Chapel of St. Helen, enkovec (Croatia), late 14th century; Photo: 1993, HRZ (Ivan Sra)

Relief EN Dcors en relief FR Relief DE

Definition: A sculptural technique which cre-
ates high, mid or low projections from a flat
surface or excavated forms below a surface.
Comment: On wall paintings, reliefs were ex-
ecuted as slight protrusions or pressed in the
fresh lime plaster by means of a mould. They
were used to form halos, crowns, harnesses,
pressed ornaments, etc. Halos, for example,
were made by means of a trowel, and the rays
created by an incision using a wooden stick
(as explained by Cennini) or by embossing the
mould. Soft and low reliefs were modelled
with a paste of gypsum and glue (pastiglia),
which was often coloured and gilded.
wall painting, gypsum, glue
Dfinition: Technique sculpturale qui cre
des saillies plus ou moins prononces, en
creux ou en relief.
Commentaires: Sur des peintures murales, les
reliefs taient excuts en lgres saillies ou
presss dans lenduit de chaux frais au moyen
dun moule. Ils ont t utiliss pour former des
auroles, des couronnes, des harnais, des or-
nements presss, etc. Les auroles, par exem-
ple, taient faites laide dune truelle et les
rayons par une incision laide dun bton de
bois (comme expliqu par Cennini) ou par le
gaufrage du moule. Les reliefs mous et faibles
ont t models avec une pte de gypse et de
colle (pastiglia), souvent colore et dore.
gypse, colle animale, peinture murale
Definition: Eine plastische Technik, mit der
hohe, mittlere oder niedrige Strukturen aus ei-
ner ebenen Flche heraus geformt werden
oder in die Oberflche versenkte Strukturen
eingetieft werden.
Kommentar: An Wandmalereien werden Re-
liefs als leichte Vorsprnge ausgefhrt oder
mit einem Model in den frischen Kalkputz ge-
presst. Sie werden bei der Herstellung von
Nimben, Kronen, Geschirren, gepressten Or-
namenten u.a. eingesetzt. Strahlenkrnze
wurden laut Cennini z.B. mit Hilfe einer Kelle
gezogen und die Strahlen mit einem Holzstab
eingeschnitten oder durch Prgen der Form
hergestellt. Weiche und flache Reliefs werden
aus einer Paste aus Gips und Leim (Pastiglia)
modelliert, hufig gefasst und vergoldet.

Wandmalerei, Kalkmrtel, Gips, Leim

Sources: Vasari 1907, 170/1; Thompson 1956, 223; Mora et al. 1984, 144 ; Curl 2006, 631; Cennini 2007, 92, 103, 107109, 115/6; Danti 2008, 8; Doherty, Woollett
2009, 54; Clarke 2010, 156, 162, 185, 211; Clarke 2011, 25, 31; Mortars 2011, 105, 605

92

Reljef HR
Definicija: Kiparska tehnika koja stvara viso-
ke, srednje ili niske projekcije iz ravne povrine
ili niske forme ispod povrine.
Napomena: Na zidnim slikama reljefi su izve-
deni kao blago izboeni ili s pomou kalupa
utisnuti u svjeu vapnenu buku. Upotreblja-
vaju se za formiranje aureola, kruna, remenja,
utisnutih ornamenata itd. Primjerice, aureole
su pravljene zidarskom licom, a zrake urezi-
vanjem s pomou drvenoga tapia (kao to
je to objasnio Cennini) ili utiskivanjem kalupa.
Blagi i niski reljefi modelirani su pastom od
gipsa i tutkala (pastiglia) i esto su obojeni i
pozlaeni.
zidno slikarstvo, gips, tutkalo
Domborm Hu
Meghatrozs: Egy szobrszati technika,
mellyel magas, kzepes vagy alacsony dom-
borulatokat hoznak ltre egy sk felleten,
vagy egy sllyesztett (negatv) formt alakta-
nak ki egy fellet skja alatt.
Megjegyzs: A falkpeken lthat dombor-
mves dekorcikat enyhn kiemeltk a fal
skjbl, vagy formk segtsgvel nyomtk
be a friss mszvakolatba. Glrik, koronk, he-
vederek, benyomott dszek, stb. kialaktsra
hasznltk. A dicsfnyeket, pldul, vakolka-
nl segtsgvel ksztettk, a sugarakat pedig Definiie: O tehnic sculptural prin care se
plca segtsgvel karcoltk be (Cennini ler- realizeaz elemente plastice reliefate (nalte,
sai szerint) vagy formk segtsgvel nyomtk
be. A lgy s alacsony dombormves dekor-
cikat egy olyan masszbl mintztk, mely
gipszet s enyvet tartalmazott (pastiglia),
gyakran szneztk s aranyoztk.
Szinonima: relief
falkp, gipsz, enyv
Decorazione a rilievo it
Definizione: Una tecnica scultorea che trami-
te aggiunta o riduzione di materia crea ele-
menti plastici a livelli pi elevati o pi bassi ri-
spetto alla superficie data.
Commento: Nella pittura murale, un altorilie-
vo ottenuto con lapplicazione di materiale,
di solito la stessa malta dellintonaco; un bas-
sorilievo tramite limpressione di stampi o si-
mili nellintonaco ancora fresco. Con la deco-
razione a rilievo, si eseguono aureole, corone
e altre rifiniture ornamentali. Per lincisione di
ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
suRFACE DEsiGN
linee si usano bastoncini di legno (citati da Comentario: Sobre las pinturas murales, los
Cennini) o stampi. Per gli elementi a rilievo si relieves son ejecutados como pequeas pro-
usa anche un impasto di gesso e colla, detto tuberancias o presionando con un molde so-
pastiglia, che poi viene dipinto e anche dora- bre el revoque de cal fresco. Se usan para dar
to. forma a los halos, coronas, arneses, ornamen-
tos embutidos, etc. Los halos, por ejemplo, se
malta di calce/intonaco a calce, gesso, col- hacen con una paleta, y los rayos mediante
la, pittura murale una incisin con un palillo de madera (tal y co-
mo explica Cennini) o repujando el molde. Los
bajorrelieves son modelados con una pasta de
Relief PL yeso y cola (pastillaje), y a menudo coloreados
y dorados.
Definicja: Technika rzebiarska polegajca na Sinnimo: pastillaje
tworzeniu wyszych, rednich lub nieznacz-
nych wyniesie na paskiej powierzchni, albo pintura mural, revoque de cal, yeso, cola
w formie nieznacznych zagbie poniej po-
wierzchni.
Rlyef tR
Komentarz: W malarstwie ciennym reliefy
wykonywano jako niewielkie wypukoci, albo Tanm: Dz bir yzeyden ya da yzeyin altn-
formy wycinite w wieym tynku wapien- da alak bir oluumdan yksek, orta ve alak
nym. Stosowano je by formowa aureole, ko- kntlar yaratan yontu teknii.
rony, uprze, wyciskane ornamenty, itp. Nim-
by na przykad wykonywano przy uyciu kielni, Yorum: Duvar resimlerindeki kabartmalar, ha-
a promienie opracowywano poprzez wyciska- fif kntlar ya da kalp araclyla taze kire s-
nie drewnianym patykiem (jak pisze Cennini) vasnda sktrlm olarak oluturulur. Hale,
albo jako ozdobne odlewy. agodne i niskie re- ta, kemer, bask ss vb. ekiller elde etmek
liefy modelowano w pacie z gipsu z klejem iin kullanlr. rnein, hale, mala kullanlarak
(pastiglia), czsto byy te barwione i zocone. yaplr ve izler ahap bir sopa (Cennini) ile ya
da kalp kabartmas ile oluturulur. Yumuak
malowido cienne, gips, klej ve alak kabartmalar, al macunu ve sklkla
renklendirilip sslenen tutkal (pastiglia) ile e-
killendirilir.
Decoraii n relief Ro E anlam: kabartma
duvar resmi, al ta, tutkal
medii sau joase) dintr-o suprafa plat, prin
adugarea sau eliminarea de material. BG
Adnotare: Pe picturile murale, reliefurile au : ,
fost executate ca uoare protuberane sau im- , -
primate n tencuiala de var proaspt cu aju-
torul unei matrie. Acestea au fost utilizate .
pentru a realiza aureole, coroane, fascicule, or-
namente presate, etc. Aureolele de exemplu, :
au fost realizate cu ajutorul mistriei, iar razele
au fost realizate prin incizii folosind un b de -
lemn (aa cum este explicat de Cennini) sau .
prin tanare cu o matri. Reliefurile au fost , , , .
modelate cu o past din gips i clei (pastiglia), . , -
fiind adesea colorate i aurite.
( )
pictur mural, gips, clei .
(pastiglia)
Relieve Es .
Definicin: Tcnica escultrica que genera re- c, ,
lieves altos, medios o bajos por encima o por
debajo de una superficie.
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Application of gilding, Church of The Holy Spirit, Ferianci (Croatia), 19th century; Photo: 2003, HRZ (Miro Usenik)

Decorative application EN ornements rapports FR Dekorative Applikationen DE

Definition: Decoration and embellishing of
wall paintings with the use of various materi-
als (glass, stone fragments, metal foils, etc.),
applied after completion.
Comment: Metals are usually applied to halos
and other details (e.g. armour, lances, harness-
es, etc.). Gold is the main metal used (restrict-
ed to halos and some decorative details);
whereas silver, which gradually darkens, is on-
ly occasionally used. To decorate large sur-
faces, tin leaf is often used to imitate gold or
as a base for gold leaf. Gold is applied to walls
with oil binders (mordente); these are in effect
oil varnishes containing some pigment.
wall painting, binder
Dfinition: Dcoration et embellissement des
peintures murales avec lutilisation de mat-
riaux varis (verre, fragments de pierre, feuilles
mtalliques...) appliqus aprs leur achve-
ment.
Commentaires: Des mtaux sont gnrale-
ment employs pour les auroles et pour cer-
tains dtails (ex. armes, lances, hallebardes).
Lor est le principal mtal utilis, tandis que
largent, qui sassombrit graduellement est
utilis occasionnellement. La feuille dtain est
souvent utilise pour imiter lor ou comme
base de feuille dor, pour dcorer de larges sur-
faces. Lor est appliqu sur des murs avec des
liants lhuile (mixtion), laquelle est alors cuite
avec des sels mtalliques.
liant, peinture murale
Definition: Dekorieren und Verzieren von
Wandmalereien nach deren Fertigstellung mit
unterschiedlichen Materialien (Glas, Steinfrag-
menten, Blattmetall etc.).
Kommentar: Metalle werden hufig auf Nim-
ben und anderen Details (z.B. Rstungen, Lan-
zen, Grtel etc.) appliziert. Das am hufigsten
verwendete Metall ist Gold (beschrnkt auf
Gloriolen und einige dekorative Details), wh-
rend man Silber, das nach und nach verdun-
kelt, weniger nutzt. Fr die Verzierung groer
Flchen wird oft Blattzinn als Goldimitat oder
als Untergrund fr Blattgold appliziert. Mit
Bindemittel auf Wandmalereien aufgetrage-
nes Gold (Mordent-Technik) ist in Wirklichkeit
ein flirnis mit etwas Pigment.
Synonym: Applikationen
Wandmalerei, Bindemittel

Sources: Thompson 1956, 210, 227/8; Constable 1979, 7476; Mora et al.1984, 115, 123/4, 127, 129, 144; Botticelli 1992, 32; Lock Eastlake 1847, 20; Cennini
2007, 89 (XCVXCVI), 91/2 (CCII), 127/8 (CLI); Botticelli 2008, 15; Clarke 2010, 108, 185; Clarke 2011, 145; Matuli 2012, 118

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Nanoenje ukrasa HR pi grandi, ad imitazione delloro si usava lo Comentario: Los metales se aplican habitual-
stagno (talvolta anche come supporto della mente en los halos y en otros detalles (por ej.
Definicija: Ukraavanje i uljepavanje zidnih foglia doro). La foglia di metallo si applica sul armaduras, lanzas, arneses, etc.). El oro es el
slika nakon njihova dovrenja s pomou razli- muro con un mordente (adesivo costituito da principal metal empleado (destinado nica-
itih materijala (stakla, kamenih ulomaka, me- una miscela oleo resinosa con addizione di mente a los halos y a algunos detalles decora-
talne folije itd.). pigmenti siccativi). tivos), mientras la plata, que se oscurece gra-
dualmente, se usa solo ocasionalmente. Para
Napomena: Metali se obino stavljaju na au- pittura murale, legante decorar grandes superficies se utiliza en mu-
reole i druge detalje (npr. oklope, koplja, po- chas ocasiones el latn para imitar el oro o
jasove itd.). Zlato je metal koji se najee upo- bien como una base para la lmina dorada. El
trebljava (ogranien na aureole i neke deko- ozdobne aplikacje PL oro se aplica a los muros con aglutinantes ole-
rativne detalje); dok se srebro, koje postupno osos (mordiente), barnices oleosos con algn
tamni, rabi samo povremeno. Listovi kositra Definicja: Dekorowanie i zdobienie malowi- pigmento.
upotrebljavaju se za dekoriranje veih povri- de ciennych z wykorzystaniem rozmaitych
na, oponaajui zlato ili kao baza za zlatne li- materiaw (szka, fragmentw kamiennych, pintura mural, ligante
stie. Zlato se aplicira na zidove s uljnim vezi- folii metalowych, itp.), nakadanych po ich
vima (mordent), odnosno uljnim lakovima koji ukoczeniu.
sadravaju neki pigment. ssleme tR
Komentarz: Metale s zwykle nakadane na
zidno slikarstvo, vezivo nimby i inne detale (np. zbroje, lance, uprze Tanm: Duvar resminin tamamlandktan sonra
itp.). Gwnie uywa si zota (ograniczonego eitli malzemeler (cam, ta paralar, metal
do nimbw i niektrych detali dekoracyjnych); levha gibi) kullanlarak resmin sslenip dekore
Dekoratv rttek/Applikcik Hu srebro, ktre z czasem ciemnieje, uywane jest edilmesidir.
rzadko. Do dekoracji wikszych powierzchni
Meghatrozs: Falkpek dsztse, kestse uywa si patkw cynowych jako imitacji zo- Yorum: Metaller genellikle halelere ve dier
klnbz anyagok segtsgvel (veg, kt- ta lub te jako podoa dla patkw zota. Zoto detaylara (zrh, mzrak, kay gibi) uygulanr.
redkek, fmflik, stb.), melyeket a falkp el- nakada si na spoiwo olejne, (wytraw / mor- Yava yava kararan gm nadiren kullanlr-
ksztse utn alkalmaztak. dant), ktre jest rodzajem olejnego werniksu ken altn, kullanlan ana metaldir (haleler ve
zawierajcego nieco pigmentu. baz dekoratif detaylarla snrl). Geni yzey-
Megjegyzs: Fmeket ltalban glrik s leri dekore etmede altn taklit etmek ya da al-
egyb rszletek (pl. pncl, lndzsa, hmok, malowido cienne, spoiwo tn folyo iin bir zemin salamak iin kalay fol-
stb.) esetben alkalmaztak. Az arany volt a le- yo sklkla kullanlr. Altn, baz pigmentleri ie-
ginkbb hasznlt fm (kizrlag glrikra s ren ya cilas olan ya balayclar (mordente)
nhny dekoratv rszletre), mg az ezstt, Aplicaii decorative Ro ile duvarlara uygulanr.
mely fokozatosan elsttl, csak alkalomsze-
ren hasznltk. Nagy felletek dsztsnl Definiie: Decorarea i nfrumusearea pictu- duvar resmi, balayc
gyakran nflit alkalmaztak az arany utnz- rilor murale prin utilizarea unor materiale di-
sa cljbl vagy az aranyozs alapjaknt. Az verse (sticl, fragmente de piatr, folii metali-
aranyfstt olajos ktanyagokkal vittk fel a ce, etc.), aplicate dup finalizarea acestora. BG
falakra (mordent, mixtion), ezek valjban olaj
vdbevonatok voltak, nmi pigment tarta- Adnotare: Metalele sunt de obicei aplicate pe :
lommal. aureole i pe alte detalii (de exemplu, armuri, (,
lnci, hamuri, etc.). Aurul este principalul me- , .),
falkp, ktanyag tal utilizat (limitat la aureole i unele detalii de- .
corative); argintul se nnegrete treptat i este
folosit doar ocazional. Pentru a decora supra- : -
Decorazione applicata it fee mari, sunt adesea folosite foie de staniu ,
pentru imitarea aurului sau ca baz pentru foi- , .
Definizione: Si decorano e abelliscono pitture a de aur. Aurul este aplicat pe perei cu liani (- -
murali con vari materiali (pezzi di vetro o fram- de ulei (mordani), acetia fiind de fapt ver- ). ,
menti di pietra, lamine metalliche ecc.); questi niuri de ulei cu coninut de pigment. , .
si applicano quando la pittura gi ultimata. -
pictur mural, liant
Commento: Si applicano lamine metalliche di .
vari spessori (fino a foglie sottilissime) p. es. (),
sulle aureole o altri elementi (corazze, lance Aplicaciones decorativas Es ,
ecc.). Particolarmente in uso erano le lamine .
doro o dorate (limitate alle aureole e a vari ele- Definicin: Decoracin y embellecimiento de
menti decorativi), mentre le lamine in argento pinturas murales, una vez terminadas, a travs c,
che si scuriscono nel corso del tempo, erano del uso de varios materiales (vidrio, fragmen-
poco usate. Per dorare superfici di dimensioni tos de piedra, lminas metlicas, etc.).

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Materials for encaustic painting, in a warm water bath to keep the mixture of pigments, molten wax and resin liquid; Photo: 2010, Joe Mabel via Wikimedia Commons

Encaustic EN Encaustique FR Enkaustik DE

Definition: Painting technique using a heated
mixture of pigments, molten wax and resin.
Comment: Can be confused with polished or
glossy wall painting (lustro) which was simply
smeared with a mixture of wax and oil. Con-
servation treatments using wax on a wall
painting can easily be mistaken for encaustic
or the polishing technique.
Not to be confused with: true encaustic
pigment, wax, wall painting, drying oil
Dfinition: Technique picturale utilisant un
mlange chauff de pigments, de cire fondue
et de rsine.
Commentaires: Peut tre confondue avec
une peinture murale polie ou brillante (lustro)
qui tait simplement recouverte avec une m-
lange de cire et dhuile. Des traitements de
conservation utilisant la cire sur une peinture
murale peuvent facilement tre confondus
avec de lencaustique ou une technique de
polissage.
Ne pas confondre avec: vraie encaustique
pigment, cire, huile siccative, peinture
murale
Definition: Eine Maltechnik, in der ein erhitz-
tes Gemisch aus Pigmenten, flssigem Wachs
und Harz verwendet wird.
Kommentar: Enkaustik kann mit polierter
oder glnzender Wandmalerei verwechselt
werden (Lustro), die mit einer Mischung aus
Wachs und l berzogen wurde. Mit Wachs
ausgefhrte konservatorische Manahmen
knnen irrtmlicherweise fr Enkaustik oder
Poliertechnik gehalten werden.
Pigment, Wachs, Wandmalerei, trock-
nendes lPaints

Sources: Constable 1979, 3840; Mora et al. 1984, 13, 74, 7880, 85, 94, 96, 100, 158, 295; Knoepfli, Emmenegger 1990, 25; Botticelli 1992, 31; Vitruvius 1999,
151; Lock Eastlake 1847, 45, 144; Fuga 2006, 97; Curl 2006, 263; Doherty, Woollett 2009, 31; Clarke 2010, 90/1; Matuli 2012, 37/8; Plinius Secundus (XXI, chap.
49)

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Enkaustika HR Enkaustyka PL Balmumu resim tR

Definicija: Tehnika slikanja koja upotrebljava
zagrijanu mjeavinu pigmenata, topljenoga
voska i smole.
Napomena: Moe se pomijeati s poliranom
ili sjajnom zidnom slikom (lustro) koja je jed-
nostavno premazana mjeavinom voska i ulja.
Restauratorski postupci koji upotrebljavaju
vosak na zidnoj slici lako se mogu zamijeniti
za enkaustiku ili tehniku poliranja.
pigment, vosak, zidno slikarstvo, ulje
Definicja: Technika malarska w ktrej stosuje
si podgrzan mieszanin pigmentw, stopio-
nego wosku i ywicy.
Komentarz: Moe by mylona z polerowa-
nym lub lnicym malowidem ciennym (lu-
stro), ktre byo pokryte mieszanin wosku i
oleju. Zastosowanie do konserwacji wosku na
malowidle ciennym atwo pomyli z enkau-
styk i technik polerowania.
pigment, wosk, malowido cienne, olej Kartrmaynz: gerek balmumu
Tanm: Pigmentler, erimi mum ve reinelerin
stlm karmlarn kullanan resim teknii.
Yorum: Balmumu teknii, bazen lustro ad ve-
rilen mum ve ya karm ile kolayca srlen
cilalanm ve parlak yzeyli duvar resmi ile ka-
rtrlabilir. Duvar resminde konservasyon uy-
gulamalarnda wax kullanlmasnn balmumu
tekniinden dolay m yoksa resmin parlatl-
mas amacyla m kullanld konusunda ya-
nlgya dlmektedir.

pigment, mum, duvar resmi, ya

Enkausztika / Viaszfests Hu Encaustic Ro BG

Meghatrozs: Festszeti technika, melyhez Definiie: Tehnic de pictur n care se folo- : , -

pigmentek, olvasztott viasz s gyanta meleg- sete un amestec nclzit de pigmeni, cear ,
tett keverkt hasznljk. topit i rin. .

Megjegyzs: sszetveszthet a polrozott Adnotare: Poate fi confundat cu pictura mu- : -

vagy fnyes falkpekkel (lustro), melyeket
egyszeren viasz s olaj keverkvel kentek
t. A falkpek restaurlshoz hasznlt viasz
knnyen vlhet, tvesen, enkausztiknak
vagy a fnyezsnek.
pigment, viasz, falkp, olaj
ral lustruit sau lucioas (lustro) care a fost (),
pur i simplu tratat cu un amestec de cear
i ulei. Tratamentele de conservare ce utilizea- . -
z ceara pe o pictur mural pot fi uor con-
fundate cu encaustica sau cu o tehnic de lu-
struire. .
: -
pigment, cear, pictur mural, ulei

, , ,
Encausto it Encustica Es

Definizione: Tecnica pittorica che si serve del- Definicin: Tcnica de pintura en la que se
la cera come legante, sia a caldo sia a freddo, usa una mezcla (generalmente en caliente) de
mescolata con i pigmenti e anche con resine. pigmentos, cera fundida y resina.

Commento: Lencausto pu essere confuso Comentario: Puede ser confundida con la

con la tecnica di lustrare o lucidare pitture mu-
rali tramite lapplicazione di una miscela di ce-
ra e olii. Talvolta anche per la conservazione
delle pitture murali stata applicata la cera
sulla superficie; queste tecniche di conserva-
zione si confondono facilmente con lencausto
o la lucidatura.
cera, pigmento, pittura murale, olio sic- tivo a otras tcnicas)
cativo
pintura mural pulida o brillante (lustro), que
era simplemente bruida con una mezcla de
cera y aceite. Los tratamientos de conserva-
cin que emplean cera sobre una pintura mu-
ral pueden ser fcilmente confundidos con la
tcnica de la encustica o la del pulido.
No confundir con: cera pnica (cera saponifi-
cada soluble en agua que se aada como adi-
pigmento, cera, pintura mural, leo

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Detail of wall painting with glossy surface, Opatika 10 Palace, Zagreb (Croatia), ca. 1890; Photo: 2015, HRZ (Katarina Gavrilica)

oil painting EN Peinture lhuile FR lmalerei DE

Definition: A technique which uses pigments Dfinition: Technique qui utilise des pig- Definition: Eine Maltechnik, fr die Pigmente,
mixed with drying oils (e.g. linseed or walnut ments mlangs des huiles siccatives (ex. vermischt mit trocknenden len (z.B. Leinl
oil), sometimes with the addition of resin and huile de lin ou de noix) quelquefois en ajou- oder Walnul), verwendet werden, die
siccative. tant de la rsine et un siccatif. manchmal mit Harz und Sikkativ versetzt sind.

Comment: Before painting, a plaster surface
is saturated. In the past, plaster was treated
with several coats of boiled oil and boiled
resin solution until they were no longer ab-
sorbed. After drying, the surface was covered
with a priming layer (e.g. a coat of lead white
and oil, or coat of lead white, lead-tin yellow
and refractory clay; or just a coat of earth pig-
ments). Painting followed when the priming
layer had dried.
pigment, drying oil, plaster, varnish,
clay, binder
Commentaires: Avant de peindre, la surface
denduit est sature. Par le pass, lenduit tait
trait avec quelques couches de solution
dhuile ou de rsine bouillie jusqu ce quil ny
ait plus dabsorption. Aprs le schage, la sur-
face tait traite avec une couche de prpara-
tion (ex. couche de blanc de plomb et dhuile
ou de blanc de plomb ou de jaune de plomb-
tain et dargile rfractaire ou dun jus de
terres). La peinture suivait le schage de la
couche de prparation.
pigment, huile siccative, enduit, vernis,
argile, liant
Kommentar: Vor der Bemalung wird die Putz-
oberflche gesttigt: In der Vergangenheit
wurde der Putz so lange mit mehreren Schich-
ten erhitzten ls und erhitzter Harzlsungen
behandelt, bis nichts mehr aufgesogen wur-
de. Nach der Trocknung wurde die Oberflche
mit einem Haftgrund berzogen (z.B. einer
Schicht aus Bleiwei und l oder einer aus
Bleiwei, Bleizinngelb und Schamotteton
oder einfach einer aus Erdpigment). Die Be-
malung erfolgte nach der Trocknung des Haft-
grundes.
Pigment, trocknendes l, Putz, Firnis,
Ton, Bindemittel

Sources: Thompson 1956, 6568; Laurie 1967, 2/1, 24, 49; Constable 1979, 79; Mora et al. 1984, 124/5, 132, 147/8, 160; Botticelli 1992, 30; Merrifield 1999, 734;
Lock Eastlake 1847, 4245, 58; Fuga 2006, 121, 127; Cennini 2007, 86 (XC), 88 (XCIII); Botticelli 2008, 30, 34/5, 39, 4143; Clarke 2010, 175

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uljno slikarstvo
Definicija: Tehnika koja upotrebljava pigmen-
te pomijeane sa suivim uljima (npr. laneno
ili orahovo ulje), katkad s dodatkom smole i si-
kativa.
Napomena: Povrina je buke prije slikanja za-
siena. U prolosti se buka obraivala s neko-
liko slojeva otopine vreloga ulja i vrele smole
sve dok ih buka vie nije mogla upijati. Nakon
suenja povrina je prekrivana temeljnim slo-
jem (sloj olovno bijele i ulja ili sloj olovno bijele,
olovnokositrenoute i vatrostalne gline ili sa-
mo premazom od zemljanih pigmenata). Sli-
kanje slijedi nakon to se temeljni sloj osuio.
pigment, suivo ulje, buka, lak, glina,
vezivo
olajfests Hu
Meghatrozs: Szrad olajokkal (pl. lenolaj
vagy diolaj) elkevert pigmenteket alkalmaz
feststechnika; a ktanyaghoz nha gyantt
s szikkatvot adagolnak.
Megjegyzs: Fests eltt a vakolat fellett
impregnlni kell. A mltban a vakolatot tbb
rtegben kezeltk forralt olaj s forralt gyanta
keverkvel, a vakolat teltdsig. Szrads
utn a felletet egy alapozrteggel vontk
be (pl. lomfehrbl s olajbl kszlt bevo-
nattal, vagy egy lomfehr, lom-n srga s
tzll agyag keverkvel, vagy egy csupn
fldfestkekbl ll rteggel). A festst az ala-
poz rteg szradsa utn vgeztk.
pigment, szrad olaj, vakolat, vdbe-
vonat, agyag, ktanyag
Pittura a olio
Definizione: Tecnica pittorica che si avvale di
pigmenti uniti a olio siccativo (p. es. olio di lino
o olio di noce), talvolta con laggiunta di resina
e ulteriori componenti siccativi.
Commento: Prima di iniziare a dipingere, la
superficie dellintonaco viene impregnata. In
passato, si davano varie mani di un composto
di olii cotti e resine cotte e si impregnava cos
la superficie. Dopo lessiccamento, la superfi-
cie veniva coperta con unimprimitura (p. es.
uno strato composto di biacca e olio, oppure
di biacca, giallo di piombo e stagno e argilla
refrattaria, oppure solo uno strato di terre na-
HR turali). Dopo lessiccamento dellimprimitura,
si eseguiva la pittura.
intonaco, pigmento, olio siccativo, ver-
nice, argilla, legante
Malarstwo olejne PL
Definicja: Technika w ktrej uywa si pig-
mentw wymieszanych z olejami schncymi
(np. lnianym lub orzechowym) czasami z do-
datkiem ywicy i sykatywy.
Komentarz: Przed malowaniem powierzch-
nia tynku jest nasczana. W przeszoci tynk
nasycano kilkoma powokami gotowanego
oleju i gotowanego roztworu ywic do cako-
witego przesycenia. Po wyschniciu po-
wierzchni pokrywano warstw gruntu (np.
powok z bieli oowiowej i oleju lub z bieli
oowiowej, cieni oowiowo-cynowej i odbi-
jajcej wiato glinki; albo powok zawieraj-
c ziemne podbarwienia). Malowano gdy war-
stwa gruntu wyscha.
pigment, olej schncy, tynk, werniks,
glina, spoiwo
Pictur n ulei Ro
sonra boyama ilemi yaplrd.
Definiie: O tehnic ce utilizeaz pigmeni
amestecai cu uleiuri sicative (de exemplu ulei
de in sau ulei de nuc), uneori cu adaos de r-
in i sicativ.
Adnotare: nainte de a picta, se satureaz su-
prafaa stratului de tencuial. n trecut, tencuiala
era tratat cu mai multe straturi de ulei fiert i : ,
soluie de rin fiart pn n momentul n care ,
aceasta nu mai era absorbant. Dup uscare, su-
prafaa era acoperit cu un strat de amors (de
it exemplu un strat de alb de plumb i ulei; sau un
strat de alb de plumb, galben de staniu i plumb
i argil refractar; sau doar un strat cu pigmeni
de pmnt). Pictura propriu-zis se realiza dup
uscarea stratului de amors.
pigment, ulei sicativ, tencuial, vernis,
argil, liant
Pintura al leo Es
Definicin: Tcnica en la que se usan pigmen-
tos mezclados con aceites secantes (por ejem-
plo, aceite de linaza o aceite de nueces) y, en
ocasiones, con la adicin de resina y secativo.
Comentario: Antes de pintar, se satura la su-
perficie del revoque. En el pasado, el revoque
era tratado con varias capas de aceite y resina
disuelta, hervidos, hasta que ya no absorba.
Tras el secado, la superficie era cubierta con
una capa de imprimacin (por ejemplo, de
blanco de plomo y aceite, o de blanco de plo-
mo, amarillo de plomo de Npoles y arcilla
refractaria, o simplemente una capa de tierre
natural). La pintura se realizaba cuando la ca-
pa de imprimacin estaba seca.
pigmentos, aceite secante, revoque, bar-
niz, arcilla, ligante
Yal boya tR
Tanm: Kurutucu yalar (keten tohumu veya
ceviz ya) bazen de bunlara ek olarak reine
ve dier kurutucularla kartrlan pigmentle-
rin kullanld teknik.
Yorum: Duvar resminden nce, sva yzeyi
doygun hale getirilir. Gemite, sva bir ka kat
kaynam ya ve kaynam reine solsyonu
ile emiciliini kaybedinceye kadar ilenirdi.
Kuruduktan sonra, yzey beyaz kurun, ya
kaplamas, sar kurun-kalay, refrakter kili veya
sadece toprak rengi kaplama gibi astar katma-
n ile kaplanrd. Astar katman kuruduktan
pigment, kurutucu ya, sva, vernik,
kil, balayc
BG
-
(. ), -
.
:
. -
,
. -
(-
.
, - -
). -
o .
, , ,
, ,

99
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Coarsely textured detail of wall painting, Church of St. Chrysogonus, Zadar (Croatia), 12th century; Photo: 2014, HRZ (Ivan Sra)
impasto EN
Definition: A technique where a thick and
opaque paste, composed mostly of pigments
and binders and sometimes with the addition
of an inorganic filler, is applied to a painted
surface.
Comment: Impasto is used in several wall
painting techniques (e.g. lime fresco, oil paint-
ing, or acrylic painting). With visible brush
strokes and furrows, the impasto technique
gives paints body, weight and texture which
often contrast with the smoothness of other
parts of the painted surface.
pigment, binder, wall painting
Sources: Constable 1979, 36, 66, 81/2, 86/7; Mora et al.1984, 154, 395; Botticelli 1992, 20; Merrifield 2003, 56; Botticelli 2008, 38/9, 43/4; Doherty, Woollett
2009, 42; Clarke 2010, 127
100
Emptements FR
Dfinition: Technique o une pte paisse et
opaque, principalement compose de pig-
ments, de liants et quelquefois additionne
dune charge inorganique est applique sur
une surface peinte.
Commentaires: Avec des coups de pinceau
et des sillons visibles, les emptements don-
nent aux peintures du corps, du poids et de la
texture qui contrastent souvent avec la finesse
dautres parties de la surface peinte.
pigment, liant, peinture murale
impasto DE
Definition: Eine Maltechnik, bei der ein smi-
ger, opaker Farbteig, hauptschlich aus Pig-
menten und Bindemitteln und manchmal un-
ter Zusatz eines anorganischen Fllstoffs, auf
eine bemalte Oberflche aufgetragen wird.
Kommentar: Impasto wird in mehreren
Wandmalerei-Techniken eingesetzt (z.B. Kalk-
fresko, l- oder Acrylmalerei). Mit sichtbaren
Pinselstrichen und Rillen verleiht die Impasto-
Technik den Farben Krper, Gewicht und
Struktur, was oft einen Kontrast bildet zur
Gleichmigkeit von anderen Bereichen der
Malerei.
Pigment, Bindemittel, Wandmalerei
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

suRFACE DEsiGN

impasto HR impast PL Boya pastas tR

Definicija: Gusta i neprozirna pasta sastavlje-
na uglavnom od pigmenata i veziva te katkad
s dodatkom anorganskoga punila, koja se na-
nosi na oslikanu povrinu.
Napomena: Impasto se upotrebljava u vie
tehnika zidnoga slikarstva (npr. vapneni fre-
sco, uljno slikarstvo ili akrilno slikarstvo). S vi-
dljivim potezima kista i brazdama, impasto da-
je bojama masu, teinu i teksturu, to je esto
u suprotnosti s glatkoom drugih dijelova osli-
kane povrine.
pigment, vezivo, zidno slikarstvo
Definicja: Technika w ktrej gsta i kryjca
pasta, zoona w wikszoci z pigmentw i
spoiw czasem z dodatkiem nieorganicznego
wypeniacza, jest nakadana na powierzchni
malarsk.
Komentarz: Termin impast / impasto uywa-
ny jest w kilku technikach malarstwa cienne-
go (np. fresku wapiennym, malarstwie olej-
nym czy malarstwie akrylowym). Poprzez wi-
doczne pocignicia pdzla i zmarszczenia,
technika impastu daje farbom mas, wag i
konsystencj, ktra czsto kontrastuje z gad-
koci innych partii malowanej powierzchni.
Tanm: ounlukla pigmentler ve tutkallar-
dan bazen de inorganik dolgu eklenmesi ile
oluan kaln ve opak macunun boyal yzeye
uygulanmas teknii.
Yorum: Impasto kireli fresko, yal boya ve
akrilik boya gibi bir ka duvar resmi tekniinde
kullanlr. Grnr fra darbeleri ve izleri ile,
medyum pastas teknii, boyal yzeyin dier
ksmlarndaki przszle zt olarak, boyaya
hacim, arlk ve doku verir.
E anlam: medyum pastas
pigment, tutkal, duvar resmi

pigment, spoiwo, malowido cienne

impaszt / Pasztzus fests Hu impasto Ro BG

Meghatrozs: Egy olyan technika, amely l- Definiie: Tehnic prin care pe o suprafa pic- : , -
tal egy sr, tltszatlan, pasztaszer festket tat se aplic o past groas i opac, compu- -
hordanak fel vastagon a festett felletre; a fes- s n mare parte din pigmeni i liani, i uneori ,
tmassza tbbnyire pigmentekbl s kt- cu adugarea unui agent de umplutur anor- -
anyagokbl ll, nha szervetlen tltanyagot ganic. .
is adnak hozz.
Adnotare: Impasto este folosit n mai multe :
Megjegyzs: Az impasztt tbb falkptech- tehnici de pictur mural (de ex. n pictura a (. ,
nikban hasznljk (pl. mszfresk, olajfests fresco, n pictura n ulei, sau n pictura n acri- ).
vagy akrilfests). Lthat ecsetvonsai s lic). Fcnd uz de tue i linii adnci vizibile,
pasztzus jellege ltal, az impasto technika tehnica impasto ofer culorilor volum, greu- , -
testessget, tmeget s textrt ad a festm- tate i textur, care de multe ori intr n con- ,
nyeknek, amely gyakran ellenttben ll a fes- trast cu fineea altor zone ale suprafeei picta- .
tett fellet ms, sima rszeivel. te. C:

pigment, ktanyag, falkp pigment, liant, pictur mural , ,

impasto it Empaste Es

Definizione: Il termine indica la consistenza
del colore o del composto che consiste in una
miscela densa formata soprattutto da pig-
menti e leganti, talvolta con laggiunta di iner-
ti anorganici, la quale viene applicata sulla su-
perficie da dipingere.
Commento: Limpasto usato in varie tecni-
che della pittura murale (p. es. pittura a calce,
pittura a olio, pittura acrilica). Con pennellate
ben visibili dalla struttura plastica caratteristi-
ca, limpasto d un corpo materiale alla pittu-
ra, spesso in voluto contrasto con altre parti
della stessa pittura, dalla superficie liscia e le-
vigata.
pigmento, legante, pittura murale
Definicin: Tcnica en la que una pasta espe-
sa y opaca, compuesta fundamentalmente
por pigmentos y ligantes y, algunas veces, con
la adicin de una carga fina inorgnica, es apli-
cada en una superficie pintada.
Comentario: El empaste se emplea en nume-
rosas tcnicas pictricas murales (por ejem-
plo, en el fresco a la cal, en la pintura al leo
o en la pintura acrlica). Con pinceladas visi-
bles y surcos, la tcnica del empaste aporta
cuerpo pictrico, peso y textura que a menu-
do contrasta con la suavidad de otras partes
de la superficie pictrica.
pigmento, ligante, pintura mural

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Two-coloured sgraffito, Kurija Nova Ves 5, Zagreb (Croatia), 1880/81; Photo: 2015, HRZ (Ivan Sra)
sgrato
Definition: Multi-layer decoration technique
executed by scratching the upper plaster layer
to reveal parts of the underlying (e.g. dark
plaster) layer.
Comment: A drawing was applied either di-
rectly, or, more commonly, by means of a per-
forated cartoon (spolvero), to the topmost
plaster layer. Once the contours had been
scratched with a thin metal instrument, the
plaster layer beyond the drawing was re-
moved to reveal the dark plaster surface un-
derneath.
intonaco, lime, lime milk
Sources: Vasari 1907, 243/4; Botticelli 1992, 31; Fuga 2006, 231; Curl 2006, 707; Danti 2008, 126, 128; Doherty, Woollett 2009, 69; Clarke 2010, 227; Mortars
2011, 99, 608; Spiro et al. 2013, 51
102
EN Sgrate / Sgrato FR
Dfinition: Technique de dcoration multi-
couche excute par grattage de la couche
denduit suprieure pour rvler les parties de
la couche sous- jacente (ex. enduit sombre).
Commentaires: Un dessin tait soit appliqu
directement, soit au moyen dun carton per-
for (poncif) sur la couche denduit terminale.
Une fois que les contours avaient t gratts
avec un instrument mtallique fin, la couche
denduit extrieur du dessin tait limine
pour rvler la surface de lenduit sombre en
dessous.
intonaco, chaux, lait de chaux
sgrato DE
Definition: Eine dekorative, mehrschichtige
Dekorationstechnik, bei der durch Abkratzen
der oberen Putzschicht Teile der darunterlie-
genden (z.B. dunkleren) Putzschicht freigelegt
werden.
Kommentar: Eine Zeichnung wird entweder
direkt oder, was hufiger vorkommt, indirekt
mittels Lochpause (Spolvero) auf die oberste
Putzschicht bertragen. Nachdem die Kontu-
ren mit Hilfe eines dnnen Metallwerkzeugs
eingeritzt wurden, wird die Putzschicht auer-
halb der Zeichnung entfernt, um die dunkle
Putzoberflche darunter freizulegen.
Synonyme: Ritz-, Kratz-, Schabkunst, Kratz-
putztechnik, Farbputz
Intonaco/Feinputz, Kalk/Branntkalk, Kalk-
milch
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suRFACE DEsiGN

sgrato HR sgrato PL Kazma tR

Definicija: Vieslojna tehnika dekoracije izve- Definicja: Wielowarstwowa technika dekora- Tanm: stteki sva katmann kazyarak altta
dena grebanjem gornjega sloja buke da bi se cyjna polegajca na zdrapywaniu wierzchniej bulunan (koyu sva) katmann ksmlarn orta-
otkrili dijelovi temeljnoga sloja (npr. tamna warstwy tynku w celu ukazania warstwy spod- ya karmak iin yaplan ok katmanl dekoras-
buka) niej (np. ciemnego tynku). yon teknii.

Napomena: Crte je stavljen izravno ili ee
s pomou perforiranoga kartona (spolvero) na
najviemu sloju buke. Nakon to su obrisi iz-
grebeni tankim metalnim instrumentom, bu-
kani sloj izvan crtea uklanja se da bi otkrio
donju povrinu tamne buke.
intonaco, vapno, vapneno mlijeko
Komentarz: Rysunek jest wykonywany albo
bezporednio, albo czciej poprzez dziurko-
wany karton (przeprch), na najwyszej war-
stwie tynku. Gdy kontury s ju wydrapane
cienkim metalowym narzdziem, warstwa
tynku na zewntrz rysunku jest usuwana dla
ukazania ciemnej powierzchni spodniego tyn-
ku.
Yorum: Desen ya direk olarak ya da daha yay-
gn ekilde en stteki sva katmanna delikli
taslak (spolvero) vastasyla uygulanr. D ke-
narlar ince metal bir ara ile kaznarak, alttaki
koyu sva yzeyi ortaya karlr ve bylece i-
zimin dndaki sva katman oyulur.
son kat sva, kire, kire st

intonaco, wapno, mleko wapienne

sgrato Hu sgrato Ro BG

Meghatrozs: Tbbrteg festszeti deko- Definiie: O tehnic decorativ multistratifi- :

rcis technika, melyet gy ksztenek, hogy
a fels vakolatrteget (mely legtbbszr egy-
szer meszels) lekaparjk, annak rdekben,
hogy az alatta lev rteg egyes rszeit felfed-
jk (pl. stt vakolat).
Megjegyzs: A legfels vakolatrtegre sza-
badkzzel vagy leggyakrabban egy perforlt
karton (spolvero) segtsgvel egy rajzot k-
sztettek. Miutn a kontrokat bekarcoltk,
egy vkony fmszerszmmal eltvoltottk a
rajzon kvl es vakolatrteget, hogy az alatta
lev stt rteget felfedjk, vagyis eltvoltot-
tk a htteret kpez fellet fels rtegt.
intonaco, msz, msztej
cat, realizat prin zgrierea stratului superior ,
de tencuial pentru a dezveli pri ale stratului -
subiacent (de ex. stratul de tencuial mai n- (. -) .
chis la culoare).
:
Adnotare: Pe suprafaa stratului superior de -,
tencuial se realizeaz un desen, fie n mod di- () - . -
rect, fie prin intermediul unui carton perforat -
(poncif, spolvero). Odat ce conturul este zg- , -
riat cu ajutorul unui instrument subire de me- -
tal, stratul de tencuial aflat n afara desenului - .
este ndeprtat pentru a dezveli tencuiala n-
chis la culoare aflat dedesubt. , ,
intonaco, var, lapte de var

sgrato it Esgrafiado Es

Definizione: Una tecnica di decorazione a fre- Definicin: Tcnica de decoracin pictrica

sco, eseguita tramite rimozione di parti dello multicapa que se ejecuta eliminando partes
strato dintonaco superiore (di solito di colore del revoque superior para revelar otras de las
chiaro), per mettere cos a vista parti dellinto- capas subyacentes (por ejemplo, un revoque
naco sottostante (di solito di colore scuro). ms oscuro).

Commento: Nelllo strato di intonaco superio-
re si incide direttamente il disegno, oppure,
pi frequentemente, si trasferisce il disegno
su questintonaco tramite la tecnica dello
spolvero. Si incidono quindi con un sottile
strumento in ferro le linee di contorno, e si ri-
muovono poi le porzioni di intonaco adiacenti
al disegno per scoprire cos lintonaco scuro
sottostante.
Sinonimo: graffito
intonaco, spolvero, calce, latte di calce
Comentario: El dibujo se realiza tanto direc-
tamente como, de forma ms habitual, a tra-
vs de un cartn perforado (estarcido) aplica-
do sobre el revoque superior. Una vez marca-
dos los contornos con una herramienta fina
metlica, el estrato de revoque que queda
fuera del dibujo se elimina para dejar al des-
cubierto la superficie del revoque oscuro sub-
yacente.
intonaco, cal, lechada de cal

103
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
suRFACE DEsiGN
Painted vault by Adolf Quensen, Church of St. Lorenz, Schningen (Germany), 1904; Photo: 2001, HAWK (Clemens Kappen)
Distemper EN
Definition: A water-based paint consisting of
pigments and an organic binder of vegetable
or animal origin (excluding egg).
Comment: Organic binder sensitivity and the
possibility of decay of distemper paints re-
quired its daily preparation (e.g. using size, ca-
sein, oil, or carboxyl methyl cellulose). Soft dis-
temper (chalk, ground pigments and animal
glue) is not abrasion resistant. Hard distemper
(whiting bound with casein or linseed oil) is a
stronger and wear-resistant, but slightly less
permeable, coating. Both distempers are com-
patible with lime plaster and intended for in-
terior work.
pigment, binder, casein, chalk, glue,
lime plaster, secco
Sources: Mora et al. 1984, 327; Merrifield 1999, 784; Constable 1979, 55, 70, 87; Curl 2006, 235; Doherty, Woollett 2009, 29; Clarke 2010, 79; Mortars 2011, 442,
448/9, 593
104
Dtrempe
Dfinition: Peinture leau constitue de pig-
ments et dun liant organique dorigine vg-
tale ou animale (oeuf except).
Commentaires: La sensibilit du liant orga-
nique et la dgradation possible des peintures
aqueuses ncessitent une prparation journa-
lire (ex. glatine, casine, huile ou carboxy-
mthyle cellulose). La dtrempe douce (craie,
pigments broys et colle animale) ne rsiste
pas labrasion. La dtrempe dure (craie lie
de la casine ou de lhuile de lin) est un re-
vtement plus fort et rsistant lusure, mais
lgrement moins permable. Les deux d-
trempes sont compatibles avec un enduit la
chaux et destines un travail intrieur.
pigment, liant, casine, craie, enduit,
colle animale, peinture murale
FR Leimfarbe DE
Definition: Eine Farbe auf Wasserbasis, aus
Pigmenten und einem organischen Bindemit-
tel aus pflanzlichen oder tierischen Produkten
(auer Ei).
Kommentar: Die Empfindlichkeit von organi-
schen Bindemitteln und die Verderblichkeit
von Leimfarben erfordert ihr tgliches Anrei-
ben (z.B. mit Kleister, Kasein, l oder Carboxy-
methylcellulose). Weiche Leimfarbe (Kreide,
geriebene Pigmente und tierischer Leim) ist
nicht abriebfest. Feste Leimfarbe (Schlmm-
kreide in Kasein oder Leinl gebunden) ist ei-
ne robustere und verschleifeste, jedoch we-
niger durchlssige Beschichtung. Beide Leim-
farben sind kompatibel mit Kalkputz und fr
den Innenraum vorgesehen.
Im Deutschen werden Leimfarben anstelle der
o. g. Klassifizierung anhand des Bindemittels
unterschieden.
Pigment, Bindemittel, Kasein, Kreide,
Leim, , Kalk/Branntkalk, Putz, Secco
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

suRFACE DEsiGN

Distemper HR
Definicija: Vodena boja koja se sastoji od pig-
menata i organskoga veziva biljnoga ili ivo-
tinjskoga podrijetla (iskljuujui jaja).
Napomena: Osjetljivost organskoga veziva i
mogunost truljenja distemper boja zahtijeva
dnevnu pripremu (npr. koritenje ljepila, ka-
zeina, ulja ili karboksilmetil-celuloze). Slaba
distemper boja (kreda, osnovni pigment i i-
votinjsko ljepilo) nije otporna na troenje. Tvr-
di distemper premaz (bjelilo vezano s kazei-
nom ili lanenim uljem) jai je i otporniji na
troenje, ali je i slabije propustan. Obje su dis-
temper boje spojive s vapnenom bukom i
namijenjene za rad u unutranjosti.
Una pittura a colla forte (bianco di Spagna le-
gato con caseina o olio di lino) forma una su-
perficie pi resistente anche anche allabrasio-
ne ma meno impermeabile. Ambedue le pit-
ture a colla sono compatibili con la malta di
calce e adatti per lavori allinterno.
abrasione, pigmento, legante, caseina,
colla, intonaco, pittura a secco, calcare
organogeno/biancone
Farba klejowa PL
Definicja: Wodna farba zawierajca pigmenty
i spoiwo organiczne pochodzenia rolinnego
lub zwierzcego (z wykluczeniem jaja).
Comentario: La sensibilidad del ligante org-
nico y la posibilidad de la prdida de fuerza de
los temples requiere que se preparen cada da
(por ejemplo, cuando se usa casena, aceite o
carboximetilcelulosa). Los temples dbiles
(cal, pigmentos tierra y cola animal) no resis-
ten la abrasin. Los temples duros (ligados
con casena o aceite de linaza) forman capas
fuertes y resistentes, pero ligeramente menos
permeables. Ambos son compatibles con los
revoques de cal y adecuados para usos inte-
riores.
Sinnimo: temple
pigmento, ligante, casena, piedra caliza,
cola, mortero/revoque de cal, pintura al seco

pigment, vezivo, kazein, kreda, tutka- Komentarz: Ze wzgldu na wraliwo i podat- Zamkl subazl boya tR
lo, vapno, buka, secco no na rozkad spoiw organicznych zalecane
jest ich codzienne przygotowywanie (w przy- Tanm: (Yumurta dnda) organik hayvansal
padku uycia kleju glutynowego, kazeiny, oleju ve bitkisel balayclar ile pigmentler ieren su
Enyves fests Hu lub karboksymetylocelulozy). Mikkie klejwki bazl bir boya.
(kreda, zmielone pigmenty z klejem zwierz-
Meghatrozs: Feststechnika (distemper), cym) nie s odporne na cieranie. Twarda po- Yorum: Tutkal, kazein, ya ya da karboksimetil
melyhez egy vizes alap festket hasznlnak, woka klejowa (pobielenie zawierajce kazein selloz gibi rme ihtimali yksek balayc-
amely pigmentekbl s egy nvnyi vagy l- lub olej lniany) jest mocniejsza i mniej si zuy- larla yaplan su bazl boyalar gnlk olarak ha-
lati eredet szerves ktanyagbl ll (a tojst wa, ale jest nieco mniej przepuszczalna. Oba ro- zrlanmaldr. Kire ta, tlm pigment ve
kivve). dzaje farb s kompatybilne z tynkiem wapien- hayvansal yaptrclar ieren yumuak su bazl
nym i s przeznaczone do prac we wntrzach. boyalar anmaya kar dayankl deildir. Kazein
Megjegyzs: A szerves ktanyagok rzkeny- ya da bezir ya, toz tebeir ieren su bazl sert
sge s lebomlsra val hajlama miatt az enyves pigment, spoiwo, kazeina, kreda, klej, boyalar ise daha gl ve anmaya dayankldr,
festkeket minden nap frissen kellett ellltani wapno, tynk, secco fakat daha az geirgen bir kaplamadr. Her iki su
(pldul enyv, kazein, olaj vagy karboxi-metil- bazl boya da kire svasyla uyumludur ve i me-
cellulz alkalmazsval). A lgy enyves fests knlardaki almalar iin tasarlanmtr.
(krta, portott pigmentek s llati enyv) nem Distempera Ro
kopsll. A kemny distemper, vagyis kazeines pigment, balayc, kazein, tebeir,
fests vagy olajfests (krta, kazeinnel vagy len- Definiie: O tehnic de pictur pe baz de ap zamk, kire sva, kuru fresko
olajjal ktve) egy ersebb s kopsllbb, vi- ce conine pigmeni i un liant organic de ori-
szont kevsb vztereszt festkrteget ered- gine vegetal sau animal (n afar de ou).
mnyez. Mindkt technika sszeegyeztethet BG
a mszvakolattal s beltri munkra val. Adnotare: Sensibilitatea liantului organic i
posibilitatea degradrii culorilor distempera : , -
pigment, ktanyag, kazein, krta, enyv, necesit prepararea lor zilnic (de ex. folosind
msz, vakolat, szekk, msz, vakolat cazein, ulei sau carboximetil celuloz). Dis- (
tempera moale (cret, pigmeni de pmnt i ).
clei animal) nu este rezistent la abraziune. Dis-
Pittura (o tinta) a colla animale o it tempera tare (legat cu cazein sau ulei de in) :
vegetale este mai rezistent la uzur, dar ceva mai puin -
permeabil i cu putere de acoperire mai mic.
Definizione: Una pittura (o tinta) solubile al- Ambele variante sunt compatibile cu tencuiala (. , , -
lacqua, composta da pigmenti mescolati con de var i sunt destinate lucrrilor interioare. ).
colle di origine vegetale o animale (escluso (, -
luovo) pigment, liant, cazein, cret, clei, ) . -
var, tencuial, a secco ( ,
Commento: La sensibilit dei leganti organici ) - ,
e il forte rischio di degrado delle pitture a colla - . -
vegetale o animale, richiedono la loro prepa- Pintura al temple Es
razione giornaliera (p. es. mestica, colla, casei- .
na, olio, composti di cellulosa). Definicin: Pintura con base acuosa consti-
Una pittura a colla delicata (gesso, terre natu- tuida por pigmentos y un ligante orgnico de , , , -
rali e colla animale) non resiste allabrasione. origen vegetal o animal (que no sea huevo). , ,

105
 ART AND CRAFTTECHNIQUES
SURFACE DESIGN
Detail ofwa/1 painting, Church ofSt.Jerome, Strigova (Croatia) 7992; Photo: 2074, HRZ (lvan Srsa)
Acrylic painting EN
Definition:The use ofwater-based emulsions
or solvent based paints, derived from acrylic
polymers, which dry rapidly and are water in-
soluble after drying
Comment: Acrylic emulsions enable the for-
mation of a rich impasto that can be used as
an alternative to oil painting on a wall.lf they
are exposed to sub-zero temperatures, acrylic
paints become brittle, and then crack with an
increase in temperature. The presence of hu-
midity can cause biological growth.
- acrylic, - impasto, - oil painting, - humidity,
- biological growth, -secco
Sources: Grlic 1992, 10; Horie 1997,5, 103, 109; Doherty, Woollett 2009, 1; Clarke 2010, 3; Mortars 2011,442,45/6,588, 594;Taking care: Care of acrylic paintings
(17.4.2014); Ormsby, Phenix 2009 (17.4.2014)
106
Peinture acrylique FR
Definition: Peinture en emulsion al'eau ou en
solvants derivee de polymeres acryliques qui
sechent rapidement et sont insolubles al'eau
apres sechage.
Commentaires: Les emulsions acryliques per-
mettent d'obtenir de riches emptements et
peuvent etre utilisees comme alternative Ia a die Erzeugung eines dicken Impasto, das man
a
peinture l'huile sur un mur. Si elles sont ex-
a
posees des temperatures negatives, elles de-
viennent cassantes et fissurent alors avec
l'augmentation de Ia temperature. La pre-
sence d'humidite peut provoquer un develop-
pement de micro organismes.
- n!sine acrylique, - empatements, - peinture ci
l'huile, - humidite, - developpement biologique,
- peinture a secco
Acrylmalerei DE
Definition: Eine Maltechnik, in der Emulsio-
nen auf Wasserbasis oder von Isungsmittei-
haitigen Farben aus Acrylpolymeren verwen-
det werden, die schnell trocknen und nach der
Trocknung wasserunlslich sind.
Kommentar: Acrylemulsionen ermglichen
als Alternative zur lmalerei auf derWand ein-
setzen kann . Wenn sie Temperaturen unter
dem Gefrierpunkt ausgesetzt sind, werden
Acrylmalereien sprde und bilden bei Erh-
hung der Temperatur Risse. Vorhandene
Feuchte kann biologischen Bewuchs verursa-
chen.
- Acrylat, - Impasto, - lmalerei, - Feuchte,
- biologischer Bewuchs,- Secco

Akrilno slikarstvo HR
Definicija: Uporaba boja na bazi vodene
emulzije ili otapala, proizalih od akrilnih po-
limera, koje se brzo sue i netopljive su u vodi
nakon suenja.
Napomena: Akrilne emulzije omoguuju
stvaranje bogatoga impasta koji se moe upo-
trebljavati kao zamjena uljnomu slikarstvu na
zidu. Kada su izloene temperaturama ispod
nule, akrilne boje postaju krhke, a s povea-
njem temperature pucaju. Prisutnost vlage
moe izazvati bioloki rast.
akrilik, impasto, uljno slikarstvo, vla-
nost, bioloki rast, secco
Akrilfests Hu
Meghatrozs: Akril polimereket tartalmaz
vizes emulzik vagy oldszeres festkekkel
ksztett fests, amely gyorsan szrad s sz-
rads utn vzben oldhatatlan.
Megjegyzs: Az akril emulzik nagyon alkal-
masak a pasztzus festsre, ezrt falfellete-
ken az olajfestk alternatvjaknt hasznlha-
tak. Fagypont alatti hmrskleten az akril-
fests trkenny vlik, majd a hmrsklet raturi de sub zero grade, vopselele acrilice de-
nvekedsvel megreped. Nedvessg hats-
ra biolgiai krosodsnak van kitve.
akril, impaszt, olajfests, nedvessg,
biolgiai krosods, szekk
Pittura acrilica
Definizione: Questa tecnica pittorica utilizza
emulsioni solubili in acqua o colori da stem-
perare con solventi, ambidue derivati da poli-
meri acrilici. I colori sono caratterizzati da un
essiccamento molto rapido e, una volta essic-
cati, sono insolubili allacqua.
Commento: Emulsioni acriliche permettono
un impasto molto corposo. La pittura acrilica
pu essere usata come alternativa alla pittura
a olio, anche sul muro. Esposta a temperature
sotto zero, la pittura acrilica diventa fragile, e
con laumento della temperatura tende a cret-
tarsi. In presenza di umidit, c il rischio di pa-
tine biologiche.
acrilici, impasto, pittura a olio, umidita,
proliferazione biologica, pittura a secco,
impasto
ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
suRFACE DEsiGN
Malarstwo akrylowe PL Akrilik boya tR
Definicja: Uywa si wodnych emulsji lub Tanm: Hzl kuruyan ve kuruduktan sonra su-
farb opartych na rozpuszczalnikach, otrzymy- da znmeyen akrilik polimerlerden treyen
wanych z polimerw akrylowych, ktre szyb- su temelli emlsiyonlarla veya zc temelli
ko schn i po wyschniciu s nierozpuszczalne boyalarla yaplan resim.
w wodzie.
Yorum: Akrilik emlsiyonlar, duvarda yalbo-
Komentarz: Emulsje akrylowe umoliwiaj yaya alternatif olarak kullanlan zengin boya
formowanie obfitych impastw, mog stano- pastas oluumuna olanak verir. Sfrn altnda
wi alternatyw malarstwa olejnego na cia- scaklklara maruz kalrlarsa, akrilik boyalar
nie. Gdy s eksponowane w temperaturach gevrek hale gelir ve scaklk arttnda da at-
ujemnych farby akrylowe staj si kruche, a larlar. Nem oluumu biyolojik oluuma sebep
potem ze wzrostem temperatury pkaj. olabilir.
Obecno wilgoci moe powodowa wzrost
biologiczny. akrilik, medyum pasta, yal boya, nem,
biyolojik oluum, kuru fresko
akryle, impast, malarstwo olejne, wil-
gotno, wzrost biologiczny, secco
Pictur n acrilic Ro BG
Definiie: Tehnic de pictur ce folosete emul- : , -
sii pe baz de ap sau culori pe baz de solveni,
derivate din polimeri acrilici, care se usc rapid , -
i sunt insolubile n ap dup uscare. ,
.
Adnotare: Emulsiile acrilice permit realizarea
unui impasto bogat care poate fi folosit ca o :
alternativ pentru pictura n ulei n pictura ,
mural. n cazul n care sunt expuse la tempe-
.
vin fragile, friabile, apoi, odat cu creterea
temperaturii acestea se fisureaz. Prezena
umiditii poate provoca un atac biologic. . -
-
rin acrilic, impasto, pictur n ulei, .
umiditate, atac biologic, a secco
, , ,
, -
it Pintura acrlica Es ,
Definicin: Tcnica pictrica que emplea
emulsiones acuosas o soluciones en solvente
derivadas de polmeros acrlicos. Secan rpido
y son insolubles en agua al terminar este pro-
ceso.
Comentario: Las emulsiones acrlicas permi-
ten la formacin de empastes, por lo que
pueden ser una alternativa al uso de la pin-
tura al leo sobre el muro. Si son sometidas
a temperaturas inferiores a los cero grados,
se hacen frgiles y, al aumentar la tempera-
tura, se pueden craquelar. La presencia de
humedad puede originar crecimiento biol-
gico.
acrlico, empaste, pintura al leo, hume-
dad, crecimiento biolgico, pintura al seco
107
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
suRFACE DEsiGN
Fragments of wall paintings from several periods, Church of St. Lawrence, Poega (Croatia), 13-15th century; Chapel of St. Peter, Novo mjesto (Croatia), 14-16th century; Photos:
2014, HRZ (Katarina Gavrilica)
Palimpsest
Definition: Plaster and painting layers pre-
served under an existing wall painting.
Comment: Wall paintings which were not re-
paired were often whitewashed with lime
(wash) and then repainted. Alternatively, they
were re-plastered after whitewashing and
then repainted.
plaster, wall painting
Sources: Thompson 1956, 72, 7980; Stratigraphy of the Palimpsest (9.4.2014)
108
EN Palimpseste mural FR Palimpsest DE
Dfinition: Enduit et couches de peinture Definition: Putz- und Malschichten, die unter
prserves sous une peinture murale. einer bestehenden Wandmalerei erhalten ge-
blieben sind.
Commentaires: Peintures murales qui
ntaient pas restaures et taient souvent ba- Kommentar: Nicht instand gesetzte Wand-
digeonnes de chaux et alors repeintes. Elles malereien sind oft unter Kalk(-tnchen) ver-
taient alternativement renduites ensuite borgen und dann bermalt worden. Alterna-
puis repeintes. tiv wurden sie nach dem bertnchen ber-
Le terme de palimpseste est cependant r- putzt und danach bermalt.
serv en franais aux parchemins effacs puis
remploys. En peinture murale, on ne le re- Putz, Wandmalerei, Tnche
trouve quexceptionnellement utilis pour
qualifier certaines peintures publicitaires, pr-
sentes au 20me sicle sur les parois ext-
rieures de maisons bien en vue. Pour le reste
on parle de peinture sous-jacente, dcors
dorigine ou dune poque dtermine, selon
le contexte. Les peintures reprises peuvent
tre lidentique, ou navoir aucun rapport
avec la ou les prcdentes.
enduit, badigeon
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

suRFACE DEsiGN

Palimpsest HR Palimpsest PL Boya alt svas tR

Definicija: bukani i slikani slojevi sauvani Definicja: Tynk i warstwy malarskie zachowa- Tanm: Var olan duvar resminin altnda korun-
ispod postojee zidne slike. ne pod istniejcym malowidem ciennym. mu sva ve boya katmanlar.

Napomena: Zidne slike koje nisu popravljane
esto su obijeljene vapnom (premaz) i zatim
ponovno naslikane. Katkad su ponovno obu-
kane nakon bijeljenja i onda nanovo naslika-
ne.
buka, zidno slikarstvo, premaz
Komentarz: Malowida cienne ktre nie byy
naprawiane czsto pokrywano wapnem (po-
bia) i przemalowywano. Alternatywnie po
pobieleniu byy pokrywane nowym tynkiem i
przemalowywane.
tynk, malowido cienne
Yorum: Onarlmayan duvar resimleri genellik-
le kire ile badanalanr ve daha sonra tekrar
boyanr. Alternatif olarak, badanalandktan
sonra tekrar svanr ve ardndan tekrar boya-
nr.
E anlaml: astar, sva boya
sva, duvar resmi

Palimpszeszt Hu Palimpsest mural Ro BG

Meghatrozs: Egy meglv falkp alatt Definiie: Straturi de pictur i de tencuial : ,

megmaradt vakolat- s festkrtegek. conservate sub o pictur mural. .

Megjegyzs: Azokat a falkpeket, amelyeket Adnotare: Picturile murale care nu au fost re- : ,
nem javtottak ki, gyakran msszel gletteltk parate au fost adesea zugrvite cu var i apoi ,
(meszels) majd jrafestettk. Ms esetben j- repictate. Alternativ, acestea au fost retencuite () . -
ravakoltk ket glettels utn s ezt kveten dup zugrvire i apoi repictate. -
festettk jra. . : -
tencuial, pictur mural, zugrveal -
vakolat, falkp ; -
.

Palinsesto it Palimpsesto Es , ,

Definizione: Strati di intonaco e di pitture Definicin: Revoque y capas pictricas pree-

murali antichi rimasti conservati sotto intonaci xistentes preservadas bajo una pintura mural.
e pitture murali pi recenti.
Comentario: Las pinturas murales que no
Commento: Pitture murali non pi alla moda, eran reparadas se encalaban y se repintaban.
in passato venivano frequentemente scialbate En otras ocasiones, tras el encalado, eran en-
con bianco di calce e poi ridipinte, oppure lucidas nuevamente y repintadas.
scialbate, riintonacate e ridipinte. Il termine
palinsesto adoperato soprattutto per perga- revoque, pintura mural, encalado
mene riutilizzate pi volte, dopo aver cancel-
lato le vecchie scritture, ma pu riferirsi anche
ai dipinti.

intonaco, pittura murale, imbiancatura

109
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
suRFACE DEsiGN
Mineral paints EN
Definition: Paints consisting of a liquid inor-
ganic binder (e.g. potassium silicate water-
glass), mineral pigments (natural earth ox-
ides) and sometimes inorganic fillers.
Comment: Nowadays they are intended for
external use, especially for new plasters, into
which they penetrate and form a solid insolu-
ble layer. This makes them difficult to remove
without using a mechanical method. They are
durable and resistant to biological growth.
Synonym: silicate mineral paint
binder, pigment, filler, plaster, biolog-
ical growth, waterglass
Sources: Jackson 1904, 87/8, 91/2, 95100; Grli 1992, 167; Clarke 2010, 263; Mortars 2011, 438, 449450, 474, 476/7, 601; Spiro et al. 2013, 282, 285; Oxford
Reference: Water-glass Painting (30.4.2014)
110
Decoration of faade, Church of St. Jerome, trigova (Croatia),
1993; Photo: 2014, HRZ (Ivan Sra)
Peinture minrale FR
Dfinition: Peintures faites dun liant inorga-
nique liquide (ex. silicate alcalin), de pigments
minraux (oxydes de terres naturelles) et quel-
quefois additionnes de charges inorga-
niques.
Commentaires: Elles sont actuellement utili-
ses en extrieur, surtout sur les nouveaux en-
duits, dans lesquels elles pntrent pour for-
mer une couche solide insoluble. Elles sont
ainsi difficiles liminer sauf utiliser une m-
thode mcanique. Elles sont durables et rsis-
tantes au dveloppement dorganismes bio-
logiques.
Synonyme: peinture silicate
liant, pigment, charge, enduit, dve-
loppement biologique, silicates alcalins
Mineralfarben DE
Definition: Farben aus flssigen, anorgani-
schen Bindemitteln (z.B. Kaliwasserglas), mi-
neralischen Pigmenten (natrlichen Erdoxi-
den) und teilweise anorganischen Fllstoffen.
Kommentar: Heute sind Mineralfarben fr
den Einsatz im Auenbereich vorgesehen, vor
allem fr neue Putze, in die sie eindringen und
eine feste, unlsliche Schicht bilden. Dies
macht es schwierig, sie ohne mechanische
Methoden zu entfernen. Sie sind strapazier-
und widerstandsfhig gegenber biologi-
schem Bewuchs.
Synonyme: Silikatfarben, Wasserglasfarben
Bindemittel, Pigment, Fllstoff, Putz,
biologischer Bewuchs, Wasserglas

Mineralne boje HR
Definicija: Boje koje se sastoje od tekuega
anorganskog veziva (npr. kalijevo vodeno sta-
klo), mineralnih pigmenata (prirodni zemljani
oksidi) i katkad anorganskih punila.
Napomena: Danas su namijenjene za vanjsku
uporabu, posebno za nove buke u koje pro-
diru i tvore netopljivi vrsti sloj. To ih ini te-
kima za uklanjanje bez primjene mehanikih
metoda. Izdrljive su i otporne na bioloki rast.
Sinonim: silikatne boje
vezivo, pigment, punilo, buka, biolo-
ki rast, vodeno staklo
svnyi fests Hu
Meghatrozs: Feststechnika, mely foly-
kony szervetlen ktanyagbl (pldul kli-
um-vzveg), svnyi pigmentekbl (term- silicat de potasiu), pigmeni minerali (oxizi na-
szetes fld oxidok) s szervetlen tltanya-
gokbl ll festkeket hasznl.
Megjegyzs: Manapsg kltri hasznlatra
sznjk ket, klnsen j vakolatokra, ame-
lyekbe behatolva egy szilrd oldhatatlan rte-
get kpeznek. Emiatt nehezen tvolthatk el
mechanikai mdszerek alkalmazsa nlkl.
Tartsak s biolgiai krosodssal szemben el-
lenllak.
Szinonimk: szilikt fests, vzveg fests
ktanyag, pigment, tltanyag, vako-
lat, biolgiai krosods, vizveg
Pittura minerale ai silicati
Definizione: Per questa tecnica pittorica si
usano leganti liquidi anorganici (p. es. silicati
alcalini di potassio, il cosiddetto vetro solubi-
le), pigmenti minerali (ossidi e terre naturali),
talvolta anche con cariche inerti anorganiche.
Commento: La tecnica oggi in uso per tin-
teggiare o decorare esterni, lavorando prefe-
ribilmente su intonaci nuovi. In questi, i colori
minerali penetrano formando uno strato soli-
do insolubile. Per queste caratteristiche, i co-
lori minerali sono difficili da rimuovere senza
usare metodi meccanici. Sono molto resistenti
agli agenti atmosferici e alle patine biologiche.
Sinonimi: pittura minerale, pittura ai silicati
legante, intonaco, pigmento, filler, ve-
tro solubile, proliferazione biologica, vetro sol-
ubile
ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
suRFACE DEsiGN
Farby mineralne PL Mineral boyalar tR
Definicja: Farby zawierajce pynne nieorga- Tanm: norganik sv tutkal (potasyum su ca-
niczne spoiwo (np. potasowe szko wodne), m), madeni pigmentler (doal toprak oksit-
pigmenty mineralne (naturalne ziemne tlenki) leri) ve bazen inorganik dolgulardan oluan
i czasami nieorganiczne wypeniacze. boyalar.
Komentarz: Obecnie s przeznaczone do Yorum: Gnmzde, zellikle sert znmez
uytku zewntrznego, zwaszcza do nowych katman oluturmalar ve iine iyice iledikleri
tynkw, w ktre penetruj tworzc tward, iin yeni svalarda ve d uygulamalarda kulla-
nierozpuszczaln powok. To sprawia, e nlrlar. Mekanik yntem kullanmadan karl-
trudno je usun bez zastosowania metod malar zordur. Biyolojik oluuma kar salam
mechanicznych. S trwae i odporne na wzrost ve direnlidirler.
biologiczny. E anlam: silikat mineral boya
Synonim: silikatowe farby mineralne
tutkal, pigment, dolgu maddesi, sva,
spoiwo, pigment, wypeniacz, tynk, biyolojik oluum
wzrost biologiczny
Pictur mineral Ro BG
Definiie: Pictur realizat cu vopsele alctui- : , -
te dintr-un liant lichid anorganic (de exemplu, (.
), (
turali din pmnt) i uneori cu umpluturi anor- )
ganice. .
Adnotare: n prezent aceste vopsele sunt des- :
tinate uzului extern, n special pentru tencu- ,
ielile noi, n care acestea penetreaz i formea- , -
z un strat solid, insolubil. Acest lucru le face . -
dificil de ndeprtat fr utilizarea unei meto-
de mecanice. Sunt durabile i rezistente la atac . -
biologic. .
Sinonim: pictur mineral cu silicai :
liant, pigment, material de umplutur, , , , -
tencuial, atac biologic ,
it Pinturas minerales Es
Definicin: Pinturas compuestas por un li-
gante lquido inorgnico (por ejemplo, silicato
potsico o vidrio soluble), pigmentos minera-
les (tierras naturales) y que, en algunos casos,
contiene cargas finas inorgnicas.
Comentario: Hoy en da se utilizan para exte-
riores, especialmente sobre revoques nuevos,
en los que penetran formando un estrato s-
lido insoluble. Esto las hace difciles de elimi-
nar sin la utilizacin de mtodos mecnicos.
Son duraderas y resistentes al crecimiento
biolgico.
Sinnimos: pintura al silicato, esterocroma
ligante, pigmento, carga, revoque, cre-
cimiento biolgico, vidrio soluble
111
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Mosaics from the Euphrasian Basilica, Pore (Croatia), 6th century; Photo: 2014, HRZ (Kristina Kruli)
Mosaic EN
Definition: Decoration made of small
coloured pieces of various materials (tesserae)
applied on interior or exterior surfaces and
embedded in several layers of mortar.
Comment: Mosaics applied to ceilings, vaults
or walls with glass tesserae (opus musivum)
are executed on three mortar layers that al-
low firmer adhesion of heavy tesserae. In
most cases, they are applied to a thin layer of
slaked lime, brick dust or marble dust before
the mortar sets. Floor mosaics (opus tessela-
tum) are also laid in bedding layers which
usually consist of three firm layers. After the
foundation is finished, stone (or other) tesser-
ae are pressed into a thin layer of slaked lime
and pozzolana. The mosaic surface is often
waxed.
tesserae, binder, brick dust, marble dust,
pozzolan, wax
Mosaque FR
Dfinition: Dcoration des surfaces int-
rieures ou extrieures par de petites pices de
matriaux de couleurs varies (tesselles) in-
crustes dans les couches de mortier.
Commentaires: Les tesselles de verre (opus
musivum) des mosaques murales (plafond,
Sources: Vasari 1907, 9294, 136, 251256; Thompson 1956, 69, 181; Vasari 1986, 478, 480; Merrifield 2001, xxiixxiii, xxxviii, lii, liii, 530534; Farneti 2001, 89
91, 139140, 146/7; Fuga 2006, 183, 185, 187; Curl 2006, 506; Clarke 2010, 161
112
vote, mur) sont poses, comme pour les mo-
saques de pavements (opus tesselatum), sur
trois couches de mortier permettant une
bonne adhrence des tesselles lourdes. Elles
sont gnralement scelles sur une fine
couche de chaux teinte, de poudre de brique
ou de marbre, qui assurent laccroche avant le
durcissement du mortier. Les fondations
faites, on presse les tesselles (pierre ou autre)
dans une fine couche de chaux et de pouzzo-
lane. La mosaque est souvent cire.
tesselle, liant, poudre de brique, poudre
de marbre, pouzzolane, cire
Mosaik
Definition: Dekoration aus kleinen, farbigen
Teilen aus verschiedenen Materialien (Tesse-
rae), die auf Innen- oder Auenflchen aufge-
bracht und in mehrere Mrtellagen gebettet
werden.
Kommentar: Decken-, Gewlbe- oder Wand-
mosaiken aus Glas-Tesserae (opus musivum)
werden auf drei Mrtellagen aufgebracht, die
eine bessere Haftung von schweren Tesserae
gewhren. Meistens werden sie bevor der
Mrtel aushrtet in eine dnne Lage aus
Sumpfkalk, Ziegel- oder Marmormehl gesetzt.
Bodenmosaike (opus tesselatum) werden in
Bettungsmrtel gelegt, der normalerweise
aus drei festen Lagen besteht. Nach Fertigstel-
lung des Fundaments werden Stein- oder an-
dere Tesserae in eine dnne Schicht aus
Sumpfkalk und Puzzolan gesetzt. Die Oberfl-
che des Mosaiks ist hufig gewachst.
Tessera, Bindemittel, Ziegelmehl, Mar-
mormehl, Puzzolan, Wachs
Mozaik HR
Definicija: Dekoracija napravljena od malih
obojenih komada razliitih materijala (tesera)
primijenjena na unutarnjim ili vanjskim povr-
inama i ugraena u nekoliko slojeva morta.
DE Napomena: Mozaici na stropovima, svodovi-
ma ili zidovima sa staklenim teserama (opus
musivum) izvode se na trima slojevima morta
koja omoguuju vre prianjanje tekih tese-
ra. U veini sluajeva stavljaju se na tankome
sloju od gaenoga vapna, openoga praha ili
mramornoga praha prije negoli se mort vee.
I podni se mozaici (opus tesselatum) takoer
najee postavljaju u temeljnim slojevima,
obino sastavljenima od triju vrstih slojeva.
Nakon to je temelj zavren, kamene (ili dru-
ge) tesere utiskuju se u tanki sloj od gaenoga
vapna i pucolane. Povrina mozaika esto se
premazuje voskom.
tesera, vezivo, openi prah, mramorni
prah, pucolana, vosak
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

suRFACE DEsiGN

Mozaik Hu Komentarz: Mozaiki za szklanych tesserae na- base, las teselas de piedra (o de otros materia-
oone na sufity, sklepienia lub ciany (opus les) se presionan en una capa fina de cal apa-
Meghatrozs: Dekorci, melyet klnbz musivum) wykonuje si na trzech warstwach gada y puzolana. La superficie del mosaico es
anyagokbl ksztett kis sznes darabkk (moza- zaprawy, co pozwala mocno zwiza cikie normalmente encerada.
ikkockk) tbbrteg habarcsba val gyazs- tesserae. Zwykle nakada si je na cienk war-
val hoznak ltre, beltri vagy kltri felleteken. stw z wapna gaszonego, pyu ceglanego lub tesela, ligante, polvo de ladrillo, polvo de
mczki marmurowej, nim zaprawa zwie. Za- mrmol, puzolana, cera
Megjegyzs: Az veg mozaikkockkbl meny- sadniczo mozaiki posadzkowe (opus tessela-
nyezetekre, boltvekre vagy falakra ksztett mo- tum) s te ukadane w podou zoonym
zaikokat (opus musivum) hrom rteg ha- zwykle z trzech mocnych warstw. Po naoe- Mozaik tR
barcsba gyazzk, amely a slyos mozaikkockk niu podkadu, kamienne (czy inne) kostki s
szmra egy jobb tapadst tesz lehetv. Leg- wciskane w cienk warstw wapna gaszone- Tanm: veya d yzeylere uygulanan ve har-
tbb esetben egy oltott mszbl, tglaporbl go i pucolany. Powierzchni mozaiki czsto cn birka katmannn iine gmlen farkl
vagy mrvnyporbl ll vkony rtegre kerl- woskuje si. malzemelerin (tesserae) kk renkli parala-
tek fel a habarcs megktse eltt. Alapveten a rndan yaplm dekorasyon.
padlmozaikokat (opus tesselatum) is begyaz kostki mozaiki, spoiwo, py ceglany,
rtegekre raktk ki, amelyek ltalban hrom szi- mczka marmurowa, pucolan, wosk Yorum: Tavanlara, at kemerlerine veya duvar-
lrd rtegbl lltak. Miutn az alap elkszlt, k lara cam kp paralar (opus musivum) ile uygu-
(vagy egyb) mozaikkockkat prseltek be egy lanan mozaiklerde bu paralar daha sk yap-
oltott mszbl s puccolnbl ll vkony r- Mozaic Ro mas iin katmanl har zerine yerletirilir.
tegbe. Vgezetl a mozaikot gyakran viaszoltk. Bunlar ou durumda, har katmanndan nce
Definiie: Decoraie realizat din piese mici, ince snm kire, tula tozu veya mermer to-
mozaikkocka, ktanyag, tglapor, mr- colorate, din diferite materiale (denumite te- zundan oluan bir katmana uygulanr. Temel
vnypor, puccoln, viasz sere), aplicate pe suprafee interioare sau ex- olarak, yer mozaikleri (opus tesselatum) genel-
terioare i fixate pe suport cu mai multe stra- likle l sert katmanlardan oluan yataklama
turi de mortar. katmanlarna yerletirilir. Temel tamamlandk-
Mosaico it tan sonra, ta veya dier malzemeden oluan
Adnotare: Mozaicurile cu tesere de sticl apli- mozaik paralar, snm kire ve pozzolana-
Definizione: Tipologia decorativa eseguita con cate pe tavane, boli sau perei (opus musi- dan oluan ince katmana sktrlarak yerletiri-
tessere (tesserae), di solito di piccole dimensio- vum) sunt realizate pe trei straturi de mortar, lir. lem sonunda mozaik genellikle cilalanr.
ni, colorate e di vario materiale. Queste tessere ce permit o aderen mai ferm a teserelor
sono applicate su superfici architettoniche grele. n cele mai multe cazuri acestea sunt kp mozaik paras, tutkal, tula tozu,
esterne o interne, e fissate sul supporto con vari aplicate mai nainte ca mortarul s se ntreas- mermer tozu, pozzolan, mum
strati di malta, stucco o altri materiali. c pe un strat subire de var stins, de praf de
crmid sau de marmur. n principiu, mo-
Commento: Mosaici applicati a soffitti, volte zaicurile de pardoseal (opus tesselatum) sunt BG
o muri ed eseguiti con tessere di vetro (opus de asemenea fixate n paturi de mortar forma-
musivum), richiedono tre strati di malta che te din trei straturi foarte solide. Dup termina- : ,
permettono una migliore adesione delle tes- rea fundaiei, sunt presate tesere de piatr (-
sere pi pesanti. Di solito vengono fissati su (sau dintr-un alt material) ntr-un strat subire ),
uno strato sottile di grassello di calce, coccio- de var stins i pozzolana. Suprafaa mozaicului -
pesto o polvere di marmo, prima di essere in- este adesea ceruit. .
seriti nel letto di malta. I mosaici pavimentali
(opus tesselatum) di solito sono fissati in letti tesere, liant, praf de crmid, praf de :
di malta composti da tre strati molto solidi. marmur, pozzolana, cear (opus musivum) ,
Dopo aver eseguito il fondamento, le tessere -
vengono poste in uno strato sottile di grassel- , -
lo di calce e pozzolana. Come rifinitura, i mo- Mosaico Es . -
saici venivano spesso trattati con la cera. ,
Definicin: Decoracin hecha de pequeas -
tessera, supporto, polvere di mattone, piezas de color de diversos materiales (tese- .
grassello di calce, legante, polvere di marmo, las), aplicadas en superficies interiores o exte- (opus tesselatum)
pozzolana, cera riores e insertadas en varias capas de mortero. ,
. -
Comentario: Los mosaicos aplicados a los te- , ( )
Mozaika PL chos, bvedas o paredes con teselas de vidrio
(opus musivum) se realizan sobre tres capas . -
Definicja: Dekoracja wykonana z maych ko- de mortero que aseguran la firme adhesin de .
lorowych kawakw rnych materiaw (tes- las teselas pesadas. Los pavimentos de mosai-
serae) osadzonych w kilkuwarstwowej zapra- co (opus tesselatum) tambin se colocan ge- , , -
wie, stosowana na wewntrznych lub ze- neralmente en lechos compuestos por tres es- , , ,
wntrznych powierzchniach. tratos consistentes. Despus de terminar la ,

113
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
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Stucco relief, ex-factory Rikard Beni, Rijeka (Croatia), 1785/1791; Photo: 2014, HRZ (Katarina Gavrilica)
stucco
Definition: The plastic moulding of all kinds
of mortars on architectural surfaces for deco-
rative purposes.
Comment: Stucco can be made from various
mortars such as lime mortar, gypsum mortar
(plaster), anhydrite mortar, marble cement
(twice burnt aluminized gypsum), clay mortar,
cement mortar, or even materials like papier-
mch. Stucco can be made by various manu-
facturing techniques such as application stuc-
co, stucco offset, drawn stucco, cast stucco and
stamp mounted stucco. Stucco can be shaped
in an additive or in a subtractive (carved) way.
Plasters used for the imitation of decorative
natural stone surfaces are named stucco lustro
(with lime mortar), stucco marble or scagliola
(both with glue and gypsum mortar).
relief, plaster, sgraffito, lime mortar,
plaster of Paris
Sources: E DIN EN 16572: 2012, 10; Khn 1996
114
EN stuc
Dfinition: Modelage plastique laide de
tout type de mortiers sur des surfaces archi-
tecturales des fins dcoratives.
Commentaires: Le stuc peut tre fait avec dif-
frents mortiers: de chaux, de pltre, danhy-
drite, de ciment- marbre (gypse alumineux
brl deux fois), de terre, de ciment et dautres
matriaux comme le papier mch. Le stuc
peut tre fait selon diffrentes techniques
comme le stuc-pierre, stuc cir, stuc patin,
stuc estampill. Le stuc peut tre model se-
lon une voie additive ou soustractive (d-
coupe). Les enduits utiliss pour limitation de
surface dcorative en pierre naturelle sont
nomms stucco lustro (au mortier de chaux),
stuc- marbre ou scagliola (les deux avec du
mortier en pltre).
stuck
Definition: Stuck ist die plastische Ausfor-
mung von Mrteln aller Art auf Architektur-
oberflchen.
FR Kommentar: Stuck kann aus verschiedenen
Mrteln gemacht werden, wie z.B. Kalk-, Gips-,
Anhydritmrtel, Marble Cement (doppelt ge-
brannter alaunisierter Gips), Lehm-, Zement-
mrtel oder sogar aus Materialien wie Papp-
mach. Stuck kann in verschiedenen Techni-
ken wie Antragsstuck, Versatzstuck, gezoge-
nem Stuck, gegossenem Stuck und Stempel-
stuck hergestellt werden. Man kann ihn addi-
tiv als auch in anschlieend subtraktiver (ge-
schnittener) Bearbeitung formen. Fr flchige
Auftrge zur Imitation von Dekorationsgestei-
nen werden die Begriffe Stucco Lustro (aus
Kalkmrtel), Stuckmarmor oder Scagliola ver-
wendet (beide aus Leim-Gips-Mrtel).
Relief, Putz, Sgraffito, Kalkmrtel/Kalk-
putz, Modellgips
tuko HR
DE Definicija: Plastino oblikovanje svih vrsta
mortova na arhitektonskim povrinama u de-
korativne svrhe.

Napomena: tuko moe biti napravljen od raz-
liitih mortova poput vapnenoga morta, gip-
sanoga morta (unutarnja buka), anhidritnoga
morta, mramornoga cementa (dvaput peen
aluminizirani gips), glinenoga morta, cement-
noga morta ili od papir mcha. tuko moe bi-
ti izveden razliitim proizvodnim tehnikama
poput modeliranoga tuka (in situ), vuenoga
tuka, lijevanoga tuka i utisnutoga tuka. tu-
ko moe biti oblikovan dodavanjem ili oduzi-
manjem (rezbarenjem). buke upotrijebljene
za oponaanje povrina dekorativnoga prirod-
nog kamena nazivaju se stucco lustro (s vapne-
nom bukom), tuko mramor ili scagliola (oba
sa bukom od gipsa i tutkala).
stukk Hu
Meghatrozs: ptszeti felleteken deko-
ratv cllal kialaktott plasztikus formk, br-
mely habarcsfajta felhasznlsval.
Megjegyzs: A stukkt klnbz habar-
csokbl lehet ellltani, mint pldul msz-
habarcs, gipszhabarcs (vakolat), anhidrit ha-
barcs, mrvnycement (ktszer getett timss
gipsz), agyaghabarcs, cementvakolat, vagy
akr olyan anyagokbl, mint a paprmas. A
stukkt klnfle gyrtsi technikkkal lehet
elkszteni, ilyen az appliklt stukk, az ofszet
stukk, a hzott stukk, az nttt stukk s a
stukk nyomat.
A stukkt pozitv s negatv mintzssal lehet
kialaktani. Azokat a vakolatokat, amelyeket
dekoratv termszetes k felletek utnzsra
hasznlnak, mszhabarcs esetn stucco lust-
ronak, enyves gipszhabarcs esetn pedig m-
mrvnynak vagy gipszmrvnynak (scaglio-
la) neveznek.
Decorazione a stucco
Definizione: Modellazione plastica eseguita
su una superficie architettonica, con vari tipi
di malta.
Commento: Il materiale usato per la decora-
zione a stucco pu essere composto da varie
miscele di malta, fra questi malta di calce, ges-
so con differenti gradi di idratazione (bassani-
te, anidrite) e additivi come lallume (per il co-
siddetto Marble Cement); argilla, cemento,
persino carta pesta.
Per la decorazione a stucco sono in uso varie
tecniche di esecuzione: modellazione diretta
sul supporto o con lausilio di stampini o sa-
gome; applicazione di elementi decorativi
prefabbricati ecc. La modellazione della deco-
razione a stucco pu avvenire con il sistema
additivo o sottrattivo (a intaglio). Per il rivesti-
ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
suRFACE DEsiGN
mento di superfici ad imitazione di lastre lapi- Comentario: El estuco se puede hacer con di-
dee, si usano i termini stucco lustro (con malta ferentes tipos de morteros, como de cal, de
di calce), finto marmo o scagliola (con malte yeso, de anhidrita, de cemento-mrmol (am-
di gesso e colla). bos calentados con yeso aluminizado), de ar-
cilla, de cemento o con otros materiales como
gesso, argilla, cemento, stampino, el papel mach. Puede realizarse con varias
scagliola tcnicas: de estuco directo, estuco offset, es-
tuco dibujado, estuco por molde y estuco im-
preso. Puede lograrse de forma aditiva o sus-
stiuk PL tractiva. Los morteros empleados para la imi-
tacin de piedras naturales se denominan
Definicja: Plastyczne dekoracje wykonane na stucco lustro (con mortero de cal), estuco de
powierzchniach architektonicznych z wszel- mrmol o marmorizado (ambos con mortero
kiego rodzaju zapraw. de yeso y cola).
Komentarz: Stiuki mog by wykonane z
rnego rodzaju zapraw, jak: zaprawa wa- stkko tR
pienna, gipsowa, zaprawa anhydrytowa, ce-
ment marmurowy (dwukrotnie wypalany Tanm: Dekoratif amalar iin mimari yzeyler-
aluminiowany gips), zaprawy z gliny, cemen- deki her trl harcn plastik kalba dklmesi.
towe, a nawet z papier mch. Stiuki mona
wykona wykorzystujc rozmaite techniki Yorum: Stkko, kire harc, al harc (sva), su-
jak: stiuki nakadane, stiuki cignione, stiuki suz har, mermer imento (iki kez piirilmi
odlewane, wyciskane stemplem, mocowane. alminyumlu al ta), kil harc, imento harc
Stiuki mog by modelowane poprzez naka- hatta kat hamuru gibi eitli harlardan olu-
danie lub wybieranie masy. Zaprawy uywa- abilir. Stkko, uygulamal stkko, dz stkko,
ne do wyrobu dekoracyjnych imitacji natu- izilmi stkko, dkm stkko, pul yaptrmal
ralnych kamieni s nazywane stucco lustro (z stkko gibi eitli retim tekniklerinden olu-
uyciem zaprawy wapiennej) stiuk marmu- abilir. Stkko, yaptrmaya da kartmal (oy-
rowy lub scgliola (obydwa z gipsu z dodat- mal) yntemle ekillendirilebilir. Dekoratif ta
kiem kleju). yzeylerin taklidi iin kullanlan svalar, Stk-
kolustro (kire harl), stkko mermer ya da al-
dan yaplm taklit mermer (her ikisi de tut-
stucatur Ro kall al ta harl) olarak adlandrlr.
E anlam: mermer taklidi kabartma
Definiie: Modelarea (turnarea) plastic a ori-
cror tipurilor de mortare pe suprafee arhi- rlyef, sva, sgraffito, kire harc, kalp
tecturale n scopuri decorative. als
Adnotare: Stucatura poate fi realizat din di-
verse mortare, precum mortar de var, mortar BG
de gips, ciment de marmur (gips aluminizat
it ars de dou ori), mortar de argil, mortar de : -
ciment, sau chiar materiale precum papier -
mch. Stucatura poate fi realizat n diferite .
tehnici, cum ar fi stucatura aplicat, stucatura
compensat, stucatura desenat, stucatura : -
turnat i stucatura imprimat. Stucatura poa- , -
te fi sculptat prin modelare sau prin cioplire , ( -
(gravare). Tencuielile folosite pentru imitarea ), ,
suprafeelor decorative din piatr natural -.
sunt denumite stucco lustro (cu mortar de
var), stuc de marmur sau scagliola (ambele -, , -
cu mortar de gips cu clei). , -
. -
() -
Estuco Es ().
,
Definicin: Modelado plstico de todo tipo ,
de morteros sobre superficies arquitectnicas ( ),
con intencin decorativa. (
- ).
115
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
suRFACE DEsiGN
Scagliola decoration, Cathedral, Zagreb (Croatia), 1703; Photo: 2015, HRZ (Katarina Gavrilica)
scagliola EN
Definition: A technique used to imitate dec-
orative stones (e.g. marble, breccia, and por-
phyry).
Comment: Named after a kind of natural gyp-
sum (gesso scagliola), which is crushed to a
fine powder and mixed with water, animal
glue and pigments. A kind of dough is made
and each colour is mixed separately. If siena
marble or verde antiqua is to be imitated, al-
abaster (powder) is used. At the end, surfaces
(walls, floors, columns, panels, etc.) are pol-
ished with pumice stone and drying oil (e.g.
linseed, walnut) and finally with wax, becom-
ing glossy (lustro) and as hard as stone.
Synonym: stucco marble
gypsum, glue, pigments, drying oil,
wax
Sources: Kemp 1912, 128132; Fuga 2006, 201205; Curl 2006, 682; Clarke 2010, 222; Mortars 2011, 111, 113, 607; Botticelli (9.4.2014)
116
Scagliola
Dfinition: Technique utilise pour imiter des
pierres dcoratives (ex.: marbre, brche, por-
phyre).
Commentaires: Du nom dune forme de
gypse naturel (gesso scagliola) qui est broy
en une fine poudre et mlang avec de leau,
de la colle animale et des pigments. Une sorte
de pte est fabrique et chaque couleur est
mlange sparment. Si le marbre de Sienne
ou le vert antique doit tre imit, de lalbtre
(poudre) est utilis. A la fin, les surfaces (murs,
sols, colonnes, panneaux etc.) sont polies la
pierre ponce et lhuile siccative (ex. lin, noix)
et finalement avec de la cire qui, lustre,
devient dure comme la pierre.
Ne pas confondre avec: stuc
gypse, pigment, huile siccative, cire,
colle animale
FR scagliola DE
Definition: Eine Technik, um dekorative Stei-
ne zu imitieren (z.B. Marmor, Brekzie und Por-
phyr).
Kommentar: Scagliola ist nach einem natr-
lichen Gips (Scagliola) benannt, der zu einem
feinen Pulver zermahlen und mit Wasser, tie-
rischem Leim und Pigmenten vermischt wird.
Daraus wird eine Paste gemacht und jede Far-
be einzeln angesetzt. Zur Imitation von Siena
Marmor oder Verde Antiqua verwendet man
Alabaster(-mehl). Zum Schluss werden die
Oberflchen (Wnde, Fubden, Sulen, Pa-
neele etc.) mit Bimsstein und trocknendem l
(z.B. Leinl, Walnul) und dann mit Wachs
behandelt, um so glnzend und hart wie Stein
zu werden.
Im Deutschen wird Scagliola nur fr die Intar-
sien-, nicht fr die Steinimitation (Stuckmar-
mor) benutzt.
Synonym: Stuckmarmorintarsie
Gips, Leim, Pigment, trocknendes l,
Wachs

scagliola HR
Definicija: Tehnika koja oponaa ukrasni ka-
men (npr. mramor, brea i porfir).
Napomena: Nazvan po vrsti prirodnoga gip-
sa (gesso Scagliola) koji se mrvi u fini prah i
mijea s vodom, ivotinjskim ljepilom i pig-
mentima. Napravi se tijesto i svaka se boja
mijea posebno. Ako se imitira Siena mramor
ili verde antiqua, upotrebljava se alabaster
(prah). Nakon dovretka povrine (zidovi, po-
dovi, stupovi, ploe itd.) se poliraju s plovu-
cem i suivim uljima (npr. laneno, orahovo) i
na kraju voskom, zbog ega postaju sjajne (lu-
stro) i tvrde kao kamen.
Sinonim: tuko mramor
gips, tutkalo, pigment, suivo ulje, vosak
Mmrvny Hu
Meghatrozs: Dsztkvek (pl. mrvny,
trmelkk s porfr) utnzsra hasznlt gips, klej, pigmenty, olej schncy, wosk
technika.
Megjegyzs: Nvadja egyfajta termszetes
gipsz (gesso Scagliola), amelyet finom porr
zznak s vzzel, llati eredet enyvvel s pig-
mentekkel kevernek. A keverk masszaszer,
s minden sznt kln kell ellltani, elkever-
ni. Ha sienai mrvnyt vagy verde antique-ot
akartak utnozni, portott alabstromot hasz-
nltak. A kialaktott felleteket (falak, padlk,
oszlopok, panelek, stb.) habkvel s szrad
olajjal (lenolaj, diolaj) polroztk, majd legv-
gl viasszal, mely ltal fnyess (lustro) s k-
kemnny vlnak.
Szinonima: gipszmrvny
gipsz, enyv, pigment, szrad olaj, viasz
scagliola
Definizione: Tecnica usata per imitare pietre
decorative (p. es. marmi, brecce, porfiri).
Commento: Il nome deriva da un tipo di ges-
so minerale che viene polverizzato e mesco-
lato con acqua, colla animale e pigmenti. Si fa
una specie di impasto, separatamente per
ogni colore. Quando si vuole imitare il marmo
di Siena o il Verde antico, si aggiunge polvere
di alabastro. La rifinitura delle superfici (pareti,
pavimenti, colonne, pannelli ecc.) avviene tra-
mite una lucidatura con pietra pomice e olii
siccativi (p. es. olio di lino o di noce); infine si
applica la cera, ottenendo una superficie luci-
da (lustra) e dura come la pietra.
Sinonimo: finto marmo
ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
suRFACE DEsiGN
gesso, colla, pigmento, olio siccativo, tar el mrmol de Siena o verde antiqua, se usa
cera polvo de alabastro. Al final, las superficies (mu-
ros, suelos, columnas, paneles, etc.) se pulen
con piedra pmez y aceite secante (de lino o
scagliola PL de nuez) y finalmente con cera, para que se
vuelva brillante (lustro) y tan duro como una
Definicja: Technika stosowana do imitowania piedra.
dekoracyjnych kamieni (np. marmuru, przea- Sinnimo: marmorizado embutido
mu ska osadowych i porfiru).
yeso, cola, pigmentos, aceite secante,
Komentarz: Nazwana tak od rodzaju natural- cera
nego gipsu (gesso Scagliola), ktry tucze si
na drobny py i miesza z wod, klejem zwie-
rzcym i pigmentami. Z kadego koloru wy- Aldan yaplm taklit mermer tR
rabia si osobno rodzaj ciasta. Do imitacji
marmuru sieneskiego czy zielonego anty- Tanm: Dekoratif talar (mermer, bre, ve gra-
cznego, uywa si mczki alabastrowej. Na nit gibi) taklit etmek iin kullanlan teknik.
kocu powierzchnie (ciany, posadzki, kolum-
ny, tafle itd.) s polerowane pumeksem i ole- Yorum: smini, su, hayvansal tutkal ve pig-
jem schncym (np. lnianym i orzechowym) a mentlerle kartrlan ince toz halinde ezilen
potem woskiem, staj si lnice (lustro) i doal al tann (gesso scagliola) bir trn-
twarde jak kamie. den almtr. Bir tr hamur yaplr ve her renk
Synonim: stiuk marmurowy ayr bir ekilde kartrlr. Eer Siena mermeri
ya da Verda antik mermer taklidi yaplacaksa,
alabaster/ kaymakta (tozu) kullanlr. Sonra-
snda yzeyler (duvarlar, yerler, kolonlar, pa-
neller vb.) ponza ta, kurutucu ya (keten to-
scagliola Ro humu, ceviz ya vb.) ve en sonunda mum ile
parlatlr ve gsterili ve ta kadar sert hale ge-
Definiie: Tehnic folosit pentru imitarea lir.
pietrelor decorative (de ex. marmur, brecie, E anlam: stkko mermeri
i porfir).
alta, tutkal, pigmentler, kurutucu ya,
Adnotare: Numit dup un tip de gips natural bal mumu
(gesso scagliola), care este zdrobit ntr-o pul-
bere fin i amestecat cu ap, clei animal i
pigmeni. Este realizat o past iar fiecare cu- BG
loare este amestecat separat. Dac trebuie
imitat o marmur de Siena sau un verde an- : -
tiqua, se folosete alabastrul (pulbere). La sfr- (. , ,
it, suprafeele (perei, podele, coloane, pa- ).
nouri, etc.) sunt lustruite cu piatr ponce i ulei
sicativ (de ex. ulei de in, ulei de nuc) i n final :
cu cear, devenind lucioase (lustro) i la fel de (gesso Scagliola),
it tari ca piatra. ,
Sinonime: stuco-marmur, marmur scaglio- .
la .
verde antiqu -
gips, clei, pigment, ulei sicativ, cear . -
(, , ,
.) (-
Estuco marmorizado Es . ) ,
(lustro)
Definicin: Tcnica usada para imitar piedras .
decorativas (por ejemplo, mrmol, brecha y :
prfido).
, , , -
Comentario: El nombre procede de un tipo ,
de yeso natural (escayola), que es triturado en
un polvo fino, mezclado con agua, cola animal
y pigmentos. Se hace una especie de plastilina
amasando cada color por separado. Para imi-
117
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
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Faade with glazed tiles, Kallina House, Zagreb (Croatia), 1903/04; Photo: 2011 (Branimir Kolarek)
Glazed decorations EN
Definition: Faade and interior wall orna-
ments made with polychrome and glazed
bricks or terracotta tiles.
Comment: To make the bricks and tiles deco-
rative and waterproof they are coated with a
vitreous mixture which also gives the bricks
and tiles a protective glaze after kiln firing. The
most commonly used materials for glazing
contain quartz, sand, soda, lead or tin.
brick, terracotta
Sources: Aguiar 2001, 274276, 279; Fuga 2006, 215, 218; Curl 2006, 8, 53, 263, 319, 591, 779; Clarke 2010, 110/1; History of the Dutch tile (30.4.2014); Mitchell
(3.4.2015)
118
Dcoration vernisse FR
Dfinition: Ornements des faades et murs
intrieurs faits de polychromie, briques ver-
nisses et carreaux de terre cuite.
Commentaires: Les briques et carreaux dco-
ratifs impermables sont revtus dun mat-
riau vitreux qui donnent aux briques et car-
reaux une glaure protectrice aprs cuisson.
Les matriaux habituellement utiliss pour
faire la glaure contiennent du quartz, du sa-
ble, de la soude, du plomb et de ltain.
brique, terre cuite
Glasierter Bauschmuck DE
Definition: Ornamente an Fassaden und In-
nenwnden aus polychrom glasierten Ziegeln
oder Terrakottafliesen.
Kommentar: Um Ziegel und Fliesen dekorativ
und wasserundurchlssig zu machen, werden
sie mit einer glasartigen Mischung berzo-
gen, die fr die Ziegel und Fliesen nach dem
Ofenbrand auch eine Schutzglasur darstellt.
Die am hufigsten verwendeten Materialien
fr Glasuren sind Quartz, Sand, Soda, Blei oder
Zinn.
Ziegel, Terracotta
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

suRFACE DEsiGN

Glazirane dekoracije HR Dekoracja glazurowana PL srl dekorasyonlar tR

Definicija: Fasade i unutarnji zidni ukrasi od Definicja: Dekoracje fasad i cian wewntrz- Tanm: ok renkli ve srl tulalar veya terako-
viebojnih i glaziranih opeka ili terakotnih plo- nych wykonane z polichromowanych i szkli- ta inilerden yaplm cephe ve i duvar ssle-
ica. wionych cegie lub pytek terakotowych. meleri.

Napomena: Da bi se opeke i ploice uinile
dekorativnim i vodootpornim obloene su
staklastom smjesom koja je nakon peenja u
pei opekama i ploicama dala zatitnu glazu-
ru. Materijali za glaziranje najee su sadra-
vali kvarc, pijesak, sodu, olovo ili kositar.
Komentarz: Aby dekoracje z cegie i pytek
byy wodoodporne pokrywa si je szklist
mieszanin, ktra po wypaleniu w piecu daje
cegom i pytkom ochronne szkliwo. Materiay
najczciej uywane do szkliwienia zawieraj
kwarc, piasek, sod, ow lub cyn.
Yorum: Tulalar ve inileri dekoratif ve su ge-
irmez yapmak iin frnda piirildikten sonra
onlar koruyucu sr veren cams bir karm ile
kaplanrlar. Srlama iin en sk kullanlan mal-
zemeler kuvars, kum, soda, kurun veya kalay-
dr.

opeka, terakota cega, terrakota tula, terakota

Majolika Hu Decoraii smluite Ro BG

Meghatrozs: Homlokzatok s bels falfe- Definiie: Ornamente interioare i de faad : -

lletek ornamentikja, melyet sznes s zo- realizate cu crmizi sau plci de teracot po- , -
mncos tglkbl vagy terrakotta csempk- licrome i glazurate. .
bl alaktanak ki.
Adnotare: Pentru a fi decorative i impermea- :
Megjegyzs: Ahhoz, hogy a tglk s a bur- bile, crmizile i plcile sunt acoperite cu un , -
kolcsempk dekoratvak s vzllak legye- amestec vitros, ce le ofer dup arderea n , -
nek, felletket egy vegszer keverkkel cuptor o glazur cu rol de protecie. Cele mai
vontk be, amely a kemencben trtn ki- utilizate materiale pentru glazurare conin cu- . -
gets sorn egy vd zomncrteggel ltta el ar, nisip, sod, plumb sau staniu. , , -
a tglkat s a csempket. A zomnchoz leg- , .
gyakrabban kvarcot (homokot), mosszdt, crmid, teracot
n- vagy lomoxidot hasznlnak. ,
Szinonima: kermia dszburkolat

tgla, terrakotta

Maiolica decorativa it ornamentacin con cermica vidriada Es

Definizione: Facciate o interni di edifici si de- Definicin: Adornos de fachadas y de muros

corano con elementi in terracotta smaltata di
varia forma (mattoni, tegole, elementi deco-
rativi)
Commento: Per decorare gli elementi in ter-
racotta e farli impermeabili, questi vengono
rivestiti con uno smalto stannifero (eventual-
mente anche al piombo). Questo smalto, chia-
mato vetrina, viene cotto al forno e costituisce
cos anche uno strato protettivo. I materiali pi
usati per linvetriatura sono il quarzo, la sabbia,
la soda, il piombo o lo stagno.
interiores realizados con cermicas (terraco-
tas) vidriadas con diversas policromas.
Comentario: Para transformar los ladrillos y
las baldosas en ornamentacin vidriada, son
cubiertos con un esmalte que adems les con-
fiere una capa protectora impermeable tras su
coccin en el horno. Los materiales ms usa-
dos para la obtencin del vidriado contienen
cuarzo, arena, plomo o estao.
Sinnimo: ornamentacin con cermica es-
maltada

terracotta , mattone ladrillo, terracota

119
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
suRFACE DEsiGN
Faade and roofs with wooden shingles, Church of Saint Leonard, Lipnica Murowana (Poland), 15th century; Photo: 2008, UAD (Adrian Rauca)
Clapboard / shingle EN
Definition: A thin piece of material (wood, as-
phalt, slate, metal, ceramic, or concrete) used
for roof coverings or faade sidings in build-
ings.
Comment: Usually laid in overlapping pat-
terns, clapboards ensure water impermeabil-
ity. They can also have a decorative function,
created both by their shape and their pattern
of arrangement on the architectural surface.
In some countries, shingle refers exclusively
to wooden clapboard used for the covering of
roofs, especially in vernacular architecture.
Not to be confused with: siding, cladding
ceramic
Sources: Juracek 2002, 1517, 338; Ching 1995, 268; Harris 2002, 106; Hasol 2002, 487; Brc 1997, 3843
120
Bardeau (clin) FR
Dfinition: Pice fine en bois, pierre (ex. ar-
doise) asphalte, mtal, cramique ou ciment
utilise pour couvrir les toits ou comme pare-
ment de faade (clin).
Commentaires: Ils assurent une impermabi-
lit leau et sont ainsi souvent disposs en
chevauchement. Ils peuvent aussi avoir une
fonction dcorative, cre avec leur forme et
leur mode darrangement sur la surface archi-
tecturale. Dans certains pays, le bardage se fait
exclusivement avec des bardeaux en bois
pour la couverture des toits, surtout dans lar-
chitecture vernaculaire.
Ne pas confondre avec: parement, revtement
extrieur
cramique
schindel DE
Definition: Ein dnnes Stck Material (Holz,
Bitumen, Schiefer, Metall, Keramik oder Be-
ton), das als Dachbelag und zur Verkleidung
von Gebudefassaden benutzt wird.
Kommentar: Schindeln werden blicherwei-
se berlappend verlegt, so dass sie vor ein-
dringendem Wasser schtzen. Sie knnen
auch eine dekorative Funktion besitzen, die
durch ihre Form und Verlegemuster auf der
Architekturoberflche entsteht. In einigen
Lndern bezieht sich Schindel nur auf hl-
zerne Dachschindeln, insbesondere in der re-
gionalen, traditionellen Architektur.
Synonyme: Fassadenplatte, Bekleidungsplat-
te, Wandschalung, Wandschindelung, Beklei-
dungselement, Fassadenelement
Keramik

indra HR
Definicija: Tanki materijal (drvo, asfalt, krilje-
vac, metal, keramika ili beton) koji se upotreb-
ljava za pokrivanje krovova ili bonih fasada
na graevinama.
Napomena: indre se obino kod postavljanja
preklapaju ime se osigurava vodonepropus-
nost. Oblikom i uzorkom postavljanja na arhi-
tektonskoj povrini takoer mogu imati i deko-
rativnu funkciju. U nekim se zemljama indra
odnosi samo na drvene ploice kojima se pokri-
vaju krovovi, posebno u tradicijskoj arhitekturi.
keramika
tetfed elem Hu
Meghatrozs: Klnbz anyagokbl (fa,
aszfalt, pala, fm, kermia vagy beton) ksz-
tett vkony elemek, melyeket tetfedsre
vagy homlokzatok burkolsra hasznlnak.
Megjegyzs: ltalban gy rakjk fel ket,
hogy tfedjk egymst, ezltal biztostjk a fe-
llet vzhatlansgt. Dekoratv szerepk is le-
het, amely a formjukbl s ptszeti felle- tru placarea faadelor cldirilor.
ten val elrendezskbl, az ezltal kialakult
mintzatbl addik. A magyar szaknyelvben
a zsindely megnevezst kizrlag a hastott f-
bl kszlt tetfed elemre hasznljk, mely aib, de asemenea, rol decorativ, creat att
leginkbb a npi ptszetben terjedt el. A
cserp alatt ltalban tetfedsre hasznlt
agyagcserepet rtenek, a homlokzati kermia
dsztelemeket pedig csempnek nevezik.
Szinonimk: cserp, zsindely
keramika
scandola
Definizione: Una tavoletta sottile fatta di un
materiale come legno, bitume, lavagna, metal-
lo, ceramica o calcestruzzo; si usa per coprire i
tetti o per proteggere le facciate di un edificio.
Commento: Le scandole di solito vengono
messe in opera a diversi strati sovrapposti; cos
garantiscono impermeabilit contro infiltra-
zioni dacqua. Possono anche assumere una
funzione decorativa che risulta sia dalla forma
delle scandole stesse sia dallornato con il qua-
le vengono messe in opera sulla superficie ar-
chitettonica. In alcuni paesi, non in Italia, il ter-
mine viene usato solo per definire le scandole
in legno usate per coprire i tetti, specialmente
nellarchitettura rurale.
ceramica
ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
suRFACE DEsiGN
Dachwka / Gont PL Kaplama tahtas tR
Definicja: Cienki kawaek materiau (drewna, Tanm: Binalarda at kaplamada ya da n
asfaltu, upka, metalu, ceramiki lub betonu), cephelerinde kullanlan ince para malzeme
uywany do pokrywania dachu lub okadania (ahap, asfalt, kayrak, metal, seramik veya be-
elewacji budynkw. ton).
Komentarz: Dachwki zapewniaj nieprze- Yorum: Kaplama tahtalar su szdrmazl
puszczalno wody, s wic zwykle kadzione salar, bylece st ste binen ekillerde yer-
w taki sposb, e zachodz na siebie. Mog letirilir. Ayn zamanda, mimari yzeyde hem
rwnie peni funkcj dekoracyjn, zarwno ekilleri hem de dizim ekli ile oluturulan de-
z powodu ksztatw, jak i sposobu uoenia na koratif ilevi de vardr. Baz lkelerde ngl,
powierzchni architektonicznej. W niektrych zellikle geleneksel mimari de at kaplama-
krajach drewniana dachwka nosi nazw lar iin kullanlan ahap kaplama tahtas an-
gont; stosowane s one do pokrywania da- lamna gelir.
chw, zwaszcza w architekturze wernakular- E anlaml: padavra, ahap kiremit, yal bask-
nej. s
Nie naley myli z: licowanie zewntrzne, Kartrmaynz: tahta kiremit/ padavra, cephe
okadanie kaplamas
ceramika seramik
igl / indril Ro BG
Definiie: Bucat subire de material (lemn, : , ,
asfalt, ardezie, metal, ceramic sau beton) fo- , , , -
losit pentru acoperirea arpantelor sau pen- ,
.
Adnotare: Aezate de obicei n straturi supra- : -
puse, iglele asigur impermeabilitate. Pot s
.
prin forma lor, ct i prin dispunerea pe supra- , -
faa arhitectural. n unele ri termenul in- -
dril se refer exclusiv la igla din lemn folosit .
la acoperirea arpantelor, n special n arhitec- , -
tura vernacular. .
Sinonim: i :
ceramic
it
Placa / tablilla Es
Definicin: Fina pieza de material (madera,
asfalto, pizarra, metal, cermica u hormign)
usado para cubiertas de techos o revestimien-
to de fachadas en edificios.
Comentario: Al ser colocadas mediante su-
perposicin, aseguran la impermeabilidad.
Pueden tener tambin una funcin decorativa
debido a su forma, su patrn de superposicin
y su disposicin en la superficie arquitectni-
ca. En algunos pases, tablilla se refiere exclu-
sivamente a listones de madera usados para
cubrir tejados, sobre todo en la arquitectura
vernacular.
cermica
121
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
CoNstRuCtioN AiDs
Putlog holes EN
Definition: Holes purposely made in a wall to
support a suspended scaffolding platform.
Comment: Putlog holes enable cross-bars to
be inserted; scaffold boards are placed onto
these bars to create a platform. Putlog holes
are usually round or square in form. Cross-bars
with a regular square shape were mostly used
on a brick or stone wall (built from regular
square blocks), which left square putlog holes.
If putlog holes are of a round shape, it is a sign
that cross-bars were made of unformed
wooden materials, usually using the cheaper
woods.
Sources: Stevens Curl 2006, 612; Felici 2006, 5862; Baud et al. 2002, 4559
122
trous de boulin FR
Dfinition: Le trou de boulin est pratiqu
dans le mur pour supporter au moins partiel-
lement une plateforme dchafaudage.
Commentaires: Borgnes ou traversant, ce
sont des points dancrage de lchafaudage
qui permettent dinsrer des traverses hori-
zontales en bois sur lesquelles sont installes
les plateformes dchafaudage. Ils ont gn-
ralement une forme ronde ou carre. Une tra-
verse de section parfaitement carre est utili-
se pour des maonneries de brique ou de
pierres de taille. Lorsquelle est faite de bois
grossirement quarri et bon march, les
trous de boulin ont une forme arrondie, cas le
plus souvent rencontr pour un chafaudage
sur des murs de mollons ou dun mlange de
matriaux (pierres et fragments de brique).
Gerstlcher DE
Definition: Speziell angefertigte, eingetiefte
Lcher in einer Wand zum Absttzen einer Ge-
rstplattform.
Kommentar: Die Balkenlcher ermglichen
es, Querstangen darin zu verankern: Auf diese
Stangen werden Gerstbohlen gelegt, um ei-
ne Plattform zu errichten. Balkenlcher sind
im Querschnitt berwiegend rund oder eckig.
Rechtwinklige Balken wurden meistens an ei-
ner Ziegel- oder Steinwand (aus rechtwinkli-
gen Blcken gebaut) eingesetzt, was eckige
Balkenlcher hinterlsst. Runde Balkenlcher
sind ein Zeichen dafr, dass die Balken aus un-
bearbeitetem Holz gemacht waren, hufig un-
ter Verwendung von kostengnstigeren Hl-
zern.
Synonyme: Balkenlcher, Rstlcher

Rupa za skelu HR
Definicija: Rupe u zidu napravljene kao pot-
pora platformi visee skele.
Napomena: Rupe za skelu omoguuju da se
u njih uglave poprene grede, na koje se po-
lau daske koje oblikuju platformu skele. Rupe
od skele obino su okrugle ili etvrtaste. e-
tvrtaste su grede uglavnom rabljene na cigle-
nim ili kamenim zidovima (graenim od pra-
vilnih blokova) te su iza njih ostale etvrtaste
rupe. Rupe za skele okrugloga oblika upuuju
na to da su grede napravljene od neoblikova-
noga drvenog materijala, obino od jeftinije-
ga drva.
llvnylyukak Hu
Meghatrozs: Olyan lyukak, melyeket szn-
dkosan ksztenek a falba, a felfggesztett
llvny altmasztsra.
Megjegyzs: Az llvnylyukak lehetv teszik
a keresztgerendk beillesztst; ezeken aztn
llvnydeszkkat helyeznek el s egy llst k-
peznek. Az llvnylyukak formja kerektett
vagy szgletes. Ha a keresztgerendk ngy-
szgletesek voltak, fleg tgla s kfalon hasz-
nltk ket (melyek szablyos ngyszgletes
ptelemekbl kszlnek), ezek ngyzetes
llvnylyukakat kpeztek.
Ha az llvnylyuk formja kerektett, ez azt jel-
zi, hogy a keresztgerendkhoz megmunklat-
lan faanyagot hasznltak, ltalban olcsbb
fafajtkbl.
Buche pontaie
Definizione: Buche fatte intenzionalmente in
un muro per sostenere unimpalcatura di pon-
teggio sospesa.
Commento: Le buche pontaie permettono al-
le traverse di essere inserite; su queste traverse
sono poste tavole da ponteggio per creare
unimpalcatura. Le buche pontaie hanno ge-
neralmente una forma rotonda o quadrata. Se
le traverse avevano una forma quadrata rego-
lare erano usate su muri di mattoni o di pietra
(costruite da blocchi quadrati regolari), questo
lasciava buche pontaie quadrate. Tuttavia non
tutte le buche quadrate sulle facciate hanno
a che fare con i ponteggi. Qualche buca qua-
drata stata usata per la costruzione (per
esempio per una trave ad anello orizzontale).
Se le buche pontaie hanno una forma roton-
da, questo un segno che le traverse erano
fatte di materiale ligneo non formato, solita-
mente usando legni pi economici (come
lacacia). Questo tipo di buca soprattutto
usato per ponteggi su muri fatti di pietre irre-
golari di varie forme e dimensioni o materiali
di forme diverse (pezzi di pietra e frammenti
di mattoni).
Maculnica / otwr maculcowy PL
Definicja: Otwory celowo wykonane w cia-
nie do podparcia pomostw podwieszanych
rusztowa.
Komentarz: Otwory umoliwiaj woenie
maculcw; na tych belkach ukadane s deski Tanm: Asl iskele platformunu desteklemek
rusztowa tworzce podesty. Maculnice s
zwykle okrge lub kwadratowe. W cianach
budowanych z kamienia lub cegy (zbudowa-
nych z regularnych blokw), belki miay zwyk- sokulmasn mmkn klar; bu demirlerin ze-
le przekrj kwadratu. Maculnice o ksztacie
okrgym oznaczaj, e maculce wykonano z
nieobrobionych pni, zwykle taszych gatun-
kw drewna.
Synonim: gniazdo rusztowa bloklardan ina edilen tula ya da ta duvarlarda
orificii de schel Ro
Definiie: Guri realizate intenionat ntr-un
zid, cu scopul de a sprijini o schel (platform
suspendat).
it
Adnotare: Aceste orificii permit introducerea
de traverse pe care sunt fixate panouri de
schel (podine) pentru a crea astfel o platfor-
m. Orificiile de schel sunt de obicei rotunde
sau ptrate. Dac traversele au fost ptrate, ele
au fost, cel mai adesea, folosite pe un perete
de crmid sau de piatr (construit din blo-
curi ptrate de aproximativ aceeai dimensiu-
ne), i astfel au lsat orificii de schel ptrate.
Dac orificiile de schel au o form rotunjit,
este un indiciu c traversele au fost fcute din
lemn nefasonat, de obicei din esene mai ief-
tine.
ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
CoNstRuCtioN AiDs
Mechinal Es
Definicin: Agujero realizado intencionada-
mente en un muro para apoyar un andamio.
Comentario: Los mechinales permiten que se
inserten barras transversales; en estas barras
se colocan tableros de andamio para crear una
plataforma. Suelen ser redondeados o cuadra-
dos. Las barras transversales de perfil cuadra-
do eran utilizadas sobre todo en paredes de
ladrillo o piedra (construidas a partir de blo-
ques cuadrados regulares), que dejaban me-
chinales cuadrados. Si los mechinales son de
forma redondeada es seal de que las barras
transversales estaban hechas de materiales de
madera sin forma, por lo general, de maderas
baratas.
skele kirii delikleri tR
amacyla duvarda kasten yaplm delikler.
Yorum: skele kirii delikleri, apraz ubuklarn
rinde platform oluturmak iin iskele tahtalar
yerletirilir. skele kirii delikleri genellikle yuvar-
lak ya da kare eklindedir. apraz ubuklar dz-
gn kare eklindeyse, ounlukla dzgn kare
ki kare iskele kirii deliklerine otururdu.
Eer iskele kirii delikleri yuvarlak ekildeyse,
bu apraz ubuklarn genellikle daha ucuz
aalar kullanldn ve ekillendirilmemi
aa malzemeden yapldn gstermektedir.
BG
: ,
.
: -
(),
,
.
.
( )
.
.
123
 ART AND CRAFT TECHNIQUES

CONSTRUCTION AIDS

Visible sinopia, Chapel of St. He/en, Senkovec (Croatia), late 14th century; Photo: 2014, HRZ (!van Srsa)

Sinopia EN Sinopia FR Sinopie DE

Definition: A preparatory drawing used in Definition: Dessin preparatoire utilise dans la Definition: In der Freskomalerei verwendete
fresco painting placed directly onto the wall technique de la peinture a fresco et execute Vorzeichnung, die direkt auf die Wand oder
or on the levelling coat (floating coat) or arric- directement sur lemur ou sur enduit grossier auf den Ausgleichsputz oder Arriccio/ Grob-
cio. (gobetis). putz platziert wird.

Comment: The term comes from the word
used for a light coloured red ochre, also
known as terra di sinope. This is no longer in
use and has been replaced by other natural
red pigments.
Not to be confused with: underdrawing,
preparatory drawing
- levelling coat, - arriccio
Commentaires: Le terme vient du mot utilise
pour designer une couche d'ocre rouge clair
aussi connue sous le nom de terre de sinopia.
El le n'est plus utilisee et a ete remplacee par
d'autres pigments naturels de couleur rouge.
Ne pas confondre avec: dessin sous-jacent,
dessin preparatoire
- gobetis, - arricio
Kommentar: Der Beg riff kommt von einem
Wort, das fUr hellroten Ocker benutzt wird ,
auch bekannt alsTerra di Si no pia. Dieser Ocker
wird jedoch heutzutage nicht mehr verwen-
det und wurde inzwischen durch andere na-
tUrliche Rotpigmente ersetzt.
Synonyme: Si no pia, Rauputzzeichnung, Arri-
cio-Vorzeichnung
Nicht zu verwechseln m it: Cinabrese, Terra di
Sinopia, Unterzeichnung, Vorzeichnung

- Ausgleichsputz, - Arriccio! Grobputz

Sources: AAT: si nopia (12. 11 .2014); CAM EO: Sinopia (12.11.20 14);Ward 2008,604/5

124
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

CoNstRuCtioN AiDs

sinopija HR sinopia PL sinopya tR

Definicija: Pripremni crte koriten u fresco
slikarstvu izravno na zidu ili na izravnavajue-
mu sloju (zaribavani sloj) ili arriccio.
Napomena: Naziv dolazi od rijei koja se rabi
za svijetli crveni oker, koji se jo naziva terra
di sinope. Vie se ne upotrebljava i zamijenjen
je drugim prirodnim crvenim pigmentima.
Ne smije se mijeati s: podcrte, pripremni cr-
te
izravnavajui premaz, arriccio
Definicja: Rysunek wstpny stosowany dla
techniki freskowej, wykonany bezporednio
na cianie albo na (warstwie wyrwnujcej)
tynku lub arriccio.
Komentarz: Termin pochodzi od nazwy jas-
noczerwonej ochry, znanej te pod nazw
terra di Sinopie. Obecnie nie uywana, zast-
powana przez inne naturalne czerwone pig-
menty.
Synonimy: podrysowanie, rozplanowanie ry-
sunku
Tanm: Fresko resimlerinde dorudan duvara
ya da dzeltme tabakasna (astar tabakas) uy-
gulanan hazrlk izimi.
Yorum: Terim di sinope olarak da bilinen ak
renkli aboyas iin kullanlan kelimeden gelir.
Artk kullanlmamaktadr ve bunun yerine di-
er doal krmz renk pigmentleri almtr.
Kartrmaynz: alt izim, hazrlk izimi
dzeltme tabakas

warstwa wyrwnujca, arriccio

szinpia Hu sinopia Ro BG

Meghatrozs: A freskfestsnl hasznlt Definiie: Un desen preparator utilizat n teh- :

elrajz, amit kzvetlenl a falra vagy a ki- nica de pictur a fresco, realizat direct pe zid, , ,
egyenlt rtegre hordtak fel. pe stratul egalizator sau pe stratul de arriccio. .

Megjegyzs: A kifejezs egy vilgos vrs-ok- Adnotare: Termenul deriv din cuvntul ce :
ker fldfestk nevbl szrmazik, amit terra di definete pigmentul ocru rou deschis, cunos- , terra di
sinope-knt ismertek. Ma mr nem hasznl- cut i sub numele de pmnt de Sinope. Nu sinope. -
jk, ms termszetes vrs pigmentekkel he- mai este n uz, fiind nlocuit de ali pigmeni .
lyettestettk. naturali de culoare roie. : -
Tves megnevezs: alrajzols, elkszt rajz A nu se confunda cu: desen preparator ,

kiegyenlt rteg, alapvakolat arriccio, strat egalizator ,

sinopia it sinopia Es

Definizione: Un disegno preparatorio usato Definicin: Dibujo preparatorio utilizado en

nella pittura a fresco, eseguito direttamente la pintura al fresco que se coloca directamente
sul muro o sullarriccio (strato dintonaco pre- sobre el muro o sobre la capa de nivelacin o
paratorio applicato sul muro) arriccio.

Commento: Il termine deriva dalla parola usa- Comentario: El trmino proviene de la pala-
ta per definire una terra di colore rosso chiaro, bra que se usa para el pigmento ocre rojizo,
meglio nota come terra di Sinope. Questa ter- tambin conocido como tierra de sinopia. Es
ra oggigiorno non pi in uso; stata sosti- un trmino en desuso ya que ha sido reempla-
tuita da altre terre rosse naturali. zado por otros pigmentos rojos.
No confundir con: dibujo subyacente
disegno preparatorio, affresco, rinzaffo,
arriccio, intonaco capa de nivelacin, arriccio, pigmento,
fresco

125
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
CoNstRuCtioN AiDs
Red snapped line with coloured dots and impression of line, Chiesa dei Santi Stefano e Lorenzo, Castiglione Olona (Italy), 15th century; Photo: 2010, ABK (Roland Lenz)
snapped line EN
Definition: A method of applying a straight
line on plaster (can be coloured or without
colour) by stretching a piece of string, pulling
back and releasing it so that it snaps against
the painting, leaving a mark.
Comment: It is used as an aid to paint straight
lines and can be part of the process of laying
out the painting composition.
Synonyms: snapped cord, chalk line
Sources: Gorse et al. 2013, 75; Nimmo 2001
126
Cordeau FR
Dfinition: Mthode de trac prparatoire
permettant dimplanter de grandes lignes
droites sur un enduit sans utiliser de rgle, en
faisant claquer sur un mur ou un enduit, une
cordelette parfaitement tendue ses deux ex-
trmits.
Commentaires: Dans le cas dun enduit frais,
le cordeau peut tre utilis tel quel car il lais-
sera son empreinte grce la force du claque-
ment. Sur un enduit sec ou un parement en
pierre, le cordeau doit tre tremp dans du
pigment, sec ou liquide, pour laisser sa
marque.
Synonyme: fil battu
Markierung durch schlagschnur DE
Definition: Eine Methode, gerade Linien auf
Putzmrtel aufzubringen (kann farbig oder
farblos sein), indem eine Schnur gespannt,
leicht abgehoben und wieder losgelassen
wird, sodass sie auf den Putz zurckschnellt
und dabei eine Spur hinterlsst.
Kommentar: Sie wird als Hilfe genutzt, gera-
de Linien zu malen und kann beim Anlegen
der Bildkomposition als Hilfsmittel verwendet
werden.
Synonyme: Schnurschlag, Schlagleine
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

CoNstRuCtioN AiDs

Prskana crta HR odbijana linia PL Hizalama izgisi tR

Definicija: Metoda kojom se ostavlja ravna cr- Definicja: Sposb wyznaczania linii prostej na Tanm: Bir para ipi/sicimi gerdirerek ekip b-
ta (obojena ili bezbojna) na buci tako da se tynku (moe by kolorowa lub bezbarwna). rakarak svann zerine (renkli ya da renksiz)
konop povue unatrag te pusti da se rasprsne Odcigajc napity sznurek i puszczajc go, dz izgiler uygulama metodu, bylece ani
po slici. otrzymamy na cianie lad. hareketlerle resim zerinde iz brakr.

Napomena: Crte se upotrebljavaju kao po-
mo pri slikanju ravnih linija i primjenjuju se
kao dio postupka polaganja kompozicije sli-
ke.
Sinonim: crta izvedena kredom
Komentarz: Pomoc w malowaniu prostych li-
nii stanowi cz procesu rozplanowywania
kompozycji malarskiej.
Synonim: odciskany sznurek
Yorum: Dz izgiler izmeye yardmc olmak
iin kullanlr ve resim kompozisyonunun tas-
lann oluturulma srecinin bir paras ola-
bilir.
E anlam: hizalama ipi

Pattintott vonal Hu Linie plesnit Ro BG

Meghatrozs: Egy eljrs, amellyel egyenes Definiie: O metod de realizare a liniilor :

vonalakat hznak a vakolatra (lehet sznes drepte pe tencuial (liniile pot fi colorate sau ( -
vagy sznezetlen), egy zsinr (pattint zsinr) nu), prin ntinderea unei buci de sfoar care, ) ,
megfesztsvel, htrahzsval s elenged- tras napoi i eliberat, va lovi suprafaa pic- ,
svel, gy, hogy ez nekicsapdjon a falnak s tat, lsnd o urm. -
nyomot hagyjon rajta. .
Adnotare: Sunt folosite ca ajutor pentru pic-
Megjegyzs: Egyenes vonalak festsnl tarea liniilor drepte i pot fi parte a procesului :
hasznljk segtsgknt, s a pattints rsze de transpunere a compoziiei n pictura mu-
lehet a festmnykompozci kijellsnek. ral.
.

Battitura dei fili it Marcado con lienza Es

Definizione: Metodo di trasposizione delle li- Definicin: Mtodo de transposicin de lne-

nee rette di una composizione sullintonaco,
con linee battute tramite una cordicella in-
trisa di colore (anche senza colore quando la
linea viene impressa nellintonaco fresco), fis-
sata con due chiodi allestremit e fatta scat-
tare sulla superficie in modo da lasciarvi una
traccia colorata e/o impressa.
Commento: Nella pittura a fresco si tracciano
direttamente sullarriccio le linee orizzontali e
verticali, per la scansione dello spazio di una
composizione; successivamente si ripete
loperazione sullintonaco, giornata per gior-
nata. Nella pittura a secco la battitura dei fili si
esegue direttamente sullultimo strato dellin-
tonaco asciutto.
as rectas (coloreadas o no) de una composi-
cin al revoque mediante un trozo de cuerda
(lienza) que, fijada con un clavo en un lado, se
hace golpear contra la superficie, de manera
que deje una marca.
Comentario: Se usa como ayuda para el dibu-
jo de lneas rectas que forman parte del pro-
ceso de ejecucin de la composicin pictri-
ca.
Sinnimo: cuerda batida

intonaco, arriccio, affresco, pittura a sec-

co, giornata

127
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

CoNstRuCtioN AiDs

Red lines of a grid, Summer Villa Sorkoevi, Komolac (Croatia), 17/18th century; Photo: 2013, HRZ (Katarina Gavrilica)

Grid EN Mise au carreau FR quadratur DE

Definition: A framework or pattern of vertical
and horizontal (parallel) lines used to transfer
the composition from a sketch to another sup-
port.
Comment: This can also be used to guide the
layout of a drawing or painting, also with pos-
sible enlargement.
Not to be confused with: squaring up
Dfinition: Quadrillage utilis pour reporter
un dessin ou une esquisse sur un autre sup-
port.
Commentaires: Cette technique permet de
reproduire prcisment une composition
lchelle ou de faon homothtique.
Definition: Ein Raster oder Muster von gitter-
artig, vertikal und horizontal (parallel) verlau-
fenden Linien zur bertragung einer Kompo-
sition von der Skizze auf einen anderen Tr-
ger.
Kommentar: Das Raster kann auch als Hilfe
beim Anlegen einer Zeichnung oder einer Ma-
lerei dienen und auch zur Vergrerung einer
Zeichnung.
Synonyme: Rastergitter, Quadratnetz, Koordi-
natennetz, Fadennetz, Quadratraster

Sources: AAT: grid (9.12.2014); Artcyclopedia: Grid (15.12.2014)

128
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

CoNstRuCtioN AiDs

Mrea HR siatka kwadratw PL izgara tR

Definicija: Sustav ili uzorak okomitih i vodo-
ravnih (usporednih) crta koje se rabe za prije-
nos kompozicije sa skice na drugu podlogu.
Napomena: Mrea se moe upotrijebiti i kao
vodilja za polaganje crtea ili slike, s mogu-
nou poveanja.
Definicja: Schemat lub ukad pionowych i po-
ziomych (rwnolegych) linii, uywany do
przenoszenia kompozycji ze szkicu na inne
podoe.
Komentarz: Moe by take uywana jako
wsparcie przy rozmieszczaniu rysunku czy
malowida, umoliwia te powikszanie.
Nie naley myli z: kwadratura
Tanm: Kompozisyonu taslaktan baka bir
destee aktarmak iin kullanlan dikey ve ya-
tay (paralel) izgilerden oluan altlk veya ab-
lon.
Yorum: Ayrca bir izim ve resmin bytlme-
sine yardmc olarak da kullanlr.
Kartrmaynz: kareleme

Hlzat Hu Caroiaj Ro BG

Meghatrozs: Egy (prhuzamos) fggle- Definiie: Un cadru sau un tipar de linii verti- : -
ges s vzszintes vonalakbl kialaktott ngy- cale i orizontale (paralele), utilizat pentru a ,
zethl vagy minta, amit arra hasznlnak, transfera compoziia de pe o schi pe un alt -
hogy tmsoljanak egy kompozcit egy rajz- suport. .
rl egy msik hordozra.
Adnotare: Prin aceast tehnic se poate re- : , -
Megjegyzs: Arra is hasznlhat, hogy ir- produce cu exactitate desenul unei compoziii -
nytsa egy rajz vagy festmny szerkezett, na- pe zid; de obicei, schia este transferat pe zid , -
gytst is lehetv tve. la o scar mai mare. .
:

quadrettatura it Cuadrcula Es

Definizione: Una struttura o uno schema di Definicin: Plantilla o patrn de lneas verti-
linee verticali e orizzontali (parallele) usato per cales y horizontales paralelas utilizado para
trasferire la composizione da uno schizzo a un transferir la composicin pictrica del boceto
altro supporto. a otro soporte.

Commento: Questa pu essere usata come
aiuto per la composizione di un disegno o di
una pittura, anche un ingrandimento possi-
bile. Di solito serve per passare dalla scala del-
lo schizzo ad una scala pi grande, sul muro.
Comentario: Puede usarse tambin con el fin
de guiar el diseo de un dibujo o pintura para
una posible ampliacin.

129
 ART AND CRAFTTECHNIQUES
CONSTRUCTION AIDS
Red ochre drawing, Church St. Michael, Burgfelden (Germany), ca. 1060; Photo: 2003, RPS (Drthe Jakobs)
Preparatory drawing EN
Definition: Drawing done before further
work is undertaken, that is usually followed by
work in adifferent medium. This is done on
the intonaco in the case of murals.
Comment: Some preparatory drawings have
always been visible to the naked eye, whereas
in other cases actual detection and documen-
tation is possible onlyfollowing deterioration
of, or darnage to, the painting.lt is sometimes
also possible to detect preparatory drawings
through the use of infra-red reflectography.
Not to be confused with: underdrawing, pre-
liminary drawing
-sinopia
Sources: AAT: preparatory drawing (19.8.2014); Ward 2008, 721
130
Dessin preparatoire FR
Definition: Dessin fait au debut de Ia realisa-
tion d'une peinture, par exemple generale-
ment suivi par un travail utilisant un autre
liant.
Commentaires: Certains dessins sous-jacents
sont toujours visibles a l'oeil tandis que dans
d'autres cas, leur detection et leur documen-
tation n'est possible que si Ia peinture est al-
teree ou degradee. II est aussi possible de les
detecter en utilisant Ia technique de Ia reflec-
tographie infrarouge.
- sinopia
Vorzeichnung OE
Definition: Zeichnung, die vor der Ausfh-
rung des Werkes angelegt wird, worauf sich
blicherweise Ausfhrungen mit einem ande-
ren Malmittel anschlieen.
Kommentar: Einige solcher Unterzeichnun-
gen sind fr das bloe Auge immer sichtbar
gewesen, in anderen Fllen sind der Nachweis
und die Dokumentation nurdurch Zerstrung
oder Schaden an der Malerei mglich. Manch-
mal kann man eine Vorzeichnung mithilfe von
lnfrarotreflektografie erkennen.
ln der deutschen Literatur wird die Unter-
zeichnung sowohl als Synonym fr Vorzeich-
nung aufgefhrt, als auch davon abgegrenzt
als Nachbearbeitung des fertigen Entwurfs
mit einem anderen Medium.
-Sinopie
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

CoNstRuCtioN AiDs

Pripremni crte HR Rysunek przygotowawczy PL Hazrlk izimi tR

Definicija: Prethodni crte izveden prije dalj-
njega rada, npr. obino nakon njega slijedi rad
s razliitim materijalima. U sluaju zidnih slika
izvodi se na intonacou.
Napomena: Neki su podcrtei uvijek bili vi-
dljivi oku, dok je u drugim sluajevima njihovo
uoavanje i dokumentiranje mogue jedino
istroenou ili oteivanjem slike. Ponekad je
takoer mogue uoiti podcrtee koritenjem
infracrvene reflektografije.
sinopija
Definicja: Wstpny rysunek wykonany przed
podjciem dalszych prac, np. zwykle poprze-
dza waciwe prace realizowane z uyciem in-
nego spoiwa. W przypadku malowide cien-
nych wykonany na warstwie intonaco.
Komentarz: Czasami rysunki przygotowaw-
cze s widoczne goym okiem, ale w niekt-
rych przypadkach ich wytropienie i udoku-
mentowanie moliwe jest jedynie na uszko-
dzonych i zniszczonych malowidach. Czasem
mona te zobaczy podrysowania przy za-
stosowaniu reflektografii w podczerwieni.
Tanm: leriki almalardan nce yaplan n
izim, rnein, alma genellikle baka bir
arala devam eder.
Yorum: Baz alt izimler her zaman plak gz-
le grlr, ama dier durumlarda, gerek tes-
pit ve belgeleme resmin zarar grmesi ya da
bozulmas ile mmkndr. Ayrca bazen alt i-
zimi belirlemek kzltesi reflektografi (yans-
tc) kullanm ile de mmkndr.
sinopya

sinopia

Elkszt rajz Hu Desen preparator Ro BG

Meghatrozs: Egy egyb munkt megelz Definiie: Desen preliminar realizat anterior :
rajz, amit ltalban egy ms kzeggel (anyag- picturii propriu-zise i care este de obicei efec- , ..
gal, technikval) vgzett munka kvet. tuat ntr-o tehnic diferit. n cazul picturilor -
murale acesta se realizeaz pe stratul de into- .
Megjegyzs: Bizonyos elrajzok mindig lt- naco. .
hatak voltak szabad szemmel, mg msok .. Medium
esetn a tnyleges felfeds s dokumentci Adnotare: n unele cazuri, desenul preparator .
csak akkor lehetsges, ha a festmny roncsol- rmne vizibil cu ochiul liber chiar i dup fi-
jk vagy krostjk. Az elrajzokat nha infra- nalizarea lucrrii, n timp ce n alte cazuri de- :
vrs reflektogrfival is ki lehet mutatni. tectarea i documentarea efectiv este posi- , -
Szinonima: elrajz bil doar prin degradarea picturii. Uneori este .
Tves megnevezs: alrajzols posibil detectarea desenului preparator prin
utilizarea reflectografiei n infrarou. -
szinpia .
sinopia : -
,

Disegno preparatorio it Dibujo preparatorio Es c

Definizione: Il disegno preparatorio la pri- Definicin: Dibujo preliminar realizado pre-

ma ideazione dellopera che poi segue e che
solitamente eseguita con altri materiali e
tecniche.
Commento: In alcuni casi, il disegno prepara-
torio rimane visibile a occhio nudo anche
quando lopera compiuta. In altri casi si pu
rilevarlo e documentarlo solo attraverso danni
e lacune nello strato pittorico. Talvolta si pu
scoprire il disegno preparatorio con luso della
riflettografia agli infrarossi.
sinopia
viamente al trabajo pictrico definitivo que
normalmente se ejecuta con un medio dife-
rente. Se realiza sobre el intonaco en el caso
de murales.
Comentario: Algunos se perciben a simple
vista, mientras que en otros casos su detec-
cin y documentacin solo es posible si la pin-
tura ha sido deteriorada o ha sufrido algn da-
o. Tambin se puede detectar el dibujo sub-
yacente mediante el uso de reflectografa in-
frarroja.
Sinnimos: dibujo subyacente, dibujo prelimi-
nar

sinopia

131
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
CoNstRuCtioN AiDs
Detailed view of spolvero (as spots), spolvero technique during practical work at the University of Malta; Photo: 2013, UM (Oriana Aquilina)
spolvero
Definition: Design technique producing an
outline by dabbing a cloth sack containing a
dark powder, such as charcoal, onto the sur-
face of a pierced sheet of paper or parchment.
Comment: The powder goes through the
holes leaving an outline on the underlying
material which is usually fresh plaster, with a
sequence of minute dots. This Italian term is
in use all over the world for this particular
technique.
Not to be confused with: pouncing
Sources: AAT: spolvero (15.10.2014); Conservation Dictionary 2001
132
EN Poncif
Dfinition: Technique de report dun dessin
produisant un aperu en tamponnant avec un
petit sachet de tissu rempli de pigments
comme le charbon, la surface dune feuille de
papier perc applique sur un enduit frais ou
sec.
Commentaires: La poudre passe au travers
des petits trous rapproch, laissant une es-
quisse sur lenduit. Terme italien trs utilis de
par le monde.
FR spolvero-Methode DE
Definition: Technik zur Anfertigung einer
Zeichnung, bei der ein Stoffbeutel, gefllt mit
dunklem Puder, wie etwa Kohle, auf die Ober-
flche eines durchstochenen Papiers gedrckt
wird.
Kommentar: Der Puder durchdringt die L-
cher und hinterlsst eine Zeichnung aus ge-
punkteten Linien auf dem darunter liegenden
Material, was blicherweise frischer Putzmr-
tel ist. Dieser italienische Begriff ist fr diese
Technik international verbreitet.
Synonyme: Lochpaustechnik, Pause, Lochpau-
se, Perforationspause

Prakanje HR
Definicija: Tehnika oblikovanja obrisa s po-
mou rupica na povrini komada papira ili per-
gamenta, laganim dodirima platnenom vrei-
com ispunjenom tamnim prakom, poput dr-
venoga ugljena.
Napomena: Praak prolazi kroz rupice i nizom
siunih tokica ostavlja obris na podlonome
materijalu, obino na svjeoj buci. Ovaj tali-
janski naziv za tu tehniku upotrebljava se u
cijelome svijetu.
Perforlt karton Hu
Meghatrozs: Egy msolsi technika (spol-
vero), mellyel a krvonalakat gy hordjk fel,
hogy egy stt port, pldul sznport, tartal-
maz vszonzacskt tgetnek egy lyugga-
tott paprdarab fellethez.
Megjegyzs: A por tmegy a lyukakon s egy
apr pontok sorozatbl alkotott krvonalat
jelent meg az alatta lev anyagon, ami ltal-
ban friss vakolat. Az olasz kifejezst vilgszerte
hasznljk e sajtos technika megnevezsre.
spolvero
Definizione: Le linee principali di un disegno
si trasferiscono sul supporto battendo un sac-
chetto di tela riempito con una polvere scura,
di solito carbone, su un cartone forato (i piccoli
fori praticati nel cartone corrispondono a que-
ste linee).
Commento: La polvere passa attraverso i fori
e si deposita sulla superficie sottostante, di so-
lito lintonaco fresco, producendo un disegno
con una sequenza di minuscoli puntini. Per
questa tecnica, il termine italiano usato in
tutte le lingue.
ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
CoNstRuCtioN AiDs
Przeprcha PL spolvero tR
Definicja: Technika nanoszenia zarysu po- Tanm: Yzeye aktarlacak desenin hatlar bo-
przez tepowanie woreczkiem z tkaniny nape- yunca delikler alm kdn yzeyinden iin-
nionym ciemnym proszkiem, jak wgiel de kmr gibi koyu renkli toz bulunan bir -
drzewny, na powierzchni dziurkowanego ar- kn srerek izimi yzeye aktarma.
kusza papieru lub pergaminu.
Yorum: Toz deliklerin iinden geerek alttaki
Komentarz: Proszek przechodzi przez dziurki genellikle ya svann zerinde sra sra taslak
pozostawiajc zarys w postaci malekich kro- noktalar oluturur. Bu talyanca terim tm
pek na materiale pod spodem, zwykle na dnyada bu zel teknik iin kullanlr.
wieym tynku. Dla tej szczeglnej techniki E anlam: tozlama
uywany jest na caym wiecie woski termin Kartrmaynz: toz serpme
spolvero.
Synonim: przenoszenie rysunku do fresku
Nie naley myli z: puncowanie
Poncif Ro BG
Definiie: Tehnic de transpunere a unui de- : -
sen prin care se realizeaz un contur prin tam- ,
ponarea unui scule de pnz ce conine o , , -
pulbere de culoare nchis, precum crbune, .
pe suprafaa unei coli perforate de hrtie sau
de pergament. : -
Adnotare: Pulberea trece prin orificiile hrtiei -
lsnd un contur punctat pe materialul de ba- .
z care este de obicei o tencuial proaspt. spolvero.
Termenul italian spolvero este folosit n ntrea- :
ga lume pentru a desemna aceast tehnic
particular.
Sinonim: spolvero
it Espolvorear Es
Definicin: Tcnica para transferir al soporte
las lneas principales de un diseo que consis-
te en golpear una muequilla con polvo negro
(normalmente carbn) sobre un cartn, papel
o pergamino agujereado.
Comentario: El polvo pasa a travs de los agu-
jeros y se deposita sobre la superficie, normal-
mente revoque fresco, produciendo un diseo
que consiste en una secuencia de puntos di-
minutos. El trmino italiano spolvero se usa
en muchos idiomas para esta tcnica particu-
lar.
No confundir con: punzado
133
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
CoNstRuCtioN AiDs
Scratched lines demarcate the outline of the composition, Summer Villa Sorkoevi, Komolac (Croatia), 17/18th century; Photo: 2013, HRZ (Katarina Gavrilica)
Direct incision EN
Definition: Preparatory drawing technique
using a pointed tool or other sharp instrument
to scratch a plaster surface.
Comment: It can be applied either to dry or
fresh plaster. The upper pointed tip of a brush
handle can be used for fresh plaster. It can be
carried out freehand, with a stencil, a compass
or a ruler. Sharp incisions are created while
small mortar pieces accumulate on the edges.
Not to be confused with: incised drawing,
scoring
stencil, indirect incision, intonaco
Sources: Mora et al. 1999, 16/7
134
incision directe FR
Dfinition: Mthode de trac prparatoire
consistant inciser lenduit laide dun outil
pointu (stylet) ou autre instrument acr.
Commentaires: Elle peut tre applique aussi
bien sur enduit sec que frais. Sur enduit frais,
cela peut tre fait avec lextrmit pointue
dun manche de pinceau. Elle peut servir au
report dun dessin main leve, avec un po-
choir, compas ou une rgle. Elle laisse une em-
preinte assez profonde avec une lgre accu-
mulation de mortier sur les bords.
Ne pas confondre avec: piquetage, bouchar-
dage
pochoir
Ritzung DE
Definition: Vorbereitende Zeichentechnik,
die ein spitzes Werkzeug (Nadel, Griffel) oder
andere spitze Instrumente nutzt, um die Ober-
flche von Putzmrtel einzuritzen.
Kommentar: Eine Ritzung kann man sowohl
in den frischen als auch in den trockenen Putz
ziehen. In den frischen Putz kann sie mit dem
spitzen, oberen Ende eines Pinselstiels gezo-
gen werden. Sie wird entweder freihand, mit
einer Schablone oder mit einem Zirkel oder
Lineal ausgefhrt. Sie hinterlsst eine scharf-
kantige Einkerbung mit kleinen Mrtelan-
sammlungen an den Kanten.
Schablonenmalerei, Durchdrckverfahren,
Intonaco/Feinputz
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

CoNstRuCtioN AiDs

izravno urezivanje HR Bezporednio wgniatany rysunek PL Kazyarak izme tR

Definicija: Tehnika pripremnoga crtanja gre-
banjem duboko u povrinu buke iljatim ala-
tom ili nekim drugim otrim predmetom.
Napomena: Moe se izvoditi na suhoj ili
svjeoj buci. Na svjeoj buci moe se izvesti
s vrhom drka kista. Moe se izvesti prostoru-
no, sa ablonom, estarom ili ravnalom. Otri
urezi rezultiraju malim nakupinama buke na
rubovima.
ablona, neizravno urezivanje, intonaco
Definicja: Technika rozplanowania rysunku Tanm: Sivri ulu ya da baka keskin alet ile s-
tworzonego przy uyciu spiczasto zakoczo- vann yzeyini derin bir ekilde kazyarak ha-
nego lub ostrego narzdzia, ktrym wykony- zrlk izim teknii.
wane s gbokie zadrapania powierzchni
tynku. Yorum: Direk izim ya svaya uygulanr, ba-
zen fra sapnn st ksm ile yaplr. Serbest el,
Komentarz: Moe by wykonany zarwno na ablon, pergel veya cetvel ile yaplabilir. Kenar-
suchym jak i wieym tynku. Na wieym tyn- larda kk har birikmeleri ile keskin entik-
ku mona go wykona zaostrzonym kocem ler meydana getirilir.
pdzla. Moe by zrobiony z rki, albo z zasto- Kartrmaynz: oyma izim, entikleme
sowaniem szablonu, cyrkla lub linijki. Powsta-
je ostre wcicie z niewielkimi skupiskami za- stensil, dolayl izme
prawy na krawdziach.
Synonim: ryty rysunek
Nie naley myli z: wyciskany rysunek

szablon

Elkarc Hu incizie direct Ro BG

Meghatrozs: Elkszt rajztechnika, mely Definiie: Tehnic a desenului preparator prin : -

ltal egy hegyes vagy les eszkz segtsgvel care cu ajutorul unui instrument ascuit se rea- -
mly karcokat ksztenek egy vakolat felletn. lizeaz o incizie pe suprafaa stratului de ten- .
cuial.
Megjegyzs: Alkalmazhat szraz vagy friss : o
vakolatra egyarnt. A friss vakolat az ecsetnyl Adnotare: Poate fi realizat pe o tencuial us- . -
hegyezett vgvel is karcolhat. Kivitelezhet cat sau pe o tencuial proaspt. Pe o tencu- -
szabad kzzel, patron minta, krz vagy vo- ial proaspt incizia direct se poate realiza . o
nalz segtsgvel. les krvonal bemlye- cu ajutorul unei cozi ascuite de pensul. Se , , -
dst eredmnyez, melynek peremn kis vako- poate realiza cu mna liber, folosind un a- . -
lat felhalmozdsok vannak. blon, un compas sau o rigl; astfel sunt create
Szinonima: direkt elkarc incizii fine cu mici acumulri de mortar pe .
Tves megnevezs: karcolt rajz, karcols margini. : ( )
: , -
patron minta, tnyomott karton, intonaco pooar, incizie indirect, intonaco

,
incisione diretta it incisin directa Es

Definizione: Usando uno strumento appun- Definicin: Tcnica de dibujo preparatorio

tito (stilo) o tagliente, si tracciano delle linee
profonde nella superficie di un intonaco. un
metodo di composizione o di trasposizione
delle linee essenziali di un disegno su una data
superficie.
Commento: Questo tipo di incisione talvolta
veniva eseguito usando il manico appuntito
del pennello per tracciare le linee nellintona-
co fresco. L'incisione diretta pu essere ese-
guita a mano libera oppure usando una sago-
ma, un compasso e/o un righello. Lascia un'in-
taccatura a spigoli vivi, con piccoli accumuli di
malta lungo i bordi.
incisione indiretta, intonaco, decorazione
a stampino
que consiste en realizar el trazado de lneas
profundas en la superficie de un revoque
usando una herramienta puntiaguda o instru-
mentos afilados.
Comentario: Puede aplicarse sobre el revo-
que hmedo o seco. Sobre revoque hmedo
puede hacerse con el mango de un pincel.
Puede realizarse a mano alzada, con un estar-
cido, un comps o una regla. El resultado es
una fuerte hendidura con pequeas acumu-
laciones de mortero en los bordes.
Sinnimo: incisin en V
estarcido

135
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
CoNstRuCtioN AiDs
Scratched lines with smooth edges, Church of St. George, Buzet (Croatia), 18th century; Photo: 2014, HRZ (Katarina Gavrilica)
indirect incision EN
Definition: Design transfer from a cartoon on-
to a plaster employing a point or stylus (also
called the stylus method).
Comment: With this method the indentation
is characterized by smooth edges. This tech-
nique was usually carried out on fresh plaster.
Not to be confused with: incised drawing,
scoring
Sources: Mora et al.1999, 17; Nimmo 2001, 109, 236
136
incision indirecte
Dfinition: Mthode de report dune
bauche sur lenduit, nomme carton, faite
par la reprise du trac laide dune pointe ou
dun stylet (mthode du stylet) au travers du
dessin.
Commentaires: Cette technique laisse une
marque douce bord arrondis. Elle sapplique
sur enduit frais.
Ne pas confondre avec: incision directe, pi-
quetage
FR Durchdrckverfahren DE
Definition: bertragung einer Zeichnung
vom Karton auf einen Verputz mit einem spit-
zen Griffel oder einer Nadel.
Kommentar: Eine mit dieser Methode herge-
stellte Einkerbung ist an den weichen Kanten
im Verputz erkennbar. Das Durchdrckverfah-
ren wurde normalerweise auf frischem Putz
angewendet.
Synonyme: indirekte Ritzung, Durchpressen
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Vorritzung, Ritzung
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

CoNstRuCtioN AiDs

Neizravno urezivanje HR Porednio wgniatany rysunek PL Dolayl izme tR

Definicija: Precrtavanje crtea, iljkom ili sti-
lusom (metodom stilusa), sa skice na buku.
Napomena: Ta metoda ostavlja glatko udub-
ljenje. Neizravno urezivanje obino se izvodi
na svjeoj buci.
Definicja: Technika przenoszenia rysunku z
kartonu na tynk z uyciem szpicu lub rylca
(nazywana metod rylca).
Komentarz: W tej metodzie wgbienia cha-
rakteryzuj si agodnymi krawdziami. T
technik stosowano zwykle na wieym tyn-
ku.
Nie naley myli z: rysunek wycinany, wydra-
pywany
Tanm: Kartona yaplm izim zerinden oy-
ma kalemi ya da kopya kalemi ile svaya iz -
karma (kopya kalemi metodu da denir).
Yorum: Bu metotta przsz, dzgn entik
yaplr. Dolayl izim ya svaya uygulanrd.
E anlam: kertik
Kartrmaynz: entikli izim, entikleme

tnyomott karton Hu incizie indirect Ro BG

Meghatrozs: Rajztechnika, mely abbl ll, Definiie: Tehnic de transpunere a desenului :

hogy a vakolaton, egy kartonra kszlt rajzon prin care se traseaz cu un obiect ascuit peste , ,
keresztl, egy tvel vagy rvesszvel nyomot liniile unui desen executat pe un carton.
hagynak. ( ).
Adnotare: Prin aceast tehnic se obin con-
Megjegyzs: Ez az eljrs egy letlen bem- tururi incizate netede. Aceast tehnic era de :
lyedst eredmnyez. Az tnyomott kartonos obicei realizat pe tencuiala proaspt. ,
pauzlst friss vakolaton alkalmazzk. .
Szinonima: pauzls tnyomott kartonnal
Tves megnevezs: karcolt rajz, karcols : -
. -
.
incisione indiretta it incisin indirecta Es : ( )
: , -
Definizione: Metodo di trasposizione delle li- Definicin: Tcnica de diseo que consiste en
nee essenziali di una composizione sullinto- calcar en el revoque un dibujo hecho sobre un
naco fresco, con lausilio di un cartone, me- papel grande o cartn con un punzn o una
diante uno strumento appuntito. adottato aguja.
nella tecnica a fresco.
Comentario: Con este mtodo se deja una
Commento: Le linee incise cos prodotte pre- suave marca. La incisin indirecta se realiza so-
sentano un caratteristico profilo dai margini bre revoque fresco.
arrotondati. Sinnimo: incisin en U

intonaco, incisione diretta

137
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
CoNstRuCtioN AiDs
Losses of the top render layer allow a view of the layer beneath, showing traces of keying by hammering, historic building, Zagreb (Croatia); Photo: 2015, (Roland Lenz)
Keying
Definition: Mechanical roughening (e.g.
hammering, scoring, scraping) of a surface in
order to prepare for an additional layer of plas-
ter.
Comment: In the past this method of surface
preparation could cause great damage to wall
paintings, especially when the surface was
roughened with a hammer. In most cases
hammering was done without knowledge of
existing wall paintings, because they were
hidden beneath limewash or layers of plaster.
This technique produces regularly spaced in-
dentations in order to roughen a smooth sur-
face to obtain an increased adherence be-
tween the support and new plaster layer.
levelling coat
Sources: Artcyclopedia: keying (3.12. 2014)
138
EN Piquetage
Dfinition: Prparation mcanique dune sur-
face en crant de la rugosit avant application
dune couche denduit dans le but de favoriser
son adhrence (ex. martelage, bouchardage,
raclage).
Commentaires: Peut tre pratiqu sur une
surface en pierre de taille ou sur danciennes
couches denduits, enduits peints, lorsque
ceux-ci sont suffisamment adhrents pour
tre maintenus en place. Cette technique
consiste faire une multitude de marques r-
gulirement espaces afin de rendre plus ru-
gueuse une surface trop lisse sur laquelle un
enduit ne pourra pas tenir. Souvent fait par
martelage dans le pass, il a caus de grands
dommages du fait, dans la plupart des cas, de
la mconnaissance de peintures murales exis-
tantes, caches sous un badigeon.
Synonyme: bouchardage
gobetis
FR Aufhacken DE
Definition: Mechanisches Verfahren zur Ein-
kerbung (z. B. Hmmern, Ritzen, Kratzen), mit
der man eine Oberflche fr einen Verputz
vorbereitet.
Kommentar: In der Vergangenheit konnte
diese Methode der Oberflchenvorbereitung
groen Schaden an Wandmalereien anrich-
ten, insbesondere das Aufhmmern. In den
meisten Fllen geschah das Hmmern ohne
Wissen um die Wandmalereien, die unter Kalk-
tnche oder Putzlagen verborgen lagen.
Wenn man eine glatte Oberflche vorberei-
tend fr eine gute Haftung aufraut, hinterlsst
diese Technik Einkerbungen mit regelmi-
gen Abstnden. Die Folgen des Prozesses wer-
den oft Hackspuren genannt.
Synonyme: Aufhmmern, Aufspitzen
Ausgleichsputz

Hrapavljenje HR
Definicija: Mehaniko hrapavljenje povrine
(primjerice udaranjem ekiem, urezivanjem,
struganjem), koja se tako priprema za dodatni
sloj buke.
Napomena: U prolosti ta metoda priprema-
nja povrine prouzroavala je velika oteenja
zidnih slika, posebno kad je to izvedeno eki-
em. U mnogim sluajevima oteenja eki-
em uinjena su bez znanja o postojanju zid-
nih slika jer su bile skrivene ispod vapnenoga
premaza ili slojeva buke. Ovom se tehnikom
pravilno rasporeuju udubljenja, kako bi se za
bolje prianjanje nosaa i novoga sloja buke
ohrapavila pretjerano glatka povrina.
izravnavajui premaz
Pikkels Hu
Meghatrozs: A fellet feldurvtsa mechani-
kai eszkzkkel (pldul kalapls, karcols, ka- Martelare
pars) a vakolsra val elkszts rdekben.
Megjegyzs: Rgebb, ez a fellet elksztsi unei suprafae (ex. prin ciocnire, zgriere, r-
eljrs komoly krokat okozhatott a falkpek-
ben, fleg ha kalaplssal durvtottak. Leg-
tbbszr a kalaplst gy vgeztk, hogy nem
tudtak a ltez falkprl, mert meszels vagy
vakolat rtegek mgtt rejtztt.
Ez a technika egyenletes tvolsgban lev be-
mlyedseket eredmnyez, annak rdekben,
hogy feldurvtson egy tlzottan sima felletet;
clja, hogy az j vakolatrteg jobban tapadjon
a hordozhoz.
Szinonima: bepikkels
kiegyenlt rteg
Martellinatura
Definizione: Tecnica per rendere scabrosa
una superficie muraria intonacata tramite pic-
chiettatura con un utensile appuntito o ta-
gliente (p. es. una martellina).
Commento: Questa tecnica ha causato gravi
danni a pitture murali, specialmente quando si
usava la martellina. Di solito la martellinatura ve-
niva eseguita senza la conoscenza delle pitture
murali sottostanti, coperti da uno scialbo o uno
strato di intonaco. Picchiettando, si producono
punti di ancoraggio regolari, per facilitare cos
lapplicazione di un nuovo strato dintonaco.
Sinonimi: picchiettatura, spicchettatura
intonaco, rinzaffo
ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
CoNstRuCtioN AiDs
Nasiekanie PL Esta tcnica produce marcas regulares que
convierten una superficie excesivamente lisa
Definicja: Przygotowanie powierzchni w celu en una superficie rugosa preparada para una
uzyskania szorstkiego podoa pod naoenie correcta adherencia.
dodatkowej warstwy tynku poprzez mecha- Sinnimos: repicado, repiqueteado
niczne dziaania (np. motkowanie, nacinanie,
zdrapywanie). capa de nivelacin
Komentarz: Stosowanie tej metody przygo-
towania powierzchni w przeszoci doprowa- Girinti knt oluturma tR
dzio do wielkich zniszcze malowide cien-
nych, zwaszcza gdy wykonywano je mot- Tanm: ekileme, entikleme, kazma gibi
kiem. W wikszoci wypadkw nasieki wyko- mekanik mdahalelerle yzeyin przlendi-
nano bez wiadomoci istnienia malowide, rerek sva katman iin hazrlanmas.
poniewa byy ukryte pod pobia lub war-
stwami tynkw. Po zastosowaniu tej techniki Yorum: Gemite bu yzey hazrlama yntemi
widoczne s regularnie rozmieszczone nasieki zellikle de ekileme yoluyla yapldnda
wykonane w celu uzyskania lepszej przyczep- duvar resimlerine byk zararlar verirdi (bir-
noci nowej warstwy tynku do gadkich po- ok durumda duvar resimleri badana ya da s-
wierzchni. va tabakalarnn altnda olduundan, ekile-
me bu katmanlar altnda duvar resmi bulun-
warstwa wyrwnujca duu bilgisi olmadan yaplrd). Bu teknik, p-
rzsz yzeyin zerine yaplacak yeni svay
tutmas iin mevcut svann dzgn ekilde gi-
Ro rintiler oluturulmas iin yaplr.
E anlam: przlendirme
Definiie: Aciune mecanic de nnsprire a
dzeltme tabakas
zuire) n vederea aplicrii unui strat adiional
de tencuial.
BG
Adnotare: n trecut, aceast metod de pre-
gtire a suprafeei provoca degradri semni- :
ficative picturilor murale, mai ales cnd aceas- -
ta era realizat prin ciocnire. n cele mai mul- (
te cazuri ciocnirea era realizat fr a se ti de , , .)
existena picturii murale, acesta fiind ascuns
sub vruieli sau straturi de tencuial. Prin : -
aceast tehnic se realizeaz crestturi ce n- -
nspresc o suprafa neted cu scopul de a e , -
oferi o aderen sporit tencuielii ce va urma. . -
Sinonim: buciardare
,
it strat egalizator . -
, -
Picado Es -
.
Definicin: Preparacin de una superficie pa-
ra recibir una capa de revoque realizando ru-
gosidades mediante accin mecnica (por
ejemplo, martilleo, punteo o rayado).
Comentario: En el pasado, este mtodo de
preparacin de la superficie poda causar
grandes daos a las pinturas murales, espe-
cialmente cuando se haca mediante marti-
lleo. En muchos casos, el martilleo se realizaba
sin conocer la existencia de pinturas murales,
ya que estaban escondidas bajo los encalados
o las capas de revoque.
139
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs
CoNstRuCtioN AiDs
Pattern on red areas applied using a stencil, Chapel of St. Veit, Stuttgart (Germany), 1428; Photo: 2012, RPS (Drthe Jakobs)
stencil
Definition: Reproduction technique to pro-
duce an ornamental pattern, with the use of a
template.
Comment: A template is made out of a semi-
rigid material (waxed cardboard, plastic, met-
al, parchment or similar) and is then trans-
ferred repeatedly to a surface by rubbing or
brushing paint in or around the cut-out area.
The transferring technique is known as sten-
cilling.
Not to be confused with: incision
Sources: AAT: stencil (5.11.2014); CAMEO: Stencil (4.11.2015); MoMA: Stencil (4.11.2014)
140
EN Pochoir
Dfinition: Support dcoup ou vid qui
permet de reproduire trs rapidement des
motifs ornementaux de manire rgulire et
rptitive.
Commentaires: Le pochoir est fait dans un
matriau semi-rigide (carton cir, plastique,
mtal, parchemin). Il est maintenu plaqu sur
la surface dcorer et est recouvert de pein-
ture, la brosse, lponge ou par pulvrisa-
tion. Lorsque quon le retire, le motif est im-
prim selon la forme cre par la dcoupe. On
parle de technique au pochoir.
Ne pas confondre avec: incision
FR schablonenmalerei DE
Definition: Reproduktionstechnik fr ein or-
namentales Muster, bei der man eine Schab-
lone als Vorlage verwendet.
Kommentar: Eine Vorlage wird aus halbstei-
fem Material (Pappe, Plastik, Metall, Perga-
ment) angefertigt und deren Form wiederholt
auf eine Oberflche bertragen, indem Farbe
in die ausgeschnittenen Bereiche oder um sie
herum gerieben oder gestrichen wird. Die
bertragungstechnik mit der Schablone ist
auch als Schablonieren bekannt.
 ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

CoNstRuCtioN AiDs

ablona HR szablon PL stensil tR

Definicija: Tehnika umnoavanja za dobiva-
nje ornamentalnoga uzorka u kojoj se rabi
predloak.
Napomena: Uzorak, izraen od polutvrdoga
materijala (votane ljepenke, plastike, metala,
koe ili slinoga), na povrinu se prenosi po-
navljanjem, trljanjem ili etkanjem boje u iz-
rezani dio ili oko njega. Tehnika prenoenja
poznata je kao abloniziranje.
Definicja: Metoda wykonywania powtarzal-
nych dekoracji przy pomocy wycitego wzo-
ru.
Komentarz: Wycity wzr wykonany jest z
psztywnego materiau (woskowanego kar-
tonu, plastiku, metalu, pergaminu lub podob-
nego materiau), przenoszony kolejno na po-
wierzchni poprzez wcieranie farby, lub pdz-
lem, albo te wok szablonu. Technika prze-
noszenia okrelana jako dekoracje szablono-
we.
Tanm: Bir kalp kullanlarak ssleme dokusu
elde edilen kopyalama teknii.
Yorum: Bu yntemde mumlu mukavva, par-
men, plastik veya metal gibi yar-esnek mal-
zemeden yaplan kalbn i ya da d konturu-
na boya frayla srlerek ya da srterek yze-
ye defalarca aktarlr. Nakil teknii ablon uy-
gulamas olarak da bilinir.
E anlam: ablon
Kartrmaynz: kesme, kesim, kertik

Patronozs / sablonozs Hu Pooar Ro BG

Meghatrozs: Dszt motvumok sokszoro- Definiie: Tehnic de reproducere a motivelor :

stsa egy dsztminta ltrehozshoz, egy decorative folosind un ablon. .
sablon segtsgvel.
Adnotare: Un model decupat (ablon) realizat : ()
Megjegyzs: A sablont (mintt) egy flmerev dintr-un material semi-rigid (carton, plastic, (-
anyagbl vgjk ki (viaszozott karton, m- metal, pergament) este transferat n mod re- , , ,
anyag, fm, pergamen vagy hasonlk) s is- petat pe o suprafa prin pensularea n inte- .)
mtelten tmsoljk egy felletre, festket riorul sau n jurul decupajului. Aceast tehnic
drzslve vagy ecsetelve a kivgott rszek k- de transfer este cunoscut i sub numele de .
rl. Az tmsolsi technikt patronozsnak ablon. :
nevezik. Sinonim: ablon
Tves megnevezs: karcols A nu se confunda cu: incizie

Decorazione a stampino it Estarcir Es

Definizione: Tecnica per riprodurre motivi or-
namentali utilizzando mascherine intagliate.
Commento: Il motivo ornamentale intaglia-
to in un materiale semirigido (cartone cerato,
plastica o simili) e poi trasferito ripetutamente
sulla superficie da decorare strofinando i co-
lori o passandoli a pennello nelle zone inta-
gliate dello stampino. Questa tecnica di deco-
razione nota come decorazione a stampino.
Oggi molto diffuso anche il corrispondente
termine inglese di stencil.
Definicin: Tcnica de realizacin de repro-
ducciones ornamentales en las que se usan
plantillas recortadas.
Comentario: Estas plantillas recortadas se ha-
cen primero con materiales semirrgidos (cera,
cartn, plstico, metal, pergamino o similar) y,
posteriormente, sus motivos se transfieren re-
petidamente a una superficie mediante frota-
miento o pasando una brocha con pintura en
o alrededor del rea recortada. La tcnica de
transferencia se denomina estarcir.
Sinnimo: estampar
No confundir con: incisin

141
 CoNDItIoN

DEtERIoRatIoN SouRCES

Alveolar weathering on Globigerina Limestone, due to intrinsic properties of the material (bioturbation); Photo: 2010, UM (JoAnn Cassar)

Intrinsic cause of deterioration EN Causes intrinsques de dgradation FR Materialimmanente Schadensursache DE

Definition: Deterioration due to internal
properties of a material, such as chemical
composition and/or physical properties.
Comment: These can be naturally occurring
or else a problem introduced during the mak-
ing of the object or building. The weakness of
a material usually manifests due to the com-
bination of intrinsic properties and extrinsic
causes, which can include environmental fluc-
tuations, soluble salts, air pollution, freeze-
thaw cycles, wet-dry cycles, etc.
extrinsic causes of deterioration, environ-
mental deterioration, soluble salts, air
pollution
Dfinition: Dgradation en raison des pro-
prits internes du matriau, telles que sa
composition chimique ou ses proprits phy-
siques.
Commentaires: Elles peuvent tre d'origine
naturelle ou dues lapparition dun dfaut
lors de la fabrication de l'objet ou du bti-
ment. La sensibilit d'un matriau la dgra-
dation apparait habituellement du fait de la
combinaison des proprits intrinsques avec
des causes extrinsques, telles que des fluc-
tuations de l'environnement, la prsence de
sels solubles, la pollution de l'air, les cycles de
gel-dgel, cycles humidit-schage, etc.
facteurs externes de dgradation, dgra-
dation lie l'environnement, sels solubles,
pollution de l'air
Definition: Zerfall aufgrund von inneren Ei-
genschaften eines Materials, wie die chemi-
sche Zusammensetzung und/oder die physi-
kalischen Eigenschaften.
Kommentar: Diese Schadensursache kann
natrlich vorkommen oder durch andere Pro-
bleme whrend der Herstellung des Objektes
oder Gebudes einsetzen. Die Schwche eines
Materials uert sich blicherweise durch die
Kombination von inneren Eigenschaften und
ueren Ursachen, wie z.B. Umweltvernde-
rungen, lsliche Salze, Luftverschmutzung,
Frost-Tau-Wechsel, Nass-Trocken-Wechsel u.a.
uere Schadensursache, umweltbe-
dingter Zerfall, lsliche Salze, Luftver-
schmutzung

Sources: Calia et al. 2000, 4950; Cassar 2002, 33/4; Doehne, Price 2010, 25/6; Glossary on Stone 2008, 8; Lazzarini 2001; Rives et. al. 2006; Schellewald 2013,
57; Siedel, Siegesmund 2011, 154; Wheeler et al. 1997, 45

142
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DEtERIoRatIoN SouRCES

unutarnji uzroci pogoranja HR Wewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze PL sel Bozulma Sebebi tR

Definicija: Svojstva materijala koja prouzro- Definicja: Pogorszenie stanu materiau w wy- tanm: Kimyasal bileim ve/veya fiziksel zel-
uju pogoranja materijala, primjerice kemij- niku jego cech wewntrznych, takich jak bu- likler gibi malzemenin isel zelliklerinden do-
ski sastav te fizika svojstva. dowa chemiczna i / lub wasnoci fizyczne. lay bozulma.

Napomena: Pogoranja mogu biti prirodna Komentarz: Problemy powstae w procesie Yorum: Bunlar doal olarak ya da nesnenin
pojava ili su uzroci nastali pri stvaranju umjet- tworzenia dziea, procesy zachodzce natural- veya yapnn yapl esnasnda karlalm
nikoga djela, odnosno graevine. Do slablje- nie. Osabienie materiau objawia si zwykle problem nedeniyle meydana gelebilir. Malze-
nja materijala obino dolazi zbog unutarnjih i wskutek poczenia wasnoci wewntrznych menin zayfl genellikle evresel deiken-
vanjskih uzroka, koji mogu ukljuivati promje- i przyczyn zewntrznych, ktre obejmuj likler, znr tuzlar, hava kirlilii, donma--
ne u okoliu, topljive soli, oneienje zraka, zmienne warunki rodowiska, sole rozpusz- znme dngleri, slanma kuruma dngleri-
cikluse smrzavanja-topljenja, cikluse vlaenja- czalne, cykle przemarzania, cykle zamakania- ni ieren isel zellikler ve dsal sebeplerin
suenja itd. schnicia itp. birleiminden ortaya kar.

vanjski uzroci pogoranja, pogoranje zewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze, niszczce dsal bozulma sebebi, evresel bozulma,
prouzroeno okoliem, topljive soli, one- warunki rodowiska, sole rozpuszczalne, znr tuzlar, hava kirlilii
ienje zraka zanieczyszczenia powietrza

Bels krosodsi tnyezk Hu Cauze intrinseci de degradare Ro BG

Meghatrozs: Az anyag tulajdonsgaihoz Definiie: Degradare cauzat de proprietile : ,

ktd, pldul a kmiais/vagy fizikai jellem- interne ale unui material, precum compoziia ,
zivelsszefggsbe hozhatkrosodsok. chimic i/sau proprietile fizice. / .

Megjegyzs: Ezek addhatnak az anyag ter- adnotare: Acestea se pot produce n mod na- :
mszetbl vagy lehetnek olyan gondok, me- tural sau din alte cauze, generate n procesul ,
lyek a trgy vagy azplet ksztsbl szr- realizrii obiectului sau construciei. Fragilita- . -
maznak. Egy anyag gyenglse ltalban az tea unui material se manifest, de obicei, din
anyag tulajdonsgai s a krnyezeti hatsok cauza combinaiei de proprieti intrinseci i
klcsnhatsa ltal nyilvnul meg. Klsokok- cauze extrinseci, care pot include fluctuaii de ,
hoz tartozhatnak a krnyezeti ingadozsok, mediu, sruri solubile, poluarea aerului, cicluri : -
vzoldhatsk, levegszennyezds, fagycik- nghe-dezghe, cicluri umed-uscat, etc. , ,
lusok, nedves-szraz ciklusok, stb. , -
cauze extrinseci de degradare, degradare , ,
kls krosodsi tnyezk, krnyezeti cauzat de mediu, sruri solubile, poluare .
krosodsok, vzoldhat sk, lgszen- atmosferic
nyezds , -
,
,
Causa intrinseca di deterioramento It Causas intrnsecas de deterioro ES

Definizione: Deterioramento dovuto a pro- Definicin: Deterioro debido a las propieda-

priet interne al materiale, come composizio- des internas de un material, como la compo-
ne chimica e/o propriet fisiche. sicin qumica y/o las propiedades fsicas.

Commento: Possono verificarsi in modo natu-
rale, oppure a causa di un problema indotto
durante la realizzazione dell'oggetto o dell'edi-
ficio. La debolezza di un materiale si manifesta
generalmente a causa della combinazione tra
propriet intrinseche e cause estrinseche, che
possono includere fluttuazioni ambientali, sali
solubili, inquinamento atmosferico, cicli di ge-
lo-disgelo, cicli di umido-secco etc.
Comentario: Pueden ser de origen natural o
bien ocasionadas por un problema introduci-
do durante la realizacin del objeto o edificio.
La debilidad de un material, por lo general, se
manifiesta debido a la combinacin de las pro-
piedades intrnsecas y las causas extrnsecas
como, por ejemplo, fluctuaciones ambientales,
sales solubles, contaminacin del aire, ciclos
de hielo y deshielo, ciclo hmedo-seco, etc.

causa estrinseca di deterioramento, de- causas extrnsecas de deterioro, deterio-

terioramento ambientale, sali solubili, in- ro ambiental, sales solubles, contami-
quinamento atmosferico nacin del aire

143
 CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN SouRCES
A detached marouflage painting due to the infiltration of water from the roof. Chapel of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Nadur, Gozo (Malta), 1950s; Photo: 2013, UM (JoAnn Cassar)
Extrinsic cause of deterioration EN
Definition: External factors, which may be
natural or anthropogenic, bringing about de-
terioration.
Comment: Causes can include air pollution
(acid rain), soluble salts, rising damp, freeze-
thaw cycles, environmental fluctuations, in-
filtration, etc.
air pollution, soluble salts, rising
damp, infiltration, freeze-thaw cycles,
environmental deterioration
Sources: Cassar 2002; Doehne, Price 2010, 925; Fassina 2010; Honeyborne 1998, 153156; Lazzarini 2001; Rives et al. 2006; Steiger, Siegesmund 2007; Wheeler
et al. 1997, 4650
144
Facteurs externes de dgradation FR
Dfinition: Dorigine naturelle ou anthro-
pique, entranant la dtrioration.
Commentaires: Ces causes peuvent inclure
la pollution atmosphrique (pluies acides),
les sels solubles, les cycles gel-dgel, les fluc-
tuations de l'environnement, l'infiltration, etc.
pollution de l'air, sels solubles, remon-
te capillaire, infiltration, cycles gel-d-
gel, dgradation lie l'environnement
uere Schadensursache DE
Definition: Externe Faktoren, die natrlich
oder anthropogen sein knnen, verursachen
Zerfall.
Kommentar: Diese Ursachen knnen Luft-
verschmutzung (saurer Regen), lsliche Salze,
aufsteigende Feuchte, Frost-Tau-Wechsel Zy-
klen, Umweltvernderungen, Infiltration u.a.
sein.
Luftverschmutzung, lsliche Salze,
aufsteigende Feuchte, Infiltration,
Frost-Tau-Wechsel, umweltbedingter
Zerfall
 CoNDItIoN

DEtERIoRatIoN SouRCES

Vanjski uzroci pogoranja HR Zewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze PL Dsal bozulma sebebi tR

Definicija: Vanjski imbenici, prirodni ili ljud-
ski, koji prouzrouju pogoranje.
Napomena: Ovi uzroci ukljuuju oneienje
zraka (kisele kie), topljive soli, uzlaznu (kapi-
larnu) vlagu, cikluse smrzavanja-topljenja,
promjene u okoliu, prodiranje vode itd.
oneienje zraka, topljive soli, uzlazna wiska, przesczanie itd.
(kapilarna) vlaga, infiltracija, ciklusi smr-
zavanja-otapanja, pogoranje prouzroeno
okoliem
Definicja: Niszczce czynniki zewntrzne, tanm: Bozulmaya sebep olan dsal faktrler,
ktre mog by naturalne lub spowodowane doal ya da insan kaynakl olabilir.
przez czowieka.
Yorum: Bu sebepler hava kirlilii (asit yamu-
Komentarz: Te przyczyny obejmuj zanie- ru), znr tuzlar, ykselen nem, donma--
czyszczenie powietrza (kwane deszcze), sole znme dngleri, evresel deikenlikler, s-
rozpuszczalne, podciganie wilgoci, cyklicz- znt vb. olabilir.
ne przemarzanie, wahania warunkw rodo-
hava kirlilii, znr tuzlar, ykselen
nem, donma-znme dngleri, evresel
zanieczyszczenie powietrza, sole rozpusz- bozulmalar
czalne, podciganie wilgoci, infiltracja,
cykliczne przemarzanie, niszczce warun-
ki rodowiska

Kls krosodsi tnyezk Hu Cauze extrinseci de degradare Ro BG

Meghatrozs: Krosodsokat elidz kl- Definiie: Factori externi, naturali sau antro- :
s okok, melyek lehetnek termszetes vagy pici, care provoac degradri. , -
antropogn eredetek. .
adnotare: Aceste cauze pot include polua-
Megjegyzs: E tnyezk kz tartozhat a rea atmosferic (ploaie acid), srurile solubi- :
lgszennyezds (savas es), vzoldhat sk, le, umiditatea de capilaritate, ciclurile nghe- : (-
felszvd nedvessg, fagyciklusok, krnye- dezghe, fluctuaiile de mediu, infiltraiile, etc. ), , -
zeti ingadozsok, beszivrgs/bezs, stb. , -
poluare atmosferic, sruri solubile, ,
lgszennyezds, vzoldhat sk, felsz- umiditate de capilaritate, infiltrare, ci- a .
vd nedvessg, beszivrgs, fagyciklu- cluri nghe-dezghe, degradare cauzat de
sok, krnyezeti krosodsok mediu ,
, , ,
,

Causa estrinseca di deterioramento It Causas extrnsecas de deterioro ES

Definizione: Fattori esterni, che possono es- Definicin: Factores externos, que pueden
sere naturali o antropogenici, che comporta- ser naturales o antropognicos, causantes de
no deterioramento. deterioro.

Commento: Queste cause possono includere
inquinamento atmosferico (pioggia acida),
sali solubili, umidit di risalita, cicli di gelo-
disgelo, fluttuazioni ambientali, infiltrazione,
etc.
Comentario: Estas causas pueden incluir
contaminacin ambiental (lluvia cida), sales
solubles, humedad ascendente por capilari-
dad, ciclos de hielo y deshielo, fluctuaciones
medioambientales, infiltraciones, etc.

inquinamento atmosferico, sali solubili, contaminacin ambiental, sales solubles,

umidit di risalita, infiltrazione, ciclo di humedad ascendente por capilaridad, in-
gelo-disgelo, deterioramento ambientale filtraciones, ciclos de hielo-deshielo, dete-
rioro medioambiental

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Partly removed dirt (left side), Summer Villa Sorkoevi, Komolac (Croatia), 17/18th century; Photo: 2013, HRZ (Katarina Gavrilica)
Soiling / Dirt EN
Definition: The accumulation of extraneous
material on a surface leading to discoloura-
tion.
Comment: Dirt can include atmospheric par-
ticles, dust, bird droppings, etc. Soiling can al-
so include the formation of black crusts (sul-
fation). It should be distinguished from acts of
vandalism (e.g. spray graffiti), and superficial
staining.
darkening, yellowing, colour saturation
Sources: AAT: soiling (11.12.2014); Feilden 2003, 113; Grossi et al. 2003; Glossary on Stone 2008, 47; Mansfield et al. 1991; Saiz-Jimenez 2003, 207; Thornbush,
Viles 2006; Watt, Hamilton 2003
146
Encrassement FR
Dfinition: Accumulation de matires tran-
gres sur une surface qui conduit sa dcolo-
ration.
Commentaires: Particules atmosphriques,
poussire, fientes d'oiseaux, etc. L'encrasse-
ment peut galement inclure la formation de
crotes noires (sulfatation). Il doit tre distin-
gu des actes de vandalisme (graffitis faits
avec des sprays par exemple), des taches
superficielles.
assombrissement, jaunissement, satu-
ration de la couleur
Verschmutzung DE
Definition: Ansammlung von Fremdstoffen
auf einer Oberflche, die zu einer Farbvern-
derung fhrt.
Kommentar: Schmutz umfasst atmosphri-
sche Partikel, Staub, Vogelkot u.a. Verschmut-
zung kann auch die Bildung von schwarzen
Krusten (Vergipsung) mit einschlieen. Sie
muss jedoch von Vandalismus (z.B. aufge-
sprhtes Graffiti) und oberflchlicher Verfr-
bung unterschieden werden.
Synonyme: Schmutz, Kontamination, Verun-
reinigung, Dreck
Verdunklung, Vergilbung, Farbsttigung
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Zaprljanje HR Brud / Zanieczyszczenia PL Lekelenme tR

Definicija: Nakupina stranoga materijala na
povrini koja dovodi do promjene boje.
Napomena: Prljavtina moe sadravati at-
mosferske estice, prainu, ptiji izmet itd. Za-
prljanje takoer moe podrazumijevati stva-
ranje crnih kora (sulfatizacija). Treba se razli-
kovati od vandalskoga ina (npr. sprej za gra-
fite) i povrinskoga obojenja.
Sinonim: prljavtina
tamnjenje, uenje, zasienost boje
Definicja: Nagromadzenie na powierzchni
lunego nalotu prowadzce do przebarwie.
Komentarz: Brud moe zawiera zanieczysz-
czenia atmosferyczne, kurz, odchody ptasie
itp. Nawarstwienie moe te obejmowa two-
rzenie si czarnego nalotu. Gromadzenie
brudu naley odrni od aktw wandalizmu
(np. graffiti wykonane z uyciem spraya) i po-
wierzchniowych zaplamie.
Synonim: zanieczyszczenia
pociemnienie, zacenie, zmiana koloru
tanm: Dardan gelen malzemelerin yzey-
de birikerek rengin bozulmasna, solmasna
neden olmas.
Yorum: Kir atmosferik paracklar, tozu, ku
pisliklerini vb. ierebilir. Lekelenme siyah ka-
buk (slfatlama) oluumlarn da ierebilir. Bu
durumlar, Vandal eylemlerden (sprey grafiti gi-
bi) ve yzey lekelemesinden ayrt edilmelidir.
E anlam: kir
kararma, sararma, renk doygunluu

Elszennyezds Hu Depunere Ro BG

Meghatrozs: Kls anyagok felhalmozd- Definiie: Acumulare de material strin pe su- :

sa a felleten, ami elsznezdshez vezet. prafa, care s conduc la alterare cromatic. , -
.
Megjegyzs: A piszok tartalmazhat lgkri r- adnotare: Murdria poate include particule
szecskket, port, madrrlket, stb. Elszeny- atmosferice, praf, excremente de psri, etc. : -
nyezds alatt rthetnk feketedst (fekete Depunerea poate include de asemenea for- , , -
krgesedst, szulftosodst) is. Klnbsget marea crustelor negre. Trebuie distins de ac- . -
kell tenni a vandalizmus (pldul graffiti) s a tele de vandalism (de ex. graffiti cu spray) i .
felleti elsznezds kztt. de petele superficiale.
Szinonima: piszok Sinonim: murdrie (. ) -
.
(el)sttls, srguls, sznek teltdse ntunecare, nglbenire, saturarea culorii
, , -

Imbrattamento It acumulacin de suciedad ES

Definizione: Accumulazione di materiale Definicin: Existencia de materiales externos

estraneo su una superficie che conduce a sco- en las superficies pictricas que producen al-
lorimento. teraciones en el color.

Commento: Lo sporco pu inglobare particel- Comentario: La suciedad puede incluir part-

le atmosferiche, polvere, escrementi di uccelli,
etc. L'imbrattamento pu includere anche la
formazione di croste nere (solfatazione). Deve
essere distinto da atti di vandalismo (es. graf-
fiti con bombolette spray), e macchie superfi-
ciali.
Sinonimo: sporco
scurimento, ingiallimento, saturazione
del colore
culas atmosfricas, polvo, excrementos de p-
jaros, etc. Puede propiciar tambin la forma-
cin de costras negras (sulfatos). Debe distin-
guirse de los actos vandlicos (por ejemplo,
los grafitis), y de las manchas superficiales.
Sinnimo: depsitos superficiales
oscurecimiento, amarilleamiento, satu-
racin del color

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Mist, seen as visible moisture in the air and drenched materials, Sigale in the Alpes-Maritimes department (France); Photo: 2014, CICRP (Jean-Marc Vallet)
Humidity EN
Definition: The amount of moisture present
in the air or in a porous material (here referred
to as moisture).
Comment: When air humidity is measured by
a hygrometer, the value obtained is that for
relative humidity, expressed as a percentage.
Equilibrium relative humidity is the value of
relative humidity of the surrounding air where
there is no net exchange of moisture. The ac-
tual water content of the air expressed as
grams of water vapour per cubic metre vol-
ume of air (g/m3) is the absolute humidity.
condensation, soluble salts, rising damp,
infiltration
Sources: AAT: humidity (10.12.2014); Camuffo 2010, 1429; Camuffo 2013, 4965; Massari, Massari 1985; Massari, Massari 1993, 3346; Padfield 2009b:
Atmospheric moisture
148
Humidit FR
Dfinition: Quantit deau sous forme de va-
peur ou de microgouttelettes prsente dans
lair ou dans un matriau poreux (ici dnom-
me humidit).
Commentaires: Lorsque lhumidit de lair est
mesure par un hygromtre, la valeur obtenue
correspond lhumidit relative, exprime en
pourcentage. Lhumidit relative dquilibre est
la valeur de lhumidit relative de lair ambiant
quand il ny a pas dchange avec lenviron-
nement. La teneur deau relle dans lair, exprime
en grammes de vapeur deau par volume de m-
tre cube dair (g/m3) est lhumidit absolue.
condensation, sels solubles, remonte
capillaire, infiltration
Feuchte DE
Definition: Feuchte ist die Menge an Flssig-
keit, die in der Luft (Luftfeuchte) oder in por-
sem Material enthalten ist.
Kommentar: Misst man Luftfeuchte mit ei-
nem Hygrometer, wird der gewonnene Wert
fr relative Luftfeuchte in Prozent ausge-
drckt. Die Gleichgewichtsfeuchte ist der Wert
der relativen Feuchte der Umgebungsluft, in
der kein Austausch von Feuchte stattfindet.
Der tatschliche Wassergehalt der Luft, ausge-
drckt in Gramm Wasser pro Kubikmeter Luft
(g/m3) ist die absolute Luftfeuchte.
Synonym: Feuchtigkeit
Kondensation, lsliche Salze, aufstei-
gende Feuchte, Infiltration
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Vlanost HR Wilgotno PL Nem tR

Definicija: Koliina vlage prisutna u zraku ili
poroznome materijalu.
Napomena: Kad se vlanost u zraku mjeri hi-
grometrom, dobivena vrijednost je relativna
vlanost, izraena u postotcima. Ravnotea re-
lativne vlanosti je vrijednost relativne vlage
okolnoga zraka ondje gdje nema promjene
neto vlage. Stvarni sadraj vode u zraku izraen
u gramima vodene pare po kubnome metru
volumena zraka (g/m3) je apsolutna vlanost.
kondenzacija, topljive soli, uzlazna (ka-
pilarna) vlaga, infiltracija
Definicja: Wilgotno to ilo wilgoci obecnej
w powietrzu lub w porowatym materiale (tu
nazywanej wilgoci).
Komentarz: Kiedy pomiar wilgotnoci wyko-
nywany jest higrometrem, otrzymana warto
to wilgotno wzgldna, wyraona w procen-
tach. Rwnowaga wilgotnoci wzgldnej wy-
raa si w wartoci wzgldnej otaczajcego po-
wietrza gdzie nie ma wymiany wilgotnoci. Wil-
gotno absolutna/bezwzgldna to zawarto
wody w powietrzu podana w gramach pary
wodnej na metr szecienny (g/m3).
kondensacja, sole rozpuszczalne, pod-
ciganie wody, infiltracja
tanm: Nem havada ya da gzenekli malze-
mede bulunan slaklk miktardr (burada slak-
lk olarak ifade edilmitir).
Yorum: Hava nemi higrometre ile lldn-
de elde edilen deer bal nemdir ve yzde
olarak ifade edilir. Denge bal nemi, net nem
deiimi olmadnda ortamn bal nem de-
eridir. Mutlak nem, havadaki gerek su mik-
tarnn havann her metrekp hacmi bana
(g/m3) den su buharnn gram cinsinden ifa-
de edilmesidir.
youma, znr tuzlar, ykselen nem,
geirgenlik

Nedvessg Hu umiditate Ro BG

Meghatrozs: A levegben (lgnedvessg, Definiie: Cantitatea de ap sub form de va- :

pratartalom) vagy egy porzus anyagban je- pori prezent n aer sau ntr-un material poros ,
lenlev nedvessg mennyisge. (se face referire la umiditate). ( -
).
Megjegyzs: Amikor a leveg nedvessgtar- adnotare: Atunci cnd umiditatea aerului es-
talmt higromterrel (pratartalom mr) m- te msurat cu ajutorul unui higrometru, va- :
rik, a kapott rtk tulajdonkppen a relatv p- loarea obinut se refer la umiditatea relativ, , -
ratartalom, szzalkban kifejezve. Az egyen- exprimat ca procent. Umiditatea relativ de , -
slyi relatv pratartalom a krnyez leveg echilibru este valoarea umiditatii relative a .
azon relatv pratartalmnak az rtke, mely- aerului nconjurtor n care nu exist niciun
nek esetben nem jtszdik le nedvessgcse- schimb net de umiditate. Coninutul real de ,
re. A leveg tulajdonkppeni vztartalma a le- ap din aer, exprimat n grame de vapori de . -
veg kbmterenknti vzpratartalma ap pe volum metru cub de aer (g/m3), repre-
grammban kifejezve (g/m3), s ez a leveg ab- zint umiditatea absolut. ,
szolt pratartalmaknt ismert. (g/m3).
condensare, sruri solubile, umiditate
pralecsapds, vzoldhat sk, felsz- de capilaritate, infiltrare , , -
vd nedvessg, beszivrgs ,

umidit It Humedad ES

Definizione: Lumidit la quantit di vapore Definicin: Contenido de agua presente en el

acqueo presente nellaria o in un materiale po- aire o en un material poroso (humedad relati-
roso (qui denominato vapore acqueo). va).

Commento: Quando lumidit dellaria viene
misurata da un igrometro, il valore ottenuto
quello riguardante lumidit relativa, espressa
in percentuale. Lumidit relativa di equilibrio
il valore di umidit relativa dellaria circo-
stante in cui non c nessuno scambio netto
di vapore acqueo. Il contenuto effettivo di ac-
qua nellaria, espresso in grammi di vapore ac-
queo per un volume di aria di un metro cubo
(g/m3), lumidit assoluta.
condensazione, sali solubili, umidit di
risalita, infiltrazione
Comentario: Cuando la humedad del aire se
mide mediante un higrmetro, el valor obte-
nido se refiere a la humedad relativa, que se
expresa como un porcentaje. La humedad re-
lativa en equilibrio (o actividad del agua) es el
valor de la humedad relativa del aire circun-
dante donde no hay intercambio neto de hu-
medad. El contenido real de vapor de agua en
el aire es la humedad absoluta y se expresa en
gramos de vapor de agua por unidad de vo-
lumen de aire (g/m3).
condensacin, sales solubles, humedad
ascendente por capilaridad, infiltracin

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Water droplets condensing on a surface, St. Georg, Reichenau-Oberzell (Germany); Photo: 2012, RPS (Drthe Jakobs)

Condensation EN Condensation FR Kondensation DE

Definition: Deposition of a liquid (or a solid)
from its vapour, generally upon a surface that
is cooler than the adjacent gas.
Comment: It occurs at a temperature which
is called the dew point. Condensation can ei-
ther be on the surface or interstitial; this
means that it can form visibly on a cold sur-
face, or else inside the pores of a porous ma-
terials. In both cases it can activate any pres-
ent soluble salts, leading to deterioration. It
can also cause biological growth. Sometimes
this is difficult to distinguish from infiltration.
soluble salt, biological growth, humidi-
ty
Dfinition: Dpt d'un liquide (ou solide)
gnralement form partir de sa phase va- (oder eines Feststoffes) aus seinem Dampf, in
peur au contact de la surface plus froide.
Commentaires: Elle se produit une temp-
rature qui est appele le point de rose. La
condensation peut tre soit sur la surface soit
interstitielle. Cela signifie qu'elle peut se for-
mer de faon visible sur une surface froide ou
l'intrieur des pores d'un matriau poreux.
Dans les deux cas, elle peut activer les sels so-
lubles prsents, conduisant une dgra-
dation. Elle peut aussi provoquer la croissance
biologique. Elle est parfois difficile distinguer
d'une infiltration.
sels solubles, dveloppement biologique,
humidit
Definition: Abscheiden einer Flssigkeit
der Regel auf einer Oberflche, die klter ist
als das angrenzende Gas.
Kommentar: Sie geschieht bei einer Tempe-
ratur, die Taupunkt genannt wird. Kondensa-
tion findet entweder auf einer Oberflche
oder im Porenraum statt: Das Kondensat bil-
det sich dann sichtbar auf einer kalten Ober-
flche oder innerhalb von Poren eines por-
sen Materials. In beiden Fllen knnen vor-
handene lsliche Salze aktiviert werden, was
zu Schden fhrt. Es kann auch zu biologi-
schem Befall fhren. Manchmal ist es schwie-
rig, die Kondensation von Infiltration zu un-
terscheiden.
lsliche Salze, biologischer Bewuchs,
Feuchte

Sources: AAT: condensation (11.12.2014); Bernardi 2008, 7579; 113115; 165200; 232/6; Camuffo 2010, 27/8; Brittanica: Condensation (2.2.2015); Feilden
2003, 101/2; Damp: Causes and Solutions 2007, 57; Glossary on Stone 2008, 46; Massari, Massari 1993, 117152; OED: Condensation (14.1.2015); Padfield
2009b: Dew point

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Kondenzacija HR Kondensacja PL sales solubles, crecimiento biolgico, hu-

medad
Definicija: Taloenje tekuine (ili krutih tva- Definicja: Skraplanie cieczy (lub osadzanie si
ri) iz pare, uglavnom na povrini koja je hlad- ciaa staego) z pary, zwykle na powierzchni
nija od okolnoga plina. chodniejszej ni znajdujcy si w pobliu gaz. Youma tR

Napomena: Kondenzacija se pojavljuje na
temperaturi koju nazivamo rosite. Konden-
zacija moe biti povrinska ili unutarnja, to
znai da moe biti vidljiva na hladnoj povrini
ili u porama poroznoga materijala. U oba slu-
aja moe aktivirati prisutne topljive soli, to
vodi prema pogoranju. Takoer moe prou-
zroiti bioloki rast. Ponekad ju je teko razli-
kovati od prodiranja vode.
topljive soli, bioloki rast, vlanost
Kondenzci Hu
Komentarz: Zjawisko powstaje w temperatu-
rze okrelanej jako punkt rosy. Kondensacja
moe nastpi na powierzchni lub w szczeli-
nie. To znaczy, e moe tworzy widoczne for-
my na zimnej powierzchni, albo osi we-
wntrz porw w materiaach porowatych. W
obu przypadkach moe uaktywni rozpusz-
czalne sole, co prowadzi do zniszcze. Moe
rwnie powodowa wzrost czynnikw biolo-
gicznych. Czasami zjawisko to trudno rozr-
ni od infiltracji / przesikania.
sole rozpuszczalne, wzrost biologiczny,
wilgotno
tanm: Genellikle etrafndaki gazdan daha se-
rin olan yzey zerine buharn temasyla sv
(ya da kat) olarak kelmesi.
Yorum: Genellikle iy noktas ad verilen scak-
lkta meydana gelir. Youma ya yzeyde ya
da gzeneklerde olabilir.Youma souk y-
zeyde ya da gzenekli malzemenin gzenek-
leri iinde gzle grlebilir ekilde oluabilir.
Her iki durumda da bozulmaya sebep olan
mevcut znr tuzlar etkinletirebilir. Ayrca
biyolojik oluuma neden olabilir. Bazen bunu
szntdan ayrt etmek gtr.
znr tuzlar, biyolojik oluum, nem

Meghatrozs: Egy folyadk (vagy egy szilrd

anyag) lecsapdsa gzfzisbl egy felletre,
mely ltalban hidegebb a vele rintkez gz-
nl.
Megjegyzs: A harmatpontnak nevezett h-
mrskleten kvetkezik be. A lecsapds tr-
tnhet a felleten vagy a prusokban. Ez azt
jelenti, hogy lthatv vlhat a hideg felle-
ten, vagy pedig a porzus anyag prusaiban
alakulhat ki. Mindkt esetben, aktivlhatja a
jelenlev vzoldhat skat, krosodsokhoz
vezetve. Biolgiai krosodst is okozhat. Nha
nehz megklnbztetni a beszivrg ned-
vessgtl/ bezstl.
vzoldhat sk, biolgiai krosods, cului biologic.
nedvessg
Condensazione
Definizione: Deposizione di un liquido (o di
un solido) dal suo vapore, generalmente su
una superficie che pi fredda del gas adia-
cente.
Commento: Si verifica ad una temperatura
che chiamata punto di rugiada. La conden-
sazione pu essere sia superficiale che inter-
stiziale. Questo significa che si pu visibilmen-
te formare su una superficie fredda, oppure
nei pori di un materiale poroso. In entrambi i
casi essa pu attivare dei sali solubili presenti,
conducendo a deterioramento. Pu anche
causare proliferazione biologica. A volte pu
essere difficile da distinguere dall'infiltrazio-
ne.
sali solubili, proliferazione biologica,
umidit
Condensare Ro
Definiie: Depunerea unui lichid (sau unui so- BG
lid) aflat iniial n stare de vapori, pe o supra-
fa care este mai rece. : (
) () -
adnotare: Fenomenul apare la o temperatur , , -
numit punct de condensare. Condensarea se .
poate produce fie pe suprafa, fie interstiial.
Cu alte cuvinte condensarea se poate forma : ,
fie n mod vizibil pe o suprafa rece, fie n in- . -
teriorul porilor unui material. n ambele cazuri -
condensarea poate activa srurile solubile . ,
prezente, conducnd astfel la degradare. De
asemenea, aceasta poate provoca apariia ata- -
. -
, -
sruri solubile, atac biologic, umiditate .
-
It .
Condensacin ES .
Definicin: Deposicin de una sustancia l- , -
quida (o slida) al pasar de su estado gaseoso ,
al lquido, generalmente sobre una superficie
ms fra que el gas adyacente.
Comentario: Se produce a una temperatura
llamada punto de roco. La condensacin pue-
de aparecer en la superficie o intersticialmen-
te. Esto significa que puede formarse visible-
mente sobre una superficie fra, o bien dentro
de los intersticios de un material poroso. En
ambos casos, puede activar sales solubles pre-
sentes en el material y producir deterioro. Tam-
bin puede causar crecimiento biolgico. A ve-
ces, es difcil de distinguir de una infiltracin.
Sinnimo: licuefaccin

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Hygroscopic salts have resulted in a damp patch on a limestone wall (Malta); Photo: 2008, UM (JoAnn Cassar)
Hygroscopicity / Deliquescence EN
Definition: Hygroscopicity is the ability of a
salt or other materials to absorb moisture
from the air; when the moisture is sufficient to
allow dissolution of the salt, this is defined as
deliquescence.
Comment: Soluble salts vary in hygroscopic-
ity; those that have a high hygroscopicity,
and/or those occurring in a humid environ-
ment, will often manifest their presence by
showing damp/dark patches.
A salt which exhibits hygroscopicity is called
a hygroscopic salt; one that shows deliques-
cence is called a deliquescent salt.
Other materials used as original materials or
as later additions in buildings and wall paint-
ings can also be hygroscopic.
Not to be confused with: condensation
soluble salts, humidity
Sources: AAT: hygroscopicity; deliquescence (12.9.2014); Camuffo 2014, 318; Camuffo 2010, 28; Brittanica: Deliquescence (2.3.2015); Glossary on Stone 2008,
46; Steiger 2015
152
Hygroscopicit / Dliquescence FR
Dfinition: Capacit d'un sel ou d'un autre
matriau absorber l'humidit de l'air; lorsque
l'humidit est en quantit suffisante pour per-
mettre la dissolution du sel, elle est dfinie
comme dliquescence.
Commentaires: L'hygroscopicit des sels
solubles est variable: ceux ayant une forte
hygroscopicit ou ceux prsents dans un en-
vironnement humide, montrent souvent leur
prsence au travers de taches sombres
d'humidit. Un sel montrant une hygroscopi-
cit est appel sel hygroscopique, celui mon-
trant une dliquescence est appel sel dli-
quescent. D'autres matriaux, matriaux d'ori-
ginaux ou provenant d'ajots ultrieurs dans
les btiments, ainsi que les peintures murales
peuvent galement tre hygroscopiques.
ne pas confondre avec: condensation
sels solubles, humidit
Hygroskopizitt DE
Definition: Die Fhigkeit eines Salzes oder
anderen Materials, Feuchte aus der Luft zu ab-
sorbieren. Sobald die Feuchte ausreicht, um
Salze in Lsung zu bringen, wird dies als Deli-
queszenzfeuchte definiert.
Kommentar: Lsliche Salze variieren in ihrer
Hygroskopizitt. Salze mit hoher Hygroskopi-
zitt und/oder Salze, die in feuchter Umge-
bung auftreten, zeigen sich oft durch die Bil-
dung feuchter, dunkler Flecken.
Ein Salz, das Hygroskopizitt zeigt, nennt sich
hygroskopisches Salz. Im Englischen werden
stark hygroskopische Salze als deliquescent
salt bezeichnet. Originale oder nachtrglich
zu Gebuden und Wandmalereien hinzuge-
fgte Materialien knnen auch hygroskopisch
sein.
Synonyme: Neigung zur Wasseraufnahme,
Wasseraufnahmefhigkeit
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Kondensation
lsliche Salze, Feuchte
 CoNDItIoN

DEtERIoRatIoN SouRCES

Higroskopnost / Rastapanje HR ginali o come aggiunte successive in edifici e Comentario: Las sales solubles varan en higros-
dipinti murali possono essere igroscopici. copicidad; las que tienen una alta higroscopici-
Definicija: Sposobnost soli ili nekoga drugog Sinonimi: igroscopicit dad, y/o las que se producen en un ambiente
materijala da upija vlagu iz zraka; kad je vlaga Da non confondersi con: condensazione hmedo, a menudo manifiestan su presencia
dovoljna da omogui rastapanje soli, definira produciendo manchas de humedad oscuras.
se kao rastapanje. sali solubili, umidit Una sal con capacidad de higroscopicidad se de-
nomina sal higroscpica; una sal con capacidad
Napomena: Topljive soli razlikuju se u razini de delicuescencia, sal delicuescente. Otros ma-
higroskopnosti; one koje imaju visoku higro- Higroskopijno / Rozpywanie PL teriales presentes en edificios y en pinturas mu-
skopnost i/ili one koje se pojavljuju u vlanome rales, tanto materiales originales como adiciones
okoliu esto su vidljive kao vlane/tamne mr- Definicja: Higroskopijno to waciwo soli posteriores, tambin pueden ser higroscpicos.
lje. Soli kod kojih se uoava higroskopnost na- lub innych materiaw do absorbowania wil- Sinnimo: higroscopa
zivaju se higroskopnim solima; one koje se ra- goci z powietrza; kiedy ilo wody wystarcza No confundir con: condensacin
stapaju nazivaju se rastapajuim solima. Ostali do rozpuszczenia soli, zjawisko definiowane
materijali koji su upotrijebljeni kao izvorni ili jest jako rozpywanie. sales solubles, humedad
kao naknadni dodatci graevini i zidnim slika-
ma takoer mogu biti higroskopni. Komentarz: Higroskopijno soli jest rna; te,
Ne smije se mijeati s: kondenzacija ktre maj wysok higroskopijno i / lub te, Higroskopisite tR
ktre wystpuj w wilgotnym rodowisku,
topljive soli, vlanost czsto pokazuj sw obecno poprzez wil- tanm: Higroskopisite, tuz ya da baka bir mal-
gotne / ciemne plamy zawilgocenia. Sole o wy- zemenin havadan nem ekme yeteneidir; nem
sokiej higroskopijnoci nazywane s solami hi- tuzun znmesine yetecek kadar bulunursa
Higroszkpossg / Elfolysods Hu groskopijnymi; wykazujce atwo rozpywa- buna da sulanma/znp svlama denir.
nia solami rozpywajcymi. Inne materiay
Meghatrozs: A higroszkpossg (nedves- obecne w budynku i malowidle ciennym, za- Yorum: znr tuzlar Higroskopisitede eit-
sgmegkt kpessg) egy s vagy egyb rwno uyte w oryginale jak i dodane pniej lilik gsterir; yksek nem ekme zelliine sa-
anyag azon kpessge, hogy nedvessget mog take by higroskopijne. hip olanlar ve/veya nemli ortamda oluanlar,
kssn meg a levegbl. Ha a megkttt vz Nie naley myli z: kondensacja varlklarn nemli/koyu renkli lekeler halinde
sk olddshoz is elgsges, elfolysodsrl gsterirler. Nem ekici zellii olan tuza higros-
beszlnk. sole rozpuszczalne, wilgotno kopik tuz; sulanma zellii bulunan ise znr
tuz olarak adlandrlr. Binalarn kendisi ya da
Megjegyzs: A vzoldhat sk higroszkposs- duvar resimlerindeki zgn veya sonradan ek-
ga vltoz; a magas higroszkpossggal rendel- Higroscopicitate / Delicvescen Ro lenen malzemeler de higroskopik olabilir.
kezk s/vagy azok, melyek nedves krnyezet- E anlaml: havadan rutubet ekme, sulanma,
ben fordulnak el, gyakran nedves/stt foltok Definiie: Higroscopicitatea este capacitatea znp su olma
formjban mutatkoznak. Azokat a skat, ame- unor sruri sau a altor materiale de a absorbi Kartrmaynz: youma
lyek higroszkpossgot mutatnak, higroszk- umiditatea din aer; atunci cnd umiditatea es-
pos sknak, mg azokat, amelyek el is folysod- te suficient pentru a permite dizolvarea s- znr tuzlar, nem
nak, elfolysod sknak nevezzk. A malkots rurilor, este definit ca delicvescen.
eredeti anyagai vagy az plet s falkp ksbbi
kiegszt anyagai is lehetnek higroszkposak. adnotare: Srurile solubile variaz n higros- / P BG
Tves megnevezs: pralecsapds copicitate; cele care prezint o higroscopicita-
te ridicat, i/sau cele care apar ntr-un mediu : -
vzoldhat sk, nedvessg umed, i vor manifesta adesea prezena prin -
pete umede/ nchise. O sare care prezint hi- ; -
groscopicitate se numete sare higroscopic; , ,
Igroscopia / Deliquescenza It una care indic delicvescen se numete sare .
delicvescent. Alte materiale folosite n con-
Definizione: L'igroscopia l'abilit di un sale strucii sau picturi murale, fie ca materiale ori- : -
o di un altro materiale di assorbire umidit dal- ginale, fie ca adugri ulterioare pot fi, de ase- ; ,
l'aria; quando l'umidit sufficiente da per- menea, higroscopice. / ,
mettere la dissoluzione del sale, si definisce A nu se confunda cu: condensare ,
deliquescenza. / .
sruri solubile, umiditate , , -
Commento: I sali solubili variano in igrosco- ; ,
pia; quelli che hanno alta igroscopia, e/o quelli , . -
che si trovano in un ambiente umido, manife- Higroscopicidad / Delicuescencia ES , -
stano spesso la loro presenza tramite chiazze -
umide/scure. Un sale che mostra igroscopia Definicin: Capacidad que tiene una sal u otro , .
chiamato sale igroscopico; uno che mostra material para absorber humedad del aire; cuan- :
deliquescenza chiamato sale deliquescente. do la humedad es suficiente para permitir la di-
Anche altri materiali usati come materiali ori- solucin de la sal, se denomina delicuescencia. ,

153
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Water drip marks, Moldovia Monastery (Romania), 1532; Photo: 2003, UAD (Theo-Sandu Murean)

Infiltration EN Infiltration FR Infiltration DE

Definition: The ingress of water through de- Dfinition: Pntration d'eau au travers des Definition: Der Eintritt von Wasser in Folge
fects in a building. dfauts dun btiment. von Schden an einem Gebude.

Comment: Structural defects can include
cracks, leaking gutters, defective roofs, miss-
ing pointing or damaged stonework. This can
also occur in an enclosed environment, for in-
stance a cave. Infiltration can lead to salt prob-
lems, loss of mortar and/or biological coloni-
sation as well as possibly eventual structural
problems.
biological growth, soluble salts, struc-
tural interventions, humidity
Commentaires: Les dfauts structurels peu-
vent inclure des fissures, des gouttires qui
fuient, des toits dfectueux, des joints man-
quants ou des pierres dgrades. Cela peut se
produire dans un environnement clos comme
par exemple, dans une grotte. L'infiltration
peut conduire des problmes lis aux sels,
la perte de mortier, le dveloppement d'une
colonisation biologique ainsi qu' des pro-
blmes structurels.
humidit, dveloppement biologique,
sels solubles, interventions sur la structure
Kommentar: Strukturelle Schden knnen
Risse, undichte Dachrinnen, defekte Dcher,
fehlende Fugen oder zerstrtes Mauerwerk
mit einschlieen. Dies kann in geschlossenen
Umgebungen auftreten, z.B. auch in einer
Hhle. Eindringende Flssigkeiten knnen zu
Salzproblemen fhren, zu Verlust von Mrtel
und/oder zu biologischem Befall, ebenso kn-
nen in der Folge strukturelle Probleme auftre-
ten.
Synonyme: eindringendes Wasser, Wasserein-
tritt
biologischer Bewuchs, lsliche Salze,
bauliche Interventionen, Feuchte

Sources: Camuffo 2013, 239241; Feilden 2003, 105; Heritage et al. 2013; Glossary on Stone 2008, 46

154

Infiltracija HR
Definicija: Prodiranje vode kroz nedostatke
na graevini.
Napomena: Strukturni nedostatci ukljuuju
pukotine, curenje ljebova, oteenja krovova,
nedostatak buke u rekama (fugama) ili ote-
enoga kamena. To se moe pojaviti u zatvo-
renome okoliu, primjerice u pilji. Infiltracija
moe dovesti do problema prouzroenih so-
lima, gubitka morta i ili biolokih naseobina te
katkada u konanici i do strukturnih proble-
ma.
bioloki rast, topljive soli, strukturni zah-
vati, vlanost
Beszivrgs Hu
Meghatrozs: Folykony vz behatolsa az
pletbe a meghibsodsokon t.
Megjegyzs: A szerkezeti hibk kz sorolha-
tk a repedsek, szivrg csatornk, hibs te-
tk, hinyz fugzs vagy krosodott kfala- riuri defecte, rosturi lips sau zidrie deterio-
zat. Egy zrt trben, pldul egy barlangban
is elfordulhatnak ilyenek. A bezs vzoldha-
t skhoz ktd problmkhoz, habarcs- poate conduce la probleme de sruri, la pier-
vesztesghez s/vagy biolgiai kolonizci-
hoz vezethet, s okozhat esetleges szerkezeti
gondokat is.
Szinonima: bezs, nedveseds, vizeseds
biolgiai krosods, vzoldhat sk, structural, umiditate
szerkezeti beavatkozsok, nedvessg
Infiltrazione
Definizione: L'ingresso di acqua attraverso di-
fetti in un edificio.
Commento: I difetti strutturali possono inclu-
dere fratture, grondaie che perdono, tetti im-
perfetti, una mancante rifinitura con malta o
una muratura danneggiata. Questo pu veri-
ficarsi in un ambiente circoscritto, come ad
esempio una cava. Le infiltrazioni possono
condurre a problemi di sali, perdita di malta
e/o colonizzazione biologica, nonch infine a
eventuali problemi strutturali.
proliferazione biologica, sali solubili, in-
terventi strutturali, umidit
CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN SouRCES
Infiltracja PL eri szdrma tR
Definicja: Przedostawanie si wody wskutek tanm: Yapdaki bozukluklardan suyun ieri
wad budynku. girmesi.
Komentarz: Wady strukturalne obejmuj pk- Yorum: Strktrel bozukluklar atlaklar, szd-
nicia, cieknce rynny, uszkodzenia dachw, ran oluklar, kusurlu atlar, eksik derzleme ya
ubytki spoinowania lub uszkodzenia murw. da hasar grm ta iiliini ierebilir. Bu ka-
Mog wystpi take w zamknitej przestrzeni pal/rtl bir evre de ayrca bir maarada da
naturalnego rodowiska, np. w jaskini. Przeni- olabilir. Szma; olas yapsal problemler kadar
kanie wody powoduje problemy zwizane z tuzlanma problemlerine, har/sva kaybna
obecnoci soli, odpadanie zaprawy i / lub za- ve/veya biyolojik yaylmaya da neden olabilir.
siedlanie przez czynniki biologiczne, i w kon- E anlam: sznt
sekwencji problemy strukturalne.
Synonim: przesikanie biyolojik oluum, znr tuzlar, yapsal
mdahaleler
wzrost biologiczny, sole rozpuszczalne,
interwencje strukturalne, wilgotno
Infiltrare Ro BG
Definiie: Ptrunderea apei ntr-o construcie : -
datorit unor defecte. .
adnotare: Defectele structurale pot include :
fisuri, jgheaburi care prezint scurgeri, acope- , , -
, -
rat. Aceasta poate s apar ntr-un mediu n- . -
chis, de exemplu chiar ntr-o grot. Infiltrarea
, . . -
derea mortarului i/sau la colonizare biologi- , -
c, precum i la eventuale probleme structu- / , -
rale ulterioare. .
atac biologic, sruri solubile, intervenie ,
, -
,
It Infiltracin ES
Definicin: Entrada de agua causada por de-
fectos en un edificio.
Comentario: Estos defectos estructurales
pueden consistir en grietas, fugas en canalo-
nes, techos defectuosos, faltantes en las juntas
o daos en la mampostera. Esto puede ocurrir
en ambientes cerrados, tambin en cuevas. La
infiltracin puede conducir a problemas rela-
cionados con: sales, prdida de mortero, cre-
cimiento biolgico, as como problemas even-
tuales de tipo estructural.
crecimiento biolgico, sales solubles, in-
tervenciones estructurales, humedad
155
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DEtERIoRatIoN SouRCES
Rising damp visible as colour saturation, Moldovia Monastery (Romania), 1532; Photo: 2003, UAD (Theo-Sandu Murean)
Rising damp EN
Definition: Dampness in the lower part of
buildings resulting from capillary rise of
ground water.
Comment: Rising groundwater, when a
porous building material is concerned, carries
with it soluble salts, which enter the porous
system. With fluctuating environmental con-
ditions, these soluble salts give rise to deteri-
oration. Hygroscopic moisture must be distin-
guished from rising damp by appropriate salt
analysis.
Not to be confused with: infiltration
soluble salts, environmental deterioration
Sources: AAT: rising damp (2.12.2014); Camuffo 2013, 236239; Damp 2007, 18; Glossary on Stone 2008, 46; Massari, Massari 1993, 6770
156
Remonte capillaire
Dfinition: Humidit dans les parties basses
des btiments rsultant de la remonte capil-
laire des eaux souterraines.
Commentaires: La monte de l'eau souter-
raine apporte des sels solubles, qui entrent
dans le systme poreux des matriaux de
construction. Du fait de conditions environ-
nementales fluctuantes, ces sels solubles
conduisent des dgradations. L'eau hygro-
scopique doit tre distingue des remontes
d'humidit, en ralisant une analyse de sel ap-
proprie.
Ne pas confondre avec: infiltration
sels solubles, dgradation lie lenviron-
nement
FR aufsteigende Feuchte DE
Definition: Feuchtigkeit im unteren Teil eines
Gebudes als Ergebnis kapillar aufsteigenden
Grundwassers.
Kommentar: Steigendes Grundwasser trans-
portiert bei porsem Baumaterial lsliche Sal-
ze, die in das System eindringen. Bei schwan-
kenden Umweltbedingungen fhren diese
lslichen Salze zu Schden. Hygroskopische
Feuchte muss durch eine geeignete Salzana-
lyse von aufsteigender Feuchte unterschieden
werden.
Synonyme: aufsteigende Grundfeuchte, auf-
steigende Mauerfeuchte, aufsteigende Bo-
denfeuchtigkeit
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Infiltration
lsliche Salze, umweltbedingter Zerfall

uzlazna (kapilarna) vlaga
Definicija: Vlaga u donjim dijelovima grae-
vina kao posljedica kapilarnoga rasta zemne
vode.
Napomena: Rast zemne vode, kad je rije o
poroznome graevnome materijalu, sa so-
bom dovodi topljive soli, koje ulaze u sustav
pora. U promjenjivim uvjetima okolia te to-
pljive soli dovode do pogoranja. Higroskop-
nu vlagu potrebno je razlikovati od uzlazne
vlage odgovarajuim analizama soli.
topljive soli, pogoranje prouzroeno oko-
liem
Felszvd nedvessg Hu
Meghatrozs: Az plet als rszben lev
nedvessg, mely a talajvz kapillris felszv-
dsbl addik.
Megjegyzs: A felszvd talajvz, ha porzus
pletanyagokrl van sz, vzoldhat skat
szllt, amik bekerlnek a prusrendszerbe.
Fluktul krnyezeti krlmnyek kztt a
vzoldhat sk krosodsokat okoznak. A hig-
roszkpos nedvessget meg kell klnbztet-
ni a felszll nedvessgtl, megfelel svizs-
glatok ltal.
Szinonima: felszll nedvessg
Tves megnevezs: bezs
vzoldhat sk, krnyezeti krosodsok
umidit di risalita
Definizione: Umidit nella parte pi bassa
degli edifici, derivante dalla risalita capillare di
acqua di falda.
Commento: L'acqua di falda di risalita, quan-
do un materiale da costruzione poroso ad
esserne interessato, trasporta con s sali solu-
bili che entrano nel sistema di pori. Con delle
condizioni ambientali fluttuanti, questi sali so-
lubili danno luogo a deterioramento. L'umidi-
t da igroscopia deve essere distinta dall'umi-
dit di risalita attraverso appropriate analisi
dei sali.
Da non confondersi con: infiltrazione
sali solubili, deterioramento ambientale
CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN SouRCES
HR Podciganie wody PL Ykselen nem tR
Definicja: Zawilgocenie dolnej partii budyn- tanm: Binalarn alt ksmlarnda grlen ve
kw poprzez kapilarne podciganie wd yer alt suyunun klcal olarak ykselmesiyle
gruntowych. oluan nem.
Komentarz: Podciganie wd gruntowych Yorum: Gzenekli yap malzemesi sz konusu
przez porowaty materia budowlany, powodu- olduunda znr tuzlar tayan ykselen
je wprowadzanie soli rozpuszczalnych, ktre zemin sular gzeneklere girer. Deien ev-
wnikaj w porowat budowl. W zmiennych resel koullarla, bu znr tuzlar bozulmaya
warunkach rodowiska sole rozpuszczalne po- sebep olur. Higroskopik nem uygun tuz ana-
woduj zniszczenia. Naley rozrni wilgo hi- lizleri ile ykselen nemden ayrlmaldr.
groskopijn od podcigania wilgoci poprzez Kartrmaynz: szma
waciw analiz soli.
Nie naley myli z: przesikanie znr tuzlar, evresel bozulma
sole rozpuszczalne, niszczce warunki ro-
dowiska
umiditate de capilaritate Ro BG
Definiie: Umiditate (igrasie) localizat n par- :
tea inferioar a cldirilor ce rezult din urcarea -
capilar a apei subterane.
adnotare: n cazul materialelor de construc- : -
ie poroase, ptrunderea apei subterane adu- ,
ce cu ea sruri solubile, ce intr n sistemul po-
ros. n cazul unor condiii fluctuante de mediu, , .
aceste sruri solubile provoac degradare.
Umiditatea higroscopic trebuie distins de .
umiditatea de capilaritate prin analiza adec- -
vat a srurilor.
A nu se confunda cu: infiltrare .
:
sruri solubile, degradare cauzat de me-
diu , -
It Humedad ascendente por capilaridad ES
Definicin: Humedad en la parte inferior de
los edificios que resulta del ascenso por capi-
laridad de agua subterrnea.
Comentario: Cuando el aumento del agua
subterrnea se topa con un material de cons-
truccin de tipo poroso, se produce la entrada
en el sistema poroso de dicho material tanto
de agua como de sales solubles. Cuando las
condiciones ambientales son fluctuantes, es-
tas sales solubles producen el deterioro. La hu-
medad higroscpica debe distinguirse de la
humedad ascendente por capilaridad me-
diante el anlisis de las sales.
No confundir con: infiltracin
sales solubles, deterioro ambiental
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Water fills
a small crack

Water freezes and ice

forces crack to open further

Ice melts and water

runs down into crack

Water freezes and ice

forces crack to open further

Ice melts and water

runs down into crack

A significant crack is formed

beneath the architectural
surface

Damage caused by freeze-thaw cycles; Illustration: 2015, Raimar Heber based on a drawing by Adrian Rauca

Sources: AAT: freeze-thaw cycles (2.12.2014); Brimblecombe, Camuffo 2003, 8; CAMEO: Freeze-thaw cycle (2.12.2014): Camuffo 2013, 195199; Feilden 2003,
107/8; Honeyborne 1998, 159162; Ruedrich, Siegesmund 2007

158
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Freezethaw cycles EN Fagyciklus Hu Ciclos de hielo y deshielo ES

Definition: The cyclical formation of ice crys-
tals when temperature fluctuates above and
below 0 C, the freezing point of water.
Comment: These cycles can lead to deterio-
ration of porous materials including stone and
wall paintings. Mortars and plasters applied
too late in the year are also subject to frost
damage by their residual moisture.
environmental deterioration
Cycles gel-dgel FR
Dfinition: Formation et fonte de cristaux de
glace quand la temprature fluctue en des-
sous et au-dessus de 0 C, point de congla-
tion de l'eau.
Commentaires: Ces cycles peuvent conduire
une dgradation des matriaux poreux tels
que la pierre et les peintures murales. Des
mortiers et enduits appliqus trop tardive-
ment dans l'anne sont galement soumis au
gel par leur humidit rsiduelle.
Meghatrozs: Jgkristlyok ciklikus keletke-
zse a hmrsklet 0 C, azaz a vz fagypontja
krli ingadozsa kvetkeztben.
Megjegyzs: E ciklusok krokat okozhatnak a
porzus anyagokban, belertve a kvet s a fal-
kpeket is. A tl ksn, az v vge fel felhor-
dott habarcsok s vakolatok szintn szenved-
hetnek fagykrokat a htramarad nedvessg-
tartalmuk miatt.
krnyezeti krosods
Cicli di gelo-disgelo
Definizione: Formazione ciclica di cristalli di
ghiaccio quando le temperature oscillano sopra
e sotto i 0 C, punto di congelamento dell'acqua.
Commento: Questi cicli possono condurre al
deterioramento di materiali porosi inclusi pietra
e dipinti murali. Le malte e gli intonaci applicati
troppo tardi nell'anno sono anch'essi soggetti
a un danno da congelamento a causa della loro
umidit residua.
Definicin: Formacin cclica de cristales de
hielo cuando la temperatura flucta por enci-
ma y por debajo de 0 C, el punto de congela-
cin del agua.
Comentario: Estos ciclos pueden conducir al
deterioro de materiales porosos:piedra y pin-
tura mural (gelivacin). Morteros y revoques
aplicados demasiado tarde en el ao tambin
se exponen a estos daos por heladas, debido
a su humedad residual.
deterioro ambiental
It
Donma-znme dngs tR
tanm: Scakln suyun donma derecesi olan
0 Cnin altna ve stne inip kmasyla olu-
an buz kristallerinin deiim dngs.
Yorum: Bu dngler ta ve duvar resimlerini
de ieren gzenekli malzemelerin bozulmas-
na sebep olabilir. Har ve svalarn yl iinde
ok ge uygulanmas da ayrca iindeki nem-
den dolay don hasar oluturabilir.

dgradation lie lenvironnement deterioramento ambientale evresel bozulma

Frost-tau-Wechsel DE Cykliczne przemarzanie PL BG

Definition: Die zyklische Ausbildung von Eis-
kristallen bei Temperaturschwankungen von
ber und unter 0 C, dem Gefrierpunkt von
Wasser.
Kommentar: Diese Zyklen knnen zum Zer-
fall von porsem Material wie Stein und
Wandmalerei fhren (Frostsprengung). Zu
spt im Jahr aufgebrachte Mrtel und Putze
sind wegen ihrer Restfeuchte ebenfalls von
Frostschden betroffen.
umweltbedingter Zerfall
Ciklusi smrzavanja-otapanja HR
Definicija: Cikliko stvaranje kristala leda kad
temperatura oscilira iznad i ispod 0 C, toke
ledita.
Napomena: Ovi ciklusi mogu dovesti do po-
goranja poroznih materijala ukljuujui ka-
men i zidne slike. Mortovi i buke stavljene
prekasno u godini takoer su podloni teta-
ma od smrzavanja zbog preostale vlage.
Definicja: Cykliczne powstawanie krysztakw :
lodu, gdy temperatura wznosi si powyej i ,
spada poniej 0 C, punktu zamarzania wody. 0 C - (-
)
Komentarz: Cykle te mog prowadzi do pro-
cesw niszczenia porowatych materiaw w- : -
czajc kamienie i malowida cienne. Tynki i ,
zaprawy naoone w zbyt pnej porze roku .
s take niszczone przez mrz ze wzgldu na , -
zawart w nich wod. ,
,
niszczce warunki rodowiska .
-
Cicluri nghe-dezghe Ro
Definiie: Formarea ciclic a cristalelor de
ghea atunci cnd temperatura fluctueaz
peste i sub 0 C, punctul de nghe al apei.
adnotare: Aceste cicluri pot duce la deterio-
rarea materialelor poroase precum piatra i
picturile murale. Mortarele i tencuielile apli-
cate n sezonul rece sunt de asemenea supuse
degradrilor provocate de nghe datorit
umiditii lor reziduale.

pogoranje prouzroeno okoliem degradare cauzat de mediu

159
 CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN SouRCES
Wet-dry cycles, in the presence of soluble salts, lead to severe deterioration in porous limestone (Malta); Photo: 2008, UM (JoAnn Cassar)
Wet-dry cycles EN
Definition: The cyclical absorption and des-
orption of moisture in a building material,
which can provoke damage in salt-infested
porous materials.
Comment: Wetting and drying cycles cause
soluble salts to dissolve and recrystallise, lead-
ing to the damage of stone and wall paintings.
Both efflorescence and subflorescence can oc-
cur. The moisture can originate from the air, ris-
ing damp or infiltration. Certain maintenance
measures (e.g. repointing) can also introduce
moisture which induces such cycles. Other ma-
terials, intrinsic to a building or wall painting,
such as clay minerals, can undergo hygroscop-
ic expansion and thus cause damage.
soluble salts, humidity, environmental
deterioration, hygroscopicity/deliquescence
Cycle dhumectation-schage FR
Dfinition: Cycle dabsorption et dsorption
de l'humidit dans un matriau de construc-
tion, qui provoque des dommages pour des
matriaux poreux contamins en sels.
Sources: Arnold, Zehnder 1987; Bernardi 2008, 21; Camuffo 2010, 28; Honeyborne 1998, 164/5; Ruedrich, Siegesmund 2007; Steiger 2015
160
Commentaires: Ces cycles conduisent la dis-
solution/recristallisation des sels solubles et
provoquent la dgradation des pierres et pein-
tures murales. Des efflorescences ou subefflo-
rescences peuvent se dvelopper. L'humidit
peut provenir de l'air, des remontes capillaires
ou de l'infiltration. Certaines mesures de main-
tenance (ex. rejointoiement) peuvent introduire
de l'humidit conduisant leur apparition.
D'autres matriaux, intrinsques une peinture
ou un mur, comme les minraux argileux gon-
flants, peuvent connatre une expansion
hygroscopique et causer des dgradations.
sels solubles, humidit, hygroscopicit/ dli-
quescence, dgradation lie lenvironnement
Nass-trocken-Wechsel DE
Definition: Die zyklische Aufnahme und Ab-
gabe von Feuchte in einem Baumaterial, die
an salzbelasteten, porsen Materialien Sch-
den hervorrufen kann.
Kommentar: Nasse und trockene Zyklen las-
sen lsliche Salze in Lsung gehen und rekris-
tallisieren und fhren so zu Schden an Stein
und Wandmalereien. Die Kristallisation kann
sowohl auf als auch unter der Oberflche
stattfinden. Die Feuchtigkeit stammt aus der
Luft, aus aufsteigender Feuchte oder aus Infil-
tration. Auch bestimmte Wartungsarbeiten
(z.B. Neuverfugen) knnen Feuchte eintragen
und zu solchen Zyklen fhren. Andere, ur-
sprnglich zum Gebude oder zur Wandma-
lerei zugehrende Materialien, wie etwa Ton-
mineralien, knnen hygrischer Dehnung un-
terliegen und damit Schden verursachen.
lsliche Salze, Feuchte, Hygroskopizitt,
umweltbedingter Zerfall
Mokro-suhi ciklusi HR
Definicija: Cikliko upijanje i otputanje vla-
ge iz graevnoga materijala, koje moe potak-
nuti nastanak oteenja u poroznim materija-
lima punim solima.
Napomena: Mokro-suhi ciklusi prouzrouju
otapanje topljivih soli te ponovnu kristalizaci-
ju, to dovodi do oteenja na kamenu i zid-
nim slikama. Cvjetanje soli moe se pojaviti na
povrini i ispod nje. Vlaga moe potjecati iz zra-
ka, od uzlazne vlage ili infiltracije. Odreene
mjere odravanja (npr. ponovnoga bukanja re-
ki) takoer mogu unijeti vlagu, izazivajui takve
cikluse. Ostali materijali, svojstveni za graevinu

ili zidnu sliku, poput glinenih minerala, mogu
potaknuti higroskopsko irenje i time prouzro-
iti oteenje.
topljive soli, vlanost, pogoranje prou-
zroeno okoliem, higroskopnost/rastapanje
Nedves-szraz ciklusok Hu
Meghatrozs: Nedvessg ciklikus abszorpcija
s deszorpcija az ptanyagokba, ami krokat
okozhat a sval fertztt porzus anyagokban.
Megjegyzs: A vltakoz nedveseds s kisz-
rads a sk olddst s jrakristlyosodst nieniu pod wpywem wody co spowoduje
okozza, ami a kvek s falkpek krosodshoz
vezet. Megjelenhet felleti skivirgzs s szer-
kezeti skristlyosods egyarnt. A nedvessg
szrmazhat a levegbl, a felszvd nedves-
sgbl vagy bezsokbl. A ciklusokhoz szk-
sges nedvessg bizonyos karbantartsi eljr-
sokbl (pldul fugzs javtsa) is szrmazhat. Cicluri umed-uscat
Ms, az plethez vagy falkphez tartoz anya-
gok, mint pldul az agyagsvnyok, higrosz-
kposan tgulhatnak, ezltal okozvn krokat.
vzoldhat sk, nedvessg, krnyezeti roase infestate cu sruri.
krosods, higroszkpossg/elfolysods
Cicli di umido-secco It
Definizione: Assorbimento e desorbimento
ciclico di umidit in un materiale da costruzio-
ne, che pu provocare danni a materiali infe-
stati da sali.
Commento: Cicli di umidit e secco fanno dis-
solvere e ricristallizzare i sali solubili, condu-
cendo ad un danneggiamento della pietra e
dei dipinti murali. Possono verificarsi anche sia
l'efflorescenza che la sub-efflorescenza. L'umi-
dit pu provenire dall'aria, dall'umidit di ri-
salita o dalle infiltrazioni. Anche alcune misure
di manutenzione (ad es. nuova stuccatura con
malta) possono introdurre dell'umidit, che
conduce al verificarsi di tali cicli. Altri materiali,
caratteristici in un edificio o in un dipinto mu-
rale, come i minerali argillosi, possono subire
un'espansione igroscopica e per cui provocare
un danneggiamento.
sali solubili, umidit, deterioramento am-
bientale, igroscopia/deliquescenza, schnicie
Cykliczne zamakanie / Schnicie PL
Definicja: Cykliczne absorbowanie i oddawa-
nie wilgoci przez materiay budowlane moe
CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN SouRCES
powodowa zniszczenia zasolonych, porowa- tambin pueden introducir humedad y propi-
tych materiaw. cian as este tipo de ciclos.
Los materiales constitutivos de un edificio o
Komentarz: Przy cyklicznym zamakaniu i wy- pintura mural, como minerales de arcilla, pue-
sychaniu sole rozpuszczalne tworz roztwory, den experimentar, debido a su higroscopici-
a potem ponownie krystalizuj, powodujc dad, un incremento de volumen y, por lo tan-
zniszczenia kamieni i malowide ciennych. to, causar daos.
Moe doj do wysole powierzchniowych i
wysole pod powierzchni. Wilgo moe po- sales solubles, humedad, deterioro am-
chodzi z powietrza, z podcigania lub prze- biental, higroscopicidad/delicuescencia
nikania. Niektre dziaania pielgnacyjne (np.
uzupenianie spoin) wprowadzajce wilgo
mog te powodowa takie cykle. Inne mate- Islanma-kuruma dngs tR
riay uyte do budynku lub malowida, jak mi-
neray zawierajce glin mog ulega pcz- tanm: Tuz-youn gzenekli malzemelerde
zarara neden olabilen yap malzemesinde
szkody. nem ekme ve salverme dngs.
sole rozpuszczalne, wilgotno, niszcz- Yorum: Islanma ve kuruma dngs, znr
ce warunki rodowiska tuzlarn zlmesine ve tekrar kristallemesine
neden olarak ta ve duvar resimlerinin zarar
grmesine yol aar. Hem yzey zerinde hem
Ro de yzey altnda tuzlanma, tuz kristallemesi
meydana gelebilir. Rutubet; havadan, ykselen
Definiie: Absorbia i desorbia ciclic a umi- nemden ya da szmadan kaynaklanabilir. Baz
ditii ntr-un material de construcie, care bakm nlemleri (derz tamirleri v.b.) bu ekilde
poate provoca deteriorarea materialelor po- dnglerin olumasna sebep olan nemi tetik-
leyebilir. Yapya ya da duvar resimlerine ait kil
mineralleri gibi malzemeler, higroskopik gen-
adnotare: Ciclurile umed-uscat determin di- lemeye urayarak zarara sebep olabilir.
zolvarea i recristalizarea srurilor solubile,
conducnd la deteriorarea pietrei i a picturi- znr tuzlar, nem, evresel bozulma,
lor murale. i poate face apariia att eflores- higroskopisite
cena, ct i subflorescena. Umiditatea poate
proveni din aer, prin capilaritate sau prin infil-
trare. De asemenea, anumite msuri de ntre- BG
inere (de ex. rostuirea) pot introduce umidi-
tate care s conduc la producerea ciclurilor : -
de acest fel. Alte materiale intrinseci dintr-o ,
cldire sau o pictur mural, cum ar fi minera- -
lele argiloase, pot suferi expansiuni higrosco- .
pice i, astfel, provoac degradare.
: -
sruri solubile, umiditate, degradare -
cauzat de mediu ,
. -
, -
Ciclo hmedo-seco ES .
,
Definicin: La absorcin y prdida de hume- . -
dad de forma cclica en un material de cons- (. )
truccin, puede provocar daos en los mate-
riales porosos ricos en sales. .
,
Comentario: Estos ciclos hacen que las sales , . -
solubles se disuelvan y recristalicen, lo que ,
provoca daos en materiales ptreos y pintura .
mural. Puede producir tanto un aumento de
eflorescencias como fenmenos de cripto- , , -
eflorescencias. La humedad puede llegar por ,
aire, capilaridad o infiltraciones. Algunas me-
didas de conservacin (como el rejuntado)
161
 CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN SouRCES
Fluctuating environmental conditions, especially humidity, have led to the deterioration of this salt-laden limestone (part of upper frieze in Globigerina Limestone), Greek's Gate,
Mdina (Malta), early 18th century; Photo: 2008, UM (JoAnn Cassar)
Environmental deterioration EN
Definition: Deterioration (or decay) triggered
or exacerbated by climatic factors such as
temperature and humidity extremes, and
their fluctuations.
Comment: Repeated changes, usually daily
and/or seasonal, of environmental parameters
such as temperature and relative humidity, can
bring about deterioration of cultural heritage
materials, by physical, chemical and/or biolog-
ical means. For stone and wall paintings these
will be most harmful if soluble salts are present.
Certain types of treatment materials react bad-
ly to fluctuating environmental conditions as
well. Wind erosion can also be considered as a
factor leading to environmental deterioration.
extrinsic cause of deterioration, freeze thaw
cycles, soluble salts, biological growth
Dgradation lie lenvironnement FR
Dfinition: Dgradation dclenche ou ag-
grave par des facteurs climatiques tels que la
temprature, une forte humidit et leurs fluc-
tuations.
Sources: Bernardi 2008, 19; Camuffo 2013, 1217; Camuffo 2010; Doehne, Price 2010, 920
162
Commentaires: Des changements rpts,
gnralement quotidiens et/ou saisonniers,
des paramtres environnementaux tels que la
temprature et lhumidit relative, peuvent
entraner une dgradation biologique, phy-
sique, chimique des matriaux du patrimoine
culturel. Pour les pierres et peintures murales,
ceux-ci seront plus nocifs si des sels solubles
sont prsents. Certains matriaux de traite-
ment ragissent mal des conditions am-
biantes fluctuantes. Lrosion olienne peut
galement tre considre comme un facteur
de dgradation lie lenvironnement.
facteurs externes de dgradation, cycles
gel-dgel, sels solubles, dveloppement
biologique
umweltbedingte Schdigung DE
Definition: Schdigung (oder Zerfall) ausge-
lst oder verschlimmert durch klimatische
Faktoren wie Temperatur- und Feuchtigkeits-
extreme und deren Wechsel.
Kommentar: Normalerweise tglich oder sai-
sonal wiederholte Wechsel von Umweltpara-
metern wie Temperatur und relativer Luft-
feuchte knnen auf physikalische, chemische
oder biologische Weise zur Schdigung von
Kulturgutmaterialien fhren. Bei Stein und
Wandmalereien sind diese Wechsel am schd-
lichsten, wenn lsliche Salze anwesend sind.
Bestimmte Arten von Restaurierungsmateria-
lien knnen ebenso negativ auf schwankende
Umweltbedingungen reagieren. Winderosion
kann auch als ein Faktor betrachtet werden,
der zu umweltbedingter Schdigung fhrt.
uere Schadensursache, Frost-Tau-
Wechsel, lsliche Salze, biologischer
Bewuchs
Pogoranje prouzroeno okoliem HR
Definicija: Pogoranje ili propadanje potak-
nuto ili pojaano klimatskim imbenicima po-
put krajnjih vrijednosti temperature i vlage te
njihovim oscilacijama.
Napomena: Ponavljanje promjena, obino
dnevnih i/ili sezonskih, okolinih parametara
poput temperature ili relativne vlage mogu
prouzroiti pogoranje materijala kulturnoga
nasljea, u fizikome, kemijskome i/ili u biolo-
kome smislu. Za kamen i zidne slike promje-

ne su najtetnije kada su prisutne topljive soli.
Odreene vrste materijala za obnovu loije
reagiraju na varijacije stanja u okoliu. Erozija
vjetrom takoer se moe smatrati imbeni-
kom pogoranja prouzroenim okoliem.
vanjski uzroci pogoranja, ciklusi smrzava-
nja-otapanja, topljive soli, bioloki rast
Krnyezeti krosods Hu
Meghatrozs: Krosods (vagy bomls),
melyet a klimatikus tnyezk, pldul szls-
sges hmrsklet s relatv pratartalom,
vagy ezek ciklikus vltozsa idz el vagy s-
lyosbt.
Megjegyzs: A krnyezeti paramterek, pl-
dul hmrsklet s relatv pratartalom, is-
mtld, ltalban naponknti s/vagy vsza-
konknti vltozsai krosodsokat okozhat-
nak a kulturlis rksg anyagaiban, fizikai,
kmiai s/vagy biolgiai ton. A k s falkp
szmra ez akkor a legkrosabb, ha vzoldhat
sk is jelen vannak. Az ingadoz krnyezeti t-
nyezk bizonyos tpus kezelanyagokra is
kedveztlen hatssal lehetnek. A szlerzi is
a krnyezeti krosodsokat okoz tnyezk
kz sorolhat.
kls krosodsi tnyezk, fagyciklus,
vzoldhat sk, biolgiai krosods adnotare: Schimbrile repetate, zilnice i/sau
Deterioramento ambientale
Definizione: Deterioramento (o alterazione)
innescato o aggravato da fattori climatici co-
me temperature e umidit estreme, e loro flut-
tuazioni.
Commento: Ripetuti cambiamenti, solita-
mente giornalieri o stagionali, di parametri
ambientali come temperatura e umidit rela-
tiva, possono indurre deterioramento dei ma-
teriali dei beni culturali, attraverso processi fi-
sici, chimici e/o biologici. Per pietra e dipinti
murali questi saranno pi pericolosi se sono
presenti sali solubili. Anche alcuni tipi di ma-
teriali da trattamento reagiscono negativa-
mente a condizioni ambientali fluttuanti.
Lerosione da parte del vento pu anchessa
essere considerata un fattore che porta al de-
terioramento ambientale.
causa estrinseca di deterioramento, cicli di
gelo-disgelo, sali solubili, proliferazione
biologica
CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN SouRCES
Niszczce warunki rodowiska PL treos y pintura mural, estos daos sern mayo-
res si hay sales solubles. Ciertos materiales, apli-
Definicja: Czynniki klimatu, jak ekstremalne cados como tratamiento, pueden reaccionar
temperatury i wilgotno oraz ich wahania ini- mal a las condiciones ambientales fluctuantes.
cjujce niszczenie (lub rozpad) albo pogarsza- La erosin del viento tambin puede ser consi-
jce stan. derada como un factor de deterioro ambiental.
Komentarz: Zmiany parametrw otoczenia, jak causas extrnsecas de deterioro, ciclos de
temperatura i wilgotnoc wzgldna powtarza- hielo y deshielo, sales solubles, crecimiento
jce si zwykle w cyklach dobowych i / lub se- biolgico
zonowych, powoduj fizyczne, chemiczne i /
lub biologiczne zniszczenia zabytkowej sub-
stancji. W przypadku kamieni i malowide cien- evresel bozulma tR
nych najgorsze zniszczenia powoduje obecno
soli rozpuszczalnych. Take niektre materiay tanm: Ar scaklk/nem ve bunlardaki dei-
uywane do konserwacji le reaguj na zmien- kenlikler gibi iklimsel faktrler sebebiyle tetik-
ne warunki rodowiska. Erozja spowodowana lenen ya da iddetlenen bozulma (ya da hasar).
przez wiatr rwnie stanowi czynnik, ktry pro-
wadzi do zniszcze pod wpywem rodowiska. Yorum: Genellikle gnlk ve/veya mevsimsel
tekrarlanan, scaklk ve bal nem deiiklikleri
zewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze, cykliczne gibi evresel etkenler, kltrel miras malzeme-
przemarzanie roztapiania, sole rozpusz- lerinde fiziksel, kimyasal ve/veya biyolojik ie-
czalne, wzrost biologiczny rikli bozulmalara neden olur. Eer znr
tuzlarda bulunuyorsa ta ve duvar resimleri
iin bunlar en zararl etkenlerdir. Baz belli iyi-
Degradare cauzat de mediu Ro letirme malzemeleri, eseri deien evresel
koullarda daha da ktye gtrmektedir.
Definiie: Degradare (sau deteriorare) declan- Rzgr erozyonu da evresel bozulma faktr-
at sau agravat de factorii climatici, precum lerinin banda geldii dnlebilir.
extremele de temperatur i umiditate, i fluc-
tuaiile acestora. dsal bozulma sebebi, donma-znme
dngleri, znr tuzlar, biyolojik oluum
sezoniere ale parametrilor de mediu, precum
temperatura i umiditatea relativ, pot provoca BG
It deteriorarea matarialelor patrimoniului cultural s
prin mijloace fizice, chimice i/sau biologice.
Pentru piatr i picturi murale degradrile vor fi :
i mai nocive n cazul n care sunt prezente sruri ( ), -
solubile. Anumite tipuri de materiale de restau- -
rare reacioneaz impropriu la condiiile fluc- ,
tuante de mediu. Coraziunea (eroziunea produ- .
s de vnt) poate fi, de asemenea, considerat
un factor de degradare cauzat de mediu. : ,
/ -
cauze extrinseci de degradare, cicluri n- ,
ghe-dezghe, sruri solubile, atac biologic ,
,
, , -
Deterioro medioambiental ES / .
Definicin: Deterioro y/o degradacin provo- , -
cado o agravado por factores climticos como .
la temperatura y humedad extrema y sus fluc- -
tuaciones. -
. -
Comentario: Variaciones repetidas, general- , -
mente diarias y/o estacionales, de parmetros .
ambientales como la temperatura y la humedad
relativa, pueden producir un deterioro de los ,
materiales del patrimonio cultural por causas f- ,
sicas, qumicas y/o biolgicas. En materiales p- ,
163
 CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN SouRCES
Blackened building due to air pollution (main faade, lower storey in Coralline Limestone), Maritime Museum (Old Naval Bakery), Birgu (Malta), 1842-1845; Photo: 2008, UM
(JoAnn Cassar)
air pollution EN
Definition: The burning of materials (e.g. fos-
sil fuels, wood, plastics) which releases gases
and particulate matter, including aerosols.
Comment: Pollution produces acid rain (acid
precipitation or acid deposition) which is rain
with a pH of about 5.2 or below, mainly caused
by the release of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen ox-
ides. The released gases and particulate matter
can react with available moisture to bring about
deterioration of limestone, marble and lime plas-
ters by the transformation of calcium carbonate
into gypsum. The binding of black carbonaceous
particles, also emitted by air pollution, forms
black crusts. Ozone can also cause damage, e.g.
pigment alteration, at certain concentrations.
Not to be confused with: smog
aerosols, pigment alteration
Pollution de lair FR
Dfinition: Gaz, particules, arosols issus de
la combustion de matriaux (combustibles
fossiles, bois, plastiques etc.).
Commentaires: Librant du dioxyde de sou-
fre, des oxydes d'azote (combinaison de
mono- et dioxydes dazote), elle cause la for-
Sources: AAT: air pollution (12.12.2014); Bernardi 2008, 89104; Brimblecombe 2003, 118; Brimblecombe, Camuffo 2010,1330; Camuffo 2013, 203216;
Doehne, Price 2010, 913; Fassina 2010, 80101; Saiz-Jimenez 2003, 207; Schwarz et al. 2015
164
mation de pluies acides (ou dpts acides), de
pH d'environ 5,2 ou moins. Le gaz et les parti-
cules libres ragissent avec l'humidit et les
matriaux en carbonate de calcium (calcaire,
marbre, enduit la chaux) qui se transforme
en gypse et forme des crotes noires, fixant
les particules carbones noires aussi mises
par la pollution de l'air. L'ozone, autre polluant,
peut causer des dgradations telles l'altra-
tion des pigments, certaines concentrations.
arosols, altration des pigments
Luftverschmutzung DE
Definition: Das Verbrennen von Materialien
(z.B. Erdl, Holz, Plastik) setzt Gase und Parti-
kel, einschlielich Aerosole, frei.
Kommentar: Luftverschmutzung erzeugt
sauren Regen (Niederschlag oder Ablagerun-
gen) mit einem pH Wert von 5,2 oder darunter,
der hauptschlich durch die Freisetzung von
Schwefeldioxid und Stickstoffoxiden verur-
sacht wird. Diese Gase und Partikel knnen
mit Feuchte und anflligen Baumaterialien
reagieren und zur Schdigung von Kalkstein,
Marmor und Kalkputzen fhren, indem Cal-
ziumcarbonat zu Gips umgewandelt wird.
Durch Einbindung schwarzer, kohlenstoffhal-
tiger Partikel, die auch durch Luftverschmut-
zung entstehen, entstehen schwarze Krusten.
Ozon kann in bestimmter Konzentration
ebenso Schden verursachen, wie z.B. Pig-
mentumwandlungen.
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Smog
Aerosole, Pigmentvernderung
oneienje zraka HR
Definicija: Promjene u kemijskome sastavu
zraka prouzroene otputanjem plinova i leb-
deih estica, ukljuujui aerosoli pri spaljiva-
nju materijala (npr. fosilnih goriva, drva, plasti-
ke).
Napomena: Oneienje stvara kisele kie (ki-
sele padaline ili kiselo taloenje). To je kia s pH
oko 5,2 ili manjim, uglavnom su prouzroene
otputanjem sumporova dioksida i duikovih
oksida. Isputeni plinovi i lebdee estice mogu
reagirati s prisutnom vlagom to dovodi do pro-
padanja vapnenca, mramora i vapnenih buka,
preoblikovanjem kalcijeva karbonata u gips. To
vezanje crnih ugljikovih estica isputenih u
zrak, dovodi do formiranja crnih kora. Ozon ta-
koer moe prouzroiti tetu, npr. izmjenu pig-
menta u odreenim koncentracijama.
Ne smije se mijeati s: smog
aerosoli, promjena pigmenta
 CONDITION

DETERIORATION SOURCES

Legszennyezdes HU
Meghatarozas: Anyagok egese (peldaul fosszi-
lis tzelanyagok, fa, manyag), ipari tevekeny-
segek eredmenyekent letrejv gazok es szi-
lard reszecskek, az aeroszolokat is beleertve.
Megjegyzes: A legszennyezdes savas est (sa-
vas lecsap6dast vagy savas lerak6dast) eredme-
nyez, mely egy krlbell5,2 vagy ennel kisebb
pH-ju es, s melynek f okoz6ja a kendioxid es
a nitrogenoxidok kibocsajtasa. A kibocsajtott
gazok es szilard reszecskek reagalhatnak a ren-
delkezesre all6 nedvesseggel es azalkalmas epf-
tanyagokkal, karosodasokat idezve el a mesz-
kben, marvanyban es meszvakolatokban, azal-
tal, hogy gipssze alakftjak a kalcium-karbonatot.
A legszennyezdes altal keletkez fekete szen-
tartalmu anyagok megktese fekete kereg kep-
zdeset eredmenyezi. Az 6zon is okozhat karo-
sodasokat bizonyos koncentraci6ban, peldaul
a pigmentek elvaltozasat.
Teves megnevezes: szmog
-+ aeroszolok, -+ pigment e/vciltozcis
lnquinamento atmosferico IT
Definizione: La combustione di materiali (ad
es. combustibili fossili, legna, materiali plastici)
rilascia gase materiale particolato, inclusi gli ae-
rosol.
Commento: L:inquinamento produce pioggia
acida (precipitazione o deposizione acida), con
un pH di circa 5,2 o inferiore, causato soprattut-
to dal rilascio di diossido di zolfo e ossidi del-
l'azoto. Gas emessi e materiale particolato pos-
sono reagire con l'umidita determinando il de-
terioramento di rocce carbonatiche, marmo e
intonaci di calce con Ia trasformazione del car-
bonato di calcio in gesso. L:inglobamento di
partieeile carboniose nere, diffuse anch'esse
dall'inquinamento, formale croste nere. A certe
concentrazioni, anche l'ozono causa un dan-
neggiamento, ad es. variazione dei pigmenti.
Da non confondersi con: smog
-+ aerosol,-+ alterazione dei pigmenti
Zanieczyszczenie powietrza PL
Definicja: Spalanie material6w (np. paliw ko-
palnych, drewna, plastiku) uwalnia gazy i pyly
zawierajqce aerozole.
Komentarz: Skutkiem zanieczyszczenia SCJ.
kwasne deszcze (kwasne mzawki lub kwasne
zlogi) kt6rych pH ma wartose ok. 5,2 i mniej,
gl6wnie spowodowane przez uwalnianie
dwutlenku siarki i tlenk6w azotu. Gazy siar-
kowe mogq taki:e wyrzucac wulkany. Uwol-
nione gazy i stale czqsteczki mogq reagowac z
wilgociq i wrazliwymi materialami budowli po-
wodujqc zniszczenia wapienia, marmuru, tyn-
k6w wapiennych i przemian~ w~glanu wapnia
w gips. Efektem moze byc wiqzanie czarnych
czqstek zawierajqcych w~giel emitowanych w
procesie zanieczyszczania srodowiska i formo-
wanie czarnych zlog6w. Zanieczyszczeniem
jest tez ozon, w pewnych st~zeniach powo-
dujqcy np. zmiany pigment6w.
-+ aerozo/e, -+ zmiany pigment6w
Poluare atmosferic RO
Definitie: Arderea materialelor (de ex. com-
bustibili fosili, lemn, material plastic) care
emite gaze ~i pulberi in suspensie, inclusiv
aerosoli.
Adnotare: Poluarea produce ploi acide (pre-
cipitare sau depunere de acid), acestea fiind
ploi cu un pH de aproximativ 5,2 sau mai mic
~i cauzate in principal de eliberarea dioxidului
de sulf ~i a oxizilor de azot. Gazele ~i pulberile
in suspensie eliberate in atmosfer pot reac-
tiona cu umiditatea disponibil provocand
asttel degradarea calcarelor, a marmurei ~i a
tencuielilor pe baz de var, prin transformarea
carbonatului de calciu in gips. Depunerea par-
ticulelor carbonizate negre, emise tot de po-
luarea atmosferic, formeaz cruste negre.
Oe asemenea, ozonul, in anumite concentratii,
poate provoca degradri (de ex. alterarea pig-
mentului).
Sinonime: contaminarea aerului, poluare
A nu se confunda cu: smog
-+ aerosoli, -+ alterarea pigmentului
Contaminacion atmosferica ES
Definicion: Liberaci6n de gases y partfculas,
tambien aerosoles, que se producen tras Ia
combusti6n de materiales (combustibles f6si-
les, madera o plasticos).
Comentario: Una consecuencia de esta conta-
minaci6n es Ia lluvia acida, con pH de 5,2 o in-
ferior. Causada principalmente por Ia liberaci6n
de di6xido de azufre y 6xidos de nitr6geno.
Losgases y las partleulas liberadas pueden re-
accionar con Ia humedad presente y con los
materiales susceptibles, y producir deterioro en
piedras calizas, marmol y revoques de cal, con
Ia transformaci6n de carbonato de calcio en ye-
so. Durante este proceso, se pueden unir par-
treulas carbonosas oscuras emitidas por Ia con-
taminaci6n del aire, formando castras negras.
EI ozono es otro contaminante que puede
causar darios. A ciertas concentraciones, pue-
de alterar pigmentos.
Sin6nimos: contaminaci6n del aire, poluci6n
-+ aerosoles, -+ alteraci6n del pigmento
Hava kirliligi TR
Tamm: Fosil yak1tlar, odun, plastik gibi malze-
melerin yanarak aerosol i~eren gaz ve par~a
Cikll maddeler ~1karmas1 (hava ~zt dahil).
Yorum: Kirlilik, temel olarak kkrt dioksit ve
azot oksitlerin salin1m1ndan meydana geien
pH degerinin 5,2 ya da daha altmda bulundu-
gu asit yagmuru olu~turur (asidin ~kelmesi
ya da asit tortusu/birikmesi gibi). Salman gaz-
lar ve par~aCikli maddeler mevcut nem ile re-
aksiyona girerek kire~ta~1, mermer, kire~ s1vas1
gibi malzemelerin kalsiyum karbonat1n al~1ya
dn~m yoluyla bozulmas1na sebep olur.
Hava kirliligi ile salman siyah karbonlu par~a
Ciklann baglanmas1, siyah kabuklar olu~turur.
Ozon, degi~ik yogunluklarda, pigment degi~i
mi gibi bozulmalara da neden olabilir.
Kan~t1rmaym1z: duman
-+ aerosol/ar, -+ pigment degi~imi
3aMbpcABaHe Ha Bb3Ayxa BG
Aecj>IIIHIIII.IIIIA: np1111113rap11HeTO (111 HflK0111 Ma-
Tepll1aJlll1 (Hanp. <j>ocii1JlHII1 rop111sa, Abpsecii1-
Ha, nnaCTMaC111) OCB060>KAaBaT ra30Be 111
TBbpA111 4aCTII1l.\111, BKJli04111TeJlHO aep030Jlll1.
KoMeHTap: 3aMbpC11BaHeTO Ha Bb3Ayxa
npeA1113B111KBa KII1CeJlii1HeH Ab>KA (K111CeJlii1HHa
yTai'IKa 111Jlll1 KII1CeJlii1HHO OTJlaraHe), KOiiiTO
npeACTaBJlf!Ba Ab>KA C pH OKOJlO 5,2 111Jlll1
no-HII1CKO, AbJl>Kalljo ce rnaBHo Ha
OTAeJlf!HeTO Ha cepeH A1110KC111A 111 a30THII1
OKC111A111. TAeJleHII1Te ra30Be 111 TBbPA111
4aCTII1l.\111 MOraT Aa B3aii1MOAeiiiCTBaT C
HaJlii14HaTa BJlara 111 TaKa Aa npeA1113BII1KaT
yspe>KAaHe Ha sapoBII1l.\111, MpaMop 111 sapos111
Ma3111JlKII1 4pe3 npeBpblljaHe Ha Kaill.\111eBII1fl
Kap6oHaT s r111nc. np111 CBbp3BaHeTO Ha
4epH111Te Kap6oHaTHII1 4aCTII1l.\111, KOII1TO ce
CbAbp>KaT s 3aMbpC11BaHeTo, ce o6pa3yBaT
4epH111 Hanenll1. 030HbT np111 onpeAeneHII1
KOHL.\eHTpal.\111111 Cblljo Mo>Ke Aa np1114111HII1
yspe>KAaHe, Hanp. npoMeHII1 Ha nll1rMeHTHII1Te
selljeCTsa.
,[IaHe 6bAe o6b_pKBaH c: cMor
-+ aep03onu, -+ U3MeHeHue Ha nuzMeHm

165
 CoNDItIoN

DEtERIoRatIoN SouRCES

White salt efflorescence, Roman tomb, Silistra (Bulgaria), 4th century AD; Photo: 2014 (Stefan Belishki)

Soluble salts EN Sels solubles FR Lsliche Salze DE

Definition: Minerals which readily undergo Dfinition: Minraux subissant de rapides cy- Definition: Mineralien, die bei Raumtempe-
crystallisation cycles at ambient temperatures cles de cristallisation temprature ambiante ratur und variierender Feuchtigkeit Kristallisa-
and varying humidities. et humidits variables. tionszyklen leicht durchlaufen.

Comment: These cause efflorescence (on sur-
faces) and/or subflorescence (beneath sur-
faces) and deterioration. The most commonly
encountered soluble salts are composed of
chlorides, nitrates or sulfates of sodium, potas-
sium, calcium or magnesium, and their com-
binations as salt mixtures. Some slightly solu-
ble salts are hygroscopic and absorb water
from the air and building materials; they ex-
pand when they form crystals, before dissolv-
ing again in the presence of water.
salt efflorescence, rising damp, aerosols,
environmental deterioration, hygroscop-
icity/deliquescence
Commentaires: Ils conduisent la formation
defflorescences (sur la surface) ou de subef-
florescences (sous la surface) et une dgra-
dation. Les plus couramment rencontrs sont
composs de chlorure, nitrates ou sulfates, de
sodium, potassium, calcium ou magnsium
sous forme simple ou compose. Certains des
sels peu solubles sont hygroscopiques et ab-
sorbent leau contenue dans les maonneries
ou lhumidit de lair: ils croissent lorsquils
cristallisent, avant de se dissoudre en pr-
sence deau.
efflorescence saline, remonte capillaire,
arosols, dgradation lie lenviron- Salze
nement, hygroscopicit/dliquescence
Kommentar: Die Kristallisation lslicher Salze
in oder auf porsen Materialien verursacht Aus-
blhungen auf oder unter der Oberflche (Sub-
floreszenz) und Schden (Salzsprengung). Die
am hufigsten vorkommenden lslichen Salze
bestehen aus Chloriden, Nitraten oder Sulfaten
von Natrium, Kalium, Calcium oder Magnesium
und deren Kombinationen. Einige schwach ls-
liche Salze sind hygroskopisch und absorbieren
Wasser aus der Luft und aus den Baustoffen; Sie
dehnen sich aus, wenn sie Kristalle bilden (Um-
kristallisation), bevor sie in Gegenwart von
Wasser wieder in Lsung gehen.
Synonyme: bauschdliche Salze, leichtlsliche
Salzausblhung, aufsteigende Feuchte,
Aerosole, umweltbedingte Schdigung,
Hygroskopiszitt

Sources: AAT: soluble salts (4.11.2014); Arnold, Zehnder 1991; Bluer, Rousset 2014; Borelli 2006; Charola 2000; Charola 2006; Doehne, Price 2010, 1419;
Feilden 2003, 107; Glossary on Stone 2008, 42, 48, 62; Schwarz 2014; Schwarz 2013; Steiger 2003; Steiger, Siegesmund 2007

166

topljive soli
Definicija: Minerali koji lako prolaze kristali-
zacijske cikluse na temperaturi okoline i uz
promjenjivu vlanost.
Napomena: One prouzrouju cvjetanje (na
povrini) i/ili podcvjetanje (ispod povrine) te
propadanje. Najee topljive soli sastavljene
su od klorida, nitrata i sulfata natrija, kalija, kal-
cija ili magnezija, i njihovih kombinacija kao i
mjeavina soli. Neke slabo topljive soli su hi-
groskopne i upijaju vlagu iz zraka i graevnih
materijala; ire se pri formiranju kristala prije
nego to se ponovno otope u prisutnoj vodi.
cvjetanje soli, uzlazna (kapilarna) vlaga,
aerosoli, pogoranje prouzroeno
okoliem, higroskopnost/rastapanje
Vzoldhat sk Hu
Meghatrozs: svnyok, melyek knnyen
hajlanak ciklikus jrakristlyosodsra krnye-
zeti hmrskleten s vltakoz relatv pra-
tartalom hatsra.
Megjegyzs: Ezek skivirgzsokat (a felle-
ten) s/vagy szerkezeti skristlyosodst (a
felszn alatt) s krosodsokat okoznak. A leg-
gyakrabban elfordul vzoldhat sk ntri-
um, klium, kalcium vagy magnzium klori-
dok, nitrtok vagy szulftok, valamint ezek tr-
sulsa skeverkek formjban. Pr nmileg
vzoldhat s higroszkpos s vizet vesz fel a
levegbl s az ptanyagokbl; mikor ezek
kikristlyosodnak, megn a trfogatuk, mi-
eltt vz jelenltben jraolddnnak.
skivirgzs, felszvd nedvessg, ae- uor solubile sunt higroscopice i absorb apa
roszolok, krnyezeti krosods, higroszk-
possg/elfolysods
Sali solubili
Definizione: Minerali che subiscono facil-
mente cicli di cristallizzazione a temperature
ambiente e umidit variabili.
Commento: Causano efflorescenza (su una
superficie) e/o sub-efflorescenza (sotto la su-
perficie) e deterioramento. I sali solubili pi
comunemente riscontrati sono formati da clo-
ruri, nitrati e solfati di sodio, potassio, calcio o
magnesio e loro combinazioni. Alcuni sali
scarsamente solubili sono igroscopici e assor-
bono acqua dall'aria e dai materiali da costru-
zione; essi si espandono quando formano dei
cristalli, prima di dissolversi di nuovo in pre-
senza di acqua.
CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN SouRCES
HR efflorescenza di sali, umidit di risalita, mezclas de sales. Algunas sales ligeramente so-
aerosol, deterioramento ambientale, lubles pero higroscpicas absorben agua de los
igroscopia/deliquescenza materiales de construccin y del aire; se expan-
den formando cristales, para luego disolverse
de nuevo con la presencia de agua.
Sole rozpuszczalne PL
eflorescencias salinas, humedad ascen-
Definicja: Mineray atwo podlegajce cy- dente por capilaridad, aerosoles, deterioro
klom krystalizacji w sprzyjajcych temperatu- medioambiental, higroscopicidad/delicues-
rach przy zmiennej wilgotnoci. cencia
Komentarz: Wysolenia (na powierzchni) i / lub
osadzanie si soli (pod powierzchni) powo- znr tuzlar tR
duj zniszczenia. Najczciej spotykane sole
to chlorki, azotany lub siarczki sodu, potasu, tanm: Ortam scakl ve deiken nemlilikte
wapnia, magnezu i ich kombinacje jako mie- kristalleme dnglerine giren mineraller.
szaniny soli. Niektre sabo rozpuszczalne sole
s higroskopijne i absorbuj wod z powietrza Yorum: Bunlar, yzey zerinde ya da yzey al-
i materiaw budowlanych; znacznie zwik- tnda tuzlanmaya, tuz kristallemesine neden
szaj objto i rozszerzaj si podczas formo- olur. En yaygn olarak karlalan znr tuz-
wania krysztaw, zanim rozpuszcz si po- lar, klorrler, nitratlar ya da sodyum slfatlar,
nownie w obecnoci wody. potasyum, kalsiyum ya da magnezyum ile tuz
karmlar olarak bunlarn bileiminden olu-
wysolenia, podciganie wody, aerozole, urlar. Baz az znr tuzlar higroskopik yani
niszczce warunki rodowiska, higrosko- nemekerdir ve havadaki ve yap malzeme-
pijno/rozpywanie sindeki suyu emer; bu tuzlar suyla temas et-
tiklerinde tekrar zlmeden nce kristalleip
geniler.
Sruri solubile Ro
yzeyde tuz birikimi/tuzlanma, ykselen
Definiie: Minerale care trec cu uurin prin nem, aerosollar, evresel bozulma, hig-
cicluri de cristalizare la temparaturi ambienta- roskopisite
le i umiditi fluctuante.
adnotare: Acestea provoac eflorescene (pe BG
suprafa) i/sau subflorescene (n interiorul
materialelor) i degradri. Srurile solubile cel : , -
mai frecvent ntlnite sunt compuse din cloruri,
nitrai sau sulfai de sodiu, potasiu, calciu sau
magneziu, i combinaiile acestora. Unele sruri .
din atmosfer i din materialele de construcie; : -
acestea se dilat atunci cnd formeaz cristale, ( ) / -
nainte de a se dizolva din nou n prezena apei. ( ) .
-
It eflorescen salin, umiditate de capilari- , ,
tate, aerosoli, degradare cauzat de me- , , -
diu, higroscopicitate .
;
Sales solubles ES ,
-
Definicin: Minerales que experimentan f- .
cilmente ciclos de cristalizacin a temperatura
ambiente y a diferentes humedades. , -
, ,
Comentario: Estas causan eflorescencias (en la , /-
superficie) y/o cripto-eflorescencias (debajo de
la superficie) y, por tanto, deterioro. Las sales
solubles ms comunes estn compuestas por
cloruros, nitratos o sulfatos de sodio, potasio,
calcio o magnesio, y sus combinaciones como
167
 CoNDItIoN

DEtERIoRatIoN SouRCES

Aerosols, in the form of mist, over the town of Ravello (Italy); Photo: 2013, UM (JoAnn Cassar)

aerosols EN arosols FR aerosole DE

Definition: A colloidal system formed of tiny
liquid or solid particles distributed uniformly
through a gas, usually air.
Comment: Solid aerosols typically consist of
air pollutants or marine salts, which can travel
far from their original source. Examples of
aerosols are mists or fogs.
air pollution, soluble salts
Dfinition: Systme collodal form de pe-
tites particules liquides ou solides rparties
uniformment travers un gaz, habituel-
lement de l'air.
Commentaires: Les arosols solides sont
gnralement constitus de polluants atmos-
phriques ou de sels marins, qui peuvent
voyager loin de leur source d'origine. Des
exemples d'arosols sont la bue, les brouil-
lards.
pollution de lair, sels solubles
Definition: Ein kolloidales System, das durch
sehr kleine, flssige oder feste Partikel gebil-
det wird, die gleichmig in Gas, blicherwei-
se Luft, verteilt sind.
Kommentar: Feste Aerosole bestehen typi-
scherweise aus Luftschadstoffen oder Meeres-
salzen, die weit abseits ihres originalen Ent-
stehungsortes verteilt werden knnen. Bei-
spiele fr Aerosole sind Dnste oder Nebel.
Luftverschmutzung, lsliche Salze

Sources: CAMEO: Aerosol (10.11.2014); Camuffo 2013, 99101; Feilden 2003, 101169; Aerosols 1996; Oxford Dictionaries Online: Aerosols (3.9.2014)

168

aerosoli HR
Definicija: Koloidni sustav koji ine siune
tekue ili krute estice jednoliko rasprene u
plinu, obino u zraku.
Napomena: Tipine krute aeroestice su one-
iivai zraka te morske soli, koje se mogu
proiriti daleko od svojega izvora. Aerosoli su
primjerice sumaglica ili magla.
oneienje zraka, topljive soli
aeroszolok Hu
Meghatrozs: Egy gzban egyenletesen
sztoszl, parnyi folyadk vagy szilrd r- ticule mici lichide sau solide, distribuite uni-
szecskkbl ll kolloid rendszer.
Megjegyzs: A szilrd aeroszolok jellemzen
lgszennyez anyagokat vagy tengeri skat
tartalmaznak, melyek az eredeti forrsuktl t-
volra vndorolhatnak. Aeroszolok, pldul, a
kd s a pra.
lgszennyezds, vzoldhat sk
aerosol It
Definizione: Sistema colloidale formato da
particelle minuscole di liquido o solido distri-
buite uniformemente attraverso un gas, ge-
neralmente aria.
Commento: Gli aerosol solidi sono in genere
composti da inquinanti atmosferici o da sali
marini, che possono viaggiare lontano dalla
loro fonte originaria. Esempi di aerosol sono
foschia e nebbia.
inquinamento atmosferico, sali solubili
berschrift CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN SouRCES
aerozole PL aerosoller tR
Definicja: Koloidalna zawiesina drobnych czs- tanm: Bir gaz, genellikle hava yoluyla homo-
teczek pynu lub ciaa staego rozproszonych jen bir biimde dalan kk sv ya da kat
rwnomiernie w gazie, zazwyczaj w powietrzu. paracklardan oluan Koloidal sistem.
Komentarz: Aerozole cia staych zwykle za- Yorum: Kat aerosoller normal olarak asl kay-
wieraj substancje zanieczyszczajce rodo- naklarndan uzaklara ulaabilen hava kirletici-
wisko lub sole morskie, ktre mog przenosi leri ya da deniz tuzlarn ierir. Aerosol rnek-
si daleko od swojego rda. Przykadem leri pus ya da sistir.
aerozoli s opary i mgy.
hava kirlilii, znr tuzlar
zanieczyszczenie powietrza, sole rozpusz-
czalne
aerosoli Ro BG
Definiie: Un sistem coloidal format din par- : , -
, -
form printr-un gaz, de obicei aer. , -
.
adnotare: Aerosolii solizi constau, de obicei,
din poluani atmosferici sau sruri marine, ce :
se pot deplasa departe de sursa lor originar.
Exemple de aerosoli sunt bruma i ceaa. , -
, .
poluare atmosferic, sruri solubile . (
).
,
aerosol ES
Definicin: Sistema coloidal formado por pe-
queas partculas lquidas o slidas distribui-
das uniformemente a travs de un gas, nor-
malmente, el aire.
Comentario: Los aerosoles slidos habitual-
mente contienen contaminacin ambiental o
sales marinas capaces de desplazarse muy le-
jos de su fuente original. Ejemplos de aeroso-
les son las nieblas o brumas.
contaminacin atmosfrica, sales solubles
169
 CoNDItIoN

DEtERIoRatIoN SouRCES

Green biological infestation, Church of Our Lady of Luinem, Ston (Croatia),16th century; Photo: 2008, HRZ (Veronika uli)

Biological growth EN
Definition: Colonisation by living organisms
on an object or other work of art which can
lead to damage and/or deterioration
Comment: The growth can be caused by
many types of living organisms, from the sim-
plest ones (bacteria, fungi, lichens and algae)
to the more complex ones like higher plants
(trees and bushes) and animals (bird drop-
pings and nesting). This can lead to the irre-
versible loss of value and/or information.
Synonyms: biodeterioration, microbiological
deterioration, biological colonisation.
Biogrowth is also used but is not necessarily
negative in meaning.
Dveloppement biologique FR
Dfinition: Colonisation d'un objet ou d'une
autre uvre d'art par des organismes vivants
qui peut entraner des dommages ou sa
dgradation.
Commentaires: De nombreux organismes
vivants, des algues les plus simples aux
plantes suprieures (arbres et arbustes), des

Sources: AAT: biodeterioration (5.7.2014); Bernardi 2008, 5254; Brimblecombe, Camuffo 2003, 13; CAMEO: Biological colonization (10.7.2014); Camuffo 2013,
9597; Caneva et al. 2008, 1534; Doehne, Price 2010, 2023; Fassina 2010, 77/8; Honeyborne 1998, 167; Glossary on Stone 2008, 6475; Thornbush, Viles 2006;
Urzi, Krumbein 1994

170

animaux (djections d'oiseaux et nidifi-
cation), peuvent entrainer des dommages et
des dgradations. Cela peut conduire une
perte irrversible de la valeur ou une perte
d'information.
Synonymes: biodtrioration, dgradation
microbiologique, colonisation biologique
Biologischer Bewuchs DE
Definition: Besiedelung eines Objekts oder
anderen Kunstwerks mit lebenden Organis-
men, die zu Schden oder Zerfall fhren kann.
Kommentar: Die Besiedelung kann durch vie-
le Arten von lebenden Organismen stattfin-
den, von den einfachsten (Bakterien, Pilze,
Flechten und Algen) bis hin zu komplexeren
Arten, wie hheren Pflanzen (Bume und B-
sche) und Tieren (Vogelkot und nester). Dies
kann zu irreversiblem Wert- und/oder Infor-
mationsverlust fhren.
Synonyme: biologische Besiedelung, biologi-
scher Befall, biologische Verwitterung, biolo-
gische Korrosion, mikrobiologischer Zerfall
Bioloki rast HR
Definicija: Naseljavanje ivih organizama na
objektu ili drugome umjetnikom djelu koje
moe dovesti do oteenja i/ili pogoranja.
Napomena: Rast moe biti od raznih vrsta i-
vih organizama, od najjednostavnijih (bakte-
rija, gljiva, liajeva, algi) do mnogo sloenijih
poput visokoga bilja (drvee i grmlje) i ivoti-
nja (ptiji izmet i gnijezda). Bioloki rast moe
dovesti do nepovratnoga gubitka vrijednosti
i/ili informacije.
Sinonimi: bioloko pogoranje, mikrobioloko
pogoranje, bioloka kolonizacija
Biorast se takoer upotrebljava, ali ne nuno
u negativnome znaenju.
Biolgiai krosods Hu
Meghatrozs: l szervezetek kolonizcija
egy trgy vagy egyb malkots felletn,
ami krosodshoz s/vagy bomlshoz vezet-
het.
Megjegyzs: A krt tbb el szervezet okoz-
hatja, a legegyszerbbektl, a felsbbrend n-
vnyekig (fk vagy bokrok) vagy madarakig
(madrpiszok, fszek). Ez visszafordthatatlan r-
tk s/vagy informci vesztesghez vezethet.
Szinonimk: mikrobiolgiai krosods, biol-
giai kolonizci
Proliferazione biologica It
Definizione: Colonizzazione da parte di orga-
nismi viventi su un oggetto o altra opera d'ar-
te che possa condurre a un danneggiamento
e/o ad un deterioramento.
Commento: Lattacco pu avvenire da parte
di numerosi tipi di organismi viventi, dai pi
semplici (batteri, funghi, licheni e alghe) a
quelli pi complessi, come piante superiori (al-
beri e arbusti) e animali (escrementi di uccelli
e nidificazione). Questo pu condurre a una
perdita irreversibile di valore e/o di informa-
zioni.
Sinonimi: biodeterioramento, deterioramento
microbiologico, colonizzazione biologica.
Anche il termine "crescita biologica" viene
usato ma non necessariamente in accezione
negativa.
Wzrost biologiczny PL
Definicja: Zasiedlanie obiektu czy dziea
przez organizmy ywe mogce doprowadzi
do szkd i / lub zniszcze.
Komentarz: Rozwj wielu rodzajw ywych
organizmw od najprostszych (bakterie, grzy-
by, porosty, glony) do bardziej zoonych, jak
roliny wysze (drzewa i krzewy) oraz zwierz-
ta (odchody i gniazda ptakw), moe prowa- bep olabilir.
dzi do nieuchronnych strat wartoci i / lub in-
formacji.
Synonimy: degradacja biologiczna, mikrobio-
logiczna, zasiedlanie przez czynniki biologicz-
ne
Termin wzrost biologiczny nie musi mie za-
wsze negatywnego znaczenia.
atac biologic Ro
Definiie: Colonie de organisme vii pe un
obiect sau o alt oper de art, care poate pro-
voca deteriorri i/sau degradri.
adnotare: Atacul poate fi provocat de ctre
mai multe tipuri de organisme vii, de la cele , ,
mai simple (bacterii, licheni i alge) la plantele -
superioare (arbori i arbuti) i animale (excre- ( )
mente de psri i cuiburi). Acest lucru poate
s conduc la pierderea ireversibil a valorii
i / sau a informaiilor.
Sinonime: biodeteriorare, deteriorare micro-
biologic, colonizare biologic
"Biogrowth" este, de asemenea, un termen fo-
losit, dar nu neaprat n sens negativ.
CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN SouRCES
Crecimiento biolgico ES
Definicin: Colonizacin realizada por orga-
nismos vivos en un objeto artstico u otra obra
de arte que puede producir daos y/o dete-
rioro.
Comentario: El crecimiento puede ser produ-
cido por distintos tipos de organismos vivos,
desde los ms simples (bacterias, hongos, l-
quenes y algas), a los ms complejos, como las
plantas superiores (rboles y arbustos) o los
animales (excrementos de aves y anidacin).
Esto puede conducir a una prdida irreversi-
ble de su valor y/o de su informacin.
Sinnimos: biodeterioro, deterioro microbio-
lgico, colonizacin biolgica, bioalteracin
Biyolojik oluum tR
tanm: Bir nesnenin ya da sanat eserinin ze-
rinde zarar ve/ya da bozulmaya sebep olabi-
lecek, yaayan organizmalarn oluturduu
kolonileme.
Yorum: Byme en basit olanlardan (bakteri,
mantar, yosun ve algler) daha karmaklara,
byk bitkiler (aalar ve allar gibi) ve hay-
vanlar (ku pislikleri ve yuvalar) gibi birok ya-
ayan organizma tarafndan olabilir. Bu geri
dndrlemez deer ya da bilgi kaybna se-
E anlaml: biyo-bozulma, mikrobiyolojik bo-
zulma, biyolojik kolonileme
Ayrca biyo byme de kullanlr ama her za-
man olumsuz bir anlam tamaz.
BG
: K -
,
/
: -
,
- (-
)
( -
).
/
.
171
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DEtERIoRatIoN SouRCES

Graffiti on historic painting, Castle Brezovica, Zagreb (Croatia), 18th century (top); Historic scratched graffito, Chapel of The Holy Trinity, minj (Croatia), 15th century (bottom);
Photos: 2010, ALU (Suzana Damiani) 2014; HRZ (Ivan Sra)

172
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DEtERIoRatIoN SouRCES

anthropically induced deterioration EN Ember ltal okozott krosodsok Hu Deterioro por causas antrpicas ES

Definition: Usually damage caused by delib-
erate or unintentional human acts.
Comment: Can include neglect and vandal-
ism.
keying
Meghatrozs: ltalban szndkos vagy
akaratlan emberi cselekedetek miatt keletke-
zett krok.
Megjegyzs: Lehet sz hanyagsgrl vagy
vandalizmusrl (szndkos rongls).
pikkels
Definicin: Daos causados, en un bien cul-
tural, por los actos fsicos humanos realiza-
dos de forma intencional o involuntaria.
Comentario: Incluye negligencias y vanda-
lismo.
picado

Dgradation dorigine humaine FR Deterioramento antropicamente It nsan eliyle bozulma tR

indotto
Dfinition: Dgradation gnralement cause tanm: Genellikle kasti ya da istemeden ya-
par lhomme dans un acte dlibr ou non Definizione: Danneggiamento generalmente plm insan davranlarndan oluan hasar-
intentionnel. causato da atti dell'uomo deliberati o non in- lar.
tenzionali.
Commentaires: Cela peut inclure la ngli- Yorum: Bu hasarlar ihmal ya da vandallk ie-
gence et le vandalisme. Commento: Pu includere abbandono e van- rebilirler.
dalismo.
incrustation Sinonimo: antropogenico girinti knt oluturma

martellinatura

Vom Menschen verursachte DE Zniszczenia antropogeniczne PL , BG

Schdigung
Definicja: Zwykle szkody spowodowane
Definition: blicherweise Schdigungen durch przez czowieka umylnie lub przypadkowo. : ,
vorstzliche oder unbeabsichtigte menschliche -
Handlungen. Komentarz: Mog by wynikiem zaniedbania .
lub aktw wandalizmu.
Kommentar: Kann Vernachlssigung und :
Vandalismus mit einschlieen. nasiekanie .
Synonym: anthropogene Schdigung

Aufhacken

Pogoranje potaknuto ljudskim HR Degradare antropic Ro

djelovanjem
Definiie: De obicei, degradri cauzate de ac-
Definicija: Oteenja prouzroena namjernim iuni deliberate sau accidentale ale omului.
ili nenamjernim ljudskim postupcima.
adnotare: Pot include neglijena i vandalis-
Napomena: Mogu ukljuivati nemar i vanda- mul
lizam
martelare
hrapavljenje

Sources: CAMEO: Graffiti (12.8.2014); Brittanica: Graffiti (3.4.2015); Feilden 2003, 157162; Honeyborne 1998, 162/3; Oxford Dictionaries Online: Graffiti (3.4.2015)

173
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DEtERIoRatIoN SouRCES
Incorrect plaster application, Chapel of St. John the Baptist, Ivani Miljanski (Croatia), ca. 1450; Photo: 2002, HRZ (Ivan Sra)
Inappropriate historic interventions EN
Definition: Techniques or materials applied
in the past which can lead to additional or ac-
celerated deterioration of original materials.
Comment: These can include the use of in-
compatible materials, such as Portland ce-
ment, or inappropriate techniques, such as
the insertion of iron dowels. Coatings of or-
ganic and inorganic substances on the paint
layer surfaces which impede vapour diffusion
or tend to expand can also cause damage.
Sources: Cappitelli 2007; Forsyth 2007, 32; Damp: Causes and Solutions 2007, 3; Hughes 1993, 14
174
Interventions historiques inadaptes FR
Dfinition: Techniques ou matriaux utiliss
dans le pass et pouvant conduire de nou-
velles dgradations ou lacclration de la
dgradation.
Commentaires: Ceci peut inclure lutilisation
de matriaux incompatibles, tels que le ci-
ment Portland ou des techniques inappro-
pries telles que linsertion de chevilles mtal-
liques. Des revtements de substances orga-
niques et inorganiques sur les surfaces de la
couche de peinture qui entravent la diffusion
de la vapeur ou ont tendance se dilater peu-
vent aussi causer des dgradations.
unsachgeme historische DE
Interventionen
Definition: In der Vergangenheit angewen-
dete Techniken oder Materialien, die zu neuer
oder beschleunigter Schdigung der origina-
len Materialien fhren knnen.
Kommentar: Die Verwendung von inkompa-
tiblen Materialien, wie Portlandzement, oder
unsachgeme Techniken, wie der Einsatz
von Eisendbeln, zhlen zu solchen unsach-
gemen Interventionen. Auch berzge auf
der Malschicht aus organischen oder anorga-
nischen Substanzen, die den Wasserdampf-
transport vermindern oder dazu neigen sich
auszudehnen, knnen zu Schden fhren.

Synonyme: frhere falsche Behandlung, fr-
here unsachgeme Erhaltungsmanahmen
Neprimjereni povijesni zahvati HR
Definicija: Tehnike ili materijali primijenjeni
u prolosti koji mogu dovesti do novih ili ubr-
zanih pogoranja izvornih materijala.
Napomena: Neprimjereni ljudski zahvati
ukljuuju uporabu neodgovarajuih materija-
la, poput portland cementa ili neprimjerene
tehnike poput umetanja eljeznih klinova.
Oteenja na oslikanim povrinama takoer
mogu prouzroiti premazi s organskim ili
anorganskim tvarima koji sprjeavaju difuziju
pare ili su skloni irenju.
Nem megfelel rgebbi Hu
beavatkozsok
Meghatrozs: Olyan, mltban alkalmazott,
anyagok vagy eljrsok, melyek az eredeti
anyagok jabb vagy felgyorstott krosodst
eredmnyezik.
Megjegyzs: Ez sszefrhetetlen anyagok
hasznlatt jelentheti, mint pldul a Portland
cement, vagy nem megfelel eljrsokat, mint
a vas tiplik behelyezse. Szintn krokat okoz-
hat bizonyos szerves vagy szervetlen anyagok
bevonatknt val felhordsa a festkrtegek-
re; ezek megakadlyozhatjk a prateresz-
tst vagy tgulsra hajlamosak lehetnek.
Intervento storico inappropriato It
Definizione: Tecniche o materiali applicati nel
passato che possono condurre ad un aggiun-
tivo o accelerato deterioramento dei materiali
originari.
Commento: Questi interventi possono inclu-
dere luso di materiali non compatibili, ad es.
cemento Portland, o tecniche non appropria-
te come linserto di tasselli di ferro. Anche fis-
sativi con sostanze organiche e inorganiche
applicati sullo strato pittorico, possono causa-
re danni impedendo la diffusione del vapore
o dilatandosi.
CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN SouRCES
Niewaciwe dawne zabiegi PL uygun olmayan eski mdahaleler tR
Definicja: Zastosowanie w przeszoci niewa- Tanm: Gemite uygulanm olan ve zgn
ciwych technik lub materiaw, ktre moe malzemenin bozulmasn hzlandrabilecek
zwikszy lub przyspieszy niszczenie orygi- teknik ya da malzemeler.
nalnej substancji.
Yorum: Bunlar portland imentosu gibi uyum-
Komentarz: Obejmuje uycie niewaciwych suz malzemenin kullanm ya da demir pimle-
materiaw jak cement portlandzki lub nieod- rin yerletirilmesi gibi uygun olmayan teknikler
powiednio dobranych technik jak zastosowa- olabilir.
nie do czopowania elementw elaznych. Po- Boya tabakasnn yzeyine, buhar geiini en-
woka z substancji organicznych lub nieorga- gelleyen ya da genleme eiliminde olan or-
nicznych naoona na warstw malarsk unie- ganik ya da inorganik maddelerle kaplamas
moliwia przepyw pary albo ma tendencj do gibi mdahaleler de zarar verebilir.
pcznienia, co take moe powodowa szko-
dy.
Intervenii istorice necorespunztoare Ro BG
Definiie: Tehnici sau materiale folosite n tre- : , -
cut, ce pot duce la degradarea sau la accele- , -
rarea degradrii materialului original. -
-
Adnotare: Acestea pot include utilizarea ma- .
terialelor necorespunztoare, precum cimen-
tul Portland, sau tehnici neadecvate, cum ar fi : -
introducerea diblurilor din fier. De asemenea, , -
diferitele straturi de substane organice i , ,
anorganice de pe suprafaa stratului de culoa- . -
re (care mpiedic evaporarea sau care au ten-
dina de a se dilata) pot provoca degradri. -
,
-
, .
Intervenciones histricas inapropiadas ES
Definicin: Actuaciones realizadas en el pa-
sado que han podido originar nuevos daos
o acelerar el deterioro de los materiales origi-
nales.
Comentario: Incluye el uso de materiales in-
compatibles, como el cemento Portland, o
tcnicas inadecuadas, como la insercin de
materiales metlicos no idneos. Tambin
pueden causar daos las capas superficiales
compuestas por sustancias orgnicas e inor-
gnicas sobre la capa pictrica que impiden
la difusin del vapor o tienden a dilatar.
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Uncovering allows a view of a paint layer beneath, in this case showing a side view of a head, San Roque Church, Oliva, Valencia (Spain), mid-18th century; Photo: 2005, UPV
overpaint EN
Definition: A painting layer which partially or
completely covers the original painting layer
of an art work.
Comment: Can be carried out for numerous
reasons such as to change the artworks his-
torical and cultural meaning or to follow sty-
listic trends. It can also be done after a failed
intervention or following deterioration.
Generally, the use of this term is derogatory
because it can imply historical forgery, since
it does not meet modern criteria of respect for
the original and readability of the interven-
tion. In other cases, and if it can be chronolog-
ically dated, it can become an intrinsic part of
the artwork.
It must be clearly distinguished from penti-
mento carried out by the artist himself.
whitewash, uncovering, pentimento
Repeint FR
Dfinition: Couche de peinture recouvrant
partiellement ou totalement la couche de
peinture originale d'une uvre d'art.
Sources: Althfer 1962a; Althfer 1962b; Giannini et al. 2008, 174; Nimmo 2001, 179
176
Commentaires: Peut tre effectu pour de
nombreuses raisons telles que changer le sens
historique et culturel de l'uvre ou suivre les
tendances stylistiques. Il peut aussi tre effec-
tu aprs une erreur d'intervention ou suite
une dgradation. Terme gnralement pjo-
ratif car il peut impliquer un faux historique,
s'il ne rpond pas aux critres modernes de
respect de l'original et de lisibilit de l'inter-
vention. Dans d'autres cas et s'il peut tre dat,
il peut devenir une partie intrinsque de l'u-
vre. Il doit tre clairement distingu d'un sur-
peint ralis par l'artiste lui-mme.
lait de chaux, dgagement, repentir
bermalung DE
Definition: Eine Farbschicht, die teilweise
oder gnzlich die originale Malschicht eines
Kunstwerks berdeckt.
Kommentar: Sie wird aus zahlreichen Grn-
den ausgefhrt, u.a. zur Vernderung der his-
torischen und kulturellen Bedeutung eines
Kunstwerks, um neuen Stiltrends zu folgen
oder auch nach einer fehlgeschlagenen Ma-
nahme oder Schden. Der Begriff wird ge-
meinhin abwertend benutzt, da er eine histo-
rische Flschung impliziert, weil die moder-
nen Kriterien, wie Respekt vor dem Original
und Ablesbarkeit von Eingriffen, nicht erfllt
werden. In anderen Fllen und wenn sie da-
tierbar ist, kann sie ein untrennbarer Bestand-
teil der Malerei werden. Sie muss klar vom
Pentimento unterschieden werden, das vom
Knstler selbst ausgefhrt wird.
Tnche, Freilegung, Pentimento
Preslik HR
Definicija: Slikani sloj koji djelomino ili pot-
puno prekriva izvorni slikani sloj.
Napomena: Moe se izvesti zbog brojnih raz-
loga kao to su promjena povijesnoga i kul-
turnoga znaenja umjetnikoga djela ili pra-
enje stilskih trendova. Takoer moe biti iz-
veden nakon neuspjele intervencije ili nakon
propadanja. Naziv esto ima negativnu kono-
taciju jer moe implicirati povijesnu krivotvo-
rinu, budui da ne zadovoljava suvremene kri-
terije potivanja izvornika i itljivost interven-
cije. Ako se moe kronoloki smjestiti, moe
postati neizostavnim dijelom umjetnikoga

djela. Mora se jasno razlikovati od pentimenta
koji je izveo sam umjetnik.
bijeli premaz, otkrivanje, pentimento
tfests Hu
Meghatrozs: A malkots eredeti festkr-
tegeit rszlegesen vagy teljesen takar festk-
rteg.
Megjegyzs: Szmos oka lehet, mint pldul
a malkots trtneti s kulturlis jelents- konanego przez samego artyst.
nek megvltoztatsa, vagy valamely stlus-
irnyzat kvetse. Sor kerlhet r egy sikerte-
len beavatkozs vagy krosodsok utn is. A
kifejezst ltalban lekicsinylen hasznljk,
mert trtneti hamistsokhoz vezethet, mivel
nem egyeztethet ssze az eredeti irnti tisz-
teletre s a beavatkozsok olvashatsgra vo-
natkoz kortrs elvrsokkal. Ms esetekben,
ha idrendi sorrendben datlhat, a malkots
sajt, valdi rszv vlhat.
Vilgosan meg kell klnbztetni a pentimen-
totl, melyet a mvsz maga valst meg.
glett, feltrs, pentimento
Ridipintura
Definizione: Uno strato di pittura che ricopre
parzialmente o del tutto la pellicola pittorica
dellopera darte.
Commento: Una ridipintura eseguita per vari
motivi, p. es. per modificare il significato stori-
co-culturale dellopera o per mutamenti del gu-
sto. Pu anche intendersi come risarcimento di
unopera, dopo un intervento improprio o un
danno. Il termine di solito usato in modo di-
spregiativo perch implica una falsificazione (un
falso storico) e non rispetta i criteri moderni che
richiedono il rispetto delloriginale e la chiara ri-
conoscibilit di ogni intervento. In alcuni casi, se
pu essere datata, la ridipintura pu essere de-
finita come intervento storico e diventare parte
intrinseca dellopera darte. Una ridipintura si di-
stingue chiaramente dal pentimento, una cor-
rezione dellopera eseguita dallartista stesso.
imbiancatura, descialbo, pentimento
Przemalowanie
Definicja: Warstwa malarska czciowo lub ca-
kowicie pokrywajca oryginaln powierzchni
dziea sztuki.
CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN SouRCES
Komentarz: Mogo by wykonane z wielu po- formar parte de la obra de arte. Se distingue
wodw, jak ch zmiany historycznego i kultu- claramente de un arrepentimiento o correc-
rowego znaczenia dziea sztuki lub podania cin realizada por el autor.
za stylowymi trendami. Mogo by te wykona-
ne po nieudanej interwencji lub z powodu po- encalado, desencalado, pentimento
stpujcych zniszcze. Uycie tego terminu po-
wszechnie uwane jest za obraliwe, bo moe
sugerowa historyczne oszustwo, rozmija si stne boyama tR
ze wspczesnymi kryteriami respektu dla ory-
ginau i czytelnoci interwencji. Gdy przemalo- Tanm: Sanat eserinin zgn boya katmann
wanie mona chronologicznie datowa, moe ksmen ya da tamamen kaplayan boya katma-
ono sta si integraln czci dziea sztuki. Mu- n.
si by wyranie rozrnione od pentimento wy-
Yorum: Bu ilem, sanat eserinin tarihsel ve kl-
trel anlamn deitirmek veya biimsel akm-
pentimento, pobiaa, odsanianie lar takip etmek gibi eitli sebeplerle uygula-
nabilir. Baarsz mdahale veya gelecekteki bo-
zulmalar sonrasnda da yaplabilir. Genellikle bu
Repictare Ro terim aalayc bir ifadeye sahiptir nk bu
uygulama, gnmzn restorasyon kriterlerin-
Definiie: Un strat de culoare ce acoper par- den olan zgn duruma sayg ve mdahalenin
ial sau n totalitate stratul original de culoare okunabilirlii kriterlerini karlamad iin ta-
al unei opere de art. rihsel sahtecilii ima edebilir. Dier durumlarda,
eer kronolojik olarak tarihlendirilebilirse, sanat
Adnotare: Poate fi realizat din diferite moti- eserinin isel bir paras olabilir.
ve, fie cu scopul de a schimba sensul istoric i Sanatnn kendisi tarafndan yaplan penti-
cultural al operei de art, fie din motive ce in mentodan ak bir ekilde fark edilmelidir.
de tendinele artistice ale vremii. Poate fi de
asemenea realizat ca o corectur dup o in- badana, aa karma, pentimento
tervenie euat sau n urma unor degradri.
It n general, folosirea acestui termen este defa-
vorabil deoarece poate s desemneze un fals BG
istoric, datorit faptului c nu ndeplinete cri-
teriile moderne de respectare a originalului i : , -
recognoscibilitatea interveniei. n alte situaii, -
precum n cazul n care poate fi datat, repic- .
tarea poate deveni o parte intrinsec a operei
de art. Repictarea trebuie deosebit de un :
pentimento realizat de artistul nsui. ,
, -
zugrveal, decapare, pentimento ,
-
.
Repinte ES , -
, -
Definicin: Aadido pictrico que cubre parcial -
o completamente una obra artstica original.
. ,
Comentario: Puede realizarse por numerosas ,
razones: para producir un cambio de signifi- .
cado histrico-cultural en la obra o para seguir -
la corriente estilstica del momento. Tambin , .
puede entenderse como una reparacin tras
una intervencin desfavorable o un deterioro. , ,
Generalmente, este trmino tiene un uso des-
PL pectivo, puesto que induce a un falso histrico
al no cumplir con los criterios modernos de fi-
delidad al original y legibilidad de las inter-
venciones. No obstante, en otros casos puede
ser reconocido por su significado histrico y
177
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DEtERIoRatIoN SouRCES

Painting on a ceiling secured by screws, Sorkoevi Palace (Bishops Palace), Dubrovnik (Croatia), 18th century; Photo: 2008, HRZ (Ivan Sra)

Structural interventions EN Interventions sur la structure FR Bauliche Interventionen DE

Definition: Interventions to a built fabric with Dfinition: Interventions sur le bti, avec Definition: Eingriffe in die Bausubstanz mit
the goal of restoring its structural stability or pour objectif de restaurer sa stabilit ou son dem Ziel, ihre strukturelle Stabilitt oder Ein-
integrity. intgrit structurelle. heit wiederherzustellen.

Comment: The causes of structural problems
can be internal, external, or both. Structural
interventions may include propping, insertion
of tie-beams, substitution of damaged ele-
ments, grouting of voids in walls, etc.
injection of grout
Commentaires: Les causes des problmes de
structure peuvent tre interne, externe ou les
deux. Les interventions structurelles peuvent
inclure un tayage, linsertion de tirants, la
substitution dlments endommags, linjec-
tion de coulis, etc.
coulis dinjection
Kommentar: Die Ursachen fr bauliche Pro-
bleme knnen im Inneren, im ueren oder
in beidem liegen. Bauliche Interventionen
knnen Sttzen, Einbau von Dachbalken, Aus-
tausch von geschdigten Teilen, Mrtelinjek-
tion/Verpressen etc. sein.
Synonyme: strukturelle Eingriffe, konstruktive
Eingriffe

Injektion

Sources: Feilden 2003, 295235; Hurol et al. 2014; Modena et al. 2009; Weaver, Matero 1993, 40

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DEtERIoRatIoN SouRCES

Strukturni zahvati HR Interwencje strukturalne PL Strktrel mdahaleler tR

Definicija: Zahvati u grai s namjerom da se Definicja: Dziaania stosowane w budowli w Tanm: Bir binann tayc sisteminin denge-
obnovi njezina strukturna stabilnost ili cjelo- celu przywrcenia jej stabilnoci konstrukcyj- sini ve btnln onarma amac ile yaplan
vitost. nej lub integralnoci. mdahaleler.

Napomena: Uzroci strukturnih problema mo-
gu biti unutarnji i/ili vanjski. Strukturne inter-
vencije mogu ukljuivati podupiranje, umeta-
nje zatega, zamjenu oteenih elemenata,
injektiranje rupa u zidu i sl.
injektiranje
Komentarz: Przyczyny problemw struktural-
nych mog by zarwno zewntrzne jak i we-
wntrzne, albo podwjne. Interwencje struk-
turalne obejmuj stemplowanie, wprowadza-
nie cigw, wymian uszkodzonych elemen-
tw, spoinowanie itp.
zastrzyki z ciekej zaprawy
Yorum: Strktrel problemlerin sebepleri i-
sel, dsal ya da her iki trl de olabilir. Strk-
trel mdahaleler destekleme, balama kirii
ekleme, zarar grm unsurlarn deitirilme-
si, duvarlardaki boluklarn doldurulmas vb.
ilemleri ierebilir.
enjeksiyon harc

Szerkezeti beavatkozsok Hu Intervenii structurale Ro BG

Meghatrozs: Az pletllomnyon vgzett Definiie: Intervenii asupra unui edificiu cu : ,

beavatkozsok, annak rdekben, hogy a scopul de a-i reda stabilitatea structural sau -
szerkezeti stabilitst s egysgt helyrellt- integritatea. .
sk.
Adnotare: Cauzele problemelor structurale : -
Megjegyzs: A szerkezeti problmknak le- pot fi interne, externe, sau ambele. Interven- ,
hetnek bels okai, kls okai vagy mindkett. iile structurale pot include armtura, insera- .
A szerkezeti beavatkozsok magukba foglal- rea tiranilor, nlocuirea elementelor deterio- ,
hatjk az altmasztst/dcolst, ktgeren- rate, chituirea lacunelor din perei, etc. , ,
dk beillesztst, krosodott elemek kicser-
lst, a falban lev hzagok injektlst, stb. injectare de mortar .

vakoltinjektls

Interventi strutturali It Intervenciones estructurales ES

Definizione: Interventi su un edificio che han- Definicin: Actuaciones en un bien inmueble

no lobiettivo di ripristinare la sua stabilit que persiguen el objetivo de recuperar su es-
strutturale o la sua integrit. tabilidad o integridad estructural.

Commento: Le cause dei problemi strutturali
possono essere interne, esterne o di entrambe
le nature. Gli interventi strutturali possono in-
cludere puntellamento, inserimento di tiranti,
sostituzione di elementi danneggiati, boiac-
catura, etc.
Comentario: Las causas de los problemas es-
tructurales pueden ser internas, externas, o de
ambos tipos. Algunas intervenciones estruc-
turales pueden ser el apuntalamiento, la inser-
cin de travesaos, la sustitucin de elemen-
tos daados, la inyeccin de morteros, etc.

iniezione di boiacca inyeccin de morteros

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 CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN PHENoMENa
Missing part of painted plaster, Arbore Church (Romania), 1502; Photo: 2006, UAD (Theo-Sandu Murean).
Lacuna EN
Definition: A missing part of an architectural
surface or wall painting which affects their in-
tegrity.
Comment: This form of deterioration causes
a discontinuity across a surface and can be
produced by accidents or by loss of adhesion.
Lacunae are differentiated by their size, which
in turn determine the possibility (or not) of
restoring the integrity of the image through
the use of integration techniques.
Synonym: loss
cavity, infill
Sources: Brandi 1996, 215-217; Rauca 2014b, 190; Giannini et al. 2000,100; Istudor 1985, 30; Murean 2014; Glossary of Conservation 2005, 95; Art Conservation
Terms: Loss (2.5.2015)
180
Lacune
Dfinition: partie manquante dune surface
architecturale ou dune peinture murale qui
affecte son intgrit.
Commentaires: Cette forme de dgradation
provoque une discontinuit dans la surface et
peut tre produite par des accidents, ou par
perte dadhrence. Les lacunes sont diffren-
cies par leur taille, ce qui dtermine son
tour la possibilit (ou non) de rtablir lint-
grit de limage grce lutilisation de tech-
niques de reintegration.
Synonyme: partie manquante
cavit, comblement
FR Fehlstelle DE
Definition: Ein fehlender Teil in einer Archi-
tekturoberflche oder einer Wandmalerei, der
sich auf deren Geschlossenheit auswirkt.
Kommentar: Diese Schadensform fhrt zu ei-
ner Strung der Oberflche und kann sowohl
durch mechanische Einwirkung als auch
durch Haftverlust der Anbindung entstehen.
Fehlstellen unterscheiden sich in ihren Aus-
maen, was die Mglichkeiten bestimmt, ob
ein geschlossenes Bild durch Kittungs-, Ergn-
zungs- oder Retuschetechniken wiederherge-
stellt werden kann oder nicht.
Loch, Integration, Kittung

Lakuna
Definicija: Dio koji nedostaje na arhitekton-
skoj povrini ili zidnoj slici koji utjee na njiho-
vu cjelovitost.
Napomena: Ovakav oblik oteenja prouzro-
uje prekid povrine i moe nastati zbog ne-
zgoda ili gubitka adhezije. Lakune se razlikuju
po veliini, na osnovi koje se odreuje moe li
se cjelovitost slike obnoviti s pomou tehnika
integracije.
upljina, ispunjavanje
Hiny
Meghatrozs: Egy ptszeti fellet vagy fal-
festmny hinyz rsze, mely megbontja a fe-
llet egysgt.
Megjegyzs: Ez a fajta krosods a fellet sz-
szefggsgt bontja meg, s okozhatja bal-
eset vagy a hordozhoz val tapads megsz-
nse. A hinyokat mretk alapjn klnbz-
tetjk meg; ez hatrozza meg azt, hogy lehet-
sges-e vagy sem a kp egysgnek helyrel-
ltsa klnbz kiegsztsi technikk segt- tegritii imaginii prin utilizarea tehnicilor de
sgvel.
Szinonima: anyagvesztesg
reg, tmts
Lacuna
Definizione: Parte mancante di una superfi-
cie architettonica o di un dipinto murale che
incide sulla loro integrit.
Commento: Questo danno arreca disconti-
nuit strutturale ed estetica alla superficie.
Pu essere causato meccanicamente o da per-
dita di adesione. Le lacune sono differenziate
a seconda della loro dimensione, che a sua
volta determina la possibilit (o meno) di ri-
pristinare lintegrit dellimmagine attraverso
luso di tecniche di reintegrazione.
Sinonimo: caduta
cavit, stuccatura
CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN PHENoMENa
HR ubytek PL Lakuna tR
Definicja: Brakujcy fragment powierzchni Tanm: Mimari yzeyin veya duvar resminin
architektonicznej lub malowida ciennego, btnln etkileyen eksik ksm.
ktry narusza jego integralno.
Yorum: Kazalar veya yapma kayb sebebiyle
Komentarz: Ta forma zniszcze powoduje na- oluan bu tr bozulma ekli yzeydeki devam-
ruszenie powierzchni i moe by wynikiem lln kesintiye uramasna sebep olur. Farkl
mechanicznego urazu lub utraty przyczepno- ebatlardaki boluklar yzeyin ya da yzeydeki
ci. Ubytki maj zrnicowany zakres, co z ko- desenin btnleme teknikleri kullanarak res-
lei okrela moliwo (lub jej brak) odrestau- tore etmenin mmkn olup olmayacan be-
rowania integralnego wizerunku poprzez za- lirler.
stosowanie technik integracji. E anlaml: boluk, kayp
zagbienie, kitowanie oyuk, dolgu
Hu Lacun Ro BG
Definiie: Un fragment lips dintr-o pictur : -
mural sau o suprafa arhitectural ce afec- , -
teaz integritatea acesteia. .
Adnotare: Aceast form de degradare pro- : -
voac o discontinuitate n cadrul unei supra- -
fee i se poate produce prin accidente sau
prin pierderea aderenei. Lacunele se diferen- . -
iaz prin dimensiune, care la rndul su de- ,
termin posibilitatea (sau nu) de refacere a in- ( ) -
-
reintegrare cromatic. .
cavitate, chituire
It Laguna ES
Definicin: Parte faltante en una superficie
arquitectnica o pintura mural que afecta a su
integridad.
Comentario: Este tipo de deterioro ocasiona
una discontinuidad en una superficie y puede
deberse a accidentes o a prdidas de adhe-
sin. Las lagunas se diferencian por su tama-
o, que puede ser o no determinante para la
restauracin de la integridad de la imagen a
travs del uso de las tcnicas de reintegracin.
Sinnimos: faltante, prdida
oquedad, estucado
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 CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN PHENoMENa
Deep hole in external wall painting, Moldovia Monastery (Romania), 1532; Photo: 1993, UAD (Theo-Sandu Murean)
Cavity EN
Definition: A hollow space (a loss of compo-
nents) usually enclosed within solid material.
Comment: It is most often caused by weath-
ering, erosion, migration of soluble salts or by
other physical factors. Alveolar weathering, al-
so called honeycombing, is a type of erosion
specific to porous or non-homogenous archi-
tectural surfaces (e.g. certain types of lime-
stones, sandstones).
soluble salts
Sources: Grimmer 1984, 17, 25; Istudor 1985, 30; Giannini et al. 2000, 100; Brandi 1996, 215217
182
Cavit
Dfinition: Espace creux (une perte de com-
posants) gnralement entour dun mat-
riau solide.
Commentaires: Il est le plus souvent caus
par altration mtorique, rosion, migration
des sels solubles ou par d'autres facteurs phy-
siques. L'alvolisation est un type de dgrada-
tion spcifique des surfaces architecturales
poreuses ou htrognes (par exemple cer-
tains types de calcaires, grs).
sels solubles
FR Loch DE
Definition: Hohlraum (Substanzverlust), in
der Regel umgeben von festem Material.
Kommentar: Entsteht hufig durch Verwitte-
rung, Erosion, Migration von lslichen Salzen
oder durch andere physikalische Faktoren. Al-
veolenbildung, im Englischen auch als ho-
neycombing (wabenfrmige Verwitterung)
bezeichnet, ist eine fr porse oder nicht ho-
mogene Architekturoberflchen typische Ero-
sionsform (z. B. fr einige Kalkstein- oder
Sandsteintypen).
lsliche Salze

upljina HR
Definicija: Prazan prostor unutar vrstoga
materijala nastao gubitkom komponenta.
Napomena: upljina je najee prouzroena
troenjem, erozijom, migracijama topljivih soli
ili drugim fizikim imbenicima. Alveolarno
(saasto) troenje tip je erozije specifian za
porozne ili nehomogene arhitektonske povr-
ine, (npr. odreene vrste vapnenaca ili pje-
enjaka).
topljive soli
reg Hu
Meghatrozs: Lyuk, mlyeds, reges tr
(alkotanyagok hinya), melyet ltalban szi-
lrd anyag vesz krl.
Megjegyzs: Leggyakrabban az idjrsi vi-
szonyok, erzi, a vzben oldhat sk vndor-
lsa vagy ms fizikai tnyezk okozzk. Az al-
veolris mlls, egy lyukacsos, mhsejtszer
mlls, az erzinak egyik vlfaja, mely por-
zus vagy nem homogn ptszeti felletekre
jellemz (pl. egyes mszk- vagy homokkfaj-
tkra).
vzoldhat sk
Cavit It
Definizione: Spazio cavo (perdita di compo-
nenti) generalmente racchiuso, all'interno di
un materiale solido.
Commento: per lo pi causato da degrada-
zione meteorica, erosione, migrazione di sali
solubili o da altri fattori fisici. La degradazione
meteorica alveolare, altrimenti chiamata al-
veolizzazione, un tipo di erosione specifico
di superfici architettoniche porose o non
omogenee (per es. alcuni tipi di pietre calcaree
e arenarie).
sali solubili
CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN PHENoMENa
Zagbienia PL oyuk tR
Definicja: Wklsa przestrze (utrata czci) Tanm: (Yzeylerde) genellikle bir kat madde
zwykle otoczona stabilnym materiaem. ile evrelenmi ve bileenlerini kaybetmi u-
kur bir alan.
Komentarz: Bardzo czsto spowodowane
przez wietrzenie, erozj, migracj soli rozpusz- Yorum: Genellikle kt hava sebebiyle bozul-
czalnych lub inne czynniki fizyczne. ma, erozyon, znr tuz hareketi veya dier
Pcherzykowe wietrzenie / sezonowanie typu fiziksel etkenler sebebiyle meydana gelir. Pe-
plaster miodu jest rodzajem erozji powierzch- teklenme de denilen Alveolar bozulma, gze-
ni architektonicznych, charakterystycznym dla nekli veya homojen olmayan mimari yzeyle-
materiaw porowatych lub niejednorodnych. re (rn; baz kireta trleri, kumta gibi) zg
(np. niektrych rodzajw wapieni, piaskow- erozyon tipidir.
cw).
znr tuzlar
sole rozpuszczalne
Cavitate Ro BG
Definiie: Un spaiu gol (o pierdere de mate- : (
riale componente), de obicei nchis, ntr-un ),
material solid. .
Adnotare: Este cel mai adesea cauzat de in- : - -
temperii, eroziune, migraia srurilor solubile , ,
sau de ali factori fizici. Eroziunea alveolar es- . -
te un tip de eroziune specific suprafeelor ar- , -
hitecturale poroase sau neomogene (de -
exemplu, anumite tipuri de calcare, gresii). (. -
, ).
sruri solubile
oquedad ES
Definicin: Prdida de componentes que
provoca un espacio vaco (normalmente ce-
rrado) en un material slido.
Comentario: Est causada principalmente
por el desgaste, erosin, migracin de sales
solubles o por otros factores fsicos. La mete-
orizacin alveolar, es un tipo de erosin espe-
cfico de las superficies arquitectnicas poro-
sas y no homogneas (por ejemplo, ciertos ti-
pos de calizas y areniscas).
Sinnimo: cavidad
sales solubles
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Crumbling building faade, Cluj-Napoca (Romania), 19th century; Photo: 2015, UAD (Adrian Rauca)

Crumbling EN Emiettement FR abbrckeln DE

Definition: The disintegration of a material in-
to small pieces as a result of chemical, physical
or biological deterioration; the loss of cohe-
sion between component materials, which
can be due to gradual dissolution of the
binder.
Comment: The surface or internal structure of
crumbling masonry becomes weakened, re-
sulting in small fragments of the material
falling off, thus breaking up the architectural
surfaces. It may be the result of salts or mois-
ture entering the masonry.
support, masonry, plaster, binder, sol- solubles, humidit
uble salts, humidity
Dfinition: Dsintgration d'un matriau en Definition: Zerfall eines Materials in kleine
petits morceaux, suite une dgradation chi- Bruchstcke in der Folge von chemischer,
mique, physique ou biologique; la perte de physikalischer oder biogener Schdigung.
cohsion entre les matriaux constitutifs peut Bindungsverlust von Materialgefge, was auf
tre due la dissolution progressive du liant. allmhlicher Zersetzung des Bindemittels be-
ruhen kann.
Commentaires: La surface ou la structure in-
terne de la maonnerie s'affaiblit, conduisant Kommentar: Die Oberflche oder die innere
la chute de petits fragments de la matire et Struktur von abbrckelndem Mauerwerk wird
la dsintgration des surfaces architectu- soweit geschwcht, dass kleine Fragmente
rales. Elle peut tre le rsultat de l'humidit ou des Materials abstrzen, wodurch Architektur-
des sels entrant dans la maonnerie. oberflchen verfallen. Dies kann auch das Er-
gebnis von eindringender Feuchte oder Sal-
support, maonnerie, enduit, liant, sels zen im Mauerwerk sein.
Synonyme: Brckelzerfall, Absanden
Trger, Mauerwerk, Putz, Bindemittel,
lsliche Salze, Feuchte

Sources: Mora et. al. 1986, 171214; Glossary on Stone 2008, 2/1; Strada 1993; Grimmer 1984, 8; Cameo: Crumbling (2.5.2015)

184
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Mrvljenje HR Rozpad PL ufalanma tR

Definicija: Raspadanje materijala u komadie
kao rezultat kemijskoga, fizikoga ili bioloko-
ga propadanja ili gubitak kohezije meu kom-
ponentama materijala, to moe biti posljedi-
ca postupnoga raspadanja veziva.
Napomena: Povrina ili unutarnja struktura
izmrvljenoga zida postaje oslabljena to rezul-
tira otpadanjem malih fragmenata materijala,
te na taj nain dolazi do razbijanja arhitekton-
skih povrina. Mrvljenje moe biti rezultat ula-
ska soli ili vlage u zidove.
nosa, zidanje, buka, vezivo, topljive Synonim: destrukcja
soli, vlanost
Definicja: Dezintegracja materiau na drobne
kawaki w wyniku dziaania czynnikw che-
micznych, fizycznych, biologicznych; utrata
spjnoci pomidzy skadnikami materiau,
ktra moe by nastpstwem stopniowego
rozpadu spoiwa.
Komentarz: Powierzchnia lub wewntrzna
struktura kruszcego si muru jest osabiona,
w efekcie mae fragmenty materiau odpadaj
niszczc powierzchnie architektoniczne. Moe
to by skutek dziaania soli lub wilgoci wnika-
jcej w budynek.
podoe, budownictwo, tynk, spoiwo,
sole rozpuszczalne, wilgotno
Tanm: Kimyasal, fiziksel veya biyolojik bozul-
ma sebebiyle malzemenin kk paralar ha-
linde dalmas; balaycnn giderek ayrmas
sebebiyle bileen malzemeler arasndaki tu-
tunmann kaybolmas.
Yorum: Ufalanan duvarn yzeyi ya da iyaps
zayflar; malzemeden kk paralar kopma-
syla sonulanr, bylece mimari yzeyler par-
alanr. Bu duvara giren nem veya tuzlarn so-
nucu olabilir.
destek, duvar, sva, balayc, znr
tuzlar, nem

(Szt)morzsolds Hu Frmiare Ro BG

Meghatrozs: Egy anyag sztmllsa, kis da- Definiie: Dezintegrarea unui material n frag- :
rabkkra val felaprzdsa, kmiai, fizikai s mente de mici dimensiuni, ca urmare a degra- , -
biolgiai krosods kvetkeztben; az ssze- drii chimice, fizice sau biologice; dizolvarea ;
tevk kztti kohzi megsznse, mely a k- treptat a liantului duce la pierderea coeziunii -
tanyag fokozatos kiolddsnak is tulajdo- dintre materiale componente. ,
nthat. .
Adnotare: Suprafaa sau structura intern a
Megjegyzs: A morzsold fal fellete vagy unei zidrii frmicioase devine decoeziv, re- :
bels szerkezete elgyengl, ennek kvetkez- zultnd pierderea de fragmente de material,
tben apr anyagdarabkk esnek ki belle, az conducnd astfel la frmiarea suprefeei ar- ,
ptszeti fellet tredezett vlik. A falba ha- hitecturale. Pierderea coeziunii poate fi rezul- -
tol sk vagy a nedvessg hatsnak eredm- tatul umiditii sau srurilor din zidrie. .
nye lehet. Sinonim: decoeziune , .

hordoz, fal, vakolat, ktanyag, vz- suport, zidrie, tencuial, liant, sruri o, /, ,
oldhat sk, nedvessg solubile, umiditate , ,

Sgretolamento It Disgregacin ES

Definizione: Disintegrazione di un materiale Definicin: Desintegracin de un material en

in piccoli pezzi come conseguenza di un de-
terioramento chimico, fisico o biologico; per-
dita di coesione all'interno dei materiali costi-
tutivi, che pu essere dovuta alla graduale di-
sgregazione del legante.
pequeas piezas como resultado de un dete-
rioro qumico, fsico o biolgico. Prdida de
cohesin entre los materiales constituyentes,
que puede deberse a la disolucin gradual del
ligante.

Commento: La struttura superficiale o interna Comentario: La estructura superficial o inter-

di una costruzione in muratura fatiscente si in-
debolisce, lasciando cadere piccoli frammenti
di materiale, e disgregando cos le superfici ar-
chitettoniche. Pu essere la conseguenza del-
l'ingresso di sali o umidit nella muratura.
supporto, muratura, intonaco, legante, Sinmino: descohesin
sali solubili, umidit
na de la fbrica disgregada se debilita lo sufi-
ciente como para que pequeos fragmentos
del material caigan, lo que produce la tenden-
cia de la superficie arquitectnica a romperse
en pedazos. Puede deberse a las sales o la hu-
medad de la fbrica.
soporte, fbrica, revoque, ligante, sa-
les solubles, humedad

185
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Loss of paint layer of a wall painting, Sucevia Monastery (Romania), 1585; Photo: 2009, UAD (Adrian Rauca)
abrasion EN
Definition: Superficial loss or damage as a re-
sult of mechanical action due to friction.
Comment: Abrasion can be caused by erosion
through weathering or repeated physical use
with the visible effects becoming gradually
apparent over time. Abrasion can also be
caused by a deliberate attempt to clean, pol-
ish, or otherwise modify an architectural sur-
face with immediately apparent effects. In
most cases, however, abrasion has an anthro-
pogenic origin.
extrinsic cause of deterioration, wind erosion
Sources: Giannini et al. 2000, 18; Rauca 2014b, 188; Glossary on Stone 2008, 32/3; Glossary of Conservation 2005, 10; Cameo: Abrasion (2.5.2015)
186
abrasion FR
Dfinition: Perte de matire ou dgradation
rsultant dune action mcanique par friction.
Commentaires: Labrasion peut tre cause
par lutilisation rpte de lobjet ou un essai Kommentar: Abrieb kann durch den Versuch,
de nettoyage, un adoucissement ou le polis-
sage dune surface. Elle peut aussi tre cause
par une action volontaire et immdiatement
visible visant modifier une surface architec-
turale en la nettoyant, la polissant ou par tout
autre moyen. Dans la plupart des cas, labra-
sion a une origine humaine.
facteurs externes de dgradation, rosion o-
lienne
abrieb DE
Definition: Oberflchlicher Verlust oder Scha-
den als Ergebnis eines mechanisch verursach-
ten Abriebs.
eine Oberflche zu reinigen oder aufzupolie-
ren, verursacht werden, er kann aber auch
durch Windverwehung, z. B. von Sand oder
Staub, entstehen. Meistens ist Abrieb anthro-
pogenen Ursprungs.
Synonym: Abrasion
uere Schadensursache, Winderosion
 CoNDItIoN

DEtERIoRatIoN PHENoMENa

abrazija HR otarcia PL anma tR

Definicija: Povrinski gubitak ili oteenje kao
rezultat djelovanja trenjem.
Napomena: Abraziju moe prouzroiti erozija
troenjem ili ponavljanjem fizikoga djelova-
nja s vidljivim posljedicama koje vremenom
postaje oitije. Abrazija moe nastati i kao po-
sljedica namjernih radnji poput ienja, za-
glaivanja ili poliranja povrine te mijenja-
njem arhitektonske povrine na nain da su
posljedice odmah vidljive. Meutim, u veini
sluajeva abrazija je posljedica ljudskoga dje-
lovanja.
Definicja: Powierzchniowy ubytek lub uszko-
dzenie powstae w wyniku mechanicznego
dziaania, tarcia.
Komentarz: Otarcie moe by spowodowane
przez erozj, wskutek wietrzenia albo powsta
w wyniku uytkowania, ktrego stopniowe
efekty z czasem stan si widoczne. Otarcia
mog te powsta przy prbie oczyszczenia,
polerowania lub opracowywania powierzchni
architektonicznej dla uzyskania natychmias-
towego efektu. Jednake w wikszoci wypad-
kw otarcia s skutkiem dziaa ludzkich.
Tanm: Srtnmenin mekanik etkisi sebebiyle
yzeysel kayp veya hasar.
Yorum: Anma, hava etkisi yoluyla erozyon
veya zamanla grnr olan etkilerin fiziksel
kullanmnn tekrarlanmas ile meydana gele-
bilir. Anma, kullanmdan veya bilinli olarak
bir yzeyi temizleme, przszletirme veya
parlatma gibi eylemlerden dolay oluur. Fakat
birok durumda anma insan kaynakldr.
dsal bozulma nedenleri, rzgar erozyonu

vanjski uzroki pogoranja, erozija vjetrom zewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze, erozja wiat-
rowa

Kops Hu abraziune Ro a BG

Meghatrozs: Felleti hiny vagy krosods,
mely srldsbl add mechanikai hats
eredmnye.
Megjegyzs: A kopst okozhatja az idjrs
hatsaknt bekvetkez erzi, vagy ismtelt
hasznlat, melyek hatsai fokozatosan vlnak
lthatv. Kopst eredmnyezhet az ptsze-
ti fellet tudatos tiszttsa, csiszolsa vagy
egyb mvelet, mely a fellet mdostsra
irnyul; ezek hatsai azonnal lthatak. Leg-
tbb esetben a kops emberi tevkenysghez
kthet.
kls krosodsi tnyez, szlerzi
Definiie: Pierdere superficial sau degradare, : -
rezultat al aciunii mecanice n urma friciunii.
.
Adnotare: Abraziunea poate fi produs de
eroziunea cauzat de intemperii sau prin uti- : -
lizarea fizic repetat, cu efecte ce devin vizi-
bile treptat. De asemenea, abraziunea poate , , -
fi cauzat prin ncercarea deliberat de a cu- . -
ra, a lustrui sau modifica o suprafa arhitec-
tural cu efecte vizibile imediat. Cu toate aces- , -
tea, abraziunea, este n cele mai multe cazuri -
de origine antropic. . -
.
cauze extrinseci de degradare, coraziune
, -

abrasione It abrasin ES

Definizione: Perdita superficiale o danneg- Definicin: Prdida superficial o dao resul-

giamento causati da un'azione meccanica do- tante de una accin mecnica debida a la fric-
vuta a sfregamento. cin.

Commento: L'abrasione pu essere causata
dall'erosione delle intemperie o dal ripetuto
uso fisico, con effetti visibili che diventano con
il tempo evidenti. L'abrasione pu anche es-
sere causata da un tentativo deliberato di pu-
lire, levigare o modificare in altro modo una
superficie architettonica con effetti immedia-
tamente evidenti. Nella maggior parte dei ca-
si, l'abrasione ha origini antropogeniche.
Comentario: Puede ser causada, bien por el
uso, o bien por un atentado deliberado al lim-
piar o pulir una superficie; tambin puede pro-
ducirse por la accin de las partculas arrastra-
das por el viento. En la mayor parte de los ca-
sos, la abrasin tiene un origen antrpico.
Sinnimo: desgaste
causas extrnsecas de deterioro, erosin elica

erosione di vento, causa estrinseca di deterio-

ramento

187
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Corroded metal, building faade, Cluj-Napoca (Romania), 20th century; Photo: 2015, UAD (Adrian Rauca)
Corrosion EN
Definition: The chemical and physical degra-
dation of architectural surfaces, stone or met-
al, caused by weathering or corrosive sub-
stances with which they come into contact.
Comment: This type of alteration causes irre-
versible damage to murals, starting with the
surface and then, progressively penetrating in
depth. The surrounding environment can
cause damage because of air pollution: metal-
lic pigments used in mural paintings can be
corroded, thus changing their colour through
oxidation. The corrosion of metallic elements
used to reinforce architectural components
may cause a localised loss of material due to
internal pressure, the result of which mani-
fests itself in the form of a loss of material.
extrinsic cause of deterioration, pigment al-
teration
Sources: Giannini et al. 2000, 56; Glossary on Stone 2008, 16/7, 46; Illustrated Glossary 2003: corrosion (2.5.2015); Cameo: Corrosion (2.5.2015)
188
Corrosion
Dfinition: Dgradation chimique et phy-
sique dune surface architecturale en pierre ou
mtallique, cause par laltration mtorique
ou au contact de substances corrosives.
Commentaires: Cause de dgradations irr-
versibles des peintures murales, dabord en
surface puis en profondeur. Un environ-
nement pollu peut la causer et conduire au
changement de couleur de pigments mtal-
liques du fait de leur oxydation. La corrosion
dlments mtalliques renforant des com-
posants architecturaux peut conduire une
perte locale de matire du fait de pressions in-
ternes gnres.
facteurs externes de dgradation, altration
des pigments
FR Korrosion DE
Definition: Chemischer und physikalischer
Verfall von Architekturoberflchen, Stein oder
Metall, verursacht durch Verwitterung oder
korrosive Substanzen, mit denen sie in Kon-
takt kommen.
Kommentar: Diese Art der Vernderung ver-
ursacht irreversible Schden an Wandmalerei-
en, zunchst oberflchlich, dann auch in der
Tiefe. Umweltbedingte Schdigungen knnen
durch Luftverschmutzung entstehen: metall-
haltige, in der Wandmalerei verwendete Pig-
mente knnen korrodieren, so dass sich ihre
Farben durch Oxidation verndern. Die Korro-
sion von metallischen Elementen, die zur sta-
tischen Sicherung von Architekturteilen ver-
wendet werden, kann infolge internen Drucks
zu lokalen Schden fhren, ein Befund, der
sich in Form von Materialverlust zeigt.
uere Schadensursache, Pigmentvernde-
rung, Luftverschmutzung
 CoNDItIoN

DEtERIoRatIoN PHENoMENa

Korozija HR causa estrinseca di deterioramento, alterazio- mente en profundidad. El medio ambiente

Definicija: Kemijsko i fiziko propadanje arhi-
tektonskih povrina, kamena ili metala prou-
zroeno izlaganjem atmosferi ili korozivnim
tvarima s kojima dolaze u dodir.
Napomena: Taj tip promjena prouzrouje ne-
povratna oteenja zidnim slikama, koja poi-
nju od povrine i progresivno prodiru u dubinu.
Okoli moe prouzroiti tetu zbog oneienja
zraka: metalni pigmenti upotrijebljeni u zidnim
slikama mogu korodirati te promijeniti njihovu
boju oksidiranjem. Korozija metalnih elemena-
ta koji su rabljeni kako bi se uvrstili dijelovi ar-
hitekture mogu prouzroiti lokalizirane gubitke
materijala zbog unutarnjega tlaka.
vanjski uzroci pogoranja, promjena pigmenta
Korrzi Hu
Meghatrozs: Az ptszeti felletek, kvek
vagy fmek kmiai s fizikai krosodsa, me-
lyet az idjrs vagy a fellettel rintkez kor-
rozv anyagok okoznak.
Megjegyzs: Ez a fajta krosods visszafordt-
hatatlan elvltozst okoz a falkpeken; a k-
rosods a felleten indul el, majd fokozatosan
mlyebbre hatol. A kzvetlen krnyezet a le-
vegszennyezds ltal okozhat krt: a falk-
peken hasznlt fm alap pigmentek korro-
dldhatnak, sznk az oxidci rvn meg- rozive cu care acestea intr n contact.
vltozik. Az plet szerkezetnek megerst-
sre hasznlt fmelemek korrzija a bels
nyoms miatt okozhat loklis anyagvesztes-
get, mely anyaghinyt eredmnyez.
kls krosodsi tnyez, pigment elvltozs cauza deteriorri din cauza polurii atmosferi-
Corrosione
Definizione: Degradazione chimica e fisica di
superfici architettoniche, roccia o metallo,
causata da degradazione meteorica o da so-
stanze corrosive con cui vengono a contatto.
Commento: Questa alterazione causa un danno
irreversibile ai dipinti murali, che comincia dalla
superficie per poi penetrare in profondit. L'am-
biente circostante pu provocare un danneg-
giamento a causa dell'inquinamento: i pigmenti
contenenti metalli usati nei dipinti murali pos-
sono subire corrosione, cambiando cos colore
per ossidazione. La corrosione di elementi me-
tallici usati per rinforzare elementi architettonici
pu causare una perdita localizzata di materiale
a causa della pressione interna, il cui risultato si
mostra sotto forma di perdita di materiale.
ne dei pigmenti puede ocasionar daos debido a la contami-
nacin: los pigmentos metlicos empleados
en las pinturas murales pueden corroerse y
Korozja PL cambiar de color debido a la oxidacin. La co-
rrosin de los elementos metlicos usados pa-
Definicja: Chemiczna i fizyczna degradacja po- ra reforzar la arquitectura, puede causar pr-
wierzchni architektonicznej, kamienia lub me- dida localizada de material, debido a presin
talu spowodowana wskutek wietrzenia lub kon- interna que se manifiesta de este modo.
taktu z substancjami powodujcymi korozj.
causas extrnsecas de deterioro, alteracin de
Komentarz: Ten rodzaj zmian powoduje nie- pigmento
odwracalne szkody malowide ciennych po-
czynajc od powierzchni, postpuje w gb.
Otaczajce rodowisko moe powodowa Kimyasal anma tR
szkody w zwizku z zanieczyszczeniami po-
wietrza: korodowa mog metaliczne pigmen- Tanm: Mimari yzey, ta veya metallerin hava
ty uywane w malarstwie ciennym, zmieniajc koullarndan kaynaklanan bozulmalar veya
kolor w wyniku utleniania. Korozja elementw andrc maddelerden etkilenmesi sebebiyle
metalowych uytych do wzmocnienia elemen- kimyasal ve fiziksel olarak bozulmas.
tw architektury, moe prowadzi do miejsco-
wych strat materiau w wyniku wewntrznych Yorum: Bu tip deiim, duvar resimlerinde y-
napre, co ujawni si w postaci ubytkw. zeyden balayp giderek daha da derinlere
Synonim: rozkad inen ve geri dn olmayan zararlar verir. Ha-
va kirlilii sebebiyle evre zarar verici olabilir:
zewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze, zmiany pig- Duvar resimlerinde ki metalik pigmentler a-
mentw np oksidasyon yoluyla pigmentlerin renkleri-
ni deitirebilir. Mimari bileenleri glendir-
mek iin kullanlan metal unsurlarn anmas
Coroziune Ro i basntan dolay malzemede ksmi kayplara
sebep olabilir.
Definiie: Degradarea chimic i fizic a su- E anlam: korozyon
prafeelor arhitecturale, a pietrei sau a meta-
lului, cauzat de intemperii sau substane co- dssal bozulma sebepleri, pigment deiimi
Adnotare: Acest tip de alterare cauzeaz dete- BG
riorri ireversibile n picturile murale, ncepnd
cu suprafaa obiectului, i apoi, penetrnd pro- : -
gresiv n adncime. Mediul nconjurtor poate ,
,
ce: pigmenii metalici folosii n picturile murale ,
pot fi corodai, schimbndu-i astfel culoarea .
It prin oxidare. Coroziunea elementelor metalice
utilizate pentru consolidarea componentelor : -
arhitecturale poate cauza pierderea materialu- ,
lui la nivel local din cauza presiunii interioare.
. -
cauze extrinseci de degradare, alterarea pig-
mentului : -
,
. -
Corrosin ES ,
,
Definicin: Degradacin qumica y fsica de -
las superficies arquitectnicas, piedra o metal, , -
originada por la meteorizacin o por sustan- .
cias corrosivas con las que entran en contacto.
, -
Comentario: Este tipo de alteracin causa da-
os irreversibles en los murales, que comien-
zan en la superficie y penetran progresiva-

189
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Partial detachment of paint layers, Marin Dri Theatre, Dubrovnik (Croatia) 20th century; Photo: 2011, HRZ (Katarina Gavrilica)
Peeling
Definition: The partial detachment of a su-
perficial layer which often looks like a de-
tached coating that has been applied to its
surface.
Comment: An architectural surface is consid-
ered to be peeling when it is deteriorating by
losing material in layers. The thickness of the
area of peeling is generally measured on a
submillimetric to millimetric scale. Peeling is
often linked to humidity and salt crystallisa-
tion at the surface.
extrinsic cause of deterioration, scaling,
flaking
Sources: Grimmer 1984, 16; Rauca 2014b, 189; Giannini et al. 2000, 69; Glossary on Stone 2008, 2427; Strada 1993
190
EN Pelage
Dfinition: Dtachement partiel dune couche
superficielle qui ressemble au dtachement
dun revtement appliqu sur sa surface.
Commentaires: Une surface architecturale est
considre comme pelable quand elle se d-
grade en perdant de la matire par couches. Le
pelage a une paisseur submillimtrique mil-
limtrique. Il est souvent li lhumidit et la
cristallisation de sels en surface.
facteurs externes de dgradation, desquama-
tion, caillage
FR abschlen DE
Definition: Partielle Ablsung einer Oberfl-
che, was hufig so aussieht, als wenn sich eine
Beschichtung von der Oberflche abschlen
wrde.
Kommentar: Man spricht vom Abschlen ei-
ner Architekturoberflche, wenn der Material-
zerfall schichtenweise vonstattengeht. Die
Schichtstrke der abschlenden Bereiche wird
in der Regel im Millimeterbereich oder darun-
ter bemessen. Abschlen steht hufig im Zu-
sammenhang mit Feuchte und Salzkristallisa-
tion an der Oberflche.
uere Schadensursache, Schalenbildung,
Abschuppen
 CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN PHENoMENa
Detachment of plaster, stone fence, Cluj-Napoca (Romania), 20th century; Photo: 2015, UAD (Adrian Rauca)
Scaling EN
Definition: The detachment of surface layers
of stone parallel to the stone surface (like fish
scales). These are larger than flakes (flaking).
Comment: Scaling is often linked to humidity
and salt crystallization at the surface of archi-
tectural surfaces, which are usually made of
limestone or sandstone. May also be due to
working techniques.
extrinsic cause of deterioration, peeling,
flaking
Sources: Boldura 2013, 7496; Grimmer 1984, 16; Glossary on Stone 2008, 2427; Strada 1993
192
Desquamation FR
Dfinition: Dtachement de couches de sur-
face de pierres parallles la surface de la
pierre (ressemblant des cailles de poisson).
Commentaires: Les parties dtaches sont
plus grandes que des cailles. Souvent lie
lhumidit ou la cristallisation de sel sur les
surfaces architecturales qui sont gnrale-
ment faites en calcaires ou en grs. Peut tre
aussi la consquence de techniques de travail
de la pierre.
facteurs externes de dgradation, pelage,
caillage
Schalenbildung DE
Definition: Das Ablsen der oberen Schich-
ten vom Stein parallel zu dessen Oberflche
(wie Fischschuppen). Schalen sind grer als
Schuppen.
Kommentar: Schalenbildung ist hufig mit
Feuchte und Salzkristallisation an Architektur-
oberflchen aus Kalk- oder Sandstein verbun-
den. Sie kann auch auf Bearbeitungstechni-
ken zurckzufhren sein.
Synonym: Abschalen
uere Schadensursache, Abschlen, Ab-
schuppen
 CoNDItIoN

DEtERIoRatIoN PHENoMENa

Listanje HR Zuszczanie patami PL Pul eklinde ayrlma tR

Definicija: Odvajanje povrinskih slojeva ka-
mena usporedno s njegovom povrinom u ko-
madiima koji su nalik na riblje ljuske, no vei
od ljusaka kod ljuskanja.
Napomena: Listanje se esto povezuje uz vla-
gu i kristalizaciju soli na arhitektonskim povr-
inama, obino od vapnenca ili pjeenjaka
mogu nastati i zbog izvedbene tehnike.
Definicja: Oddzielanie si warstw kamienia
rwnolegle do jego powierzchni (jak rybie u-
ski). Paty s wiksze od usek.
Komentarz: Zuszczanie patami jest czsto
powizane z wilgotnoci i krystalizacj soli
na powierzchniach architektonicznych, zwyk-
le wykonanych z wapienia lub piaskowca. Mo-
g te odpowiada technice obrabiania.
Tanm: Yzey katmanlarnn taa paralel ola-
rak ta yzeyinden ayrlmas (balk pullar gibi).
Bu bozulma tr, kk pullar halinde dkl-
me sonucu oluan bozulmadan daha genitir.
Yorum: Pul eklinde ayrlma genellikle kireta
veya kum tandan yaplm mimari yzeylerin
yzeyindeki nem ve tuz kristallenmesi ile ba-
lantldr. alma teknii sebebiyle de olabilir.

vanjski uzroki pogoranja, ljutenje, lju- zewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze, zuszczanie, dal bozulma sebepleri, soyulma, kk
skanje odpadanie usek pullar halinde dklme

Lemezes levls Hu Exfoliere n solzi Ro BG

Meghatrozs: A k felleti rtegeinek lev- Definiie: Detaarea straturilor superficiale de :

lsa a k felletvel prhuzamosan (halpik- piatr paralel cu suprafaa acesteia (asemn- ,
kelyhez hasonlan). Ezek a levl rszecskk toare solzilor de pete). Aceste tipuri de des- ( ). --
nagyobb mretek, mint a pergs sorn ke- prinderi sunt de dimensiuni mai mari n com- .
letkezek. paraie cu exfolierile n fulgi.
:
Megjegyzs: A lemezes levls gyakran a Adnotare: Exfolierea n solzi este adesea co- -
nedvessggel s az ltalban mszkbl vagy relat cu umiditatea i cristalizarea srurilor pe ,
homokkbl kszlt ptszeti felleteken va- suprafaa structurilor arhitecturale, realizate -
l skristlyosodssal hozhat sszefggs- de obicei din calcar sau gresie. De asemenea, .
be. Hasonlkppen az anyag megmunkls- se poate produce din cauza unui viciu de teh- .
nak kvetkezmnye is lehet. nic. :

kls krosodsi tnyez, hmls, pergs cauze extrinseci de degradare, exfoliere, , -

exfoliere n fulgi ,

Squamatura It Exfoliacin ES

Definizione: Distacco di strati superficiali di Definicin: Separacin de capas superficiales

pietra paralleli alla superficie della pietra stes-
sa (come squame di pesce). Queste sono pi
grandi delle scaglie (scagliatura).
Commento: La squamatura spesso ricondu-
cibile alla presenza di umidit e alla cristalliz-
zazione di sali sulle parti esterne delle superfici
architettoniche, che sono di solito costituite da
calcari o arenaria. Potrebbe anche essere do-
vuto alle tecniche di lavorazione della pietra.
causa estrinseca di deterioramento, esfolia-
zione, scagliatura
de piedra de forma paralela (como escamas
de pez). Es ms grande que la descamacin.
Comentario: Est ligada, a menudo, a la cris-
talizacin de sales en la superficie, o en super-
ficies arquitectnicas hechas de piedra caliza
o arenisca. Tambin puede deberse a las tc-
nicas empleadas.
causas extrnsecas de deterioro, delamina-
cin, descamacin

193
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Partly detached paint layer, Franciscan Monastery, Dubrovnik (Croatia), 18/19th century; Photo: 2009, HRZ (Katarina Gavrilica).
Flaking
Definition: The detachment of small, flat, thin
pieces of outer stone layers or other surfaces
(e.g. mural paintings). Flakes are smaller than
scales.
Comment: It is usually a combination of ad-
hesion loss and cracking which is the result of
physical causes such as salt crystallization.
extrinsic cause of deterioration, peeling,
scaling
Sources: Boldura 2013, 7496; Giannini et al. 2000, 163164; Istudor 1985, 30; Grimmer 1984, 16; Glossary of Conservation 2006, 60; Cameo: Exfoliation
(2.5.2015)
194
EN Ecaillage
Dfinition: Dtachement de petits fragments
fins et plats des couches externes de la pierre
ou dune autre surface (ex. peintures murales).
Les cailles sont plus petites que les fragments
desquams.
Commentaires: Correspond gnralement
la combinaison de la perte dadhsion et de
fissures qui rsultent de causes physiques
telles que la cristallisation des sels.
facteurs externes de dgradation, pelage,
desquamation
FR abschuppen DE
Definition: Das Ablsen kleiner, flacher, dn-
ner Teilchen von der ueren Steinschicht
oder von anderen Oberflchen, wie z. B.
Wandmalereien. Schuppen sind kleiner als
Schalen.
Kommentar: Es handelt sich in der Regel um
eine Kombination von Adhsionsverlust und
Rissbildung als Ergebnis physikalischer Ursa-
chen, wie z.B. Salzkristallisation.
uere Schadensursache, Abschlen, Scha-
lenbildung
 CoNDItIoN

DEtERIoRatIoN PHENoMENa

Ljuskanje HR odpadanie usek PL Kk pullar halinde dklme tR

Definicija: Odvajanje malih, plosnatih tankih Definicja: Oddzielanie si maych, paskich, Tanm: Ta veya dier yzeylerin (duvar resim-
komadia vanjskih slojeva kamena ili drugih cienkich kawaeczkw warstw zewntrznych leri gibi) d katmanlarnda kk, dz, ince
povrina (npr. zidne slike). Ljuske su manje od kamienia lub innej powierzchni (np. malowi- paralarn ayrlmas. Pullanma, kabarmadan
listova. de ciennych). uski s mniejsze od patw. daha kktr.

Napomena: Ljuskanje je obino kombinacija Komentarz: Zwykle powizanie z utrat przy- Yorum: Genellikle tuz kristallenmesi gibi fizik-
gubitka adhezije i pucanja do kojih dolazi czepnoci i pkaniem, jest skutkiem zjawisk sel sebepler sonucuyla oluan atlama ve ya-
zbog fizikih uzroka poput kristalizacije soli. fizycznych, jak krystalizacja soli. pma kaybnn birleimidir.

vanjski uzroki pogoranja, ljutenje, listanje zewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze, zuszczanie dal bozulma sebepleri, soyulma, pul ek-
linde ayrlma

Pergs Hu Exfoliere n fulgi Ro BG

Meghatrozs: Kismret, lapos, vkony r- Definiie: Detaarea fragmentelor mici, plane : , ,

szecskk levlsa, pergse a k vagy ms fe- i subiri din straturile exterioare ale pietrei sau -
lletek (pl. falkpek) kls rtegeirl. Ezek a ale altor suprafee (de ex. picturi murale). Ful- (. -
rszecskk kisebbek, mint a lemezes levls- gii (exfolierea n fulgi) sunt mai mici dect sol- ). -
nl keletkezek. zii (exfolierea n solzi). .

Megjegyzs: A pergst ltalban egyttesen Adnotare: Aceasta este de obicei o combina- :

eredmnyezi a hordozhoz val tapads el- ie ntre pierderea aderenei i fisurare, fiind
vesztse s a repedezs, melyeket fizikai t- rezultatul unor cauze fizice, precum cristaliza-
nyezk okoznak, mint pldul a skristlyoso- rea srurilor. .
ds.
Szinonima: lepattogzs cauze extrinseci de degradare, exfoliere, ex- , -
foliere n solzi ,
kls krosodsi tnyez, hmls, lemezes
levls

Scagliatura It Descamacin ES

Definizione: Distacco di piccoli pezzi sottili e Definicin: Separacin de pequeos frag-

piatti dagli strati esterni di una roccia o di altre
superfici (ad es. dipinti murali). Le scaglie sono
pi piccole delle squame.
Commento: Si tratta di solito di una combina-
zione tra perdita di adesione e fratture che
il risultato di fenomeni di natura fisica come la
cristallizzazione di sali.
causa estrinseca di deterioramento, esfolia-
zione, squamatura
mentos finos y planos de las capas superficia-
les de piedras o de otras superficies (como
pintura mural). Las escamas son ms peque-
as que las exfoliaciones.
Comentario: Habitualmente se deben a una
combinacin de prdida de adhesin y cra-
quelado de origen fsico, como por la cristali-
zacin de sales.
causas extrnsecas de deterioro, exfoliacin,
delaminacin

195
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Paint layers
Ground / plaster
Support
Loss of cohesion of paint layer; Illustration: 2015, Raimar Heber based on a drawing by Adrian Rauca
Chalking EN
Definition: The loss of cohesion and the gen-
eration of very fine particles (chalk / powder
like) on the surface of a material.
Comment: This type of alteration can be
caused by the disintegration or loss of bind-
ing agents from the material and by weather-
ing; it can affect mural paintings as well as ar-
chitectural surfaces. Chalking generally starts
from the surface and can either alter only the
surface of the material or occur at a depth of
up to several millimetres.
Synonyms: powdering, friability, pulveriza-
tion, loss of cohesion
extrinsic cause of deterioration, intrinsic cause
of deterioration, crumbling, humidity
Sources: Brandi 1996, 220; Rauca 2014b, 133; Boldura 2013, 7496; Botticelli 1992, 3350; Giannini et al. 2000, 51; Glossary on Stone 2008, 20/1; Brittanica:
Chalking (2.5.2015)
196
Pulvrulence FR
Dfinition: Perte de cohsion du fait de la for-
mation de trs fines particules (ressemblant
de la poudre, de la craie) sur la surface dun
matriau.
Commentaires: Cause par la dgradation ou
la perte des liants et par altration mto-
rique. Peut affecter les peintures murales et les
surfaces architecturales. Dbute gnrale-
ment sur la surface et peut seulement laffec-
ter ou se dvelopper sur une profondeur de
quelques millimtres.
Synonymes: poudroiement, farinage, perte de
cohsion
facteurs externes de dgradation, miette-
ment, humidit
abmehlen DE
Definition: Kohsionsverlust und Ablagerung
von sehr feinen Partikeln (kreide- oder puder-
artig) auf der Oberflche des Materials.
Kommentar: Diese Art von Zersetzung kann
durch Zerfall oder Verlust von Bindemittel des
Materials oder durch Verwitterung verursacht
werden; es kann sowohl Wandmalereien als
auch Architekturoberflchen betreffen. Ab-
mehlen beginnt in der Regel an der Oberfl-
che des Materials und kann sowohl hier zu
Vernderungen fhren als auch bis in mehrere
Millimeter Tiefe.
Synonyme: Pudern, Kreiden, Pulverisierung,
Kohsionsverlust
uere Schadensursache, materialimmanente
Schadensursache, Abbrckeln, Feuchte
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DEtERIoRatIoN PHENoMENa

Prakasto osipanje HR Pudrowanie PL tozlanma tR

Definicija: Gubitak kohezije i stvaranje veoma Definicja: Utrata spoistoci i tworzenie na po- Tanm: Malzemenin yzeyinde ok ince para-
finih estica (poput krede/praha) na povrini wierzchni materiau bardzo drobnych czste- cklarn(tebeir/ toz benzeri) olumas ve tu-
materijala. czek (jak kreda / puder). tunma kayb.

Napomena: Taj tip promjena moe biti prou-
zroen raspadanjem ili gubitkom vezivnih tva-
ri u materijalu i troenjem te moe tetiti zid-
nim slikama i arhitektonskim povrinama. Pra-
kasto osipanje openito zapoinje od povr-
ine te moe ili mijenjati samo povrinu ma-
terijala ili se moe pojaviti u dubini do nekoli-
ko milimetara.
vanjski uzroci pogoranja, unutarnji uzroci
pogoranja, mrvljenje, vlanost
Komentarz: Takie zmiany mog by spowo-
dowane rozkadem lub utrat spoiwa w ma-
teriale, czy te wietrzeniem; moe dotyczy
zarwno malowide ciennych jak i po-
wierzchni architektonicznych. Pudrowanie
zwykle rozpoczyna si od powierzchni i moe
si na niej zatrzyma lub postpowa do kilku
milimetrw w gb materiau.
Synonimy: kredowanie, krucho, pulweryza-
cja, utrata spoistoci
zewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze, wewntrzne
przyczyny zniszcze, rozpad, wilgotno
Yorum: Bu tr deiiklik, zlme veya mal-
zemeden balayc maddelerin kayb ve kt
havadan anma sebebiyle olabilir. Duvar re-
simlerinin yannda mimari yzeyleri de etkile-
yebilir. Tozlanma genellikle yzeyden balar
veya malzemenin sadece yzeyini deitirebi-
lir ya da birka milimetre derinlie kadar olu-
abilir.
E anlaml: ufalanabilirlik, toz haline gelme, e-
kim kuvvetinin kayb
dsal bozulma sebepleri, isel bozulma se-
bepleri, ufalanma, nem

Krtsods Hu Pulverulen Ro BG

Meghatrozs: A kohzis erk megsznse, Definiie: Pierderea coeziunii i generarea de : -

ami ltal nagyon finom (krta-/porszer) r- particule foarte fine (pulberi) pe suprafaa ( ,
szecskk jnnek ltre az anyag felletn. unui material. ) .

Megjegyzs: Ezt a tpus krosodst a kt- Adnotare: Acest tip de alterare poate fi cauzat :
anyagok lebomlsa vagy a ktanyag veszte- de dezintegrarea sau pierderea lianilor din
sg, valamint az idjrs okozza; falkpeket s material i de factorii de mediu; poate afecta
ptszeti felleteket egyarnt rinthet. A por- att picturile murale, ct i suprafeele arhitec- . -
lkonysg ltalban a felleten kezddik s k- turale. Pulverulena se manifest de obicei de . -
rosthatja csupn az anyag felsznt, de jelent- la suprafa spre interior, i poate altera doar -
kezhet nhny millimter mlysgben is. suprafaa materialului, sau chiar la o adncime -
Szinonimk: porlkonysg, mllkonysg, de pn la civa milimetri.
porls, kohzi/sszetart er hinya Sinonime: friabilitate, decoeziune .

kls krosodsi tnyez, bels krosodsi cauze extrinseci de degradare, frmiare, , -

tnyez, (szt)morzsolds, nedvessg umiditate, cauze intrinseci de degradare , ,

Sfarinamento It Pulverizacin ES

Definizione: Perdita di coesione e formazio- Definicin: Prdida de cohesin y generacin

ne di particelle molto fini (somiglianti a ges- de partculas muy finas en la superficie de un
so/polvere) sulla superficie di un materiale. material.

Commento: Questo tipo di alterazione pu
essere causato dalla disintegrazione o dalla
perdita di un legante dal materiale, e dalla de-
gradazione meteorica; pu interessare dipinti
murali come pure superfici architettoniche. Lo
sfarinamento di solito inizia dalla superficie e
pu alterare sia soltanto la superficie del ma-
teriale che verificarsi fino ad una profondit
che raggiunge diversi millimetri.
Sinonimi: polverizzazione, friabilit, perdita di
coesione
causa estrinseca di deterioramento, sgretola-
mento, umidit, causa intrinseca di deterio-
ramento
Comentario: Este tipo de alteracin puede ser
originado por la desintegracin o prdida de
los agentes ligantes de un material y por la cli-
matologa; puede afectar tanto a las pinturas
murales, como a las superficies arquitectni-
cas. La pulverizacin generalmente comienza
en la superficie del material y puede alterar
solo dicha superficie, o bien producirse a va-
rios milmetros de profundidad.
Sinnimos: descohesin, pulverulencia
causas extrnsecas de deterioro, disgregacin,
humedad

197
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Convex deformation of painted plaster layer, Chapel of Saint-Martial, Palais des Papes, Avignon (France), 14th century; Photo: 2013, CICRP (Jean-Marc Vallet)

Deformation EN Dformation FR Verformung DE

Definition: A change or alteration of the orig-
inal form, shape and/or dimensions of a ma-
terial caused by the application of force, with-
out a breach of the continuity of its parts.
Comment: This can be caused by environ-
mental factors such as humidity, heat pro-
duced by fire, the direct influence of sunlight,
and the use of construction or conservation
materials.
extrinsic cause of deterioration, humidity
Dfinition: Changement ou altration de la
forme originale ou des dimensions dun ma-
triau caus par lapplication dune force sans
perte de son intgrit.
Commentaires: Cause par des facteurs
environnementaux comme lhumidit, la cha-
leur dun incendie, linfluence directe de len-
soleillement et lutilisation de certains mat-
riaux de construction ou de conservation.
facteurs externes de dgradation, humidit
Definition: Vernderung der ursprnglichen
Form, Gestalt und/oder der Abmessungen/Di-
mensionen eines Materials, verursacht durch
Krafteinwirkung, ohne dabei den Zusammen-
halt der einzelnen Teile zu verlieren.
Kommentar: Diese kann durch uere Fakto-
ren ausgelst werden, wie z.B. Feuchte, durch
Feuer verursachte Hitze, direkte Einwirkung
von Sonnenlicht oder durch eingebrachte
Baustoffe oder Konservierungsmaterialien.
uere Schadensursache, Feuchte

Sources: Botticelli 1992, 2007, 3350; Boldura 2013, 7496; Giannini et al. 2000, 61; Cameo: Deformation (2.5.2015)

198

Izoblienje HR
Definicija: Izmjena ili promjena izvornoga
oblika, lika i/ili veliine materijala prouzroena
primjenom sile, bez prekida povezanosti nje-
govih dijelova.
Napomena: Izoblienje moe biti prouzroe-
no imbenicima okolia poput vlanosti, to-
pline vatre, izravnim izlaganjem Sunevoj
svjetlosti te uporabom graevnih ili restaura-
torskih materijala.
vanjski uzroci pogoranja, vlanost
torzuls Hu
Meghatrozs: Egy anyag eredeti alakjnak,
formjnak s/vagy mreteinek elvltozsa,
talakulsa, mely egy er hatsra megy vg-
be, anlkl, hogy a rszek folytonossga srl-
ne, megszakadna.
Megjegyzs: Olyan krnyezeti tnyezk
okozhatjk, mint a nedvessg, tz ltal ger-
jesztett h, kzvetlen napfny, ptkezsi vagy
konzervlsi anyagok hasznlata.
kls krosodsi tnyez, nedvessg cauze extrinseci de degradare, umiditate
Deformazione
Definizione: Cambiamento o alterazione del-
la forma, della sagoma e/o delle dimensioni
originali di un materiale causati dall'applica-
zione di una forza, senza che si verifichi una
rottura nella continuit delle sue parti.
Commento: Pu essere causata da fattori am-
bientali come umidit, calore generato dal
fuoco, influenza diretta della luce del sole, e
dalluso di materiali da costruzione o per la
conservazione.
causa estrinseca di deterioramento, umidit
CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN PHENoMENa
Deformacja PL Deformasyon tR
Definicja: Odksztacenie lub zmiana oryginal- Tanm: Paralarn srekliliini bozmadan, kuv-
nej formy, ksztatu i / lub wymiarw materiau vet uygulanmas sebebiyle malzemenin z-
spowodowana przez zadziaanie si bez na- gn formunun, eklinin, boyutunun bozulma-
ruszenia cigoci poszczeglnych czci. s veya deiimi.
Komentarz: Moe by spowodowana przez Yorum: Yap veya koruma malzemelerinin kul-
czynniki rodowiska, jak wilgotno, gorco lanm, dorudan gne etkisi, ate sebe-
od ognia, bezporednie dziaanie promieni biyle oluan scaklk, nem gibi evresel faktr-
sonecznych, zastosowanie materiaw do ler yoluyla oluabilir.
konstrukcji lub konserwacji. E anlam: ekil deiiklii
zewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze, wilgotno dsal bozulma sebepleri, nem
Deformare Ro BG
Definiie: O modificare sau o alterare a formei :
originale, a proporiei i/sau a dimensiunii -
unui material (fr fracturarea acestuia) prin , ,
aplicarea unei fore. -
.
Adnotare: Aceasta poate fi cauzat de factorii
de mediu, precum umiditatea, cldura produ- :
s de foc, influena direct a razelor solare, , -
precum i de utilizarea materialelor de con- , -
strucie i de conservare. , -
.
, -
It Deformacin ES
Definicin: Cambio o alteracin de la forma,
perfil o dimensiones originales de un material
causado por la aplicacin de una fuerza, sin
prdida de la continuidad entre sus partes (sin
rotura).
Comentario: Puede originarse por factores
medioambientales como la humedad, el calor
producido por un fuego, la influencia directa
de la luz solar y el uso de determinados mate-
riales de construccin o conservacin.
causas extrnsecas de deterioro, humedad
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Paint layer showing bulges, Secco wall painting, Cluj-Napoca (Romania), 19th century; Photo: 2015, UAD (Adrian Rauca)

Bulge EN Bombement FR Blase DE

Definition: Localised rounded protuberance Dfinition: Protubrance de forme arrondie Definition: Lokal begrenzte, runde Wlbung
or swelling from within or underneath caused et localise ou gonflement du fait de pressions oder Schwellung in einer oder unterhalb einer
by pressure. internes. Schicht, die durch Druck entstand.

Comment: A possible cause is subflorescence
in between plaster layers.
Synonyms: swelling, protuberance
extrinsic cause of deterioration, salt efflores-
cence
Commentaires: Une cause possible peut tre
lie des subefflorescences entre les couches
denduits.
Synonymes: protubrance, boursouflure
facteurs externes de dgradation, efflores-
cence saline
Kommentar: Mgliche Ursache sind Subflo-
reszenzen, d.h. eine Salzkristallisation unter
der Oberflche bzw. zwischen den Mrtel-
schichten.
Synonyme: Wlbung, Aufwlbung, Beule
uere Schadensursache, Salzausblhung

Sources: Boldura 2013, 8998; Giannini et al. 2000, 155; Strada 1993

200
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Ispupenost HR Pcherz PL Kabarma tR

Definicija: Lokalno zaobljena podbuhlina ili
oteklina prouzroena pritiskom.
Napomena: Mogui je uzrok subflorescencija
meu bukanim slojevima.
Sinonim: podbuhlina
vanjski uzroci pogoranja, cvjetanje soli
Definicja: Lokalne, zaokrglone, uniesione
wybrzuszenie lub spcznienie, spowodowane
dziaaniem cinienia.
Komentarz: Prawdopodobn przyczyn moe
by wysolenie pomidzy warstwami tynku.
Synonimy: puchnicie, wybrzuszenie, wypu-
ko
zewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze, wysolenia
Tanm: erden veya alttan basn sebebiyle
oluan ksmi yuvarlak kabarklk veya ikinlik.
Yorum: Kabarkla muhtemel sebeplerden
birisi, sva katmanlarnn arasndaki yzey alt
tuzlanmadr.
E anlaml: ikinlik, kabarklk
dsal bozulma sebepleri, yzey alt tuzlanma

Feltsksods Hu Protuberan Ro BG

Meghatrozs: Bellrl vagy alsbb rtegbl Definiie: Proeminen rotunjit sau umfltu- :
szrmaz nyoms ltal okozott helyi, elszige- r la nivel local, cauzat de o presiune exerci- , -
telt, gmblyded, ppos kidudorods vagy tat din interior sau din straturile subiacente. , .
domborulat.
Adnotare: O posibil cauz este subflorescen- : -
Megjegyzs: Egyik lehetsges kivlt oka a a ntre straturile de tencuial. .
vakolatrtegek kzti, felszn alatti skivirg- Sinonim: umfltur
zs(ok). , -
Szinonimk: kidudorods, kidomborods, fel- cauze extrinseci de degradare, eflorescen
hlyagosods salin

kls krosodsi tnyez, skivirgzs

Rigonfiamento It abolsamiento ES

Definizione: Protuberanza arrotondata circo- Definicin: Protuberancia o abultamiento re-

scritta o rigonfiamento dallinterno o al di sot- dondeado y localizado, causado por una pre-
to di unarea causato dalla pressione. sin.

Commento: Una possibile causa la sub-ef- Comentario: Sus posibles causas son las crip-
florescenza tra gli strati di intonaco. toflorescencias entre los estratos de revoques.
Sinonimo: protuberanza Sinnimo: abolsado

causa estrinseca di deterioramento, efflore- causas extrnsecas de deterioro, eflorescencia

scenza di sali salina

201
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Crack caused by structural movement of a building, Arbore Church (Romania), 1502; Photo: 2012, UAD (Adrian Rauca)
Static crack EN
Definition: A crack which is caused by a change
in the distribution of the static charge/load of
the masonry structure.
Comment: A static crack can be caused by:
- a movement of a part of building structure
or problems with the foundations of the
building resulting in serious modifications
within the structure;
- problems with the buildings underlying
material (e.g. if it is made of clay or sand);
- earthquakes.
An intervention is only necessary when the af-
fected layer becomes detached from the sup-
port or in the case of very great aesthetic in-
terference. Often this kind of crack will open
up again with the movement of the building.
extrinsic cause of deterioration, intrinsic cause
of deterioration, crack
Fissuration due des problmes FR
de statique
Dfinition: Fissure cause par un change-
ment de distribution de la charge/contrainte
statique dune structure maonne.
Sources: Boldura 2013, 194/5; Rauca 2014a; OED: fissure (14.5.2015); Cameo: Fissure, (2.5.2015)
202
Commentaires: Peut tre cause par:
- un mouvement dune partie de la structure
du fait de problmes de fondation;
- problmes lis au sol sous-jacent (ex: sil est
fait de matriaux argileux ou de sable);
- tremblements de terre.
Il ny a intervention que si les couches affec-
tes menacent de se dtacher du support ou
en cas dun aspect inesthtique trop prjudi-
ciable. Ce type de fissure souvrira encore
tout nouveau mouvement du btiment.
facteurs externes de dgradation, causes in-
trinsques de dgradation, fissure
Statischer Riss DE
Definition: Ein Riss, der durch Vernderung in
der Verteilung statischer Belastung / Last auf
eine Mauerwerkskonstruktion verursacht
wird.
Kommentar: Ein statischer Riss kann verur-
sacht werden durch:
- Bewegung eines Teils der Konstruktion /
Probleme mit der Grndung des Gebudes,
die in der Konstruktion zu gravierenden
Formvernderungen fhren knnen;
- Probleme mit dem Material des Unter-
grunds (wenn dieser z. B. aus Lehm oder
Sand besteht);
- Erdbeben.
Ein Eingriff ist nur notwendig, wenn die be-
troffenen Schichten sich vom Trger ablsen
oder im Fall von starker sthetischer Beein-
trchtigung. Hufig ffnen sich diese Art der
Risse bei Bewegung des Gebudes erneut.
uere Schadensursache, materialimmanen-
te Schadensursache, Riss
Statika pukotina HR
Definicija: Pukotina pruzroena promjenom u ra-
spodjeli statikoga optereenja zidne strukture.
Napomena: Statika pukotina moe biti prou-
zroena:
- pomicanjem dijela graevne strukture zbog
problema s njezinim temeljima, to dovodi
do ozbiljnih promjena u strukturi;
- problemima s donjim slojevima graevnih
materijala (npr. ako su oni od gline ili pijeska);
- potresima.
Intervencija je potrebna jedino kad se naeti
sloj odvoji od nosaa ili u sluaju velike estet-
ske smetnje. S pomicanjem graevine takve
se pukotine esto ponovno otvaraju.

vanjski uzroci pogoranja, unutarnji uzroci
pogoranja, pukotina
Szerkezeti repeds Hu
Meghatrozs: Egy olyan repeds, melyet a
falazat statikus terhelsnek eloszlsban be-
kvetkezett vltozs okoz.
Megjegyzs: Szerkezeti repedst okozhat:
- ha az plet szerkezetnek egy rsze ki-
mozdul, megmozdul, gondok vannak az
plet alapozsval, s ez komoly elvlto- przyczyny zniszcze, pknicie
zsokat idz el a szerkezetben;
- ha gond van az plet alapozsul szolgl
anyaggal (pl. agyag vagy homok);
- fldrengs.
Csak akkor szksges beavatkozni, ha az rin-
tett rteg elvlik a hordoztl, vagy eszttika- distribuia ncrcrii / sarcinii statice a unei
ilag nagyon zavar hatst kelt. Az ilyen tpus
repedsek gyakran jra jelentkeznek, meg-
nylnak, ha az plet megmozdul.
kls krosodsi tnyez, bels krosodsi structurale la fundaia cldirii, care provoa-
tnyez, repeds
Frattura statica It
Definizione: Frattura provocata da un cam-
biamento nella distribuzione del carico statico
della struttura muraria.
Commento: Una frattura statica pu essere
causata da:
- movimenti di una parte della struttura del-
ledificio, e/o problemi con le fondamenta di
un edificio, che causano gravi modificazioni
allinterno della struttura;
- problemi con i materiali primari delledificio
(ad es. se fatto con argilla o sabbia);
- terremoti.
Un intervento necessario solo nel caso in cui
lo strato interessato si distacca dal supporto o
nel caso di un grave disturbo a livello estetico.
Spesso questo tipo di frattura si apre di nuovo
in seguito ai movimenti delledificio.
causa estrinseca di deterioramento, frattura,
causa intrinseca di deterioramento
Pknicia statyczne PL
Definicja: Pknicie spowodowane zmianami
statyki rozkadu nacisku / obcie konstrukcji
budowlanej.
Komentarz: Pknicia statyczne mog by
spowodowane przez:
CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN PHENoMENa
- ruchy czci struktury budynku spowodowane de grietas volver a abrirse con los movimien-
problemami w partii fundamentw, prowa- tos del edificio.
dzcymi do powanych zmian w konstrukcji
- kwestie zwizane z charakterem podoa causas extrnsecas de deterioro, grieta
budynku (np. gliny lub piasku)
- trzsienia ziemi
Interwencja jest konieczna tylko gdy naruszo- Statik atlak tR
na warstwa oddziela si od podoa lub w wy-
padku znacznego zakcenia estetyki. Czsto Tanm: Statik ykn dalm veya duvar yap-
ten rodzaj pknicia ujawnia si przy ponow- snn ykndeki deiiklik sebebiyle olumu
nym ruchu budynku. atlak.
wewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze, zewntrzne Yorum: Statik atlak u sebeplerden oluabilir:
- binann bir ksmndaki hareketin binann te-
melinde yapsal problemler oluturarak ya-
pda ciddi deiikliklere sebep olduunda;
Fisur static Ro - binann temel malzemeleri ile ilgili problem-
ler (rnein kil veya kumdan yaplmas gibi);
Definiie: O fisur cauzat de o schimbare n - depremler.
Mdahale, sadece etkilenen tabaka tayc-
structuri de zidrie. dan ayrldnda veya nemli bir estetik sorun
oluturmas durumunda gereklidir. Genellikle
Adnotare: O fisur static poate fi cauzat de: bu tr atlak, binann hareket etmesi ile yeni-
- micarea unei poriuni a cldirii, probleme den alabilir.
c modificri serioase n structura aceste- dsal bozulma sebepleri, isel bozulma se-
ia; bepleri, atlak
- probleme cu materialele componente ale
fundaiei cldirii (de exemplu, n cazul n ca-
re este realizat din argil sau nisip); BG
- cutremure.
Este necesar o intervenie numai n cazul n : , -
care stratul afectat se desprinde de suport sau -
n cazul unei foarte mari interferene estetice. .
Adesea acest tip de fisur se va deschide din
nou odat cu deplasarea cldirii. : -
:
cauze intrinseci de degradare, fisur, cra- - -
clur , ,
;
Grieta estructural ES -
(. );
Definicin: Grieta causada por un cambio en - .
la distribucin de las fuerzas estticas de la es- , -
tructura de construccin.
.
Comentario: Una grieta estructural puede
producirse por: .
- movimientos de una parte de la estructura
del edificio debido a problemas en los ci- , -
mientos, y que originan serias modificacio- , -
nes en la estructura;
- problemas con las capas subyacentes de la
construccin (por ejemplo, si estn hechas
con arcilla o arena);
- terremotos.
Solo es necesaria la intervencin cuando el es-
trato afectado corre el riesgo de desprenderse
del soporte, o en el caso de que exista una gra-
ve interferencia esttica. A menudo, este tipo
203
 CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN PHENoMENa
Crack in painted plaster, Sucevia Monastery (Romania), 1585; Photo: 2003, UAD (Adrian Rauca)
Crack EN
Definition: A discontinuity in an architectural
surface or wall painting, resulting in a visible
separation of one part from another, that ex-
tends through one or more layers.
Comment: Cracking may result from environ-
mental causes, vibrations, internal and/or ex-
ternal stresses, flaws in the architectural sur-
faces, static problems, fire, frost, etc. It must
have a width of more than 0.15 mm to qualify
as a crack (i.e. be visible to the naked eye).
Crack sub-types: hairline crack, wide crack,
parallel crack, star crack, radial crack, spiral
crack, etc.
Synonym: fissure
intrinsic cause of deterioration, extrinsic cause
of deterioration, static crack, craquelure,
hairline crack
Sources: Grimmer 1984, 6; Glossary on Stone 2008, 10/1; Boldura 2013, 194/5; Giannini et al. 2000, 57; OED: crack (18.5.2015); Art Conservation Terms: Crack
(2.5.2015)
204
Fissure FR
Dfinition: Discontinuit dans une surface
architecturale ou une peinture murale rsul-
tant dune sparation visible en deux parties
et traversant une couche ou plus.
Commentaires: Due des causes environne-
mentales, des vibrations, des contraintes in-
ternes ou externes, des dfauts dans les sur-
faces architecturales, des problmes statiques,
un incendie, le gel etc. La largeur douverture
est suprieure 0,15 mm (visible loeil).
Sous- types: micro fissure, fissure large, fissure
parallle, fissuration en toile, fissure radiale,
fissuration en spirale etc.
Synonymes: craquelure, flure
causes intrinsques de dgradation, facteurs ex-
ternes de dgradation, fissuration due des pro-
blmes de statique, craquelure, microfissure
Riss DE
Definition: Eine Unterbrechung in einer Ar-
chitekturoberflche oder Wandmalerei, die
sich in einer optischen Trennung von zwei Be-
reichen zeigt, und eine oder mehrere Schich-
ten durchziehen kann.
Kommentar: Risse knnen verursacht wer-
den durch Umwelteinflsse, Vibrationen, in-
nere oder uere Belastung / Druck, Schwach-
stellen in der Architekturoberflche, statische
Probleme, Feuer, Frost etc.
Ein Riss ist mindestens 0,15 mm breit und mit
bloem Auge zu erkennen.
Riss-Typen: Haarriss, breiter Riss, Parallelriss,
sternfrmiger Riss, Radialriss, Spiralriss usw.
Synonym: Spalt
materialimmanente Schadensursache, ue-
re Schadensursache, statischer Riss, Haarriss,
Craquele

Pukotina HR
Definicija: Prekid na arhitektonskoj povrini ili
zidnoj slici, koji rezultira vidljivim odvajanjem di-
jelova, a koji se prua kroz jedan sloj ili vie njih.
Napomena: Pucanje moe biti posljedica oko-
linih uzroka, vibracija, unutarnjih i/ili vanjskih
naprezanja, nedostataka u arhitektonskim povr-
inama, statikih problema, poara, mraza itd. Da
bi se prekid klasificirao kao pukotina mora biti
iri od 0,15 mm (tj. treba biti vidljiv golim okom).
Podvrste pukotine: siuna pukotina, iroka pu-
kotina, usporedna pukotina, zvjezdasta pukoti-
na, zrakasta pukotina, zavojita pukotina itd.
unutarnji uzroci pogoranja, vanjski uzroci po-
goranja, statika pukotina, krakelire
Repeds Hu
Meghatrozs: Egy ptszeti felleten vagy
falfestmnyen jelentkez trs, folytonossg
megszakadsa, melyet kt rsz egymstl va-
l lthat elklnlse okoz; ez a sztvls
egy vagy tbb rteget is rinthet.
Megjegyzs: A repedst okozhatjk krnye-
zeti tnyezk, rezgsek, bels s/vagy kls
feszltsgek, az ptszeti fellet hibja, tar-
tszerkezeti gondok, tz, fagy stb. Ahhoz,
hogy repedsnek minsljn, szlessgnek
0,15 mm-nl tbbnek kell lennie (vagyis le-
gyen szabad szemmel lthat).
A repeds fajti: hajszlrepeds, szles repeds,
prhuzamos repeds, csillag formj repeds,
sugrirny repeds, krkrs repeds, stb.
Szinonima: rs
bels krosodsi tnyez, kls krosodsi tnyez, terne, defecte n suprafeele arhitecturale, pro-
szerkezeti repeds, repedshl, hajszlrepeds bleme statice, incendiu, cicluri nghe-dezghe,
Frattura It
Definizione: Discontinuit allinterno di una
superficie architettonica o di un dipinto mu-
rale, con una conseguente separazione visibi-
le di una parte dallaltra, che si estende attra-
verso uno o pi strati.
Commento: Una frattura pu derivare da cau-
se ambientali, vibrazioni, sollecitazioni interne
e/o esterne, difetti nelle superfici architetto-
niche, problemi statici, fuoco, gelo, etc. Una
frattura deve avere unampiezza di almeno
0,15 mm per essere considerata tale (deve
cio poter essere visibile a occhio nudo).
Tipi di frattura: microfrattura, frattura estesa,
frattura parallela, frattura a stella, frattura ra-
diale, frattura a spirale, etc.
CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN PHENoMENa
Sinonimi: fessura, fessurazione, fratturazione estrs interno y/o externo, defectos en las su-
perficies arquitectnicas, problemas estticos,
causa intrinseca di deterioramento, causa fuego, hielo, etc. Deben tener una anchura ma-
estrinseca di deterioramento, frattura statica, yor de 0.15 mm para ser calificadas como grietas
crettatura, microfrattura (tienen que ser apreciables a simple vista).
Subtipos de grietas: microfisuras, agrietado en
paralelo, agrietado en forma de estrella, agrie-
Pknicie PL tado radial, agrietado espiral, etc.
Sinnimo: fisura
Definicja: Przerwa w powierzchni architekto-
nicznej lub malowidle ciennym przebiegaj- causa intrnseca de deterioro, causas extrn-
ca przez jedn lub wicej warstw, skutkujca secas de deterioro, grieta estructural, craque-
widocznym oddzieleniem si jednej czci od ladura, microfisura
drugiej.
Komentarz: Pknicie moe by skutkiem wa- atlak tR
runkw rodowiska, drga, napi wewntrz-
nych i / lub zewntrznych, wad w powierzch- Tanm: Bir parann dier paradan gzle g-
niach architektonicznych, problemw statycz- rlr ekilde ayrlmas ile sonulanan, bir veya
nych, ognia, mrozu, itd. Szeroko pknicia daha fazla katman boyunca uzayan duvar res-
musi by wiksza ni 0.15 mm by je zakwalifi- mi veya mimari yzeylerdeki devamszlk.
kowa jako pknicie (widoczne goym okiem).
Rodzaje pkni: wosowate, szerokie, rwno- Yorum: atlak; don, ate, yapsal sorunlar, mi-
lege, gwiadziste, promieniowe, spiralne itd. mari yzeylerdeki kusurlar, i veya d gerilme-
Synonim: szczelina ler, titreimler gibi evresel sebeplerden mey-
dana gelebilir. atlak olarak nitelendirilmesi
wewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze, zewntrzne iin 0.1 mmden daha fazla genilii olmak zo-
przyczyny zniszcze, pknicie statyczne, rundadr (plak gzle grlebilir olmal).
krakelura, spkania wosowate atlak trleri: klcal atlak, geni atlak, paralel
atlak, yldz atlak, radyal atlak, sarmal at-
lak, vb.
Fisur Ro E anlam: yark
Definiie: O discontinuitate ntr-o suprafa ar- isel bozulma sebepleri, dsal bozulma sebep-
hitectural sau o pictur mural, avnd ca re- leri, statik atlak, ince atlak, klcal atlak
zultat o separare vizibil a unei pri de alta, ca-
re se extinde prin unul sau mai multe straturi.
BG
Adnotare: Fisurarea se poate produce din cau-
ze de mediu, vibraii, tensiuni interne i/sau ex- : -
, -
,
etc. Pentru a se califica drept fisur, discontinui- .
tatea trebuie s aib o lime mai mare de
0,15 mm, (s fie vizibil cu ochiul liber). : -
Tipuri de fisur: microfisur, fisur larg, fisur , -
paralel, fisur stelat, fisur radial, fisur n , ,
spiral, etc. ,
, , -
cauze intrinseci de degradare, cauze extrinseci de . -
degradare, fisur static, craclur, microfisur , 0,15 (..
).
: ,
Grieta ES , ,
, -
Definicin: Discontinuidad en una superficie , .
arquitectnica o pintura mural, resultado de una
visible separacin entre una parte y otra, que se , -
extiende a lo largo de uno o ms estratos. , -
,
Comentario: La formacin de grietas puede de-
berse a causas medioambientales, vibraciones,
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Detail of painted faade, Arbore Church, (Romania), 1502; Photo: 2016 UAD (Adrian Rauca)

Hairline crack EN Microfissure FR Haarriss DE

Definition: A minor, individual discontinuity Dfinition: Petite discontinuit individuelle Definition: Kleine, einzelne Unterbrechung/
that is visible on the surface. qui est visible la surface. Diskontinuitt der Oberflche.

Comment: It is a crack sub-type. Its width is
less than 0.1 mm. Hairline cracks may be due
to environmental causes, vibrations, internal
and/or external stresses, flaws in architectural
surfaces, static problems, fire, frost, etc.
crack, static crack, craquelure
Commentaires: Cest un sous type de fissure.
La largeur de son ouverture est infrieure
0,1 mm. Elle est due lenvironnement, des
vibrations, des contraintes internes ou ex-
ternes, des dfauts dans les surfaces architec-
turales, une fissuration due des problmes
de statique, un incendie, le gel etc.
Kommentar: Es handelt sich um eine Unterart
von Rissen. Seine Breite ist kleiner als 0,1 mm.
Haarrisse knnen durch Umwelteinflsse ent-
stehen, durch Vibrationen, innere oder uere
Beanspruchungen, Materialschwchen in der
Architekturoberflche, statische Probleme,
Feuer, Frost u.a.

fissure, fissuration due des problmes de sta- Riss, statischer Riss, Craquele
tique, craquelure

Sources: Grimmer 1984, 6; Murean 2014; Giannini et al. 2000, 57; Boldura 2013, 184186; Glossary on Stone 2008, 10/1; Art Conservation Terms: Crack (2.3.2015)

206
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Siuna pukotina HR Pknicie wosowate PL Klcal atlak tR

Definicija: Mali, pojedinani prekid vidljiv na Definicja: Cienka pojedyncza przerwa wi- Tanm: Yzeyde gzle grlebilen en ince ba-
povrini. doczna na powierzchni. msz, bir devamszlk

Napomena: To je podvrsta pukotine. Njezina
irina iznosi manje od 0,1 mm. Siune puko-
tine mogu biti prouzroene okoliem, vibraci-
jama, unutarnjim i/ili vanjskim naprezanjima,
napuklinama u arhitektonskim povrinama,
statikim problemima, vatrom, mrazom itd.
pukotina, statika pukotina, krakelire
Komentarz: Rodzaj pknicia o szerokoci
poniej 0,1 mm. Pknicia wosowate mog
by powodowane przez warunki rodowiska,
drgania, wewntrzne i / lub zewntrzne na-
picia, wady na powierzchniach architekto-
nicznych, problemy statyczne, ogie, mrz itd.
pknicie, pknicie statyczne, krakelura
Yorum: Bir atlak alt tipidir. Genilii 0,1 mm
den daha azdr. Klcal atlaklar, don, ate, yapsal
sorunlar, mimari yzeylerdeki kusurlar, i veya
d gerilmeler, titreimler gibi evresel sebepler-
den meydana gelebilir.
atlak, statik atlak, ince atlaklar a

Hajszlrepeds Hu Microfisur Ro BG

Meghatrozs: Kismret, klnll, lthat Definiie: O discontinuitate minor, indivi- : -

megszakadsa a felletnek. dual, vizibil pe suprafa. , .

Megjegyzs: A repeds egyik alfajtja. Szles- Adnotare: Este un tip de fisur. Limea aces- : . -
sge kevesebb, mint 0,1 mm. A hajszlrepe- teia este mai mic de 0,1 mm. Microfisurile se 0,1 .
dst okozhatjk krnyezeti tnyezk, rezg- pot produce datorit unor cauze de mediu, vi- -
sek, bels s/vagy kls feszltsgek, az p- braiilor, tensiunilor interne i/sau externe, de- , , -
tszeti felletek hibja, repedsei, szerkezeti fectelor din suprafeele arhitecturale, proble- , -
gondok, tz, fagy stb. melor statice, focului, ciclurilor nghe-dez- , -
ghe, etc. , , ..
repeds, szerkezeti repeds, repedshl
fisur, fisur static, craclur , ,

Microfrattura It Microfisura ES

Definizione: Singola discontinuit secondaria Definicin: Pequea discontinuidad de carc-

visibile sulla superficie.
Commento: Si tratta di uno dei tipi di frattura.
La sua larghezza inferiore a 0,1 mm. Le mi-
crofratture possono essere indotte da cause
ambientali, vibrazioni, sollecitazioni interne
e/o esterne, difetti nelle superfici architetto-
niche, problemi statici, fuoco, gelo, etc.
frattura, frattura statica, crettatura
ter individual y poco importante que es visible
sobre la superficie.
Comentario: Es una tipologa de grieta o fisu-
ra. Su tamao es menor de 0,1 mm. Las micro-
fisuras pueden deberse a causas medioam-
bientales, vibraciones, estrs interno y/o ex-
terno, defectos en las superficies arquitect-
nicas, problemas de estabilidad, fuego, hela-
das, etc.

grieta, grieta estructural, craquelado

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Network of fine cracks in a paint layer, painting by Jacob Carl Stauder, Cloister St. Katharinental, Diessenhofen (Schweiz), 1735; Photo: 2006, RPS (Drthe Jakobs)

Craquelure EN Craquelure FR Craquele DE

Definition: A network of fine minor cracks
specific to secco paint layers.
Comment: It is caused by ageing, technical er-
rors or by the differential movement of the
coating (e.g. paint layer, varnish) and the sub-
strate. This phenomenon can also be ob-
served in glazed ceramics.
Synonym: crackle
crack, static crack
Dfinition: Rseau de fines fissures secon-
daires propres des couches de peinture a
secco.
Commentaires: Cause par le vieillissement,
des erreurs techniques ou par des mouve-
ments diffrentiels du revtement (ex. couche
de peinture, vernis) et le substrat. Ce phno-
mne peut aussi tre observ sur des cra-
miques vernisses.
fissure, fissuration due des problmes de sta-
tique
Definition: Netz von kleinsten Rissen, typisch
fr Malschichten, die in Secco-Technik ausge-
fhrt sind.
Kommentar: Es wird durch Alterung, techni-
sche Fehler oder durch unterschiedliche Be-
wegung von Schichten (z.B. Malschicht, Firnis)
und Untergrund verursacht. Dieses Phno-
men kann auch bei glasierter Keramik beob-
achtet werden.
Synonyme: Krakelee, Krakl
Riss, Haarriss

Sources: Giannini et al. 2000, 57/8; Glossary on Stone 2008, 10/1; Glossary of Conservation 2005, 54/5; Pop 2013, 209; Cameo: Craquelure (5.3.2015)

208
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Krakelire HR Krakelura PL nce atlaklar a tR

Definicija: Mrea finih malih pukotina speci- Definicja: Siatka drobnych spka swoistych Tanm: Secco boya katmanlarna zg ince,
finih za slikane slojeve secca. dla warstw malarskich secco. ok kk atlaklar a.

Napomena: Krakelire su prouzroene stare-
njem, tehnikim pogrekama ili razliitim kre-
tanjem premaza (npr. slikani sloj, lak) i podlo-
ge. Taj se fenomen moe uoiti i na glaziranoj
keramici.
Sinonim: mreaste pukotine
pukotina, statika pukotina
Komentarz: Spowodowana przez starzenie,
bdy technologiczne lub zrnicowane zmia-
ny w powokach (np. warstwy malarskiej i wer-
niksu) oraz podoa. Zjawisko to mona obser-
wowa te w szkliwionej ceramice.
Synonim: siatka spka
pknicie, pknicie statyczne
Yorum: Yalanma, teknik hatalar veya kapla-
malarnn ve alt katmann farkl hareketinden
(rnein, boya katman, vernik) meydana ge-
lebilir. Bu olgu srl seramiklerde de gzlemle-
nebilir.
atlak, statik atlak

Repedshl Hu Craclur Ro BG

Meghatrozs: Vkony, kis repedsekbl al- Definiie: O reea de fisuri fine, specifice unui : , -
kotott hl, mely a szekk technikval kszlt strat de pictur a secco. .
festkrtegek sajtossga.
Adnotare: Aceasta este cauzat de mbtr- : -
Megjegyzs: Okozhatja az sszetevk rege- nire, de erori tehnice (vicii de tehnic) sau de ,
dse, ksztstechnikai hinyossg, vagy a be- micarea diferenial a stratului de acoperire (. , )
vonatok, felleti rtegek (pl. festkrteg, v- (de exemplu strat de pictur, vernis) i a sub- . -
dbevonat) s az alsbb rtegek vagy hordo- stratului. Acest fenomen poate fi, de aseme- .
z klnbz mozgsa. Ez a jelensg a mzas nea, observat n ceramica glazurat.
kermik esetben is megfigyelhet. ,
Szinonima: krakl fisur, fisur static

repeds, szerkezeti repeds

Crettatura It Craquelado ES

Definizione: Rete di sottili fratture minori spe- Definicin: Red de grietas muy finas espec-
cifiche di strati pittorici dipinti a secco. fica de las capas de pintura al seco.

Commento: causata da invecchiamento, er- Comentario: Se produce por el envejecimien-

rori tecnici o da movimenti differenziali degli
strati di rivestimento (ad es. strato pittorico,
vernice) e del substrato. Questo fenomeno
pu essere osservato anche su ceramiche
smaltate.
Sinonimo: craquelure
frattura, frattura statica
to, errores tcnicos o por diferencias de movi-
miento entre los estratos (por ejemplo, capa
pictrica, barniz) y la base. Este fenmeno
puede apreciarse tambin en las cermicas es-
maltadas.
griet, grieta estructural

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Darkened render on a faade, private building, Zagreb (Croatia), early 20th century; Photo: 2015, (Stefan Belishki)
Patina EN
Definition: A natural alteration which appears
at the surface of various materials due to age-
ing, use, handling, oxidation, and/or exposure
to the environment. A patina can also be ap-
plied artificially.
Comment: Without disfiguring the surface, a
patina is essentially an intrinsic part of the ma-
terial (in the conservation and restoration of
cultural heritage, the assessment of patina
and the possibility of its removal, remain one
of the main issues). To the naked eye, patina
has no noticeable thickness. Sometimes a
patina can be a protective layer, as in the case,
for instance, of calcium oxalate. Patinas can al-
so be synthetically made with chemicals, but
this results in a different microchemical struc-
ture of the surface layers.
yellowing, darkening
Patine FR
Dfinition: Altration naturelle apparaissant
la surface de matriaux varis et due au vieil-
Sources: Giannini et al. 2000, 130; Rauca 2014b, 190; Pop 2013, 208/9; Brandi 1996, 219; Glossary on Stone 2008, 58; Cameo: Patina (2.5.2015)
210
lissement, lusage, la manutention, loxyda-
tion, ou lexposition lenvironnement.
Commentaires: Partie intrinsque de la ma-
tire en surface (lvaluation de la patine et
lventualit de sa suppression du point de
vue de la conservation, sont toujours en d-
bat) sans paisseur notable loeil nu. Parfois,
une patine est aussi une sorte de couche pou-
vant tre certaines fois protectrice: les oxalates
de calcium peuvent avoir cette fonction dans
certains cas. Elle peut galement tre synth-
tise chimiquement, mais il en rsulte une
structure microchimique diffrente entre les
couches de surface. Peut aussi tre applique
artificiellement.
jaunissement, assombrissement
Patina DE
Definition: Eine natrliche Vernderung, die
sich auf der Oberflche verschiedener Mate-
rialien durch Alterung, Benutzung, Gebrauch,
Oxidation und/oder Umwelteinflsse ergeben
kann. Sie kann auch knstlich aufgebracht
werden.
Kommentar: Ohne die Oberflche zu beein-
trchtigen, ist sie im Wesentlichen ein fester Be-
standteil des Materials (in der Konservierung
und Restaurierung bleibt die Bewertung von
Patina und die Mglichkeit ihrer Entfernung ein
zentrales Thema). Fr das bloe Auge hat sie
keine erkennbare Schichtstrke. Manchmal bil-
det sie auch eine Art Schutzschicht, so z.B. bei
Calciumoxalat. Patina kann mittels Chemikalien
auch knstlich hergestellt werden, dies fhrt
jedoch zu einer anderen mikrochemischen
Struktur der Deckschichten.
Vergilbung, Verdunklung
Patina HR
Definicija: Prirodna promjena koja se na povr-
ini razliitih materijala pojavljuje zbog stare-
nja, uporabe, rukovanja, oksidacije i/ili izlaganja
okoliu. Patina se moe i umjetno nanijeti.
Napomena: Bez da nagruje povrinu, patina
je zapravo neizostavni dio materijala (u kon-
zerviranju i restauriranju kulturne batine pro-
cjena patine i mogunost njezina uklanjanja
ostaje jedan od glavnih problema). Debljina
 CoNDItIoN

DEtERIoRatIoN PHENoMENa

patine ne moe se vidjeti golim okom. Pone- Patyna PL tuar como una especie de capa protectora (por
kad patina moe biti zatitni sloj, kao primje- ejemplo, el oxalato de calcio). Normalmente, las
rice u sluaju kalcijeva oksalata. Patine se ta- Definicja: Naturalne zmiany widoczne na po- naturales son apreciadas y se consideran parte
koer mogu sintetiki napraviti kemikalijama, wierzchni rnych materiaw, powstae del envejecimiento (indicativas de la edad);
no to rezultira drukijom mikrokemijskom wskutek procesu starzenia, uytkowania, trak- tambin pueden provocarse artificialmente con
strukturom na povrinskim slojevima. towania, utleniania i / lub wystawienia na dzia- sustancias qumicas, con lo que se obtiene una
anie rodowiska. Patyna moe by te naka- estructura microqumica diferente.
uenje, tamnjenje dana sztucznie.
amarilleado, oscurecimiento
Komentarz: Patyna stanowi z reguy integral-
Patina Hu n cz materiau, nie zaburza jego po-
wierzchni (w konserwacji i restauracji dzie- Patina tR
Meghatrozs: Egy termszetes elvltozs, dzictwa kulturowego ocena patyny i moliwo-
mely a klnbz anyagok felletn jelentke- ci jej usuwania pozostaje jedn z najwaniej- Tanm: eitli malzemelerin yzeyinde yalan-
zik az regeds, hasznlat, kezels, bnsmd, szych kwestii). Dla nagiego oka nie ma wyra- ma, kullanm, dokunum, oksitlenme ve/veya
oxidci s/vagy krnyezeti tnyezk hats- nej gruboci. Patyna bywa te rodzajem warst- evresel koullardan etkilenme sebebiyle g-
ra. Patint mestersgesen is el lehet idzni a wy ochronnej, np. szczawian wapnia. Patyny rnen doal deiim. Renkli oksit tabakas, ya-
felleten. mog by te sztucznie wykonane chemicz- pay olarak da elde edilebilir.
nie, ale skutkuje to zmianami struktury mikro-
Megjegyzs: A fellet eltorztsa nlkl, a pa- chemicznej warstw powierzchniowych. Yorum: Yzeyin eklini bozmasndan ziyade
tina lnyegben az anyagnak szerves alkot renkli oksit tabakas aslnda malzemenin isel
rsze (kulturlis rksgnk llagmegvsa s zacenie, pociemnienie parasdr (kltrel mirasn koruma ve resto-
restaurlsa sorn a patina megtlse s el- rasyonunda, renkli oksit tabaksnn deerlen-
tvoltsnak lehetsge az egyik kulcsfontos- dirilmesi ve kaldrlma olasl, ana meseleler-
sg krds). Szabad szemmel a patinnak Patin Ro den biri olarak kalr). Renkli oksit tabakas/ pa-
nincs lthat, rzkelhet vastagsga. Nha a tina plak gzle fark edilebilir kalnla sahip
patina egy vdrteget is kpez a felleten, Definiie: O alterare natural ce se produce pe deildir. Bazen renkli oksit tabakas koruyucu
mint pldul a klcium-oxalt esetben. Pati- suprafaa diferitelor materiale, datorit mb- katman trdr, kalsiyum oksalat rnei du-
nt mestersgesen, vegyi anyagokbl is el le- trnirii, utilizrii, manipulrii, oxidrii, i/sau ex- rumunda. Renkli oksit tabakas/ patina kimya-
het lltani, de ez ms mikrokmiai szerkezet punerii acestora la aciunea factorilor de me- sallarla sentetik olarak da yaplr ama bu, yzey
felleti rtegeket eredmnyez. diu. Patina poate fi realizat i n mod artificial. katmanlarnda farkl bir mikro kimyasal yap
ile sonulanr.
srguls, (el)sttls Adnotare: Fr a desfigura suprafaa, patina E anlam: renkli oksit tabakas
este o parte intrinsec a materialului (n con-
servarea i restaurarea patrimoniului cultural, sararma, kararma
Patina It evaluarea patinei i posibilitatea ndeprtrii
acesteia, rmn unele dintre principalele pro-
Definizione: Alterazione naturale che si for- bleme). La o examinare cu ochiul liber patina BG
ma sulla superficie della materia a causa di de- nu are o grosime perceptibil. Uneori patina
terioramento, uso o manipolazione dellog- poate avea rol de strat protector, de exemplu : ,
getto, ossidazione, e/o esposizione allam- n cazul oxalatului de calciu. Patina poate fi ob-
biente esterno. Una patina pu anche essere inut i n mod artificial cu ajutorul produselor , -
applicata artificialmente. chimice, dar acest lucru are ca rezultat o struc- , , /
tur chimic diferit a straturilor de suprafa. . -
Commento: Senza alterare laspetto della su- .
perficie, una patina una parte intrinseca del nglbenire, ntunecare
materiale (la valutazione della patina e della sua : -
rimozione rimane un punto di discussione fon- ,
damentale nella conservazione e nel restauro). Ptina ES ( -
A occhio nudo la patina non ha spessore evi- ,
dente. A volte una patina anche una sorta di Definicin: Alteracin natural de la superficie -
strato protettivo, ad es. nel caso dellossalato di de diversos materiales debida al envejeci- ).
calcio. Le patine possono anche essere fatte ar- miento, uso, manipulacin, oxidacin y/o ex- -
tificialmente con sostanze chimiche, ma questo posicin a agentes medioambientales; puede .
processo genera una diversa struttura micro- ser tambin aplicada artificialmente. , . .
chimica degli strati superficiali. -
Comentario: Una ptina es, esencialmente, una ,
ingiallimento, scurimento parte intrnseca del material que no desfigura
la superficie (su evaluacin y remocin contina .
siendo uno de los principales debates). A simple
vista, no tiene un grosor significativo. Puede ac- ,

211
 CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN PHENoMENa
White haze on a wall painting, Moldovia Monastery (Romania),1532; Photo: 1994, UAD (Theo-Sandu Murean)
White veil EN
Definition: A whitish haze forming over an ar-
chitectural surface.
Comment: This type of alteration consists of
a thin deposit of very fine particles (dust, at-
mospheric deposits, crystallised salts) which
causes a chromatic alteration, more specifical-
ly a whitish haze over an architectural surface.
A calcitic layer on the surface also produces a
white veil. It most often accumulates some ti-
me after a wall painting has been finished,
through the redeposition of calcium carbona-
te, or early on in the process, such as when a
fresco painting is applied onto wet lime plas-
ter. One can also produce a white veil through
the application of conservation media such as
through treatment with water glass.
extrinsic cause of deterioration, bleaching,
fading
Sources: Botticelli 1992, 3350; Rauca 2014b, 139141; Boldura 2013, 7496; Grimmer 1984, 11
212
Voile blanc FR Weischleier DE
Dfinition: Blanchiment de la surface archi- Definition: Ein weilicher Schleier, der sich
tecturale d la formation dun dpt. auf einer Architekturoberflche bildet.
Commentaires: Fin dpt de trs petites par- Kommentar: Diese Art von Vernderung be-
ticules (poussires, dpts atmosphriques, steht aus einer dnnen Ablagerung feinster
sels cristalliss) responsable dune altration Partikel (Staub, atmosphrische Ablagerungen,
chromatique. Une couche de calcite sur la sur- Salzkristalle), die eine chromatische Vernde-
face peut produire ce voile blanc. Il se forme rung bzw. eine weie Trbung auf einer Ober-
avec le temps, aprs quune peinture murale flche verursachen. Auch Kalkablagerungen
soit acheve, par redpt de carbonate de cal- fhren zu einem Weischleier. Dieser kann sich
cium, ou ds le dpart, quand une peinture kurz nach Fertigstellung einer Wandmalerei
fresque est applique sur enduit la chaux hu- durch Ablagerung von Calciumcarbonat bil-
mide. Il peut apparaitre suite un traitement den. Wenn z.B. ein Fresko auf einem zu
de conservation comme un silicate alcalin. feuchten Kalkputz ausgefhrt wird, kann sich
dieses Phnomen bereits im Arbeitsprozess ab-
facteurs externes de dgradation, dcolora- zeichnen. Ein Weischleier kann auch durch
tion, fadissement Konservierungsmaterialien verursacht werden,
wie z.B. durch die Behandlung mit Wasserglas.
uere Schadensursache, Bleichung, Ver-
blassen

Bijela koprena HR
Definicija: Bjelkasta maglica na arhitekton-
skoj povrini.
Napomena: Bijela koprena sastoji se od tan-
koga taloga veoma finih estica (praine, at-
mosferskih taloga, kristaliziranih soli) koji
prouzrouje promjene u boji, tonije bjelkastu
maglicu na arhitektonskoj povrini. esto se
pojavljuje ubrzo nakon to je zidna slika zavr-
ena, ponovnim taloenjem kalcijeva karbo-
nata ili rano u procesu, kada se fresco slika iz-
vodi na mokroj vapnenoj buci. Do stvaranja
bijele koprene takoer moe doi pri restau-
ratorskome zahvatu, poput primjene postup-
ka s vodenim staklom.
vanjski uzroci pogoranja, izbjeljivanje, bli-
jeenje
Fehr ftyol Hu
Meghatrozs: Az ptszeti felleteken ki-
alakul fehres rteg.
Megjegyzs: Ez a fajta elvltozs egy finom
szemcskbl (por, lgkri lerakds, kikrist-
lyosodott sk) ll nagyon vkony lerakds;
az ptszeti felleten ez sznelvltozst okoz,
pontosabban egy fehres leplet idz el. Ha-
sonl fehr ftylat kpez a felleten lev kal-
citos rteg. Leggyakrabban a falfestmny be-
fejezst kveten kpzdik, a kalcium-kar-
bont jralerakdsa ltal, vagy a folyamat
kezdetn, pldul amikor egy fresk techni-
kval kszlt falkpet felfestenek a nedves
mszvakolatra. Fehr ftyol ltrehozhat kon-
zervl anyag felhordsval is, mint pldul
vzveggel val kezels rvn.
kls krosodsi tnyez, fehreds, fakuls matic, avnd aspectul unui strat albicios semi-
Velo bianco
Definizione: Un velo bianco che si forma su
una superficie architettonica.
Commento: Questo tipo di alterazione consi-
ste di una sedimentazione sottile di particelle
finissime (polvere, depositi atmosferici, sali cri-
stallizzati) che causano unalterazione croma-
tica, cio una velatura bianca su una superficie
architettonica. Anche uno strato calcareo sulla
superficie causa un velo bianco. Questo velo
spesso si forma poco tempo dopo il compi-
mento di una pittura murale, a causa di una
deposizione di carbonato di calcio. Quando
una pittura a fresco eseguita su un intonaco
troppo umido, questo fenomeno pu presen-
tarsi gi durante il processo di lavorazione. Un
velo bianco pu anche essere causato dallap-
plicazione di un materiale di conservazione,
ad esempio attraverso un trattamento con ve-
tro solubile sodico.
causa estrinseca di deterioramento, sbianca-
mento, sbiadimento
Biay woal PL
Definicja: Biaawa mgieka na powierzchni ar-
chitektonicznej.
Komentarz: Rodzaj zmian obejmujcy cien-
kie zogi drobnych czsteczek (kurzu, osadw
atmosferycznych, wykrystalizowanych soli)
powodujcych zmiany chromatyczne, szcze-
glnie biae naloty na powierzchniach archi-
tektonicznych. Biay woal powoduje take
wapniowa warstwa na powierzchni. Zwykle
upywa nieco czasu od pocztku naoenia
fresku na mokr zapraw wapienn do uko-
czenia malowida ciennego i procesu skrys-
talizowania wglanu wapnia. Biay woal moe
te powsta w wyniku stosowania do konser-
wacji preparatw takich jak szko wodne.
tler, kristallemi tuzlar vb.) ince kntsn-
zewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze, blaknicie, den oluur. Yzey zerindeki kalsitli katman
powienie da beyaz pus oluturabilir. ounlukla duvar
Voal alb Ro
Definiie: O pelicul albicioas ce se formeaz yntemi gibi koruma malzemeleri uygulan-
pe o suprafa arhitectural. mas sonucunda da beyaz rt oluturulabilir.
Adnotare: Acest tip de alterare const dintr-un
depozit superficial de particule foarte fine (praf,
depozite atmosferice, sruri cristalizate) ce pro-
voac pe suprafaa arhitectural o alterare cro-
transparent. Un strat calcic pe suprafa produ-
ce, de asemenea, un voal alb. Se acumuleaz
It de cele mai multe ori la un anumit timp dup
finalizarea unei picturi murale, prin redepune-
rea carbonatului de calciu, sau mai devreme n
proces, atunci cnd pictura a fresco este execu-
tat pe o tencuial de var prea umed. Un voal
alb se poate produce, de asemenea, prin apli-
carea unor materiale de conservare (ex. trata-
mentul cu ap de sticl).
cauze extrinseci de degradare, albire, de-
colorare
Velo blanquecino ES
Definicin: Capa blanquecina formada sobre
una superficie arquitectnica.
CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN PHENoMENa
Comentario: Consiste en un depsito fino de
partculas pequeas (polvo, depsitos atmos-
fricos, sales cristalizadas) que origina una al-
teracin cromtica, un velo blanquecino. Las
superficies arquitectnicas pintadas, como pin-
turas murales, suelen ser las ms afectadas. Una
capa calctica sobre la superficie tambin ge-
nera un velo blanco. Lo ms habitual es que se
vaya acumulando progresivamente un tiempo
despus de finalizar la pintura mural.Aunque
tambin puede ser antes, por ejemplo cuando
una pintura al fresco se ejecuta sobre un enlu-
cido de cal hmedo. Tambin se puede originar
al aplicar tratamientos de conservacin, como
los que emplean silicatos alcalinos.
causas extrnsecas de deterioro, blanquea-
miento, decoloracin
Beyaz rt tR
Tanm: Mimari yzey zerinde oluan beya-
zms pus.
Yorum: Bu tip renksel deiim, zellikle mima-
ri yzey zerinde beyazms pusa neden olan
ok ince paracklarn (toz, atmosferik kn-
resmi bitirildikten sonra kalsiyum karbonatn
tekrar knt oluturmasyla ya da fresk ya-
parken resmin slak kire svann zerine uy-
guland durumlarda ve sucam uygulamas
E anlam: beyazlama
dsal bozulma sebepleri, aarma, solma
BG
: -
: -
-
(, , -
),
, - -
.
. -
-
-
,
,
.
-
.
213
 CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN PHENoMENa
Yellow discolouration of a stone surface, Tomb (detail), Central Cemetery, Cluj-Napoca (Romania), 19th century; Photo: 2015, UAD (Adrian Rauca)
Yellowing EN
Definition: Chromatic alteration manifested
as a change in colour in materials, usually in a
yellowish hue.
Comment: Many organic materials tend to
yellow over time, for example binding media
and varnishes. Some conservation materials
can also yellow over time, as is the case of
coatings with casein, and natural and synthet-
ic resins. Yellowing can have different causes
such as the superimposition of very thin de-
posits caused by soiling, pollutants, or the
presence of microorganisms that produce yel-
low chemical products, the chemical transfor-
mations of oils, varnishes or restoration prod-
ucts, and mineralogical transformations that
lead, for example, to the formation of iron oxy-
hydroxides.
pigment alteration
Sources: Boldura 2013, 3874; Giannini et al. 2000, 92; Cameo: Yellowing (16.5.2015)
214
Jaunissement
Dfinition: Altration chromatique se mani-
festant par un changement de couleur des
matriaux, gnralement de teinte jaune.
Commentaires: Beaucoup de matriaux or-
ganiques (ex. liants, vernis) tendent jaunir
dans le temps, comme certains matriaux de
conservation comme la casine, les rsines na-
turelles ou synthtiques. Sa cause est varie
comme la surimposition de trs fins dpts du
fait dencrassement, de polluants ou de la pr-
sence de micro organismes qui secrtent des
produits chimiques jaunes ou des transforma-
tions minralogiques qui conduisent par
exemple la formation doxyhydroxydes de
fer.
altration des pigments
FR Vergilbung DE
Definition: Farbvernderung, die sich in ei-
nem Farbwechsel des Materials zeigt, in der
Regel zu einem gelblichen Farbton.
Kommentar: Viele organische Materialien
neigen mit der Zeit zu Vergilbungen, z.B. Bin-
demittel und Firnisse. Einige Konservierungs-
materialien knnen ebenfalls mit der Zeit ver-
gilben, wie z.B. berzge aus Kasein sowie na-
trliche und synthetische Harze. Vergilbung
wird unterschiedlich verursacht, z.B. durch
dnne Ablagerungen von Schmutz und
Schadstoffen oder durch Mikroorganismen,
die gelbliche chemische Stoffe ausscheiden,
durch die chemische Umwandlung von len,
Firnissen oder Restaurierungsmaterialien und
mineralogische Umwandlungen, z.B. zu Eisen-
oxidhydroxid.
Pigmentvernderung

i:uenje HR
Definicija: Kromatska promjena u materijali-
ma, o bieno zukaste nijanse.
Napomena: Mnogi organski materijali poput
vezivnih sredstava ili lakova mogu pozutjeti ti-
jekom vremena. Neki restauratorski materijali
takoder mogu s vremenom pozutjeti, kao pri-
mjerice premaz s kazeinom te prirodne i sinte-
ticke smole. Zuenje moze imati razlicite uzro-
ke, poput superponiranja vrlo tankoga taloga
prouzrocenog uprljanjem, onecisivacima ili
prisutnosu mikroorganizama koji proizvode
zute kemijske tvari, kemijskim transformacija-
ma ulja, lakova ili restauratorskih proizvoda te
mineraloskim transformacijama koje mogu do-
vesti do formiranja zeljezovih oksidhidroksida.
-+ promjena pigmento
Sargulas HU
Meghatarozas: Szfnelvaltozas, mely az anya-
gok szfnnekaltalaban sargas arnyalatura val6
m6dosulasaban nyilvanul meg.
Megjegyzs: Sok szerves anyag hajlamos id6-
vel sargulasra, pldaul a kot6anyagokvagyv-
d6bevonatok, lakkok. A restauralasra hasznalt
anyagok szintn megsargulhatnak id6vel,
mint ahogyan a kazeines bevonatok s a ter-
mszetes, valamint mestersges gyantak. A
sargulasnak tobb oka lehet, mint pldaul
szennyez6dsek nyoman ltrejov6 vkony le-
ra k6dasok egymasra tev6dse, a sarga a nyag-
cseretermkeket hatrahagy6 mikroorganiz-
musok jelenlte, az olajok, bevonatok s res-
taura las i termkek vegyi atalakulasa, vagy az
asvanyi atalakulasok, melynek sora n, pldaul,
vas-oxi-hidroxidok keletkeznek.
-+ pigment elvdltozds
lngiallimento IT
Definizione: Alterazione cromatica che si ma-
nifesta come un cambiamento di colore nei
materiali, in genere con una tonalit giallastra.
Commento: Molti materiali organici tendono
a ingiallire nel tempo, come ad esempio i le-
ganti e le vernici. Anche alcuni materiali per la
conservazione possono ingiallire, come i pro-
tettivi contenenti caseina, o le resine naturali
e sintetiche. l:ingiallimento pu avere cause
diverse, come il sovrapporsi di depositi molto
sottili provocato da sporcizia, inquinanti, mi-
croorganismi che producono sostanze chimi-
che gialle, o la trasformazione chimica degli oli,
delle vernici e dei prodotti per il restauro, e
quelle mineralogiche che conducono, ad es.,
alla formazione degli idrossidi di ferro.
-+ alterazione dei pigmenti
Zai:6kenie PL
Definicja: Zmiany barwne objawiajqce si~
zmianq koloru material6w, zwykle poprzez
i61te zabarwienie.
Komentarz: Wiele material6w organicznych
ma z uplywem czasu tendencj~ do z61kni~cia,
n p. spoiwa i werniksy. Niekt6re materialy kon-
serwatorskie, ja k powloki zawierajqce kazein~
oraz natura l ne i syntetyczne zywice tei z cza-
sem z61knq. Przyczyny z61kni~cia mogq by
r6zne, jak nagromadzenie bardzo cienkich
zlog6w spowodowa ne przez za brudzenia, za-
nieczyszczenia lub obecnos mikroorganiz-
m6w wytwarzajqcych z61te chemiczne pro-
dukty, chemiczne zmiany olej6w, werniks6w,
produkt6w stosowanych w restauracji i prze-
mian mineral6w, kt6re prowadzq np. do for-
mowania tlenowodorotlenk6w zelaza.
-+ zmiany pigment6w
Tngalbenire RO
Definitie: Alterare cromatica care se manifes-
ta ca o modificare a culorii materialelor, de
obicei o virare spre o nuanta gal buie.
Adnotare: Multe materiale organice au ten-
dinta dea ingalbeni intimp,de exemplu liantii
~i verniurile. Unele materiale de conservare
pot, de asemenea, sa ingalbeneasca in timp,
a~a eu m se intampla in cazul straturilorde aco-
perire eu cazeina, sau in cazul ra~inilor natu-
rale ~i sintetice. Tngalbenirea poate avea dife-
rite cauze, precum suprapunerea depozitelor
foarte subtiri de murdarie, de poluanti, sau
prezenta microorganismelor ce produc rezi-
duuri chimice deculoare galbena, transforma-
rile chi m ice a le u leiu rilor, verniu rilor sau pro-
duselor de restaurare ~i transformari mi nera-
logice care conduc, de exemplu, la forma rea
oxihidroxizilor de fie r.
-+ alterarea pigmentului
Amarilleado ES
Definici6n: Alteraci6n cromatica manifestada
como cambio de color en los materiales, ge-
neralmente hacia el amarillo.
CONDITION
DETERIORATION PHENOMENA
Comentario: La mayorfa de materiales orga-
nicos, como los medios aglutinantes y los bar-
nices, tienden a amarillear con el tiempo. Al-
gunos materiales de conservaci6n, como las
protecciones hechas con casefna y con resinas
naturales y sintticas, tambin pueden ama-
rillear.
Se origina por distintas causas: acumulaci6n
de dep6sitos muy finos de suciedad o conta-
minantes; presencia de microorganismos que
genera n productos qufmicos amarillos;trans-
formaci6n qu fmica de aceites, ba rnices u otros
productos de conservaci6n; o transformacio-
nes mineral6gicas que conducen, por ejem-
plo, a la formaci6n de oxihidr6xidos de hierro.
-+ alteraci6n de pigmentos
Sararma TR
Tamm: Mimari yUzeylerde genellikle sanms1
bir ton olarak beli re n renk degi~imi.
Yorum: Birok organik malzeme ornegin bag-
laylcl UrUnler ve cilalar zamanla sararma egi-
limdedir. Kazein, dogai ve sentetik reine kap-
lamalan gibi baz1 koruma malzemeleri de za-
manla sararabilir. Sararmanm nedeni kirletici-
ler, leke yap1c1lar veya san kimyasal UrUnler
olu~turan mikroorganizmalann b1rakt1g1 ok
ince birikintiler, yaglann, vernik veya restoras-
yon UrUnlerinin kimyasal donU~UmU ve demir
okshidroksit Ureten minerolojik donU~Umleri
gibi farkll sebepleri olabilir.
-+ pigment de[ji~imi
HBall!O ce B npoMHHa Ha 1..\BeTa Ha MaTepL-lana,
06L-1KHOBeHO KbM >KbnT HIOaHC.
KoMeHTap: MHoro opraHL-14HL-1 MaTepL-lanL-1
L-lMaT TeH,QeHL\L-lil ,Qa nmKbnTHBaT c speMeTO,
Han p. csbp3BaTenL-1 L-1 naKose. HHKOL-1 penas-
pai..\L-lOHHL-1 MaTepL-lanL-1 MO>Ke Cbll!O ,Qa no>Kbn-
TeHT c speMeTO, KaTO Han p. noKpL-lmH c Ka3e-
L-lH, enecrneHL-1 L-lnL-1 CL-1HTem4HL-1 cMonL-1.
no>KbnTHBaHeTO MO>Ke ,Qa ce ,Qbn>KL-1 Ha pa3-
nL-14HL-1 npL-14L-1HL-1, KaTO HaTpynBaHe Ha TbHKL-1
cnoese 3aMbpcilBaHL-lil, Bb3.QYWHL-1 3aMbpcL-1TenL-1,
npL-1CbCTBL-le Ha ML-1KpoopraHL-13ML-1, KOL-lTO
o6pa3yBaT >KbnTL-1 XL-1ML-14HL-1 npo,QyKTL-1,
XL-1ML-14ecKa npoMHHa Ha Macna, naKose L-lnL-1
peaaspai..\L-lOHHL-1 npo.QyKTL-1, ML-1HepanorL-14HL-1
TpaHccjlop- Mal.\ L-l L-l, so.Qell!L-1 Han p. .QO
o6pa3ysaHe Ha >Kene3HL-1 XL-l.QpOKCL-l.QL-1.
-+ U3MeHeHUe HQ nU2MeHm
215
 CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN PHENoMENa
Darkening of a wall painting caused by candle soot, wall painting, Humor Monastery (Romania), 1530; Photo: 2008, UAD (Adrian Rauca)
Darkening EN
Definition: A change in the surface colour
due to a decrease in hue (reduction of visible
light reflection).
Comment: Darkening can be the result of:
- a deposit, including accumulations of soot,
smoke, dust and tar that can indurate so as
to form a black crust;
- ageing of consolidation materials;
- a local presence of humidity (wet areas);
- biological colonisation;
- a mineralogical transformation of a pig-
ment (modification of its crystal structure
or its chemical composition) such as in the
case of lead-based pigments or vermilion;
- a transformation of an organic binder in-
cluding oil or varnish.
extrinsic cause of deterioration, air pollution,
soiling
assombrissement FR
Dfinition: Changement de couleur en sur-
face du fait dune diminution de clart (dimi-
nution de la rflexion de la lumire visible)
Sources: Giannini et al. 2000, 167; Rauca 2014b, 139141; Boldura 2013, 2530; Glossary on Stone 2008, 46
216
Commentaires: Est d :
- un dpt tel que laccumulation de suies,
de fume, de poussire qui peuvent for-
mer une crote noire;
- un vieillissement de consolidants;
- une prsence locale dhumidit (zones hu-
mides);
- une colonisation biologique;
- une transformation minralogique dun pig-
ment (modification de sa structure cristalline,
de sa composition chimique) comme pour
les pigments base de plomb, le vermillon;
- une transformation dun liant organique
comme lhuile, les vernis.
facteurs externes de dgradation, pollution
de lair, encrassement
Verdunklung DE
Definition: Eine Farbvernderung der Ober-
flche durch Dmpfung des Farbtons (Herab-
setzung der Reflexion des sichtbaren Lichts).
Kommentar: Verdunklung kann das Ergebnis
sein von:
- Ablagerungen, wie Ru, Rauch, Staub und
Teer, die sich erhrten und eine schwarze
Kruste bilden knnen;
- Alterung von Festigungsmaterialien;
- lokales Vorkommen von Feuchte (feuchte
Bereiche);
- biologischer Bewuchs;
- mineralogische Umwandlung eines Pig-
ments (Modifikation seiner Kristallstruktur
oder seiner chemischen Zusammenset-
zung), wie z. B. bei bleihaltigen Pigmenten
oder Zinnober;
- Umwandlung eines organischen Binde-
mittels mit l- oder Harzanteilen.
Synonym: Verschwrzung
uere Schadensursache, Luftverschmut-
zung, Verschmutzung
tamnjenje HR
Definicija: Promjena u povrinskoj boji prou-
zroena opadanjem nijanse (redukcija vidljive
refleksije svjetla).
Napomena: Tamnjenje moe biti rezultat:
- taloga, ukljuujui nakupljanje ae, dima,
praine i katrana koji mogu otvrdnuti tako
da oblikuju crnu koru;
- starenja materijala za uvrivanje;
- lokalnoga prisustva vlage (vlana podruja);
- biolokoga naseljavanja;

- mineralokih transformacija pigmenta
(modifikacije njihovih kristalnih struktura
ili kemijskih kompozicija) kao to je sluaj
s pigmentima na bazi olova ili cinobera;
- transformacija organskoga veziva, ukljuu-
jui ulje ili lak.
vanjski uzroci pogoranja, oneienje zraka,
zaprljanje
(El)sttls Hu
Meghatrozs: A fellet sznnek mdosul- - zasiedlenia przez mikroorganizmy;
sa, a sznrnyalat mlylse miatt (a fnyvisz-
szaver kpessg cskkense).
Megjegyzs: Az (el)sttls a kvetkez t-
nyezk eredmnye lehet:
- korom, fst, por s ktrny lerakdsok,
melyek fekete kregg kemnyedhetnek;
- szilrdt, konzervl anyagok regedse;
- nedvessg helyi jelenlte (nedves vezetek);
- biolgiai kolonizci;
- svnyi pigmentek elvltozsa (kristlyos
szerkezetk vagy vegyi sszettelk m-
dosulsa), mint az lomtartalm pigmen-
tek vagy a cinber esetben;
- szerves ktanyagok elvltozsa, idertve
az olajokat s lakkokat is.
kls krosodsi tnyez, lgszennyezds, Adnotare: ntunecarea poate fi rezultatul:
elszennyezds
Scurimento
Definizione: Cambiamento nel colore di su-
perficie causato da unattenuazione della to-
nalit (riduzione della riflessione della luce nel
visibile).
Commento: Lo scurimento pu essere il risul-
tato di:
- un deposito, inclusi accumuli di fuliggine,
fumo, polvere e catrame che possono in-
durirsi formando una crosta nera;
- invecchiamento dei materiali di consolida-
mento;
- presenza localizzata di umidit (aree umide);
- colonizzazione biologica;
- trasformazione mineralogica di un pig-
mento (modificazione della sua struttura
cristallina o della sua composizione chimi-
ca) come nel caso di pigmenti a base di
piombo e del vermiglione;
- trasformazione di un legante organico
compreso lolio o della vernice.
causa estrinseca di deterioramento, inquina-
mento atmosferico, imbrattamento
CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN PHENoMENa
Pociemnienie PL - la presencia de humedad localizada (reas
hmedas);
Definicja: Zmiany koloru powierzchni z powo- - la colonizacin biolgica;
du osabienia odcienia (redukcji odbicia wiata - la transformacin mineralgica de un pig-
widzialnego). mento (modificacin de su estructura cris-
talina o de su composicin qumica), como
Komentarz: Pociemnienie moe by skutkiem: en el caso de los pigmentos de plomo o del
- zogw zawierajcych sadz, dym, kurz i bermelln;
smo, ktre mog stworzy twardy, czarny - la transformacin de un ligante orgnico a
nalot; base de aceite o barniz.
- starzenia materiaw uytych do impregnacji;
- lokalnej obecno wilgoci (wilgotne ob- causas extrnsecas de deterioro, contamina-
szary); cin atmosfrica, acumulacin de suciedad
- przemiany mineralnych pigmentw (mo-
dyfikacji ich struktury krystalicznej lub Kararma tR
skadu chemicznego) jak w wypadku pig-
mentw oowiowych czy cynobru; Tanm: Yzeyin renk tonundaki azalma (gr-
- zmiany w spoiwach organicznych, wcza- nr k yansmasnn azalmas) sebebiyle g-
jc olej i werniks. rlen deiim.
zewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze, zanieczysz- Yorum: Kararma unlarn sonucu olabilir:
czenie powietrza, brud/zaplamienia - s, duman, toz ve zift birikmesini ieren ve
siyah bir kabuk olarak sertleebilen tortu;
- Salamlatrma malzemelerinin eskimesi;
ntunecare Ro - Blgesel nem alma durumu (slak alanlar);
- Biyolojik yaylma;
Definiie: O modificare a culorii suprafeei prin - Kurun esasl renk maddeleri veya zincifre
estomparea nuanei (reducerea reflexiei luminii boyas/civa slfr gibi renk maddesinin mi-
vizibile). neralojik dnm (Kristal yapsnn ya da
kimyasal bileiminin deiiklii);
- Ya ve cilann da bulunduu organik ba-
- unui depozit, ce include acumulri de fu- layclarn dnm.
ningine, fum, praf i gudroane ce se pot so-
lidifica n aa fel nct s formeze o crust dsal bozulma sebepleri, hava kirliii
It neagr;
- mbtrnirii materialelor de consolidare;
- prezenei locale a umiditii (zone umede); BG
- colonizrii biologice;
- transformrii mineralogice a unui pigment : -
(modificarea structurii de cristal sau compo- , -
ziiei sale chimice) precum n cazul pigmen- (
ilor pe baz de plumb sau rou vermilion; ).
- unei transformri a unui liant organic, in-
cluznd uleiul sau verniul. : -
:
cauze extrinseci de degradare, poluare at- - , ,
mosferic, depunere , ,
;
- ;
oscurecimiento ES - ( );
- ;
Definicin: Cambios en el color de la superfi- - -
cie debido a una disminucin del tono (reduc- (
cin de la reflexin de luz visible). )
Comentario: Puede ser el resultado de: ;
- un depsito(acumulaciones de holln, hu- - -
mo, polvo y alquitrn) que puede endure- , .
cerse incluso hasta formar una costra negra;
- el envejecimiento de materiales de conso- , -
lidacin; ,
217
 CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN PHENoMENa
Partial colour saturation e.g. on red coat, Chapel of Saint-Hyppolyte du Bouchier, Saint Martin de Queyrires (France), 15/16th century; Photo: 2013, CICRP (Odile Guillon)
Colour saturation EN
Definition: The intensification of colour of a
surface caused by humidity or by the use of
construction or conservation materials.
Comment: A saturated colour is not mixed
with black or white. Only the saturation (chro-
ma) and the lightness (value) of the colour
change not the hue. These changes can be
caused by humidity, the presence of conser-
vation materials, hygroscopic salts or by sul-
fation of stone, plasters and paint layers (ones
which are glaze-like or close to the surface of
the fabric). Here, the refraction of light on the
substrate (stone, plaster) in which most of the
interstices are filled with another medium (e.g.
water or organic conservation material), is
lowered. This results in a deepening of the
colour effect on the surface.
humidity
Sources: Murean 2014; Boldura 2013, 132; Giannini et al. 2000, 43; Glossary of Conservation 2005, 4749; Cameo: Saturation (2.5.2015)
218
Saturation de la couleur FR
Dfinition: Intensification de la couleur dune
surface cause par lhumidit ou lutilisation
de certains matriaux de construction et de
conservation.
Commentaires: Ce nest pas un mlange de
blanc et de noir. Seule la saturation et la clart
dune couleur changent, pas la teinte. Ces
changements sont dus lhumidit, la pr-
sence de matriaux de conservation, les sels
hygroscopiques ou par la sulfatation de la
pierre, des enduits et couches picturales
(celles donnant un aspect vitreux ou proche
de la surface dun tissu). La rfraction de la lu-
mire sur le substrat (pierre, enduit) o les
interstices sont combls par un autre matriau
(ex. eau ou matriau de conservation orga-
nique) est affaiblie et conduit une intensifi-
cation de la couleur.
humidit
Farbsttigung DE
Definition: Intensivierung der Farbe einer
Oberflche durch Feuchte oder durch einge-
brachte Bau- oder Konservierungsmaterialien.
Kommentar: Einer gesttigten Farbe ist we-
der schwarz noch wei beigemischt. Nur die
Sttigung (Chroma) und der Helligkeitswert
der Farbe verndern sich, nicht der Farbton.
Diese Vernderungen knnen durch Feuchte,
Konservierungsmaterialien, hygroskopische
Salze oder durch Vergipsung von Stein, Mr-
tel, lasurartigen oder oberflchennah auflie-
genden Malschichten entstehen. Die Licht-
brechung auf dem Substrat (Stein/Mrtel) ist
hier herabgesetzt, weil viele Zwischenrume
mit einem anderen Medium gefllt sind (z.B.
Wasser oder Konservierungsmittel). Dies fhrt
zu dem Effekt der Farbvertiefung auf der
Oberflche.
Feuchte

Zasienost boje HR
Definicija: Pojacavanje boje na povrsini prou-
zroceno vlagom ili uporabom gradevnih ili re-
stauratorskih materijala.
Napomena: Zasiena boja nije pomijesana s
crnom ili bijelom. Mijenja se samo zasienje
(eh roma) i svjetlost (valna duzina) boje- ne i
nijansa. Ove promjene mogu biti prouzrocene
vlagom, prisustvom restauratorskih materija-
la, higroskopnim solima ili sulfatizacijom ka-
mena, zbuka ili slikanih slojeva (onih nalik na
lak ili blizu povrsine materijala). Refrakcija
svjetla niza je na podlozi (kamen, zbuka) u ko-
joj je veina meduprostora ispunjena drugim
sredstvom (n p r. vodom ili organskim restaura-
torskim materijalom).To rezultira produbljiva-
njem efekta boje na povrsini.
-+ vlatnost
Szinek telitodse HU
Meghatarozas: Egy feiU let szfnnek megln-
kUise nedvessg, valamint pft6 vagy konzer-
val6 anyagok hatasara.
Megjegyzs: Egytelftett szfn nincsen feket-
vel vagy fehrrel vegyftve. Csupan a telftettsg
s a szfnrtk valtoznak, az arnyalat nem. Eze-
ket a valtozasokat okozhatjak nedvessg, kon-
zerval6 anyagokjelenlte, higroszk6pos s6k
vagy a k6, vakolatok s azon festkrtegek
szu lfatosodasa, melyek lazu rszeruek vagy ko-
zel allnak az anyag felszfnhez. Ez esetekben,
a fnytors azanyagon (k6, vakolat), mely p6-
rusainak nagy rszt egy masik anyag tolti ki
(p l. vfz vagy szerves konzerval6 anyag), kisebb
mrtku. Ez a feiU let szfnhatasa nak mlyU lst matica) ~i luminozitatea (valoarea luminozita-
eredmnyezi.
-+ nedvessg
Saturazione del colore IT
Definizione: l ntensificazione del colore di una
superficie causato da umidit o dall'uso di ma-
teriali da costruzione o per la conservazione.
Commento: Un colore saturo non mischiato
con nero o bianco. Solo saturazione (eh roma)
e luminosit (value) cambiano nel colore, non
la tonalit. Questo pu essere causato da umi-
dit, materiali da conservazione, sali igrosco-
pici, solfatazione di roccia, intonaci e strati pit-
torici (vicini alla superficie del tessuto/simili a
velature).
La rifrazione della luce sul substrato (pietra, in-
tonaco), nel quale gran parte degli interstizi so-
no riempiti con un altro medium (acqua o ma-
teriali per conservazione organici), si abbassa.
Questo si traduce in un'intensificazione dell'ef-
fetto del colore sulla superficie.
-+umidit
Nasycenie koloru PL
Definicja: lntensyfikacja koloru powierzchni
spowodowana przez zawilgocenie lub zasto-
sowanie material6w konstrukcyjnych lub kon-
serwatorskich.
Komentarz: Nasycony kolor nie jest zmiesza-
ny z czerniq ani bielq. Zmienia si~ tylko nasy-
cenie (barwnos) ijasnos (walor) koloru- nie
odcier\. Zmiany te mogq by spowodowane
przez wilgo, obecnos material6w konserwa-
torskich, soli higroskopijnych lub zasiarczenie
kamienia, tynku czywarstw malarskich (lsniq-
cych lub przypominajqcych powierzchni~ ka-
mienia). Gdy wi~kszos szczelin podloza (ka-
mienia, tynku) wypelnia inny srodek (n p. wo-
da, organiczne materialy konserwatorskie) za-
lamanie swiatla jest o sia bione. Skutkuje topo-
gl~bieniem koloru na powierzchni.
-+ wilgotnos
Satura rea culorii RO
Definitie: lntensificarea culoriil unei suprafe-
te, cauzata de umiditate sau de utilizarea ma-
terialelor de constructie sau de conservare.
Adnotare: O culoare saturata nu este ames-
tecata eu negru sau al b. Numai saturatia (cro-
tii) culorii se modifica- nu ~i nuanta. Aceste
schimbari pot fi cauzate de umiditate, de pre-
zenta materialelordeconservare, de saruri hi-
groscopice, sau prin sulfatarea pietre i, tencu-
ielilor ~i straturilor de culoare. Tn acest caz, re-
fractia luminii pe substrat (piatra, tencuiala),
in care cele mai multe interstitii sunt umplute
eu un alt mediu (de exemplu, apa sau materia l
organic de conservare), este redusa. Acest lu-
cru duce la o intensificare a efectului de culoa-
re pe su prafata.
-+ umiditate
Saturaci6n del color ES
Definici6n: lntensificaci6n del color de una
superficie causada por la humedad o por el
uso de materiales de construcci6n o conser-
vaci6n.
CONDITION
DETERIORATION PHENOMENA
Comentario: Un color saturado no esta mezcla-
docon bianco o negro. Solo la saturaci6n yla lu-
minosidad del color cambia, no el matiz o el to-
no. Estos ca mbios pueden producirse por hume-
dad, presencia de materiales de conservaci6n,
sales higrosc6picas o por sulfataci6n de piedra,
revoques o estratos pict6ricos (los que so n como
veladuras). En estos casos, la refracci6n de la luz
en el su strato (piedra, revoques, etc.), en los que
la mayorfa de los huecos intersticiales estan lle-
nosdeotro materia l (porejemplo,agua o un ma-
teria l organico de conservaci6n), se reduce. Est o
produce un efecto de intensificaci6n del color.
-+ humedad
Renk doygunlugu TR
Tamm: Restorasyon, yap1 malzemeleri kulla-
nlml veya nem sebebiyle yUzeyin renginin yo-
gunla~masl.
Yorum: Doygun renk siyah veya beyaz ile ka-
n~tlnlmaz. Sadece rengin doygunlugu (renk
doygunlugu) ve canlllig1 (deger) degi~ir, tonu
degil. Bu degi~iklikler nem, koruma malzeme-
lerinin olmas1, higroskopiktuzlar ileta~, s1va ve-
ya boya katmanlann1n sUifatla~mas1 (s1rli ya da
yap1n1n yUzeyine yak1n olanlar) gibi sebeplerle
meydana gelebilir. Arallklann ogu ba~ka bir
malzeme (su veya organik koruma malzemele-
ri) ile dolduruldugu durumlarda alt katmanda
(ta~, s1va) 1~1g1n k1nlmas1 azallrve bu durum, yu-
zeyde renketkisinin derinle~mesine neden olur.
-+nem
,Qe<!>MHML\MH: noBL1WaBaHe Ha L1HTeH3L1B-
HOCTTa Ha L\ BeTa Ha nOBbpXHOCTTa, n pe,QL13-
BL1KaHO oT snara L1nL1 oT npoL1TenHL1 L1nL1 pec-
Taspai.\L10HHL1 MaTepL1anL1.
KoMeHTap: HacL1TeHL1ilT 1..\BHT He e cMeceH c
4epHO L1nL16HnO.III3MeHeHL1eTO Ha 1..\BeTa 3aCH-
ra CaMO HaCL1TeHOCTTa L1 neKOTaTa (CTOiiiHOCTTa)
My, a He HIOaHca (oneHbKa). Te3L1 npoMeHL-1 MO-
>Ke ,Qa ca npL14L1HeHL1 oT snara, penaspai.\L10H-
HL1 MaTepL1anL1, XL1rpocKonL14HL1 con L-l L1nL1 cyn-
cjlaTL13ai.\L1il Ha KaMbK, Ma3L1nKa, L1nL1 >KL1BOnL1-
CHL1 cnoese (TaKL1Ba, KOL1TO L13rne>K.QaT rnaHI..\OBL-1
L1nL1 Cpenecp, 6nL13bK ,QO nOBbpXHOCTTa Ha Ma-
TepL1ana). npe4ynsaHeTO Ha csemL1HaTa Bbpxy
OCHOBaTa (KaMbK, Ma3L1nKa), B KOilTO noBe4eTO
no-HL1CKL1 30HL1 ca 3anbnHeHL1 c .Qpyr MaTepL1an
(Bo,Qa L1nL1 opraHL14eH penaspai.\L10HeH MaTe-
pL1an), e noHL1>KeHo. Tosa BO.QL-1 .QO no-,Qbn6oK
1..\BeTeH ecpeKT Ha nOBbpXHOCTTa.
-+ BflQ)KHOCm
219
 CoNDItIoN

DEtERIoRatIoN PHENoMENa

Bleaching caused by opacification of a restoration product, Chapel of Ben Va, Lorgues (France), 15th century; Photo: 2003, CICRP (Jean-Marc Vallet)

Bleaching EN Dcoloration FR Bleichung DE

Definition: A chromatic change manifested
as a whitening of the constituent materials; to
become white over time.
Comment: It is generally caused by the direct
exposure of a material to weather or by a
chemical reaction.
Dfinition: Changement chromatique se ma-
nifestant par un blanchiment dun matriau
qui devient blanc avec le temps.
Commentaires: Cause en gnral par une
exposition directe du matriau une altra-
tion mtorique ou une raction chimique.
Definition: Eine Farbvernderung, die sich im
Blasswerden bestehender Materialien uert.
Kommentar: In der Regel verursacht durch di-
rekte Witterungseinflsse auf das Material
oder durch eine chemische Reaktion.
Synonyme: Bleichen, Ausbleichen, Entfrbung

fading, white veil fadissement, voile blanc Verblassen, Weischleier

Sources: Glossary on Stone 2008, 46; Mora et. al. 1986, 208; Giannini et al. 2000, 163; Glossary of Conservation 2005, 67; Art Conservation Terms: Bleaching
(2.5.2015)

220
 CoNDItIoN

DEtERIoRatIoN PHENoMENa

Izbjeljivanje HR Blaknicie PL aarma tR

Definicija: Kromatska promjena koja se oi- Definicja: Zmiana koloru ujawniajca si jako Tanm: Bileen malzemelerin beyazlanmas
tuje kao bijeljenje sastavnih materijala; koji s pojanienie materiaw skadowych; bielenie olarak ortaya kan; renk deiimi zamanla be-
vremenom postaju bijeli. z upywem czasu. yazlama.

Napomena: Izbjeljivanje je uglavnom prou-
zroeno kemijskom reakcijom ili izravnim iz-
laganjem materijala vremenskim uvjetima.
blijeenje, bijela koprena
Komentarz: Zwykle jest spowodowane bez- Yorum: Genellikle malzemenin kimyasal reak-
porednim dziaaniem na materia warunkw siyon veya havaya direk maruz kalmas yoluyla
naturalnych lub w wyniku reakcji chemicznej. meydana gelir.
E anlam: beyazlanma
powienie, biay woal
solma, beyaz rt

Fehreds Hu albire Ro BG

Meghatrozs: Sznelvltozs, mely az ssze- Definiie: O schimbare cromatic manifestat : ,

tev anyagok kifehredsben nyilvnul meg; ca o albire a materialelor constitutive; a deveni -
idvel bekvetkez kifehreds. alb n decursul timpului. ; .

Megjegyzs: ltalban az okozza, ha egy Adnotare: Este n general cauzat de expune- :

anyag kzvetlenl ki van tve az idjrs vl- rea direct a unui material la intemperii sau de -
tozsainak; ltrejhet vegyi reakci ltal is. o reacie chimic. .

(ki)fakuls, fehr ftyol decolorare, voal alb ,

Sbiancamento It Blanqueamiento ES

Definizione: Cambiamento cromatico che si Definicin: Cambio cromtico que se mani-

manifesta come uno sbiancamento dei mate-
riali costituenti nel corso del tempo.
Commento: generalmente causato dal-
lesposizione diretta di un materiale alle in-
temperie o da una reazione chimica.
sbiadimento, velo bianco
fiesta como un aclarado de los materiales
constituyentes, un hacerse blanco con el paso
del tiempo.
Comentario: Generalmente es causado por la
exposicin directa de un material a la clima-
tologa, o bien por una reaccin qumica.
decoloracin, velo blanquecino

221
 CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN PHENoMENa
Weakening of colours in a wall painting, Moldovia Monastery (Romania), 1532; Photo: 2014, UAD (Adrian Rauca)
Fading EN
Definition: A chromatic alteration manifested
as the weakening of colour (pigment) satura-
tion and which is generally the result of chem-
ical reactions or exposure to direct sunlight.
Comment: Direct sunlight, even when weak,
can cause discolouration (fading) of architec-
tural surfaces or wall paintings resulting in loss
of chroma and a gain in value.
white veil, bleaching
Sources: Glossary on Stone 2008, 46; Mora et. al. 1986, 208; Glossary of Conservation 2005, 67; Cameo: Fading (2.5.2015); Art Conservation Terms: Fading
(15.3.2015)
222
Fadissement FR
Dfinition: Altration chromatique se mani-
festant par une perte de saturation des cou-
leurs (pigment), qui rsulte gnralement de
ractions chimiques ou dune exposition au
soleil direct.
Commentaires: Lensoleillement direct,
mme faible, peut causer une dcoloration
(fadissement) des surfaces architecturales ou
des peintures murales rsultant dune perte
de saturation de la couleur et un gain de
clart.
voile blanc, dcoloration
Verblassen DE
Definition: Eine Farbvernderung, die sich in
Form einer Schwchung der Farb- oder Pig-
mentsttigung zeigt und in der Regel auf che-
mische Reaktionen oder direktes Sonnenlicht
zurckzufhren ist.
Kommentar: Direktes Sonnenlicht, auch
wenn es nur schwach ist, kann zu einer Entfr-
bung (Verblassen) von Architekturoberfl-
chen oder Wandmalereien durch Farbverlust
und zur Verstrkung des Helligkeitswertes
fhren.
Weischleier, Bleichung
 CoNDItIoN

DEtERIoRatIoN PHENoMENa

Blijeenje HR Powienie PL Solma tR

Definicija: Kromatska promjena koja se oi-
tuje kao slabljenje zasienosti boje (pigmenta)
i koja je openito rezultat kemijskih reakcija ili
izlaganja izravnoj sunevoj svjetlosti.
Napomena: Izravna suneva svjetlost ak i
kad je slaba, moe prouzroiti gubitak boje
(blijeenje) na arhitektonskim povrinama ili
zidnim slikama, to rezultira gubitkom zasie-
nosti boje i dobitkom na vrijednosti.
bijela koprena, izbjeljivanje
Definicja: Zmiana kolorystyczna widoczna w
postaci osabienia nasycenia koloru (pigmen-
tu), ktra jest wynikiem reakcji chemicznej lub
wystawiania na bezporednie dziaanie pro-
mieni sonecznych.
Komentarz: Bezporednie dziaanie wiata
sonecznego, nawet o sabym nateniu, mo-
e powodowa odbarwienie (powienie) po-
wierzchni architektonicznych lub malowide
ciennych, objawiajce si utrat barwy i
zwyk waloru.
Tanm: Genellikle kimyasal tepkimeler veya
dorudan gnna maruz kalma sebebiyle
oluan (renk) pigment doygunluunun zayf-
lamasyla ortaya kan renk deiimi.
Yorum: Direk gn, zayfken bile mimari
yzeyler veya duvar resimlerinde renk parlak-
l ve deer kayb ile sonulanan renk bozul-
masna sebep olabilir.
beyaz rt, aarma

biay woal, blaknicie.

(Ki)fakuls Hu Decolorare Ro BG

Meghatrozs: Sznelvltozs, mely a sznek Definiie: O modificare cromatic manifestat : , -

(pigmentek) sznteltettsgnek cskkens- prin diminuarea saturaiei culorilor (pigmen- -
ben nyilvnul meg, s mely ltalban egy k- ilor) i care este, n general, rezultatul reacii- ( ),
miai reakci vagy a kzvetlen napfny hats- lor chimice sau expunerii la lumina direct a
nak eredmnye. soarelui. .

Megjegyzs: A kzvetlen napfny, mg akkor Adnotare: Lumina direct a soarelui, chiar da- : ,
is, ha gyenge, okozhatja az ptszeti felletek c este slab, poate provoca plirea culorilor , -
vagy falkpek sznelvltozst (fakulst), a te- (decolorarea) suprafeelor arhitecturale sau a () -
ltettsg cskkense s a sznrtk nveked- picturilor murale, soldat cu pierderea inten- ,
se ltal. sitii cromatice i ctig n luminozitate. - .

fehr ftyol, fehreds voal alb, albire ,

Sbiadimento It Decoloracin ES

Definizione: Alterazione cromatica che si ma-
nifesta come un indebolimento della satura-
zione dei colori (pigmenti) e che in genere il
risultato di reazioni chimiche o di una esposi-
zione diretta ai raggi solari.
Definicin: Alteracin cromtica que se ma-
nifiesta como un debilitamiento de la satura-
cin de los colores y que, generalmente, es el
resultado de reacciones qumicas o de la ex-
posicin a la luz directa del sol.

Commento: La luce del sole diretta, anche
quando debole, pu provocare uno scolori-
mento (sbiadimento) di superfici architettoni-
che o di dipinti murali con conseguente per-
dita di saturazione e aumento in luminosit.
Comentario: La exposicin directa a la luz so-
lar, incluso cuando es dbil, puede causar de-
coloracin de las superficies arquitectnicas
o pinturas murales y provocar una prdida de
croma y un aumento del tono.

velo bianco, sbiancamento velo blanco, blanqueamiento

223
 CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN PHENoMENa
Change in colour of pigments from blue to green, external wall painting, Arbore Church (Romania), 1502; Photo: 2009, UAD (Adrian Rauca)
Pigment alteration
Definition: Change in colour or chemical
structure by means of a chemical or physical
reaction.
Comment: Pigment alteration can be the re-
sult of:
- changes in chemical composition caused
by environmental conditions such as hu-
midity, heat produced by fire, or the influ-
ence of sunlight;
- reactions with the metabolic products of
microorganisms;
- the use of construction or conservation ma-
terials;
- influence of salt efflorescence;
- physically induced pigment change (e.g. by
heating yellow iron oxyhydroxides to red
iron oxides).
extrinsic cause of deterioration
Sources: Botticelli 1992, 3350; Murean 2014; Rauca 2014a; Giannini et al. 2000, 24; Istudor 2011, 320371; Boldura 2013, 3874; Mora et. al. 1986, 188
224
EN altration des pigments
Dfinition: Changement de la couleur par
raction physique ou chimique.
Commentaires: Peut rsulter de:
- changements de la composition chimique
causs par lenvironnement tel que lhumi-
dit, la chaleur lie un incendie ou lenso-
leillement;
- raction avec les produits du mtabolisme
des micro organismes;
- lutilisation de certains matriaux de
construction ou de conservation;
- des efflorescences salines;
- des modifications du pigment induites phy-
siquement (ex. chauffage des oxyhy-
droxydes de fer jaunes, transforms en
oxydes de fer rouges).
facteurs externes de dgradation
FR Pigmentvernderung DE
Definition: Vernderung der Farbe oder der
chemischen Struktur durch chemische oder
physikalische Reaktion.
Kommentar: Pigmentvernderung kann das
Ergebnis sein von:
- Vernderungen in der chemischen Zusam-
mensetzung, bewirkt durch Umwelteinfls-
se, wie Feuchte, durch Feuer verursachte
Hitze oder Sonnenlicht;
- Reaktion auf Stoffwechselprodukte von Mi-
kroorganismen;
- Verwendung von Bau- oder Konservie-
rungsmaterialien;
- Einfluss von Salzausblhungen;
- Physikalisch verursachte Pigmentvernde-
rung (wie z. B. gelbes Eisenoxidhydroxid
durch Erhitzen in rotes Eisenoxid).
uere Schadensursache

Promjena pigmenta
Definicija: Promjena boje ili kemijske struktu-
re kemijskim ili fizikim reakcijama.
Napomena: Promjena pigmenta moe biti re-
zultat:
- promjenama u kemijskome sastavu prou-
zroenih uvjetima okolia poput vlanosti,
topline vatre ili utjecajem Suneve svjetlosti;
- reakcijama metabolikih produkta mikroor-
ganizama;
- uporabom graevnih ili restauratorskih ma-
terijala;
- utjecajima cvjetanja soli;
- fiziki potaknutom promjenom pigmenta
(npr. grijanjem utoga eljezova oksihidro-
ksida u crveni eljezov oksid).
vanjski uzroci pogoranja
Pigment elvltozs Hu
Meghatrozs: A pigmentek sznnek vagy
vegyi sszettelnek, szerkezetnek vltozsa
kmiai vagy fizikai folyamatok ltal.
Megjegyzs: A pigmentek elvltozst okoz-
hatja:
- vegyi sszettelk mdosulsa krnyezeti
hatsok, pldul nedvessg miatt, tz okoz-
ta h ltal vagy napfny hatsra;
- a mikroorganizmusok anyagcsere termke-
ivel val reakcik;
- ptkezsi vagy konzervlsi anyagok hasz-
nlata;
- skivirgzsok hatsa;
- fizikailag gerjesztett pigment-vltozsok
(pl. a srga vas-oxi-hidroxidok vrs vas-
oxidokk val mdosulsa melegts ltal).
kls krosodsi tnyez
alterazione dei pigmenti
Definizione: Cambiamento nel colore median-
te leffetto di una reazione chimica o fisica.
Commento: Lalterazione dei pigmenti pu
essere il risultato di:
- cambiamenti nella composizione chimica
causati da condizioni ambientali come umi-
dit, calore prodotto dal fuoco, o dallinflus-
so della luce del sole;
- reazioni con i prodotti metabolici di micro-
organismi;
- luso di materiali da costruzione o da con-
servazione;
- influenza dellefflorescenza salina;
- cambiamenti nel pigmento indotti per
CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN PHENoMENa
HR mezzo fisico (ad es. riscaldando idrossidi di - cambios en la composicin qumica causa-
ferro gialli in ossidi di ferro rossi). dos por condiciones medioambientales co-
mo la humedad, el calor producido por el
causa estrinseca di deterioramento fuego o la influencia de la luz solar;
- reacciones con productos metablicos de
microorganismos;
Zmiany pigmentu PL - uso de materiales de construccin o conser-
vacin;
Definicja: Zmiana koloru lub budowy che- - influencia de eflorescencias salinas;
micznej w wyniku reakcji chemicznej lub - cambios de pigmentos inducidos fsica-
zmiany fizycznej. mente (por ejemplo, el cambio del amarillo
oxihidrxido de hierro al rojo xido de hie-
Komentarz: Zmiana pigmentu moe by spo- rro por calentamiento).
wodowana przez:
- zmiany w budowie chemicznej spowodo- causas extrnsecas de deterioro
wane przez warunki rodowiska, jak wilgot-
no, ciepo ognia, wpyw promieni so-
necznych; Pigment deiimi tR
- reakcje z produktami przemiany materii
drobnoustrojw; Tanm: Kimyasal veya fiziksel tepkime yoluyla
- uycie materiaw do konstrukcji i konser- renk hcresi deiimi.
wacji;
- wpyw wykwitw soli; Yorum: Renk deiimi unlarn sonucu olabilir:
- fizycznie prowokowane zmiany pigmentu - nem, ate sebebiyle oluan s veya gne -
(jak np. podgrzanie tych wodorotlenkw etkisi gibi evresel koullar sebebiyle mey-
elaza by przeszy w czerwone tlenki). dana gelen kimyasal yapdaki deiimler;
- mikroorganizmalarn metabolik rnlerle
zewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze tepkimesi;
- yap veya koruma malzemeleri kullanm;
- tuz ieklenmesinin etkisi;
alterarea pigmentului Ro - fiziksel tepkime sonucu renk hcresi dei-
imi (rnein sar demir oksihidroksitin s-
Definiie: Modificarea culorii sau a structurii chi- tlmayla krmz demir oksite dnmesi).
mice ca urmare a unei reacii chimice sau fizice. E anlam: renk hcresi deiimi
Adnotare: Alterarea pigmentului poate fi re- dsal bozulma sebepleri
zultatul:
- unor modificri ale compoziiei chimice
cauzate de condiiile de mediu, precum BG
umiditatea, cldura produs de foc, sau in-
fluena luminii solare; : -
- unor reacii cu produsele metabolice ale -
microorganismelor; .
- utilizrii materialelor de construcie sau de
conservare; : -
It - unor influene ale eflorescenelor saline; :
- unor modificri cromatice induse fizic (de - , -
ex. prin expunere la temperaturi ridicate
oxihidroxidul galben de fier se transform ,
n oxid rou de fier). ;
- -
cauze extrinseci de degradare ;
- -
;
alteracin del pigmento ES - ;
-
Definicin: Cambio de color o de estructura (.
qumica, producido por una reaccin qumica -
o fsica. ).
Comentario: La alteracin de pigmentos pue-
de porducirse por:
225
 CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN PHENoMENa
Salt crystals on the surface of a wall painting, no. 8 Universitii Street, Cluj-Napoca (Romania), 2002; Photo: 2015, UAD (Adrian Rauca)
Salt eorescence EN
Definition: An accumulation of a white pow-
der or crystals, made up of soluble salts, on an
architectural surface or mural painting. The
migration of soluble salts and water evapora-
tion lead to salt crystallisation on the surface.
When hard and compact it is referred to as a
salt crust.
Comment: The presence of efflorescence on
architectural surfaces or wall paintings often
indicates that water has found a point of entry
into the masonry this will introduce salts into
the masonry or else cause their migration.
Capillary action may also draw in soluble salts
from the ground. Salt efflorescence may point
to salt accumulation beneath the surface of
the masonry (called subflorescence) which is
potentially damaging.
extrinsic cause of deterioration, soluble salts,
humidity, infiltration, rising damp, ce-
ment, wet-dry cycles
Eorescence saline FR
Dfinition: Accumulation de poudre blanche,
faite de cristaux de sels solubles sur une sur-
face architecturale ou une peinture murale. La
migration des sels solubles et lvaporation de
Sources: Botticelli 1992, 3350; Giannini et al. 2000, 66; Brandi 1996, 211; Boldura 2013, 7689; Borelli 2006; Grimmer 1984, 11/2; Glossary on Stone 2008,
48/9; Mora et. al. 1986, 185/6
226
leau conduisent leur cristallisation sur la sur-
face. Cette accumulation est appele incrus-
tation saline quand elle devient compacte et
dure.
Commentaires: Leur prsence sur des sur-
faces architecturales ou des peintures murales
indique souvent que leau a trouv un point
dentre dans la maonnerie et introduit les
sels ou permet leur migration. Les remontes
capillaires transportent les sels depuis le sol
dans les maonneries. Elles peuvent se former
sous la surface de la maonnerie (subefflores-
cence).
facteurs externes de dgradation, sels solubles,
humidit, infiltration, remonte capillaire,
ciment, cycle dhumectation-schage
Salzausblhung DE
Definition: Hufung von weiem Pulver oder
Kristallen aus lslichen Salzen auf einer Ober-
flche. Die Migration von lslichen Salzen
und Wasserverdunstung fhrt zu Salzkristal-
lisation auf der Oberflche. Wenn sie hart und
kompakt ist, handelt es sich um eine Salz-
kruste.
Kommentar: Sie weist oft darauf hin, dass
Wasser ins Mauerwerk eingedrungen ist, das
Salze ins Mauerwerk transportieren oder de-
ren Migration verursachen kann. Lsliche Sal-
ze knnen auch durch Kapillarwirkung aus
dem Baugrund transportiert werden. Ausbl-
hungen knnen auf Salze zwischen Oberfl-
che und Mauerwerk (Subfloreszenz) hindeu-
ten, die potentiell schdigend sind.
uere Schadensursache, lsliche Salze,
Feuchte, Infiltration, Zement, Nass-Tro-
cken-Wechsel, Mauerwerk, Weischleier
Cvjetanje soli HR
Definicija: Nakupljanje bijeloga praha ili kri-
stala topljivih soli na arhitektonskoj povrini ili
zidnoj slici. Migracija topljivih soli i isparavanje
vode vodi do njihove kristalizacije na povrini.
Kad je tvrda i vrsta naziva se slanom korom.
Sinonim: inkrustacija
Napomena: Prisutnost cvjetanja soli na arhi-
tektonskim povrinama ili zidnim slikama e-
sto upuuje na to da je voda nala toku ula-
ska u zidu uvodei soli u zid ili prouzrou-
jui njihovu migraciju. S pomou kapilara to-
pljive soli mogu se povui iz tla. Cvjetanje soli
moe upuivati na akumuliranje soli ispod
povrine zida (podcvjetanje) koje je moe biti
tetno.

--+ vanjski uzroci pogorsanja,--+ topljivesoli,--+ vlat-
nost, --+ infiltracija, --+ uzlazna (kapilarna) v/aga,
--+ cement,--+ mokro-suhi ciklusi
Sokiviragzas
Meghatarozas: Vfzoldhat6 s6kb61 allo fehr
por vagy kristalyok felgyU lemlse az pftszeti
feiUieten vagy falkpen. A vfzoldhat6 s6k ki-
vandorlasa s a vfz elparolgasa a s6k kikrista-
lyosodasahoz vezet a feiUieten. Az osszefUg-
g6, kemny rteget alkot6 s6kiviragzasokat
s6kregnek nevezzUk.
Megjegyzs: A s6kiviragzas jelenlte az pft-
szeti feiUieteken vagy falkpeken gyakran arra
uta l, hogy a vfz be tu d hatolni a falba, s, ezaltal,
s6kat visz be, vagy pedig azok mozgasat segfti
el6. A kapillaris hatas szintn szallfthat oldhat6
s6kat a talajb61. A s6kiviragzasok ramutathatnak
a falazatfelszfne alatti, szerkezeti s6felhalmoz6-
dasokra, melyek karosodasokat okozhatnak.
kiils6 kdrosft6 tnyez6, --+ vfzoldhat6 s6k, --+ ned-
--+
vessg, --+ beszivdrgds, --+ felszfv6d6 nedvessg,
--+ cement, --+ nedves-szdraz ciklusok
Efflorescenza di sali
Definizione: Un'accumulazione di una polve-
re bianca o di cristalli bianchi sulla superficie
di un'architettura odi una pittura murale, com-
posta da sali solubili. La migrazione di sali so-
lubili e l'evaporazione di acqua causa la cristal-
lizzazione dei sali sulla superficie. Se diventata
solida, si qualifica come"crosta di sali".
Commento: La presenza di efflorescenze sulla
superficie architettonica o delle pitture murali
spesso indica che acqua potuta infiltra re nel-
la muratura- cos anche i sali possono entrare
nella muratura o in caso contrario pu avve-
nire la migrazione dei sali. Meccanismi capil-
lari possono anche attrarre sali solubili dal
suolo. Un'efflorescenza di sali pu anche indi-
care una concentrazione di sali sotto la super-
ficie architettonica (una forma di efflorescenza
subcutanea, sotto uno strato p. es. di intona-
co) un fattore di danno potenziale.
--+causa estrinseca di deterioramento,--+ umidit,
--+sali solubili,--+ infiltrazione,--+ umidit di risalita,
--+ cemento,--+ ciclo di umido-secco
Wysolenia
Definicja: Nagromadzenie bialego proszku
lub krysztal6w zlozonych z soli rozpuszczal-
nych na powierzchni architektonicznej lub
malowidle sciennym. Migracja soli rozpusz-
czalnych i odparowywanie wody wiedzie do
krysta lizacji soli na powierzchni. Twa rde i zbite
okresla si~jako,solny nalot".
HU Komentarz: Obecnos wykwit6w na po-
wierzchni architektonicznej malowidla scien-
nego cz~sto wskazuje miejsce przedostawa-
nia si~ wody do muru- spowoduje to wpro-
wadzenie soli i dalszq ich migracj~. Proces
podciqgania kapilarnego moze tei wprowa-
dza sole z gruntu. Wysolenia mogq akumu-
lowa si~ pod powierzchniq, co moie prowa-
dzi do zniszczenia. Naloty Sq nieregularne,
gru bo sci m ierzonej w m ilimetrach, zwykle za-
kl6cajq czytelnos szczeg616w powierzchni
detali architektonicznych.
--+ zewm;trzne przyczyny zniszczen, --+ sole roz-
puszczalne,--+ wilgotnos,--+ infiltracja,--+ podciq-
ganie wody,--+ cement,--+ cykle zamakania-wysy-
chania
Eflorescenta salina
Definitie: O acumulare de pulbere alba sau
de cri sta le, formata d in saruri solubile, pe o su-
prafata arhitecturala sau pictura mura la. Mi-
l gra rea sarurilor solubile ~i evaporarea apei
conduc la cristalizarea sarurilor pe suprafata.
Tn cazul in care este tare ~i compacta, este
mentionata ca o,crusta de sa re".
Ad notare: Prezenta eflorescentei pe su prafe-
tele arhitecturale sau pe picturile murale indica
de multe ori faptul ca apa a gasit un punct de
intrare in zidarie- acest lucru va introduce sa-
ruri in zidarie sau va provoca migra rea acesto-
ra. Actiunea capilara poate, de asemenea, sa
atraga saruri solubile d in sol. Eflorescenta sa-
lina poate indica acumularea de saruri sub su-
prafata zidariei (numita subflorescenta), aces-
tea fiind un potential factor de degradare.
--+ cauzeextrinseci de degradare,--+ siruri solubile,
--+ umiditate,--+ infiltrare,--+ umiditate de capilari-
tate,--+ ciment,--+ ciel uri umed-uscat
Eflorescencia salina
Definici6n:Acumulaci6n superficial de polvo
bla neo o crista les formados por sales solu bles.
La migraci6n de estas sales y la evaporaci6n
de agua permite su cristalizaci6n en superfi-
cie. Cuandoes dura ycompacta, se denomina
PL castra salina.
Comentario: Su presencia en superficies ar-
quitect6nicas o pinturas murales sue le indicar
que el agua ha encontrado un punto de entra-
CONDITION
DETERIORATION PHENOMENA
da que introduce sales en los muros y origina
su migraci6n. La acci6n capilartambin puede
originar sales derivadas del terreno. Las eflores-
cencias salinas pueden indicar la presencia de
sales acumuladas cerca de la superficie (cripto-
eflorescencias) potencialmente daliinas.
--+ causas extrfnsecas de deterioro, --+sa/es solubles,
humedad, --+ infiltraci6n, --+ humedad ascen-
--+
dente por capilaridad, --+ cemento
Tuz ieklenmesi TR
Tamm: Mimari yUzey veya duvar resimleri
Uzerinde ozUnUr tuzlardan olu~an beyaz toz
veya kristal birikimi. ozUnUr tuzlann yer de-
gi~tirmesi ve su buharla~mas1 yUzeyde tuz
kristalle~mesine yol aar. Sert ve s1k1 oldugun-
da "tuz kabugu" olarak adland1nlir.
Yorum: Mimari yUzeyler veya duvar resimleri
Uzerinde tuzlanma olmas1 suyun kargir duvara
bir giri~ yolu buldugunu gosterir, bu da tuzun
RO duvara giri~ i ne veya bunlann yer degi~tirme
sineyol aar. Kllcal hareket,zeminden ozUnUr
tuzlan iine ekebilir. Tuzlanma potansiyel ola-
rak zarar verici olan, yUzey altmda da (yUzey
alt1 tuzlanmas1) tuz birikimine i~aret edebilir.
--+ dt~sal bozulma sebepleri, --+ oziiniir tuzlar,
--+ ieri stzdtrma,--+ stzma,--+ yiikselen nem imento,
--+ tslanma kuruma dongiisii
Ecjlnopecl.leHLIIIUI Ha con111 BG
,Qecjli!IHIIII..IIIIH: OmaraHe Ha 6Hn npax 111m,
KplllcTanlll, nony4eHIII oT pa3TBOp111MIII con111,
BbpXy apXIIITeKTYpHa nOBbpXHOCT 111n111 CTeHO-
niiiC. Mlllrpai.\IIIHTa Ha pa3TBOp111MIII con111 111 1113-
na peHI/IeTO Ha BO,QaTa BO,QilT ,Q O Kp111CTanl/l3a-
L\IIIil Ha con111 Ha nosbpxHocna. Koram ca
TBbp.QIIIIII KOMnaKTHIII, ce rosop111 3a,coneH Ha-
nen".
KoMeHTap: npiiiCbCTBI/IeTO Ha ecj>nopecl.jeHL.jlllil
Ha apXIIITeKTYpHa nOBbpXHOCT 111n111 CTeHOniiiCIII
4ecm noKa3Ba, 4e BO,QaTa npoHIIIKBa B rpa,Qe-
>Ka - msa BHacH con111 B npyKTypaTa MY 111n111
ES npe,QI/I3BIIIKBa Mlllrpai.\IIIHTa 111M. (Oni/ITe MO>Ke
,Qa MlllrplllpaT OT OCHOBI/ITe 111 BCne,QCTBI/Ie Ha
KanlllnHpHo HanHraHe. Ecjmopecl.\eHL\IIIHTa Ha
con111 MO>Ke ,Qa e CBIII,QeTencmo 3a HaTpynsaHe
Ha con111 no,Q nosbpxHocna Ha 3111,Qap111HTa (cy-
6e<j>nopecl.\eHL\IIIH), Koem l/IMa nOTeH4111aneH
pa3pywi!ITeneH e<j>eKT.
(I/IHOHIIIM: Kp111CTanl/l3al.\lllil Ha COni/l
..... BbHWHa npu'!uHa 3a pa3pywaaaHe, ..... pa3-
maopuMuconu, --+anwKHocm, --+uHrpunmpai.{UR,
..... KanunRpHa ana2a, --+l.{uMeHm
227
 CoNDItIoN

DEtERIoRatIoN PHENoMENa

Loss of material caused by wind erosion, Dominikanerkirche, Colmar (France), 12891346; Photo: 2015, RPS (Drthe Jakobs)

Wind erosion EN Erosion olienne FR Winderosion DE

Definition: The slow surface attrition or wear
of architectural surfaces or mural paintings,
which is usually caused by the natural action
of wind-blown particles (e.g. dust, sand).
Comment: Wind erosion can lead to rounded
and smoothed out shapes. It is also one of the
forms of abrasion that may occur on the exte-
rior.
extrinsic cause of deterioration, abrasion
Dfinition: Usure lente de la surface ou de
lpiderme des surfaces architecturales et de
peintures murales, gnralement cause par
laction naturelle de particules transportes
par le vent (ex. poussires, sable).
Commentaires: Lrosion olienne peut
conduire des adoucissements des formes.
Cest aussi une des formes dabrasion qui ap-
parait en extrieur.
facteurs externes de dgradation, abrasion
Definition: Die langsame Abnutzung oder
der Abrieb von Architekturoberflchen oder
Wandmalereien, die blicherweise durch den
natrlichen Einfluss von windgetragenen Par-
tikeln (wie z.B. Staub, Sand) verursacht wer-
den.
Kommentar: Winderosion kann zu abgerun-
deten Formen (Zurundung) fhren. Es ist auch
eine Form von Abrieb, die Auenflchen be-
trifft.
uere Schadensursache, Abrieb

Sources: Boldura 2013, 97100; Glossary on Stone 2008, 30/1; Rauca 2014b, 134136; Mora et. al. 1986, 207/8; Grimmer 1984, 12; Cameo: Erosion (2.5.2015)

228

Erozija vjetrom HR
Definicija: Sporo povrinsko trljanje ili troe-
nje arhitektonskih povrina ili zidnih slika, obi-
no prouzroeno prirodnim djelovanjem vje-
trom noenih estica (npr. praine i pijeska).
Napomena: Erozija vjetrom moe dovesti do
zaglaenih oblika. Erozija vjetrom jedna je od
vrsta abrazije koja se moe pojaviti na vanj-
tini.
vanjski uzroci pogoranja, abrazija
Szlerzi Hu
Meghatrozs: Az ptszeti felletek vagy
falkpek felletnek lass kopsa vagy lepusz-
tulsa, melyet ltalban a szl ltal szlltott iunea natural a vntului ncrcat cu diverse
rszecskk (pldul por, homok) termszetes
hatsa eredmnyez.
Megjegyzs: A szlerzi kvetkeztben a
formk, idomok kisimulhatnak, elkophatnak.
Ez a kopsnak egy olyan formja, mely a kls
felleteket rinti.
kls krost tnyez, kops cauze extrinseci de degradare, abraziune
Erosione di vento
Definizione: Labrasione di una superficie che
accade frequentemente quando superfici ar-
chitettoniche o pitture murali sono esposte
allesterno. Di solito causata da unattivit na-
turale del vento che trasporta particelle come
ad esempio di polvere o sabbia.
Commento: Lerosione di vento pu levigare
le forme e ammorbidire i loro contorni.
Questa anche una delle forme di abrasione
che accade allesterno.
abrasione, causa estrinseca di deterioramento
CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN PHENoMENa
Erozja wiatrowa PL Rzgar erozyonu tR
Definicja: Powolne cieranie si lub zuycie Tanm: Rzgrla tanan paracklarn (toz,
powierzchni architektonicznych lub malowi- kum gibi) doal etkisi sebebiyle mimari yzey-
de ciennych, zwykle powodowane przez na- ler veya duvar resimlerinde yzeyin yavaa
turalne dziaanie nawiewanych czsteczek ypranmas veya eskimesi.
(np. kurz, piasek).
Yorum: Rzgr erozyonu przszlemi e-
Komentarz: Erozja wiatrowa moe prowadzi killere yol aabilir. Ayrca d yzeyde oluabi-
do zagodzenia / zaokrglenia ksztatw. Jest len anma formunun bir trdr.
te jedn z przyczyn otar wystpujcych na
powierzchniach zewntrznych. dsal bozulma sebepleri, anma
zewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze, otarcia
Coraziune Ro BG
Definiie: Uzura lent a suprafaelor arhitec- : -
turale sau a picturilor murale, cauzat de ac- -
, -
suspensii (de ex. praf, nisip). -
(. , ).
Adnotare: Coraziunea poate duce la netezirea
i rotunjirea suprafeelor. Este de asemenea : -
una dintre formele de abraziune care se pro- .
duce la exterior. .
Sinonim: eroziunea vntului
,
It Erosin elica ES
Definicin: Abrasin lenta de superficies ar-
quitectnicas o pinturas murales, causada ge-
neralmente por la accin natural de las part-
culas arrastradas por el viento (por ejemplo,
polvo o arena).
Comentario: La accin del viento puede sua-
vizar las formas existentes.
Es una de las formas de abrasin que puede
ocurrir en el exterior.
causas extrnsecas de deterioro, abrasin
229
 iNtERvENtioN

DocUmENtatioN aND iNvEstigatioN

Contactless
Historical non-invasive investigation
Scientific
investigation Site investigation Photo- images
investigation
documentation
Raking
Structural light
examination
Non invasive
Building and Metric
investigation
site survey survey
Phenomenological Drill core
Building Sampling
approach sampling Cross
archaeology
Sample section
Object
preparation Thin
investigation
section
Scientific Mineralogical
investigation examination
Spot
Architectural test
paint research Mapping
Pigment
Stratigraphic Material analysis
investigation analysis and
investigation Analysis of
binding media
Biological
examination
Treatment
trials

Tree diagram showing the relationships between the phenomenological approach and other terms that can be used for the documentation
and the investigation of surfaces and their surroundings; Illustration: 2015, Raimar Heber based on a drawing by Jean-Marc Vallet

Phenomenological approach EN
Definition: A method through which one
gathers relevant knowledge and observations
in order to identify and study phenomena re-
lated to conservation issues.
Comment: The first step of a phenomenological
approach is to list, organise and order empirical
information, as well as previous knowledge, be-
fore starting the actual investigation of the object
concerned. Such studies also aim to describe em-
pirically the different phenomena that affect wall
paintings; they are, in essence, scientific investiga-
tions that facillitate the study of the observed phe-
nomena in depth. They define the current state of
conservation of a wall painting, and, where pos-
sible, its past and potential future condition. They
conclude with a diagnosis of the problem/s.
historical investigation, building and site sur-
vey, photodocumentation, non-invasive in-
vestigations, sampling
Etude phnomnologique FR
Dfinition: Mthodologie consistant ras-
sembler des connaissances et des observa-
tions pertinentes dans le but didentifier et
dtudier les phnomnes relis aux probl- Phnomen eingehend zu untersuchen: Sie stel-
matiques de conservation dun objet.
Commentaires: La premire tape est de lister,
organiser et hirarchiser les informations em-
piriques, de mme que les connaissances pra-
lables, avant dentamer lexamen approfondi de
lobjet. Elle a pour objectif de dcrire de ma-
nire empirique les diffrents phnomnes af-
fectant une peinture murale. Il sagit essentiel-
lement dexamens scientifiques qui aident
tudier en profondeur les phnomnes obser-
vs. Ils dfinissent ltat prsent et potentielle-
ment pass et venir de luvre. Ils aboutissent
au diagnostic. Terme peu employ en France.
tude historique, tude diagnostic des btiments
et sites (tat sanitaire du bti), analyses non invasive,
documentation photographique, chantillonnage
Phnomenologische Untersuchung DE
Definition: Methode, mit der relevantes Wissen
und Beobachtungen gesammelt werden, um
Phnomene im Zusammenhang mit Erhaltungs-
fragen zu identifizieren und zu untersuchen.
Kommentar: Der erste Schritt vor der tatsch-
lichen Untersuchung des Objektes, bei dem
empirisch gewonnene Informationen und
bekanntes Wissen gesammelt und geordnet
wird. Man beschreibt empirisch verschiedene
Phnomene, die eine Wandmalerei beeintrch-
tigen: Es sind vor allem naturwissenschaftliche
Untersuchungen, die helfen, ein beobachtetes
len den aktuellen Zustand einer Malerei fest
und wenn mglich auch seinen vergange-
nen und den eventuellen zuknftigen. Sie en-
den mit einer Diagnose der Probleme.
Quellenrecherche, Bauaufnahme, Fotodo-
kumentation, Nicht-invasive Untersuchungen,
Probenahme
Fenomenoloki pristup HR
Definicija: Postupak kojim se prikupljaju bi-
tne spoznaje i zapaanja da bi se identificirale
i prouavale pojave vezane uz pitanja zatite
zidnih slika.
Napomena: Prvi korak u fenomenolokome
pristupu je popisati, organizirati i poredati em-
pirijske informacije, kao i prethodno znanje,
prije poetka samoga istraivanja na odree-
nome objektu. Cilj je takvih studija i empirij-
sko opisivanje razliitih fenomena koji kode
zidnim slikama; u biti su one znanstvena istra-
ivanja koja omoguavaju prouavanje dubi-
ne promatranoga fenomena. Njima se odre-
uje postojee stanje konzerviranja zidne sli-
ke te, ako je to mogue, njezino prolo i budu-
e stanje. Rezultat takvih studija jest dijagnoza
problema.
povijesno istraivanje, pregled graevine i
mjesta, fotodokumentacija, nenasilna istra-
ivanja, uzorkovanje
Jelensg kutats HU
Meghatrozs: Olyan eljrs, amely sorn, l-
nyeges informcik s megfigyelsek alapjn,
llagmegvsi, restaurlsi krdsekhez kap-

Sources: GRADOC 2000; Heritage, Gowing 2002a; Lester 1999; Meyor et al. 2005; Peintures murales 2002

230

csold jelensgeket azonostanak s tanul-
mnyoznak.
Megjegyzs: A jelensg kutats (fenomenol-
giai megkzelts) els lpseknt szmba ve-
szik, rendszerezik s rangsoroljk az empirikus
informcikat, valamint a korbbi tudsanya-
got, mieltt az adott objektum aktulis vizsg-
lataihoz hozzkezdennek. A vizsglatokat
megelzen folytatott tanulmnyok clja,
hogy empirikusan rjk le a falkpekre hat k-
lnfle jelensgeket. Lnyegben olyan tudo-
mnyos vizsglatokrl van sz, melyek else-
gtik a megfigyelt jelensgek mlyrehatbb ta-
nulmnyozst. Ezek rtelmezik a falkp jelen-
legi megtartsi llapott, esetleges mltbeli s
lehetsges jvbeli llapott. Az eljrs a meg-
oldsra vr feladat(ok) diagnzisval zrul.
trtneti kutats, plet s helysznfelmrs, identificrii i studierii fenomenelor legate de
fotdokumentci, nem invazv vizsglatok
approccio fenomenologico
Definizione: Un metodo con il quale si possono
raccogliere conoscenze e osservazioni rilevanti
per identificare e studiare i fenomeni collegati ai
problemi di conservazione delle pitture murali.
Commento: Innanzitutto lapproccio fenome-
nologico deve elencare, organizzare e ordinare
le informazioni empiriche e le conoscenze no-
te prima di iniziare le indagini effettive per
lopera in questione. Lo scopo di questi studi
la descrizione empirica di vari fenomeni riguar-
danti le pitture murali. Si tratta essenzialmente
di indagini scientifiche che aiutano a compren-
dere meglio i fenomeni osservati. Possono de-
finire lo stato di conservazione attuale e, se
possibile, anche le condizioni conservative del
passato e del futuro. Gli studi si concludono
con una diagnosi dei problemi rilevati.
studio storico, sondaggi sulledificio e sul sito,
documentazione fotografica, indagini non in-
vasive, campionamento
Podejcie fenomenologiczne
Definicja: Metoda, dziki ktrej mona zgro-
madzi istotn wiedz i obserwacje w celu
rozpoznania zjawisk zwizanych z konserwa-
cj malowide ciennych.
Komentarz: Pierwszy krok podejcia fenome-
nologicznego stanowi zebranie i uszeregowa-
nie wiadomoci empirycznych, jak rwnie
stanu dotychczasowej wiedzy przed podj-
ciem waciwych bada obiektu.
iNtERvENtioN
DocUmENtatioN aND iNvEstigatioN
Studia podejmowane w celu dokadnego opi- conservacin de una pintura y, si es posible,
sania rnych zjawisk zachodzcych w obr- su pasado y sus potenciales condiciones futu-
bie malowide ciennych: s to gownie bada- ras. Estos estudios concluyen con un diagns-
nia naukowe wspomagajce dogbn analiz tico de sus problemticas.
obserwowanych zjawisk. Okrelaj one obec-
ny stan zachowania malowida, a jeli to mo- investigacin histrica, inspeccin del edificio
liwe jego wczeniejszy stan i ewentualn przy- y de su entorno, documentacin fotogrfica,
szo. Studium zakoczone jest diagnoz investigacin no invasiva, toma de muestra
problemu / -w.
badania historyczne, ogldziny budynku i Fenomenolojik yaklam tR
otoczenia, dokumentacja fotograficzna, ba-
dania, pobieranie prbek Tanm: Duvar resimlerinin korunmas ile ilgili
fenomenleri belirlemek ve incelemek iin bilgi
ve gzlemler toplayan yntemdir.
abordare fenomenologic Ro
Yorum: Fenomenolojik yaklamn ilk basama-
Definiie: O metod prin care sunt colectate ilgili nesnenin gerek incelenmesine bala-
cunotine i observaii relevante, n vederea madan nce, gzlemsel bilginin yan sra daha
nceki bilgiyi de listelemek, organize etmek
problemele de conservare. ve sralamaktr. Bu tr almalarn amac ayn
zamanda duvar resimlerini etkileyen eitli fe-
Adnotare: nainte de a ncepe analiza efectiv nomenleri deneysel olarak aklamaktr. Bun-
it a obiectului n cauz, primul pas ntr-o abor- lar esasnda gzlemlenen fenomenin detayl
dare fenomenologic este inventarierea, or- incelenmesine yardmc olan bilimsel aratr-
ganizarea i ordonarea informaiilor empirice, malardr. Duvar resimlerinin mevcut, gemi
precum i a cunotinelor anterioare. ve olas gelecek korunma durumlarn belirler.
Astfel de studii vizeaz, de asemenea, descrie- Sorunlarn tehisi ile sonulanr.
rea empiric a diferitelor fenomene ce afectea- E anlam: olgusal yaklam
z picturile murale; n esen, acestea sunt in-
vestigaii tiinifice ce ajut la studierea apro- tarihsel aratrma, yap ve alan incelemesi,
fundat a fenomenelelor observate. Acestea fotoraf ile belgeleme, mdahalesiz aratr-
definesc starea actual de conservare a unei ma, rnekleme
picturi, i dac este posibil trecutul acesteia, i
potenialele stri viitoare. Abordarea fenome-
nologic se finalizeaz cu diagnosticarea pro- Bg
blemei/problemelor.
: ,
investigaie istoric, monitorizarea sitului i a -
monumentului, documentaie fotografic, in- , -
vestigaie non-invaziv, prelevarea de probe .
: -
Enfoque fenomenolgico Es ,
-
Definicin: Mtodo mediante el cual se reco- , ,
ge informacin y observaciones relevantes
con el fin de identificar y estudiar los fenme- .
nos relacionados con la conservacin de las ,
pinturas murales. ;
PL , -
Comentario: El primer paso de un enfoque fe-
nomenolgico consiste en enumerar, organi- .
zar y ordenar la informacin emprica, as co- -
mo los conocimientos previos, antes de iniciar -
la investigacin real del objeto en cuestin. .
Estos estudios tienen como objetivo describir ().
empricamente los diferentes fenmenos que
afectan a las pinturas murales. Son esencial- , -
mente investigaciones cientficas que ayudan , -
a estudiar detalladamente los fenmenos ob- , ,
servados. Permiten definir el estado actual de
231
 iNtERvENtioN
DocUmENtatioN aND iNvEstigatioN
Documentation of Villa Kerylos, Beaulieu-sur-Mer (France), 1908; Photo: 2012, CICRP (Jean-Marc Vallet)
Historical investigation EN
Definition: The collection and study of docu-
ments related to the material history of an art-
work and its context.
Comment: It can combine, and synthesise in-
formation from writings, drawings, films, pho-
tographic documentation, graphics and map-
ping. Documents can be in any format and
can be found on any material support (paper,
digital, films, oral information, etc.).
building and site survey, photodocumenta-
tion, phenomenological approach
Sources: Conservation Dictionary 2001; Stefanaggi 1997; Nimmo 2000; Peintures murales 2002; Petit, Valot 1980; Glossary of Art Conservation 2006
232
tude historique FR
Dfinition: Collecte et analyse de documents
relatifs lhistoire matrielle dune uvre et
de son contexte environnemental au sens
large.
Commentaires: Elle peut regrouper et syn-
thtiser des informations provenant dcrits,
dessins, films, documentation photogra-
phique, relevs graphiques ou cartogra-
phiques. Ces documents peuvent tre trouvs
sur tout type de support (informatique, pa-
pier, films, informations orales etc.).
tude phnomnologique, tude diagnostic
des btiments et sites (tat sanitaire du bti), do-
cumentation photographique
Quellenrecherche DE
Definition: Das Sammeln und Auswerten von
Dokumenten, die in Zusammenhang mit der
materiellen Geschichte eines Kunstwerkes
und seines Kontextes stehen.
Kommentar: Sie kann Informationen aus
Schriftstcken, Zeichnungen, Filmen, Fotodo-
kumentationen, Grafiken und Kartierungen
kombinieren und zusammenfhren. Die Do-
kumente knnen in jeglichem Format und auf
jeglichem Datentrger vorkommen (Papier,
digitale Medien, Filme, mndliche berliefe-
rung etc.).
Bauaufnahme, Fotodokumentation, Ph-
nomenologische Untersuchung
 iNtERvENtioN

DocUmENtatioN aND iNvEstigatioN

Povijesno istraivanje HR Badania historyczne PL tarihsel aratrma tR

Definicija: Prikupljanje i prouavanje doku- Definicja: Zgromadzenie i przebadanie doku- Tanm: Sanat eseri ve onu oluturan malze-
menata povezanih s materijalnom povijesti mentw zwizanych z histori materialn melerin toplanmas ve ilgili belgelerin tarihi
umjetnikoga djela i njegova konteksta. dziea sztuki i jego kontekstem. adan incelenmesi.

Napomena: Mogu se kombinirati i sintetizirati
informacije iz spisa, crtea, filmova, fotograf-
ske dokumentacije, grafika te mapiranja. Do-
kumenti mogu biti u bilo kojemu obliku i mo-
gu se nai na bilo kojoj materijalnoj podlozi
(papir, digitalni format, filmovi, usmena infor-
macija itd.)
pregled graevine i mjesta, fotodokumenta-
cija, fenomenoloki pristup
Komentarz: Mog czy i obejmowa infor-
macje pisane, rysunki, filmy, dokumentacj fo-
tograficzn, grafiki i obrysy. Dokumenty mog
by w dowolnym formacie i na wszelkich no-
nikach (papierowe, cyfrowe, filmy, przekazy
ustne itp.)
ogldziny budynku i otoczenia, dokumentacja
fotograficzna, podejcie fenomenologiczne
Yorum: Bu alma, yazlardan, izimlerden,
filmlerden, fotorafsal belgelerden, grafikler
ve haritalamadan edinilen bilgilerle bir araya
getirilebilir. Belgeler herhangi bir formatta ve
herhangi bir malzeme (kt, dijital, film, szl
bilgi vb.) zerinde bulunabilir.
bina ve alan incelemesi, fotoraf ile belgele-
me, fenomenolojik yaklam

trtneti kutats HU investigaie istoric Ro Bg

Meghatrozs: Egy malkots anyagisg- Definiie: Colectarea i studierea documen- : -

hoz s krnyezethez kapcsold trtneti telor legate de istoria material a unei opere ,
adatok gyjtse s tanulmnyozsa. de art i a contextului su.
.
Megjegyzs: sszekthet s sszegezhet r- Adnotare: Se pot combina i sintetiza infor-
sokbl, rajzokbl, filmekbl, fotdokument- maii provenind din scrieri, desene, filme, do- :
cibl, grafikkbl s krtrkpekbl szrma- cumentaie fotografic, grafic i cartografie- -
z informcikat. A dokumentumoknak lehet re. Documentele pot fi de orice format i pe , , , -
brmilyen formtuma s lehetnek akrmilyen orice suport material (hrtie, suport electro- , -
hordozn (papr, digitlis, film, szbeli infor- nic, filme, informaie oral, etc.). . -
mci stb.). (,
monitorizarea sitului i a monumentului, do- , ,
plet s helysznfelmrs, fotdokument- cumentaie fotografic, abordare fenomenolo- .).
ci, jelensg kutats gic
-
, , -
studio storico it investigacin histrica Es

Definizione: La collezione e lo studio dei do- Definicin: Bsqueda y estudio de documen-

cumenti collegati alla storia materiale di tos relacionados con la historia de una obra
unopera darte e del suo ambiente. de arte y de su contexto sociocultural.

Commento: Pu connettere, analizzare e in- Comentario: Utilizacin en el estudio de in-

terpretare informazioni di documenti scritti,
disegni, film, documentazioni fotografiche,
grafiche e mappature. I documenti possono
avere qualsiasi formato e possono trovarsi su
qualunque supporto materiale (carta, digitali,
film e video, testimonianze orali ecc.).
formacin a travs de fuentes escritas, graba-
dos, dibujos preparatorios, pelculas, docu-
mentacin fotogrfica, grficos y mapeos, etc.
Los documentos pueden ser de cualquier for-
mato y se pueden encontrar en cualquier tipo
de soporte (papel, digital, pelcula, audio, etc.).

sondaggi sulledificio e sul sito, documenta- inspeccin del edificio y de su entorno, docu-
zione fotografica, indagini non invasive, ap- mentacin fotogrfica, enfoque fenomenolgi-
proccio fenomenologico co

233
 iNtERvENtioN
DocUmENtatioN aND iNvEstigatioN
Areas of moisture infiltration are evident as darkened areas, Chapel of Notre-Dame-dEntrevignes, Sigale (France), 15th century; Photo: 2014, CICRP (Jean-Marc Vallet)
Building and site survey EN
Definition: An assessment of the state of con-
servation of a building or site and a study of
its environment, based on observations and
simple measurements.
Comment: This does not entail a complete in-
vestigation of all aspects of the construction,
but, rather, observations of visible and poten-
tial defects which could cause, directly or in-
directly, an alteration or degradation of the
wall painting(s) in question. Such surveys
therefore help to define the conservation con-
ditions of the wall painting. A building survey
is only the first step in a building study; it is
not a substitute for an architectural investiga-
tion.
environmental assessment, site investigation,
phenomenological approach, structural ex-
amination
Sources: Conservation Dictionary 2001; Stefanaggi 1997; Nimmo 2000; Petit, Valot 1991; Glossary of Art Conservation 2006
234
Etude diagnostic des btiments et
sites (tat sanitaire du bti)
Dfinition: Evaluation de ltat de conserva-
tion dun btiment ou dun site et de son en-
vironnement partir dobservations et de me-
sures simples.
Commentaires: Il ne sagit pas dune tude
exhaustive du bti mais seulement du constat
de ses dfauts potentiels et visibles qui peu-
vent tre une cause directe ou indirecte dune
altration voire dune dgradation de la pein-
ture murale. Cet examen aide dfinir les
conditions de conservation de la peinture mu-
rale. Lexamen du btiment est une premire
tape dans ltude de la construction. Il ne
remplace pas une tude architecturale.
valuation des conditions environnementales,
tude de site, tude phnomnologique,
examen structurel
FR Bauaufnahme DE
Definition: Eine Auswertung des Zustandes
eines Gebudes oder einer Sttte und eine
Untersuchung ihrer Umgebung, die auf Beob-
achtungen und einfachen Messungen basiert.
Kommentar: Sie umfasst keine komplette Un-
tersuchung aller Aspekte eines Baus, sondern
beschrnkt sich auf Beobachtungen von sicht-
baren und potenziellen Schden, die, direkt
oder indirekt, eine Vernderung oder Zerfall
der Wandmalerei mit sich bringen knnten.
Deshalb helfen solche Untersuchungen, den
Zustand der Wandmalerei zu bestimmen. Die
Bauaufnahme ist nur der erste Schritt einer
Bauuntersuchung und kein Ersatz fr die Be-
standsuntersuchung des gesamten Baus.
Umweltprfung, Kontextuntersuchung,
Phnomenologische Untersuchung, Gefge-
untersuchung
 iNtERvENtioN

DocUmENtatioN aND iNvEstigatioN

Pregled graevine i mjesta HR valutazione ambientale, ricerche sui sito, ap- cin, sino la observacin de defectos visibles y
proccio fenomenologico, analisi della struttura ar- potenciales que podran causar, directa o indi-
Definicija: Procjena stanja zatite graevine chitettonica rectamente, una alteracin o degradacin de la
ili mjesta i prouavanje okolia na temelju pro- pintura mural en cuestin. Por tanto, estas ins-
matranja i jednostavnih mjerenja. pecciones ayudan a definir la condicin de la
ogldziny budynku i otoczenia PL pintura mural. La inspeccin de un edificio es el
Napomena: Pregled ne podrazumijeva cje- primer paso para el estudio del mismo y no sus-
lovito ispitivanje svih aspekata konstrukcije Definicja: Oszacowanie stanu zachowania tituye a una investigacin arquitectnica.
nego promatranje vidljivih i potencijalnih budynku lub otoczenia i zbadanie warunkw
nedostataka koji bi izravno ili neizravno mo- jego rodowiska w oparciu o obserwacje i pro- estudio medioambiental, investigacin del
gli dovesti u pitanje promjenu ili propada- ste pomiary. entorno, enfoque fenomenolgico, examen y
nje zidne slike. Zbog toga takvi pregledi po- evaluacin estructural
mau definirati stanje zidne slike. Pregled Komentarz: Nie obejmuje kompletnych ba-
graevine samo je prvi korak u njezinu prou- da wszelkich aspektw struktury, ale jedynie
avanju te nije zamjena za arhitektonsko obserwacj widocznych i potencjalnych wad, Bina ve alan incelemesi tR
istraivanje. ktre mog porednio lub bezporednio spo-
wodowa zmiany czy degradacj interesuj- Tanm: Bir bina ya da alann koruma durumu-
procjena okolia, istraivanje mjesta, feno- cych nas malowide ciennych. Takie ogldziny nun deerlendirilmesi ve temel gzlemler/tet-
menoloki pristup, ispitivanje strukture pomagaj wic okreli stan zachowania ma- kikler ve basit lmlerle evresinin allmas.
lowide ciennych. Inspekcja budynku stanowi
jedynie pierwszy krok bada budowli; nie za- Yorum: Bu; yapnn tm ynleriyle tam arat-
plet- s helysznfelmrs HU stpuje waciwych bada architektonicznych. rlmasn gerektirmez, sadece dorudan ya da
dolayl olarak duvar resminin bozulmas ve
Meghatrozs: Az plet vagy a helyszn ocena warunkw rodowiska, badania oto- anmasna sebep olabilecek potansiyel ve g-
megtartsi llapotnak felbecslse s kr- czenia, podejcie fenomenologiczne, badania rnr kusurlarn aratrlmasdr. Bu aratrma-
nyezetnek tanulmnyozsa, megfigyelsek konstrukcyjne lar bylece duvar resminin durumunun belir-
s egyszer mrsek alapjn. lenmesine yardmc olur. Yap aratrmas, a-
lmann sadece ilk admdr. Mimari aratrma-
Megjegyzs: Nem felttelezi az plet min- monitorizarea sitului i a Ro nn yerine gemez.
den szempontbl trtn, tfog vizsglatt, monumentului
inkbb a lthat s lehetsges hibk megfi- evresel deerlendirme, alan incelemesi, fe-
gyelst, melyek kzvetlenl vagy kzvetve Definiie: Analiz bazat pe observaii i m- nomolojik yaklam, strktrel inceleme
valamilyen elvltozst vagy krosodst okoz- surtori simple a strii de conservare a unei
hatnak a krdses falkp(ek)ben. Az ilyen fel- cldiri sau a unui sit, incluznd i o evaluare a
mrsek teht a falkp megtartsi llapotnak mediului nconjurtor. Bg
meghatrozsban segtenek. Az pletfel-
mrs csupn els lpse az plettanul- Adnotare: Nu este necesar ca analiza s cu-
mnynak; nem helyettestheti az ptszeti ku- prind o evaluare exhaustiv a tuturor elemen- :
tatst. telor de construcie; este bazat mai degrab
pe observarea defectelor vizibile i poteniale , -
krnyezet felmrs, helyszn vizsglat, je- ce ar putea cauza n mod direct sau indirect al- .
lensg kutats, szerkezeti vizsglat terarea sau degradarea picturii/picturilor mu-
rale. Un astfel de studiu ajut la caracterizarea : -
strii de conservare a unei picturi murale. Mo- ,
sondaggi sulledificio e sul sito it nitorizarea monumentului este un prim pas n - -
evaluarea strii unei cldiri i nu poate substi- ,
Definizione: Una valutazione dello stato di tui o analiz arhitectural a cldirii. , , -
conservazione di un edificio o un sito e uno . -
studio del suo ambiente, basato su metodi evaluarea condiiilor de mediu, investigaia
semplici di osservazione e misurazione. sitului, abordare fenomenologic, analiz ().
structural -
Commento: Non implica una ricerca comple- ;
ta di tutti gli aspetti della costruzione, ma piut- .
tosto losservazione di danni visibili e poten- inspeccin de edificios y de su entorno Es
ziali che, direttamente o indirettamente, po- ,
trebbero causare lalterazione o il degrado del- Definicin: Evaluacin del estado de conser- ,
le pitture murali in questione. Perci questi vacin de un edificio o de su entorno y su am- ,
sondaggi aiutano a definire la condizione del- biente, basado en observaciones y medicio-
la pittura murale. Il sondaggio sulledificio nes sencillas.
solo il primo passo per lo studio di un edificio
/ una costruzione; non pu sostituire uninda- Comentario: No implica una investigacin
gine approfondita delledificio. completa de todos los aspectos de la construc-

235
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3D visualisation of a damaged building element, tower of Freiburg Minster, Freiburg (Germany), 14th century; Image: 2009, Barthel & Maus GmbH
structural examination EN
Definition: An assessment of the structural sta-
bility of the object under study and the sur-
rounding building.
Comment: The aim of such a study is to know
and understand the static and dynamic be-
haviour of the structure; this includes a study
of structural deformations, stability and pos-
sible incidence of subsidence. The study re-
sults in the acquisition of information relevant
to the mechanical behaviour of the wall paint-
ing and the building, including architectural
typology, structural modifications, cracks and
cracking patterns loads (entity, location and
distribution), and the location and determina-
tion of mechanical stresses. The influence of
humidity is also taken into account.
building and site survey, object investigation,
site investigation
Examen structurel FR
Dfinition: Constat dtat structurel de lobjet
tudi et du btiment qui labrite.
Sources: NF EN 16096: 2012; Sajeva 2014
236
Commentaires: Il a pour objectif de compren-
dre et de connatre le comportement statique
et dynamique dune structure par ltude des
dformations, de la stabilit et du risque daf-
faissement. Il permet dacqurir des donnes
sur le comportement mcanique de la pein-
ture murale et du btiment, tel quune typolo-
gie des lments darchitecture, les modifica-
tions de la structure, la dtection des fissures
et leur connexions, ltude des charges (entit,
localisation et rpartition), la localisation et la
caractrisation des contraintes mcaniques.
Linfluence de lhumidit est aussi prise en
compte.
tude diagnostic des btiments et sites (tat sa-
nitaire du bti), constat dtat, tude de site
gefgeuntersuchung
Definition: Untersuchung der Stabilitt eines
Objekts und des umgebenden Baus.
Kommentar: Mit ihr versucht man, das stati-
sche und dynamische Verhalten des Objekt-
gefges zu erkennen und zu verstehen, indem
man dessen Verformungen, Stabilitt und
mgliche Setzung untersucht. Die Untersu-
chung fhrt zur Erfassung von relevanten In-
formationen, die sich auf das mechanische
Verhalten der Wandmalerei und des Gebu-
des beziehen, u.a. den Gebudetyp, die bau-
lichen Vernderungen, die Erfassung von Ris-
sen, Rissverbindungen und Traglasten (Eigen-
gewicht, Lage, Lastverteilung) sowie auf die
Lage und Bestimmung von mechanischen Be-
lastungen. Auch der Einfluss von Feuchte wird
bercksichtigt.
Synonyme: bautechnische Prfung, statische
Untersuchung
Bauaufnahme, Bestandsuntersuchung,
Kontextuntersuchung
ispitivanje strukture HR
DE
Definicija: Procjena strukturne stabilnosti ob-
jekta koji se prouava i okolne graevine.
Napomena: Cilj je takvoga prouavanja poz-
navanje i razumijevanje statikoga i dinami-
koga ponaanja strukture; to ukljuuje prou-
avanje strukturnih deformacija stabilnosti i
mogue uestalosti slijeganja.
 INTERVENTION

DOCUMENTATION ANO INVESTIGATION

Rezultati proucavanja dobiveni iz elemenata i
parametara koji seodnose na mehanicko pona-
sanje zidne slike i gradevine, ukljucujui tipolo-
giju arhitekture, strukturne promjene, pukotine
i njihovu povezanost, optereenja (jezgra, mje-
sto i rasprostiranje) te utvrdivanje mjesta i ra-
sprostiranja mehanickih naprezanja. Utjecaj vla-
ge takoder se uzima u obzir.
-+ pregled graaevine i mjesta, -+ istrativanje ob-
jekta,-+ istrativanje mjesta
Szerkezeti vizsgalat
Meghatarozas: Egyfalkp s a korUiotte levo
pUietrsz stabilitasanak vizsgalata.
Megjegyzs: Egy ilyen vizsgalat clja felfedni
s megrteni a szerkezet statikus s dinamikus
viselkedst; hozzatartozika deformaci6k vizs-
galata, valamint a szerkezet stabilitasanak s
lehetsges elvaltozasaink tanulmanyozasa. A
vizsgalat a falkp s az pUiet mechanikai vi-
selkedshez kot6d6 elemek s paramterek
begyujtst eredmnyezi, belertve az pft-
szeti tipol6giat, a szerkezeti m6dosulasokat, a
repedseket s ezek osszefUggst, a terhel-
seket (fajta, hely, eloszlas), s a mechanikai
ignybevtelek elhelyezst s meghataroza-
sat. Figyelembe veszi a nedvessg hatasat is.
-+ piilet s helyszfnfelmrs, -+ objektum vizsgd-
lat, -+ helyszfn vizsgdlat
Analisi della struttura architettonica
Definizione: Uno studio delle condizioni
strutturali dell'edificio e delle sue superfici ar-
chitettoniche
Badania konstrukcyjne PL ciones estructurales, la existencia de fisuras y su
relaci6n (cuadro fisurativo), las cargas (entidad,
Definicja: Studia stabilnosci bada nego obiek- ubicaci6n y distribuci6n) y la situaci6n y deter-
tu i budynku w kt6rym si~ znajduje. minaci6n de las tensiones mecanicas. Tambin
se tiene en cuenta la influencia de la humedad.
Komentarz: Celem badar\ jest poznanie, a takie
zrozumienie statycznego i dynamicznego za- -+ inspecci6n deedificios y de su entorno,-+ estudios
chowania budynku, obejmujq analiz~ odksztal- previos del objeto, -+ investigaci6n del en torno
cer\,jak r6wniez badania stabilnosci i potencjal-
negoosiadania budynku. W ich wyniku zebra ne
Sq dane i parametrydotyczqcemechanicznego Stri.ikti.irel inceleme TR
zachowania malowidla i budynku, takie typo-
logia architektury,zmiany konstrukcyjne, ujaw- Tamm: Duvar resminin ve iinde bulundugu
HU nienie p~kni~ i ich powiqzar\, obciqzenia (cha- yap1n1n saglamllgmm ara~t1nlmas1.
rakter, polozenie i rozmieszczenie) oraz lokali-
zacja i ustalenie wartosci napr~zer\ mechanicz- Yorum: Boyle bir all~man1n amaci yap1n1n di-
nych. Nalezytez uwzgl~dni wplyw wilgoci. namik ve statik davran1~1n1 anlamak ve bil-
mektir. StrUktrel yap1n1n dayan1klilig1 ve ayn1
-+ oglr;dziny budynku i otoczenia, -+ badania zamanda bunlann bozulmalan ile muhtemel
obiektu,-+ badania otoczenia okU~Un ara~t~r~lmas1n1 da ierir. all~ma; mi-
mari tipoloji, strUktUrel tadilatlar, atlaklann
bulunmas1 ve atlak baglantllan, yUk (olu~um,
Analiza structurala RO konum ve dag11im) ve mekanik gerilimin yeri
ve belirlenmesi gibi binanm ve duvar resmi-
Definitie: Studiul stabilitatii unei picturi mu- nin mekanik davran1~1 ile ilgili parametreler
rale ~i a cladirii in care aceasta se regase~te. ve elemanlann kazan1m1ndan ileri geli r. Ne-
mi n etkisi de dikkate al1n1r.
Ad notare: Scopul acestui studiu este de a de-
termina comportamentul static ~i dinamic al -+ bina ve a/an incelemesi, -+ nesne incelemesi,
structurii; include studiul deformarilor, inves- -+ a/an incelemesi
tigatia stabilitatii dar ~i a mecanismelor prin ca-
re structura poate ceda. Studiul are ca rezultat
achizitia de elemente ~i parametri eu privi re la
comportamentul mecanic al picturii ~i al cladi-
rii, inclusivdate despretipologia arhitecturala, Ae<J>IIIHIIILIIIIH:OL.jeHKa Ha CTPYKTypHaTa
modificar i a le structu rii de rezistenta, detecta- CTa6~nHOCT Ha ~3CneABaH~H o6eKT ~
IT rea fisurilor ~i a conexiu nilor dintre acestea, sar- np~ne>Kall\aTa crpaAa.
ei n ile mecanice (ti p de sarcina, localizare ~i dis-
tributie), localizarea ~i determinarea tipului ~i KoMeHTap: Uema Ha TaKoBa npoyYBaHe e Aa
impactului sarcinilortensiunilor mecanice. Stu- ce no3HaBa ~ pa36~pa CTaT~4HOTO ~
diul ia in considerare ~i influenta umiditatii. A~HaM~4HO noBeAeH~e Ha cTpyKTypaTa;
TOBa BKnto4Ba ~3cneABaHe Ha CTpyKTypH~Te

Commento: Questo studio vuole conoscere e -+ monitorizarea sitului ~i a monumentului, -+ in- AecjJOpMal.j~~. CTa6~nHocna ; ~
comprendere il comportamento statico e di- vestigajia obiectului,-+ investigajia sitului Bb3MO>KHOCT~Te 3a cnRraHe. B pe3ynTaT oT
namico dell'edificio; questo include uno studio npoyYBaHeTO ce cb6~pa ~HcjlOpMal.j~H,
delle deformazioni esistenti, oltre alle indagini CBbp3aHa C MeXaH~4HOTO noBeAeH~e Ha
sulla sua stabilit e sul suo possibile cedimen- Examen y evaluaci6n estructural ES CTeHon~c~Te ~ crpaAaTa, B T.4. apx~TeKTypHa
to. Il risultato dello studio l'acquisizione di T~nonor~H, cTpyKTYPH~ MOA~cjl~Kal.j~~.
elementi e parametri che si riferiscono al com- Definici6n: Estudio de la estabilidad estruc- nyKHaT~H~ ~ HaTOBapBaH~H B THXHaTa
portamento meccanico della pittura murale e tural del edificio soporte de la pintura murai. Mpe>Ka (Han~4HOCT, noKan~3al.j~H ~
dell'edificio, includendo la tipologia architet- pa3npeAeneH~e), KaKTO ~ pa3nono>KeH~eTO
tonica, le modificazioni strutturali, la rivelazio- Comentario: El objetivo de este estudio es co- Ha MexaH~4H~Te

ne di fessure e dei collegamenti delle fessure, nocer ycom prenderei comportamiento estati- Hanpe>KeH~H. B3eMa ce npeAB~A ~
i carichi (entit, localizzazione e distribuzione) coydinamicode la estructura, loque incluye el Bn~HH~eTO Ha Bna>KHOCTTa.
e la localizzazione e la determinazione di sol- estudio de las deformaciones, asf como de su
lecitazioni meccaniche. Anche l'influenza estabilidad y posible hundimiento. Los resulta- -+ npoy'!BaHe Ha c2paaa u mepeH, -+ npoy'!BaHe
dell'umidit presa in considerazione. dos del estudio consiste n e n la adquisici6n de Ha o6eKm, -+ npoy'!BaHe Ha 3a6ene)l(umenHu
datos y parametros relativos al comportamien- Mecma
-+sondaggi sull'edificio e sul sito,-+ indagine ap- to mecanico del edificio y, consecuentemente,
profondita dell'edificio e delle sue superfici archi- de la superficie pict6rica, incluyendo el estudio
tettoniche, -+ indagini sul sito,-+ ricerche sul sito de la tipologfa arquitect6nica, las transforma-

237
 iNtERvENtioN
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Fluorescence under UV-light, Chapel of Notre-Dame-dEntrevignes, Sigale (France); Photos: 2011, CICRP (Jean-Marc Vallet)
object investigation EN
Definition: A study in which information re-
garding the original form, materials and state
of conservation of an object is obtained.
Comment: Before any treatment is carried
out, the object should be placed in its histor-
ical, archaeological or artistic context. Accord-
ingly, information regarding previous modifi-
cations should be collected. The study usually
includes a description of the wall painting or
other decorative elements, observations, and
historical and/or scientific research.
scientific investigation, building and site sur-
vey, phenomenological approach
Sources: Caple 2000, 74; Mora et al. 1977; Reille-Taillefert 2010
238
constat dtat FR
Dfinition: tude visant approfondir la
connaissance de lobjet tudi dans sa forme
originale, en caractrisant ses matriaux et
son tat de conservation.
Commentaires: Avant toute intervention,
lobjet est situ dans son contexte archolo-
gique, historique et esthtique et toutes les
informations relatives son aspect initial et
son tat de conservation sont collectes. Il in-
tgre en gnral une description de la pein-
ture, des observations, des recherches histo-
riques, des recherches scientifiques.
tude scientifique, tude diagnostic des bti-
ments et sites (tat sanitaire du bti), tude ph-
nomnologique
Befunduntersuchung DE
Definition: Eine Untersuchung, die zu weite-
ren Erkenntnissen des Objektes und seiner
Oberflche fhrt.
Kommentar: Bevor eine Manahme ausge-
fhrt wird, sollte das Objekt in seinen histori-
schen, bauarchologischen und knstleri-
schen Kontext gebracht werden, damit alle In-
formationen ber seinen Original- und Erhal-
tungszustand erfasst sind. In der Regel bein-
haltet dies eine Beschreibung der Wandmale-
rei oder anderer dekorativer Elemente, Beob-
achtungen und historische oder naturwissen-
schaftliche Untersuchungen.
Synonyme: Befundsicherung, Bestandsunter-
suchung, Voruntersuchung
Bauaufnahme, phnomenologische Unter-
suchung
 INTERVENTION

DOCUMENTATION ANO INVESTIGATION

lstrazivanje objekta HR Badania obiektu PL Cisim ara~t1rmas1 TR

Definicija: Studija kojom se stjecu informacije Definicja: Badania w wyniku kt6rych pogl~ Tamm: Orijinal form, malzemeler ve koruma
o izvornom obliku, materijalima i stanju zastite biona jest wiedza o obiekcie, o jego oryginal- durumu Uzerinde da ha fazla bilgi elde etmek
objekta. nej formie, budowie i stanie zachowania. iin yapilan ileri dUzey ara~t1rma.

Napomena: Prije bilo kakvoga postupka ob-
jekttreba smjestiti u njegov povijesni, arheolo-
ski ili umjetnicki kontekst te prikupiti sve infor-
macije koje se odnose na prethodne promjene.
Studija o bieno sadrtava opis zidne slike ili dru-
gih dekorativnih elemenata, opazanja te po-
vijesno i!ili znanstveno istrazivanje.
-+ znanstveno istrativanje,-+ pregled graaevine i
mjesta, -+ fenomenoloski pristup
Komentarz: Przed podj~ciem jakichkolwiek
prac obiekt nalezy umiejscowi w kontekscie
historycznym, archeologicznym i artystycz-
nym, zebra wszelkie informacje o wczesniej-
szych zmianach. Zwykle badania zawierajq
opis malowidla scie n nego czy innych elemen-
t6w dekoracji, obserwacje, wyniki badar\ his-
torycznych i l lub naukowych.
-+ badania laboratoryjne, -+ oglr;dziny budynku i
Yorum: Herhangi bir i~lem yapilmadan once,
nesnenin tarihsel, arkeolojik ya da sanatsal
baglamma yerle~tirilmesi ve da ha onceki iyi-
le~tirmeler ait bilgi toplanmas1. Bu genellikle
duvar resminin veya diger sUsleme unsurlan-
nm tan1mlanmasm1, gozlemleri ve tarihi ve/
veya bilimsel ara~t1rmalan ierir.
E~ anlaml1: madde ara~t1rmas1, nesne ara~t1r-
mas1

otoczenia, -+ podejscie fenomenologiczne -+ bilimsel ara~ttrma, -+ bina ve a/an incelemesi,

-+ fenomenolojik yakla~tm

Objektum vizsgalat HU lnvestigatia obiectului RO npoy'IBaHe Ha o6eKT BG

Meghatarozas: Egy kutatas, mely alta l ujabb Definitie: Un studiu prin care se obtin infor- Ae<J>IIIHIIILIIIIH: vl3cneABaHe, npV1 KoeTO ce no-
informaci6kat gyujtenek egy mualkotas ere- matii suplimentarecu privi re la forma origina- nyYaBa V1HcjlopMal.jV1l1, CBbp3aHa c opV1-
deti megjelensr61,anyagair61 s megtartasi la, materiale le constitutive ~i sta rea de conser- rV1HaJlHV1l1 BVI/1, MaTepV!aJlV! V1 CbCTOl1HV1e Ha
allapotar61. Targyfelmrsnek is nevezik. vare a unui obiect. CbXpaHeHOCT Ha /ja/jeH o6eKT.

Megjegyzs: Miel6tt barmilyen beavatkozast
hajtananak vgre, az objektumot el kell he-
lyezni tbrtneti, rgszeti s muvszeti kon-
textusaban, s ossze kell gyujteni barmelyel6-
z6 m6dosftasara vonatkoz6 informaci6t. Alta-
la ba n a falkp vagyegyb dfszft6elemek lefra-
sat tartalmazza, megfigyelseket, valamint
tbrtneti s/ vagy tudomanyos kutatast.
-+ (termszet)tudomdnyos vizsgdlat,-+ piilet- s
helyszfnfelmrs, -+ jelensg kutatds
Ad notare: Tnaintea oricarui tratament, obiec-
tul trebuie plasat in contextul sau istoric, ar-
heologic sau artistic, colectandu-se orice in-
formatie referitoare la modificarile su ferite de
acesta. Studiul cantine de regula o descriere
a picturii murale sau a elementelordecorative,
observatii, un studiu istoric ~i/sau o analiza ~ti
intifica a obiectului.
-+ investigajie ~tiinjifici, -+ monitorizarea sitului ~i
a monumentului, -+ abordare fenomenologica
KoMeHTap: npeijV! /ja ce npV1CTbnV1 KbM Ha -
MeCV!Te, o6eKTbT Tpl16Ba /ja 6bije noCTaBeH B
csol1 V1CTOpV14eCKV1, apxeonorV14eCKV1 V1JlV1 xy-
AO>KecTBeH KOHTeKCT. (bOTBeTHO, Tpl16Ba /ja
6bAe cb6paHa V1HcjlopMal.jV1l1, CBbp3aHa c
npeijXO/jHVI TaKoBa
npoy4BaHe 06V1KHOBeHO BKJli04Ba OnV!CaHV!e
Ha CTeHonV!cHoTo npoV13BeAeHV!e V1JlV1 APYrVI
/jeKopaTV1BHV1 eJleMeHTVI, Ha6Jlto/jeHV1l1, KaKTO
V1 V1CTOpV14eCKO V1/ V1JlV1 Hay4HO V13CJle/jBaHe.
-+ Hay'!HO U3CneaaaHe, -+ BU3yanHO npoy'!BaHe

Ha c2paau u 3a6ene)f(umenHu Mecma, -+ rpeHoMe-

Indagine approfondita dell'edificio
e delle sue superfici architettoniche
Definizione: Uno studio con il qua le si otten-
gono conoscenze pi approfondite sull'aspet-
to ed i materiali originali e sullo stato di con-
servazione di un dipinto murale o di un ele-
mento decorativo.
Commento: Prima di eseguire qualsiasi trat-
tamento, l'opera deve essere collocata nel suo
contesto storico, archeologico e artistico per
raccogliere tutte le informazioni relative alla
sua forma originale gli interventi storici suc-
cessivi e il suo stato di conservazione. Di solito
questa ricerca contiene una descrizione del di-
pinto murale o degli elementi decorativi, e ap-
profondite osservazioni e ricerche storiche e
scientifiche.
IT Estudios previos del objeto ES Hono2u'!eH noaxoa
Definicion: Estudio que permite obtener ma-
yor informaci6n sobre la forma primigenia, los
materiales y el e sta do de conservaci6n del ob-
jeto.
Comentario: Antes de ser sometido a un tra-
tamiento, el objeto debe ser ubicado en su
contexto hist6rico-artfstico, y se de be recopi-
lar toda la informaci6n existente relacionada
con las intervenciones previas del mismo. Nor-
malmente, este estudio incluye la descripci6n
de la pintura murai o elementos ornamentales
de la obra que se quiere interveniry su estudio
hist6rico y/ o cientffico.
-+pian de investigaci6n,-+ inspecci6n del edificio
y de su entorno, -+ enfoque fenomenologico

-+ esame scientifico, -+sondaggi sull'edificio e sul

sito, -+ approccio fenomenologico

239
 iNtERvENtioN
DocUmENtatioN aND iNvEstigatioN
General view of the context (vegetation and ground topography), Chapel of Saint Sbastien, Roure (France), 15th century; Photo: 2011, CICRP (Jean-Marc Vallet)
site investigation EN
Definition: Examination of the area surround-
ing an object to gather data regarding its ge-
ographic and environmental context.
Comment: The wall that supports a particular
wall painting, the building where it is located
and the surrounding environment are all in-
vestigated. Such investigations can also in-
clude urban aspects (including buildings,
streets, traffic and pollution, orientation of the
building), hydrological and hydrogeological
aspects (water flow pathways, impervious
ground surfaces), and the characteristics of
the surrounding terrain.
historical investigation, structural examina-
tion, environmental assessment
Sources: GRADOC 2000; Heritage 2002a; Lester 1999; Meyor et al. 2005; Stefanaggi 1997; Sajeva 2014
240
Etude de site
Dfinition: Collecte de donnes aprs exa-
men de la zone concerne pour recueillir des
informations sur le contexte et lenvironne-
ment au sens large.
Commentaires: Le mur qui soutient la pein-
ture murale, le btiment o elle se trouve et
lenvironnement sont tudis et documents.
Ces investigations peuvent galement inclure
des aspects urbains (btiments environnants,
rues, circulation et pollution, orientation du
btiment), des aspects hydrologiques et
hydrogologiques (voies dcoulement, im-
permabilisation de la surface du sol) et des
tudes gotechniques du sol.
tude historique, examen structurel, va-
luation des conditions environnementales
FR Kontextuntersuchung DE
Definition: Nach einer Untersuchung des Ge-
lndes sammelt man mit dieser Datenerfas-
sung Informationen ber den Kontext und die
geografische Umgebung.
Kommentar: Untersucht wird sowohl die
Wand, die die jeweilige Wandmalerei trgt, als
auch der Bau, an dem sie angebracht ist und
deren Umgebung. Solche Untersuchungen
knnen auch stdtebauliche Aspekte mit ein-
schlieen (umgebende Bauten, Straen, Ver-
kehr und Luftverschmutzung, Ausrichtung
des Baus) sowie hydrologische und hydrogeo-
logische Aspekte (Wasserflu, versiegelte B-
den) und die Besonderheiten des umgeben-
den Gelndes.
Synonyme: Baugrunderkundung, Gelnde-
prfung, Standortuntersuchung, Standorter-
kundung
Quellenrecherche, Gefgeuntersuchung,
Umweltprfung

lstrazivanje mjesta
Definicija: lstrazivanje podrucja koje okruzuje
objekt u svrhu prikupljanja podataka u kon-
tekstu zemljopisa i okolisa.
Napomena: lstrazuje se zid koji nosi odrede-
nu zidnu sliku te gradevinu i okolinu u kojoj
se ona nalazi. Takva istrazivanja mogu ukljuci-
vati i urbanisticko glediste (ukljucujui okolne
gradevine, ulice, promet, onecisenje i usmje-
renje gradevine), hidroloske i hidrogeoloske
aspekte (vodene tokove, nepropusna povrsi-
na tla) i svojstva okolnoga tla.
-+ povijesno istrativanje, -+ ispitivanje strukture,
-+ procjena okolisa
Helyszin vizsgalat HU
Meghatarozas: Az rintett terUiet atvizsgala-
sa uta n vgzett adatgyujts, annak rdek-
ben, hogy a kozvetlen kornyezetr61 s a korU-
Iotte levo terUietr61 szerezzenek informaci6t.
Megjegyzs: Vizsgaljak a falat, mely az adott
falkpet hordozza, az pUietet helyszfnt s
kornyezett. Az ilyen vizsga latok t arta lmaz-
hatnak urbanisztikai vonatkozasokat is (bele-
rtve a kornyez6 pUieteket, utcakat, forgal-
mat s lgszennyez6dst, az pUiet tajolasat),
s a kornyez6 te re p jellemz6it.
-+ tartneti kutatds,-+ szerkezeti vizsgdlat,-+ kor-
nyezet felmrs
Ricerche sul sito
Definizione: Una collezione di dati ottenuti
con un esame della zona interessata per rac-
cogliere informazioni sul contesto e sui din-
torni di un dipinto murale.
Commento: Si eseguono indagini sul suppor-
to del dipinto murale, cio sulla muratura e
sull'intero l'edificio in cui si trova e sull'ambien-
te circostante. Tali indagini possono includere
anche gli aspetti urbanistici (compresi gli edi-
fici circostanti, le strade, il traffico e l'inquina-
mento, l'orientamento dell'edificio), gli aspetti
idrologici e idrogeologici (i percorsi di flusso,
le superfici impermeabili del terreno), e le pro-
priet del terreno circostante.
-+studio storico,-+ analisi della struttura architet-
tonica,-+ valutazione ambientale
INTERVENTION
DOCUMENTATION ANO INVESTIGATION
HR Badania otoczenia PL Alan incelemesi TR
Definicja: Badania otoczenia obiektu, zgro- Tamm: Cografi ve evre ierigi hakkmda bilgi
madzenie danych geograficznych z uwzgl~d toplamak iin ala n m incelenmesi
nieniem warunk6w srodowiska.
Yorum: Duvar resminin Uzerinde bulundugu
Komentarz: Przedmiotem badar\jest konkret- duvar ve binanm bulundugu yer ve evresi
na sciana, budynek w kt6rym si~ znajduje, a ara~t1nlir. Bu ara~t1rmalar, evredeki yap1la~ma,
takiejego otoczenie. Takie badania mogq r6w- yollar, trafik ve kirlilik, yap1n1n konumu, su yol-
niez obejmowa aspekty urbanistyczne (wlq- lan, geirimsiztoprakyUzeyi gibi hidrolojik ve
czajqc sqsiadujqce budynki, uklad ulic, nat~ze hidrojeolojik durumlar ile evredeki topragm
nie ruchu i zanieczyszczenia, orientacj~), wa- ozellikleri gibi ~ehircilik konulann1 ierebilir.
runki hydrologiczne i hydrogeologiczne (cieki
wodne, nieprzepuszczalna powierzchnia gle- -+ tarihsel ara~ttrma,-+ striiktiirel inceleme,-+ ev-
by) oraz charakterystyk~ otaczajqcegoterenu. resel degerlendirme
-+ badania historyczne,-+ badania konstrukcyjne,
-+ ocena warunk6w srodowiska
lnvestigatia sitului RO npoy'IBaHe Ha 3a6elle)I(I/ITeiiHIII MeCTa BG
Definitie: Colectarea datelor in urma unei Ae<J>IIIHIIILIIIIH: npoy4BaHe Ha 30HaTa, 3a06V1-
examinari a zonei in cauza pentru a aduna in- KaJll1ll\a o6eKTa, 3a 11a ce nonyYaT AaHHVI 3a
formatii referitoare la context ~i imprejurimi. reorpacjlCKV1l1 KOHTeKCT V1 OKOJlHaTa cpeija.
Ad notare: Sunt investigate suportul murai pe KOMeHTap: Vl3CJleABaT ce CTeHaTa, KOl1TO CJly>KVI
care este realizata pictura, cladirea in care se 3a OCHOBa Ha onpeijeJleH CTeHOnVIC, rpaAaTa, B
afla dar ~i mediul inconjurator. Analiza poate KOl1TO ce HaMV!pa TO; V1 3a06V1KaJll1ll\aTa rVI
cuprinde ~i aspecte legate de mediul urban Cpeija. noij06HV1 npoy4BaHV1l1 MO>Ke /ja
(cladirile ~i strazile din vecinatate, traficul ~i BKJlto4BaT Cbll\O pa3IlV14HV1 acneKrn Ha
poluarea d in zona, orienta rea cladirii), aspecte rpaACKaTa cpe11a (Han p. HaMV1pall\V1 ce HaoKono
hidrologice ~i hidrogeologice (bilantul hidro- crpaijV1, ynV1LjV1, TpacjlVIK, 3aMbpcl1BaHe Ha
logic, gradui de impermeabilitate al solului), Bb3Ayxa, Ha crpaAaTa),
precum ~i caracteristici aie solului di n zona. XV1AponorV14HV1 V1 XV1Aporeono>KKV1 acneKTV!
(HaJlV14V1e Ha BO/jHVI nOTOL.jVI, HenponyCKJlVIBa
-+ lnvestigajie istorici, -+ analizi structurali, n04BeHa nOBbpXHOCT) V1 xapaKTepV1CTV1KV1Te Ha
-+ evaluarea condijiilor de mediu OKOJlHV1l1 TepeH.
-+ ucmopUlfeCKO npoylfBaHe,-+ KOHCmpyKmUBHO
IT lnvestigaci6n del entorno ES npoylfBaHe,-+ ol.{eHKa Ha oKonHama cpeaa
Definici6n: Obtenci6n de datos tras un exa-
men de la zona en cuesti6n para reca bar in-
formaci6n sobre el contexto geografico y me-
dioambiental.
Comentario: Se investiga tanto el muro que
so porta una pintura murai como el edificioen
el que se localiza y su ambiente. Este tipo de
investigaciones incluyen tambin aspectos ur-
banos (como los edificios y calles de los alre-
dedores, el trafico, la poluci6n, la orientaci6n
del edificio), aspectos hidrol6gicos e hidro-
geol6gicos (niveles freaticos, superficie de
suelo impermeable) y las caracterfsticas del
sue lo circundante.
-+ investigaci6n hist6rica,-+ examen y evaluaci6n
estructural, -+ estudio medioambiental
241
 iNtERvENtioN
DocUmENtatioN aND iNvEstigatioN
Relief mapping (detail), expressed both by contour lines and colour, Charterhouse chapel, painting by Matteo Giovannetti, Villeneuve-ls-Avignon (France), 1355; Photo: 2009,
MAP-CNRS-MCC (Livio de Luca)
metric survey EN
Definition: Any measurement that is performed
on wall paintings, a building or its surroundings
which is then presented as a collection of spatial
information within a bi- (plans, cross-sections,
elevations, etc.) or tri- (point cloud, polygonal
mesh, etc.) dimensional representation.
Comment: Metric surveys are an essential
source of base mapping for architects, archae-
ologists, conservators, and others. They are
done by using active (triangulation based
scanners, time of flight and phase shift scan-
ners, etc.) and/or passive (traditional pho-
togrammetry and image matching, etc.) tech-
nologies. The data must be reproducible, pre-
cise and accurate.
Synonym: measured drawings
structural examination, building and site sur-
vey, site investigation, object investigation,
mapping
Relev mtrique FR
Dfinition: Toute mesure effectue sur des
peintures murales, un btiment ou ses environs
Source: Bryan et al. 2009
242
et projete comme un ensemble de donnes
spatiales dans un systme bi- (plans, coupes,
lvations, etc.) ou tri- (nuage de points, mail-
lage polygonal, etc.) dimensionnel.
Commentaires: Source cartographique de
base pour les architectes, les archologues, les
conservateurs etc. Ils sont faits en utilisant des
technologies actives (scanners par triangula-
tion, par temps de vol et par dcalage de
phase etc.) ou passive (photogrammtrie tra-
ditionnelle, photogrammtrie multivue, etc.).
Les donnes doivent tre reproductibles et de
qualit en termes dexactitude et de prcision.
examen structurel, tude diagnostic des b-
timents et sites (tat sanitaire du bti), tude de
site, constat dtat, relev cartographique
vermessung DE
Definition: Messungen, die an Wandmalerei-
en, einem Bau oder seiner Umgebung vorge-
nommen werden und als Sammlung von
rumlichen Informationen innerhalb einer
zwei- (Ansichten, Querschnitte, Aufrisse etc.)
oder drei- (Punktewolke, Polygonnetz etc.) di-
mensionalen Darstellung prsentiert werden.
Kommentar: Vermessungen sind eine we-
sentliche Quelle und Kartengrundlage fr Ar-
chitekten, Archologen, Restauratoren u.a. Er-
stellt werden sie mit aktiven (Triangulations-
prinzip-Scanner, Laufzeitverfahren, Scanner
mit Laser-Phasenverschiebung u.a.) und/oder
passiven Techniken (traditionelle Photogram-
metrie, photogrammetrische Mehrbildzuord-
nung u.a.). Die Daten mssen reproduzierbar,
przise und genau sein.
Synonyme: Aufma, Bauaufma
Gefgeuntersuchung, Bauaufnahme, Kontext-
untersuchung, Befunduntersuchung, Kartierung
mjerenje HR
Definicija: Bilo koje mjerenje koje se provodi na
zidnim slikama, graevini ili njezinoj okolini koje
se zatim predstavlja kao zbir prostornih infor-
macija unutar dvodimenzijskoga (nacrti, presje-
ci, okomite projekcije itd.) ili trodimenzijskoga
(point cloud, polygonal mree, itd.) prikaza.
Napomena: Mjerenja su bitan izvor temeljno-
ga mapiranja za arhitekte, arheologe, konzer-
vatore i ostale. Ona se provode aktivnim (ske-
neri na bazi triangulacije i razliiti 3D laserski

skeneri) i/ili pasivnim (tradicionalna fotograme-
trija), spajanja slika itd. tehnologijama. Rezultat
mora biti izvodljiv, toan i precizan.
ispitivanje strukture, pregled graevine i mje-
sta, istraivanje mjesta, istraivanje objekta,
mapiranje
Felmrs HU
Meghatrozs: Brmely mrs, melyet a fal-
kpen, az pleten vagy a krnyezetben v-
geznek, melyet aztn trbeli informcik gyj-
temnyeknt mutatnak be, kt (alaprajzok,
metszetek, homlokzatrajzok, stb.) vagy hrom
(pontfelh, poligonlis hl, stb.) dimenzis
brzolsban.
Megjegyzs: A felmrsek fontos forrsknt
s krtrkpek alapjaknt szolglnak pt-
szek, rgszek, restaurtorok s msok szm-
ra. Aktv (triangulcis szkennerek, replsi
id- s fziseltolsos szkennerek, stb.) s/vagy
passzv (hagyomnyos fotogrammetria, kp-
trsts, stb.) technolgik hasznlatval k-
szlnek. Az adatoknak megismtelheteknek,
hiteleseknek s pontosaknak kell lennik.
szerkezeti vizsglat, plet- s helysznfelm- picturilor murale, cldirilor sau a mprejurimi-
rs, helyszn vizsglat, objektum vizsglat,
krtrkp
Rilevamento metrico
Definizione: Ogni forma di misurazione metri-
ca eseguita su pitture murali e il loro contesto
architettonico e ambientale che si presenta co-
me collezione di informazioni spaziali con rilievi
bi- o tridimensionali ( piante, sezioni, rilievi ecc.)
Commento: Rilevamenti metrici sono essen-
ziali come base per la mappatura dei reperti
eseguita da architetti, archeologi e restauratori.
Si effettuano con tecnologie attive (scanner ba-
sati sulla tirangolazione, distanziometri laser
ecc.) e/o passive (fotogrammetrie tradizionali,
assemblaggio di immagini ecc.). I dati cos rile-
vati devono essere ripetibili, precisi e accurati.
analisi della struttura architettonica, sondag-
gi sulledificio e sul sito, ricerche sul sito, inda-
gine approfondita delledificio e delle sue superfici
architettoniche, mappatura
iNtERvENtioN
DocUmENtatioN aND iNvEstigatioN
obmiar PL Comentario: Es una fuente esencial para el ma-
peo de base para arquitectos, arquelogos,
Definicja: Kady pomiar przeprowadzony na conservadores, etc. Se realiza usando tecnolo-
malowidach ciennych, budynku czy jego oto- gas activas (escneres de triangulacin, esc-
czeniu przedoony jako zbir przestrzennych in- neres de tiempo de vuelo y de cambio de fase,
formacji w postaci pomiarw dwuwymiarowych etc. ) y/o pasivas (fotogrametra tradicional,
(plany, przekroje, elewacje itp.) lub trjwymiaro- combinacin de imgenes, etc.). Los datos de-
wych (chmura punktw, siatki wieloktne itp.) ben ser reproducibles, precisos y exactos.
Komentarz: Pomiary stanowi zasadnicze examen y evaluacin estructural, inspeccin
rdo podstawowego mapowania dla archi- del edificio y de su entorno, estudios previos del
tektw, archeologw, konserwatorw i in- objeto, mapeo
nych. Sporzdzane s przy uyciu technologii
czynnych: (skanerw triangulacyjnych, skano-
wania pulsacyjnego (TOF) i skanerw fazo- lekli inceleme tR
wych, itp.) i / lub technologii biernych: (trady-
cyjnej fotogrametrii i dopasowania obrazu Tanm: Duvar resmi, bina ve evresi zerine ya-
itp.). Odczyty musz by powtarzalne, precy- plan ve alanlara ait iki boyutlu( plan,kesit, cephe
zyjne i dokadne. vb.) veya boyutlu (nokta bulutu, okgen a
Synonim: pomiary vb.) sunulan gsterimleri kapsayan bir lm.
badania konstrukcyjne, ogldziny budynku i Yorum: lekli aratrmalar, mimarlar, arkeolog-
otoczenia, badania otoczenia, badania bu- lar ve korumaclar ve dierleri iin temel harita-
dynku, mapowanie lamann hayati kaynan oluturur. Bu aratr-
malar, aktif (genleme temelli tarayc, lazer
metre faz kaymal tarayc vb.) ya da pasif tekno-
investigaie metric Ro loji (geleneksel fotogrametri, ve resim eletir-
me vb.) kullanlarak yaplr. Veri tekrarlanabilir
Definiie: Orice msurtoare efectuat asupra olmal, kesinlik ve doruluk asndan gerekli ka-
liteyi salamaldr.
lor acesteia al crei rezultat este redat printr-o E anlam: rleve
reprezentare bi- (planuri, seciuni transversale
etc.) sau tridimensional (reprezentri de tip strltrel inceleme, bina ve alan incelemesi,
point cloud, polygonal mesh, etc.). alan incelemesi, nesne inceleme, haritalama
it
Adnotare: Investigaiile metrice sunt o surs
esenial de cartografiere pentru arhiteci, ar- Bg
heologi, conservatori, etc. i apeleaz la teh-
nici active de colectare a informaiei (scanere :
bazate pe triangulare, scanere de tip time of ,
flight, etc.) i/sau la tehnici pasive (fotograme- , -
trie, compararea imaginilor, etc.). Datele tre-
buie s fie repetabile, precise i corecte. (, ,
Sinonim: msurtori .) ( -
, .) .
analiz structural, monitorizarea sitului i a
monumentului, investigaia sitului, investi- : -
gaia obiectului, cartografiere -
, -
, . -
Examen mtrico Es (
3D ) /
Definicin: Expresin de resultado de una ( .) -
medicin realizada en pinturas murales, en . -
edificios o en sus alrededores, que es presen- .
tada como una recopilacin de informacin
espacial dentro de una representacin bidi- , -
mensional (plantas, secciones transversales, ,
alzados, etc.) o tridimensional (nube de pun- ,
tos, mallas poligonales, etc.).
243
 iNtERvENtioN
DocUmENtatioN aND iNvEstigatioN
Chronological sequence of different construction phases resulting from an exercise in building archaeology, Cloister of St. Michael, Hildesheim (Germany), 11-13th century;
Mapping: 2000, HAWK
Building archaeology EN
Definition: The investigation, documentation
and interpretation of historic buildings and
their fittings.
Comment: This methodological approach
aims to study a buildings history including dif-
ferent historical building phases, with their fit-
tings, and to define its state of conservation
through a set of documents, which include:
- plans, elevations, and cross sections with
precise measurements of the building and
any possible distortions;
- a detailed set of drawings which show the
materials, construction methods, exposed
surfaces and stratigraphic sections of the
building.
This methodological approach is derived from
classical archaeology and provides a basis for
the repair and possible future use of a building.
Not to be confused with: cross section
stratigraphic investigation, architectural
paint research, object investigation
archologie du bti FR
Dfinition: Etude, documentation et interpr-
tation des btiments historiques, incluant leurs
dcorations.
Commentaires: Cette mthode vise tudier
lhistoire dun btiment au travers de ses dif-
frentes phases de construction historiques
et ses dcorations et de dfinir son tat de
conservation grce un ensemble de docu-
ments comprenant:
Sources: Mader 1982; Mader 2005; Petzet, Mader 1993; Schdler-Saub 1990
244
- Plans, lvations et coupes avec des mesures
prcises du btiment et de ses dformations;
- Un ensemble dtaill de dessins qui repr-
sentent tous les matriaux, mthodes de
construction, surfaces dgages et coupes
stratigraphiques du btiment.
Cette mthode drive de larchologie clas-
sique et sert de base pour la restauration et
lventuel r-emploi dun btiment.
sondage stratigraphique, recherche et tude
de dcors peints, constat dtat
Bauforschung
Definition: Untersuchung, Dokumentation
und Interpretation von historischen Gebu-
den einschlielich ihrer Ausstattung.
Kommentar: Mit dieser Vorgehensweise soll
die Geschichte eines Gebudes mit seinen
verschiedenen Bauphasen und seiner Ausstat-
tung erforscht und sein Zustand mit folgen-
den Dokumenten festgehalten werden:
- Plne, Aufrisse und Querschnitte mit ge-
nauen Aufmaen des Gebudes und sei-
nen mglichen Verformungen;
- eine Reihe von Zeichnungen, die auch alle
Materialien, Bauweisen, freiliegende Fl-
chen und stratigrafische bersichten des
Gebudes erfassen.
Entstanden in der klassischen Archologie bil-
det sie die Basis fr die Restaurierung und die
mgliche zuknftige Nutzung eines Gebu-
des.
stratigrafische Untersuchung, Fassungsunter-
suchung
istraivanje graevine HR
Definicija: Istraivanje, dokumentiranje i in-
terpretiranje povijesnih graevina, i njihove
opreme.
Napomena: Cilj je postupka istraiti povijest
graevine, ukljuujui i razliite povijesne gra-
evne mijene s njihovom opremom te defini-
rati stanje zatite kroz skup dokumenata:
- tlocrti, projekcije i presjeci s detaljnim mjera-
ma graevine i svim moguim iskrivljenjima;
- detaljni skup crtea sa svim materijalima,
metodama konstrukcije, vidljivim povrina-
DE ma i stratigrafskim presjecima graevine.
Ovaj metodoloki pristup potjee od klasine
arheologije i temelj je za popravke i moguu
buduu uporabu graevine.
stratigrafsko istraivanje, arhitektonsko istra-
ivanje boje, istraivanje objekta
memlki pletkutats HU
Meghatrozs: Trtneti pletek vizsglata,
dokumentlsa s rtelmezse, belertve a
szerelseket is (Bauforschung szemllet p-
letkutats, pletrgszet).
Megjegyzs: Az eljrs clja az plet trt-
netnek, klnbz ptsi szakaszainak s a
benne lev szerelseknek tanulmnyozsa s
megtartsi llapotnak meghatrozsa egy
dokumentumcsomag ltal, mely a kvetkez-
ket tartalmazza:
- az pletnek s brmely lehetsges mdo-
sulsnak alaprajzait, homlokzatrajzait s
metszeteit, pontos mretezssel;

- egy rszletes rajzgyujtemnyt, mely feltU n-
teti az pUiet anyagait, az pftsi m6dokat,
a szabadon all6 feiUieteket s a rtegszer-
kezeteket is.
A klasszikus rgszetb61 szarmazik, s az pU-
Iet javftasanak s lehetsges tovabbi haszno-
sftasainak alapjat kpezi.
-+ rtegszerkezet vizsgdlat,-+ piiletszfnezs kuta-
tds, -+ objektum vizsgdlat
Bauforschung IT
Definizione: L:indagine, documentazione e
interpretazione degli edifici storici con le loro
strutture, superfici e arredi.
Commento: Si studia la storia di un monu-
mento architettonico con le sue fasi costrutti-
ve e decorative, e si analizza il suo stato di con-
servazione, usando vari metodi di indagine e
documentazione:
- un preciso e realistico rilievo dell'edificio,
con piante, elevati e sezioni, documentan-
do anche deformazioni presenti nella strut-
tura;
- l'analisi, l'indagine stratigrafica e documen-
tazione dei materiali e delle tecniche di co-
struzione e di rifinitura adoperati nelle varie
fasi storiche.
Il metodo viene dalla archeologia classica. Con
la conoscenza storica approfondita dell'edifi-
cio, si creano le basi per una conservazione e
un uso appropriati.
Sinonimo: indagine archeologica dei monu-
menti architettonici
-+ esame stratigrafico, -+ indagine stratigrafica,
-+indagine approfondita dell'edificio e del/ sue su-
perfici architettoniche
Badania architektoniczne PL
Definicja: Badanie, dokumentacja i interpre-
tacja zabytkowych budynk6w wraz z ich wy-
strojem.
Komentarz: Procedura ma na celu stworzenie
studium historii budynku, zwierajqce histo-
ryczne fazy jego budowy wraz z wystrojem
oraz okreslenie jego stanu zachowania w po-
sta ci zestawu dokument6w, kt6ry obejmuje:
- plany, elewacje, przekroje zawierajqce do-
kladne pomiary budynku i ewentualne od-
ksztalcenia;
- szczeg61owe rysunki zawierajqce tez infor-
macje o wszelkich materialach, metodach
budowlanych, eksponowanych powierzch-
niach i stratygraficzne przekroje budynku.
Wywodzi si~ z archeologii klasycznej i stanowi
podstaw~ do remontu oraz okreslenia mozli-
wosci przyszlego uzytkowania budynku.
Nie nalezy myli z: przekroje
-+ badania stratygraficzne, -+ badania kolorystki
budynku,
ierir. Bunlar:
Bauforschung RO
Definiti e: lnvestigatia, documenta rea ~i inter-
preta rea constructiilor istorice, inclusiva utili-
tatilor acestora.
Adnotare: Aceasta procedura are drept scop
studierea istoriei unei cladiri, inclusiva diferitelor
etape istorice de constructie, eu ajustarile/ utili-
tatile ei, precum ~i definirea star ii sale de conser-
vare printr-un set de documente, care includ:
- planuri, elevatii ~i sectiuni transversale eu
masuratori precise aie cladirii ~i aie oricaror
distorsiuni posibile;
- o serie detaliata de desene ce includ toate
materialele, metodele de constructie, supra-
fetele expuse ~i sectiunile stratigrafice aie
cladirii. Aceasta este derivata d in arheologia
clasica ~i este baza pentru repararea ~i posi-
bila utilizare in viitor a unei constructii.
Sinonim: investigatia constructiilor istorice
-+ investigajie stratigrafici, -+ cercetarea suprafe-
jelorarhitecturalepictate,-+ investigatiaobiectului
Estudios previos del edificio ES
Definicion: La investigaci6n, documentaci6n
e interpretaci6n de edificios hist6ricos que in-
cluye sus alteraciones.
Comentario: Este procedimiento pretende
estudiar la hi storia del edificio y reconocer las
diferentes fases hist6ricas de su construcci6n,
sus alteraciones, asf como definir su estado de
conservaci6n mediante un conjunto dedocu-
mentos entre los que se encuentran:
- levantamiento preciso del edificio con pla-
nos, alzados, secciones transversales con re-
conocimiento de cualquier deformaci6n
existente;
- analisis ydibujos detallados que recojan to-
dos los materiales, tcnicas y sistemas de
construcci6n, superficies expuestas y sec-
ciones estratigraficas del edificio.
Deriva de la arqueologfa clasica y es la base
para la conservaci6n de un edificio, para su
posible uso futuro.
Sinonimo: investigaciones previas del edificio
-+ investigaci6n estratigrdfica, -+ investigaci6n pic-
t6rica arquited6nica, -+ estudios previos del objeto
INTERVENTION
DOCUMENTATION ANO INVESTIGATION
Bina arkeolojisi TR
Tamm: Tarihi yapilarda donatllan da ieren
ara~t1rma, beige leme vetan1mlama al1~mas1.
Yorum: Bu i~lem yap1n1n farkll tarihi a~amala
nnl ierentarihini,donatllanyla incelenmesini
ve belgelerle koruma durumunu tan1mlamay1
- binanm kesin olUieri ve muhtemel bozul-
malan planlar, gorUnU~Ier ve kesitler;
- malzemeler, yap1m metotlan, 1plak yUzey-
ler ve binan1n stratigrafik kesitleri ieren de-
tayll izimlerdir.
Klasik arkeolojiden gelmektedir ve binanm
onanm ve muhtemel gelecek kullan1m1 iinte-
meldir.
Kan~t1rmaym1z: enkesit
-+ stratigrafik inceleme,-+ mimari resim ara~ttrma
st, -+ nesne incelemesi
CrpaAHa apxeonori!IH BG
Ae<J>IIIHIIILIIIIH: npoy4BaHe, AOKyMeHTal.jVU1 V1
VIHTepnpeTal.jV!l'l Ha V1CTOpV14eCKV1 crpaijV! V1
TRXHOTO o6opyijBaHe.
KoMeHTap: UenTa Ha T03V1 MeTOAOilOrV14eH
noAXOA e 11a 6bAe npoyYeHa V1CTOpV1RTa Ha
crpaijaTa, He;HV!Te CTpOV1TeJlHV1 eTanVI c
TRXHOTO o6opyABaHe V1 11a ce onpeijeJlV!
CTeneHTa Ha CbXpaHeHOCT nocpeijCTBOM
Ha6op OT /jOKyMeHTVI, KOVITO BKJli04BaT:
- nnaHoBe, apxV1TeKTYPHV1 pa3pe3V1, Hanpe-
4HV1 cpe3oBe c T04HV1 V13MepBaHV1R Ha crpa-
AaTa V1 BCRKaKBVI Bb3MO>KHV1 OTKJlOHeHV!R;
- noijpo6eH KOMnJleKT OT 4epTe>KV1, KOVITO
noKa3BaT MaTepV!aJlV!Te, CTpOV!TeJlHV!Te
MeTO/jVI, eKcnOHV!paHV!Te nOBbpXHOCTVI V1
cTpaTV!rpacjKKV!Te pa3pe3V1 Ha crpaijaTa.
T03V1 MeTO/jOJlOrV14eH nO/jX0/1 BOAVI a4aJlOTO
CVI oT KJlaCV14ecKaTa apxeonorVIR V1
nonyYeHV!Te pe3ynTaTV1 cny>KaT KaTO ocHoBa
npV1 peMOHTV!paHeTO V1 6bijell\OTO
V13nOil3BaHe Ha crpaAV!Te.
,[\a He 6bAe o6bpKBaH c: Hanpe4eH cpe3
-+ cmpamuzparj:JcKo npoyeaHe, -+ npoyeaHe
Ha apxumeKmypHume 4BemHu noebpxHocm-
HU noKpumuR,-+ npoyeaHe Ha o6eKm
245
 iNtERvENtioN
DocUmENtatioN aND iNvEstigatioN
Documentation of investigated area, Humpis-Quartier, Ravensburg (Germany), 1445; Photo: 2009, RPS (Drthe Jakobs)
architectural paint research EN
Definition: A systematic investigation and
documentation of decorations or traces of
decorations on faades and interior rooms.
Comment: This survey aims to study and un-
derstand different historic building phases, to
help determine a theoretical and practical re-
construction of the various historical phases of
the decorative schema. It also provides infor-
mation for research into, and practical care of,
monuments. Information regarding layers of
plaster, whitewash, paint, etc., is compiled as
well as the materials and techniques employed,
and their state of preservation. Non-invasive
methods using existing missing areas on the
surface are preferred to study the sequence of
layers. The recording and interpretation of
these investigations are kept clearly separate.
stratigraphic investigation, building archaeology
Recherche et tude de dcors peints FR
Dfinition: Recherche et tude documente
de dcors ou traces de dcors sur les faades et
en intrieur.
Commentaires: Elle vise tudier et com-
prendre les diffrentes phases de construction
Sources: Stefanaggi 1997; Reichwald 1982; Reichwald 1985; Schdler-Saub 1990
246
du btiment, pour aider la reconstitution
thorique des superpositions de dcors. Elle
fournit aussi des informations pour la re-
cherche et la restauration des monuments. On
collecte des informations sur les enduits, ba-
digeons, peintures, etc., et on tudie les ma-
triaux, techniques utilises et leur tat de
conservation, de prfrence laide de m-
thodes non invasives et en utilisant les lacunes
existantes pour observer la stratigraphie. La
collecte des informations et leur interprta-
tion sont conserves sparment.
sondage stratigraphique, archologie du bti
Fassungsuntersuchung DE
Definition: Systematische Untersuchung und
Dokumentation von Fassungen oder Fas-
sungsresten am Auen- und Innenbau.
Kommentar: Ziel dieser Untersuchung ist es,
die historischen Bauphasen zu verstehen, als
Grundlage fr die theoretische und praktische
Rekonstruktion der historischen Phasen der
Gestaltung. Sie bringt Erkenntnisse fr For-
schung und Denkmalpflege. Informationen
ber die Schichten von Putzen, Tnchen, Fas-
sungen, Malereien u. a. werden zusammenge-
tragen und zur Erforschung der Materialien,
Techniken und zur Erfassung des Zustandes
eingesetzt. Zur Erfassung der Schichtenabfolge
nutzt man vor allem nicht-invasive Methoden
an vorhandenen Fehlstellen. Erfassen und In-
terpretieren von Befunden mssen klar vonei-
nander getrennt sein.
Synonym: Polychromieuntersuchung
stratigrafische Untersuchung, Bauforschung
arhitektonsko istraivanje boje HR
Definicija: Sustavno istraivanje i dokumen-
tiranje dekoracija ili tragova dekoracija na pro-
eljima i u unutranjosti.
Napomena: Ciljevi su ovoga pregleda proua-
vanje i razumijevanje razliitih povijesnih gra-
evnih mijena, da bi se odredila teorijska i prak-
tina rekonstrukcija povijesnih mijena obliko-
vanja. Pregledom se takoer dobivaju podatci
za istraivanje i odravanje spomenika. Sastav-
ljaju se informacije o bukanim slojevima, bi-
jeljenju, boji, istraivanju materijala i primije-
njenih tehnika te stanju njihove zatite. Pred-
nost se daje neinvazivnim metodama koje za
prouavanje niza slojeva upotrebljavaju zate-
ena oteena podruja na povrini. Snimke i
interpretacija tih istraivanja se uvaju odvo-
jeno.
stratigrafsko istraivanje, istraivanje graevine

pi.iletszinezs kutatas HU
Meghatarozas: A homlokzatokon s bels6 te-
rekben levo dfszftsek vagy dfszftsnyomok
m6dszeres kutatasa s dokumentalasa.
Megjegyzs: A felmrs clja tanulmanyozni nej opieki. lnformacje o tynkach, pobialach,
s megrteni az pUiet kUionboz6 pftsi sza- malowidlach itp., Sq powiqzane z badaniem
kaszait, segfteni a dfszftsek elmleti s akar
gyakorlati rekonstrukci6jat.lnformaci6kat szol-
galtat a muemlk kutatasahoz s gyakorlati
gondozasahoz is.bsszegezi a vakolatra, glettre,
festkrtegekre stb. vonatkoz6 informaci6kat,
s tanulmanyozza a hasznalt anyagokat, ezek
megtartasi allapotat s az alkalmazott techni-
ka kat. A nem i nvazfv vizsga latokat s a ka roso-
dott feiUietek tanulmanyozasat rszesfti el6ny-
ben a festkrtegekegymasutanisaganak meg-
hatarozasaban. Az adatgyujtst s ezek rtel-
mezst mindig vilagosan elkUionftve rogzfti.
-+ rtegszerkezet vizsgdlat,-+ muemlki piiletku-
tatds
Indagine stratigrafica IT
Definizione: Metodologia di indagine e do-
cumentazione sistematica riferita agli strati di
intonaco, tinteggiatura, policromia, pittura e
altri, su facciate e in ambienti interni, per in-
dagare le fasi storiche di un edificio con i suoi
apparati decorativi e i materiali e le tecniche
adoperati. Serve anche per rilevare il loro stato
di conservazione.
Commento: Per la ricerca e la prassi della con-
servazione dei monumenti, l'indagine fornisce
i dati necessari per una ricostruzione teorica,
eventualmente anche pratica, del susseguirsi
di semplici superfici architettoniche e/o appa-
rati decorativi storici, in relazione alle fasi co-
struttive storiche di un edificio. La metodologia
di indagine si limita a interventi di invasione
minima, approfittando di lacune gi esistenti
per studiare la stratigrafia. In punti localizzati,
l'indagine pu essere completata con piccole
stratigrafie"a scaletta" e il rilevamento di cam-
pioni. necessario distinguere chiaramente fra
il rilevamento e l'interpretazione dei reperti.
Sinonimo: indagine conoscitiva
-+ Bauforschung, -+ esame stratigrafico
Bada n ia powlok architektury PL
Definicja: Metodyczne poszukiwania dekora-
cji lub ich slad6w na fasadach i we wn~trzach,
wraz z ich dokumentacjq.
Komentarz: Dzialanie ma na celu zbadanie i
zrozumienie r6znych faz historycznych bu-
dowli, co pomoze w teoretycznym lub prak-
tycznym odtworzeniu historycznych faz jego
wystroju. Dostarcza tez danych do badar\ nad
zabytkami i sprawowania nad nimi praktycz-
material6w, technik oraz ocenq ich stanu za-
chowania. Preferowane jest uzycie mozliwie
najmniej niszczqcych metod badar\ i wyko-
rzystanie ubytk6w dia obserwacji nawar-
stwier\. Nalezy wyraznie oddzieli dokumen-
tacj~ tych badar\ od ich interpretacji.
Synonim: badania kolorystyki budynku
-+ badania stratygraficzne, -+ badania architekto-
niczne
Cercetarea suprafetelor
arhitecturale pictate
Definitie: lnvestigatia ~i documenta rea siste-
matica a decoratiilor sau a urmelor acestora
pe fatade sau inca peri interioare.
Adnotare: Studiul urmare~te studierea ~i in-
telegerea diferitelor etape istorice de con-
structie pentru a ajuta la determinarea unei
reconstructii teoretice, dar ~i practice, a etape-
lor istorice aie proiectului. Ofera de asemenea
informatii pentru cercetarea ~i ingrijirea prac-
tica a monumentelor. Sunt acumulate infor-
matii despre tencuiala, zugraveala, culoare
etc., ~i sunt efectuate cercetari asupra mate-
rialelor ~i tehnicilor utilizate precum ~i a starii
lorde conservare. Pentru studierea succesiunii
stratu rilor constitutive su nt p refe rate m et ode
non-invazive folosind lacune deja existente pe
suprafata. Tnregistrarea ~i interpreta rea aces-
tor investigatii sunt in m od clar pastrate sepa-
rat.
-+ investigatie stratigrafici, -+ Bauforschung
lnvestigaci6n pict6rica arquitect6nica ES
Definici6n: lnvestigaci6n y documentaci6n
sistematica de decoraciones o restos de deco-
raciones en fachadas e interiores.
Comentario: Pretende estudia r y comprender
las fases hist6ricas constructivas para ayudar
a la determinaci6n teorica y a la reconstruc-
ci6n practica de las fases del di seno. Tambin
proporciona informaci6n sobre la salvaguarda
de los monumentos. Este estudio busca reco-
ger informaci6n sobre revoques, encalados,
INTERVENTION
DOCUMENTATION ANO INVESTIGATION
pinturas, etc., e investigar sobre materiales y
tcnicas utilizadas y su estado de conserva-
ci6n. Los mtodos de investigaci6n son prefe-
riblemente no invasivos y se usa n areas faltan-
tes presentes para el estudio de las capas. El
registro y la interpretaci6n de estas investiga-
ciones se mantiene claramente separado.
-+ investigaci6n estratigrdfica,-+ investigaci6n del
edificio
Mi mari resi m ara~t1rmas1 TR
Tamm: Binala nn cephelerinde ve i odalardaki
dekoratif resimlerin ve/veya izlerinin sistema-
tik olarak ara~t1nlmas1 ve belgelenmesi.
Yorum: Bu ara~t1rma; teorik ve pratik olarak
tasanmdaki tarihi a~amalann yeniden in~aas
RO nm belirlenmesine yard1me1 olmak iin; farkll
tarihi yap1 evrelerini incelemeyi ve anlamay1
amalar. Bu ayn1 zamanda an1tlann pratikola-
rak bak1m1 ve ara~t1nlmas1 iin de bilgi saglar.
S1va, badana, resi m vb. Uzerindeki bilgi topla-
nr ve malzeme ve teknikler Uzerinde ara~tlr
ma yap1llr ve koruma durumlan belirlenir. YU-
zeydeki varolan eksikalanlann katmanlann1n
dizili~lerinin incelenmesinde mUdahalesiz me-
totlar tercih edili r. Bu ara~t1rmalann kay1tlan
ve a1klamalan da ima ayn tutulur.
-+ stratigrafik inceleme, -+bina arkeolojisi
npoy'IBaHe Ha apXIIITeKTYPHIIITe BG
l.IBeTHIII nOBbpXHOCTHIII noKpiiiTIIIH
,Qe<!>IIIHIIII..IIIIH: (I/ICTeMaTit14HO npoy4BaHe 111 ,QO-
Kj'MeHrnpaHe Ha ,QeKopal.\lllllllllnlll cne,QIII oT ,Qe-
Kopal..\111111 no <j>aca,QIIIIII BbTpewHIII noMell!eHIIIH.
KoMeHTap: Uema Ha npoy4BaHeTO e ,Qa ce
1/13cne,QBaT 111 1/13lKHHT pa3niii4HI/ITe CTpOI/ITenHIII
eTani/l B IIICTOplllma Ha crpa,QaTa 111 ,Qa ce
no,QnoMonHe 1113pa6oTKaTa Ha TeopeT1114Ha 111
npaKT1114eCKa peKOHCTpYKI.\IIIl'l Ha pa3n1114HI/ITe
IIICTOp1114eCKIII eTani/l B,QeKoparnsHaTa cxeMa. To
npe,QOCTaBl'l 111 IIIH<j>OpMal.\llll'l 3a 1113y4aBaHeTO
111 rpiii>KaTa 3a naMeTHIIII.\IIITe. Cb6111pa ce
IIIH<j>OpMal.\llll'l 3a Ma3111nKIII, 6a,QaHIII, 60111 111 T. H.,
npoy4BaT ce 1113nOn3BaHI/ITe TeXHIIIKIII 111
MaTeplllanlll, 111 Tl'IXHOTO CbCTOl'IHI/Ie. 3a 1/13cne,QBaHe
Ha apaT111rpa<j>111ma e npenopb4111TenHo ,Qa ce
np111naraT Hei/IHBa31/1BHIII MeTO,QIII, KOIIITO
1113nomsaT Cbll!ecTByBall!lll pa3pyweHI!Il1 no
nosbpXHOCTTa. Tpl16sa ,Qa ce npas111 l'ICHO
pa3rpaHI/I4aBaHe Ha ,QOK}'MeHTI!IpaHeTO 111
IIIHTepnpernpaHeTO Ha npoy4BaHI!IHTa.
-+ cmpamu2parficKo npoy'!BaHe, -+ c2paaHa ap-
xeono2UR (6ayrfiopwyH2)
247
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Areas of uncovering, showing successive superimposed paint layers, in a show flat, La Cit Radieuse by Le Corbusier, Marseille (France), 1952 (left); similar uncovering of layerso
of paint and plaster for an investigation, Church of Saint Nicholas, Ribia (Romania), 15th century (right); Photos: 2015, CICRP (Odile Guillon), 2014, UAD (Adrian Rauca)

stratigraphic investigation EN sondage stratigraphique FR stratigrafische Untersuchung DE

Definition: The stepwise removal of covering Dfinition: Etude de la structure dune pein- Definition: Stufenweise Freilegung von Mal-
paint layers for analysis and determination of ture murale et de lorganisation chronolo- schichten zum Nachweis und zur Bestimmung
the chronological order of successive paint gique des couches de peinture par enlve- der chronologischen Abfolge von aufeinander
layers. ment successif de celles-ci. folgenden Malschichten.

Comment: In some cases, layers of plaster or
render are also investigated.
conservation report, object investigation,
scientific investigation, architectural paint re-
search
Commentaires: La stratigraphie peut aussi
concerner les diffrentes couches denduits
supportant les peintures.
rapport de conservation-restauration, constat
dtat, tude scientifique, recherche et tude
de dcors peints
Kommentar: In manchen Fllen werden auch
Putzschichten untersucht.
Synonyme: Treppenschnitt, stratigrafische
Freilegung
Restaurierungsdokumentation, Fassungsun-
tersuchung, naturwissenschaftliche Untersu-
chung

Sources: Mora et al. 1979, 23/4; Reille-Taillefert 2010, 36/7

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stratigrafsko istraivanje HR Badania stratygraficzne PL stratigrafik inceleme tR

Definicija: Postupno uklanjanje bojenih slo-
jeva za analizu i odreivanje vremenskoga sli-
jeda uzastopnih bojenih slojeva.
Napomena: U nekim se sluajevima istrauju
i slojevi vanjske i unutarnje buke.
konzervatorsko-restauratorski izvjetaj, istra-
ivanje objekta, znanstveno istraivanje, ar-
hitektonsko istraivanje boje
Definicja: Stopniowe usuwanie powok ma-
larskich w celu zanalizowania i ustalenia chro-
nologicznego ukadu nastpujcych po sobie
warstw malarskich.
Komentarz: Czasami badane s te nawar-
stwienia tynkw.
dokumentacja konserwatorska, badanie
obiektu, badania laboratoryjne, badanie po-
wok malarskich architektury
Tanm: Analiz iin boya katmanlarnn aamal
olarak kartlmas ve ard arda olan boya kat-
manlarnn kronolojik srasnn saptanmas
Yorum: Baz durumlarda al ve sva katman-
lar da incelenir.
E anlaml: katmansal inceleme, tabaka ince-
lemesi
koruma raporu, nesne incelemesi, bilimsel
aratrma, mimari resim aratrmas

Rtegszerkezet vizsglat HU investigaie stratigrafic Ro Bg

Meghatrozs: A festkrtegek fokozatos, Definiie: nlturarea succesiv a straturilor de :

lpcszetes eltvoltsa vizsglat vgett s az culoare n vederea analizei i a stabilirii ordinii -
egymst kvet festkrtegek kronolgiai sor- cronologice a mai multor straturi de culoare. -
rendjnek meghatrozsa rdekben. Restau- .
rtori szondz kutatsknt ismert, a rtegeket Adnotare: n unele cazuri sunt analizate i
kutatablakokban trjk fel. straturile de tencuial. :
Sinonime: sondaj stratigrafic, examen strati- .
Megjegyzs: Bizonyos esetekben a kls s grafic
bels vakolatrtegeket is vizsgljk. - -
raport de conservare, investigaia obiectului, , , -
kutatsi beszmol, objektum vizsglat, investigaie tiinific, cercetarea suprafeelor , -
(termszet)tudomnyos vizsglat, pletsz- arhitecturale pictate
nezs kutats

Esame stratigrafico it investigacin estratigrfica Es

Definizione: La rimozione progressiva di stra- Definicin: Estudio gradual de capas pictri-

ti di tinteggiatura e/o di pittura per lanalisi e
linterpretazione cronologica degli strati rile-
vati.
Commento: In alcuni casi sono studiati anche
gli strati dintonaco.
Attenzione: Questi esami stratigrafici sono da
eseguire approffittando di lacune gi esistenti
e riducendo al minimo gli interventi invasivi
nella materia originale.
Sinonimo: indagine stratigrafica
(Nota: i termini usati nella prassi variano a se-
condo delle scuole e regioni)
cas para el anlisis y la determinacin del or-
den cronolgico.
Comentario: En algunos casos, las capas de
revoque o de mortero de revestimiento tam-
bin son investigadas.
informe del proceso de restauracin, estudios
previos del objeto, investigacin cientfica, in-
vestigacin pictrica arquitectnica

indagine stratigrafica, documentazione della

conservazione, indagine approfondita delledi-
ficio e delle sue superfici architettoniche, esame
scientifico, indagine stratigrafica

249
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Graphic documentation of architectural surfaces, Kera Palace, Dubrovnik (Croatia), 18th century; Photo: 2002, HRZ (Ramona Mavar)
mapping EN
Definition: Graphical representation of a sin-
gle or several patterns on an architectural el-
evation or equivalent.
Comment: The represented patterns can refer
to the painting techniques, deterioration pat-
terns, or treatments that are visible on a wall
painting. The information is reported and
drawn according to a specific and codified
symbol or colour. The map legend (or key) in-
cludes a short description for each represent-
ed pattern and gives a graphic symbol. The
map produced must indicate when it was cre-
ated. The digital format enables the easy su-
perimposition of the graphic mapping results
of different phenomena.
conservation report, scientific investigation,
architectural paint research
Sources: Heritage, Gowing 2002a; Stefanaggi 1997; Mora et al. 1979; Santner 2012
250
Relev cartographique FR
Dfinition: Reprsentation graphique dune
seule ou de plusieurs informations sur une
lvation architecturale ou lquivalent.
Commentaires: Les lments relevs peu-
vent montrer les principales techniques de
peintures, des formes de dgradation et des
traitements visibles sur une peinture murale.
Toutes les informations sont reportes et des-
sines selon un symbole ou une couleur sp-
cifique et codifie. La lgende de la carte (ou
cl de lecture) comprend une brve descrip-
tion pour chaque motif reprsent et donne
un symbole graphique. La carte produite doit
tre date. Le format numrique permet la su-
perposition facile des rsultats graphiques de
cartographie des diffrents phnomnes.
rapport de conservation- restauration, tude
scientifique, recherche et tude de dcors peints
Kartierung DE
Definition: grafische Darstellung eines oder
mehrerer Phnomene auf einer Planzeich-
nung oder entsprechenden Vorlage.
Kommentar: Auf Wandmalereien wahrnehm-
bare Maltechniken, Schadensbilder oder Ma-
nahmen knnen durch grafische Markierun-
gen gekennzeichnet werden. Alle Informatio-
nen werden kodiert durch spezifische Symbo-
le und Farben erfasst und gezeichnet. Eine Le-
gende (oder Zeichenklrung) enthlt eine
Kurzbeschreibung jedes dargestellten Phno-
mens und ein grafisches Symbol. Die Kartie-
rung muss datiert sein. Das digitale Format er-
mglicht es, verschiedene Kartierungsergeb-
nisse bereinander darzustellen.
Restaurierungsdokumentation, naturwissen-
schaftliche Untersuchung, Fassungsuntersu-
chung

Mapiranje HR
Definicija: Graficko prikazivanje jednoga
uzorka ili vise njih na arhitektonskoj vertikal-
noj ilijednakovrijednoj projekciji.
Napomena: Prikazani uzorci mogu se odno-
siti na tehniku slikanja, oznake osteenja i in-
tervencija vidljive na zidnoj slici. Svaka se in-
formacija biljezi i erta u skladu s posebnim i usu-
stavljenim simbolom ili bojom. Legenda na mapi
(ili kljuc) sadr:lava kratakopisza svaki predoceni
uzorak sgrafickim simbolom. Na ma pi mora biti
oznaceno kada je izradena. Digitalni format
omoguuje laku nadogradnju rezultata graficko-
ga mapiranja razlicitih fenomena.
-+ konzervatorsko-restauratorski izvjestaj,-+ znanstve-
no istraiivanje, -+ arhitektonsko istraiivanje boje
Kartrkp HU
Meghatarozas: Egy vagytobb minta grafikus
abrazolasa egy homlokzatrajzon vagy mas
pftszeti rajzon.
Megjegyzs: Az abrazolt mintak vonatkoz-
hatnak a f6bb feststechnikakra, a karosodasi
m6dozatokra vagy a falkpen lathat6 beavat-
kozasokra. Minden informaci6t sajatos s k6-
dolt szimb61umokkal vagy szfnekkel rogzfte-
nek s abrazolnak. A trkp jelmagyarazata
rbvid lefrasokat tartalmaz minden abrazolt
mintaval kapcsolatosan s megadja ezekgra-
fikus szimb61umat. Az elkszftett trkpet kel-
tezni kell.
A digita lis formatum lehet6v teszi a kU lonbo-
z6 jelensgek kartrkpeib61 szarmaz6 grafi-
kai eredmnyek egyszeru egymasrattelt.
-+ kutatdsi beszdmo/6, -+ (termszet)tudomdnyos
vizsgdlat, -+ piiletszfnezs kutatds
Definizione: La rappresentazione grafica di
uno o pi fenomeni riguardanti le superfici ar-
chitettoniche di un edificio, utilizzando un rilie-
vo architettonico o un'altra forma di disegno.
Commento: l simboli grafici utilizzati possono
fare riferimento alle tecniche pittoriche prin-
cipali, a fenomeni di deterioramento e a vari
interventi visibili su una superficie architetto-
nica o su un dipinto murale. Tutte le informa-
zioni sono riportate e disegnate con un sim-
bolo o un colore specifico e codificato. La leg-
genda (o chiave) della mappatura include una
breve descrizione di ogni fenomeno rappre-
sentato e attribuisce a questo un simbolo gra-
fico. Ogni mappatura eseguita deve essere da-
tata.ll formato digitale permette una sovrap-
posizione facile dei vari fenomeni rilevati con
la mappatura.
-+ documentazione della conservazione, -+ inda-
gine stratigrafica, -+ esame scientifico
Mapowanie PL
Definicja: Przedstawienie w posta ci graficznej
mapy, zawierajqce jedno lub kilka oznaczer\,
naniesionych na odwzorowanie powierzchni
architektonicznej czy jej odpowiednika.
Komentarz: Oznaczenia graficzne mogq od-
nosi si~ do techniki malowidla, obszar6w
zniszczer\, slad6w przeprowadzonych zabie-
g6w widocznych na malowidle. Wszelkie in-
formacje Sq zaznaczone w szczeg61 ny spos6b
zgodnie z przyj~tym kodem graficznym czy
tei kolorem. Legenda (klucz) oznaczer\ zawie-
ra kr6tki opis kazdego zjawiska i przypisany
mu symbol graficzny. Sporzqdzona mapa mu-
si by opatrzona datq. Format cyfrowy umoz-
liwia latwe nakladanie graficznych efekt6w
mapowania poszczeg61nych zjawisk.
Synonim: dokumentacja rysunkowa
-+ dokumentacja konserwatorska,-+ badania labora-
toryjne, -+ badania powlok malarskich architektury
Cartografiere RO
Definitie: Reprezentarea grafica a unuia sau
mai multormodele peo elevatiearhitecturala
sau o echivalenta.
Ad notare: Elementele reprezentate pot face re-
ferire la principaleletehnici de pictura, farmele
de degradare sautratamentelevizibile peo pie-
tura mura la. Toata informatia este raportata ~i
dese nata conform u nui si m bo l sau eu loare spe-
cifica ~i codificata. Legenda hartii include o scur-
ta descriere pentru fiecare element reprezentat
~i nofera un simbol grafie. Harta realizata tre buie
sa indice data la care a fast creata. Formatul di-
gitai permite suprapunerea eu u~urinta a rezul-
tatelor grafice a diferitelor fenomene.
Sinonim: carta re
-+ raport de conservare, -+ investigatie ~tiintifici,
-+ cercetarea suprafetelor arhitecturale pictate
Mapeo ES
Definicion: Representaci6n grafica de uno o
varios patrones en un alzado arquitect6nico o
equivalente.
INTERVENTION
DOCUMENTATION ANO INVESTIGATION
Comentario: Los patrones representados pue-
den hacer menci6n a las principales tcnicas
pict6ricas, los deterioros y los tratamientos que
se observan en una pintura murai. Toda la in-
formaci6n es transportada y representada si-
guiendo un sistema de colores especffico y co-
difica do. La leyenda del mapa incluye una bre-
ve descripci6n de cada patr6n representado y
un sfmbolo grafico. El mapa que se realiza de-
be estar datado. El formato digitai permite la
facil superposici6n de los resultados graficos
del mapeo de diferentes fen6menos.
-+ informe del proceso de restauraci6n, -+ investi-
gaci6n cientffica, -+ investigaci6n pict6rica arqui-
tect6nica
Harita 1karma TR
Tamm: Bir mimari ara~t1rmada ya da benzerin-
de bir veya birka ornegin grafiksel gosterimi.
Yorum:Temsil edile n ornekler, resmin anatek-
niklerine, bozulma orneklerine ve bir duvar
resminde gorUnebilir iyile~tirmelere at1fta bu-
lunabilir. TUm bilgi raporedilir, ozel ve kodlan-
ml~ sembol veya renge gore izilebilir. Harita
gostergesi her birtemsil edile n numune iin kl-
sa a1klama ierir ve grafik semboiU veri r. Ore-
t ile n haritalama tarihlendirilmedir. Dijital for-
mat, farkll fenomenlerin haritalamalanndaki
grafiksonulann1n basitce Ust Uste koyulmasy-
la elde edili r.
-+ koruma raporu,-+ bilimsel ara~ttrma, -+ mimari
resim ara~ttrmast
KapT~paHe BG
,Qe<!>MHML\MH: rpa<j>L14HO npe,QCTaBHHe Ha
e,QL1H L1nL1 HilKOnKO MOTL1Ba BbpXy apXL1TeKry-
peH pa3pe3 L1nL1 .Qpyr BL1.Q cxeMa.
KoMeHTap: npeijCTaBeHL1Te MOTL1BL1 MOraT /ja
noKa3BaT >KL1BOnL1CHL1Te TeXHL1KL1, BL-1/jOBeTe
pa3pyweHL1il L1 BL1AL1ML1Te HaMecL-1 no
CTeHOnL1CHOTO npoL13Be/jeHL1e. V1H<j>OpMaL.jL1ilTa
ce npe11asa L1 L13o6pa3HBa 4pe3 cnel.jL1<j>L14eH
KOijL1paH CL1MBOn L1nL1 LjBilT. nereH/jaTa Ha
CXeMaTL14HOTO L1306pa>KeHL1e (L1nL1 KO/jbT)
BKn104Ba KpaTKO OnL1CaHL1e Ha BCeKL-1
L1306pa3eH MOTL1B L1 yKa3Ba KaKbB e
rpa<j>L14HL1ffi Mf CL1MBOn. V13rDTBeHOTO CXeMaTL14HO
L13o6pa>KeHL1e TpH6sa 11a 6bAe AaTL1paHo.
,[\L1rl!llaJlHL1ffi <jlopMaT npaBL-1 Bb3MO>KHO JleCHOTO
HacnarsaHe Ha rpa<j>L14HOTO KapTL1paHe Ha
pa3nL14HL1Te HBneHL1il.
-+ KOHCepBai.{UOHHO-pecmaapai.{UOHeH npomOKOfl,
-+ Hay'!HO uJcneaaaHe, -+ npoy'!BaHe Ha apxumeK-
mypHume I.{BemHU nOBbpXHOCmHU noKpUmUR
251
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DocUmENtatioN aND iNvEstigatioN
from observations,
asking of question(s),
identification of problem(s)
collection of all
existing
documentation
Start
of the study
Report
Schematic representation of the methodology, showing successive steps of scientific investigation; Illustration: 2015, Raimar Heber based on a drawing by NSW Department
of Education and Training of Australia and adapted by Jean-Marc Vallet
scientific investigation EN
Definition: A study which involves any num-
ber of professionals using a systematic ap-
proach and analytical tools to answer diverse
questions concerning the conservation of wall
paintings or decorative stone surfaces.
Comment: The report that finalises this
process is supported by observations, exami-
nations, analyses and tests that provide infor-
mation on the materials and deterioration of
a wall painting. The team carrying out the sci-
entific investigation will usually include a con-
servator, a conservation scientist, an architect
and/or a curator or archaeologist.
building and site survey, mapping, site in-
vestigation
Sources: E DIN EN 15898: 2011; NF EN 16085: 2012; Peintures murales 2002
252
formulation
of hypothesis
Scientific
investigation
evaluation of
the investigation
results
Etude scientifique FR
Dfinition: Etude mene par tout profession-
nel utilisant une approche mthodique et des
outils danalyse pour rpondre diverses
questions portant sur la conservation des
peintures murales ou des surfaces de pierres
dcoratives.
Commentaires: Le rapport qui finalise cette
investigation est tay par des observations,
des examens, des analyses et des tests qui
fournissent des informations sur les matriaux
et la dgradation dune peinture murale.
Lquipe charge de linvestigation scienti-
fique comprend habituellement un restaura-
teur, un scientifique de la conservation, un ar-
chitecte et/ou un conservateur ou un archo-
logue.
tude diagnostic des btiments et sites (tat sa-
nitaire du bti), relev cartographique, tude
de site
design of the
protocol
collection of data
and drawing of
conclusions
Naturwissenschaftliche Untersuchung DE
Definition: Untersuchung durch eine beliebi-
ge Anzahl von Fachleuten, die einen systema-
tischen Ansatz und analytische Werkzeuge
benutzen, um verschiedene Fragen ber den
Erhaltungszustand einer Wandmalerei oder
dekorativer Steinoberflchen zu beantwor-
ten.
Kommentar: Der Abschlussbericht wird von
Beobachtungen, Untersuchungen, Analysen
und Tests gesttzt, die Informationen ber die
Materialien und Schdigung einer Wandmalerei
bereitstellen. Die Arbeitsgruppe fr die natur-
wissenschaftliche Untersuchung besteht bli-
cherweise aus Fachleuten aus der Restaurie-
rung, den Konservierungswissenschaften, der
Naturwissenschaft, der Architektur, und/oder
der Kunstgeschichte oder Archologie.
Bauaufnahme, Kartierung, Kontextunter-
suchung
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Znanstveno istraivanje HR svolge lindagine scientifica di solito compren- Comentario: El informe con el que finaliza es-
de un restauratore, uno scienziato della con- te proceso recoge observaciones, anlisis, va-
Definicija: Prouavanje koje ukljuuje brojne servazione, un architetto e / o uno storico dar- loraciones, interpretaciones y diagnosis que
strunjake koji se koriste sustavnim pristupom te o archeologo. dan informacin sobre los materiales y los de-
i analitikim alatima kako bi odgovorili na raz- terioros de la superficie. El equipo que lleva a
liita pitanja o konzerviranju zidnih slika ili de- sondaggi sulledificio e sul sito, mappatura, cabo la investigacin cientfica contar, nor-
korativnih kamenih povrina. ricerche sul sito malmente, con conservadores, restauradores,
cientficos y tcnicos especializados en con-
Napomena: Zavrni izvjetaj toga procesa servacin, arquitectos y arquelogos.
poduprijet je opaanjima, ispitivanjima, ana- Badania laboratoryjne PL
lizama i testovima koji pruaju informacije o inspeccin del edificio y de su entorno, ma-
materijalima i pogoranjima zidne slike. Sku- Definicja: Badania angaujce kilku specjalis- peo, investigacin del entorno
pina koja provodi znanstveno istraivanje tw, ktrzy w sposb metodyczny, uywajc
obino ukljuuje konzervatora, znanstvenika narzdzi analitycznych staraj si odpowie-
konzervatora, arhitekta i/ili kustosa te arheo- dzie na rozmaite pytania dotyczce konser- Bilimsel aratrma tR
loga. wacji malowide ciennych lub dekorowanych
powierzchni kamiennych. Tanm: Duvar resminin korunmas veya deko-
pregled graevine i mjesta, mapiranje, ratif ta yzeyler hakknda eitli sorular ce-
istraivanje mjesta Komentarz: Raport kocowy tego procesu vaplamak iin sistematik yaklam ve analitik
oparty na obserwacjach, badaniach, analizach aralar kullanlarak uzmanlarn yapt bir a-
i testach, dostarcza informacji na temat mate- lmadr.
(termszet)tudomnyos vizsglat HU riaw i zniszcze malowida ciennego. Ze-
sp prowadzcy badania laboratoryjne ska- Yorum: lemi sonulandran rapor duvar res-
Meghatrozs: Egy olyan kutats, mely br- da si zwykle z konserwatora, badacza, archi- minin bozulmas ya da anmas gibi malzeme
mely szm szakember bevonsval, mdsze- tekta i / lub historyka sztuki lub archeologa. hakknda bilgi veren gzlemler, incelemeler,
res megkzeltssel s analitikai eszkzkkel analizler ve testler tarafndan desteklenir. Bi-
vlaszolja meg a klnbz falkpek s dsz- ogldziny budynku i otoczenia, mapowanie, limsel aratrmay gerekletiren ekipte genel-
tfelletek restaurlshoz ktd krdseket. ogldziny otoczenia likle bir korumac, koruma bilimcisi, mimar ya
da mzeci ve/veya arkeolog yer alr.
Megjegyzs: A folyamat vgeredmnyeknt
ltrejtt vizsglati jelentst megfigyelsek, ku- investigaie tiinific Ro bina ve alan incelemesi, haritalama, alan
tatsok, vizsglatok s tesztek tmasztjk al, incelemesi
s a falkp anyagairl s krosodsairl szol- Definiie: Un studiu ce implic participarea
gltat informcikat. A (termszet)tudom- unui numr indefinit de profesioniti ce utili-
nyos vizsglatot vgz csapathoz ltalban zeaz o abordare sistematic i analitic pen- Bg
egy restaurtor, egy termszettudomnyos tru a rspunde diferitelor ntrebri referitoare
szakember, egy ptsz s/vagy egy mzeumi la conservarea picturilor murale sau a supra- : , -
szakember vagy rgsz tartozik. feelor decorative de piatr. , -

plet- s helysznfelmrs, krtrkp, hely- Adnotare: Raportul final al acestui proces este , -
szn vizsglat susinut de observaii, examinri, analize i ,
teste menite s ofere informaii despre mate- -
rialele constitutive i starea de conservare a .
Esame scientifico it unei picturi murale. Echipa ce conduce inves-
tigaia tiinific va include de regul, un res- : ,
Definizione: Uno studio eseguito da un grup- taurator, un conservator, un arhitect i/sau un , ,
po di professionisti che indaga in maniera si- custode sau un arheolog. , , -
stematica usando diversi strumenti di analisi, -
i vari quesiti che si pongono per la conserva- monitorizarea sitului i a monumentului, car- . -
zione di dipinti mural i, di superfici decorative tografiere, investigaia sitului , ,
in pietra o di superfici architettoniche in ge- ; -
nerale. ,
investigacin cientfica Es ;
Commento: La relazione finale dellesame / .
scientifico fornisce informazioni sui materiali Definicin: Estudio que incluye un grupo de
e sullo stato di conservazione del dipinto mu- profesionales que utilizan un enfoque siste- -
rale o della superficie architettonica. Queste mtico y herramientas analticas para respon- , , -
informazioni sono il risultato di una serie di os- der diversas preguntas relacionadas con la
servazioni, esami, analisi e test. Il team che conservacin de superficies.

253
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Extract of a conservation report on the Church of Saint Etienne, Vallouise (France), 15th century; 2013, Sinopia (Antoinette Sinigaglia)
conservation report EN
Definition: A document which gives brief infor-
mation concerning the history of the building,
the wall painting, conservation and past restora-
tion campaigns and results arising from tests and
scientific studies, as well as environmental as-
pects, mapping, building and site surveys etc.
Comment: It records object investigations car-
ried out with conservation in mind, and con-
tains accurate information concerning conser-
vation/restoration treatments. Illustrations,
specification sheets and a bibliographic list
generally complete this report. It makes a dis-
tinction between administrative and technical
sections and contains personal interpretations.
object investigation, scientific investigation,
building and site survey, mapping,
photodocumentation, material analysis and
examination, stratigraphic investigation
Rapport de conservation-restauration FR
Dfinition: Document de synthse sur lhis-
toire du btiment, de la peinture murale, sur
les campagnes de restauration passes, les r-
sultats dexamens scientifiques et incluant
aussi des aspects environnementaux, de car-
tographie, de diagnostic etc.
Sources: Conservation restauration 1999; Conservation report (24.4.2015)
254
Commentaires: Il consigne lensemble des
tudes menes sur des objets dont la conserva-
tion est demande et contient des informations
prcises concernant les traitements y compris
de conservation/restauration que le restaurateur
aurait pu faire. Des illustrations, des formulaires
de constat et une liste bibliographique compl-
tent gnralement ce rapport. Il distingue les
parties administratives et techniques et contient
des lments dinterprtations personnelles.
constat dtat, tude scientifique, tude
diagnostic des btiments et sites (tat sanitaire du
bti), relev cartographique, documentation
photographique, observation et analyse des
matriaux, sondage stratigraphique
Restaurierungsdokumentation DE
Definition:Ein Dokument mit kurzen Informatio-
nen ber die Geschichte des Gebudes, die
Wandmalerei, die Konservierung und vergange-
ne Restaurierungskampagnen und ber die Er-
gebnisse der Tests und naturwissenschaftlichen
Untersuchungen, das auch Umweltgesichtspunk-
te, Kartierungen, Bauaufnahmen u.a. beinhaltet.
Kommentar: Es dokumentiert Untersuchun-
gen, die zum Erhalt des Objektes durchgefhrt
wurden, und enthlt genaue Informationen
ber Konservierungs-/ Restaurierungsma-
nahmen. Abbildungen, Datenbltter und eine
Literaturliste vervollstndigen in der Regel die-
sen Bericht. Er unterscheidet zwischen verwal-
tungstechnischen und technischen Aspekten
und enthlt persnliche Interpretationen.
Synonym: Dokumentation
Befunduntersuchung, naturwissenschaftliche
Untersuchung, Bauaufnahme, Kartierung,
Fotodokumentation, Materialuntersuchung
Konzervatorsko-restauratorski HR
izvjetaj
Definicija: Dokument koji daje kratke infor-
macije o povijesti graevine, zidnoj slici, pri-
janjim restauratorskim zahvatima i rezultati-
ma koji proizlaze iz testova znanstvenih prou-
avanja, takoer ukljuuje i aspekte okolia,
mapiranje te istraivanje mjesta.
Napomena: Izvjetaj biljei istraivanja pred-
meta u skladu s konzerviranjem i sadrava to-
ne informacije koje se odnose na konzervator-
ske/restauratorske postupke. Izvjetaj najee
zavrava ilustracijama, specifikacijama i biblio-
grafijom. Izvjetaj razlikuje administrativne i
tehnike dijelove te sadri osobna tumaenja.
istraivanje objekta, znanstveno istraivanje,
pregled graevine i mjesta, mapiranje, fo-

todokumentacija,--+ analiza materijala i ispitiva-
nja,--+ stratigrafsko istrativanje
Kutatasi beszamol6
Meghatarozis: Egyolyan dokumentum,jelen-
ts, mely osszegz6 informaci6kat nyujt az pU-
Iets a falkptortnetr61, el6z6 restauralasi be-
avatkozasokr61, valamint a tesztek s tudoma-
nyos vizsgalatok eredmnyeir61; tartalmaz a
mualkotas kornyezethez kot6d6 adatokat, kar-
trkpeket, pUiet- s helyszfnfelmrst stb. i s.
Megjegyzs: Rogzfti egy restauralasra kerUI6
objektum vizsgalatait, s pontos informaci6-
kat tartalmaz a kezelsi eljarasokr61, allagme-
g6vasi/restau ralasi beavatkozasokr61. A jelen-
tst altalaban kpek, termklefrasok s kony-
vszet egszftik ki. KUion szerepelnek az ad-
minisztratfv s a muszaki rszek, s szemlyes
rtelmezseket tartalmaz.
--+ objektum vizsgdlat, --+ (termszet)tudomdnyos
vizsgdlat,--+ piilet- s helyszfnfelmrs,--+ kdrtrkp,
--+ fot6dokumentdci6,--+ anyagvizsgdlat s analitika,
--+ rtegszerkezet vizsgdlat
Documentazione del restauro
Definizione: Un documento che riassume
sinteticamente le informazioni sulla storia
dell'edificio e della pittura murale, gli interven-
ti di conservazione e restauro del passato e
quelli attuali ed i risultati di analisi e indagini
scientifiche, includendo aspetti ambientali e
il monitoraggio dell'edificio e del sito.
Commento: Documenta tutte le indagini ese-
guite sull'opera che possono risultare utili per
la sua conservazione e il suo restauro. Contiene
informazioni dettagliate riguardanti interventi
di conservazione e restauro. Generalmente
questo rapporto completato da illustrazioni,
schede tecniche e una lista bibliografica. Si di-
stinguono chiaramente le parti amministrative
e le parti tecniche, e si aggiungono interpreta-
zioni personali.
--+ esame scientifico, --+ mappatura, --+
tazione fotografica, --+ indagine approfondita
dell'edificio e delle sue superfici architettoniche,
--+sondaggi sull'edificio e sul sito,--+ analisi ed esa-
me dei materiali, --+ esame stratigrafico
Dokumentacja badali
konserwatorskich
Definicja: Dokument zawierajqcy syntetyczne
informacje o historii budynku, malowidla
scie nnego, wczesniejszych pracach konserwa-
torskich, a takie wnioski z przeprowadzonych
test6w i badar\, z uwzgl~dnieniem aspekt6w
dotyczqcych warunk6w srodowiska, doku-
HU mentacj~ rysunkowq, wyniki ogl~dzin budyn-
ku i otoczenia.
Komentarz: Dokumentuje badania obiektu
poprzedzajqce prace konserwatorskie oraz za-
wiera szczeg61owe wytyczne dotyczqce po-
st~powania podczas konserwacji l restauracji.
Zwykle dopelnieniem Sq ilustracje, arkusze
kosztorysowe, lista bibliografii. Dzieli si~ na
cz~s administracyjnq i technicznq i zawiera
indywidualne interpretacje.
--+ badania obiektu,--+ badania laboratoryjne,--+ oglr;-
dziny budynku i otoczenia,--+ dokumentacja rysun-
kowa, --+ dokumentacja fotograficzna, --+ analiza i
badania materia/6w,--+ badania stratygraficzne
Raport de conservare ~i restaurare
Definitie: Un document ce ofera informatii
succinte despre istoricul monumentului, a pic-
turii murale, campanii anterioare de conser-
vare ~i restaurare, rezultatele analizelor ~i stu-
di ilor ~tintifice asupra monumentului, inclu-
IT zand ~i aspecte de mediu, cartografiere, mo-
nitorizarea sitului ~i a monumentului, etc.
Ad notare: Documenteaza investigatiile efec-
tuate asupra obiectelor ce se doresc a fi con-
servate ~i conti ne informatii exacte referitoare
la tratamentele de conservare ~i restaurare. Tn
generai, acest raport este completat de ilus-
tratii, fi~e tehnice ~i o lista bibliografica. Face
o distinctie intre sectiunile administrative ~i
tehnice ~i conti ne interpretari personale.
--+ investigatia obiectului,--+ investigatie ~tiintifici,
--+ monitorizarea sitului ~i a monumentului,--+ car-
tografiere,--+ documentatie fotografica
Informe del proceso de restauraci6n
Definici6n: Documento con informaci6n sin-
ttica sobre la historia del edificio, de la pin-
documen- tura murai, de los tratamientos de restaura-
ci6n ejecutados y los re su ltados de los exame-
nes cientfficos realizados que incluyen los as-
pectos medioambientales, mapeos, inspec-
ci6n del edificio y de su entorno, etc.
Comentario: El documento reco pila todas las
PL investigaciones cientfficas llevadas a ca bo du-
rante el proceso de conservaci6n-restauraci6n
y contiene informaci6n precisa sobre los tra-
tamientos realizados. Se completa con docu-
mentaci6n grafica, fotografica, hojas de espe-
INTERVENTION
DOCUMENTATION ANO INVESTIGATION
cificaciones tcnicas y blibliograffa. Este infor-
me realiza distinci6n entre la secci6n tcnica
y la administrativa ycontiene interpretaciones
persona le s.
Sinonimo: documentaci6n tcnica
--+ investigaci6n del objeto, --+ investigaci6n cientffi-
ca, --+ inspecci6n del edificio y de su entorno, --+ ma-
peo,--+ documentaci6n fotografica,--+ andlisis y es-
tudio de materia/es, --+ investigaci6n estratigrdfica
Koruma raporu TR
Tamm: Yap1n1n, duvar resminin bulundugu ya-
pinln tarihi, gemi~ restorasyon all~malan ve
testlerden ve bilimsel all~malardan gelen so-
nulan, aynca haritalama, yap1 ve ala n ara~tlrma
lan gibi evresel boyutlan da ieren bilimsel a-
ll~malar hakkmda bilimsel bilgi vere n belgedir.
Yorum: Koruma goz onUnde bulundurularak
RO nesne ara~t1rmalann1 kaydeder ve koruma/res-
torasyon i~lemleriyle alakall dogru bilgi ierir.
Gorseller, tan1mlama belgeleri ve kaynaka li stesi
genellikle bu raporu tamamlar. idari veteknik k1-
s1mlan birbirinden ay~nrve ki~isel yorumlarierir.
nesne incelemesi, --+ bilimsel ara~ttrma, --+ bina
--+
ve a/an incelemesi, --+ haritalama,--+ fotograf ile
beige/eme, --+ ma/zeme analizi ve incelenmesi,
--+ stratigrafik inceleme
KoHcepBal.IIIIOHHo-peCTaspal.IIIIOHeH BG
npOTOKOn
,Qe<!>IIIHIIII..IIIIH: ,[loKyMeHT, KOVITO ,QaBa CIIIHTe-
3111paHa IIIH<jlopMai.\IIIH3a IIICTOpiiiHTa Ha ,Qa,QeHa
crpa,Qa 111 neHon111c111, 3a npe,QXO,QHIIITe penas-
pai.\IIIOHHIII KaMnaHIIIIIIIII 3a pe3ymaTI/ITe OT 1113-
BbpWeHIII TeCTOBe 111 Hay4HIII 1113Cne,QBaHIIIil,
BKni04111TenHO CBbp3aHIII C BnlllilHIIIeTO Ha
oKonHaTa cpe,Qa, KapTIIIpaHe, npoy4BaHe Ha
crpa,QIII 111 3a6ene>KIIITenHIII Mena 111 ,Qp.
ES KoMeHTap: B ,QOKyMeHTa ce OT6enil3BaT
1113Cne,QBaHIIIilTa, 1113BbpWeHIII BbB Bpb3Ka C
KOHcepBal.\lllilTa 111 penaspal.\lllilTa Ha o6eKTa
111 ce BKnto4Ba T04Ha IIIH<j>OpMal.\lllil, CBbp3aHa
C KOHCepBai.\IIIOHHO-peCTaBpai.\IIIOHHIIITe
HaMeclll. npomKOnbT OOIIIKHOBeHO ce ,QOnbnBa
c lllntoapal..\111111, TeXHIII4eCKIII cnel..\lll<jliiiKal..\111111 111
cniiiCbK Ha 1113non3BaHaTa niiiTepaTypa.
naca>KIIITe Ca,QMIIIHIIICTpaTIIIBHa 111 TeXHIII4eCKa
IIIH<jlopMal.\lllil ca pa3rpaHIII4eHIII B OT,QenHIII
pa3,Qenlll 111 ce ,Qo6asil niii4Ha IIIHTepnpeTal.\lllil
Ha asmpa.
--+ npoyeaHe Ha o6eKm, --+ HayHo uJcneea-
He, --+ euJyanHo npoyeaHe Ha czpau u 3a6e-
ne>KumenHu Mecma, --+ KapmupaHe, --+ rjJomo-
oKyMeHma4UR
255
 iNtERvENtioN
DocUmENtatioN aND iNvEstigatioN
X-Ray microfluorescence measurement, detail of frescoes, chapel, Charterhouse, Villeneuve-ls-Avignon (France), 1355; Photo: 2011, CICRP (Jean-Marc Vallet)
Non-invasive investigation
Definition: The gathering of information on
site using techniques that do not modify or
damage the material at the contact point be-
tween the instrument or the beam emitted by
the instrument and the object surface.
Comment: The use of non-invasive tech-
niques on site (such as X-Ray fluorescence
spectroscopy) may not be sufficient to obtain
comprehensive results, therefore some inva-
sive destructive or micro-destructive tech-
niques may also be required. One of the most
important invasive techniques is sampling.
Ideally, non-destructive laboratory techniques
are carried out on the samples. However, in
some cases destructive techniques may be
necessary.
sampling, material analysis and examination
Source: DIN EN 15898: 2011
256
EN analyse non invasive FR
Dfinition: Collecte dinformations sur site en
utilisant des techniques qui ne modifient ni
nendommagent le matriau au point de
contact avec linstrument ou le rayonnement
mis par celui-ci.
Commentaires: Lutilisation de techniques
non invasives sur site telles que la spectrosco-
pie de fluorescence X peut ne pas tre suffi-
sante pour obtenir des rsultats satisfaisants
et peut ncessiter la mise en oeuvre de tech-
niques destructrices ou micro-destructives
la place ou en complment de celles-ci. Une
des techniques invasives les plus importantes
est lchantillonnage. Des techniques dana-
lyse non destructive sont ensuite de prf-
rence mises en oeuvre sur les chantillons en
laboratoire.
chantillonnage, observation et analyse des
matriaux
Nicht-invasive Untersuchung DE
Definition: Erfassung von Informationen vor
Ort mit Techniken, die das Material am Kontakt-
punkt zwischen Untersuchungsinstrument oder
dem vom Instrument emittierten Strahl und der
Oberflche nicht verndern oder schdigen.
Kommentar: Wenn die nicht-invasiven Tech-
niken, wie die Rntgenfluoreszenzspektrosko-
pie, nicht ausreichen, um vor Ort umfassende
Ergebnisse zu erhalten, knnen auch zerstren-
de oder zerstrungsarme Techniken, die invasiv
sind, ergnzend oder statt dessen zum Einsatz
kommen. Eine der wichtigsten invasiven Tech-
niken ist die Probenahme. Idealerweise werden
zerstrungsfreie Labortechniken an den Pro-
ben angewendet. In einigen Fllen knnen zer-
strende Techniken notwendig sein.
Synonym: non-invasive Untersuchung
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: zerstrungsfreie
Untersuchung
Probenahme, Materialuntersuchung und
-analyse

Nenasilna istrazivanja HR
Definicija: Prikupljanje informacija in situ
uporabom tehnika koje ne mijenjaju ili oste-
uju materijale u dodirnoj tocki izmedu in-
strumenta ili zrake koju emitira instrument i
povrsine objekta.
Napomena: Primjena neinvanzivnih tehnika
poput XRF-a na terenu mozda nee biti do-
voljna za dobivanje sveobuhvatnih rezultata,
zato se kao dopuna ili umjesto njih mogu pri-
mijeniti i neke destruktivne ili mikrodestruk-
tivne tehnike. Jedna od najvaznijih invazivnih
tehnikaje uzorkovanje.ldealno, nedestruktiv-
ne se laboratorijske tehnike izvode na uzor-
cima. Medutim, u nekim slucajevima destruk-
tivne tehnike mogu biti nuzne.
-+ uzorkovanje, -+ analiza materijala i ispitivanja
Nem invaziv vizsgalatok HU
Meghatarozas: Helyszfni informaci6kgyujt-
se olyan technikak segftsgvel, melyek nem
m6dosftjak s nem karosftjak az anyagot ab-
ba n a pont ba n, a ho l a muszer rintkezik vagy
a kibocsajtott sugarzas talalkozik a feiUiettel.
Megjegyzs: A nem invazfv helyszfni vizsga-
latok, mint pldaul a rontgenfluoreszcens
spektroszk6pia, nem mindig elegend6ek at-
fog6 eredmnyek elrshez, ezrt kiegszf- Definitie: Obtinerea de informatii in situ folo-
tsknt vagy helyettUk invazfv- roncsolasos
vagy mikro-roncsolasos- technikakra is szUk-
sg lehet.A mintavtel a legjelent6sebb inva-
zfv eljaras.ldealis esetben a mintakat roncso-
lasmentes la borat6rium i vizsga latokna k vetik
ala. Bizonyos esetekben roncsolasos eljarasok-
ra va n szU ksg.
-+ mintavtel, -+ anyagvizsgdlat s analitika
Analisi non invasiva IT
Definizione: La collezione d'informazioni in
situ utilizzando tecniche che non modificano
o danneggiano il materiale dell'opera nel pun-
to di contatto tra lo strumento o il fascio di lu-
ce emesso e la superficie.
Commento: L: uso delle tecniche non invasive
in situ, come per esempio la spettrofotometria
XRF, pu non essere sufficiente per ottenere
risultati completi, quindi in aggiunta o in so-
stituzione possono essere eseguite alcune
analisi distruttive o micro- distruttive e inva-
sive. Una delle tecniche invasive pi importan-
ti il campionamento. Poi, idealmente, sui
campioni sono eseguite analisi non distruttive
in laboratorio. In alcuni casi possono essere
necessarie analisi distruttive.
-+campionamento, -+ analisi ed esame dei mate-
riali
Badania nieinwazyjne PL
Definicja: Gromadzenie informacji in situ przy
wykorzystaniu technik, kt6re nie modyfikujq i
nie niszczq powierzchni materia/u w punkcie
kontaktu z instrumentem bqdi wiqzkq emito-
wanego przez instrument promieniowania.
Komentarz: Zastosowanie w terenie technik
nieinwazyjnych, takichjak rentgenowska spek-
troskopia fluorescencyjna moze by niewystar-
czajqce by otrzyma szczeg6/owe wyniki, dla-
tegowuzupe/nieniu lubzamiast nich mogq by
zastosowane techniki inwazyjne, destrukcyjne
lub mikro destrukcyjne. Jednq z najwazniej-
szych technik inwazyjnychjest pobieranie pr6-
bek. Nieniszczqce techniki laboratoryjne Sq
w6wczas ideai ne do badania pobranych pr6-
bek. Jed na k w n iekt6rych przypad kach koniecz-
ne moze by uzycie technik destrukcyjnych.
-+ pobieraniepr6bek,-+ analiza i badania materia/6w
lnvestigatie non-invaziva RO
E~ anlamll: tahrip etmeyen ara~tirma
sind tehnici de investigatie ce nu modifica ~i
nu distrug materia lui originai in punctul de
contact dintre instrument sau radiatia emisa
de acesta ~i suprafata.
Ad notare: Utilizarea in situa tehnicilor non-in-
vazive de investigatie precum XRF poate fi in-
suficienta pentru obtinerea unor informatii
complete, motiv pentru care se poate recurge
la utilizarea complementara a unor metode in-
vazive distructive sau micro-distructive. Prele-
va rea de pro be este una dintrecele mai impor-
tante metode de analiza invaziva. Tn mod ideai,
tehnicile non-invazive de laboratorse efectuea-
za pe probe. Tn unele cazuri poate fi necesara
utilizarea complementara a tehnicilor invazive.
-+ prelevarea de probe, -+ analiza ~i examinarea
materiale/or
lnvestigaciones no invasivas ES
Definicion: Toma de datos e informaci6n in
situ e n la que se usa n tcnicas que no modifi-
ca n o dalian el materia! en el punto de con-
tacto e ntre el instrumento o el haz em itido por
el instrumento y la superficie.
INTERVENTION
DOCUMENTATION ANO INVESTIGATION
Comentario: El usodetcnicas no invasivas,co-
mola espectroscopia de fluorescencia de rayos
X puede no ser suficiente para obtener resulta-
dos exhaustivos, por lo que puede ser necesario
complementare sustituiresta investigaci6n con
tcnicas invasivas o micro-destructivas. Una de
las tcnicas invasivas mas importantes es la
toma de muestra. Preferiblemente se usan
tcnicas de laboratorio no destructivas aun-
que, en algunos casos, son necesarias las tc-
nicas destructivas.
-+ tomo de muestra, -+ andlisis y estudio de mate-
ria/es
Mi.idahalesiz ara~t1rma TR
Tamm: YUzey ve cihaz arasmda ya da yUzeyle
cihaz tarafmdan yayllan 1~1k arasmdaki temas
noktasmda tahribat ve malzemede degi~iklik
yapmayan yerinde bilgi top lama yontemi.
Yorum: Alanda, x-1~1nlan flor1~1l gorUnge olU-
mU gibi mUdahalesiz teknikler kullan1m1 de-
tayl sonu almak iin yeterli olmayabilir. Bu
yUzden, ek olarak ya da bu tekniklerin yerine
baz1 tahrip edici teknikler ya da mikro tahrip
ed ici teknikler uygulanabilir. En onemli invazif
tekniklerden biri numune almad1r. ideai ola-
rak, numuneler Uzerindetahrip ed ici olmayan
laboratuar teknikleri uygulanabilir. Baz1 du-
rumlarda tahrip ed ici teknikler gerekli olabilir.
-+ numune alma, -+ ma/zeme ve tetkik analizi
Hei!IHBa3111BHO 1113cneABaHe BG
Ae<J>IIIHIIILIIIIH: Cb6V1paHe Ha VIHcjlopMal.jWl Ha
Ml1CTO C V13nOJl3BaHe Ha TeXHV1KV1, KOVITO He
BV1AOV13MeHl1T V1 He nospe>KAaT MaTepV!ana B
KOHTaKTHaTa T04Ka Me>KAY VIHCTpyMeHTa V1JlV1
eMV!TV!paHoTo Jlb4eHV!e V1 noBbpxHocna.
KoMeHTap: vl3non3BaHeTo Ha HeV1HBa3V1BHV1
TeXHV1KV1 (KaTO peHTreHocjlnyopecl.jeHTHa
cneKTpOCKOnV1l1) MO>Ke /ja He e /jOCTaTb4HO
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Ha;-1106pV1l1 cnyya;, C He/jeCTpyKTV1BHV1
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V13nomsaHeTO Ha AeapyKTV1BHV1 TeXHV1KV1.
-+ B3eMaHe Ha npo6u, -+ aHanu3 u u3cneaaaHe Ha
Mamepuanu
257
 iNtERvENtioN
DocUmENtatioN aND iNvEstigatioN
Visualisation of a restored area using UV fluorescence, Chapel of St. Sbastien, Roure (France), 15th century; Photo: 2011, CICRP (Jean-Marc Vallet)
contactless investigation EN
Definition: Gathering of information on site
using techniques that do not touch the sur-
face of the wall painting.
Comment: This can include imaging and/or
the use of some analytical techniques, such as
infrared thermography, which are performed
remotely. The distance from the surface can
be small (e.g. for X-ray fluorescence spec-
troscopy it is less than 2 cm), medium (e.g.
generally a few metres for the photodocu-
mentation of a wall painting), or great (e.g. use
of some specific systems of LIDAR for an archi-
tectural survey which is of the order of several
tens of meters or more). Analyses can be con-
tactless, invasive and micro-destructive (e.g.
LIBS).
non-invasive investigation, material exami-
nation and analysis
Source: Lorusso, Schippa 1995
258
Etude sans contact
Dfinition: Collecte dinformations sur site
par des techniques qui nentrent pas en
contact avec la surface de la peinture murale.
Commentaires: Cela peut inclure lobtention
dimages ou lemploi de certaines techniques
analytiques utilises distance, telles que la
thermographie infrarouge. La distance la
surface peut tre petite (par exemple inf-
rieure 2 cm, pour la spectroscopie de fluo-
rescence X), moyenne (quelques mtres pour
la photodocumentation dune peinture mu-
rale) ou grande (plusieurs dizaines de mtres
ou plus, pour lutilisation de certains systmes
spcifiques de LIDAR pour une tude architec-
turale). Les analyses peuvent tre sans
contact, invasive et micro-destructive (par
exemple LIBS).
analyse non invasive, observation et analyse
des matriaux
FR Berhrungsfreie Untersuchung DE
Definition: Erfassen von Informationen vor
Ort mit Techniken, die keinen Kontakt mit der
Wandmalerei haben.
Kommentar: Sie beinhaltet die Erstellung von
Bildern und/oder die Anwendung von Unter-
suchungstechniken, wie der Infrarotthermo-
grafie, die mit Abstand zum Objekt ausgefhrt
werden. Dieser Abstand kann klein (fr die
Rntgenfluoreszenzspektroskopie betrgt sie
z.B. weniger als 2 cm), mittel (z.B. generell ein
paar Meter zur Fotodokumentation einer
Wandmalerei) oder gro sein (der Einsatz be-
stimmter Systeme von LIDAR zur Architektur-
vermessung bewegt sich z.B. im Bereich eini-
ger Dutzend Meter oder mehr). Untersuchun-
gen knnen berhrungsfrei, invasiv und zer-
strungsarm sein (z.B. LIBS).
nicht-invasive Untersuchung, Materialunter-
suchung

Beskontaktno istraivanje HR di LIDAR per un rilievo architettonico che
eseguito a una distanza di diverse decine di
Definicija: Prikupljanje informacija in situ teh- metri o di pi). Nota: indagini e analisi possono
nikama koje ne dodiruju povrinu zidne slike. essere non invasive, invasive e/o micro di-
struttive (ad esempio LIBS).
Napomena: Beskontaktno istraivanje moe
obuhvaati dobivanje slika i/ili koritenje anali- analisi non invasiva, analisi ed esame dei ma-
tikih tehnika poput infracrvene termografije teriali
koja se izvodi na udaljenosti. Udaljenost od po-
vrine moe biti mala (npr. za rengentsku fluo-
rescentnu spektroskopiju manja je od 2 cm), sre- Badania bezdotykowe PL
dnja (npr. openito nekoliko metara za fotodo-
kumentiranje zidne slike) ili velika (npr. uporaba Definicja: Zbieranie informacji in situ, z uy-
nekih specifinih sustava LIDAR za arhitektonsko ciem instrumentw ktre nie dotykaj po-
istraivanje unutar vie desetaka metara). Ana- wierzchni malowida ciennego.
lize mogu biti beskontaktne, invazivne i mikro-
destruktivne (npr. LIBS). Komentarz: Mona tu zaliczy wykonywanie
fotografii i stosowanie niektrych technik ba-
nenasilna istraivanja, analiza materijala i dawczych, takich jak zdalna termografia w
ispitivanja podczerwieni. Odlego od powierzchni mo-
e by maa (np. w przypadku rentgenowskiej
spektroskopii fluorescencyjnej mniej ni 2 cm),
rints nlkli vizsglatok HU rednia (np. kilka metrw przy wykonywaniu
dokumentacji fotograficznej malowida cien-
Meghatrozs: Helyszni adatgyjts, olyan nego), lub dua (np. przy stosowaniu specjal-
technikk segtsgvel, melyek nem rintkez- nych systemw LIDAR w badaniach architek-
nek a falkp felletvel. tonicznych odlegoci s rzdu dziesitek met- uzaklkta ( rnein X-ray floresan izgelm,
rw i wicej). Badania mog by bezdotyko-
Megjegyzs: Ez magba foglalhatja felvte- wa, inwazyjne i mikro-destrukcyjne (np. LIBS).
lek ksztst s/vagy bizonyos analitikai tech-
nikk hasznlatt, mint pldul az infravrs badania nieinwazyjne, analiza i badania ma- daha fazla metre uzaklkta mimari aratrma
termogrfia, melyek tvolrl vgezhetek. A teriau
fellettl val tvolsg lehet kicsi (pldul a Analizler; temassz, zarar verici ve, az zarar edi-
rntgenfluoreszcens spektroszkpia esetn
kevesebb, mint 2 cm), kzepes (ltalban pr investigaie non-contact Ro
mter a falkpek fotdokumentlsnl) vagy
nagy (pldul a sajtos LIDAR rendszerek Definiie: Obinerea de informaii in situ folo-
hasznlata ptszeti felmrseknl, ahol a t- sind tehnici ce nu necesit contactul direct cu
volsg tbb tz mteres nagysgrend, akr suprafaa picturii murale.
ennl is tbb). Az analzisek lehetnek rints
nlkliek, nem invazvek s mikro-roncsolso- Adnotare: Poate include obinerea de imagini
sak (pldul a LIBS). i/sau utilizarea unor tehnici analitice efectua-
te de la distan, precum termografia IR. Dis-
nem invazv vizsglat, anyagvizsglat s ana- tana fa de suprafa poate fi mic (n cazul .
litika XRF, sub 2 cm), medie (n general de ordinul
metrilor pentru documentaia fotografic) sau
mare (zeci de metri, n cazul utilizrii tehnicii
indagine non invasiva it LIDAR, folosit pentru monitorizarea monu-
mentelor arhitecturale). Analizele pot fi non-
Definizione: La collezione dinformazioni in contact, invazive i micro-distructive (de ex.
situ utilizzando tecniche senza contatto con LIBS).
la superficie del dipinto murale.
investigaie non-invaziv, analiza i exami-
Commento: Ci pu includere la ripresa dim- narea materialelor
magini e / o luso di alcune tecniche analitiche
eseguite a distanza, come la termografia allin-
frarosso. La distanza dalla superficie pu essere investigacin no destructiva Es
piccola (ad esempio per la spettrofotometria
XRF inferiore ai 2 cm), media (per esempio Definicin: Toma de datos e informacin en
generalmente pochi metri per la documenta- el sitio que utiliza tcnicas que no requieren
zione fotografica di un dipinto murale), o gran- el contacto con la superficie.
de (ad esempio luso di alcuni sistemi specifici
iNtERvENtioN
DocUmENtatioN aND iNvEstigatioN
Comentario: Incluye la obtencin de imge-
nes y/o el uso de algunas tcnicas analticas, co-
mo la termografa infrarroja, realizadas de ma-
nera remota. La distancia con la superficie pue-
de ser pequea (por ejemplo, la espectroscopia
de fluorescencia de rayos X necesita menos de
2 cm), media (por ejemplo, la documentacin
fotogrfica necesita algunos metros) o grande
(por ejemplo, algunos sistemas especficos LI-
DAR usados en estudios arquitectnicos, re-
quieren decenas de metros o incluso ms). Los
anlisis pueden ser sin contacto, invasivos y mi-
cro-destructivos (por ejemplo, LIBS).
investigaciones no-invasivas, anlisis y estu-
dio de materiales
temassz aratrma tR
Tanm: Duvar resminin yzeyi ile temas olma-
yan teknikler kullanlarak yerinde bilgi toplama.
Yorum: Resim toplama ve uzaktan uygulanan
kzltesi termografi gibi analitik tekniklerin
kullanmn ierir. Yzeyden mesafe kk
2 cmden daha az), orta uzaklkta (rnein du-
var resmini fotoraf ile belgeleme iin birka
metre), yksek uzaklkta( rnein, onlarca yada
iin zel LIDAR sistemleri kullanm) olabilir.
ci olabilir (rnein LIBS).
mdahalesiz aratrma, malzeme ve tetkik analizi
Bg
:
,
-
: -
/ -
,
. -
(
-
- 2 cm), (-
) ( -
LIDAR
, -
).
, -
( LIBS).
, -
259
 iNtERvENtioN
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Photodocumentation of the Chapel of the Holy Trinity, minj (Croatia), 15th century; Photo: 2014, HRZ (Ivan Sra)
Photodocumentation EN
Definition: The collection of all available
iconographic, historical, technical and scien-
tific images that can shed light on the materi-
als or aesthetics of an artwork.
Comment: It includes all photographic im-
ages that can be obtained using different
magnification and under different lighting
conditions (direct light, semi- or raking light)
and different wavelengths (ultraviolet light,
multi-spectral). The choice of the images de-
pends on the aim of the study which can be
about art history or the conservation state of
a wall painting. Images should also include a
scale. All of the images must be dated.
raking light, scientific images
Sources: Conservation Dictionary 2001; Nimmo 2000; Petit, Valot 1980; Santner 2012; Glossary of Conservation 2006
260
Documentation photographique
Dfinition: Comparaison de toute limagerie,
iconographique, historique, technique et
scientifique qui peut renseigner sur les mat-
riaux ou lesthtique dune uvre.
Commentaires: Elle comprend toutes les
photographies qui peuvent tre obtenues en
utilisant un grossisement diffrent, diffrentes
conditions dclairage (lumire directe, lu-
mire rasante ou semi rasante), ayant diff-
rentes longueurs donde (lumire ultravio-
lette, multi spectrales). Le choix des images
dpend de lobjectif de ltude qui peut
concerner lhistoire de lart ou ltat de conser-
vation dune peinture murale. Les images doi-
vent inclure une chelle et tre dates.
imagerie scientifique, lumire rasante
FR Fotodokumentation DE
Definition: Die Sammlung aller ikonografi-
schen, historischen, technischen und wissen-
schaftlichen Abbildungen, die Aufschluss
ber Materialien und das Aussehen eines
Kunstwerks geben.
Kommentar: Sie beinhaltet alle fotografi-
schen Aufnahmen, die mit verschiedenen Ver-
grerungen, unter verschiedenen Beleuch-
tungsbedingungen (direkte Beleuchtung,
Streiflicht, starkes Streiflicht) und mit verschie-
denen Wellenlngen (ultraviolettes Licht, mul-
tispektral) erstellt werden knnen. Die Aus-
wahl der Abbildungen hngt vom Ziel der Stu-
die ab, das kunsthistorisch sein kann oder die
Dokumentation des Zustands der Wandmale-
rei. Die Bilder sollten einen Mastab enthal-
ten. Alle Aufnahmen mssen datiert sein.
Streiflicht, wissenschaftliche Fotografie
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Fotodokumentacija HR Dokumentacja fotograficzna PL Fotoraf ile belgeleme tR

Definicija: Prikupljanje svih dostupnih ikono-
grafskih, povijesnih, tehnikih i znanstvenih
slikovnih materijala koji mogu doprinijeti saz-
nanjima o materijalu ili estetici umjetnikoga
djela.
Napomena: Fotodokumentacija ukljuuje sve
fotografije koje se mogu dobiti koristei se
razliitim uveanjima i pod razliitim svjetlo-
snim uvjetima (izravno svjetlo, polukoso ili ko-
so svjetlo) i razliitim valnim duljinama (UV,
multispektar). Izbor slika ovisi o cilju istraiva-
nja koje moe biti povijesno-umjetniko ili se
odnosi na stanje zatite zidne slike. Slike bi tre-
bale sadravati skalu boja. Sve slike moraju biti
datirane.
Definicja: Zbir caej dostpnej ikonografii,
historycznej, technicznej i naukowej, ktra
moe rzuci wiato na budow czy walory es-
tetyczne dziea sztuki.
Komentarz: Obejmuje wszelkie obrazy foto-
graficzne jakie otrzyma mona stosujc rne
powikszenia, w rnych warunkach owietle-
nia (wiato bezporednie, boczne pod rny-
mi ktami) i z zastosowaniem innej dugoci
fali (wiato ultrafioletowe, w wielu zakresach).
Wybr ujcia zaley od celu bada i przed-
miotu: historii sztuki, czy stanu zachowania
malowida ciennego. Fotografie powinny za-
wiera skal. Wszystkie fotografie musz by
opatrzone dat.
Tanm: Sanat eserinin estetik veya malzeme-
sini ortaya karan mevcut tm ikonografik,
tarihi, teknik ve bilimsel grsellerin toplanma-
s.
Yorum: Farkl leklerde ve farkl aydnlatma
koullarnda (dorudan gelen k, yar yada
yandan gelen k, ultraviyole k, ok n da-
lml) ekilen tm fotorafik grselleri ierir.
Grsellerin seimi, duvar resminin koruma du-
rumu veya sanat tarihi ile alakal almann
amacna baldr. Grseller lek iermelidir.
Tm grseller tarihlendirilmelidir.
yan k, bilimsel grselleme

koso svjetlo, znanstveni prikazi wiato boczne, fotografia specjalistyczna

Fotdokumentci HU Documentaie fotografic Ro Bg

Meghatrozs: Az rendelkezsre ll ikonog- Definiie: Colectarea tuturor imaginilor ico- : -

rfiai, trtneti, technikai s tudomnyos felv- nografice, istorice, tehnice i tiinifice dispo- , , -
telek egybegyjtse, melyek fnyt derthetnek nibile, ce pot pune n lumin materialele sau ,
a malkots anyagaira vagy eszttikjra. estetica unei opere de art.
-
Megjegyzs: Magba foglalja az sszes fny- Adnotare: Include toate imaginile fotografice .
kpet, melyet klnbz nagytsban, kln- ce pot fi obinute prin utilizarea de magnifieri,
bz megvilgtsban (kzvetlen megvilg- condiii de iluminare (lumin direct, lumin :
ts, flsrl vagy srl fny) s klnbz hul- razant) i lungimi de und diferite (lumin ul- ,
lmhosszon (UV sugrzs, multispektrlis su- traviolet, multispectral). Alegerea imagini- ,
grzs) ksztenek. A kpek kivlasztsa fgg lor depinde de scopul studiului, care poate fi ( )
a tanulmny cljtl, ami szlhat a falkp m- legat de istoria artei, sau de starea de conser- (-
vszettrtnetrl vagy megtartsi llapot- vare a unei picturi murale. Imaginile ar trebui , , -
rl. A kpeknek lptket is kell tartalmazniuk. s includ, de asemenea, o scar. Toate imagi- ). -
Minden kpet keltezni kell. nile trebuie s fie datate. -
,
srl fny, tudomnyos felvtelek lumin razant, imagistic tiinific . -
-
.
Documentazione fotografica it Documentacin fotogrfica Es .

Definizione: La raccolta di tutte le immagini Definicin: Recopilacin de imgenes hist- 



iconografiche, storiche, tecniche e scientifiche ricas, tcnicas y cientficas existentes que pue-
disponibili che possono fornire informazioni den aportar informacin sobre los materiales
sui materiali o sull aspetto di unopera darte. o la esttica de la obra de arte.

Commento: Include tutte le immagini foto-
grafiche che possono essere ottenute utiliz-
zando diversi ingrandimenti, diverse condizio-
ni dilluminazione (luce diretta, luce semi-ra-
dente o radente) e diverse lunghezze donda
(luce ultravioletta, luce multispettrale). La scel-
ta delle immagini dipende dallo scopo dello
studio che pu riguardare lindagine storico-
artistica o lo stato di conservazione di un di-
pinto murale. Le immagini devono includere
una scala e devono essere datate.
Comentario: Incluye todas las imgenes foto-
grficas que pueden ser obtenidas usando di-
ferentes aumentos y bajo distintas condicio-
nes de iluminacin (luz directa, luz rasante o
semirrasante) y con distintas longitudes de on-
da (luz ultravioleta, luz infrarroja). La eleccin
de la imagen depende del objetivo del estudio,
que puede ser sobre la historia artstica o sobre
el estado de conservacin de la superficie. Las
imgenes suelen incluir una escala. Todas las
imgenes deben ser referenciadas.

luce radente, fotografia scientifica luz rasante, imgenes cientficas

261
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Observation of surface relief (left: direct light; right: raking light), Chapel of St. John the Baptist, Ivani Miljanski (Croatia), ca. 1450; Photo: 2014, HRZ (Katarina Gavrilica)
Raking light
Definition: The surface is lit, preferably using
daylight-spots at a specific angle, in order to
show the relief through shadow effects.
Comment: The angle between the surface of
the wall painting and the main direction of the
light varies from 0 (raking light) to almost 20
(half-raking light). Semi-raking light is often
preferred because it maintains the readability
of the wall painting and gives more accurate
information about the relief, such as: the exe-
cution of the painting (outline incisions, tool
marks, joints between the coatings giornate,
pontate regularity or irregularity of surfaces,
etc.), its state of conservation (degree of de-
lamination, unevenness, cracks, infills, flaking,
etc.).
photodocumentation, non invasive investi-
gation, object investigation
Lumire rasante
Dfinition: La peinture murale est claire
avec des clairages flash selon un angle sp-
cifique, pour montrer le relief par effet dom-
bres.
Commentaires: Langle entre la surface de la
peinture murale et laxe de lclairage varie de
Sources: Harris 2003; Mora et al. 1979
262
EN 0 (lumire rasante) prs de 20 (lumire
semi-rasante). La lumire semi-rasante est sou-
vent prfre car elle maintient la lisibilit de
la peinture murale et donne des informations
prcises sur le relief, comme lexcution de la
peinture (incisions, marques doutils, joints en-
tre les enduits giornate, pontate , rgularit
ou lirrgularit des surfaces etc.) ou son tat
de conservation (degr de dcollement, dfor-
mations, fissures, remplissages, caillage etc.).
Ne pas confondre avec: lumire incidente/
oblique
documentation photographique, analyse
non invasive, constat dtat
streiflicht
Definition: Um ihr Relief durch Schatteneffek-
te zu zeigen, wird die Oberflche, am besten
mit Tageslichtleuchten, in einem bestimmten
Winkel beleuchtet.
FR Kommentar: Der Winkel zwischen Oberfl-
che und Hauptlichtrichtung variiert zwischen
0 (starkes Streiflicht) bis 20 (Streiflicht). Mitt-
leres Streiflicht wird oft gegenber starkem
Streiflicht bevorzugt, da es die Lesbarkeit der
Wandmalerei erhlt und genauere Informatio-
nen ber das Relief liefert, wie z.B. die Ausfh-
rung der Malerei (Ritzungen, Werkzeugspu-
ren, Fugen zwischen den Giornate, Pontate,
Regel- oder Unregelmigkeiten der Oberfl-
chen, etc.), sowie ihren Zustand (Ausma der
Ablsung, Unebenheiten, Risse, Ergnzungen,
Abblttern etc.).
Synonyme: Schrglicht, Seitenlicht
Fotodokumentation, nicht-invasive Untersu-
chung, Befunduntersuchung
Koso svjetlo HR
Definicija: Povrina se osvjetljava u prvome
redu dnevnim svjetlom pod odreenim ku-
tom kako bi se s pomou sjena prikazao reljef.
Napomena: Kut izmeu povrine zidne slike
DE i glavnoga smjera svjetla varira od 0 (koso
svjetlo) do gotovo 20 (polukoso svjetlo). Po-
lukosom svjetlu esto se daje prednost jer za-
drava itljivost zidne slike i prua toniju in-
formaciju o reljefu, poput: izvedbe slike (obrisi
urezivanja, tragovi alata, spojevi meu sloje-
vima giornate, pontate pravilnost i nepra-
vilnost povrine itd.), stanje njezine konzerva-
cije (stupanj raslojavanja, nejednakost, puko-
tine, ispune, ljuskanje itd.).
fotodokumentacija, nenasilna istraivanja,
istraivanje objekta
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DocUmENtatioN aND iNvEstigatioN

srl fny HU Komentarz: Kt nachylenia promieni wietl- ejemplo, la ejecucin de la pintura (marca las
nych w stosunku do powierzchni malowida incisiones, las marcas de las herramientas, las
Meghatrozs: A falkpet jellegzetes szg- ciennego waha si od 0 (wiato boczne) do juntas entre las capas jornadas y pontate
ben elhelyezett, lehetleg nappali fnyt kibo- okoo 20 (ukone). Preferowane jest wiato la regularidad o irregularidad de la superficie,
csjt fnyszrkkal vilgtjk meg, annak r- ukone, gdy zachowuje czytelno malowid- etc.) o su estado de conservacin (grado de
dekben, hogy az rnykhatsok ltal kiemel- a i daje dokadniejsz informacj o nierwno- delaminacin, irregularidades, grietas, estuca-
jk a felleti egyenetlensgeket. ciach, takich jak: sposb wykonania malo- dos, descamaciones, etc.).
wida (zagbione kontury, lady narzdzi, -
Megjegyzs: A falkp fellete s a f fny- czenia powok giornate, pontate regularny documentacin fotogrfica, investigaciones
irny kztt bezrt szg 0 (srl fny) s csak- czy nieregularny charakter powierzchni itd.) no invasivas, investigacin del objeto
nem 20 (flsrl fny) kztt mozoghat. stan zachowania (stopie rozwarstwienia, nie-
Gyakran a flsrl fnyt kedvelik, mert ez rwnoci, pknicia, uzupenienia, zuszczenia
megrzi a falkp felismerhetsgt s ponto- itd.). Yan k tR
sabb informcikat nyjt a felsznrl, gy a fal- Synonimy: wiato padajce ukonie, skone
kp kszts technikjrl (bekarcolt krvona- Tanm: Yzeyin, glge etkiler vastasyla ze-
lak, eszkz nyomok, a fedrtegek napi var- dokumentacja fotograficzna, badania nie- rindeki kabartmay gstermek iin tercihen
rat, pontate kzti illeszkeds, a fellet szab- inwazyjne, badanie obiektu gn renkli projektr kullanlarak zel bir
lyossga vagy szablytalansga stb.), s meg- a ile aydnlatlmas.
tartsi llapotrl (felvlsok mrtke, egye-
netlensgek, repedsek, tmtsek, lepattog- Lumin razant Ro Yorum: Duvar resminin yzeyi ile n ana y-
zsok, stb.). n arasndaki a 0 (yan k) ile neredeyse 20
Definiie: Suprafaa este iluminat utiliznd (yar-eik k) aras deikenlik gsterir. Yar
fotdokumentci, nem invazv vizsglatok, de preferin spoturi cu lumin natural, la un eik k sklkla tercih edilir nk duvar resmi-
objektum vizsglat unghi specific, cu scopul de a pune n eviden nin okunabilirliini devam ettirir ve rlyef hak-
relieful prin efecte de umbr. knda daha doru bilgi verir, rnein; boyann
uygulanmas (ana hat kertikleri, alet izleri, kap-
Luce radente it Adnotare: Unghiul dintre suprafaa picturii lamalar arasndaki derzler, gnlk sva-lapa-y-
murale i direcia radiaiei luminoase variaz zeylerin dzenlilii veya dzensizlii vb.), koru-
Definizione: La pittura murale illuminata ntre 0 (lumin razant) pn la aproape 20 ma durumu (ince tabakalara ayrlma derecesi,
con lampade a luce diurna in un angolo spe- (lumin semi-razant). De obicei este prefera- przllk, atlaklar, dolgular, pullanmalar vb).
cifico al fine di mostrare il rilievo attraverso gli t lumina semi-razant deoarece pstreaz li-
effetti di ombreggiatura. zibilitatea picturii murale i ofer informaii fotoraf ile belgeleme, mdahalesiz aratr-
mult mai precise despre relief, precum: tehni- ma, nesne incelemesi
Commento: Langolo tra la superficie del di- ca de execuie a picturii (incizii pe conturul
pinto murale e la direzione principale della lu- imaginilor, urme de unelte, mbinrile dintre
ce varia da 0 (luce radente) a quasi 20 (luce straturi giornate, pontate regularitatea sau Bg
semi-radente). Di solito si preferisce la luce se- iregularitatea suprafeelor, etc.), starea de con-
mi-radente perch il dipinto murale rimane pi servare (gradul de exfoliere, denivelri, fisuri, : ,
leggibile e fornisce informazioni pi precise sul chituiri, exfolieri n fulgi, etc.). -
rilievo, come ad esempio: lesecuzione del di- , ,
pinto (incisioni dei contorni, segni di strumenti, documentaie fotografic, investigaie non-
giunti tra gli strati di rivestimento, p. es. gior- invaziv, investigaia obiectului







































.




















nate o pontate, regolarit o irregolarit delle :
superfici, ecc.), il suo stato di conservazione
(grado di delaminazione, irregolarit, fessura- Luz rasante Es 0 ( )
zioni, stuccature, sollevamenti a scaglie, ecc.). 20 ( ).
Definicin: La pintura mural debe ser ilumi- , -
documentazione fotografica, indagini non in- nada preferiblemente usando puntos de luz
vasive, indagine approfondita delledificio e del- da con un ngulo especfico, con la intencin - :
le sue superfici architettoniche de mostrar el relieve a travs del efecto de las (,
sombras. ,
,
wiato boczne PL Comentario: El ngulo entre la superficie y la
pintura mural y la direccin principal de la luz .), -
Definicja: Powierzchnia jest owietlana przy vara entre 0 (luz rasante) y casi 20 (luz rasan- ( , -
uyciu reflektorw punktowych, najlepiej z te media). La luz rasante media es general- , , , ).
dziennym wiatem, pod szczeglnym ktem, mente preferible porque mantiene la lectura
by poprzez ukad cieni pokaza nierwnoci. de la pintura mural y da informacin ms pre- , -
cisa sobre su relieve. Permite apreciar, por ,

263
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Viewing of restored area in direct light (left) and IR false colour (right), Chapel of Notre Dame dEntrevignes, Sigale (France), 16th century; Photo: 2013, CICRP (Odile
Guillon)
scientific images EN
Definition: A part of photodocumentation
consisting of dated photographs that give in-
formation on the technique, treatment/s and
state of conservation of the studied object.
Comment: Images can be taken using differ-
ent magnifications (a scale must be used), un-
der direct daylight, half-raking light, UV light,
IR radiation or sensors (e.g. IR reflectography);
they are generally in digital colour and high-
resolution (more than 200 dpi). Their combi-
nations can lead to 2D or 3D photogrammetric
images and IR/UV false-colour images. The
term also refers to images created through an-
alytical processes (e.g. IR thermography, tera-
hertz spectroscopy and emissiography). Infor-
mation concerning the photograph itself and
the working conditions accompany the image.
photodocumentation, conservation report,
object investigation, structural examination,
site investigation
imagerie scientifique FR
Dfinition: Partie de la documentation pho-
tographique faite dimages dates informant
sur la technique, le(s) traitement(s) et ltat de
conservation de lobjet tudi.
Commentaires: Images prises diffrents
grossissements (avec une chelle pour les d-
Sources: Lorusso, Schippa 1995; Aze et al. 2011
264
tails), sous clairage de type flash, semi-ra-
sante, UV, avec diffrents capteurs (IR, rflec-
tographie IR). Elles sont gnralement num-
riques, en couleur et haute rsolution
(>200 dpi). Leur combinaison produit des
images de photogrammtrie 2D ou 3D, IR/UV
en fausses couleurs. Elles sont aussi gnres
par des systmes danalyse (thermographie IR,
spectroscopie trahertz, missiographie). Des
informations sur le photographe et les condi-
tions de travail sont associes.
documentation photographique, rapport de
conservation-restauration, constat dtat,
tude de site, examen structurel
Wissenschaftliche Fotografie
Definition: Teil der Fotodokumentation aus
datierten Fotos, die ber Technik, Manahmen
und Zustand des Objektes Auskunft geben.
Kommentar: Die Fotos werden mit Vergre-
rungen gemacht (mit Mastab), unter direk-
tem Tageslicht, Streiflicht, UV-Licht, IR-Strah-
lung oder mit Sensoren (z.B. IR-Reflektografie).
blich sind hoch aufgelste (mehr als 200 dpi),
digitale Farbbilder. Kombiniert knnen daraus
fotogrammetrische 2D oder 3D Bilder und
IR/UV-Falschfarbenbilder entstehen. Es zhlen
auch Fotos dazu, die mit naturwissenschaftli-
chen Untersuchungen erstellt werden, wie IR-
Thermografie, Terahertz-Spektroskopie und
Emissiographie. Informationen ber Inhalt
und Aufnahmebedingungen sollten dabei
sein.
Synonym: wissenschaftliche Bildgebung
Fotodokumentation, Restaurierungsdoku-
mentation, Befunduntersuchung, Kontextun-
tersuchung, Gefgeuntersuchung
Znanstveni prikazi HR
Definicija: Dio fotodokumentacije koju ine
datirane fotografije s informacijama o tehnici,
postupcima i stanju zatite prouavanoga
predmeta.
Napomena: Slike se mogu izraditi uporabom
DE razliitih poveanja (mora se koristiti mjerilo),
pod izravnim dnevnim svjetlom, polukosim
svjetlom, UV svjetlom, infracrvenim zraenjem
ili senzorima (npr. infracrvene reflektografije);
najee su digitalne, u boji i u visokoj rezolu-
ciji (vie od 200 dpi). Njihove kombinacije mo-
gu dovesti do fotogrametrijskih slika u 2D ili
3D, ili IR/UV slika u false colour (boje koje ne
odgovaraju izvorniku). Naziv se takoer odno-
si na fotografije koje se dobivaju kroz analiti-
ke procese (npr. IR termografije, terahertz
spektroskopije i emisijske grafije). Uz fotogra-
fiju potrebno je zabiljeiti informacije o foto-
grafu i radnim uvjetima.
fotodokumentacija, konzervatorsko-restau-
ratorski izvjetaj, istraivanje objekta, istrai-
vanje mjesta
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Sampling location, exedra of Villa Kerylos, Beaulieu-sur-Mer (France), 40 BC; Photo: 2008, CICRP (Odile Guillon)
sampling EN
Definition: When material is extracted from
a work of art or building for analysis or obser-
vation.
Comment: Several techniques and instru-
ments can be used, including: drill core,
scalpel, cotton swabs, compresses, and scrap-
ing among others. The sample location is in-
dicated on a plan, a map or an image and doc-
umented (see the NF EN 16085: 2012 norm).
Sampling can be non-invasive when already
detached material such as a scale or a flake is
collected. In this case, it may be impossible to
locate the origin of the sample on the wall
painting. Non-invasive sampling can also in-
clude the collection of dust or soiling deposits.
sample preparation, material analysis and ex-
amination
Sources: DIN EN 15898: 2011; NF EN 16085: 2012; Aze et al. 2011; Santner 2012
266
Echantillonnage FR
Dfinition: Extraction de matire de luvre
dart ou dun btiment pour analyse ou obser-
vation.
Commentaires: Plusieurs techniques et ins-
truments peuvent tre utiliss: carottier, scal-
pel, cotons-tiges, compresses, grattage etc.
Lemplacement de lchantillon est indiqu sur
un plan, une carte ou une image et lchan-
tillonnage document. Le prlvement peut
tre non invasif lorsque de la matire dta-
che de la peinture murale est prleve (ex.
caille). Dans ce cas, il peut tre impossible de
localiser lorigine de lchantillon sur la pein-
ture murale. Lchantillonnage non-invasif
peut galement inclure la collecte de dpts
de poussire ou de salissure.
prparation de lchantillon, observation et schlieen.
analyse des matriaux
Probenahme DE
Definition: Wenn zur Analyse oder Beobach-
tung Substanz aus einem Kunstwerk oder ei-
nem Gebude entnommen wird.
Kommentar: Es knnen dafr mehrere Tech-
niken und Instrumente eingesetzt werden, da-
runter Bohrkern, Skalpell, Wattestbchen,
Kompressen und Abschaben. Die Stelle der
Entnahme wird in einer Kartierung oder auf
einem Foto eingetragen und dokumentiert
(s. NF EN 16085: 2012). Probenahmen knnen
nicht-invasiv sein, wenn abgelstes Material,
wie Schalen oder Schuppen, gesammelt wer-
den. In diesem Fall kann es unmglich sein,
die Herkunft einer Probe auf der Wandmalerei
zu lokalisieren. Nicht-invasive Probenahmen
knnen auch die Sammlung von Stuben
oder aufliegenden Verschmutzungen mit ein-
Synonyme: Probeentnahme, Substanzent-
nahme
Probeaufbereitung, Materialuntersuchung

Uzorkovanje HR
Definicija: Postupak uzimanja uzorka materi-
jala iz umjetnikoga dijela ili graevine radi
analize ili promatranja.
Napomena: Moe se primijeniti nekoliko teh-
nika i instrumenata: svrdlo za jezgru, skalpel,
pamuni tamponi, pulpe (obloge), meu osta-
lim i struganje. Mjesto uzimanja uzorka ozna-
uje se i biljei na nacrtu, mapi ili slici (vidi nor-
mu: NF EN 16085: 2012). Kad se prikuplja ma-
terijal koji se odvaja poput ljuske ili pahulje
uzorkovanje moe biti neinvazivno. U tome slu-
aju moe biti nemogue pronai mjesto uzor-
ka na zidnoj slici. Neinvazivno uzorkovanje ta-
koer moe ukljuivati skupljanje praine ili pr-
ljavih naslaga.
pripremanje uzorka, analiza materijala i ispi-
tivanja
mintavtel HU
Meghatrozs: Anyag kivtele a malkots-
bl vagy pletbl, vizsglat vagy tanulm-
nyozs cljbl.
Megjegyzs: Tbbfle mdszer s eszkz
hasznlhat, ide tartoznak, tbbek kztt, a
frmag, szike, vattaplcika, pakols s kapa-
rk. A mintavtel helyt egy rajzon, trkpen
vagy fotn jellik s dokumentljk (lsd az
NF EN 16085: 2012 normatvt). A mintavtel
lehet nem invazv, ha levlt anyagot, lepattog-
zst, pergst gyjtenek ssze. Ebben az eset-
ben, nem mindig lehetsges lokalizlni a min-
ta eredeti helyt a falkpen. Nem invazv min-
tavtelnek szmt a por vagy a szennyezd-
sek sszegyjtse is.
mintaelkszts, anyagvizsglat s analitika pe un plan, releveu sau imagine i documen-
campionamento
Definizione: Si preleva della materia da unope-
ra darte o da un edificio per lanalisi o per los-
servazione scientifica.
Commento: Possono essere usati vari stru-
menti e tecniche, per esempio il carotaggio, il
bisturi, dei batuffoli di cotone, degli impacchi
e la raschiatura. La posizione di prelevamento
del campione indicata e documentata nella
mappatura o su una fotografia (vedi la norma
NF EN 16085: 2012). Il campionamento pu es-
sere non invasivo se si raccoglie del materiale
distaccato, per esempio un frammento o una
scaglia. Il rischio in questo caso potrebbe essere
limpossibilit di localizzare lorigine del cam-
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pione sulla pittura murale. Il campionamento Comentario: Pueden utilizarse diversas tc-
non invasivo pu anche includere la raccolta di nicas e instrumentos, entre los cuales se pue-
polvere o di depositi di sporco. den incluir: sacatestigos, bisturs, hisopos de
Sinonimi: campionatura, prelievo di campioni algodn, empacos y rascados. El punto de to-
ma de muestra se indica en un plano, mapa o
preparazione del campione, analisi ed esame imagen y se documenta (ver la norma NF EN
dei materiali 16085: 2012). Puede ser no invasiva cuando se
recoge material separado como escamas o l-
minas. En estos casos, podra ser imposible lo-
Pobieranie prbek PL calizar el origen de la muestra. La toma de
muestras no invasiva puede incluir tambin
Definicja: Kiedy materia jest pobrany z dziea depsitos de polvo o suciedad.
sztuki lub budynku do analizy lub obserwacji.
preparacin de muestras, anlisis y estudio
Komentarz: Mona uy kilku technik i narz- de materiales
dzi, midzy innymi wierta, skalpela, wacikw,
kompresw i zdrapywania. Lokalizacja prbki
jest oznaczona na planie, mapie lub obrazie i rnekleme tR
udokumentowana (patrz norma NF EN 16085:
2012). Pobieranie prbek moe by nieinwa- Tanm: Analiz veya inceleme iin sanat eserin-
zyjne, gdy pobierzemy materia ju oddzielo- den veya yapdan para alma.
ny, jak odamek czy usk. W tym wypadku jed-
nak nie bdzie moliwa lokalizacja pochodze- Yorum: Delici matkap, bisturi, pamuklu u-
nia prbki na malowidle. Do nieinwazyjnego buk, kompres ve kazma gibi birka teknik ve
pobierania prbek zaliczy te mona zbiera- alet kullanlabilir. rnek yeri bir planda, hari-
nie kurzu czy osadw zanieczyszcze. tada ya da resimde belirtilir ve belgelenir (ba-
knz EN 16085: 2012 normu). rnekleme tar-
przygotowanie prbek, analiza i badania ma- tar ya da pul gibi ayrlm bir malzeme ise za-
teriaw rarsz olabilir. Bu durumda, duvar resminden
alnan rnein kaynann neresi olduunu
belirlemek mmkn olmayabilir. Zararsz r-
Prelevarea probelor Ro nekleme toz ya da kir tortularnn toplanma-
sn da ierebilir.
Definiie: Colectarea de material dintr-o ope-
r de art sau o construcie n vederea anali- numune hazrlama, malzeme analizi ve ince-
zrii sau examinrii acestuia. lemesi
Adnotare: Materialul poate fi prelevat utili-
znd diferite tehnici i instrumente: burghiu Bg
de forare, bisturiu, tampoane de bumbac,
comprese, prin carotaj, rzuire, etc. Zona din : -
care a fost prelevat materialul trebuie indicat -
.
tat (vezi norma NF EN 16085: 2012). Preleva-
rea probelor poate fi non-invaziv atunci cnd :
it se colecteaz materialul deja desprins. n acest : ,
caz este aproape imposibil localizarea originii , , , -
probei pe pictura mural. Eantionarea non- . -
invaziv include i colectarea de praf sau de- ,
pozite de murdrie. ,
Sinonim: eantionare ( EN 16085: 2012).
,
prepararea probelor, analiza i examinarea
materialelor .
.
toma de muestras Es -
.
Definicin: Extraccin de material de una
obra de arte o edificio para su anlisis u obser- , -
vacin.
267
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Drill core sampling of a restoration render, Chapel of Notre Dame dEntrevignes, Sigale (France), 16th century; Photo: 2013, CICRP (Jean-Marc Vallet)
Drill core sampling EN
Definition: A technique that allows the ex-
traction of materials from a certain depth by
drilling.
Comment: This sampling technique uses an
electric drill with a small bit (less than 5 mm);
the hygroscopic salt content of wall paint-
ings and their support is thus studied. The
nature of the salts, and the variations of their
concentrations with the depth, are deter-
mined following analysis of the sampled
powders. Alternatively, a hollow drill (micro-
corer) is used to preserve the sample stratig-
raphy (micro-core); drilling can also reach the
support. Air or water is used to cool the sys-
tem during the sampling process. However,
water is not used if soluble salts are to be de-
termined.
sampling, stratigraphic investigation, object
investigation, material examination and analysis
carottage FR
Dfinition:Technique de prlvement dchan-
tillons par forage jusqu une certaine profon-
deur.
Sources: NF EN 16085: 2012
268
Commentaires: Une micro-foreuse lectrique
et une mche de moins de 5 mm de diamtre
sont utilises pour ltude en profondeur du
contenu en sels hygroscopiques dune pein-
ture murale et de ses supports. La nature des
sels, les variations de concentrations sont me-
sures aprs analyse des poudres prleves. La
stratigraphie de la peinture peut tre garde et
son support atteint lors dun micro carottage.
Lchantillon est alors extrait au moyen dun ca-
rottier (cylindre creux) utilis en place dune
mche. La zone de contact entre le perforateur
et la surface est refroidie par air ou eau. Leau
nest pas utilise pour les prlvements de sels.
chantillonnage, sondage stratigraphique,
constat dtat, observation et analyse des
matriaux
Bohrkernentnahme
Definition: Technik, mit der man durch eine
Bohrung Materialien aus einer bestimmten
Tiefe herausholen kann.
Kommentar: Diese Technik wird oft mit einer
Bohrmaschine mit kleinen Bohrern (weniger
als 5 mm Durchmesser) angewendet. So kann
z.B. der hygroskopische Salzgehalt einer
Wandmalerei und ihres Trgers untersucht
werden. Zur Bestimmung der Salze und der
Vernderung des Salzgehaltes in der Tiefe
analysiert man die Bohrmehle. Man verwen-
det sehr kleine Hohlbohrer, um die Stratigrafie
der Wandmalerei zu erhalten. Die Bohrung
kann bis zum Trger reichen. Luft oder Wasser
khlen das System whrend der Kernboh-
rung. Wenn man lsliche Salze bestimmt, ver-
wendet man kein Wasser.
Synonyme: Bohrkernerprobungen, Kernboh-
rungen
Probenahme, stratigrafische Untersuchung,
Befunduntersuchung, Materialuntersuchung
Uzorkovanje jezgre buenjem HR
Definicija: Tehnika koja omoguuje uzimanje
DE materijala iz odreene dubine buenjem.
Napomena: Ova tehnika uzorkovanja esto
se izvodi elektrinom builicom s malim svr-
dlom (manje od 5 mm u promjeru); nakon e-
ga se prouavaju higroskopne soli sadrane u
zidnim slikama i njihovu nosau. Priroda soli i
varijacije sadraja soli s obzirom na dubinu
odreuju se nakon analize uzorkovane prai-
ne.

Uzorkovanje jezgre buenjem upljim svr-
dlom uva stratigrafski uzorak (mikro jezgra);
buenje moe sezati do nosaa. Kod tih pro-
cesa rabi se sustav zranoga ili vodenoga hla-
enja. Meutim, voda se ne upotrebljava ako
treba odrediti topljive soli.
uzorkovanje, stratigrafsko istraivanje, istra-
ivanje objekta, analiza materijala i ispitivanja
Frmagos mintavtel HU
Meghatrozs: Egy olyan mdszer, amely f-
rs ltal egy adott mlysgben lev anyag ki-
vtelt teszi lehetv.
Megjegyzs: Az ilyen tpus mintavtelt leg-
tbbszr kis frfejes (5 mm-nl kisebb tm- wietrzem. Przy badaniu zawartoci soli nie
rj) villanyfrval vgzik; ilyen mintkbl ta- mona stosowa wody.
nulmnyozhat a falkpek, illetve ezek hordo-
zjnak higroszkpos startalma. A furatpor
vizsglata ltal meghatrozhat a sk milyen-
sge s koncentrcijuknak vltozsa a mly-
sg fggvnyben. A minta rtegszerkezet-
nek megrzse vgett (mikro mag) egy re-
ges frfejet (mikro magoz) hasznlnak; a f-
rs behatolhat a hordozba is. Az eljrs alatt
vz vagy leveg hti a rendszert. Ha az vzold-
hat sk meghatrozsa a cl, vzhtst nem
lehet hasznlni.
mintavtel, rtegszerkezet vizsglat, objek-
tum vizsglat, anyagvizsglat s analitika
carotaggio
Definizione: Una tecnica che consente lestra-
zione di materiali da una certa profondit per
mezzo di trivellazione.
Commento: Questa tecnica di campionamento
spesso realizzata utilizzando un trapano elet-
trico con una punta da trapano piccola (meno
di 5 mm di diametro); analizzato il contenuto
di sali igroscopici dei dipinti murali e del loro
supporto. Dopo lanalisi delle polveri del cam-
pione, si possono definire i sali riscontrati e le
variazioni di concentrazione dei sali a diversi li-
velli di profondit. Per conservare la stratigrafia
della pittura murale (micro-carote) utilizzato
un trivellatore cavo (micro-carotaggio); la per-
forazione pu anche raggiungere il supporto.
Durante questi processi il materiale raffred-
dato da aria o acqua. Lacqua non pu essere
utilizzata quando si analizzano i sali solubili.
campionamento, analisi ed esame dei mate-
riali, esame stratigrafico, indagine approfon-
dita delledificio e delle sue superfici archtettoni-
che
Pobieranie prbek z gbokich warstw PL
Definicja: Metoda pozwalajca na pobranie
materiaw z pewnej gbokoci poprzez na-
wiercanie.
Komentarz: Technika pobierania prbek z
uyciem wiertarki elektrycznej i cienkiego
wierta (poniej 5 mm rednicy); jednym z ro-
dzajw bada jest stwierdzanie zawartoci so-
li higroskopijnych w malowidach i podou.
Po zanalizowaniu pobranego proszku, okre-
lany jest rodzaj soli i ich zawarto, zalenie
od gbokoci. Natomiast uycie wierta ruro-
wego pozwala na pobieranie prbek (w po-
staci mikro rdzeni) bez naruszania ich straty-
grafii; nawiert moe siga podoa. Podczas
procesu stosuje si chodzenie wod lub po-
pobieranie prbek, badania stratygraficzne,
badania obiektu, analiza i badania materiaw
carotaj Ro
Definiie: O tehnic ce permite extragerea ma-
terialelor de la o anumit adncime prin forare.
Adnotare: Aceast tehnic de prelevare este
adesea implementat folosind un burghiu
electric cu cap mic (sub 5 mm n diametru);
astfel este studiat coninutul srurilor higros-
copice din picturile murale i suportul acesto-
ra. Natura srurilor i variaia concentraiilor n
it funcie de adncime sunt determinate urm-
rind analiza pulberilor prelevate. O sond cu
interior gol este utilizat pentru pstrarea
stratigrafiei picturii murale; forarea poate de
asemenea s ajung pn la suport. n timpul
procesului de forare sistemul este rcit cu aer
sau ap. Apa nu este folosit n cazul depistrii
srurilor solubile.
Sinonim: eantionare prin forare
prelevarea probelor, investigaie stratigrafic,
investigaia obiectului, analiza i examinarea
materialelor
toma de muestra con broca hueca
Definicin: Tcnica que permite la extraccin
de materiales a una cierta profundidad me-
diante perforacin.
Comentario: Se realiza normalmente usando
un taladro elctrico y una broca pequea (con
dimetro inferior a 5 mm); permite el estudio
del contenido de sales higroscpicas. La natu-
raleza de las sales y las variaciones de su con-
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tenido con la profundidad son posteriormente
determinadas mediante el anlisis de la mues-
tra. Este mtodo de toma de muestra preserva
la secuencia de la estratigrafa de una pintura
mural y puede tambin alcanzar al soporte. En
este caso, la muestra se extrae usando un tala-
dro hueco en vez de una broca. El aire o el agua
enfran el sistema durante el proceso. No se usa
el agua si hay que determinar sales solubles.
toma de muestra, investigacin estratigrfica,
estudios previos del objeto, anlisis y estudio
de materiales
Karot matkap numune alma tR
Tanm: Matkap yoluyla belirli bir derinlikten
malzeme karma olana veren teknik.
Yorum: Bu numune alma teknii genellikle a-
p 5 mm den az matkap ucu kullanlarak elek-
trikli matkap ile uygulanr; duvar resimlerinin
hidroskopik (nemeker) tuzlar ve destekleri
incelenir. Tuzlarn mahiyeti ve ierdeki youn-
luk miktar numune tozlarn analizinden sonra
belirlenir. Oyuk delici (kk oyucu) rnek kat-
man bilgisini korumak iin kullanlr; ayrca
delme resmin zerinde bulunduu duvara
rastlayabilir. Hava ya da su ilem esnasnda sis-
temi soutur. znebilir tuzlar tespit edilirse
su kullanlmaz.
rnekleme, katmansal inceleme, nesne in-
celemesi, malzeme analizi ve incelemesi
Bg
: , -
-
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:
-
( -
- 5 );
.
Es . -
, -
( -),
.
.
, .
, -
, , -
269
 iNtERvENtioN
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Making a cross section (from sampling the paint to observation under a microscope); Photos: 2015, CICRP (Nicolas Bouillon)
sample preparation EN
Definition: Any treatment of a sample in
preparation for its study.
Comment: This can lead to sample modifica-
tion. Samples generally need to be prepared
before their analysis. Sample preparation de-
pends on the aims of the analysis and the in-
struments used:
- cross or thin sections are needed to study
samples by optical microscopy;
- grinding to a powder, particle size separa-
tion, separation in a medium, heating, va-
porisation, dissolution, and specific chem-
ical treatments are the main methods ap-
plied.
thin section, cross section, material analysis
and examination
Sources: Microscopic Examination; Reille-Taillefert 2010, 40/1
270
Prparation de lchantillon FR
Dfinition: Tout traitement dun chantillon
en vue de son tude.
Commentaires: La prparation peut conduire
des modifications de lchantillon. Il est pos-
sible, dans quelques cas, dtudier lchan-
tillon sans prparation. Cependant, il est g-
nralement ncessaire de prparer lchan-
tillon en fonction des objectifs de lanalyse et
de lappareil qui va tre utilis. Ainsi, les prin-
cipaux modes de prparation employs sont:
- la prparation en coupe stratigraphique ou
lame mince, pour les tudes sous micros-
cope optique;
- le broyage afin dobtenir une poudre, la s-
paration granulomtrique, la mise en solu-
tion, le traitement thermique, la vaporisa-
tion, la solubilisation ou des attaques chi-
miques spcifiques.
lame mince, coupe stratigraphique, obser-
vation et analyse des matriaux
Probeaufbereitung DE
Definition: Behandlung einer Probe zur Vor-
bereitung ihrer Untersuchung.
Kommentar: Dies kann zu Vernderungen
der Probe fhren. Proben mssen generell fr
ihre Analyse vorbereitet werden. Die Probe-
aufbereitung hngt von den Zielen der Ana-
lyse und den angewendeten Instrumenten ab:
- Quer- oder Dnnschliffe bentigt man zur
Untersuchung von Proben mit optischer
Mikroskopie;
- Die am hufigsten angewendeten Aufbe-
reitungsmanahmen sind: zu Pulver zer-
kleinern, in Partikelgren auftrennen, in
einem Medium auftrennen, erhitzen, ver-
dampfen, lsen und gezieltes chemisches
Zersetzen (Aufschlieen).
Dnnschliff, Querschliff, Materialuntersu-
chung

Pripremanje uzorka
Definicija: Svaki postupak pri pripremanju
uzorka za prouavanje.
Napomena: Pripremanje moe prouzroiti
modificiranje uzorka. Uzorci se najee tre-
baju pripremiti prije analize.
Pripremanje uzoraka ovisi o ciljevima analize
i rabljenim instrumentima.
- popreni presjek ili tanki presjek potrebni
su za prouavanje uzorka optikim mikro-
skopom;
- glavni postupci koji se primjenjuju su: mr-
vljenje u prah, odvajanje prema veliini e-
stica, ekstrakcija, grijanje, isparavanje, rasta-
panje i specifini kemijski postupci.
tanki presjek, popreni presjek, analiza ma-
terijala i ispitivanja
mintaelkszts HU
Meghatrozs: Brmely eljrs, melynek a vizs-
glat elksztse rdekben alvetik a mintt.
Megjegyzs: Ez a minta mdostshoz ve-
zethet. A mintkat ltalban el kell kszteni
vizsglatuk eltt. A mintaelkszts mdja a
vizsglat cljtl s eszkzeitl fgg:
- a keresztmetszet csiszolatok, vkonycsiszola-
tok s szemcseprepartumok az optikai mik-
roszkpos vizsglatok esetn szksgesek;
- a leginkbb alkalmazott elksztsi eljr-
sok a ports, szemcsemret szerinti sztv-
laszts, egy adott kzegben trtn sztv-
laszts, melegts, prologtats, olds s a
sajtos vegyi kezelsek
vkonycsiszolat, keresztmetszet csiszolat,
anyagvizsglat s analitika
Preparazione del campione
Definizione: Ogni trattamento di un campio-
ne per prepararlo alla sua analisi.
Commento: Pu portare alla modifica del
campione. Generalmente i campioni devono
essere preparati prima della loro analisi. La
preparazione del campione dipende dallo
scopo dellanalisi e dagli strumenti utilizzati:
- le sezioni trasversali o le sezioni sottili sono
necessarie per studiare i campioni al micro-
scopio ottico;
- i trattamenti principali sono la polverizza-
zione, la separazione dei granuli in base alla
loro dimensione, la separazione in un me-
dium, il riscaldamento, la vaporizzazione, la
dissoluzione e gli attacchi chimici specifici.
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HR sezione sottile, sezione trasversale, analisi del objetivo del anlisis y de los instrumentos
ed esame dei materiali utilizados:
- para el estudio de las muestras mediante
microscopa ptica, se necesita la prepara-
opracowanie prbek PL cin de secciones finas o transversales;
- los principales tratamientos que se aplican
Definicja: Wszelkie dziaania przygotowujce son: molido hasta hacer polvo, separacin
prbki do badania. por tamao de partculas, separacin en un
medio, calentamiento, vaporizacin, diso-
Komentarz: Moe prowadzi do modyfikacji lucin y tratamientos qumicos.
prbek. Prbki zazwyczaj wymagaj przygo-
towania przed poddaniem analizie. Sposb secciones finas, secciones transversales,
przygotowania zaley od celu analiz i stoso- anlisis y estudio de materiales
wanych instrumentw:
- do badania za pomoc mikroskopii optycz-
nej konieczne jest wykonanie przekrojw i rnek hazrlama tR
szlifw cienkich;
- gwne sposoby przygotowania to: miele- Tanm: almaya hazrlamak iin rnek ze-
nie na proszek, rozdzielanie frakcji, oddzie- rinde yaplan her ilem.
lanie od spoiwa, podgrzewanie, odparowy-
wanie, rozpuszczanie i dziaanie specyficz- Yorum: Bu, rnein deiimine yol aabilir.
nymi odczynnikami. rneklerin genellikle analizlerden nce hazr-
lanmalar gerekmektedir. rnek hazrlanmas
cienkowarstwowe i poprzeczne przekroje, analizin amalarna ve kullanlan araca bal-
analizy i badania materiaw dr.
- dikey ya da ince kesitlerin optik mikroskop
ile incelenmesi gereklidir;
Prepararea probelor Ro - toz olarak tme, tane byklne ayr-
ma, maddelerine ayrma, stma, buharla-
Definiie: Orice tratament aplicat asupra unei trma, znrletirme ve zel kimyasal i-
probe n vederea studiului acesteia. lemler temel mdahale uygulamalardr.
Adnotare: Materialul prelevat dintr-o oper ince kesit, dikey kesit, malzeme analizi ve
poate fi modificat n aceast etap. n general, incelemesi
probele prelevate nu pot fi analizate direct i
necesit cel puin o etap de preparare nain-
tea analizei. Aceasta depinde de tipul analizei Bg
i de instrumentaia folosit:
- seciunile transversale sau subiri sunt ne- :
cesare pentru studiul probelor prin tehnici , .
de microscopie;
- mojararea pentru obinerea unei pulberi, : -
analiza granulometric, separarea cu ajuto- .
rul unui solvent sau mediu de separare, n- -
it clzirea, vaporizarea, disoluia sau un atac . -
chimic specific sunt principalele tratamente
(distructive) aplicate la prepararea probe- :
lor. -
-
seciune subire, seciune transversal, ;
analiza i examinarea materialelor - ,
, : ,
,
Preparacin de muestras Es , , , -
, .
Definicin: Cualquier tratamiento realizado a
una muestra para su estudio. , , -
Comentario: Puede llevar a la modificacin
de la muestra. Generalmente, las muestras to-
madas necesitan una preparacin antes de ser
analizadas. El tipo de preparacin depende
271
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Cross section layers viewed through an optical microscope, using reflected light (magnification = 100 x), Villa E-1027, Roquebrune- Cap Martin (France), 20th century; Photo: 2006,
CICRP (Jean-Marc Vallet)
cross section EN
Definition: Preparation of crosswise cut sam-
ples for observation by optical microscopy un-
der reflected artificial daylight or UV light.
Comment: The samples are embedded in a
small resin block, then cut crosswise and pol-
ished until the sample is exposed and the en-
tire surface is flat and smooth. Their examina-
tion provides information on the number of
layers, their sequence and their relative thick-
nesses, and enables the determination of the
nature and proportions of the constituent ma-
terials. Complementary scientific investiga-
tions using laboratory techniques (FTIR, Ra-
man microscopes, SEM-EDX, etc.) are possible.
Not to be confused with: stratigraphy
sample preparation, material examination
and analysis
Sources: Lorusso, Schippa 1995; Stefanaggi 1997; Plesters 1956
272
coupe stratigraphique
Dfinition: Prparation dchantillons pour
une observation sous microscope optique en
lumire du jour artificielle ou UV et ventuel-
lement des analyses.
Commentaires: Lchantillon est inclus en r-
sine, coup transversalement et poli jusqu
exposer le fragment selon une surface lisse et
plate. Les informations obtenues portent sur
les couches (nombre, relation entre couches,
paisseurs relatives) et les matriaux (nature,
proportions). Il est possible de mener dautres
analyses scientifiques en utilisant des appa-
reils de laboratoire (microscopes IRTF ou Ra-
man, MEB-EDX etc.).
Ne pas confondre avec: sondage stratigra-
phique
prparation de lchantillon, observation et
analyse des matriaux
FR Querschli DE
Definition: Herstellung von Querschliffen von
Proben zur Untersuchung durch optische Mi-
kroskopie mit reflektiertem, knstlichen Ta-
geslicht oder UV-Licht.
Kommentar: Die Proben werden in einen
Harzblock eingebettet, dann quer durch-
schnitten und so lange geschliffen bis sie offen
liegen und ihre gesamte Oberflche flach und
glatt ist. Diese Untersuchung liefert Informa-
tionen ber die Anzahl der Schichten, deren
Abfolge und relative Dicke und erlaubt die Be-
stimmung der Eigenschaften und Mengenver-
hltnisse der wesentlichen Bestandteile.
Ergnzende naturwissenschaftliche Untersu-
chungen mit Laborgerten (FTIR, Raman-
mikroskope, SEM-EDX, etc.) sind mglich.
Synonym: Kompaktschliff
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Stratigrafie, Quer-
schnitt
Probeaufbereitung, Materialuntersuchung

Popreni presjek HR
Definicija: Pripremanje uzorka za ispitivanje
optikim mikroskopom pod reflektirajuim
umjetnim dnevnim svjetlom ili UV svjetlom.
Napomena: Uzorci se umeu u male kocke i za-
lijevaju smolom, nakon ega se popreno bruse
i poliraju sve dok uzorak nije vidljiv, a cijela je
povrina ravna i glatka. Njihovo ispitivanje daje
informaciju o broju slojeva, njihovim odnosima
i relativnim debljinama te omoguuje odrei-
vanje prirode i proporcija sastavnih materijala.
Mogue je provoditi i pratea znanstvena istra-
ivanja uporabom laboratorijskih tehnika (FT-
IR, Ramanov mikroskop, SEM-EDX itd.).
Ne smije se mijeati s: stratigrafija
pripremanje uzorka, analiza materijala i ispi-
tivanja
Keresztmetszet csiszolat HU
Meghatrozs: Keresztirnyban tvgott
mintk ksztse, visszavert, mestersges nap-
pali vagy UV fnyben trtn optikai mikrosz-
kpos vizsglatokhoz.
Megjegyzs: A mintkat kis gyantatmbkbe
gyazzk, keresztirnyban tvgjk, majd ad-
dig csiszoljk, amg a minta szabadd vlik s
teljes fellete egyenletes s sima lesz. Vizsg-
latuk a rtegek szmrl, sorrendjrl s rela-
tv vastagsgrl nyjt informcikat, lehet- Definiie: Prepararea probelor tiate transver-
v teszi az alkot anyagok milyensgnek s
arnynak meghatrozst. Analitikai eljr- n lumin artificial reflectat sau lumin UV.
sokon alapul (FTIR s Raman mikroszkpia,
SEM-EDX) kiegszt tudomnyos vizsglatok
lehetsgesek.
Nem sszetvesztend a rtegszerkezettel.
mintaelkszts, anyagvizsglat s analitika seciunilor transversale ofer informaii asupra
sezione trasversale it
Definizione: La preparazione di campioni ta-
gliati trasversalmente per la loro osservazione
al microscopio ottico a luce riflessa artificiale
visibile o UV.
Commento: I campioni sono incorporati in
un blocco di resina piccolo, poi sono tagliati
trasversalmente e levigati finch il campione
esposto e tutta la superficie piatta e liscia.
Il loro esame fornisce informazioni sulla quan-
tit di strati, sulle loro sequenze e sugli spes-
sori relativi e consente la determinazione del
carattere e delle proporzioni dei materiali co-
stituenti. Sono possibili indagini scientifiche
complementari che utilizzano tecniche di la-
boratorio (microscopi FTIR e Raman, SEM-
EDX, ecc.).
preparazione del campione, analisi ed esame
dei materiali
Przekrj poprzeczny PL
Definicja: Przygotowanie przekrojw po-
przecznych prbek do obserwacji pod mikro-
skopem optycznym w odbitym sztucznym
wietle dziennym lub promieniach UV.
Komentarz: Prbki s osadzone w maym
bloku ywicy, a nastpnie przecinane po-
przecznie i polerowane a do momentu gdy
prbka jest dobrze widoczna, a jej powierzch-
nia jest cakowicie paska i gadka. Badanie do-
starcza informacji o liczbie warstw, ich kolej-
nosci i wzgldnej gruboci a take umoliwia
okrelenie charakteru i proporcji materiaw
skadowych. Moliwe jest take prowadzenie
dodatkowych bada laboratoryjnych z zasto-
sowaniem technik instrumentalnych (FTIR, mi-
kroskopw Ramanowskich, SEM-EDX itp.)
Nie naley myli z: stratygrafia
przygotowanie prbek, analiza i badanie ma-
teriaw
seciune transversal Ro
Kartrmaynz: katmansal inceleme
sal pentru observarea prin microscopie optic
mesi
Adnotare: Probele sunt nglobate ntr-un bloc
mic de rin, apoi tiate transversal i lefuite
pn cnd proba devine expus i ntreaga su-
prafa devine plan i neted. Examinarea
numrului de straturi constitutive, succesiu-
nea i grosimea relativ i permite determina-
rea naturii i a ponderii materialelor constitu-
tive. Seciunile transversale pot fi analizate
prin metode tiinifice complementare (FTIR,
Raman, SEM-EDX, etc.).
A nu se confunda cu: stratigrafie
prepararea probelor, analiza i examinarea
materialelor
seccin transversal Es
Definicin: Implica la preparacin de las
muestras para su observacin mediante mi-
croscopa ptica, bajo luz visible o luz UV ar-
tificialmente reflejada.
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Comentario: Estas muestras son englobadas
en pequeos bloques de resina que despus
son cortados y pulidos hasta que la muestra
se expone y toda la superficie queda lisa y re-
gular. Su examen da informacin sobre el n-
mero de capas, su secuencia y su grosor rela-
tivo, y permite determinar la naturaleza y la
proporcin de los materiales constituyentes.
Es posible realizar investigaciones cientficas
complementarias usando instrumentos de la-
boratorio (FTIR, microscopa RAMAN, SEM-
EDX, etc.).
No confundir con: estratigrafa
preparacin de muestras, anlisis y estudio
de materiales
Dikey kesit tR
Tanm: Yanstlm yapay gn ya da ultra-
viole k altnda optik mikroskopi yardmyla
inceleme iin dikey kesit rnei hazrlama.
Yorum: rnekler kk reine blok iine gm-
lr, daha sonra dikine kesilir ve rnek meydana
kana kadar cilalanr ve tm yzey dz ve p-
rzsz olur. nceleme, katman says, sras ve ba-
l kalnl hakknda bilgi verir ve yapsn ve bi-
leen malzemelerin orann belirlemeyi salar.
Bilimsel aratrmalarn tamamlanmas labora-
tuvar aralar kullanlarak (FTIR, Raman mik-
roskoplar, SEM-EDX) mmkndr.
rnek hazrlama, malzeme analizi ve incele-
Bg
: -
-
.
:
, -
, -
.
, -
-
. -
-
(FTIR, , SEM-EDX .)
:
, -
273
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Plain polarized (top) and cross polarized (bottom) light views of a limestone, Roman Basilica, Volubilis site (Morocco), 3rd century BC; Photo:
2007, CICRP
thin section
Definition: The preparation of very thin sam-
ples for observation under a petrographic mi-
croscope.
Comment: Small fragments of the sample are
stuck on a glass slide (30x45 mm) and pol-
ished to a thickness of 3050 m. Information
on the layers (number, relative thicknesses),
grain contacts, corrosion patterns and mate-
rials (nature of the minerals, the cement, pro-
portion) is gathered. Complementary scientif-
ic investigations using laboratory devices
(FTIR and Raman microscopes, SEM-EDX, elec-
tronic microprobe analyzer, etc.) are possible.
Not to be confused with: cross section
sample preparation, material analysis and ex-
amination, mineralogical examination
Source: Fabrication (24.4.2015)
274
EN Lame mince FR
Dfinition: Prparation dchantillons en vue
de leur observation sous microscope optique
polarisant et ventuellement de leur analyse.
Commentaires: Lchantillon est coll sur une
lame de verre (30x45 mm) et poli jusqu ce quil
ait une paisseur constante qui est comprise en-
tre 30 et 50 m. Les informations obtenues por-
tent sur les couches (nombre, relation entre
couches, paisseurs relatives), les contacts
intergrains, les figures de corrosion et sur les
matriaux (nature des minraux, du ciment,
proportions). Il est possible de mener dautres
analyses scientifiques en utilisant des appareils
de laboratoire (microscopes IRTF et Raman,
MEB-EDX, microsonde de Castaing etc.).
Ne pas confondre avec: coupe stratigraphique
prparation de lchantillon, observation et
analyse des matriaux, tude minralogique
Dnnschli DE
Definition: Prparation von sehr dnnen Pro-
ben zur Beobachtung unter einem petrogra-
fischen Mikroskop
Kommentar: Kleine Fragmente der Probe wer-
den auf einen Objekttrger (30x45 mm) ge-
klebt und bis zu einer Dicke von 3050 m ge-
schliffen. Erfasst werden Informationen ber
die Schichten (Anzahl, Abfolge, relative Di-
cken), ber Kornformen, -gren und -bindun-
gen, Korrosionsmuster und Materialien (Eigen-
schaften der Mineralien, des Bindemittels, der
Mengenverhltnisse). Zustzlich sind natur-
wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen mit Labor-
gerten (FTIR- und Ramanmikroskope, SEM-
EDX, Elektronenmikrosonde u.a.) mglich.
Synonym: Dnnschnitt
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Querschliff
Probeaufbereitung, Materialuntersuchung,
mineralogische Untersuchung
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tanki presjek HR spositivi di laboratorio (microscopi FTIR e Ra-
man, SEM-EDX, analizzatori a microsonda elet-
Definicija: Pripremanje jako tankih uzoraka za tronica, ecc.).
promatranje pod petrografskim mikroskopom. Da non confondersi con: sezione trasversale
Napomena: Mali fragmenti uzorka zalijepe se preparazione del campione, analisi ed esame
za stakalce (30x40 mm, bruse te poliraju dok dei materiali, esame mineralogico
se ne postigne debljina 3040 m. Prikupljaju
se informacije o slojevima (broju, odnosima,
relativnim debljinama), zrncima i njihovim od- Przekrj cienkowarstwowy PL
nosima, uzorcima korozije i materijalima (vrsti
minerala, veziva, proporciji). Mogue je pro- Definicja: Przygotowanie bardzo cienkich
voditi i pratea znanstvena istraivanja upo- prbek do obserwacji pod mikroskopem pet-
rabom laboratorijskih ureaja (FT-IR, Ramanov rograficznym.
mikroskop, SEM-EDX itd.).
Ne smije se mijeati s: popreni presjek Komentarz: May fragment prbki jest przy-
twierdzony na pytce szklanej (30x45 mm) i
pripremanje uzorka, analiza materijala i ispi- szlifowany do gruboci 3050 . Otrzymujemy
tivanja, mineraloka ispitivanje informacj o warstwach (ich liczbie, powiza-
niu, wzgldnej gruboci), ziarnach i ich po-
czeniach, rodzajach i materiaach korozji (cha-
vkonycsiszolat HU rakterze mineraw, cementu, proporcji). Mo-
liwe jest take stosowanie bada uzupeniaj-
Meghatrozs: Igen vkony mintk ksztse cych z zastosowaniem (FTIR, mikroskopw Ra- zerine taklr ve 3050 m kalnla ulalana
a petrogrfiai mikroszkppal trtn vizsg- manowskich, SEM-EDX itp.) kadar parlatlr. Katmanlar zerindeki bilgi (sa-
latok rdekben. A szemcseprepartum is ide Synonim: szlif cienki
sorolhat. Nie naley myli z: przekrj poprzeczny
Megjegyzs: Kis mintadarabkkat ragaszta- przygotowanie prbek, badania i analiza ma-
nak egy veg trgylemezre (30x45 mm), teriau, badania mineralogiczne
majd 3050 m-ig vkonytjk csiszolssal. A lar, SEM-EDX) mmkndr.
rtegekrl (szm, klcsns viszony s relatv Kartrmaynz: dikey kesit
vastagsg), a szemcskrl s kapcsoldsa- seciune subire Ro
ikrl, korrzis formkrl, anyagokrl (sv- rnek hazrlama, malzeme analizi ve incele-
nyok milyensge, cementl anyag, arnyok) Definiie: Prepararea unei probe foarte subiri mesi, mineralojik inceleme
gyjthetk informcik. Analitikai eljrso- pentru a permite analiza acesteia la un micros-
kon alapul (FTIR s Raman mikroszkpia, cop cu lumin polarizat (microscop pentru
SEM-EDX, elektron mikroszonds vizsglat, analize petrografice).
stb.) kiegszt tudomnyos vizsglatok le-
hetsgesek. Adnotare: Seciunile subiri sunt preparate
Tves megnevezs: keresztmetszet csiszolat prin lipirea probelor pe lamele de sticl (de cir-
ca 30 x 45 mm) i lefuirea lor pn se atinge
mintaelkszts, anyagvizsglat s analitika, o grosime de 3050 m. Prin utilizarea seciu-
svnytani vizsglat nilor subiri se pot obine informaii despre di- :
feritele straturi ale operei (numr de straturi,
relaia dintre acestea, grosimea relativ a fie-
sezione sottile it crui strat), grunii cristalini i contactul din-
tre ei, materialele constitutive (natura minera-
Definizione: La preparazione di campioni lelor, proporia). Analiza unei seciuni subiri
molto sottili per losservazione al microscopio permite utillizarea mai multor tehnici comple-
petrografico. mentare (FTIR, Raman, SEM-EDX, etc).
A nu se confunda cu: seciune transversal
Commento: Piccoli frammenti del campione
sono incollati su un vetrino (30x45 mm) e le- prepararea probelor, analiza i examinarea
vigati finch raggiunto uno spessore di 30 materialelor, examen mineralogic
50 micron. Si possono raccogliere informazio-
ni sugli strati (quantit, relazioni, spessori re-
lativi), sui granuli e sui loro legami, sulle forme Lmina delgada Es
di corrosione e sui vari materiali (carattere dei
minerali, dei leganti e il rapporto proporzio- Definicin: Preparacin de secciones muy fi-
nale dei componenti). Sono possibili indagini nas para su observacin mediante microsco-
scientifiche complementari che utilizzano di- pio petrogrfico.
Comentario: Los pequeos fragmentos de la
muestra son colocados en un portaobjetos de
vidrio (3045 mm) y pulidos hasta obtener un
grosor de 3050 micras. Se obtiene informa-
cin sobre las diversas capas (nmero, relacin,
grosor relativo), su granulometra, sus relacio-
nes, los patrones de corrosin y sus materiales
(como la naturaleza de los minerales). Es posi-
ble realizar investigaciones cientficas comple-
mentarias usando instrumentos de laboratorio
(FTIR, microscopa RAMAN, SEM-EDX, etc.).
No confundir con: seccin transversal
preparacin de la muestra, anlisis y estudio
de materiales, examen mineralgico
nce kesit tR
Tanm: Mineral mikroskobu altnda gzlem
iin ok ince rnek hazrlama.
Yorum: Kk paracklar (30 x 45 mm) lam
y, balant, bal kalnlk), taneler ve balar,
anma numuneleri ve malzemeler (minaral-
lerin yaps, imento, oran) toplanr. Bilimsel
aratrmalarn tamamlanmas laboratuvar
aralar kullanlarak (FTIR, Raman mikroskop-
Bg
:
.
(30
45 mm) -
3035 m.
(, ),
,
(
, ).
(FTIR, , SEM- EDX,
EDX, -
.)
:
, -
,

275
 INTERVENTION

DOCUMENTATION AND INVESTIGATION

Examp/es of a se/ection of scientific methods used ta analyse wo// paintings in situ or samples using XRD (top, left), XANES line (ESRF; Grenoble; top, right),
stimulated IR Thermography (bottom, /eft), 11-XRF (bottom, right); Photos: C/CRP (Jean-Marc Va/let)

Material analysis and examination EN Observation et analyse des mab:!riaux FR Materialuntersuchung OE

Definition: The observation and characteri-
sation ofwall painting materials or those mak-
ing up architectural surfaces in order to give
information on the composition of an object
and its state of conservation and to provide
information useful for dating or for choosing
the best possible follow-up action .
Comment: lt corresponds to a detailed de-
scription of the technology, the identification
of components and the study of the deterio-
ration patterns through physico-chemical
analyses. lt also includes scientific methods as
weil as specialist observations and empirical
tests. Characterisation of secondary materi-
als and biological colonisation arealso made.
- pigment analysis, - analysis of binding me-
dia,- biological examination,- mineralogical ex-
amination, - spottest
Definition: Observation et caracterisation des
materiaux des peintures murales ou composant
les surfaces architecturales, afin de connaitre Ia
nature de l'objet, son etat de conservation,
d'avoir des elements de datation ou qui permet-
tent d'optimiser le protocole d'intervention.
Commentaires: Description detaillee de Ia
technique, identification des composants et
etude des modeles de degradation par des
analyses physico-chimiques. La methode com-
prend egalement des approches scientifiques
ainsi que des observations ettests empiriques
realises pardes specialistes. La caracterisation
des materiaux secondaires et l'etude des colo-
nisations biologiques sont egalement effec-
tuees.
- analyse de pigment, - analyse des /iants,
- etude (micro)biologique, - etude mineralo-
gique, - tests microchimiques
Definition: Beobachtung und Beschreibung
der Materialien, aus denen Wandmalereien
und Architekturoberflchen bestehen, um In-
formationen ber deren Zusammensetzung,
Zustand, Datierung oder die beste Folgema-
nahme zu gewinnen.
Kommentar: Sie entspricht einer detaillierten
Beschreibung der Techniken, der Identifizie-
rung der Bestandteile und der Untersuchung
der Schadensbilder durch physikalisch-che-
mische Analysen . Sie beinhaltet auch natur-
wissenschaftliche Methoden sowie Beobach-
tungen durch Fachleute und empirische Tests.
Auch die Materialien und deren biologische
Besiedelung werden beschrieben.
- Pigmentanalyse, - Bindemitte/analyse, - bio-
logische Untersuchung, - mineralogische Unter-
suchung, - mikrochemische Untersuchung

Sources: Conserva tion Dictionary 2001; St efanagg i 1997; Aze et al. 20 11 ; Nim mo 2000; Peintures m urales 2002; Petit, Valot 199 1; Glossa ry of Art Conservation
2006

276
 INTERVENTION

DOCUMENTATION AND INVESTIGAION

Analiza materijala i ispitivanja HR
Definicija: Pomatanje i opisivanje mateijala
zidnih slika ili ahitektonskih povsina adi do-
ivanja infomacija sastavu objekta i stanju
njegove zastite te adi doblvanja koisne in-
fomacijeza odedivanje ili za odabl najbo-
ljega slijedeceg postupka.
Napomena: podrazumijeva detaljan opis
tehnologije, utvrdivanje sastavnih dijelova i
istazivanje uzoka pogosanja fizicko-kemij-
skim analizama. Takode ukljucuje i znanstve-
ne metode te opazanja specijalista i empirij-
ske testove. Provodi se i utvdivanje svojstava
mateijala i ioloskih naseoblna.
- analizepigenta,- analiza veziva,- ioloska ispi-
tivanja,- ineraloska ispitivanje,- jednostavnitest
Anyagvizsgalat es analitika HU
Meghatarozas: falkep vagy az epiteszeti fe-
IOiet anyagainak megfigyelese es jellemzese,
annak edekeben, hogy sszetetellel, megtar-
tasi allapottal, komeghataozassal (datalas-
sal) kapcsolatos informaci6kat szeeenek, il-
letve kivalasszak legmegfelelbb tovabbl
beavatkozasokat.
Megjegyzes: Egy reszletes keszftes technikai
tanulmanynak, az alkot6elemek azonosftasa-
nak es kaosodasi fomak fizikai-kemiai vizs-
galatok altali tanulmanyozasanak felel meg.
Tatalmaz ezentul tudomanyos eljaasokat,
valamint szakvelemenyeket es empirikus
(gyakolati) teszteket. Az anyagok es iol6-
giai kolonizaci6k vizsgalatat szinten elvegzik.
- pigentvizsgdlat, - ktanyag vizsgdlat, - i
o/6giai vizsgd/at,- dsvdnytani vizsgdlat,- csepp-
e/ezes
lisi scientifiche nonche osservazioni da parte
di espeti test empirici. Si descivono anche
i mateiali la colonizzazione iologica.
- ana/isi dei pigenti,- analisi dei leganti,- esa-
iologico, - s ineralogico
Badania i analiza materiatw
Definicja: Obsewacja
i chaakteystyka ma-
terial6w stosowanych w malarstwie sciennym
i w wykanczaniu powiezchni achitektonicz
nych, w celu uzyskania infomacji budowie
oblektu,jego stanie zachowania i dostaczenia
danych do datowania lub uzytecznych dla wy-
boru najwlasciwszego tybu post~powania.
Komentarz: Wiqze si~ ze szczeg61owym opi-
sem technologii, identyfikacjq skladnik6w i ba-
daniem rodzaj6w zniszczen popzez z-
wadzenie analizfizyko-chemicznych. Obejmu-
je za6wno metody laboratoyjne, jak 6wniez
obserwacje specjalistyczne i 6. Spozqdza
na jest chaakteystyka mateial6w, takle ba-
dania obecnosc czynnik6w iologicznych.
- analiza pigent6w, - analiza spoiw, - bada-
nia io/ogiczne, - badania ineralogiczne
Analiza ~i examinarea materialelor
Definitie: sv ~i caracterizaea mate-
ialelo constitutive ale picturilo murale sau
ale supafetelo ahitecturale cu scopul de
oferi date fit la compoza unui oblect
~i la staea sa de conservare ~i sa ofere info-
matii utile pentu datae sau pentru alegerea
inteven1iei t.
Adnotare: Analiza mateialelo vizeaza des-
cierea detaliata tehnicii de i, identi-
informaci6n sobre la composici6n del objeto
su estado de consevaci6n, asi como d
infomaci6n util su dataci6n la elec-
ci6n de la acci6n de seguimiento mas adecuada.
Comentario: lncluye una descripci6n detalla-
da de la tecnologia, la identificaci6n de com-
ponentes el estudio de los deteioos me-
PL diante analisis fisico-qufmicos. Tamblen inclu-
ye metodos cientificos, observaciones especi-
ficas ensayos empficos, caacteizaci6n de
materiales de la colonizaci6n io16gica.
- andlisis de pigentos,- andlisis del ateria//i
gante, - estdio io/6gico, - inera/6-
gico, - andlisis icro-qfico
Malzeme analizi ve incelemesi TR
Tan1m: Malzemenin bOnijO ve koruman1n
durumu hakk~nda ilgi vemek, taih tespiti ve
mOmkOn olan uygun inceleme n se-
<;ebllmek i<;in geekli ilgi saglamak amaCiyla
duvar esmi veya mimai yOzeylei olturan
malzemelein incelenmesi ve nitelendiilmesi.
Yorum: Bu yntem, teknolojinin detayl1 a<;lk-
lamasl, ile~enlein belilenmesi ve bozulma
i<;imleinin fiziko-kimyasal analizle yoluyla
incelenmesini kapsa. Uzmanla1n gzlemlei
RO ve deneysel testlerin yan1nda ilimsel metot-
larl da i<;i. Malzemelein ve iyolojik yayii-
man1n tan1mlanmas1 da 1l1.
-renkanalizi,-bag/ayaddeanalizi, -iyo/o
jikincelee,- ineralojikincelee,- noktasa/test
BG
:
,

ficaea mateialelo constitutive ale i de n,

t precum ~i studiul formelo de degradae

Analisi ed esame dei materiali IT pin intemediul analizelo fizico-chimice.
Analiza materialelo include atat metode ~ti- ,
Definizione: L'ossevazione la caatteiz in!ifice (de identificae mateialelo consti-
zazione dei mateiali di pitture murali dei tutive) cat ~i obsevatii specializate ~i teste em-
mateiali che costituiscono le supefici achi piice. Caracteizaea mateialelo ~i/sau co- .
tettoniche. Si ottengono cosi infomazioni lonizaii iologice inta ~i ele sub egida anali-
:
sulla composizione mateiale di un oggetto zei ~i examinarii materialelo.
,
sul suo stato di consevazione che possono

essee utili per la sua datazione sce- - ana/iza pigentilor, - analiza liantli,- ana-
-
gliee la foma piU adatta del seguente inte liza iologicii, - ineralogic
. ,
vento.

.
Commento: lnclude una descrizione detta- Estudio analisis de materiales ES
.
gliata della tecnologia, l'individuazione degli
elementi che compongono !' lo studio Definicin: Obsevaci6n caacteizaci6n de - , -

dei fenomeni di deteioamento con delle los materiales constituyentes de una pintura , - , -
analisi chimicofisiche. Compende anche ana- mural de supeficies aquitect6nicas d , - ()

277
 iNtERvENtioN
DocUmENtatioN aND iNvEstigatioN
Pigment analyses using a microscope (top), using capillary tubes (bottom, left), -XRD (bottom, right); Photos: CICRP (J.-M. Vallet), CINaM-CNRS-AMU (O. Grauby)
Pigment analysis
Definition: Determination of the nature of
fine coloured insoluble materials (known as
pigments).
Comment: The chemical composition and
molecular structure are determined, and in-
formation about possible deterioration is
gathered. Non-invasive or destructive tech-
niques can be used to directly characterise
and analyse pigments on surfaces or from
samples, such as:
- LIBS, X- ray fluorescence spectroscopy and
microchemical tests to determine the pig-
ments chemical composition;
- Infrared spectroscopy that gives informa-
tion concerning its molecular bonds;
- X-ray diffractometry that determines its
crystalline structure;
- Raman spectroscopy that determines its
molecular composition and structure;
- Optical microscopy for the purposes of ob-
servation.
pigment
analyse de pigment
Dfinition: Caractrisation des matires fines,
colores et insolubles (nommes pigments).
Sources: Conservation Dictionary 2001; Stefanaggi 1997; Aze et al. 2011; Nimmo 2000; Peintures murales 2002; Petit, Valot 1991; Glossary of Art Conservation 2006
278
EN Commentaires: Caractrisation de la compo-
sition chimique et la structure molculaire et
recueil dinformations sur les dgradations
possibles. Utilisation de techniques non inva-
sives ou destructrices pour lanalyse des pein-
tures directement sur leur surface ou sur
chantillons, telles que:
- LIBS, spectroscopie de fluorescence X, tests
microchimiques pour la composition chi-
mique des pigments;
- Spectroscopie infrarouge informant sur
leurs liaisons molculaires;
- Diffractomtrie des rayons X dterminant
leur structure cristalline;
- Spectroscopie Raman dterminant la com-
position et la structure des molcules;
- Observation sous microscopie optique.
pigment
Pigmentanalyse
Definition: Die Bestimmung der Beschaffen-
heit von feinen, farbigen und unlslichen Ma-
terialien (bekannt als Pigmente).
Kommentar: Es werden die chemische Zu-
FR sammensetzung und die molekulare Struktur
ermittelt und Informationen ber mglichen
Zerfall erfasst.
Mit Hilfe nicht-invasiver oder zerstrender
Techniken knnen Pigmente direkt auf den
Oberflchen oder an Proben analysiert werden:
- LIBS, Rntgenfluoreszenzspektroskopie
und mikrochemische Tests, um die chemi-
sche Zusammensetzung zu bestimmen;
- Infrarotspektroskopie zur Information ber
molekulare Zusammensetzung und Struktur
- Rntgendiffraktometrie zur Bestimmung
der kristallinen Struktur;
- Ramanspektroskopie zur Bestimmung der
molekularen Zusammensetzung und Struk-
tur;
- Photonen-Mikroskopie zur Betrachtung.
Pigment
analize pigmenta HR
Definicija: Odreivanje svojstava finog obo-
DE jenih i netopljivih materijala (pigmenti).
Napomena: Odreuju se kemijski sastav i mo-
lekulna struktura i prikupljaju se informacije o
moguim pogoranjima. Nenasilne ili destruk-
tivne tehnike mogu se rabiti za izravne karak-
terizacije i analize pigmenata na povrinama
ili iz uzoraka, poput:
- LIBS, XRF spektroskopija i mikrokemijskim
testovima za odreivanje kemijskoga sasta-
va pigmenata;

- IR spektroskopija koja daje informacije o
molekulnim vezama;
- RTG difrakcija koja odreuje njihove kristal-
ne strukture;
- Ramanova spektroskopija koja odreuje
njihov molekulni sastav i strukturu;
- Optiki mikroskop u svrhu promatranja.
pigment
Pigmentvizsglat HU
Meghatrozs: A pigmentknt ismert finom,
oldhatatlan sznezanyagok milyensgnek,
jellegnek meghatrozsa.
Megjegyzs: Meghatrozzk a vegyi sszet- - Dyfraktometria rentgenowska, ktra okre-
telt s a molekulaszerkezetet, informcikat
gyjtenek a lehetsges krosodsokrl. A pig- - Spektroskopia Ramana, ktra okrela ich
mentek kzvetlen meghatrozsra a felle-
ten vagy mintkon, nem invazv vagy roncso-
lsos mdszerek hasznlhatak, mint pldul:
- LIBS, rntgenfluoreszcens spektroszkpia
s mikrokmiai teszt a pigmentek kmiai
sszettelnek meghatrozsra;
- infravrs spektroszkpia, amely a moleku-
lris ktsekrl tjkoztat;
- Rntgendiffraktometria a kristlyszerkezet
meghatrozshoz;
- Raman spektroszkpia, amivel a molekula
sszettel s szerkezet hatrozhat meg;
- optikai mikroszkpia megfigyels s anyag-
vizsglat cljbl. mic i structura molecular i sunt adunate
pigment
analisi dei pigmenti it
Definizione: La caratterizzazione dei materiali
coloranti e insolubili fini (noti come pigmenti).
Commento: Sono determinate la composizio-
ne chimica e la struttura molecolare e sono
raccolte informazioni su un eventuale deterio-
ramento. Possono essere utilizzate tecniche
non invasive o tecniche distruttive per analiz-
zare i pigmenti direttamente sulla superficie
o in campioni, le quali sono:
- la LIBS, la spettrofotometria XRF e le analisi
microchimiche per determinare la compo-
sizione chimica dei pigmenti;
- la spettroscopia infrarossa che da informa-
zioni sui legami molecolari dei pigmenti;
- la diffrattometria a raggi X che definisce la
struttura cristallina dei pigmenti;
- la spettroscopia Raman che definisce la
composizione e la struttura molecolare dei
pigmenti;
- la microscopia fotonica per losservazione.
pigmento
iNtERvENtioN
DocUmENtatioN aND iNvEstigatioN
analiza pigmentw PL - LIBS, espectroscopa de fluorescencia de ra-
yos X y exmenes micro-qumicos para de-
Definicja: Ustalenie rodzaju barwnych drobin terminar su composicin qumica;
nierozpuszczalnych materiaw (znanych jako - Espectroscopa infrarroja que da informa-
pigmenty). cin sobre los enlaces moleculares;
- Difractometra de rayos X que determina su
Komentarz: Ustalany jest skad chemiczny i estructura cristalina;
struktura czsteczek, zbierane s te informa- - Espectroscopa Raman que determina su
cje o ewentualnym rozkadzie. Do bezpored- composicin y su estructura molecular;
niej analizy pigmentw na powierzchniach - Microscopa fotnica para su observacin.
lub prbkach mona zastosowa techniki nie-
inwazyjne i niszczce jak: pigmento
- LIBS, rentgenowska spektroskopia fluores-
cencyjna oraz prby mikrochemiczne dla
ustalenia skadu chemicznego pigmentu; Renk analizi tR
- Spektrografia w podczerwieni, ktra infor-
muje o wizaniach czsteczkowych; Tanm: nce boyal ve znmez malzemele-
rin pigment yapsnn belirlenmesi.
la ich struktur krystaliczn;
Yorum: Kimyasal bileim ve molekler yap be-
budow czsteczkow i struktur; lirlenir ve muhtemel bozulma bilgisi elde edilir.
- Mikroskopia optyczna w celu obserwacji. Analiz iin direk yzeyler ya da numuneler ze-
rinde tahrip edici ve tahrip edici olmayan tek-
pigment nikler kullanlabilir. Bunlar:
- LIBS, kimyasal bileimi belirlemek iin X--
n floresan izgelm ve mikro kimyasal
analiza pigmenilor Ro testler;
- Molekl ban gsteren kzltesi spektros-
Definiie: Determinarea naturii materialelor kopi;
colorate i insolubile (cunoscute sub numele - Kristalli yapsn belirleyen X n krnm leri;
de pigmeni). - Molekler bileimini ve yapsn belirleyen
Raman izge lm;
Adnotare: Sunt determinate compoziia chi- - Gzlem amal optik mikroskop.
informaii referitoare la posibila deteriorare. pigment
Tehnicile non-invazive sau distructive pot fi
utilizate pentru a analiza n mod direct pig-
meni pe suprafee sau din probe: Bg
- LIBS, XRF, analize micro-chimice pentru de-
terminarea compoziiei chimice; :
- Spectroscopia IR ofer informaii asupra ti- (-
purilor de legturi moleculare prezente n ).
proba investigat;
- XRD pentru determinarea structurii cristaline; : -
- Spectroscopie Raman pentru determinarea
compoziiei i a structurii moleculare; .
- Tehnici imagistice (microscopia fotonic) -
pentru observarea pigmenilor. ,
-
pigment , :
- LIBS, -
-
anlisis de pigmentos Es ;
- ,
Definicin: Determinacin de materiales colo- ;
reados e insolubles (denominados pigmentos). - , -
;
Comentario: Se determina la composicin - , -
qumica y la estructura molecular del pigmen- ;
to, as como sus posibles deterioros. Pueden - .
usarse tcnicas no invasivas o destructivas pa-
ra analizarlos directamente en la pintura mu-
ral o mediante toma de muestras, como:
279
 iNtERvENtioN
DocUmENtatioN aND iNvEstigatioN
Analysis of organic binding media using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, equipped with pyrolysis; Photo: 2011, CICRP (Jean-Marc Vallet)
analysis of binding media EN
Definition: Analysis of the continuous phase
(binder) that holds inert particles together
and adheres them to contiguous layers.
Comment: The analysis can sometimes be de-
structive. It can be made directly on the object
surface or on samples, using instruments to
determine the chemical composition (LIBS,
microchemical tests), molecular structure (IR
and Raman spectroscopies), as well as to high-
light possible deterioration. Some techniques
are specific to the study of organic binders,
e. g. UV fluorescence spectroscopy and liquid
or gas chromatography coupled with mass
spectrometry (GCMS), or of inorganic materi-
als (e.g. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy com-
bined with X-ray diffractometry).
material analysis and examination, sample
preparation, thin section, cross section,
sampling, binder, hydraulic binder
analyse des liants FR
Dfinition: Analyse de la phase continue
(liant) qui lie les particules entre elles et as-
sure leur adhrence aux couches contigus.
Sources: Conservation Dictionary 2001; Stefanaggi 1997; Aze et al. 2011; Nimmo 2000; Perego 2005; Petit, Valot 1991; Glossary of Art Conservation 2006
280
Commentaires: Les analyses peuvent tre
(micro) destructives, faites directement sur la
peinture murale ou sur chantillon et focali-
ses sur la composition chimique (LIBS, tests
microchimiques), la structure molculaire
(spectroscopies IR et Raman) ou la nature et
lvolution possible de la dgradation du liant.
Techniques spcifiques ltude des liants:
- organiques (spectroscopie sous UV, la chro-
matographie liquide ou gazeuse couple
une spectromtrie de masse);
- inorganiques (spectromtrie de fluores-
cence X couple un microscope lectro-
nique balayage, diffraction des rayons X).
observation et analyse des matriaux, prparation
de lchantillon, lame mince, coupe stratigra-
phique, liant, liant hydraulique chantillonnage
Bindemittelanalyse DE
Definition: Untersuchung der kontinuierli-
chen Phase (Bindemittel), die inerte Partikel
zusammenhlt und zu zusammenhngenden
Schichten verklebt.
Kommentar: Manche Analysen knnen zer-
strende sein. Sie werden direkt auf der Ober-
flche oder an Proben angewendet, mit In-
strumenten zum Erfassen der chemischen Zu-
sammensetzung (LIBS, mikrochemische
Tests), der Molekularstruktur (IR- und Raman-
spektroskopie) und zum Aufzeigen mglichen
Zerfalls. Einige Techniken eignen sich nur zur
Analyse von organischen Bindemitteln (z.B.
UV-Fluoreszenzspektroskopie und Flssig-
oder Gaschromatografie gekoppelt mit Mas-
senspektroskopie (GCMS)) oder von anorga-
nischen Bindemitteln (z.B. Rntgenfluores-
zenz kombiniert mit Rntgendiffraktometrie).
Materialuntersuchung, Probeaufbereitung,
Dnnschliff, Querschliff, Probenahme,
Bindemittel, hydraulisches Bindemittel
analiza veziva HR
Definicija: Analiza kontinuirane faze (vezi-
vo) koja dri inertne estice zajedno i prijanja
ih za susjedne slojeve.
Napomena: Analiza ponekad moe biti des-
truktivna. Moe se provesti izravno na povrini
objekta ili na uzorcima, uporabom instrume-
nata za odreivanje kemijskih sastava (LIBS,
mikrokemijski testovi), molekulne strukture
(IR i Ramanova spektroskopija), a jednako tako
i za oznaavanje moguega pogoranja. Neke
tehnike specifine su za prouavanje organ-
skih veziva, (npr. UV fluorescentne spektrosko-

pije i tekue ili plinske kromatografije spojene
s masenom spektrometrijom (GCMS), ostale
za anorganske materijale (npr. rendgenske
fluorescentne spektroskopije kombinirane s
rendgenskom difrakcijom
analiza materijala i ispitivanja, pripremanje
uzorka, tanki presjek, popreni presjek,
uzorkovanje, vezivo, hidraulino vezivo
Ktanyag vizsglat HU
Meghatrozs: A folytonos fzisra (kt-
anyagra) irnyul vizsglat, mely sszetartja a
semleges szemcsket s sszefgg rtegg
tapasztja ket.
Megjegyzs: Az analzis nha roncsolsos le-
het. Vgezhet kzvetlenl a felleten vagy
mintkon, mszereket hasznlva a vegyi sz-
szettel (LIBS, mikrokmiai tesztek) s a mole-
kulaszerkezet (IR s Raman spektroszkpia)
meghatrozsra, valamint ahhoz, hogy rvi-
lgtsanak a lehetsges krosodsokra. Bizo-
nyos technikk a szerves ktanyagok vizsg-
latra jellemzek (pldul UV fluoreszcencia
spektroszkpia s a tmegspektrometrival
kapcsolt folyadk vagy gzkromatogrfia,
GCMS), msok a szervetlen anyagokra (pl-
dul a rntgendiffraktometrival kombinlt
rntgenfluoreszcens spektroszkpia).
anyagvizsglat s analitika, mintaelkszts, pot realiza fie direct pe suprafa, fie pe probe
vkonycsiszolat, keresztmetszet csiszolat,
mintavtel, ktanyag, hidraulikus ktanyag
analisi dei leganti
Definizione: Lanalisi della fase continua (le-
gante) che tiene insieme le particelle inerti e
le aderisce in strati contigui.
Commento: A volte lanalisi pu essere distrut-
tiva. Pu essere effettuata direttamente sulla
superficie o su campioni, utilizzando strumenti
per determinare la composizione chimica (LIBS,
analisi microchimiche), la struttura molecolare
(spettroscopia IR e spettroscopia Raman) e per
evidenziare eventuali deterioramenti. Alcune
tecniche sono specifiche per lo studio di leganti
organici (per esempio la spettroscopia di fluo-
rescenza UV e la cromatografia liquida o la gas-
cromatografia accoppiata alla spettrometria di
massa GCMS) o per i materiali inorganici (per
esempio la spettrofotometria XRF combinata
con la diffrattometria a raggi X).
analisi ed esame dei materiali, preparazione del
campione, sezione sottile, sezione trasversale,
campionamento, legante, legante idraulico
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analiza spoiw PL cficas para el estudio de ligantes orgnicos (co-
mo la espectroscopa fluorescente UV y la cro-
Definicja: Analiza fazy cigej (spoiwa) - matografa lquida o de gases con espectrosco-
czcej obojtne czsteczki i wicej je z war- pa de masa GCMS), otras, para materiales inor-
stwami przylegymi. gnicos (como la espectroscopa de fluorescen-
cia de rayos X o la difractometra de rayos X).
Komentarz: Analiza moe by czasem destruk-
cyjna. Wykonana bezporednio na powierzchni estudio y anlisis de materiales, preparacin
lub na prbkach, przy uyciu instrumentw po- de muestras, seccin fina, seccin transversal,
zwala okreli skad chemiczny (LIBS, testy mi- toma de muestra, ligante
krochemiczne), struktur czsteczkow (spek-
troskopy podczerwieni i Ramana), jak rwnie
uwidacznia ewentualne zniszczenia. Niektre Balayc madde analizi tR
techniki s waciwe dla badania spoiw orga-
nicznych: spektroskopia fluorescencyjna w UV, Tanm: Bitiik katmanlara isel paralar sabit
i chromatografia cieczy lub gazowa sprzona tutan ve yaptran kesintisiz evre analizi.
ze spektrometri mas (GCMS), inne dla mate-
riaw nieorganicznych, (np. rentgenowska Yorum: Analiz bazen tahrip edici olabilir. Kim-
spektroskopia fluorescencyjna, w poczeniu z yasal bileimini (LIBS, Mikro kimyasal testler),
dyfraktometri rentgenowsk). molekler yapsn (IR ve Raman spektroskopi-
si) ve ayrca muhtemel bozulmay belirlemek
analiza i badania materiaw, przygotowanie iin rnekler zerinde aralar kullanarak ya da
prbek, szlif cienki, przekrj poprzeczny, direk olarak yzey zerinde yaplabilir.
przygotowanie prbek, spoiwo Baz teknikler UV floresans spektroskopi ve
ktle spektrometresi ile birlemi likit ya da gaz
kromatografi gibi organik balayclarn ve di-
analiza lianilor Ro er inorganik malzemelerin( X-n krnm l-
m ile birlemi X-n floresans spektros-
Definiie: Analiza fazei continue (liant) ce re- kopisi) incelenmesini kapsar.
ine particule inerte i realizeaz adeziunea
acestora la straturile adiacente. malzeme analizi ve incelemesi, rnek hazr-
lama, ince kesit, dikey kesit, rnek alma,
Adnotare: Analizele pot fi uneori distructive. Se balayc, hidrolik baglayc
folosind instrumente pentru determinarea com-
poziiei chimice (LIBS, teste microchimice) sau Bg
structurii moleculare (spectroscopie IR, Raman)
a liantului, fie evideniaz posibilele deteriorri : (-
it ale acestuia. Unele tehnici sunt specifice studierii ),
lianilor organici (de ex. spectroscopia de fluo- -
rescen UV, LC-MS cuplat cu GCMS), n timp ce .
altele se preteaz la identificarea materialelor
anorganice (de ex. XRF combinat cu XRD). : -
.
analiza i examinarea materialelor, prepararea
probelor, seciune subire, seciune transversa- , -
l, prelevarea probelor, liant, liant hidraulic (LIBS, -
), (
), -
anlisis del material ligante Es .
-
Definicin: Anlisis de la fase continua (ligan- (.
te) que mantiene unidas las partculas inertes
y las adhiere a las capas contiguas. ,
GCMS), - -
Comentario: Este anlisis puede ser, a veces, (. -
destructivo. Puede hacerse directamente en la , -
superficie o en muestras, usando instrumentos ).
para determinar la composicin qumica (LIBS,
anlisis micro-qumicos), la estructura molecu- ,
lar (espectroscopia IR y Raman) y para subrayar , , -
posibles deterioros. Algunas tcnicas son espe- ,
281
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Biological sampling (left), preparation of a culture medium (top, centre) and observations under the microscope (bottom); Photos: 2015, CICRP (Pauline Mongarny, Fabien Fohrer)
Biological examination EN
Definition: Studies in the field and in the lab-
oratory of biological and microbiological
colonisation (including bacteria, algae, fungi,
lichens) that sometimes grow on wall paint-
ings or architectural surfaces.
Comment: Various organisms are able to pen-
etrate deeply beneath the surface and thus
cause deterioration. The growth and develop-
ment of organisms depends on the external
environment and, more importantly, on high
humidity. Their identification is often neces-
sary in order to understand their growing con-
ditions and to identify appropriate treat-
ments. It generally requires sampling and the
subsequent preparation of a particular culture
medium in a laboratory setting.
material analysis and examination, sample
preparation, sampling, biological growth
Etude (micro)biologique FR
Dfinition: tude sur le terrain et en laboratoire
(de la colonisation) des infestations biologiques
et microbiologiques (bactries, algues, champi-
gnons et lichens) poussant parfois sur les pein-
tures murales ou sur les surfaces architecturales.
Commentaires: Divers organismes sont capa-
bles de pntrer profondment dans la peinture
murale ou dautres surfaces et de les dgrader.
Sources: Botton et al. 1985; Cahagnier et al. 1998; Bousta et al. 2005; Roquebert 1986; Samson et al. 2002; Santner 2012
282
La croissance et le dveloppement de micro-
organismes dpend de lenvironnement ext-
rieur et surtout dune humidit leve. Il est sou-
vent ncessaire de les identifier afin de compren-
dre leurs conditions de croissance et de dter-
miner des traitements appropris. Il est gnra-
lement ncessaire dchantillonner et, en labo-
ratoire, de mettre le prlvement en culture.
observation et analyse des matriaux, prpa-
ration de lchantillon, dveloppement bio-
logique, chantillonnage
Biologische Untersuchung
Definition: Untersuchungen am Objekt und
im Labor auf biologische und mikrobiologi-
sche Besiedelung (einschlielich Bakterien, Al-
gen, Pilze, Flechten), die auf Wandmalereien
oder Architekturoberflchen wachsen.
Kommentar: Verschiedene Organismen sind
in der Lage, tief unter die Oberflchen einzu-
dringen und sie damit zu schdigen. Das
Wachstum und die Entwicklung von Organis-
men hngen von ueren Umweltbedingun-
gen ab, vor allem von hoher Feuchte. Ihre Be-
stimmung ist oft notwendig, um ihre Wachs-
tumsbedingungen zu verstehen und ange-
messene Behandlungen zu entwickeln. Dies
erfordert fr gewhnlich die Probenahme
und die Prparation von speziellen Nhrme-
dien im Labor.
Synonym: mikrobiologische Untersuchung
Materialuntersuchung, Probeaufbereitung,
Probenahme, Biologischer Bewuchs
Bioloka ispitivanja HR
Definicija: Terensko i laboratorijsko proua-
vanje biolokih i mikrobiolokih naseobina
(ukljuujui bakterije, alge, gljive i liajeve) ko-
je ponekad rastu na zidnim slikama i arhitek-
tonskim povrinama.
Napomena: Razliiti organizmi mogu prodri-
jeti duboko ispod povrine i tako prouzroiti
DE njihovo pogoranje. Rast i razvijanje organiza-
ma ovisi o vanjskome okoliu i, to je vanije,
o visokoj vlanosti. Njihovo je utvrivanje e-
sto potrebno da bi se razumjele okolnosti nji-
hova rasta i odredili primjereni postupci. Bio-
loka ispitivanja najee zahtijevaju uzorko-
vanje i nakon toga pripremanje odreenih
kultura u laboratoriju.
analiza materijala i ispitivanja, pripremanje
uzorka, uzorkovanje, bioloki rast
Biolgiai vizsglat HU
Meghatrozs: A falkpeken s az ptszeti
felleteken nha kifejld biolgiai s mikro-
biolgiai kolonizcik (belertve baktriumo-
kat, algkat, gombkat, zuzmkat) tanulm-
nyozsa terepen s laboratriumban.
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Megjegyzs: Klnfle szervezetek kpesek mw zaley od zewntrznego rodowiska, mente, requiere la toma de muestras y la pre-
arra, hogy mlyen behatoljanak a falkp fel- przede wszystkim od wysokiej wilgotnoci. Ich paracin de medios de cultivo en el laborato-
lete al vagy egyb felletekbe, ezltal kro- identyfikacja jest konieczna do poznania wa- rio.
stva ket. Az l szervezetek nvekedse s runkw bytowania i podjcia odpowiedniego
fejldse fgg a krnyezeti tnyezktl, s, ami postpowania. Generalnie badania polegaj na estudio y anlisis de materiales, preparacin
mg fontosabb, a magas nedvessgtartalom- pobraniu prbek i preparowaniu danej kultury de muestras, toma de muestras, crecimiento
tl. Legtbbszr szksges meghatrozni biologicznej w warunkach laboratoryjnych. biolgico
ket, annak rdekben, hogy meg lehessen r-
teni a nvekedsi krlmnyeiket s ki lehes- badania i analiza materiaw, przygotowanie
sen vlasztani a megfelel kezelsket. Vizs- prbek, pobieranie prbek, wzrost biologiczny Biyolojik inceleme tR
glatuk ltalban mintavtelt felttelez, ezt k-
veten pedig laboratriumi krlmnyek k- Tanm: Bazen duvar resmi veya mimari yzey-
ztt, sajtos tptalajon trtn tenysztst. analiza biologic Ro ler zerinde byyen (bakteri, suyosunu, man-
tar/kf, likenler gibi) biyolojik ve mikro biyo-
anyagvizsglat s analitika, mintaelkszts, Definiie: Analiza in situ sau n laborator a co- lojik yaylmalarn yerinde ve laboratuvarda in-
mintavtel, biolgiai krosods loniilor biologice sau microbiologice (bacterii, celenmesi.
alge, fungi, licheni etc.) care pot crete pe su-
prafaa picturilor murale sau a suprafeelor ar- Yorum: eitli organizmalar duvar resmi veya
Esame biologico it hitecturale. dier yzeylere derinlemesine nfuz edebilir
ve bozulmasna neden olabilir. Mikro organiz-
Definizione: Gli studi sul campo e in labora- Adnotare: Diversele organisme vii pot pene- malarn bymesi ve yaylmas d evreye ve
torio della colonizzazione biologica e micro- tra n profunzime suprafaa picturilor murale daha da nemlisi yksek nem oranna baldr.
biologica (compresi batteri, alghe, funghi, li- sau a monumentelor, provocnd deteriorarea. Oluum sebeplerini ortaya karma ve uygun
cheni) che a volte crescono su dipinti murali o Colonizarea, ncepnd cu primele faze i pn mdahalenin seimi iin bunlarn tanmlan-
superfici architettoniche. la dezvoltarea organismului, depinde de con- mas genellikle gereklidir. Genellikle rnek al-
diiile de mediu i este favorizat de o valoare may ve laboratuvar ortamnda belirli mikro-
Commento: Vari organismi sono in grado di pe- ridicat a umiditii. Identificarea corect a biyolojik kltr hazrlanmasn gerektirir.
netrare profondamente in una pittura murale o acestor organisme este necesar pentru selec-
tra le varie superfici architettoniche e di dete- tarea tratamentului optim i eliminarea facto- malzeme analizi ve incelenmesi, rnek hazr-
riorarle in questo modo. La germinazione e lo rilor ce au favorizat dezvoltarea. Adeseori lama, rnek alma, biyolojik oluum
sviluppo dei microrganismi dipendono dallam- identificarea necesit prelevarea de probe
biente esterno e, soprattutto, dallumidit ele- biologice i prepararea n laborator a unei cul-
vata. Spesso necessaria lidentificazione dei turi microbiologice pe un mediu de cultur Bg
microorganismi per capire le loro condizioni di specific.
crescita e per varare le contromisure adatte. Ge- :
neralmente richiesto il campionamento e lela- analiza i examinarea materialelor, prepara-
borazione successiva di una coltura microbio- rea probelor, prelevarea probelor, atac biolo- ( .. ,
logica particolare su un terreno di coltivazione gic , , ),
specifico, in un ambiente di laboratorio. -
.
analisi ed esame dei materiali, preparazione Estudio biolgico Es
del campione, campionamento, proliferazio- : -
ne biologica Definicin: Estudios, realizados en el sitio y
en el laboratorio, de la colonizacin biolgica .
y microbiolgica (que incluye bacterias, algas, -
Badania biologiczne PL hongos y lquenes) que pueden crecer sobre - -
las superficies. . -
Definicja: Badania kolonii drobnoustrojw i ,
wyszych organizmw (z uwzgldnieniem Comentario: Diversos organismos son capa- -
bakterii, glonw, grzybw, porostw), ktre ces de penetrar profundamente en las super- . -
czasem rosn na malowidach ciennych lub ficies y, por tanto, deteriorarlas. El desarrollo y
powierzchniach architektonicznych, prowa- crecimiento de los organismos viene determi-
dzone na obiekcie i w laboratorium. nado por las condiciones ambientales, princi- .
palmente por la elevada humedad. Su identi-
Komentarz: Rozmaite organizmy mog penet- ficacin es a menudo necesaria para determi- , -
rowa gboko pod powierzchnie i powodowa nar sus condiciones de crecimiento e identifi- , , -
ich niszczenie. Uaktywnienie i wzrost organiz- car los tratamientos ms adecuados. General-

283
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Minium: powder (left), a grain viewed by SEM-backscattered electrons (right); Photos: CICRP (Odile Guillon, Sbastien Aze)
mineralogical examination EN
Definition: The characterisation and determi-
nation of natural inorganic substances known
as minerals.
Comment: Minerals are present as original
components, or secondary ones if they are de-
terioration products or have been transported
in or on the wall painting. Crystal chemistry
investigations allow their study, such as:
- Petrographic microscopy, involving the
study of optical properties (the preparation
of the wall painting sample is prepared as
a thin section beforehand);
- X-Ray fluorescence spectroscopy, LIBS,
electron microprobe (chemical analyses);
- Electron microscopy coupled with X-Ray
fluorescence spectroscopy;
- X-Ray diffraction after grinding (powder
method) or directly on a flat sample or in a
capillary tube;
- IR and Raman spectroscopy.
material analysis and examination, sampling
Etude minralogique FR
Dfinition: Caractrisation des substances na-
turelles gnralement inorganiques que sont
les minraux.
Commentaires: Ces composs de la peinture
murale et du support sont originaux ou secon-
daires sils sont le produit dune dgradation
ou ont t transports dans ou sur la peinture
murale. Les tudes cristallochimiques menes
utilisent diffrentes techniques comme:
Sources: DIN EN 15898: 2011; Foucault, Raoult 2010; Aze et al. 2011
284
- La ptrographie (tude des proprits op-
tiques sur lame mince);
- La spectroscopie de fluorescence X, LIBS, mi-
crosonde lectronique (analyses chimiques);
- La microscopie lectronique couple la
spectroscopie de fluorescence X;
- La diffraction des rayons X, sur chantillon
plat ou au moyen dun tube capillaire;
- Les spectroscopies IR et Raman.
observation et analyse des matriaux, chan-
tillonnage
mineralogische Untersuchung
Definition: Beschreibung und Bestimmung
von natrlichen, anorganischen Substanzen,
bekannt als Mineralien.
Kommentar: Mineralien sind entweder origina-
le oder wenn es sich um Zerfallsprodukte han-
delt oder sie in die Wandmalerei transportiert
wurden sekundre Bestandteile. Zu ihrer kris-
tallchemischen Untersuchung werden genutzt:
- Petrografische Mikroskopie (Untersuchung
optischer Eigenschaften an Dnnschliffen)
- Rntgenfluoreszenzspektroskopie, LIBS, Elek-
tronenmikrosonde (chemische Analysen);
- Elektronenmikroskopie gekoppelt mit
Rntgenfluoreszenzspektroskopie;
- Rntgendiffraktometrie an pulverfrmi-
gen, direkt an flachen Proben oder in Kapil-
larrhrchen;
- IR- und Ramanspektroskopie.
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: petrografische Un-
tersuchung (nur fr Gestein)
Materialuntersuchung, Probenahme
mineraloka ispitivanja HR
Definicija: Odreivanje svojstva i sastava mi-
nerala u materijalu.
Napomena: Minerali su prisutni kao izvorni ili
kao sekundarni, ako su proizvod pogoranja
ili su uneseni u zidnu sliku ili na nju.
Istraivanje kristalne kemije omoguuje njiho-
vo prouavanje poput:
- petrografske mikroskopije, koja ukljuuje
prouavanje optikih svojstava (prethodno se
uzorak zidne slike pripremi kao tanki presjek);
- rendgenske fluorescentne spektroskopije
DE (XRF), LIBS, elektronske mikroprobe (kemij-
ske analize);
- elektronskim mikroskopom s rendgenskom
fluorescentnom spektroskopijom (SEM-EDX);
- rendgenskom difrakcijom nakon drobljenja
(difrakcija na prahu), izravno na ravnome
uzorku ili u kapilarnoj cjevici;
- infracrvenom i Ramanovom spektroskopi-
jom.
analiza materijala i ispitivanja, uzorkovanje
svnytani vizsglat HU
Meghatrozs: Az svnyknt ismert term-
szetes szervetlen anyagok jellemzse s meg-
hatrozsa.
Megjegyzs: Az svnyok eredeti sszetev-
knt vannak jelen a falkpekben vagy ezek fe-
lletn, vagy msodlagos alkotelemknt, ha
bomlstermkek, illetve ha szllts ltal ke-
rltek oda. Tanulmnyozsukat kristlykmiai
vizsglatok teszik lehetv, mint pldul:

- petrogrfiai mikroszkpos vizsglat, ami az op-
tikai tulajdonsgok tanulmnyozst felttele-
zi (elzleg a falkpmintbl vkonycsiszolatot - dyfrakcja promieniami X po zmieleniu pr-
vagy szemcseprepartumot kell kszteni);
- rntgenfluoreszcens spektroszkpia, LIBS,
elektron mikroszonds vizsglat (vegyi
elemzsek);
- rntgenfluoreszcens spektroszkpival
kapcsolt elektonmikroszkpos vizsglat;
- rntgendiffrakci rls utn (porkristly
mdszer) vagy kzvetlenl egy sk mintn
vagy egy kapillris csben;
- IR s Raman spektroszkpia.
anyagvizsglat s analitika, mintavtel stanelor anorganice naturale cunoscute
Esame mineralogico it
Definizione: La caratterizzazione e la deter-
minazione delle sostanze inorganiche naturali
note come minerali.
Commento: I minerali sono presenti come
componenti originali, o come componenti se-
condari se sono prodotti di deterioramento o
se sono stati trasportati nel o sul dipinto mu-
rale. Le indagini chimiche dei cristalli consen-
tono lo studio dei minerali, come ad esempio:
- la microscopia petrografica, coinvolgendo
lo studio delle propriet ottiche (il campio-
ne della pittura murale viene preparato co-
me sezione sottile in anticipo);
- la spettrofotometria XRF, la LIBS, la micro-
sonda elettronica (analisi chimiche);
- la microscopia elettronica accoppiata con
la spettrofotometria XRF;
- la diffrattometria a raggi X dopo la polveriz-
zazione (metodo polvere) o direttamente su
un campione piatto o in un tubo capillare;
- la spettroscopia IR e la spettroscopia Raman.
analisi ed esame dei materiali, campionamento
Badania mineralogiczne PL
Definicja: Okrelenie i charakterystyka natu-
ralnych nieorganicznych substancji znanych
jako mineray.
Komentarz: Mineray s obecne jako naturalne
skadniki malowide ciennych, podoy, wtrne mo:
- produkty procesu zniszcze lub naniesione na
powierzchni malowida. Badania krystalogra-
ficzne stosuj techniki jak:
- mikroskopia petrograficzna, dotyczy bada
wasnoci optycznych, (na szlifach cienkich
prbek z malowida);
- rentgenowska spektroskopia fluorescencyj-
na, LIBS, elektronowa mikro prba (analiza
chemiczna);
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- mikroskopia elektronowa z rentgenowsk muestra o directamente sobre una muestra
spektroskopi fluorescencyjn; fina o en un tubo capilar;
- Espectroscopa de IR o Raman.
bki (metoda proszkowa) i bezporednio na
paskiej prbce lub w kapilarze; estudio y anlisis de materiales, toma de
- spektroskopia Ramana w podczerwieni. muestra
badania i analiza mineraw, przygotowanie
prbek mineralojik aratrma tR
Tanm: Mineral olarak bilinen doal inorganik
Examen mineralogic Ro maddelerin belirlenmesi ve saptanmas.
Definiie: Caracterizarea i determinarea sub- Yorum: Mineraller duvar resminin zgn bile-
enleri ya da eer bozulmann rnyse veya
drept minerale. duvar resminin iine, zerine tanmlarsa
ikincil bileenler olarak ortaya karlar.
Adnotare: Mineralele sunt prezente fie ca i Kristal-kimyasal aratrmalar minerallerin in-
componeni originali, fie secundari dac ace- celenmesini mmkn klar. Bunlar:
tia sunt produse ale degradrii sau au fost - Mineralojiik mikroskopi, ince kesit olarak
transportai n profunzime sau pe pictura mu- hazrlanan duvar resmi rneinin optik
ral. Investigaia acestor materiale face uz de zelliklerin incelenmesi;
diferite metode analitice, precum: - X-nlar florl grnge lm, LIBS,
- microscopie petrografic, bazat pe studiul elektron mikroprobu(kimyasal analizler);
proprietilor optice (prepararea probei din - X-nlar florl grnge lm ile birle-
pictura mural se realizeaz sub form de mi elektronik mikroskop;
seciune subire); - Kapiler tp iinde ya da dz rnek zerinde
- spectroscopie prin fluorescen cu raze X, direk olarak ya da talama yntemini takip
LIBS, analiz cu microsond de electroni eden x-nlar krnm;
(analize chimice); - IR ve Raman spektroskopisi.
- microscopie electronic cuplat cu spec-
troscopie prin fluorescen cu raze X; malzeme analizi ve incelemesi, rnek alma
- difracie de raze X pe pulberi (dup mci-
narea probei), sau direct pe proba prelucra-
t sau ntr-un tub capilar; Bg
- spectroscopie IR i Raman.
: -
analiza i examinarea materialelor, preleva- -
rea probelor , .
:
Examen mineralgico Es ,
-
Definicin: Caracterizacin y determinacin .
de las sustancias inorgnicas naturales deno-
minadas minerales. , :
- , -
Comentario: Los minerales aparecen como
componentes originales o secundarios, co- ;
mo resultado de un proceso de deterioro o - ,
al ser trasladados a una pintura mural. Este LIBS, (
tipo de investigaciones incluyen tcnicas co- );
- ,
- Microscopio de luz polarizada para el estu- ;
dio de las propiedades pticas tras la pre- -
paracin de secciones finas; ( )
- Espectroscopa de fluorescencia de rayos X,
LIBS, micro-sonda de electrones (anlisis ;
qumicos); - .
- Microscopio electrnico con espectrosco-
pa de fluorescencia de rayos X; ,
- Difraccin de rayos X tras pulverizar la
285
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Chemical reagents (top), microchemical test (bottom, left), salt testing using chemical strips (bottom, right) on samples from Coptic wall paintings in a cave at the site of
Hammm Faran Sina (Egypt); Photos: 2010, CICRP (Jean-Marc Vallet)
spot test
Definition: Any simple and efficient tech-
nique which allows physico-chemical analy-
ses on small areas under a magnifying glass or
a microscope without using sophisticated in-
strumentation.
Comment: The microchemical tests can be
performed on raw samples or cross sections
in order to determine the nature of some in-
organic or organic compounds using specific
chemical reagents.
material analysis and examination, analysis
of binding media, pigment analysis, scientific
investigation
Sources: Wikipedia: Spot_analysis (20.4.2015); Hours 1985
286
EN tests microchimiques
Dfinition: Toute technique simple et efficace
permettant, sous loupe ou microscope, des
analyses physico-chimiques sur de petites sur-
faces et sans instruments sophistiqus.
Commentaires: Ces tests microchimiques
peuvent tre raliss sur des chantillons
bruts ou des coupes stratigraphiques sous mi-
croscope optique pour dterminer la pr-
sence de certains composs inorganiques ou
organiques laide de ractifs chimiques.
observation et analyse des matriaux, ana-
lyse des liants, analyse de pigment, tude
scientifique
FR mikrochemische Untersuchung DE
Definition: Einfache und effiziente Technik,
die physikalisch-chemische Analysen an klei-
nen Bereichen unter der Lupe oder unter dem
Mikroskop ohne aufwndigeres Instrumenta-
rium erlaubt.
Kommentar: Mikrochemische Tests knnen
an unbehandelten Proben oder Querschliffen
vorgenommen werden, um die Beschaffen-
heit einiger anorganischer oder organischer
Bestandteile mit Hilfe von bestimmten Rea-
genzien nachzuweisen.
Synonym: Tpfelanalyse
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Punktuntersuchung
Materialuntersuchung, Bindemittelanalyse,
Pigmentanalyse, naturwissenschaftliche Un-
tersuchung

Jednostavni test
Definicija: Svaka jednostavna i djelotvorna
tehnika koja doputa fiziko-kemijske analize
na maloj povrini pod povealom ili mikrosko-
pom bez uporabe sloenih instrumenata.
Napomena: Mikrokemijski se test moe pro-
vesti na nepripremljenim uzorcima ili tankim
presjecima radi odreivanja svojstava nekih
anorganskih ili organskih spojeva uporabom
posebnih kemijskih reagensa.
analiza materijala i ispitivanja, analiza vezi-
va, analiza pigmenta, znanstveno istraiva-
nje
cseppelemzs HU
Meghatrozs: Brmely, nagyt vagy mik-
roszkp alatt vgzett, egyszer s hatkony
eljrs, mely fizikai s kmiai vizsglatokat tesz
lehetv kis felleteken, bonyolult mszerek
hasznlata nlkl.
Megjegyzs: A mikrokmiai vizsglatokat fel-
dolgozatlan mintn vagy keresztmetszet csi-
szolatokon lehet elvgezni, egyes szervetlen
vagy szerves sszetev milyensgnek meg-
hatrozsa rdekben.
anyagvizsglat s analitika, ktanyag vizs-
glat, pigmentvizsglat, (termszet)tudom-
nyos vizsglat
analisi puntuali
Definizione: Qualsiasi tecnica semplice ed ef-
ficace che consente analisi fisico-chimiche su
aree di piccole dimensioni usando una lente
di ingrandimento o un microscopio,senza
adoperare strumenti sofisticati.
Commento: Il test microchimico pu essere
eseguito su campioni grezzi (non preceden-
temente preparati) o su sezioni trasversali, per
determinare la presenza di alcuni componenti
inorganici ed organici usando specifici rea-
genti chimici.
analisi ed esame dei materiali, analisi dei le-
ganti, analisi dei pigmenti, esame scientifico
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HR Badania punktowe PL Noktasal test tR
Definicja: Kada prosta skuteczna metoda, Tanm: Kk alanlarda ileri teknolojik aralar
ktra pozwala wykona analizy fizyko-che- kullanlmadan byte veya mikroskop altn-
miczne na maej powierzchni z uyciem lupy da fiziksel ve kimyasal analizlere imkan tan-
lub pod mikroskopem bez stosowania skom- yan basit ve etkili teknik.
plikowanych urzdze.
Yorum: zel kimyasal reaksiyonlar kullanarak
Komentarz: Prby mikrochemiczne mona organik ya da inorganik bileimlerin yapsn
przeprowadza na nieopracowanych prbkach belirlemek amacyla ham rnekler veya dikey
czy przekrojach pod mikroskopem dla potwier- kesitler zerinde mikro kimyasal testler yap-
dzenia obecnoci specyficznych zwizkw nie- labilir.
organicznych czy organicznych, przy uyciu
specjalnych odczynnikw chemicznych. malzeme analizi ve incelemesi, balayc
madde analizi, renk analizi, bilimsel aratr-
badania i analiza materiau, analiza spoiw, ma
analiza pigmentw, badania laboratoryjne
analize microchimice Ro () Bg
Definiie: Tehnic simpl i eficient, ce per- : -
mite realizarea de analize fizico-chimice pe su- , -
prafee mici sub o lup sau un microscop fr - -
a utiliza instrumente sofisticate. -
.
Adnotare: Analizele microchimice pot fi efec-
tuate pe probe sau seciuni transversale cu :
scopul de a determina natura unor compui -
anorganici sau organici, folosind reactivi chi- -
mici specifici.
analiza i examinarea materialelor, analiza .
lianilor, analiza pigmenilor, investigaia ti-
inific , -
, ,
it anlisis micro-qumico Es
Definicin: Cualquier tcnica simple y eficien-
te que permita anlisis fsico-qumicos en pe-
queas reas sin el uso de instrumentos sofis-
ticados.
Comentario: Pueden ser realizados en mues-
tras sin preparar o en secciones finas bajo el
microscopio ptico, para determinar la pre-
sencia de compuestos inorgnicos u orgni-
cos concretos mediante el uso de reactivos
qumicos.
estudio y anlisis de materiales, anlisis del
material ligante, anlisis de pigmentos, inves-
tigacin cientfica
287
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Cleaning tests on wall paintings, Notre Chapelle Dame de Vie, Beaucaire (France), 18th century; Photo: 2007, Sinopia (Antoinette Sinigaglia)
treatment trials EN
Definition: Small areas of the object on which
cleaning, consolidation, or reintegration tests
are carried out.
Comment: This can be performed on site by
conservation scientists or conservators. These
tests aim to compare different treatment pro-
tocols, to optimise the concentrations and the
choices of the products, or to bring about a
consensus among the various professionals
that are involved in the choice of treatment.
material analysis and examination, analysis
of binding media, pigment analysis, scientific
investigation
Sources: Aze et al. 2011; Odegaard et al. 2000; Reille-Taillefert 2010
288
Zones dessais ou de rfrence FR
Dfinition: Petites surfaces sur lesquelles sont
compares des techniques de traitement sim-
ples, afin de dfinir le traitement le plus ap-
propri.
Commentaires: Raliss sur site par des
scientifiques de conservation ou des restau-
rateurs avant chantillonnage, nettoyage,
consolidation ou rintgration. Elles visent
comparer des protocoles de traitement, afin
doptimiser les concentrations et les choix des
produits, et de parvenir un consensus entre
les diffrents professionnels qui sont impli-
qus dans le choix du traitement.
observation et analyse des matriaux, ana-
lyse des liants, analyse de pigment, tude
scientifique
musterflche DE
Definition: Kleine Bereiche am Objekt, in de-
nen Reinigungs-, Festigungs- oder Ergn-
zungsversuche ausgefhrt werden.
Kommentar: Sie kann vor Ort durch Konser-
vierungswissenschaftler oder Restauratoren
angelegt werden. Durch die Tests sollen mg-
liche Manahmen verglichen, Konzentratio-
nen und die Produktauswahl optimiert wer-
den. Die Untersuchungen an der Musterflche
helfen bei der Entscheidungsfindung der
Fachleute, die an der Auswahl der Manah-
men beteiligt sind.
Materialuntersuchung, Bindemittelanalyse,
Pigmentanalyse, naturwissenschaftliche Un-
tersuchung
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testni postupci HR Prby na obiekcie PL mdahale denemeleri tR

Definicija: Male povrine predmeta na kojima Definicja: Niewielkie pola na obiekcie, gdzie Tanm: Nesnedeki temizleme, salamlatrma
se provode probe ienja, uvrivanja ili przeprowadza si prby oczyszczania, utrwa- ya da yeniden birletirme testlerinin yaplaca-
reintegracije. lania czy uzupeniania. kk alanlar.

Napomena: To na terenu mogu obaviti kon-
zervatorski znanstvenici ili restauratori. Cilj je
tih testova usporediti razliite postupke, kako
bi se postigla najbolja koncentracija i izbor
proizvoda, odnosno kako bi se usuglasili razni
strunjaci ukljueni u izbor postupka.
analiza materijala i ispitivanja, analiza vezi-
va, analiza pigmenta, znanstveno istraiva-
nje
Komentarz: Mog by przeprowadzone na
obiekcie przez badaczy lub konserwatorw. Ta-
kie prby pozwalaj porwna rne tryby po-
stpowania, zoptymalizowa stenia i dobr
produktw czy te dokona wyboru, gdy opi-
nie zaangaowanych specjalistw rni si.
badania i analiza materiau, analiza spoiw,
analiza pigmentw, badania laboratoryjne
Yorum: Koruma bilimcileri ve konservatrler
tarafndan yaplr. Bu testler farkl mdahale
protokollerini karlatrmay, rnlerin sei-
mini ve younluklarn en uygun hale getirme-
yi veya iyiletirme mdahalesine katlan eitli
meslek gruplar arasnda mutabakat salama-
y amalamaktadr.
malzeme analizi ve incelemesi, balayc mad-
de analizi, renk analizi, bilimsel aratrma

Prbk HU teste de tratament Ro Bg

Meghatrozs: A malkots kis felletein Definiie: Zone de mici dimensiuni ale obiec- : ,
vgzett tiszttsi, megktsi vagy kiegsztsi tului pe care sunt efectuate teste de curare, , -
tesztek. de consolidare, sau de reintegrare cromatic. .

Megjegyzs: Ezeket restaurtorok vagy ter- Adnotare: Acestea pot fi efectuate in situ de : in situ
mszettudomnyos munkatrsak vgzik a ctre conservatori sau restauratori. Aceste tes- -, -
helysznen. A tesztek clja sszehasonltani a te urmresc compararea diferitelor propuneri
klnbz kezelsi eljrsokat, kivlasztani az de tratament, optimizarea concentraiilor i .
optimlis kezelszereket s meghatrozni alegerea produselor, sau stabilirea unui con- -
megfelel tmnysgket, vagy kzs neve- sens ntre profesionitii implicai n alegerea , -
zre hozni a kezels kivlasztsban egytt- tratamentului.
mkd szakemberek vlemnyt. -
analiza i examinarea materialelor, analiza , -
anyagvizsglat s analitika, ktanyag vizs- liantului, analiza pigmenilor, investigaie .
glat, pigmentvizsglat, (termszet)tudom- tiinific
nyos vizsglat , -
, ,

campione di intervento it Ensayos preliminares Es

Definizione: Si scelgono piccole aree del- Definicin: Pequeas reas de un objeto don-
lopera per eseguire test di pulitura, di conso- de se realizan los ensayos de limpieza, conso-
lidamento o reintegrazione. lidacin y/o reintegracin.

Commento: Questi test possono essere ese-
guiti in situ dal restauratore e dallo scienziato
specializzato. Cos si possono ottenere para-
metri per paragonare diversi tipi di intervento,
per ottimizzare la scelta e la concentrazione
dei materiali applicati, o per trovare pi facil-
mente un consenso fra i vari professionisti
coinvolti nella scelta del tipo di intervento da
adottare.
analisi ed esame dei material, analisi dei le-
ganti, analisi dei pigmenti, esame scientifico
Comentario: Puede ser realizado en el sitio
por restauradores y/o cientficos. Estos ensa-
yos se hacen para comparar diferentes proto-
colos de tratamiento, para optimizar las con-
centraciones y la eleccin de productos o para
llegar a un consenso entre los distintos profe-
sionales que estn implicados en la eleccin
del tratamiento.
Sinnimos: catas (de limpieza), ensayo de tra-
tamientos
estudio y anlisis de materiales, anlisis del
material ligante, anlisis del pigmento, inves-
tigacin cientfica

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Relative humidity and temperature monitoring, Chapel of Saint Lazare, Aix en Provence Cathedral (France), 12-16th century; Photos: 2000-2004, CICRP (Jean-Marc Vallet)
Environmental assessment EN
Definition: A preliminary study of the environ-
ment which can help estimate the potential
consequences of actioning a conservation
plan, or a conservation or restoration project
for a mural or architectural surface.
Comment: It aims to prevent deterioration by
providing suitable conservation conditions
determined on the basis of environmental
monitoring, observations and the evaluation
of the existing conditions; it also tries to main-
tain a good state of conservation of a surface
before or after a restoration campaign by ad-
dressing the consequences of deterioration
and removing their causes. It can lead to the
development of an environmental strategy,
including the identification of current and his-
toric services (drainage, heating etc.).
indoor climate study, monitoring, drainage, en-
vironmental management, building and site survey
valuation des conditions FR
environnementales
Dfinition: Estimation des consquences de
lapplication dun plan de conservation, dun
projet de restauration sur la conservation
Sources: Conservation prventive1992; Keene 2002; Heritage, Gowing 2002a; Stefanaggo 1997; Peintures murales 2002
290
dune peinture murale, base sur ltude pra-
lable de lenvironnement.
Commentaires: Elle vise prvenir toute d-
gradation par le contrle des conditions de
conservation dtermines par des mesures,
observations et lvaluation des conditions
existantes, maintenir ltat de conservation
dune surface avant ou aprs une restauration
en traitant les consquences de la dgradation
et en liminant ses causes. Une stratgie peut
alors tre dveloppe, incluant lidentification
de servitudes techniques actuelles ou an-
ciennes influenant ltat de conservation de
la peinture murale (drainage, chauffage).
tude climatique, contrles priodiques,
drainage tude diagnostic des btiments et sites
(tat sanitaire du bti) gestion de lenvironnement
Umweltprfung DE
Definition: Eine Vorstudie zur Umwelt, mit der
die Folgen eines Restaurierungskonzepts oder
einer Konservierung/Restaurierung fr eine Ar-
chitekturoberflche ausgewertet werden sollen.
Kommentar: Sie soll Schden verhindern, in-
dem auf der Grundlage von Umweltmonito-
ring, Beobachtungen und der Auswertung der
Umweltbedingungen angemessene Erhal-
tungsbedingungen geschaffen werden. Sie soll
auch den Zustand einer Oberflche vor oder
nach einer Restaurierung bewahren, indem sie
sich mit den Folgen von Schden und der Be-
seitigung der Ursachen befasst. Sie kann zur
Entwicklung einer Umweltstrategie fhren, die
den aktuellen und historischen Betrieb (wie
Drainage und Heizung etc.) bestimmt.
Synonyme: Umweltbewertung, Umweltgut-
achten
Raumklimauntersuchung, Monitoring,
Umweltmanagement, Bauaufnahme
Procjena okolia HR
Definicija: Prethodna studija okolia koja moe
pomoi u predvianju posljedica provedbe kon-
zervatorskoga plana ili projekta konzerviranja i re-
stauriranja zidne slike ili arhitektonske povrine.
Napomena: Svrha je procjene okolia sprije-
iti pogoranje osiguravanjem prikladnih kon-
zervatorskih stanja odreenih na temelju oko-
linoga nadzora, opaanja i procjene postoje-
ih; njom se takoer nastoji odrati dobro sta-
nje zatite povrine prije ili nakon restaurator-
skih radova prepoznavanjem posljedica po-
goranja i otklanjanjem njihovih uzroka. Pro-

cjena moe dovesti do razvoja okoline stra-
tegije ukljuivi prepoznavanje sadanjih i po-
vijesnih postupaka (drenaa, grijanje itd.)
prouavanje klime u unutranjosti, nadziranje,
upravljanje okoliem, pregled graevine i mjesta
Krnyezet vizsglat
Meghatrozs: Egy krnyezeti eltanulmny,
felmrs, mely segt felmrni egy llagmeg-
vsi vagy restaurlsi terv alkalmazsnak k-
vetkezmnyeit egy falkpre vagy ptszeti fe-
lletre vonatkozan.
Megjegyzs: Clja a krosodsok megelzse
a krnyezeti monitorozson, a meglv krl-
mnyek megfigyelsn s kirtkelsn alapul,
megfelel llagmegvsi krlmnyek biztos-
tsa ltal; msik clja megrizni az adott fellet
j megtartsi llapott a restaurlsi beavatko-
zs eltt vagy utn, a lehetsges krosodsok
szmbavtelvel s ezek okainak megszntet-
svel. Kialakt ezltal egy megfelel krnyezeti
stratgit, figyelembe vve a jelenlegi s a tr-
tneti szerelseket (vzelvezets, fts stb.).
bltri klma tanulmny, monitorozs, vzel-
vezets, krnyezet menedzsment, plet- s
helysznfelmrs
valutazione ambientale
Definizione: Lo studio preliminare delle condi-
zioni ambientali, che pu essere daiuto per eva-
luare le conseguenze di un progetto di conser-
vazione e/o restauro su una pittura murale o una
superficie architettonica.
Commento: Questa valutazione vuole preve-
nire il degrado fornendo condizioni di conser-
vazione appropriate, stabilite in base a un mo-
nitoraggio ambientale e ad osservazioni e va-
lutazioni delle condizioni date. Vuole mante-
nere lo stato di conservazione di una superficie
dopo una campagna di restauro, indicando le
conseguenze del degrado e elimanandone le
cause. Pu condurre a una strategia ambien-
tale, includendo lidentificazione e le modalit
duso di strutture attuali e storiche presenti
nellambiente (drenaggio, riscaldamento, ecc.).
studio del clima interno, monitoraggio, gestio-
ne dellamibente, sondaggio sulledificio e sul sito
ocena warunkw rodowiska
Definicja: Wstpne studia warunkw rodo-
wiska, ktre mog pomc w ocenie skutkw
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dziaa planowanej konserwacji czy projektu antes o despus de una restauracin, abor-
restauracji, poprzedzajce decyzj o podjciu dando las consecuencias del deterioro y eli-
konserwacji lub restauracji malowida czy po- minando sus causas. Puede conducir al des-
wierzchni architektonicznej. arrollo de una estrategia ambiental, incluyen-
do la identificacin de los servicios actuales e
Komentarz: Ma na celu zapobieganie zniszcze- histricos (desage, calefaccin, etc.).
niom przez zapewnienie waciwych warun-
kw, ustalonych na podstawie monitoringu ro- estudio climtico interior, monitorizacin, ges-
HU dowiska, obserwacji i oceny obecnego stanu; tin medioambiental, inspeccin del edificio y de
okrelajc skutki zniszcze i usuwajc ich przy- su entorno, informe del proceso de restauracin
czyny prbuje te utrzyma stan zachowania
powierzchni przed lub po przeprowadzeniu
prac konserwatorskich. Moe prowadzi do wy- evresel deerlendirme tR
pracowania strategii rodowiska, obejmujcej
rozpoznanie obecnych i historycznych syste- Tanm: Duvar resimleri ya da mimari yzeyle-
mw (odprowadzenie wody, ogrzewanie, itp.). rin koruma ya da restorasyon projesi veya ko-
ruma planlarnn gerekletirilmesine katks
studium klimatu wntrza, monitoring, od- olabilecek evresel bir n alma.
pywy, zarzdzanie warunkami rodowiska,
ogldziny budynku i otoczenia Yorum: evresel izleme, gzlemler ve mevcut
koullarn deerlendirilmesi temelinde belirlen-
mi uygun koruma koullar salayarak bozulma-
Evaluarea condiiilor de mediu Ro y nlemeyi amalar. Ayrca bozulmann sonu-
larn gstererek ve sebeplerini ortadan kaldra-
Definiie: Un studiu preliminar de mediu, ce rak restorasyon almasndan nce ya da sonra
poate ajuta la evaluarea consecinelor imple- yzeyin korunma durumunu muhafaza etmeyi
mentrii unui plan de conservare, sau a unui (srdrmeyi) dener. Istma ve drenaj gibi gncel
proiect de conservare i restaurare a unei pic- ve eski mdehalelerin belirlenmesini ieren ev-
turi murale sau a unei suprafae arhitecturale. resel stratejinin geliimine nclk edebilir.
Adnotare: Aceasta i propune s previn de- i mekan iklim almas, gzlemleme, drenaj,
gradarea prin asigurarea condiiilor de conser- evre ynetimi, bina ve mahal incelemesi (rleve)
vare corespunztoare stabilite pe baza moni-
it torizrii mediului, observaiilor i evalurii
condiiilor existente; ncearc meninerea unei Bg
bune stri de conservare a unei suprafee na-
inte sau dup o campanie de restaurare, prin :
combaterea consecinelor degradriii i prin ,
eliminarea cauzelor acestora. Aceasta poate -
duce la dezvoltarea unei strategii de mediu,
inclusiv identificarea serviciilor curente i isto- -
rice (drenaj, nclzire, etc.). .
studiu climatic interior, monitorizare, mana- : -
gement de mediu, monitorizarea sitului i a mo- -
numentului, raport de conservare i restaurare ,
, -
-
Estudio medioambiental Es ; -
-
Definicin: Estudio preliminar ambiental que
puede ayudar en la evaluacin de las conse- , -
cuencias de las acciones de un plan de con- .
servacin o de un proyecto de restauracin de -
un mural o superficie arquitectnica. , -
Comentario: El objetivo es prevenir el dete- (, -
rioro, proporcionando condiciones de conser- .).
PL vacin adecuadas en funcin de la monitori-
zacin, la observacin y la evaluacin de las -
condiciones ambientales existentes; tambin , , , -
trata de mantener el estado de conservacin
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Sensors for environmental monitoring temporarily fixed with binder which sublimates (cyclododecane), St. Georg, Reichenau-Oberzell (Germany), 10th century; Photo: 2014, RPS
(Drthe Jakobs)
indoor climate study EN
Definition: The study of the internal microcli-
mate that can influence the conservation of
wall paintings.
Comment:These studies aim to identify conser-
vation issues, and to monitor climatic conditions
during or after restoration. Air temperature and
relative humidity are measured in enclosed and
covered buildings, and outside, using datalog-
gers. The position of these devices, the frequen-
cy of the measurements and their precision, as
well as the duration of the monitoring cam-
paign, are defined according the issues to be
studied. Data can be gathered over different
time periods to target climatic instabilities relat-
ed to daily use, seasonal change, building expo-
sure or water disposal problems. They support
any ongoing phenomenological diagnosis.
wall painting, environmental assessment,
monitoring
Etude climatique FR
Dfinition: tude du micro climat intrieur in-
fluenant la conservation des peintures mu-
rales.
Sources: Camuffo 1992; Stefanaggi 1997; Peintures murales 2002
292
Commentaires: Elle vise identifier les pro-
blmes de conservation, enregistrer les condi-
tions climatiques pendant ou aprs une res-
tauration. La temprature, lhumidit de lair
sont mesures et enregistres dans le bti-
ment et en extrieur. La position et le nombre
dappareils, la frquence de mesure et sa pr-
cision, la dure de la campagne de mesure
sont dfinies selon la problmatique pose.
Les donnes sont collectes pour cibler des
instabilits climatiques lies un usage quo-
tidien des lieux, un changement saisonnier,
des problmes dexposition ou dvacuation
deau. Ltude climatique affine le diagnostic
phnomnologique dune peinture murale.
peinture murale, valuation des conditions
environnementales, contrles priodiques
Raumklimauntersuchung
Definition: Untersuchung des internen Mi-
kroklimas, das die Erhaltung von Wandmale-
reien beeinflussen kann.
Kommentar: Durch sie werden Konservie-
rungsfragen identifiziert und die klimatischen
Bedingungen whrend oder nach der Restau-
rierung beobachtet. Lufttemperatur und rela-
tive Feuchte werden in geschlossenen, ber-
dachten Gebuden und auen mit Datenlog-
gern gemessen. Die Lage der Gerte, die Fre-
quenz der Messungen, ihre Przision und die
Dauer des Monitorings ergeben sich aus der
Fragestellung. Die Daten werden ber ver-
schiedene Zeitrume erfasst, um Klima-
schwankungen durch tglichen Gebrauch,
saisonale Vernderungen, Abrsten der Fas-
sade oder Abwasserprobleme zu erfassen. Sie
untersttzen laufende phnomenologische
Diagnostik.
Synonym: Innenklimauntersuchung
Umweltprfung, Monitoring
Prouavanje klime u unutranjosti HR
Definicija: Prouavanje mikroklime u unutra-
DE njosti koja moe utjecati na zatitu zidnih slika.
Napomena: Svrha je tih prouavanja prepozna-
vanje konzervatorskih problema i nadzor kli-
matskih stanja tijekom ili nakon restauriranja.
Temperatura zraka i relativna vlanost mjere se
u zatvorenim i pokrivenim graevinama te izvan
njih uporabom dataloggera. Poloaj tih ureaja,
uestalost mjerenja i njihova preciznost, kao i
trajanje nadziranja odreeni su prema proble-
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mima koje prouavaju. Podatci se mogu priku- studium klimatu wntrza PL utilizando dataloggers. La ubicacin de estos
pljati u razliitim vremenskim razdobljima, a ta- dispositivos, la frecuencia de lectura, su preci-
ko dobiveni usmjereni su na klimatske nestabil- Definicja: Studium wewntrznego mikroklima- sin y la duracin del periodo de monitorizacin
nosti povezane s dnevnom uporabom, sezon- tu, ktry moe mie wpyw na stan malowide. se determinan en funcin del plan de actuacin.
skom promjenom, izloenou graevine ili pro- Los datos deben ser recopilados durante dife-
blemima uklanjanja vode. Podatci podravaju Komentarz: Badania podjte w celu okrelenia rentes periodos de tiempo para localizar inesta-
sve fenomenoloke dijagnoze koje su u tijeku. kwestii konserwatorskich i monitorowania wa- bilidades climticas por su uso diario o por cam-
runkw klimatu podczas i po konserwacji. W bios estacionales. Dan informacin para la rea-
procjena okolia, nadziranje zamknitych i przekrytych budynkach oraz na lizacin de diagnsticos fenomenolgicos.
zewntrz mierzy si temperatur powietrza i
wilgotno wzgldn przy uyciu rejestratorw estudio medioambiental, monitorizacin
Bltri klma tanulmny HU danych. Rozmieszczenie urzdze, czstotli-
wo pomiarw i ich dokadno, okres pomia-
Meghatrozs: A falkpek megrzsre ha- rw zale od zagadnie, ktre s przedmio- mekan iklim almas tR
tst gyakorol mikroklma tanulmnyozsa. tem bada. Dane naley zebra z rnych pr,
uwzgldniajc wahania klimatu spowodowane Tanm: Duvar resminin korunmasn etkileye-
Megjegyzs: A tanulmny clja llagmegvsi codziennym uytkowaniem, zmianami sezono- bilen i mikro iklim almas.
problmkat azonostani, s monitorozni a kl- wymi, ekspozycj budynku czy problemami z
maviszonyokat a restaurls idejn vagy az- odprowadzeniem wody. Stanowi podstaw Yorum: Bu almalar koruma sorunlarn be-
utn. Mrik a leveg hmrsklett s a relatv biecej diagnozy zachodzcych zjawisk. lirlemeyi ve restorasyon esnasnda ya da son-
pratartalmat a zrt s fedett pletekben s a rasnda iklimsel koullar izlemeyi amalar.
kls trben, adatgyjt mszerek (data log- ocena warunkw rodowiska, monitoring Hava scakl ve bal nem kapal ve rtl bi-
ger) segtsgvel. A mszerek elhelyezst, a nalarda ve darda veri kaydedici ile llr. Bu
mrsek frekvencijt s pontossgt, valamint aralarn durumu, lm sklklar ve onlarn ke-
a monitorozs idtartamt a tanulmnyozott studiul climatului interior Ro sinlii, ayrca gzlem ileminin sresi incelene-
krdsek hatrozzk meg. Az adatgyjts id- cek sorunlara gre tanmlanmaldr. Gnlk kul-
szakt annak fggvnyben vlasztjk meg, Definiie: Studiul microclimatului interior ce lanm, mevsimsel deiimler, su tahliyesi prob-
hogy a napi hasznlathoz, az vszakok vltako- poate influena conservarea picturilor murale. lemleri veya bina etkisi ile alakal iklimsel den-
zshoz, az pletet r hatsokhoz vagy a vz- gesizlikleri belirlemek iin farkl zaman araly-
elvezetshez ktd vltozsok megfigyelst Adnotare: Aceste studii urmresc identifica- la veri toplanabilir. Bunlar, herhangi bir devam
clozzk meg. Tjkoztatsul szolgl brmely rea problemelor de conservare i monitoriza- eden grnen, yzeysel tehisleri destekler.
folyamatban lev jelensg kutatshoz. rea condiiilor climatice n timpul sau dup in-
terveniile de restaurare. Temperatura aerului duvar resimleri, evresel deerlendirme,
falkp, krnyezet vizsglat, monitorozs i umiditatea relativ sunt msurate n spaii gzlemleme
nchise i acoperite, precum i la exterior folo-
sind senzori de nregistrare a datelor. Poziia
studio del clima interno it acestor dispozitive, precizia i frecvena m- Bg
surtorilor, precum i durata campaniei de
Definizione: Lo studio del microclima interno monitorizare sunt definite n funcie de pro-
che pu influenzare la conservazione di una blemele ce urmeaz s fie studiate. Datele pot :
pittura murale. fi colectate pe diferite perioade de timp i vi- ,
zeaz instabilitile climatice legate de utiliza- .
Commento: Le indagini vogliono identificare rea de zi cu zi a spaiilor, schimbrile de sezon,
problemi di conservazione e osservare le con- problemele de expunere sau drenaj. Studiul : -
dizioni climatiche durante e dopo un restauro. climatului interior susine orice diagnostic fe-
La temperatura e lumidit relativa dellaria si nomenologic n curs de desfurare.
misurano allinterno, in edifici chiusi e coperti, .
e allesterno, usando apparecchi per la registra- evaluarea condiiilor de mediu, monitorizare -
zione dati. La collocazione degli strumenti, la
frequenza e la precisione delle misurazioni ed .
anche la durata della campagna di monitorag- Estudio climtico de interiores Es ,
gio si definiscono attraverso i problemi posti.
Si possono raccogliere dati attraverso vari archi Definicin: Estudio del microclima interno . -
di tempo, perch mirano a misurare oscillazio- que puede influir en la conservacin de pin- -
ni e instabilit climatiche causate dalluso quo- turas murales. ,
tidiano, da cambiamenti stagionali, dallespo- , -
sizione delledificio o da problemi delle acque Comentario: Busca identificar aspectos de con- , , -
di scarico. Possono assecondare con informa- servacin y monitorizar las condiciones climti- , . -
zioni ogni diagnosi fenomenologica in atto. cas durante y despus de la restauracin. Se re- .
alizan medidas de temperatura y humedad re-
valutazione ambientale, monitoraggio lativa en el interior y en el exterior de edificios, ,

293
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Collecting colorimetric data (top, left), crack monitor to observe deformations (top, right), Villa E-1027, Roquebrune- Cap Martin (France), 20th century and climate data logger
(bottom), Chapel of Notre-Dame des Fontaines, La Brigue (France), 15th century; Photos: 2007/2014, CICRP (Jean-Marc Vallet)

monitoring EN contrles priodiques FR monitoring DE

Definition: Involves collecting data and Dfinition: Suivi, enregistrement et contrle Definition: Die Datenerfassung und berwa-
checking for any visible signs of change that de tout signe visible de changement de la chung von allen sichtbaren Anzeichen einer
may affect wall paintings and their environ- peinture murale, de son environnement, Vernderung, die eine Wandmalerei und de-
ment. mme daffecter la stabilit de luvre. ren Umgebung beeinflussen knnen.

Comment: As wall paintings are sensitive to
their environment, regular monitoring is nec-
essary. Periodic observations are made and
records of information coming from conser-
vation reports, photographs, loggers, etc. are
collected. The observations also concern
changes in visual aspects (discolouration, de-
posits, cracks and deformations, etc.); the data
collection may also deal with the environment
(temperature, relative humidity, dew point,
etc.), gaseous pollutants, and the develop-
ment of cracks (displacement measurements).
indoor climate study, environmental assess-
ment
Commentaires: Une peinture murale tant
sensible son environnement, un diagnostic
priodique de son tat est men. Il consiste
observer, enregistrer les informations collec-
tes sur site par des enregistreurs, des photos
et les consigner dans des rapports de conser-
vation. Les observations portent sur le chan-
gement visuel de la peinture (modifications de
couleur, dpts, fissures, dformations). Les
donnes climatiques (temprature, humidit
relative, point de rose), le contenu en pol-
luants de lair, lvolution des fissures (mesures
de dplacement), sont surtout collectes.
tude climatique, valuation des conditions
environnementales
Kommentar: Da Wandmalereien gegenber
ihrer Umwelt empfindlich sind, ist ein regelm-
iges Monitoring notwendig. Man beobachtet
sie regelmig und sammelt Informationen
aus Restaurierungsberichten, Photos, Daten-
loggern u. a. Auch Vernderungen sichtbarer
Aspekte werden beobachtet: Farbvernderun-
gen, Ablagerungen, Aussehen von Rissen, Ver-
formungen, u.a. Die Datenerfassung kann auch
Umweltparameter miteinschlieen (wie Tem-
peratur, relative Luftfeuchte, Taupunkt etc.),
Luftverschmutzung und die Entwicklung von
Rissen (Messungen von Rissverschiebungen).
Synonym: Gebudeberwachung
Raumklimauntersuchung, Umweltprfung

Sources: Conservation Dictionary 2001; Gowings, Godfrain 2005; Stefanaggi 1997; Peintures murales 2002; Santner 2012

294

Nadziranje HR
Definicija: Prikupljanje podataka i provjera-
vanje svih vidljivih znakova promjene koje
mogu tetiti zidnim slikama i njihovu okoliu.
Napomena: Budui da su zidne slike osjetljive
na okoli, nuno je ispravno promatranje. Priku-
pljaju se periodina opaanja i zabiljeeni po-
datci iz restauratorskih izvjetaja, fotografija,
loggera itd. Opaanja se takoer usmjeruju na
promjene s vizualnoga stajalita (gubitak boje,
talozi, pukotine i izoblienja itd.); skupljanje po-
dataka moe se odnositi i na okoli (temperatu-
re, relativne vlanosti, rosite itd.); oneienje
plinova i razvoj pukotina (mjerenja pomaka).
prouavanje klime u unutranjosti, procjena
okolia
monitorozs HU
Meghatrozs: Adatgyjtst felttelez, s
minden olyan lthat vltozs szmbavtelt,
mely egy falkpet vagy ennek krnyezett be-
folysolhatja.
Megjegyzs: Mivel a falkpek igen rzke-
nyek a krnyezetkre, szksges ennek rend-
szeresen monitorozsa. Periodikus megfigye-
lseket vgeznek, s kutatsi beszmolkbl,
fnykpekbl, adatgyjt mszerekbl (data
logger) stb. szrmaz informcikat jegyez-
nek fl. A megfigyelsek a lthat vltozsok-
ra is kiterjednek (elsznezdsek, lerakdsok,
repedsek s deformcik, stb.); az adatgyj-
ts a krnyezetre (hmrsklet, relatv pra-
tartalom, harmatpont, stb.), a gznem lg-
szennyez anyagokra s a repedsek alakul-
sra (elmozdulsok mrse) is vonatkozhat.
beltri klma tanulmny, krnyezet vizsglat
monitoraggio
Definizione: Comprende la raccolta di dati e
il controllo di tutti i segni visibili di alterazioni
che possono affliggere una pittura murale e i
suoi dintorni.
Commento: Pitture murali sono sensibili allam-
biente circostante, per questo necessario un
monitoraggio diagnostico regolare. Si eseguo-
no osservazioni periodiche e documentazioni
che raccolgono informazioni tratte da relazioni
sulla conservazione, da fotografie, dalla registra-
zione dati ecc. Le osservazioni riguardano anche
cambiamenti dellaspetto di una pittura (scolo-
rimento, depositi, laspetto di fratture e di de-
formazioni ecc.). La collezione dati pu riferirsi
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anche allambiente (temperatura, umidit rela- Comentario: Debido a que las pinturas murales
tiva, punto di rugiada ecc.), inquinamenti aeri- son sensibles a su entorno, es necesario realizar
formi e lo sviluppo delle fratture (misurazione un diagnstico monitorizado de forma regular.
della larghezza e degli spostamenti) Se realizan observaciones peridicas y registros
de informaciones que provienen de informes
studio del clima interno, valutazione ambientale de restauracin, fotografas y adquisicin de da-
tos. Tambin se tienen en cuenta cambios en el
aspecto visual (prdida de color, depsitos, apa-
monitoring PL ricin de grietas y deformaciones, etc.); datos
del medio ambiente (temperatura, humedad
Definicja: Obejmuje zbieranie danych i spraw- relativa, punto de condensacin, etc.), de con-
dzanie kadego widocznego objawu zmian, taminantes ambientales y de la evolucin de
ktre mog wpyn na malowida cienne i ich grietas (medidas de desplazamiento).
rodowisko.
estudios climticos de interiores
Komentarz: Malowida cienne s wraliwe na
oddziaywanie rodowiska, konieczny jest regu-
larny monitoring. Podejmuje si okresowe ob- zleme tR
serwacje i gromadzi si dane pochodzce z do-
kumentacji konserwatorskich, fotografii, zapisw Tanm: Duvar resimlerini ve evresini etkile-
rejestratorw, itd. Obserwacje dotycz te wi- yebilen gzle grlebilen herhangi bir dei-
docznych objaww (zmiany kolorystyczne, nalo- iklii kontrol etmeyi ve veri toplamay ierir.
ty, pojawienie si pkni i deformacji itp.), zbiory
danych mog te by zwizane ze rodowiskiem Yorum: Duvar resimleri evresine duyarl ol-
(temperatura, wilgotno wzgldna, punkt rosy duu iin, dzenli tansal izleme gereklidir. Pe-
etc.), gazowymi zanieczyszczeniami powietrza, riyodik gzlemler yaplr ve kaydedicilerden,
rozwojem pkni (pomiary przemieszcze). fotoraflardan, koruma raporlarndan gelen
veriler toplanr. Gzlemler (rengini bozma, tor-
studium klimatu wntrza, ocena warunkw tu, atlaklarn olumas ve deformasyon gibi)
rodowiska grsel deiikliklerle de ilgilidir. Toplanan ve-
riler, evreye ilikin scaklk, bal nem, iy nok-
tas gazl kirleticiler ve atlaklarn geliimini
monitorizare Ro (yer deitirme lmleri) ierebilir.
E anlam: gzlemleme
Definiie: Implic colectarea i verificarea da-
telor n vederea depistrii oricror semne vi- i mekn iklim almas, evresel deerlendirme
zibile de schimbare ce pot afecta picturile mu-
rale i mediul acestora.
Bg
Adnotare: Deoarece picturile murale sunt
sensibile la condiiile de mediul, este necesar : -
monitorizarea periodic a acestora. Sunt efec- ,
tuate observaii periodice i sunt colectate n- -
registrri ale informaiilor provenind din ra- .
poartele de conservare, fotografii, furnizori de
it date (data loggers), etc. De asemenea, obser- : -
vaiile vizeaz schimbri ale aspectului vizual , -
(decolorare, depuneri, fisuri, deformri, etc.); .
colectarea datelor poate fi corelat cu condi-
iile de mediul (temperatura, umiditatea rela- -
tiv, punctul de rou, etc.), poluanii gazoi i , , -
evoluia fisurilor (msurtori de deplasare). . -
(
studiu climatic interior, evaluarea condiiilor , , -
de mediu , .); -
-
(,
monitorizacin Es , ..),
-
Definicin: Obtencin de datos y control de ( ).
signos visibles de cambio que pueden afectar
a las pinturas murales y su entorno.
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Environmental management EN
Definition: Monitoring various environmental
parameters in order to limit the impact of the
environment on the conservation conditions
of wall paintings and architectural surfaces.
Comment: It involves the implementation of a
defined environmental strategy. It takes into
account the information coming from environ-
mental investigations, such as humidity sur-
veys or air and surface monitoring (of climate,
pollutants, etc.). Environmental management
also includes periodic checks and maintenance
of environmental systems such as heating, ven-
tilation, (de-)humidification, filtration, lighting,
drainage, the evaluation of their effects over
time and their programming. If necessary, it can
also include an updated emergency plan.
drainage, emergency measure, maintenance
and care, monitoring, environmental assessment,
conservation report, building and site survey
gestion de lenvironnement FR
Dfinition: Suivi des paramtres environne-
mentaux afin de limiter limpact de lenviron-
nement sur la conservation des peintures mu-
rales et surfaces architectoniques.
Commentaires: Une stratgie est dfinie sur
la base dinformations issues dtudes de len-
Sources: Conservation prventive 1992; Heritage, Gowing 2002a; Keene 2002
296
vironnement comme les relevs des zones
dhumidit, les mesures climatiques ou en pol-
luants de lair ou la surface de la peinture mu-
rale etc. Elle inclut une vrification priodique
et la maintenance des appareillages comme le
chauffage, la ventilation, lhumidification de
lair, la filtration, lclairage, le drainage. Elle in-
tgre aussi une valuation de leurs effets dans
le temps et leur programmation. Elle peut
aussi inclure un plan durgence si ncessaire.
drainage, mesures durgence, maintenance
et suivi de conservation, contrles priodiques,
valuation des conditions environnementales,
tude diagnostic des btiments et sites (tat sani-
taire du bti), rapport de conservation-restauration
Umweltmanagement DE
Definition: Das berwachen verschiedener
Umweltparameter, um den Einfluss der Um-
welt auf die Erhaltung der Wandmalereien
und Architekturoberflchen einzugrenzen.
Kommentar: Es beinhaltet die Einfhrung ei-
ner Umweltstrategie. Dafr werden Informa-
tionen aus Umweltuntersuchungen berck-
sichtigt, z.B. Wasser- und Feuchtetransport
oder Luft- und Oberflchenbeobachtungen
(des Klimas, der Luftverschmutzung etc.).
Das Umweltmanagement beinhaltet auch die
regelmige Prfung und Pflege von Umwelt-
systemen wie Heizung, Lftung, Ent- oder Be-
Monitoring including relative
humidity and temperature
measurements (bottom, left and
centre) and observations
including passive IR
thermography (bottom, centre)
relative to environmental issues;
Photos: CICRP (Jean-Marc Vallet)
feuchtung, Filter, Beleuchtung, Drainage, die
Auswertung ihrer Langzeiteffekte und ihre
Programmierung. Falls ntig, kann es auch ei-
nen aktuellen Notfallplan beinhalten.
Drainage, Notfallmanahmen, Pflege und
Wartung, Monitoring, Umweltprfung, Bau-
aufnahme, Restaurierungsdokumentation
Upravljanje okoliem HR
Definicija: Nadziranje razliitih parametara
okolia da bi se ograniio utjecaj okolia na
uvjete zatite zidnih slika i arhitektonskih po-
vrina.
Napomena: Upravljanje okoliem ukljuuje
provedbu definirane okoline strategije. Uzi-
maju se u obzir informacije koje dolaze od
istraivanja okolia, poput vlage ili nadziranje
zraka i povrine (od klime, oneienja itd.).
Upravljanje okoliem takoer ukljuuje perio-
dine provjere i odravanje okolinih sustava
poput grijanja, ventilacije, o(d)vlaivaa, filtra-
cija, osvjetljenja, odvodnje vode, vrednovanje
njihovih uinaka tijekom vremena i njihovo
programiranje. Ako je nuno moe ukljuivati
i aurirani hitni plan.
drenaa, hitne intervencije, odravanje i
skrb, nadziranje, procjena okolia, pregled
graevine i mjesta
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Krnyezet menedzsment HU Komentarz: Skutkuje wprowadzeniem okre- efectos con el tiempo y su programacin.
lonej strategii warunkw rodowiska. Tambin puede incluir, si es necesario, un plan
Meghatrozs: Klnfle krnyezeti param- Uwzgldnia informacje pochodzce z bada de emergencia actualizado.
terek monitorozsa, annak rdekben, hogy rodowiska, takie jak pomiary wilgotnoci czy
korltozzk a krnyezet hatst a falkpek s monitoringu powierzchni i powietrza (klima- drenaje, medidas de emergencia, manteni-
ptszeti felletek megrzsre. tu, zanieczyszcze itd.) Zarzdzanie klimatem miento y cuidado, monitorizacin, estudio me-
obejmuje te okresowe przegldy systemw dioambiental, inspeccin del edificio y su entorno
Megjegyzs: Egy jl meghatrozott krnyezeti klimatycznych takich jak: urzdzenia grzew-
stratgia vgrehajtst felttelezi. Figyelembe cze, wentylacja, od- i nawilacze, filtry, owiet-
veszi a krnyezeti vizsglatokbl szrmaz in- lenie, odprowadzenie wody, ocena dalszej ich evresel ynetim tR
formcikat, pldul a nedvessgmrseket efektywnoci i zaprogramowania. W razie po-
vagy a leveg s a fellet monitorozst (klma, trzeby moe te obejmowa uaktualnianie Tanm: Duvar resimlerinin ve mimari yzeyle-
szennyezanyagok, stb.). A krnyezet me- planu na wypadek nagych zagroe. rin korunmasnda evrenin etkiyi snrlandr-
nedzsment magba foglalja az pletgpszeti mak iin eitli evresel parametrelerin gz-
rendszerek (fts, szellztets, prsts, prt- odpywy, sytuacje nadzwyczajne, pielg- lemlenmesi.
lants, lgszrs, vilgts, vzelvezets, stb.) nacja i opieka, monitoring, ocena warunkw
rendszeres ellenrzst s karbantartst, j- rodowiska, ogldziny budynku i otoczenia, Yorum: Belirlenmi evresel stratejinin uygu-
vbeli hatsuknak felmrst s programl- raport konserwatorski lanmasn ierir. Nem aratrmas ve hava veya
sukat. Szksg esetn magba foglalhatja a yzey izlenmesi (iklim, kirleticiler vb.) gibi ev-
frisstett katasztrfa elhrtsi tervet is. resel aratrmalarndan gelen bilgiyi gz
management de mediu Ro nnde bulundurur. evresel ynetim ayrca
vzelvezets, srgssgi beavatkozs, kar- stma, havalandrma, nemlendirme, kurutma,
bantarts s gondozs, monitorozs, krnye- Definiie: Monitorizarea diferiilor parametri filtreleme, aydnlatma, drenaj ve bunlarn za-
zet vizsglat, plet- s helysznfelmrs de mediu cu scopul de a limita impactul me- manla deiimlerinin etkilerini ve program-
diului asupra condiiilor de conservare a pic- lanmas gibi evresel sistemlerin bakmn ve
turilor murale i a suprafeelor arhitecturale. periyodik kontroln ierir. Gerektiinde gn-
gestione dellambiente it cel acil durum plann da ierebilir.
Adnotare: Implic implementarea unei strate-
Definizione: Il monitoraggio di vari parametri gii de mediu bine definite. Acesta ia n conside- drenaj, acil durum nlemi, bakm ve koru-
ambientali per delimitare limpatto delle in- rare informaiile ce provin din investigaiile de ma, izleme, evresel deerlendirme, koruma
fluenze ambientali sullo stato di conservazio- mediu, gradul de umiditate sau monitorizarea raporu, bina ve mahal incelemesi (rleve)
ne di pitture murali e superfici architettoniche. aerului i a suprafeei (clim, poluani, etc.). Ma-
nagementul de mediu include, de asemenea,
Commento: La gestione dellambiente com- verificri periodice i ntreinerea sistemelor de Bg
prende la realizzazione di una strategia ambien- mediu, precum sistemul de nclzire, ventilaia,
tale chiaramente definita. Questa prende in con- (de-) umidificarea, filtrarea, iluminarea, drena- : -
siderazione le informazioni provenienti dalle ri- jul, evaluarea efectelor lor n timp i programa- -
cerche sullambiente, come p. es. lo studio del rea acestora. Dac este necesar poate include
contenuto di acqua e umidit, o il monitoraggio un plan de urgen actualizat.
dellaria e delle superfici architettoniche, in re- .
lazione al clima, a agenti e sostanze inquinanti drenaj, msuri de urgen, ntreinere i n-
ecc. La gestione dellambiente include anche il grijire, monitorizare, evaluarea condiiilor de : -
controllo periodico e la manutenzione dei siste- mediu, monitorizarea sitului i a monumentului .
mi regolatori dellambiente, come p. es. il riscal-
damento, la ventilizzazione, lumidificazione e -
la deumidificazione, il filtraggio, lilluminazione, gestin medioambiental Es -
il drenaggio, e levaluazione degli effetti di questi ( , -
sistemi a lungo termine nonch la loro program- Definicin: Seguimiento de diversos parme- .).
mazione. Pu anche includere, se questo ri- tros ambientales para limitar el efecto del me- -
chiesto, un piano di emergenza aggiornato. dio ambiente sobre la conservacin de pintu- , -
ras murales y superficies arquitectnicas. , , /-
monitoraggio, manutenzione, drenaggio, , , , ,
misure di emergenza, valutazione ambienta- Comentario: Conlleva la aplicacin de una es- -
le, sondaggi sulledificio e sul sito trategia ambiental definida. Tiene en cuenta . ,
la informacin procedente de los estudios am- -
bientales, como las medidas de humedad del .
Zarzdzanie warunkami rodowiska PL ambiente y el control superficial (del clima, de
contaminantes, etc.).Incluye tambin el con- , ,
Definicja: Monitoring rnych parametrw trol y el mantenimiento peridico de sistemas , ,
rodowiska w celu ograniczenia wpywu ro- ambientales como la calefaccin, la ventila- ,
dowiska na stan zachowania malowide cien- cin, la (des)humidificacin, la filtracin, la ilu- , -
nych i powierzchni architektonicznych. minacin o los desages y la evaluacin de sus -

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Channel around the Chapel of Saint Martin de Fenollar, Maureillas-las-Illas (France), 12th century; Photo: 2012,
CICRP (Jean-Marc Vallet)
Drainage EN
Definition: The artificial evacuation of runoff
water, water in the soil, or water that is in the
structure in order to dry a building and its
walls.
Comment: The standard drainage procedure
involves drains that collect water by gravity or
by pumping. The water is transported and car-
ried away through surface or buried collectors
(e.g. gutters, culverts, drains).
environmental management, maintenance
and care
Sources: Larousse: drainage (13.12.2014); Harris 2003
298
Drainage
Dfinition: Action dvacuer artificiellement
leau de ruissellement ou contenue dans les
sols ou dans les structures, afin dasscher un
btiment et sa maonnerie.
Commentaires: Un systme de drainage clas-
sique collecte leau de surface par gravit ou
par pompage. Leau est transporte et va-
cue par coulement de surface ou en utili-
sant des collecteurs enterrs (ex. gouttires,
caniveaux, drains) ou des matriaux drainants.
gestion de lenvironnement, maintenance et
suivi de conservation
FR Drainage DE
Definition: Der knstliche Abtransport von
Regenwasser, Wasser im Boden oder im Bau-
werk, um das Gebude und seine Mauern zu
trocknen.
Kommentar: Das Prinzip einer Drainage beruht
auf Abflssen, die Wasser durch die Schwerkraft
oder durch Pumpen sammeln. Das Wasser wird
ber oberflchliche oder eingegrabene Sam-
melstellen abtransportiert (z.B. Regenrinnen,
Durchlsse, Abflussrohre).
Synonyme: Drnage, Drnung, Entwsserung
Umweltmanagement, Wartung und Pflege

Drenaa HR
Definicija: Umjetna odvodnja tekue vode,
zemne vode ili vode koja je u strukturi kako bi
se osuila graevina i njezini zidovi.
Napomena: Standardni postupci drenae
ukljuuju odvodne kanale koji skupljaju vodu
s pomou gravitacije ili crpljenjem. Voda se
prenosi i odvodi kroz povrinu ili skrivenim ko-
lektorima (npr. slivnicima, podzemnim kana-
lima i odvodnim kanalima).
upravljanje okoliem, odravanje i skrb
vzelvezets HU
Meghatrozs: A felszni vizek, talajvizek s a
szerkezeti vizek mestersges elvezetse annak
rdekben, hogy az plet s falai kiszradja-
nak.
Megjegyzs: A standard vzelvezetsi eljr-
sok csatornkat hasznlnak, melyek gravitci
vagy pumpls ltal gyjtik ssze a vizet. A vz
szlltsa s elvezetse felszni vagy fldalatti gropate (de ex. jgheaburi, rigole, canale de
elvezet rendszerekkel trtnik (csatornk, v-
ztvezetk, drncsvek).
krnyezet menedzsment, karbantarts s
gondozs
Drenaggio
Definizione: Evacuazione artificiale di acque
superficiali o presenti nel sottosuolo o nel cor-
po di fabbrica stesso, per asciugare un edificio
e le sue strutture murarie.
Commento: Il drenaggio di tipo standardiz-
zato prevede canalizzazioni di scarico che rac-
colgono lacqua attraverso la forza di gravit
o un sistema di pompaggio. Lacqua viene fat-
ta defluire attraverso punti di raccolta super-
ficiali o interrati (p. es. pozzetti o trincee dre-
nanti, canali di gronda e tubi di scarico).
gestione dellambiente, manutenzione
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odpywy PL Drenaj tR
Definicja: Sztuczne odprowadzenie wd opa- Tanm: Yap ve yap duvarlarn kurutmak iin
dowych, wd gruntowych lub wody obecnej w kaak suyun, zemin suyunun veya yapdaki su-
strukturze, w celu osuszenia budowli i jej cian. yun tahliyesi.
Komentarz: Standardowy system odprowa- Yorum: Standart drenaj sistemi yer ekimi ve-
dzenia obejmuje rury zbierajce wod na za- ya pompalama ekliyle suyu toplayan kanal-
sadzie grawitacji lub poprzez pompowanie. lar ierir. Su, gml toplayclar (oluklar,
Woda jest odprowadzana po powierzchni lub menfezler, kanallar) yoluyla veya yzeyden ta-
przez podziemne kolektory (np. rynny, prze- nr.
pusty, odpywy). E anlam: tahliye kanal
Synonimy: drena, dreny, odwadnianie
evresel ynetim, bakm ve koruma
zarzdzanie warunkami rodowiska, pielg-
nacja i opieka
Drenaj Ro Bg
Definiie: Evacuarea artificial a apei pluviale, :
a apei din sol, sau a apei din structur, cu sco- ,
pul de a usca o cldire i zidurile acesteia. ,
.
Adnotare: Procedura standard de drenaj im-
plic drenuri ce colecteaz apa prin gravitaie : -
sau prin pompare. Apa este transportat i -
evacuat la suprafa, sau prin colectoare n- ,
.
scurgere). -
(. , , ).
managementul mediului, ntreinere i ngri-
jire , -
it Drenaje Es
Definicin: Evacuacin artificial de agua de
escorrenta, agua del suelo o agua de la es-
tructura con el fin de secar un edificio y sus
muros.
Comentario: El procedimiento estndar de
drenaje implica desages que recogen el agua
por gravedad o por bombeo. El agua se trans-
porta a travs de colectores superficiales o
subterrneos (por ejemplo, canalones, alcan-
tarillas o desages).
gestin ambiental, mantenimiento y cuida-
do
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Facing applied to temporarily prevent scaling and delaminated areas from falling, chapel Saint Pierre,
Villefranche sur mer (France), painted by Jean Cocteau, 1956/7; Photo: 2008, CICRP (Odile Guillon)
Emergency measure EN
Definition: Treatments that aim to temporar-
ily halt active deterioration and preserve a
part of or the entire wall painting.
Comment: They aim at maintaining a reason-
ably stable state of conservation until the
most appropriate treatment can be carried
out. They can correspond to a set of actions
such as facing, emergency consolidation or
the application of compresses. Such interven-
tions are usually made immediately after a dis-
aster or acts of vandalism in order to prevent
further loss.
environmental management, drainage,
maintenance and care
Source: Conservation Dictionary 2001
300
mesures durgence
Dfinition: Actions visant stopper provisoi-
rement le dveloppement dune dgradation
et sauver une peinture murale ou une partie.
Commentaires: Elles visent maintenir un
tat de conservation acceptable en attendant
une restauration ultrieure. Elles peuvent cor-
respondre une srie dactions telles que la
pose de facings, de compresses, la consolida-
tion durgence. Elles sont gnralement rali-
ses le plus rapidement possible pour faire
face un accident et viter des dgradations
probables.
gestion de lenvironnement, drainage,
maintenance et suivi de conservation
FR Notfallmanahmen DE
Definition: Restauratorische Eingriffe, die ei-
ne aktive Schdigung zeitweise stoppen sol-
len, um einen Teil oder die gesamte Wandma-
lerei zu retten.
Kommentar: Notfallmanahmen sollen ei-
nen angemessen stabilen Zustand aufrecht
erhalten, bis die am besten geeigneten Ma-
nahmen ausgefhrt werden knnen. Es kann
sich um Manahmen, wie Facing, Notsiche-
rung, Vorfestigung, oder den Auftrag von
Kompressen handeln. Solche Eingriffe werden
blicherweise direkt nach einer Naturkata-
strophe oder Vandalismus durchgefhrt, um
weitere Schden zu verhindern.
Umweltmanagement, Drainage, Wartung
und Pflege
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Hitne intervencije HR rodki nadzwyczajnene PL acil durum nlemleri tR

Definicija: Postupci kojima je svrha privreme- Definicja: Dziaania majce na celu powstrzy- Tanm: Duvar resminin bir ksmn veya bt-
no zaustavljanje aktivnoga pogoranja i uva- manie aktywnych zniszcze i ocalenie czci nn korumak ve geici olarak aktif bozulmay
nje dijela ili cijele zidne slike. czy caego malowida ciennego. durdurmak iin yaplan iyiletirmeler.

Napomena: Njihova je svrha odravanje prih-
vatljiva, stabilna stanja zatite sve dok se ne
provede primjeren postupak. One mogu od-
govarati postupcima poput facinga, urne
konsolidacije ili stavljanja obloga. Takve inter-
vencije u pravilu se ine nakon katastrofa ili i-
na vandalizma kako bi se sprijeio daljnji gu-
bitak.
procjena okolia, drenaa, odravanje i
skrb
Komentarz: Maj na celu zapewnienie mo-
liwie stabilnego stanu zachowania a do mo-
mentu przeprowadzenia waciwych zabie-
gw. Odnosz si do takich dziaa jak zabez-
pieczenie lica, ratownicza konsolidacja lub na-
oenie kompresw. Takie dziaania podejmo-
wane s zwykle natychmiast po nieszczli-
wym zdarzeniu lub akcie wandalizmu, by za-
pobiec dalszym stratom.
zarzdzanie warunkami rodowiska, odpy-
wy, opieka i pielgnacja
Yorum: Bu nlemler, en uygun iyiletirme i-
lemi uygulanana kadar en makul koruma du-
rumunun devam ettirilmesi iin yaplr.Yzeye
Japon kad yada tlbent bezi yaptrarak
geici salama alma (facing), acil salamlatr-
ma veya kompres (bastrma, bask altna alma)
uygulamas gibi bir dizi ileme karlk gelebi-
lir. Bu gibi mdahaleler genellikle, bir felaket
veya vandallk eyleminin hemen ardndan da-
ha fazla kayp olmasn engellemek iin yap-
lr.
evresel ynetim, drenaj, bakm ve koruma

srgssgi beavatkozs HU msuri de urgen Ro Bg

Meghatrozs: Olyan intzkeds, mely clja Definiie: Tratamente ce vizeaz stoparea : ,

egy idre lelltani az aktv krosodsokat s temporar a degradrii active i conservarea ,
megrizni a teljes falkpet vagy annak egy r- unei pri sau a ntregii picturi murale. -
szt. .
Adnotare: Acestea vizeaz meninerea unei
Megjegyzs: Clja megrizni egy elfogadha- stri rezonabile de conservare pn la aplica- : -
t, stabil megtartsi llapotot addig, amg sor rea unui tratament adecvat. Acestea cores-
kerlhet a legmegfelelbb beavatkozsra. Le- pund unor serii de aciuni precum aplicarea , -
het sz tbb eljrsrl is, mint a facing (lera- unui facing, fixarea i consolidarea de urgen - .
gaszts), srgssgi megkts vagy pakol- ori aplicarea compreselor. Astfel de intervenii -
sok alkalmazsa. Az ilyen tpus beavatkoz- sunt de obicei efectuate imediat dup un de- , ,
sokra ltalban kzvetlenl egy katasztrfa zastru natural sau un act de vandalism, cu sco- -
vagy vandalizmus utn kerl sor, azrt, hogy pul de a preveni pierderi ulterioare. .
megakadlyozzk a tovbbi krosodsokat.
management de mediu, drenaj, ntreinere , -
krnyezet menedzsment, vzelvezets, kar- i ngrijire .
bantarts s gondozs
, ,

misure di emergenza it medidas de emergencia Es

Definizione: Ogni operazione temporanea ri- Definicin: Protocolos realizados para dete-
volta ad arrestare un degrado attivo e salvare ner de forma cautelar deterioros activos y sal-
in parte o completamente una pittura murale. vaguardar una parte o toda la pintura mural.

Commento: Queste misure di emergenza vo- Comentario: Su objetivo es mantener estable

gliono stabilire uno stato di conservazione per
quanto possibile adeguato dellopera, prima
che le vere e proprie operazioni di conserva-
zione e restauro possano avere luogo. Com-
prendono una serie di azioni come ad esem-
pio la velinatura, un fissaggio o consolidamen-
to di emergenza, o lapplicazione di impacchi.
Tali interventi di solito vengono eseguiti im-
mediatamente dopo una catastrofe o un atto
di vandalismo, per evitare ulteriori perdite.
gestione dellambiente, drenaggio, manu-
tenzione
un estado de conservacin razonable hasta
que pueda realizarse un tratamiento ms ade-
cuado. Puede corresponder con acciones co-
mo el revestimiento, la consolidacin de
emergencia o la aplicacin de protecciones.
Este tipo de intervenciones se realizan, de for-
ma general, inmediatamente despus de un
desastre o acto vandlico, con la intencin de
prevenir daos mayores.
gestin medioambiental, drenaje, mante-
nimiento y cuidado

301
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Temporary protection, wall painting by Le Corbusier during restoration of Villa E-1027, Roquebrune-Cap Martin (France), 20th century; Photo: 2007, CICRP (Odile Guillon)
maintenance and care
Definition: Any active or passive act, carried
out on a routine basis that aims to preserve a
wall painting, but not including direct treat-
ment or other interventions.
Comment: It concerns physical actions per-
formed on the surrounding environment (in-
cluding the building itself) and the monitor-
ing of conservation conditions. It combines an
administrative protocol as well as the man-
agement of monitoring and technical actions
which ensure the appropriate conservation of
the wall painting as it would have been previ-
ously defined within a preventive conserva-
tion study.
environmental management, emergency
measure
Sources: Conservation Dictionary 2001; Gowings, Godfrain 2005
302
EN maintenance et suivi de conservation FR
Dfinition: Toute action directe ou indirecte
base sur des actions de routine autre quun
traitement ou toute autre intervention et qui
a pour but de prserver une peinture murale.
Commentaires: Ces actions ont pour but
dassurer lentretien du bti et de la peinture
murale et la surveillance des conditions de
conservation. Elles sont dfinies grce une
tude pralable de conservation prventive.
Elles consistent en lapplication dun proto-
cole dcisionnel et administratif, une gestion
des interventions techniques et le suivi des
mesures ralises afin dassurer la bonne
conservation de la peinture murale.
gestion de lenvironnement, mesures dur-
gence
Wartung und Pflege DE
Definition: Alle aktiven oder passiven Ma-
nahmen, die routinemig durchgefhrt wer-
den, um eine Wandmalerei zu erhalten, ohne
direkte Behandlungen oder andere Eingriffe.
Kommentar: Wartung und Pflege bestehen
aus technischen Manahmen am Gebude
und dessen Umgebung sowie aus dem Moni-
toring des Erhaltungszustandes. Es kombi-
niert das berwachungsprotokoll mit dem
Management des Monitorings und der tech-
nischen Manahmen, damit die geeignete Er-
haltung der Wandmalerei sichergestellt wird,
wie es vorab in einer Studie zur prventiven
Konservierung definiert wurde.
Umweltmanagement, Notfallmanahmen
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odravanje i skrb HR gio e di tutte le azioni tecniche che sono neces-
sarie per assicurare uno stato di conservazione
Definicija: Svaki aktivni ili pasivni in izveden appropriato della pittura murale, cos come
rutinski, a kojemu je svrha uvati zidnu sliku, stato definito in precedenza, in base ad uno
bez ukljuivanja izravnoga postupka ili drugih studio di conservazione preventiva.
intervencija.
gestione dellambiente, misure di emergenza
Napomena: Odravanje i skrb podrazumije-
vanju fizike aktivnosti koje se provode u oko-
lini, ukljuujui samu graevinu i nadziranje opieka i pielgnacja PL
uvjeta zatite. Sjedinjuju upravne postupke
jednako kao i voenje nadzora i tehnikih po- Definicja: Wszelkie dziaanie bierne lub czynne
stupaka koji osiguravaju odgovarajuu zatitu podjte poza podstawow rutynow praktyk
zidne slike koja je prethodno bila odreena u w celu ochrony malowida bez podejmowania
studiji o preventivnoj zatiti. jakichkolwiek zabiegw czy interwencji.
upravljanje okoliem, hitne intervencije Komentarz: Dotyczy fizycznych dziaa wy-
konanych w otaczajcym rodowisku wcza-
jc sam budynek i monitoring warunkw.
Karbantarts s gondozs HU Obejmuje przepisy administracyjne jak rw-
nie zarzdzanie monitoringiem i procesami
Meghatrozs: Brmely aktv vagy passzv te- specjalistycznymi, ktre zapewni waciwe
vkenysg, amelyet rutinszeren vgeznek warunki trwania malowida ciennego jak to
annak rdekben, hogy megrizzenek egy fal- zostao wczeniej zdefiniowane w studium
kpet; a kzvetlen kezelsek s egyb beavat- konserwacji zapobiegawczej.
kozsok nem sorolhatk ide.
zarzdzanie warunkami rodowiska, rodki
Megjegyzs: Fizikai intzkedsekre vonatko- nadzwyczajne
zik, melyeket a kzvetlen krnyezeten hajta-
nak vgre, belertve magt az pletet is, va-
lamint az llagmegvsi krlmnyek moni- ntreinere i ngrijire Ro
torozsra. Egy adminisztratv protokollt s a
monitorozs menedzsmentjt tvzi azokkal Definiie: Orice aciune activ sau pasiv,
a mszaki eljrsokkal, melyek a falkp meg- efectuat ca o rutin cu scopul de a conserva
felel konzervlst biztostjk, amint azt ko- o pictur mural; nu include tratamente direc-
rbban meghatroztk a megelz llagme- te sau alte intervenii.
gvsi tanulmnyban.
Adnotare: Se refer la aciuni fizice efectuate
krnyezet menedzsment, srgssgi beavat- asupra mediului nconjurtor, inclusiv asupra
kozs cldirii n sine i la monitorizarea condiiilor de
conservare. Aceasta combin un protocol ad-
ministrativ, precum i o gestionare a monito-
manutenzione it rizrii i aciuni tehnice ce asigur conservarea
corespunztoare a picturii murale, aa cum a
Definizione: Ogni forma di azione diretta o fost definit anterior n studiile de conservare
indiretta, eseguita periodicamente, che ri- preventiv.
volta alla preservazione e salvaguardia di una Sinonim: mentenan
pittura murale. Non fanno parte della manu-
tenzione tutti gli interventi diretti sullopera, management de mediu, msuri de urgen
p. es. interventi di conservazione e restauro.
Comentario: Se trata de acciones fsicas rea-
lizadas en el ambiente circundante a la obra y
que incluyen el propio edificio y la monitori-
zacin de las condiciones de conservacin.
Combina un protocolo administrativo con ac-
ciones de gestin, control y operaciones tc-
nicas que aseguran la correcta conservacin
de la pintura mural tal y como ha sido definida
previamente en los estudios de conservacin
preventiva.
gestin medioambiental, medidas de emer-
gencia
Bakm ve koruma tR
Tanm: Dorudan iyiletirme ya da dier m-
dahaleleri iermeyen rutin olarak uygulanan
duvar resmini korumay amalayan aktif veya
pasif ilem.
Yorum: Binann kendini de ieren evre orta-
mnda yaplan fiziksel ilemler ve koruma du-
rumlarnn gzlemlenmesi ile ilgilidir. Bu, daha
nceden tanmland gibi idari protokol ve
gzlemleme ynetimini ve nleyici koruma
almas iinde duvar resminin dzgn ko-
runmasn garantileyen teknik eylemleri kap-
sar.
evresel ynetim, acil durum nlemi
Bg
:
,
,
.
: -
, , -
, -
. -
-
, -
,
.

Commento: La manutenzione comprende mantenimiento y cuidado Es ,

azioni eseguite nei dintorni dellopera, inclu-
dendo il suo ambiente di presentazione e ledi-
ficio nel quale si trova, nonch il monitoraggio
delle condizioni di conservazione esistenti. Di
solito sono previsti un protocollo periodico di
amministrazione e la gestione del monitorag-
Definicin: Cualquier acto, activo o pasivo,
llevado a cabo de forma rutinaria que preten-
de preservar una pintura mural, sin tratamien-
tos directos ni otras intervenciones sobre la
propia obra.

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Example of cleaning, wall painting by Dionis Vidal, Church of San Nicols Obispo y San Pedro Mrtir, Valencia (Spain), 1694-1700; Photo: 2014, UPV

cleaning EN Nettoyage FR Reinigung DE

Definition: Action performed to remove dirt
deposits, foreign matter and products of alter-
ation present on the artwork surface that can
be the source of decay or deterioration or aes-
thetic disturbance.
Dfinition: Action visant liminer les dpts
de crasses, matires trangres et produits
daltration prsents sur la surface dun bien
culturel, qui peuvent tre source daltration,
dgradation ou perturbation esthtique.
Definition: Manahme, mit der Schmutzab-
lagerungen, Fremdmaterial und Verwitte-
rungsprodukte, die Schden verursachen
oder sthetisch stren knnen, von einer
Oberflche entfernt werden.

Comment: The main cleaning techniques are
mechanical, physico-chemical and biological.
Mechanical cleaning is done manually with
the help of various tools or with the aid of
equipment, that exert forces that break the
bonds between the dirt and the artwork.
Physico-chemical cleaning aims to dissolve
the materials to be removed by means of or-
ganic solvents, water and/or chemical
reagents. Biological cleaning (biocleaning) us-
es living organisms and/or their enzymes as
cleaning agents by controlled reproduction of
their metabolic processes.
Commentaires: Les techniques principales
sont mcaniques, physico- chimiques et bio-
logiques. Le nettoyage mcanique est fait
laide doutils manuels ou dappareils qui exer-
cent des forces pour casser les liaisons entre
le dpt et la surface. Le nettoyage physico-
chimique a pour but de dissoudre les mat-
riaux laide de solvants organiques, de leau
ou de ractifs chimiques. Le nettoyage biolo-
gique utilise des organismes vivants ou leurs
enzymes avec le contrle de la reproduction
des processus mtaboliques.
Kommentar: Die Haupttechniken sind me-
chanisch, physikalisch-chemisch und biolo-
gisch: Bei der mechanischen Reinigung nutzt
man verschiedene Werkzeuge oder Gerte,
mit denen man die Verbindung von Schmutz
und Kunstwerk mit Kraft aufbricht. Die physi-
kalisch-chemische Reinigung soll die zu ent-
fernenden Materialien durch organische L-
semittel, Wasser und/oder chemische Reagen-
zen lsen. Die biologische Reinigung nutzt le-
bende Organismen und/oder Enzyme als Rea-
genzen durch die kontrollierte Reproduktion
ihrer Stoffwechselprozesse.

Sources: Barros 2005, 126; Bosch-Roig et al. 2013, 266; Botticelli 1992, 69; Calvo Manuel 1997, 133; Cappitelli et al. 2006, 3733; Cremonesi 2002, 711; Del Pino
2004, 263; Domenech, Yus 2006, 153159; Gmez 1998, 359371; Ferroni 1982, 265; Grimmer 1984, 46; Mora et al. 1984, 282; Ranalli et al. 2005, 73; Cleaning
1992, 918

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ienje HR pulitura biologica (biopulitura) utilizza micro- Comentario: Las principales tcnicas de lim-
organismi vivi e/o enzimi come agenti di pu- pieza son las mecnicas, las fsico-qumicas y
Definicija: Uklanjanje naslaga prljavtine, litura, attraverso una riproduzione controllata las biolgicas. La limpieza mecnica se realiza
stranih tvari i posljedica promjena s povrine dei loro processi metabolici. manualmente con la ayuda de utensilios o con
umjetnikoga djela koji mogu prouzroiti pro- el apoyo de equipos, ejerciendo fuerzas que
padanje, oteenje ili estetsko naruavanje. rompen la adhesin entre la suciedad y la
oczyszczanie PL obra. La limpieza fsico-qumica pretende la
Napomena: Glavne tehnike ienja su me- disolucin de los materiales que se desea re-
hanike, fiziko-kemijske i bioloke. Definicja: Dziaania podjte w celu usunicia tirar mediante el empleo de disolventes org-
Mehaniko ienje obavlja se runo s pomou nawarstwie brudu, obcych substancji i produk- nicos, agua y reactivos qumicos. La limpieza
razliitih alata ili s pomou opreme , primjenju- tw przemian chemicznych obecnych na po- biolgica (biolimpieza) utiliza microorganis-
jui silu koja razbija veze izmeu prljavtine i wierzchni dziea sztuki mogcych by rdem mos vivos y/o sus enzimas como agentes de
umjetnikoga djela. Fiziko-kemijskim ie- rozpadu, zniszcze lub zakce estetycznych. limpieza, reproduciendo controladamente
njem materijali se otapaju uporabom organskih sus procesos metablicos.
otapala, vode i/ili kemijskih reagensa. Bioloko Komentarz: Stosuje si gwnie metody me-
ienje (bioienje) koristi se ivim organizmi- chaniczne, fizyko-chemiczne i biologiczne.
ma i/ili njihovim enzimima kontroliranom re- Mechaniczne czyszczenie wykonuje si rcz- temizleme tR
produkcijom njihovih metabolikih procesa. nie przy pomocy narzdzi lub z uyciem urz-
dze wykorzystujcych siy, ktre zrywaj po- Tanm: Sanat eserinin yzeyinde bulunan -
czenia midzy brudem i dzieem sztuki. rme, ktleme ya da grsel kirlilik sebebi
tisztts HU Oczyszczanie fizyko-chemiczne ma na celu olabilen kir kalntlarn, yabanc maddeleri ve
rozpuszczenie materiau, ktry ma by usuni- bozulma rnlerini karmak iin yaplan i-
Meghatrozs: A malkots felletn lev ty z uyciem rozpuszczalnikw organicznych, lem.
szennyezdsek, lerakdsok, idegen anya- wody i / lub odczynnikw chemicznych. Do
gok s bomlstermkek eltvoltsra irnyu- oczyszczania biologicznego stosuje ywe or- Yorum: Ana temizleme teknikleri mekanik, fi-
l tevkenysg, annak rdekben, hogy ezek ganizmy i / lub ich enzymy poprzez kontrolo- ziko-kimyasal ve biyolojiktir. Mekanik temizlik
ne lehessenek bomls, krosods vagy eszt- wane wykorzystanie ich metabolizmu. kir ve sanat eseri arasndaki balar krmak iin
tikai elvltozs forrsai. g uygulayan eitli alet ve aralarn) yard-
myla veya ekipmanlarn desteiyle elle yaplr.
Megjegyzs: A fbb tiszttsi eljrsok a me- curare Ro Fiziko-kimyasal temizlik, organik zcler, su
chanikus, a fizikai-kmiai s a biolgiai tiszt- ve/veya kimyasal ayralar kullanarak malze-
ts. A mechanikus tiszttst manulisan vg- Definiie: Aciune efectuat pentru ndepr- menin zlmesini amalar. Biyolojik temiz-
zik, klnfle eszkzk vagy berendezsek se- tarea depunerilor de murdrie, materiilor str- lik,canl organizmalarn kontroll olarak yeni-
gtsgvel; az ltaluk kifejtett erk megszn- ine i agenilor de alterare prezeni pe supra- den retimi yoluyla ve/veya onlarn enzimle-
tetik a szennyezds ktdst a malkots- faa operei de art, ce pot fi surse de dezinte- rini temizlik gereleri olarak kullanr.
hoz. A fizikai-kmiai tisztts clja feloldani az grare, de degradare sau de perturbare esteti-
eltvoltand anyagot szerves oldszerek, vz c.
s/vagy vegyszerek segtsgvel. A biolgiai Bg
tisztts l szervezeteket s/vagy ltaluk ter- Adnotare: Principalele tehnici de curare
melt enzimeket hasznl fel tiszttszerknt, el- sunt mecanice, fizico-chimice i biologice. Cu- : ,
lenrztt krlmnyek kztt reproduklva rarea mecanic se efectueaz manual cu , -
ezek anyagcsere folyamatait. ajutorul diferitelor instrumente sau cu ajutorul -
echipamentelor ce exercit fore ce rup leg- , ;
turile dintre murdrie i opera de art. Cura- ,
Pulitura it rea fizico-chimic are scopul de a dizolva ma- .
terialele ce urmeaz s fie ndeprtate prin uti-
Definizione: Intervento eseguito per rimuo- lizarea solvenilor organici, a apei i/sau a reac- :
vere depositi di sporco, sostanze estranee e tivilor chimici. Curarea biologic (bioclea- : -
prodotti di alterazione presenti sulla superficie ning) utilizeaz organisme vii i/sau enzimele
dellopera. Questi possono causare degrado e lor n calitate de ageni de curare, prin repro- , ,
deterioramento e arrecare disturbi estetici. ducerea controlat a proceselor lor metabo-
lice. . -
Commento: Le pi importanti tecniche di pu- ,
litura sono meccaniche, fisico-chimiche e bio- , -
logiche. La pulitura meccanica si esegue a ma- Limpieza Es , / .
no con laiuto di vari strumenti o con il sup-
porto di attrezzi, che applicano forze che rom- Definicin: Proceso de eliminacin de dep- / -
pono i legami tra lo sporco e lopera darte. La sitos de suciedad, materiales ajenos y produc-
pulitura fisico-chimica cerca di sciogliere i ma- tos de alteracin que pueden ser causa o fuen-
teriali da rimuovere mediante lazione di sol- te de deterioro. .
venti organici, acqua e/o reagenti chimici. La

305
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Salt efflorescence on a wall painting (left), example of salt reduction (right) on a wall painting by Antonio A. Palomino/ Guillo, Church of Santos Juanes, Valencia (Spain), 1698-
1700; Photo: 2011, UPV
salt reduction EN
Definition: Diminution of the salt content of
a material using different extraction tech-
niques.
Comment: The principal methods of salt re-
duction can vary according to the origin and
location of the saline contamination. They can
include mechanical methods, poulticing, sac-
rificial renders, immersion baths, electro-
chemical methods and bioremediation. There
are no clear ways that enable one to decide
whether a material has been optimally desali-
nated, and it is necessary to monitor the
process through qualitative and quantitative
analyses of mobilised ions.
poulticing, sacrificial render, salt efflores-
cence, cleaning
Sources: Alfano et al. 2011; Arnold, Zehnder 1991; Auras 2008; Bosch-Roig et al. 2013; Leitner 2005; Heritage 2008; Sawdy et al. 2010; Zornoza-Indart 2012, 148
306
Dessalement
Dfinition: Diminution de la teneur en sel
dun matriau au moyen de diffrentes tech-
niques dextraction.
Commentaires: Les principales mthodes d-
pendent de lorigine et de la localisation de la
contamination en sel. Elles peuvent inclure
des mthodes mcaniques, compresses, en-
duits sacrificiels, bains, mthodes lectrochi-
miques ou une biorestauration. Il nexiste pas
de moyens qui permettent de dterminer
quand un matriau est dessal de manire op-
timale et il est ncessaire de mesurer qualita-
tivement et quantitativement la teneur en
ions mobiliss tout au long de lopration.
compresse, enduit sacrificiel, efflorescence
saline, nettoyage
FR salzminderung DE
Definition: Reduzierung des Salzgehaltes ei-
nes Materials durch den Einsatz verschiedener
Extrahierungsverfahren.
Kommentar: Die grundlegenden Methoden
der Salzreduzierung unterscheiden sich je
nach Herkunft und Lage der Salzkontamina-
tion. Sie umfassen mechanische Methoden,
Kompressen, Opferputze, Tauchbder, elek-
trochemische Methoden und biologische Re-
generierung.
Es gibt keine przisen Methoden, mit denen
man beurteilen kann, ob der Salzgehalt opti-
mal reduziert wurde. Deshalb ist es notwen-
dig, den Prozess durch qualitative und quan-
titative Analysen von mobilisierten Ionen zu
beobachten.
Synonyme: Salzverminderung, Salzreduzierung
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Entsalzung (impli-
ziert einen vollstndigen Salzentzug, der bei
porsen Systemen nicht mglich ist)
Kompressenanwendung, Opferputz, Salz-
ausblhung, Reinigung
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isoljavanje HR Usuwanie soli PL diante anlisis cualitativos y cuantitativos de

los iones movilizados.
Definicija: Smanjenje sadraja soli u materi- Definicja: Zmniejszenie zawartoci soli w ma- Sinnimo: desalacin
jalu uporabom razliitih tehnika ekstrakcije. teriale poprzez zastosowanie rnych technik
ekstrakcji. aplicacin de empacos, morteros de sacrificio,
Napomena: Glavne metode isoljavanja mogu eflorescencias salinas, limpieza
varirati ovisno o podrijetlu i mjestu oneie- Komentarz: Gwne sposoby redukcji soli
nja solima. Mogu ukljuivati mehanike me- rni si w zalenoci od pochodzenia i loka-
tode, pulpe, rtvene buke, kupke za uranja- lizacji wysole. Mog to by stosowane meto- tuz azaltmas tR
nje, elektrokemijske metode i biolijeenje. S dy mechaniczne, kompresy, zaprawy odsala-
obzirom na to da ne postoji egzaktan nain da jce, kpiele zanurzajce, metody elektroche- Tanm: Malzemenin tuz ieriini farkl zt-
se odredi je li materijal optimalno desalinizi- miczne i metody biologiczne. Nie ma prostych n alma teknikleri kullanarak azaltma.
ran, potrebno je proces pratiti kvalitativnim i metod umoliwiajcych stwierdzenie czy ma-
kvantitativnim analizama pokrenutih iona. teria zosta odpowiednio odsolony, koniecz- Yorum: Balca tuz azaltma metotlar tuz kir-
ne jest kontrolowanie procesu poprzez ilo- lenmesinin yerine ve kkenine gre deiiklik
oblaganje pulpom, rtvena buka, cvjeta- ciowe i jakociowe analizowanie aktywnych gsterebilir. Mekanik metotlar, lapa, koruma
nje soli, ienje / wzbudzonych jonw. svas, daldrma banyolar, elektro-mekanik
Synonim: odsalanie metotlar ve biyo-iyiletirme gibi yntemleri
ierebilir. Malzemenin uygun bir ekilde tuz-
skivons HU kompresy, zaprawa odsalajca/tynk tracony, dan arndrlp arndrlmadna karar verebil-
wysolenia, oczyszczanie menin kesin bir yntemi bulunmamaktadr ve
Meghatrozs: Egy anyag startalmnak srecin kontrol hareketli iyonlarn nitel ve ni-
cskkentse klnfle kivonsi mdszerekkel. cel analizi yoluyla gereklidir.
Desalinizare Ro
Megjegyzs: A fbb skivonsi mdszerek a lapa, koruma svas, tuz ieklemesi, te-
sszennyezs forrsa s helye szerint vltozhat- Definiie: Diminuarea coninutului de sruri mizleme
nak. Ide sorolhatk a mechanikus eljrsok, a dintr-un material folosind diferite tehnici de
pakolsok, az ldozati vakolatok, mertfrdk, extracie.
elektrokmiai eljrsok s a biobeavatkozs. Bg
Nincs egyrtelm md annak eldntsre, Adnotare: Principalele metode de ndeprta-
hogy optimlis volt-e a seltvolts, ezrt szk- re a srurilor pot varia n funcie de originea i :
sges az eljrs monitorozsa a mobilizlt io- de locaia contaminrii saline. Acestea pot in- -
nok minsgi s mennyisgi analzise ltal. clude metode mecanice, comprese, aplicarea .
unui intonaco de sacrificiu, bi de imersie, me-
pakols, ldozati vakolat, skivirgzs, tode electrochimice i bioremediere. Nu exist :
tisztts modaliti clare care s decid dac un mate-
rial a fost desalinizat optim, i este necesar -
monitorizarea procesului prin analize calitati- .
Riduzione dei sali it ve i cantitative ale ionilor mobilizai. , /, ,
Sinonim: reducerea srurilor ,
Definizione: Diminuzione del contenuto di -.
sali (solubili) in un materiale, attraverso varie aplicarea de comprese, intonaco de sacrificiu,
tecniche di estrazione eflorescen salin, curare .
-
Commento: I metodi principali per la riduzio- .
ne dei sali variano secondo la loro origine e lo- Reduccin de sales Es
calizzazione. Possono includere metodi mec- ,
canici, lapplicazione di impacchi o di intonaci Definicin: Reduccin del contenido de sales , , -
di sacrificio, bagni di immersione, metodi de un material mediante distintas tcnicas de
elettro-chimici e biologici. In mancanza di me- extraccin.
todi capaci di verificare in maniera soddisfa-
cente i risultati di una riduzione dei sali, ne- Comentario: Los principales mtodos de de-
cessario un monitoraggio del processo stesso, salacin, en funcin del origen y de la locali-
attraverso analisi qualitative e quantitative de- zacin de la contaminacin salina, son los m-
gli ioni mobilizzati. todos mecnicos, los empacos, los morteros
Sinonimo: dissalazione de sacrifico, los baos de inmersin, los m-
todos electroqumicos y la biorremediacin.
intonaco di sacrificio, efflorescenza di sali, No existen patrones de referencia para consi-
pulitura, applicazione di un impacco derar un material ptimamente desalado, por
lo que es necesario controlar el proceso me-

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Sacrificial render applied to a wall within the church of St. Michael, Ston (Croatia), 11th century; Photo: 2011, HRZ (Veronika uli)
sacrificial render
Definition: Highly porous repair plaster used
for long-term absorption of soluble salts af-
fecting a structure.
Comment: This is typically used when the
poulticing technique is not sufficient to re-
move the soluble salts. These usually consist
of mixtures of aggregate, lime, inert fibers etc.
These materials should not include soluble
ions, should provide good adhesion to the
surface, but should also be simple and easy to
remove. The use of a sacrificial render is a slow
method of salt reduction that can be repeated
over the years.
Not to be confused with: microporous mortar
salt reduction, poulticing
Sources: Auras 2008; Gisbert et al. 2011; Zornoza-Indart 2012, 148
308
EN Enduit sacrificiel
Dfinition: Enduit de rparation fortement
poreux utilis pour absorber les sels solubles
qui affectent une surface architecturale.
Commentaires: Habituellement utilis quand
le dessalement par compresse nest pas suffi-
sant pour liminer les sels solubles. Il est prin-
cipalement fait dun mlange dagrgats,
chaux, fibres inertes etc. Ces matriaux ne
peuvent pas contenir dions solubles, doivent
avoir une bonne adhsion et tre facilement
limins. Cest une mthode de dessalement
lente qui peut tre rpte au cours du temps.
Ne pas confondre avec: mortier microporeux
dessalement, enduit, compresse, chaux,
efflorescence saline
FR opferputz DE
Definition: Reparaturmrtel mit sehr hoher
Porositt, der zur langen Aufnahme von lsli-
chen Salzen benutzt wird.
Kommentar: Er wird meistens benutzt, wenn
die Kompressenanwendung nicht ausreicht,
um die lslichen Salze zu reduzieren. Die Put-
ze bestehen hauptschlich aus einer Mi-
schung aus Zuschlag, Kalk, inerten Fasern etc.
Diese sollten keine lslichen Ionen enthalten,
gut haften, aber auch einfach und leicht zu
entfernen sein. Die Anwendung eines Opfer-
putzes ist eine langsame Methode der Salz-
minderung, die ber Jahre wiederholt werden
kann.
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Mikroporen-Putz,
Sanierputz
Salzminderung, Putz, lsliche Salze,
Kompressenanwendung
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rtvena buka HR facile e veloce. Luso di un intonaco di sacrificio Comentario: Se suele utilizar cuando no se
un metodo lento per la riduzione dei sali che extraen suficientes cantidades de sales con la
Definicija: Vrlo porozna buka za obnavljanje pu essere ripetuto nel corso degli anni. tcnica de los empacos. Se usan principal-
koja se upotrebljava za dugoronu apsorpciju mente mezclas de ridos, cales, fibras inertes,
topljivih soli koje utjeu na arhitektonsku riduzione dei sali, intonaco, applicazione etc. Estos nuevos materiales no pueden intro-
strukturu. di un impacco, efflorescenza di sali ducir iones solubles. Deben tener una buena
adhesin pero su eliminacin tiene que ser lo
Napomena: Obino se upotrebljava kad pul- ms simple posible. Es un mtodo lento que
pa nije dovoljna za uklanjanje topljivih soli. Zaprawa odsalajca PL puede ser necesario repetir durante aos.
Uglavnom se pripravlja od mjeavine agrega- No confundir con: mortero microporoso, mor-
ta, vapna, inertnih vlakana, itd. Ti materijali ne Definicja: Bardzo porowata zaprawa napraw- tero drenante
bi smjeli sadravati topljive ione, trebaju omo- cza uywana do dugoterminowej absorpcji
guiti dobru prionjivost za povrinu, ali bi se soli rozpuszczalnych uszkadzajcych struktur reduccin de sales, aplicacin de empacos
trebali i jednostavno i lako ukloniti. Uporaba architektoniczn.
rtvene buke spora je metoda smanjenja soli
koja se moe ponavljati tijekom godina. Komentarz: Zwykle stosowana wtedy, gdy Koruma svas tR
Ne smije se mijeati s: mikro porozni mort uycie kompresw do usuwania soli rozpusz-
czalnych nie daje rezultatw. Jest wykonana Tanm: Mimari yapy etkileyen znr tuz-
isoljavanje, oblaganje pulpom zwykle z mieszaniny wypeniaczy, wapna, larn uzun sureli emilmesi iin kullanlan yk-
obojtnych wkien itp. Materiay te nie po- sek gzenekli tamir svas.
winny zawiera rozpuszczalnych jonw, po-
ldozati vakolat HU winny zapewni dobr adhezj do powierzch- Yorum: Bu teknik genellikle lapa tekniinin
ni, ale te by atwo usuwalne. Uycie tynkw znr tuzlar karmas iin yeterli olmad
Meghatrozs: Egy igen porzus javtvako- odsalajcych jest metod powolnego odsala- durumlarda kullanlr. Bunlar genellikle agre-
lat, melyet az pleteket krost vzoldhat nia, moe by powtarzane po latach. ga, kire ve atl lif karmlarndan yaplr.
sk hossz tv felhalmozsra hasznlnak. Synonim: tynk tracony Bu malzemeler znr iyonlar iermemeli,y-
Gygyvakolatnak is nevezik. Nie naley myli z: zaprawa mikro porowata zeye iyi yapma zellii salamal ve ayrca ba-
sit ve kolayca kaldrlabilmelidir.
Megjegyzs: Leginkbb olyankor hasznljk, usuwanie soli/odsalanie, kompresy Koruma svas teknii kullanm, yllarca tekrar-
amikor a pakolsok nem elegendek az oltha- lanabilen bir yava tuz karma yntemidir.
t sk eltvoltshoz. Legtbbszr tlt- Kartrmaynz: mikro gzenekli har
anyag, msz, semleges szlas anyag stb. keve- intonaco de sacrificiu Ro
rkei. Ezek az anyagok nem tartalmazhatnak tuz karma, lapalama
oldhat ionokat, j tapad kpessggel kell Definiie: Tencuial de reparaie foarte poroa-
rendelkeznik, de egyszeren, knnyen elt- s utilizat pentru absorbia pe termen lung a
volthataknak is kell lennik. Az ldozati va- srurilor solubile ce contamineaz structurile
kolat hasznlata egy lass seltvoltsi md- arhitecturale. Bg
szer, mely pr venknt ismtelhet.
Tves megnevezs: mikroprusos habarcs Adnotare: Acesta este folosit n cazul n care :
tehnica cu comprese nu este suficient pentru -
seltvolts, pakols ndeprtarea srurilor solubile. Sunt n gene- , .
ral alctuite din amestecuri de agregate, var,
fibre inerte i materiale poroase. Aceste mate- : , -
intonaco di sacrificio it riale nu ar trebui s includ ioni solubili, ar tre- /
bui s aib aderen bun, dar, de asemenea, -
Definizione: Un intonaco di riparazione alta- o ndeprtarea simpl i uoar. Utilizarea in- . -
mente poroso, applicato per assorbire a lungo tonaco-ului de sacrificiu este o metod lent , ,
termine i sali solubili presenti in una struttura de reducere a srurilor, ce poate fi repetat .
architettonica o nei suoi strati di rivestimento. de-a lungul anilor. , -
A nu se confunda cu: mortar microporos . -
Commento: Questo intonaco si applica quan-
do la tecnica dellimpacco non basta per ridur- desalinizare, aplicarea de comprese ,
re in quantit sufficiente i sali solubili. In com- .
mercio si trovano tanti intonaci di risanamen- : -
to, nella maggior parte dei casi miscele con mortero de sacrificio Es
materiali inerti, calce, fibre inerti e materiali
porosi (ad es. additivi artificiali per lo sviluppo Definicin: Mortero muy poroso que tiene ,
di pori). Questi materiali devono essere privi como objetivo la absorcin de sales solubles
di ioni solubili e avere buone capacit adesive; que contaminan estructuras arquitectnicas.
allo stesso tempo, la loro rimozione devessere

309
 iNtERvENtioN
coNsERvatioN
Application of a poultice, wall painting by Dionis Vidal, Church of San Nicolas Obispo y San Pedro Martir, Valencia (Spain), 1694-1700; Photo: 2014, UPV
Poulticing
Definition: Application of a dense mass (as an
absorbent pad) made of inert materials (cel-
lulose fibers, clays such as attapulgite, sepio-
lite, etc.) mixed with a liquid, usually water
and/or solvents and applied to a surface to be
cleaned, consolidated, etc. The system allows
the migration and prolonged contact of fluids
into the surface.
Comment: Using this technique, cleaning, salt
reduction and/or consolidation of surfaces
can take place. The application of the poultice
is done manually, but it is also possible to do
it mechanically. As with all aqueous systems,
the risk attached to poulticing is that of un-
controlled migration of water into the capil-
lary network of the substrate; therefore it is
important to identify the correct application
and contact time.
cleaning, salt reduction, consolidation
compresse
Dfinition: Application dun matriau com-
pact et absorbant fait dune pulpe (fibres de
cellulose, matriaux argileux tels lattapulgite,
la spiolite) mlange un liquide, gnra-
lement de leau ou des solvants et applique
Sources: Auras 2008; Del Pino 2004, 270280; Roig Picazo, Girons Sarri 2001, 5289; Sawdy et al. 2010; Verges-Belmin et al. 2011; Zornoza- Indart 2012, 148
310
EN sur la surface pour son nettoyage, sa consoli-
dation etc. Ce systme permet la migration et
un contact prolong de fluides au travers de
la surface.
Commentaires: Technique utilise pour le
nettoyage, le dessalement ou la consolidation
des surfaces. Lapplication dune compresse
est manuelle mais il est possible de le faire m-
caniquement. Comme pour tout systme
aqueux, le risque tant de ne pas contrler la
migration de leau dans le rseau poreux du
substrat, il faut optimiser son application et
bien adapter le temps de contact.
nettoyage, dessalement, consolidation,
argile
Kompressenanwendung
Definition: Anwendung einer dichten Masse
(als absorbierende Auflage) aus inerten Mate-
rialien (Zellulosefasern, Tonerden etc.), ge-
mischt mit einer Flssigkeit, blicherweise
FR Wasser. Das System erlaubt die Migration von
Flssigkeiten in die Oberflche und einen ln-
geren Kontakt mit ihr.
Kommentar: Diese Technik kann zur Reini-
gung, Salzminderung und/oder Festigung
von Oberflchen eingesetzt werden. Die An-
wendung der Kompressen geschieht oft ma-
nuell, manchmal aber auch maschinell. Wie
bei allen wssrigen Systemen besteht bei den
Kompressen das Risiko, dass unkontrolliert
Wasser in das Kapillarnetzwerk des Substrates
eindringt. Deshalb mu man die korrekte Mi-
schung und Kontaktzeit finden.
Reinigung, Salzminderung, Festigung
oblaganje pulpom HR
Definicija: Primjena guste mase (kao apsorp-
cijskoga jastuia) inertnih materijala (celuloz-
nih vlakana, gline poput atapulgita, sepiolita
itd.) pomijeanih s tekuinom, obino vodom
i/ili otapalima i stavljanje na povrinu koju tre-
ba oistiti, konsolidirat i sl. Sustav omoguuje
DE migraciju i zadrava tekuinu na povrini.
Napomena: Ta se tehnika primjenjuje za i-
enje, smanjenje soli te konsolidaciju povri-
na. Stavljanje pulpe obavlja se runo, no mo-
gue ju je nanijeti i mehaniki. Kao i sa svim
vodenim sustavima, postoji opasnost od ne-
kontrolirane migracije vode u kapilarnu mreu
supstrata; stoga je vano utvrditi pravilnu
uporabu i trajanje njezine primjene.
ienje, isoljavanje, konsolidacija

Pakols
Meghatrozs: Egy nagy fajsly anyag al-
kalmazsa (nedvszv kzegknt), mely sem-
leges kmhats sszetevkbl kszl (cellu-
lz szlak, agyagok, mint az attapulgit vagy a
szpiolit, stb.); ezt valamilyen folyadkkal, l-
talban vzzel s/vagy oldszerekkel keverik
s felhordjk a tiszttand, rgztend, stb. fe-
lletre. A mdszer lehetv teszi a folyadkok
hosszabb idej rintkezst a fellettel s a fe-
lleti rtegekbe val ramlsukat.
Megjegyzs: Az eljrs a fellet tiszttsra,
seltvoltsra s/vagy szilrdtsra hasznl-
hat. A pakolsokat manulisan hordjk fel,
de mechanikus felhordsuk is lehetsges.
Mint minden vizes rendszer esetben, a pako-
lsoknl is fennll az ellenrizetlen vzbehato-
ls veszlye a hordoz kapillris rendszerbe;
ezrt fontos megtallni a felhords helyes
mdjt s idtartamt.
tisztts, seltvolts, szilrdts/megersts material absorbant) realizat din materiale
applicazione di un impacco
Definizione: Applicazione di una densa massa
costituita da materiali interti (pasta di cellulosa,
materiali argillosi come lattapulgite, la sepio-
lite ecc.) che assume la funzione di un impacco
assorbente. Questa massa viene imbevuta con
un liquido, normalmente acqua e/o solventi, e
applicato sulla superficie da pulire, consolidare
ecc. Il metodo dellimpacco permette la migra-
zione dei liquidi nella superficie.
Commento: Si usa questa tecnica per la puli-
tura, la riduzione dei sali e/o il consolidamen-
to. Lapplicazione dellimpacco avviene a ma-
no; pu essere rimosso meccanicamente. Il
metodo dellimpacco come tutti i sistemi a ba-
se dacqua, pu comportare il rischio di una
migrazione dacqua incontrollata nella strut-
tura capillare del supporto. Per questo si de-
vono controllare i tempi di permanenza di un
impacco sulla superficie, variabile da caso in
caso.
pulitura, riduzione dei sali, consolidamen-
to, argilla
Kompresy
Definicja: Zastosowanie gstej masy (jako ab-
sorbujcego okadu) zoonej z obojtnych
materiaw (wkien celulozowych, glinek jak
atapulgit, sepiolit, itp.) wymieszanych z ciecz,
iNtERvENtioN
coNsERvatioN
HU zwykle wod i / lub rozpuszczalnikami, naka- son los propios de los sistemas acuosos y su
danej na powierzchni w celu jej oczyszcze- incontrolada difusin por la red capilar del
nia, konsolidacji itp. Metoda pozwala na prze- sustrato. Por lo que es importante encontrar
duenie migracji cieczy na powierzchni. el tiempo de aplicacin adecuado. Aunque el
trmino empaco no existe en castellano, se
Komentarz: Technik t mona stosowa do encuentra ampliamente implantado en el vo-
oczyszczania, odsalania i / lub konsolidacji po- cabulario de la profesin.
wierzchni. Kompresy nakadane s rcznie, ale
mona te naoy je mechanicznie. Jak zwyk- limpieza, reduccin de sales, consolidacin
le przy uywaniu wody, nakadajc kompres
trzeba liczy si z ryzykiem niekontrolowanej
migracji wody i przesczania przez system ka- Kat hamuru tR
pilarny do podoa, dlatego wany jest dobr
waciwego sposobu naoenia i czasu trwa- Tanm: Etkisiz malzemeden (selloz lifleri, kil,
nia zabiegu. atapulgit lleta vb.) yaplm, bir sv genel-
likle su veya zc ile kartrlan yzeyi te-
oczyszczanie, usuwanie soli / odsalanie, mizlemek ya da sklatrmak iin kullanlan
konsolidacja (emici ped olarak) youn karm uygulamas.
Sistem akc maddelerin yzeye geiine izin
verir.
aplicarea de comprese Ro
Yorum: Bu teknik ile temizleme, tuz karm
Definiie: Aplicarea unei paste dense (ca i ve/veya salamlatrma yaplabilir. Lapa, elle
uygulanr ancak bir makine ile de yaplmas
inerte (fibre celulozice, argile precum atapul- mmkndr. Sulu sistemlerin hepsinde oldu-
citul i sepiolitul, etc.) amestecat cu un lichid, u gibi, lapada da suyun alt tabakadaki klcal
it de obicei ap i/sau solveni i aplicat pe o alara kontrolsz ekilde ilerleme riski vardr;
suprafa ce urmeaz a fi curat, consolida- bu yzden doru uygulamay ve temas sre-
t, etc. Sistemul permite migrarea i contactul sini bulmak nemlidir.
prelungit al fluidelor pe suprafa. E anlam: kat lapas uygulamas
Adnotare: Folosind aceast tehnic, se poate temizleme, tuz karma, salamlatrma
realiza curarea, ndeprtarea srurilor i/sau
consolidarea suprafeelor. Aplicarea compre-
sei se realizeaz fie manual, fie mecanic. Ca n Bg
cazul sistemelor apoase, riscul aferent com-
presei este cel al migraiei necontrolate a apei : (
n reeaua capilar a substratului; prin urmare, )
este important folosirea unei metodologii ( , , -
corecte de aplicare i a unui timp de contact .), ,
corect. / ,
-
curare, desalinizare, consolidare , . -
-
.
aplicacin de empaco Es
:
Definicin: Aplicacin de una masa densa, a , /
modo de cataplasma, formada por materiales . -
inertes absorbentes (fibras de celulosa, arci- / ,
llas, etc.) mezclados con lquidos. El sistema .
permite la migracin y el contacto prolonga-
do de fluidos a superficies. / -
PL Comentario: Mediante esta tcnica se reali- ,
zan procesos de limpieza, reduccin de sales .
y consolidacin. La aplicacin de los empacos
se realiza de forma manual, aunque es posible , , -
hacerlo tambin mecnicamente (proyectn-
dolos). Los riesgos del empleo de empacos
311
 iNtERvENtioN
coNsERvatioN
Application of a consolidant, wall painting by Antonio A. Palomino/ Guill, Church of Santos Juanes, Valencia (Spain), 1698-1700; Photo: 2009, UPV
consolidation EN
Definition: Procedure aimed at re-establish-
ing the loss of mechanical strength and im-
proving the internal cohesion of different lay-
ers that make up an artwork. It is performed
via the application, by impregnation or injec-
tion, of adhesive products within the voids of
the structure or material.
Comment: There can be two types of consol-
idation:
- Temporary consolidation: provisional appli-
cation of an adhesive product, that will al-
low further treatments of the artwork.
- Long-term consolidation: definitive appli-
cation of an adhesive product that at-
tempts to completely permeate the inner
spaces of the original material of the art-
work. The products used for this purpose
must have good stability over time.
injection of grout, consolidant
consolidation FR
Dfinition: Vise rtablir la perte de rsis-
tance mcanique, augmenter la cohsion
interne entre les diffrentes couches consti-
tutives dun bien culturel, par application,
imprgnation ou injection de produits adh-
Sources: Botticelli 1992, 47; Mora et al. 1984, 112; Gasparoli 1999, 88; CAMEO: Consolidation (10.6.2014)
312
rant dans les vides de la structure ou du ma-
triau.
Commentaires: La consolidation peut tre:
- temporaire: application provisoire dun
produit adhrant qui permettra dautres
traitements du bien culturel;
- durable: application dfinitive dun produit
adhrant qui doit pntrer dans la mesure
du possible tous les espaces internes du
bien culturel.
En France, ladhsif retenu sera aussi le plus
stable chimiquement, compte tenu de la dif-
ficult extraire le produit aprs son applica-
tion (problme de la rversibilit totale dun
traitement).
coulis dinjection, consolidant
Festigung
Definition: Eine Manahme, die den Verlust
von mechanischer Festigkeit wiederherstellen
und die innere Kohsion der verschiedenen
Schichten eines Kunstwerks verbessern soll.
Dazu werden adhsive Substanzen durch Trn-
kung oder Injektion in die Poren und Hohlru-
me des Gefges oder Materials eingebracht.
Kommentar: Es gibt zwei Arten zu festigen:
- Die temporre Festigung: provisorisches Auf-
bringen eines Festigungsmittels, so dass wei-
tere Manahmen am Objekt mglich sind.
- Die Langzeitfestigung: endgltige Anwen-
dung eines Festigers, der vollstndig in die
innere Struktur des Materials eindringen
soll. Dafr mssen die Festigungsmittel ei-
ne gute Langzeitstabilitt aufweisen.
Synonym: Konsolidierung
Injektion, Festigungsmittel
Konsolidacija HR
Definicija: Postupak ponovnoga uspostavlja-
nja izgubljene mehanike vrstoe i pobolja-
nja unutarnje kohezije razliitih slojeva koji i-
ne umjetniko djelo. Obavlja se primjenom,
impregnacijom ili injektiranjem adhezivnih
proizvoda u upljine strukture ili materijala.
DE
Napomena: Dvije su vrste konsolidacije: pri-
vremena i dugorona. Privremena primjena
adhezijskoga proizvoda omoguuje daljnje
tretmane umjetnikoga djela. Dugorona
konsolidacija odnosi se na trajno nanoenje
adhezivnoga proizvoda koji nastoji prodrijeti
u unutarnje prostore izvornoga materijala
umjetnikoga djela. Proizvodi koji se rabe u tu
svrhu moraju biti dugotrajno postojani.
injektiranje, uvriva

szilrdts / megersts HU wprowadzenie w gb produktw klejcych z
Meghatrozs: Egy olyan eljrs, melynek
clja a meggyenglt mechanikai ktsek hely-
relltsa s a malkots klnbz rtegei-
ben lev bels kohzis erk javtsa. Megva- Komentarz: S dwa typy konsolidacji:
lstshoz klnbz ktanyagokat juttat- - Konsolidacja okresowa: tymczasowe wpro-
nak a rtegekbe, titatssal vagy az anyag re-
geibe, repedseibe val injektlssal.
Megjegyzs: Ktfle szilrdts ismert:
- Az ideiglenes (tmeneti) szilrdts esetn
a ktanyagot csak provizrikusan hordjk
fel, ezltal a malkots tovbbi kezelst te-
szik lehetv.
- A hossz tv megersts a ktanyag tar-
ts felhordst jelenti, azzal a cllal, hogy
teljesen titassa a malkots eredeti anya-
gaiban lev bels regeket. Az erre a clra
hasznlt termkeknek idtll, stabil szer-
kezettel kell rendelkeznik.
vakolat injektls, szilrdt Definiie: Procedur ce vizeaz restabilirea re-
consolidamento it
Definizione: Operazione mirante al ripristino
della stabilit meccanica e della coesione di
un materiale ed anche al ripristino delladesio-
ne fra i vari strati componenti unopera darte.
Consiste nellapplicazione di sostanze conso-
lidanti attraverso limpregnazione del mate-
riale o liniezione nelle cavit della struttura o
del materiale.
Commento: Si distinguono due tipi di conso-
lidamento:
- Un consolidamento temporale, con lappli-
cazione provvisoria di una sostanza conso-
lidante, per permettere ulteriori operazioni
di conservazione dellopera.
- Un consolidamento a lungo termine, con
lapplicazione definitiva di sostanze conso-
lidanti che mirano allimpregnazione com-
pleta della materia originale dellopera dar-
te e al riempimento delle cavit presenti in
essa. Le sostanze consolidanti usate a que-
sto scopo devono presentare buona stabi-
lit nel corso del tempo.
iniezione di boiacca, consolidante
Konsolidacja PL
Definicja: Zabieg majcy na celu przywrce-
nie utraconych wasnoci mechanicznych i
poprawienie wewntrznej spoistoci rnych
warstw dziea sztuki. Wykonuje si go poprzez
iNtERvENtioN
coNsERvatioN
- Consolidacin permanente: aplicacin de-
zastosowaniem impregnacji lub zastrzykw, finitiva de un producto adhesivo que im-
wykorzystujc puste przestrzenie konstrukcji pregna por completo los espacios internos
lub materiau. de la materia original de la obra. Los pro-
ductos empleados para este fin deben pre-
sentar una buena estabilidad con el paso
del tiempo.
wadzenie lepkiego produktu, ktre pozwa-
la na dalsze zabiegi na dziele sztuki. inyeccin de mortero, consolidante
- Konsolidacja dugoterminowa: nieodwra-
calne wprowadzenie substancji klejcej,
ktra cakowicie wypeni wewntrzne prze- salamlatrma tR
strzenie w oryginalnym materiale zabytku.
Produkt uyty do tego celu musi by stabil- Tanm: Kaybolan mekanik direnci tekrar kur-
ny i trway. may ve sanat eserini oluturan farkl katman-
larn isel tutunmasn gelitirmeyi amalayan
zastrzyki z ciekej zaprawy, impregnat konso- ilem. Malzeme veya yapnn boluklarna ya-
lidujcy pkan zellikli rnlerin emdirme veya enjek-
siyon yoluyla uygulanmasdr.
consolidare Ro Yorum: Salamlatrma iki trl olabilir:
- Geici salamlatrma: Sanat eserinin daha
sonraki mdahalelerine imkn tanyacak
zistenei mecanice i mbuntirea coeziunii yaptrc rnn geici uygulanmas.
interne a diferitelor straturi ce alctuiesc opera - Uzun vadeli salamlatrma: Bir yaptrc
de art. Aceasta se efectueaz prin aplicarea, malzemenin sanat eserinin zgn malze-
impregnarea sau injectarea produselor adezi- mesinin iine yada katmanlar arasna nfuz
ve n cavitile structurii sau ale materialului. edecek ekilde uyguland kalc ilem. Bu
ama iin kullanlan rnler zamana kar
Adnotare: Exist dou tipuri de consolidare: dayankl olmaldr.
- Consolidare temporar: aplicarea provizo-
rie a unui produs adeziv, ce va permite efec- enjeksiyon harc, salamlatrc
tuarea de tratamente suplimentare operei
de art.
- Consolidare permanent: aplicarea defini- Bg
tiv a unui produs adeziv care ncearc im-
pregnarea i umplerea complet a caviti- : , -
lor interne ale materialului original al operei -
de art. Produsele utilizate n acest scop tre- -
buie s posede o bun stabilitate n timp. .
,
injectare de mortar, consolidant .
: :
consolidacin Es - : -
, --
Definicin: Procedimiento destinado a resta- .
blecer la prdida de resistencias mecnicas y a - :
mejorar la cohesin interna de los diferentes es- ,
tratos que conforman una obra de arte. Se rea- -
liza mediante la aplicacin por impregnacin o . , -
inyeccin de sustancias adhesivas en el interior ,
de los espacios vacos de dicha estructura. .
:
Comentario: Puede haber dos tipos de conso-
lidacin: ,
- Consolidacin temporal: aplicacin provi-
sional de un producto adhesivo, que per-
mite futuros tratamientos en la obra de ar-
te.
313
 iNtERvENtioN
coNsERvatioN
Injection of an adhesive into a wall painting, Church of San Roque, Oliva (Spain), 20th century; Photo: 2009, UPV
Fixing EN
Definition: Application of an adhesive prod-
uct able to join together layers of plaster, ren-
ders or painting layers and fill voids or gaps in
between.
Comment: It can be done by the application
of a material with adhesive properties that al-
lows the reattachment of the painting layers,
or by the injection of a grout to adhere the lay-
ers together, and/or backfilling of voids. Dur-
ing the drying process, a controlled pressure
is normally applied to facilitate the reattach-
ment of the layers.
grout, injection of grout
Sources: Botticelli 1992, 46; Mora et al. 1984, 110; Gasparoli 1999, 70; Amoroso 2002
314
Refixage
Dfinition: Application dun produit adhsif
capable de connecter ensemble les couches
denduit ou de peinture et de remplir les vides
ou cavits existant entre elles.
Commentaires: Peut tre fait en appliquant
un matriau aux proprits adhsives permet-
tant de rattacher des couches de peinture ou
par linjection dun coulis qui adhre aux
couches, et/ou en remplissant les vides. Pen-
dant le processus de schage, une pression
contrle est normalement applique pour
assurer ladhrence entre les couches.
En France, ladhsif choisi doit garantir la p-
rennit de loeuvre dart traite. Ses proprits
doivent tre appropries au collage recher-
ch, prsenter une permabilit aux gaz, une
inertie chimique compatibles avec les mat-
riaux conservs.
coulis (dinjection), enduit, peinture murale,
coulis dinjection
FR Fixieren DE
Definition: Einbringen eines Klebemittels,
das Putz- oder Malschichten miteinander ver-
bindet und Hohlrume fllt.
Kommentar: Das Fixieren kann ber die Ap-
plikation eines Materials mit adhsiven Eigen-
schaften erreicht werden, das ein Wiederanle-
gen von Farbschichten erlaubt, oder ber die
Injektion eines Injektionsmrtels, der Schich-
ten miteinander verklebt und/oder Hohlru-
me verfllt. Whrend der Trocknung wird b-
licherweise kontrollierter Druck ausgebt, um
das Wiederanlegen der Schichten zu ermg-
lichen.
Im Deutschen versteht man darunter zudem
das Sichern von Schichten, z.B. mit Kaschie-
rungen oder Anbschungen (Randsicherun-
gen), sowie das Binden von Mineralfarben auf
dem Trger.
Injektionsmrtel, Injektion
 iNtERvENtioN

coNsERvatioN

Uvrivanje HR Podklejanie PL sabitleme tR

Definicija: Upotreba ljepila koje moe pove-
zati bukane i slikane slojeve te ispuniti praz-
nine i rupe meu njima.
Napomena: Uvrivanje se moe izvesti lje-
pilom koje omoguuje ponovno spajanje sli-
kanih slojeva ili injektiranjem smjese za pri-
vrivanje slojeva i/ili ispunjavanje upljina. Da
bi se olakalo ponovno spajanje slojeva tije-
kom suenja se kontrolira pritisak.
buka za injektiranje, injektiranje
Definicja: Wprowadzenie klejcego produktu
zdolnego zczy razem warstwy tynku, za-
prawy lub powok malowida i wypeni przes-
trzenie midzy nimi.
Komentarz: Mona wykona poprzez zasto-
sowanie materiau o wasnociach klejcych,
co pozwoli ponownie poczy warstwy ma-
lowida, lub przy uyciu zastrzykw z zaprawy
dla sklejenia warstw ze sob i / lub wypenie-
nia pustych przestrzeni. Podczas wysychania
zwykle stosuje si kontrolowany nacisk dla
poczenia rozwarstwie.
cieka zaprawa, zastrzyki z ciekej zaprawy
Tanm: Sva, ileme ya da resim katmanlarn
bir arada tutmak ve boluklar ya da aklklar
doldurmak iin yaptrc rn uygulamas.
Yorum: Resim katmanlarnn birletirilmesine
imkn veren yaptrc zellikli malzemelerin
uygulanmas veya katmanlar yaptrmak iin
enjeksiyon harc ve/veya boluklarn doldurul-
mas ile yaplr. Kuruma sreci boyunca genel-
likle, katmanlarn balanmasn kolaylatrmak
amacyla kontroll basn uygulanr.
E anlam: Yaptrma
erbetli har, enjeksiyon harc

Rgzts / megkts HU Fixare Ro Bg

Meghatrozs: Egy ragasztanyag alkalma- Definiie: Aplicarea unui produs adeziv capa- : ,
zsa, azzal a cllal, hogy egymshoz kssn bil s lege ntre ele straturile de tencuial sau ,
vakolat- vagy festkrtegeket, s kitltse az straturile de culoare i s umple golurile i
ezek kztt lev regeket. spaiile dintre acestea. .

Megjegyzs: Ragaszt tulajdonsgokkal ren-
delkez anyagok felhordsa ltal valstjk
meg, melyek lehetv teszik a festkrtegek
jraktdst; a ragasztanyagot lehet injek-
tlni is, ahhoz, hogy a rtegek jra egymshoz
ktdhessenek s az regek kitltdjenek. A
szrads idejre egy ellenrztt nyomst
szoktak alkalmazni, hogy megsegtsk az r-
tegek jraktdst.
injektl vakolat, vakolat injektlsa
Adnotare: Aceasta se poate realiza fie prin :
aplicarea unui material cu proprieti adezive,
ce permite fixarea straturilor de culoare, fie ,
prin injectarea unui mortar pentru realizarea , /
aderenei ntre straturi, i/sau pentru a umple .
golurile. De obicei n timpul procesului de us-
care este aplicat o presiune controlat pentru
a facilita fixarea straturilor. .
material de injectare, injectare de mortar ,

Fissaggio / Fermatura it Fijado Es

Definizione: Lapplicazione di un prodotto Definicin: Unin de separaciones entre re-

adesivo in grado di unire gli strati di intonaco, voques, estratos pictricos o revestimientos,
di rinzaffo o gli strati pittorici e di riempire le mediante la aplicacin de un producto adhe-
cavit o le lacune fra di loro. sivo.

Commento: Pu essere fatto con lapplicazio- Comentario: Puede realizarse aplicando un

ne di un materiale con propriet adesive che
permette il riattacco degli strati pittorici, con
liniezione di boiacche per fare aderire gli strati
fra di loro, e / o con il riempimento delle cavit.
Normalmente, durante il processo di essicca-
zione, applicata una pressione controllata
per agevolare il riattacco degli strati.
boiacca, intonaco, intonaco per esterni,
rinzaffo, pittura murale, iniezione di boiac-
ca
material con propiedades adhesivas para el
sentado de escamas en el estrato pictrico, o
bien mediante la inyeccin de una mezcla
fluida inorgnica, mortero de inyeccin, capaz
de adherir los estratos entre s y/o rellenar los
espacios vacos que puedan existir. Durante el
proceso de secado, se suele aplicar presin
controlada para facilitar la unin de las partes.
Sinnimo: fijacin
mortero preparatorio, inyeccin de mortero

315
 iNtERvENtioN
coNsERvatioN
Injection of a grout, wall painting by Dionis Vidal, Church of San Nicols Obispo y San Pedro Mrtir, Valencia (Spain), 1694-1700; Photo: 2014, UPV
injection of grout
Definition: Adhesion of layers or fragments
of mortars, plasters or renders with the injec-
tion of a fluid and fine-grained mortar (grout)
inside small spaces, cracks and pores.
Comment: In order to avoid potential risks to
the object it is necessary to control the
amount of water and other solvents in the in-
jected grouts, their compatibility with the
original materials and the adhesion between
the treated layers.
consolidation, grout
Sources: Muoz et al. 2014, 207; Mortars 2011, 496
316
EN coulis dinjection FR
Dfinition: Injection dun mortier fluide et
grains fins (coulis) dans de petits espaces, fis-
sures et pores pour permettre ladhrence de
couches, de fragments de mortiers ou den-
duits.
Commentaires: Il est ncessaire de contrler
la quantit deau des coulis injects, leur com-
patibilit avec les matriaux originaux (Les
composants dun coulis sont dtermins en
fonction de la nature des matriaux de loeu-
vre) et ladhsion entre les couches traites
afin dviter tout risque de dgradation de
lobjet traiter.
consolidation, enduit, coulis (dinjection),
fissure
injektion DE
Definition: Zum Verkleben von Putzschichten
oder -fragmenten wird flssiger und feinkr-
niger Injektionsmrtel in schmale Zwischen-
rume, Risse und Poren eingespritzt.
Kommentar: Um eventuelle Risiken fr das
Objekt zu vermeiden, ist es wichtig, die Menge
des Wassers und anderer Lsungsmittel in den
Injektionsmrteln, ihre Kompatibilitt mit den
Originalmaterialien und die Haftung zwischen
den behandelten Schichten zu prfen.
Synonyme: Hinterfllen, Hohlraumverfllung
Festigung, Injektionsmrtel

injektiranje HR
Definicija: Povezivanje slojeva ili fragmenata
mortova ili buka injektiranjem tekuega ili fi-
nozrnatoga morta (smjese za injektiranje) u
male prostore, pukotine i pore.
Napomena: Kako bi se izbjegli potencijalni ri-
zici za objekt potrebno je kontrolirati koliinu
vode i drugih dodanih otapala u injektiranim
smjesama, njihovu kompatibilnost sa origina-
lnim materijalom i adheziju izmeu tretiranih
slojeva.
konsolidacija, buka za injektiranje
vakolat injektls HU
Meghatrozs: Rtegek vagy aprbb vakolat-
vagy habarcstredkek rgztse egy foly-
kony, finom szemcszet vakolat injektlsa l-
tal a kis regekbe, repedsekbe s prusokba.
Megjegyzs: Annak rdekben, hogy a mal-
kots ne kerljn veszlybe, ellenrizni kell a
vz mennyisgt az injektl vakolatban, az in-
jektl vakolat s az eredeti anyagok sszefr-
hetsgt s az injektlt rtegek kztti ktst. patibilitii lor cu materialele originale i al
szilrdts/megersts, injektl vakolat
iniezione di boiacca
Definizione: Ladesione di strati o frammenti
di malte, intonaci o rinzaffi tramite liniezione
di una malta fluida a grana fine (boiacca) al-
linterno di piccoli spazi, fratture e pori.
Commento: Per evitare potenziali rischi per
lopera darte, necessario controllare la quan-
tit dacqua contenuta nella boiaccia iniettata,
la compatibilit dei materiali contenuti nella
boiaccia con i materiali originali, e ladesione
fra gli strati trattati.
consolidamento, intonaco, intonaco per
esterni, rinzaffo, boiacca, frattura
iNtERvENtioN
coNsERvatioN
Zastrzyki z ciekej zaprawy PL Enjeksiyon harc tR
Definicja: Sklejanie warstw fragmentw za- Tanm: Har, sva veya boya katmanlarnn ve-
praw i tynkw za pomoc zastrzykw z (pyn- ya paralarnn akkan ve ince taneli har (gro-
nej) drobnoziarnistej zaprawy do maych ut) ile kk atlaklar, delikler veya alanlarn
przestrzeni, pkni i porw. iine enjeksiyon yoluyla yaptrlmas.
Komentarz: Dla uniknicia potencjalnego za- Yorum: Nesneye olabilecek olas risklerden
groenia dla obiektu konieczna jest kontrola kanmak iin enjekte edilen har ierisindeki
iloci wody zawartej we wprowadzanej ciekej su miktarn ve zcleri kontrol etmek ve i-
zaprawie, jej zgodno z oryginalnymi mate- lenmi katmanlar arasndaki tutkal ve zgn
riaami, a take adhezja pomidzy klejonymi malzemenin uyumu gereklidir.
warstwami. E anlam: sulu har enjeksiyonu
konsolidacja, cieka zaprawa salamlatrma, erbetli har
injectare de mortar Ro Bg
Definiie: Refacerea adeziunii straturilor sau :
fragmentelor de mortare i tencuieli prin in- ,
jectarea unui mortar fluid cu granulaie fin
(mortar de injectare) n interiorul spaiilor n- ( -
guste, fisurilor i porilor. ) ,
.
Adnotare: Pentru a evita potenialele riscuri
asupra obiectului sunt necesare: controlul :
cantitatii de ap n mortarele injectate, com- , -
: -
adeziunii dintre straturile tratate. ,
consolidare, material de injectare .
,
it inyeccin de mortero Es
Definicin: Adhesin de capas o fragmentos
de morteros, revoques o enlucidos, que se re-
aliza mediante la inyeccin de un mortero flui-
do y de granulometra muy fina (mortero de
inyeccin) en el interior de los pequeos es-
pacios separados, grietas y poros.
Comentario: Es necesario controlar la canti-
dad de agua que aporta el mortero, su com-
patibilidad con los materiales preexistentes e
intentar controlar la adherencia entre estratos
para evitar riesgos potenciales al objeto.
Sinnimo: Consolidacin por inyeccin
consolidacin, mortero de inyeccin
317
 INTERVENTION
CONSERVATION
Lacunae infil/ed in a lower plane then surrounding plaster, Pa/au de fa Vi/a, Ontinyent (Spain), 19th century; Photo: 2008, UPV (Pilar Soriano Sancho)
lnfill EN
Definition: To re-establish continuity between
layers reinstating their structural and aesthetic
properties. A lacuna can be infilled with a mix-
ture consisting of a filler and a binder.
Comment: Generally, one uses materials with
characteristics compatible with and/or similar
to the original, including the nature, colour and
grain size of the components for a fresco; the
mixture is usually composed of a lime and sand
mortar. If the lacuna is to be reintegrated in form
and colour, it is brought within the same plane
as the pictorial layer. The surface can have a sim-
ilar texture to the original. If the lacuna is not to
be reintegrated into the pictorial context, it is
usually brought within the same plane as the
underlying preparatory layers or the support
~ filler, ~ lacuna, ~reintegration
Comblement FR
Definition: 11 retablit la continuite des
couches d'un bien culture I, restaurant ses pro-
prietes structurales et esthetiques. Le vide
d'une lacune peut etre comble par un me-
lange fait d'un liant et de charges.
Sources: Nimmo 200 1,2 12
318
Commentaires: Les materiaux utilises doi-
vent avoir des caracteristiques compatibles ou
a
similaires celles du materiau original comme
la nature, la couleur et la taille de grains de ses
composants; par exemple, le melange pour
une peinture a fresco est generalement com-
a
pose de mortier la chaux et de sable. Une la-
cune peut etre reintegree dans sa forme et sa
couleur, par un comblement ajuste laa
couche picturale. Si cela n'est pas necessaire,
il est alors ajuste aux couches preparatoires
sous-jacentes ou au support.
~ charge, ~ lacune, ~ reintegration
Kittung DE
Definition: Zur Wiederherstellung der struk-
turellen und asthetischen Eigenschaften und
des Schichtenzusammenhangs kann eine
Fehlstelle m it einer Mischung aus Fullstoff und
Bindemittel gefl.illt werden.
Kommentar: Zur Kittung werden Materia lien
m it Eigenschaften benutzt, die m it dem Ori-
ginal kompatibel und/ oder ahnlich sind, ein-
schlieBiich Art, Farbe und KorngroBe. Soli die
Fehlstelle in Form und Farbe reintegriert wer-
den, wird sie bis auf das Niveau der Malschicht
geschlossen . Die Oberflache kann dieselbe
Texturwie das Original ha ben. Soli sie nicht in
das Bild integriert werden, wird Liblicherweise
nur bis auf das Niveau von Grundierung oder
Trager erganzt.
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: plastische Ergan-
zung, Erganzung
~ Fiiffstoff, ~ Fehlsteffe, ~ Integration
lspunjavanje HR
Definicija: Ponovno uspostavljanje kontinui-
teta izmedu slojeva te vracanje njihovih struk-
turnih i estetskih svojstava. Lakuna se moze
ispuniti smjesom punila i veziva.
Napomena: Obicno se rabi materijal koji je
znacajkama kompatibilan i/ili slican izvorniku,
ukljucujuci prirodu, boju i velicinu zrna za fre-
sco, smjesa je obicno sastavljena od morta na
bazi vapna i pijeska. Kada reintegracija lakune
obuhvaca oblik i boju prilagodava se razini sli-
kanoga sloja. Povrsina moze imati slicnu tek-
sturu kao izvornik. Kada se lakuna ne reintegrira
kao dio slike, obicno se prilagodava razini pri-
premnih slojeva ili podlozi.
~ punilo, ~ lakuna, ~ reintegracija
 iNtERvENtioN

coNsERvatioN

tmts HU Komentarz: Do kitowania uywa si materia- En espaol estuco puede referirse a una tc-
w o charakterze kompatybilnym i / lub zbli- nica decorativa de fachadas o de interiores.
Meghatrozs: Egy malkots rtegei kztti onym do oryginau, zwaajc na natur, kolor Sinnimo: reintegracin matrica
folytonossg visszalltsa, a szerkezeti s az i wielko ziaren skadnikw, np. dla fresku to
eszttikai tulajdonsgok helyrehozsa clj- zaprawa z wapna i piasku. Jeeli ubytek ma carga fina, laguna, reintegracin
bl. A hinyz rszek kitltsre egy kt- by uzupeniony w formie i kolorze, wypenia-
anyag s egy tltanyag keverkt hasznljk. ny jest do poziomu warstwy malarskiej. Po-
wierzchnia moe te mie faktur podobn do Dolgu tR
Megjegyzs: ltalban a malkots eredeti oryginau. Jeli ubytek nie bdzie uzupenio-
anyagaival sszefrhet s/vagy azokkal azo- ny, wypenienie zwykle wykonywane jest do Tanm: Yapsal ve estetik zelliklerini geri ge-
nos anyagokat hasznlnak, belertve az anyag poziomu lecych poniej warstw przygoto- tirerek, katmanlar arasnda devamll tekrar
milyensgt, sznt s szemcsemrett. Egy wawczych podoa. kurmaktr. Bir boluk (lakuna) dolgu ve tutkal-
fresk esetn a keverk ltalban egy msz s dan oluan bir karm ile doldurulabilir.
homok alap habarcs. Ha a hinyz rszt szn- wypeniacz, ubytek, uzupenianie
ben s formban is kiegsztik, a tmts szint- Yorum: Genellikle bileenlerin yaps, rengi ve
jt a festett fellet szintjre hozzk. A fellet tane boyutu olarak zgn malzeme ile uyum-
textrja lehet az eredetivel azonos. chituire Ro lu ya da benzer karakterde malzemeler kulla-
Ha a hinyz rszre nem kerl kiegszts, a nlr; fresko iin bu karm genellikle kire ve
tmts szintje ltalban az als elkszt r- Definiie: Intervenie efectuat pentru resta- kum harcndan oluur. Eer lakuna ekil ve
tegek vagy a hordoz szintjre kerl. bilirea continuitii ntre straturi i a proprie- renk olarak yeniden tamamlanacaksa, dolgu
tilor structurale i estetice ale acestora. La- resimli katman ile ayn seviyeye getirilir. Yzey
tltanyag, hiny, kiegszts cuna poate fi chituit cu un amestec format orijinal malzeme ile benzer dokuya sahip ola-
dintr-un material de umplutur i un liant. bilir. Eer resimdeki boluk (lakuna) yeniden
tamamlanmayacaksa, genellikle duvar ya da
stuccatura it Adnotare: n general se folosesc materiale cu sva katmanlar ile ayn seviyeye getirilir.
caracteristici compatibile i/sau similare cu ce-
Definizione: Per ripristinare la continuit de- le ale originalului se refer inclusiv la natura, dolgu maddesi, boluk, yeniden tamamla-
gli strati che costituiscono il manufatto, con le culoarea i dimensiunea granulelor materia- ma
loro funzioni strutturali ed estetiche, si colma lelor. n cazul n care lacuna va fi reintegrat n
il vuoto delle lacune con unimpasto, formato form i culoare, chituirea se realizeaz la ni-
da una carica e da un legante. velul stratului de culoare. Suprafaa poate Bg
avea o textur similar cu originalul. n cazul
Commento: In genere per la stuccatura si usa- n care lacuna nu va fi reintegrat cromatic n : -
no materiali con caratteristiche analoghe al- contextul pictural, de obicei, chituirea se rea-
loriginale per natura, colore e granulometria lizeaz la nivelul stratului de preparaie subia- -
dei componenti; ad es. negli affreschi, limpa- cent sau la nivelul suportului. .
sto di solito costituito da una malta a base -
di calce e sabbia. Per la reintegrazione pittori- material de umplutur, lacun, reintegrare .
ca di una lacuna, la stuccatura eseguita a li- cromatic
vello della pellicola pittorica. La superficie pu :
essere modellata a riprendere la tessitura della ,
superficie originale. Per lacune non suscettibili Estucado Es / ,
a reintegrazione pittorica, la stuccatura di so- , -
lito eseguita a livello degli strati preparatori Definicin: Accin destinada a restablecer la ; .
o del supporto, per ridurre linterferenza tra la continuidad entre los estratos de una obra, re- .
forma della lacuna e limmagine dipinta. cuperando sus propiedades estructurales y ,
estticas, a travs del rellenado de los faltantes -
calce, sabbia, intonaco, arriccio, lacu- con una mezcla compuesta por una carga fina .
na, reintegrazione, supporto, filler y un ligante. .
-
Comentario: Generalmente, se emplean ma- ,
Kitowanie PL teriales con caractersticas compatibles y/o si-
milares al original: naturaleza, color y tamao .
Definicja: Odtworzenie cigoci midzy war- de grano. Si la laguna debe ser reintegrada en
stwami, przywrcenie ich strukturalnych i es- forma y color, se estuca al nivel de la capa pic- , , , ,
tetycznych wasnoci. Pust przestrze ubytku trica, con una textura similar al original. Si no , ,
mona wypeni mieszanin zawierajc wy- es as, el estucado puede dejarse al mismo ni-
peniacz i spoiwo. vel, o bien al de otro de los estratos prepara-
torios o al del soporte.

319
 iNtERvENtioN

coNsERvatioN

Raked (left) and repointed joints (right) of brick masonry and parts of a sandstone epitaph, Church of St. Gabriel, Haseldorf (Germany), end of 16th century; Photo:
2007 (Sophie Haake)

Repointing EN Rejointoiement FR Neuverfugung DE

Definition: Action fill/refill the mortar joints Dfinition: Action de remplir les mortiers Definition: Manahme, um die Mrtel-Verfu-
between masonry blocks (including those de joints entre les blocs de maonnerie (ex. gung zwischen Mauersteinen (aus Stein, Zie-
made of stone, brick or other materials). blocs de pierre, briques ou autres matriaux). gel oder anderen Materialien) zu fllen oder
zu erneuern.

Comment: Prior to repointing, it is necessary
to remove the deteriorated mortar (raking
out) existing in the joints of the masonry by
manual or mechanical means, to then be able
to fill the joints with a suitable mortar. In the
case of historic mortars, usually all attempts
are made to preserve the original material and
not to remove it.
Commentaires: Avant de rejointoyer, il est
ncessaire dliminer, manuellement ou m-
caniquement, le mortier dgrad subsistant
dans les joints de la maonnerie, ce qui per-
mettra de remplir les joints avec un mortier
adapt. Dans le cas de mortiers historiques,
on essaie de conserver le plus de matriau ori-
ginal possible.
Kommentar: Vor der Neuverfugung ist es
notwendig, den geschdigten Mrtel aus den
Fugen manuell oder mechanisch zu entfernen
(Fugen ausrumen), um dann die Fugen mit
geeignetem Mrtel wieder zu schlieen. Bei
historischen Mrteln wird normalerweise ver-
sucht, den originalen Mrtel zu erhalten und
nicht zu entfernen.

infill, joint comblement, joint Fuge

Sources: Foulks 1997, 123

320

Ponovno fugiranje HR
Definicija: lspunjavanje, odnosno ponovno
punjenje spojnica od morta izmedu zidnih
blokova ( od kamena, opeke ili ostalih mater-
ijala).
Napomena: Prije ponovnoga fugiranja potre-
bno je rucno ili strojno ukloniti oslabljeni mort
(izgrepsti ga) iz spojnica zida, kako bi se spoj-
nice moglo ispuniti odgovarajuCim mortom.
U slucaju povijesnih mortova, svi pokusaji
usmjereni su u ocuvanje izvornoga materijala,
a ne na njegovo uklanjanje.
- ispuna, - spojnica
Fugajavitas HU
Meghatarozas: Az epftelemek (ideertve k-
vet, teglat es egyeb anyagokat) kztti fugak
szkseg eseten jratltese. (inclusiv cele din piatra, caramida sau alte
Megjegyzes: Fugajavftas eltt, kezi es mecha-
nikus m6dszerekkel el kell tavolftani (kikapar-
ni) a fal fugaiban lev karosodott habarcsot,
hogy aztan megfelel habarccsal lehessen a
fugakat kitlteni. Trteneti habarcsok eseten
altalaban mindent megtesznek annak erdeke-
ben, hogy az eredeti anyagot megrizzek, es
ne tavolftsak el.
- tmites, - fuga
Ricigliare IT
Definizione: Azione per riempire i giunti di
malta tra i blocchi di muratura (compresi quel-
li in pietra, mattoni o altri materiali).
Commento: Prima di ricigliare, e necessario ri-
muovere Ia malta deteriorata (grattando) nei
giunti della muratura con mezzi manuali o
meccanici, per essere poi in grado di riempire
i giunti con malta adeguata. in caso di malte
storiche, generalmente, tutti i tentativi sono
fatti per poter conservare il materiale originale
e non doverlo rimuovere.
- stuccatura, - giunto, - muratura
Spoinowanie PL
Definicja: Proces wype/niania /wymiany za-
prawy spojeri blok6w muru (zar6wno wy-
konanego z kamienia, cegly, jak i innych ma-
teria/6w).
Komentarz: Przed spoinowaniem konieczne
jest usuni~cie (wygarni~cie) rozloionej zapra-
wy obecnej w spoinach muru poprzez dziala-
nie r~czne lub mechaniczne, by umoiliwic wy-
pe/nianie spoin wlasciwq zaprawq. W przy-
padku obecnosci zapraw historycznych zwyk-
le podejmowane sq wszelkie wysi/ki dla za-
chowania oryginalnych wypelnieri i nieusu-
wania ich.
- kitowanie, - spoina
Rostuire RO
Definitie: Verificarea ~i mplerea/reumplerea
rosturilor de mortar dintre blocurile de zidarie
HanpaseHII1 or KaMbK, ryxna 11111111 APYfll1 Ma-
materiale).
Adnotare: Tnainte de rostuire este necesara
indepartarea mortarului degradat existent in
imbinarile zidariei, prin mijloace mecanice sau
manuale, pentru a umple dupa aceea rosturile
cu mortar adecvat. in cazul mortarelor istorice,
sunt realizate toate incercarile posibile de
pastrare a materialului original ~i de a nu-1 in-
departa.
- chituire, - rost
Rejuntar ES
Definici6n: Aceion de colmatar las juntas de
una fabrica formadas por piedra, ladrille u
otros materiales.
Comentario: Antes de aplicar el rejuntado es
necesario eliminar el mortero inadecuado
existente en las juntas de Ia fabrica, picando
con medios manuales o mecanicos para po-
der rellenar a continuaci6n dichas juntas con
un mortero mas adecuado.
- juntas, - estucado
INTERVENTION
CONSERVATION
Derz tamiri TR
Tamm: Tugla duvar rgs (ta~, tugla veya di-
ger malzemeler i~eren) arasmdaki har~ derz-
lerini ve doldurmak I tekrar doldurmak i~in
yapilan i~lem.
Yorum: Derzieme ncesi, derzlerdeki mevcut
bozulmu~ harCI uygun har~ ile doldurabilmek
i~in eile veya mekanik yollarla ~1karmak gerek-
lidir. Tarihi har~larda, tm ~abalar orijinal mal-
zemeyi korumak ve onu kald1rmamaki~in ya-
pihr.
E~ anlam: derzleme
- dolgu, - derz
npecjlyr~paHe BG
AecjlMHMI.IMR: nonaraHe Ha KillTOBe BbB <jlyr111
MeiKAY rpaAeiKHII1 6noKoBe (BK11104111Te!lHO
rep111a11111).
KoMeHTap: npeA111 npe<jlyr111paHeTO e Heo6xo-
A111MO pa3pyweHara rpaAeiKHa Ma311111Ka, ocra-
Hana BbB <jlyr111Te, Aa Ce OTCTpaHII1 pb4HO 11111111
MeXaHII14HO (C 1113rpe6BaHe). 3a Aa MOlKe ClleA
TOBa <jlyr111Te Aa 6bAaT 3anb/1HeHII1 C nOAXOAR-
Il.la rpaAeiKHa Ma3111/1Ka. Clly4aii1Te C 111CTOp111-
4eCKII1 rpaAeiKHII1 Ma311111KII1 06111KHOBeHO Ce
npas111 on111r Aa ce 3ana3111 op111r111HallHII1RT Ma-
repllla/1, 6e3 Aa ce orcrpaHRBa.
321
 iNtERvENtioN
coNsERvatioN
Mortar additions along the borders of historic plaster, Church of St. Vitus, Modestus and Crescentia, Trsteno (Croatia), 16/17th century; Photo: 2010, HRZ (Katarina Gavrilica)
Edging repair EN
Definition: Mortar additions undertaken to
protect exposed plaster and stone edges
against loss, water and dirt infiltration.
Comment: The vulnerable edging repair is
usually made with lime mortar which can be
used to secure either vertical or horizontal
edges of plaster, or to secure the edges of a la-
cuna (when it is decided not to fill the lacuna).
The properties of the material used for the
edging repair must match the properties of
the treated material. Sometimes the edging
repair must be elastic (for structural needs re-
quiring flexibility); in these cases, an elas-
tomeric material is used.
lime mortar
Sources: Hanna, Dinsmore 1987, 81; Paolini, Faldi 2005, 5; Ben Abed 2006, 106
322
solin FR
Dfinition: Ajot de mortier pour viter la
perte de matire en bordures denduit expo-
ses.
Commentaires: Les solins sont gnralement
vulnrables et sont faits de mortier de chaux;
ils peuvent tre utiliss pour protger les
bords horizontaux ou verticaux denduit ou les
bords de lacune (quand il a t dcid de ne
pas la combler). Les proprits du matriau
utilis pour faire le solin doivent tre quiva-
lentes celles du matriau trait. La rparation
de la bordure ncessite quelquefois lemploi
de matriau lastique (lorsque la structure n-
cessite quil y ait de la flexibilit); dans ces cas,
un matriau lastomre est utilis.
mortier de chaux
anbschung DE
Definition: Mrtelergnzungen, mit denen
exponierte Putz- und Steinrnder gegen
Schdigung und das Eindringen von Wasser
und Schmutz geschtzt werden.
Kommentar: Gefhrdete Putzrnder werden
normalerweise mit einem Kalkmrtel ange-
bscht, der sowohl senkrechte als auch waa-
gerechte Kanten sichern kann oder Rnder
von Fehlstellen, die nicht geschlossen werden.
Die Eigenschaften des Anbschungsmrtels
sollten an die des behandelten Materials an-
gepasst werden. Bei strukturellen Problemen,
die Flexibilitt erfordern, muss die Anb-
schung elastisch sein: In dem Fall wird ein mit
Elastomeren modifizierter Mrtel verwendet.
Synonym: Randsicherung
Kalkmrtel
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coNsERvatioN

Popravak obruba HR chiedono flessibilit); in questi casi viene uti- Comentario: Estos bordes vulnerables, por lo
lizzato un materiale elastomerico. general, se reparan con mortero de cal y se
Definicija: Dopune mortom radi zatite izlo- aplican para asegurar bordes de revoques tan-
enih rubova buke od gubitka te infiltracije intonaco, calce, malta di calce/intonaco a to verticales como horizontales, o para asegu-
vode i prljavtine. calce, lacuna, stuccatura rar los bordes de las lagunas (cuando se deci-
de no estucarlas). El material usado para la re-
Napomena: Osjetljivi popravci obruba obino paracin debe ser compatible con el material
su izvedeni vapnenim mortom koji se moe opaski z zaprawy PL de la junta o borde. A veces, interesa que la re-
upotrebljavati za osiguravanje okomitih ili vo- paracin de la junta sea elstica, por la nece-
doravnih bukanih rubova ili kako bi se osigu- Definicja: Naoenie zaprawy w celu zabezpie- sidad estructural de que se siga moviendo; en
rali rubovi lakune (kada je odlueno da se la- czenia krawdzi tynku i kamienia przed odpad- estos casos, se usa una masilla elastomrica.
kuna nee popunjavati). Svojstva materijala niciem, przenikaniem wody, zabrudzeniem.
koji se koristi za popravak obruba mora odgo- mortero de cal
varati svojstvima tretiranog materijala. Komentarz: Wraliwe krawdzie s zwykle
Katkad popravak obruba zahtijeva uporabu uzupeniane zapraw wapienn, ktra moe
elastinih materijala, primjerice kod struktur- by nakadana dla zabezpieczenia zarwno Kenar onarm tR
nih zahvata. pionowych jak i poziomych krawdzi ubytku
(gdy postanowiono nie wypeniania ubytku). Tanm: Kayp, su ve kir szmalarna kar ta k-
vapneni mort Waciwoci substancji uytej do zabezpiecze- eleri ve akta kalm svalar koruma iin ya-
nia brzegw musz odpowiada charakterowi plan har eklemesi.
zabezpieczanego materiau. Czasem naprawa
szlezs HU krawdzi musi by elastyczna (z powodw Yorum: Genellikle svann, (lakunay doldur-
konstrukcyjnych, gdy wymaga elastycznoci), mama karar verildiinde) ayn zamanda laku-
Meghatrozs: A veszlyeztetett vakolat- s w tej sytuacji uywane s materiay o charak- nann yatay veya dey krlgan kenarlarnn
kszlek vdelme habarcs adagolsa ltal, terze elastycznym. koruma iin kire harc ile tamir edilmesi. Ta-
azrt, hogy elkerljk a vesztesgeket, vala- mirat malzemesi kenarlklarla uyumlu malze-
mint a vz s a piszok behatolst. zaprawa wapienna meden yaplmaldr. Bazen yapsal nedenlerle
esneklik gerektii iin kenarlklarn onarm
Megjegyzs: A srlkeny leket ltalban yumuak olmaldr, bu durumlarda kauuksu
mszhabarccsal szlezik, mely gy a vzszin- tivire Ro (elastomerik) malzeme kullanlr.
tes, mint a fggleges vakolat lek vdelmre E anlam: kenar tamir ss
hasznlhat, vagy vhatja egy hiny peremt Definiie: Completare cu mortar efectuat
(ha gy dntenek, hogy a hinyz rszt nem pentru protejarea marginilor expuse ale ten- kire harc
tmtik). A szlezshez hasznlt anyagnak sz- cuielilor i pietrelor mpotriva pierderii, a infil-
szefrhetnek kell lennie a kezelt rsz anyaga- traiilor de murdrie sau ap.
ival. Nha a szlezsnek rugalmasnak kell len- Bg
nie (a rugalmassgot ignyl szerkezetek ese- Adnotare: Tivirea marginilor vulnerabile se
tn), ilyenkor egy rugalmas manyagot (elasz- realizeaz de obicei cu mortar de var, ce poate : -
tomert) hasznlnak. fi folosit fie pentru asigurarea marginilor ver-
ticale sau orizontale ale tencuielilor, fie pentru ,
mszhabarcs asigurarea marginilor unei lacune (atunci ,
cnd nu se opteaz pentru chituirea lacunei). .
Proprietile materialului folosit la tivire trebu-
Bordatura it ie s fie ct se poate de apropiate de proprie- :
tile materialului tratat. Uneori, tivirea trebuie , -
Definizione: Aggiunte di malta intraprese per s fie elastic (pentru nevoi structurale ce ne- , -
proteggere contro eventuali danneggiamenti cesit flexibilitate); n aceste cazuri se folosete , -
i bordi esposti dellintonaco. un material elastomeric. . , -
,
Commento: I bordi vulnerabili sono solita- mortar de var .
mente protetti con malta di calce che pu es- -
sere utilizzata per fissare i bordi sia verticali .
che orizzontali dellintonaco, o per fissare i Reparacin de bordes y juntas Es .
bordi di una lacuna (quando si decide di non
stuccare la lacuna). La riparazione deve essere Definicin: Adicin de mortero realizada para
realizzata con lo stesso materiale della borda- proteger los bordes de revoque o de piedra
tura. Talvolta la riparazione del bordo deve es- expuestos a prdidas, infiltraciones de agua o
sere elastica (per esigenze strutturali che ri- de suciedad, etc.

323
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Marble inserts in the faade of the Erechtheion of the Acropolis, Athens (Greece), 421 and 406 BC; Photo: 2014, UPV (Pilar Bosch)
Dutchman repair
Definition: Partial replacement of a small area
of damaged stone with a new insert that can
either be done with natural stone or with a
pre-cast material.
Comment: The original stone has to be
carved/hollowed out before inserting a dutch-
man repair. The new stone is either wedged in
place or secured with an adhesive. The joint
between new and old should be kept as nar-
row as possible to maintain the appearance of
a continuous surface. The disadvantages of
this method are that the surrounding stone
material is destroyed to enable the dutchman
repair to fit the lacuna.
Synonyms: patch, stone repair, replacement,
indent
joint
Sources: Grimmer 1984, 50/1; Paolini, Faldi 2005, 347; Stone 2012, 241248, 314
324
EN Remplacement de pierre FR
Dfinition: Remplacement partiel dune pe-
tite partie de pierre dgrade par linsertion
dune pierre naturelle ou dun matriau pr-
moul.
Commentaires: La nouvelle pierre est soit ca-
le sur place soit scurise par un adhsif. Le
joint entre le matriau insr et lancienne
pierre devrait tre le plus fin possible pour gar-
der laspect dune surface continue. Les ds-
avantages de cette mthode sont que les
pierres contigus sont dtruites pour permet-
tre lencastrement de la pierre de rparation
dans la lacune.
Synonymes: faire un lancis (lancer), pierre de
remplacement, incrustement, crneler
joint
vierung DE
Definition: Partielle Ergnzung eines kleinen
Bereichs geschdigten Steinmaterials, das
durch ein neues Stck aus Naturstein oder
durch ein vorgeformtes Stck aus Steinersatz-
material (Inlay) ersetzt wird.
Kommentar: Der originale Stein muss vor
dem Einbringen einer Vierung ausgehhlt
werden. Das neue Stck wird entweder in die
Vertiefung verkeilt oder eingeklebt. Die Fuge
zwischen neu und alt sollte so schmal wie
mglich sein, um den Eindruck einer durch-
gehenden Oberflche zu erzeugen. Der Nach-
teil einer Vierung ist, dass der geschdigte Be-
reich abgearbeitet und zerstrt werden muss,
um sie in die Fehlstelle einzupassen.
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Steinergnzung
Fehlstelle, Integration
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coNsERvatioN

Zakrpa HR Flekowanie PL Diki atma tR

Definicija: Djelomina zamjena maloga po-
druja oteenoga kamena novim umetkom
koji se moe napraviti od prirodnoga kamena
ili prethodno odlivenoga materijala.
Napomena: Prije umetanja zakrpe izvorni ka-
men treba otklesati. Novi se kamen uklijeti ili
zalijepi. Kako bi se zadrao izgled kontinuirane
povrine, spoj izmeu zakrpe i izvorne povr-
ine treba biti to ui. Nedostaci ove metode
su to se, radi umetanja zakrpe u lakunu, ote-
uje okolni kamen.
Sinonim: taela
spojnica
Definicja: Czciowe zastpienie niewielkich
fragmentw zniszczonego kamienia now
wstawk, ktra moe by wykonana albo z na-
turalnego kamienia, albo z prefabrykatu.
Komentarz: Oryginalny kamie musi by
opracowany / podcity przed flekowaniem.
Nowy kamie jest albo klinowany na miejsce,
albo osadzony z uyciem kleju. Spoina midzy
nowym i starym materiaem powinna by
moliwie najwsza, aby cao sprawiaa wra-
enie jednolitej powierzchni. Niedogodnoci
stosowania tej metody jest niszczenie kamie-
nia dla dopasowania ubytku do wstawienia
fleku.
Synonimy: wstawki, naprawa kamienia, zast-
powanie, zastpowanie kamienia, wcicie
Tanm: Ta duvarda zarar grm bir tan ye-
rine doal ya da imitasyon yaplm yeni bir ta-
n yerine koyulmas.
Yorum: Diki atma ilemini yapmadan nce
orijinal tan iinin oyulmas (rtlmesi) ge-
reklidir. Yeni ta, yerine ya sktrlabilir ya da
bir yaptrc yardm ile salamlatrlr. Yeni
ile eski arasndaki derz kesintisiz yzey gr-
nmnn srekliliine salamak iin mm-
kn olduunca dar tutulmaldr. Bu yntemin
dezavantaj diki atma ilemi srasnda tan
evresine zarar verilebilmesidir.
E anlaml: yama, ta tamiri, yer deitirme, -
rtme
derz

spoina

Bettezs HU taselare Ro Bg

Meghatrozs: Krosodott kvek kis rsze- Definiie: nlocuirea parial a unui fragment : -
inek helyettestse egy j betttel, ami lehet de piatr deteriorat cu o inserie nou, reali- ,
termszetes kbl vagy egy elre kinttt zat cu piatr natural, sau cu un material pre-
anyagbl. fabricat. .

Megjegyzs: Az eredeti kveket bettezs Adnotare: Piatra original trebuie sculptat/ :

eltt meg kell vsni. Az j kdarabot bekelik scobit nainte de a efectua taselarea. Piatra cea /
vagy ragasztval rgztik. A rgi s j rsz k- nou este inserat n fant, sau fixat cu un ade- .
ztti hzagnak a lehet legkisebbnek kell len- ziv. Rostul dintre materialul nou i cel original .
nie, hogy megmaradjon egy sszefgg fel- trebuie s fie ct mai ngust posibil, pentru a
let ltszata. Az eljrs htrnya, hogy eredeti menine aspectul unei suprafee nentrerupte. -, -
anyagot kell eltvoltani a bett behelyezse Dezavantajul acestei metode este c materialul .
rdekben. de piatr din jur (original) este distrus pentru a , ,
Szinonimk: foltozs, kjavts, kptls permite potrivirea noii inserii n lacun. -
.
fuga rost : ,

tassellatura it Restitucin ptrea por cajeado Es

Definizione: In un concio di pietra, unarea Definicin: Sustitucin parcial de una peque-

danneggiata di dimensioni limitate viene so- a rea de piedra daada con una nueva uni-
stituita con un blocchetto nuovo che pu es- dad realizada en piedra natural o en un prefa-
sere fatto di pietra naturale o articifiale. bricado de piedra.

Commento: Il nuovo blocchetto in pietra (tas-
sello) viene inchiavettato direttamente nella
lacuna o fissato con un adesivo. Il giunto fra il
tassello e il concio di pietra devessere possi-
bilmente fine e arrivare ad una perfetta com-
bacianza per mantenere integro laspetto del-
la superficie del concio.
giunto, lacuna
Comentario: La piedra original tiene que ser
esculpida o vaciada antes de insertar la resti-
tucin ptrea. La nueva piedra se puede en-
castrar en el lugar o asegurar con un adhesivo.
La unin o junta entre lo nuevo y lo viejo debe
ser lo ms estrecha posible para mantener la
apariencia de una superficie continua. La des-
ventaja de este mtodo es que el material p-
treo circundante es destruido para permitir
que la restitucin encaje en la laguna.

junta

325
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Partially uncovered wall painting, Church of San Nicols Obispo y San Pedro Mrtir, Valencia (Spain), by Dionis Vidal 1694-1700; Photo: 2014, UPV
Uncovering EN
Definition: The process of discovering or ex-
posing a wall painting. It involves the con-
trolled removal of various superimposed and
overlying layers.
Comment: The concealment can be due to
one or several overlapping layers of lime or
other materials over the pictorial layer. The
reasons for covering can be varied, for in-
stance, changes in aesthetic taste, for hygienic
reasons, to hide a painting due to its poor
state of conservation, or for controlled/delib-
erate destruction of a paint layer. The uncov-
ering process is usually carried out mechani-
cally, ending with chemical cleaning to re-
move any remaining material that may be left
on the painted surface.
lime, cleaning, overpaint
Sources: Botticelli 1992, 8890; Danti, Felici 2008, 2754; Paolini, Faldi 2005, 134; Molt et al. 2003
326
Dgagement
Dfinition: Procd de dcouvrement dune
peinture murale, qui induit llimination
contrle des couches superposes cachant
la peinture.
Commentaires: Ce recouvrement peut tre
d une ou plusieurs couches superposes
de chaux ou dautres matriaux appliqus sur
la couche picturale. Les raisons du recouvre-
ment peuvent tre varies, par exemple pour
un changement de got, pour des raisons sa-
nitaires pour cacher une peinture due son
mauvais tat de conservation ou pour contr-
ler la destruction dune couche de peinture.
Le dgagement est gnralement mcanique
et termin par lenlvement chimique des r-
sidus superficiels.
chaux, nettoyage, repeint
FR Freilegung DE
Definition: Der Prozess der Entdeckung oder
des Offenlegens einer Wandmalerei, der die
kontrollierte Entfernung von mehreren dar-
berliegenden, verdeckenden Schichten bein-
haltet.
Kommentar: Die berdeckung kann durch
eine oder mehrere berlappende Kalkschich-
ten ber der Malschicht entstanden sein. Die
Grnde dafr knnen vielfltig sein, z.B. Ver-
nderungen des Geschmacks, hygienische
Grnde oder zum Verbergen einer schlecht er-
haltenen Wandmalerei oder zur kontrollier-
ten/bewussten Zerstrung einer Malschicht.
Die Freilegung wird meist mechanisch ausge-
fhrt und endet mit einer chemischen Reini-
gung, um jegliche berreste von der gefass-
ten Oberflche zu entfernen.
Reinigung, Kalk/Branntkalk, bermalung
 iNtERvENtioN

REstoRatioN

otkrivanje HR odsanianie PL rada. Este proceso suele llevarse a cabo mec-

nicamente, y se termina con una limpieza qu-
Definicija: Proces otkrivanja ili izlaganja zidne Definicja: Proces odkrywania i ukazywania mica para eliminar los restos que puedan ha-
slike. Obuhvaa kontrolirano uklanjanje svih malowida ciennego. Wie si z kontrolowa- ber quedado sobre la superficie pictrica.
slojeva koji preklapaju i prekrivaju sliku. nym usuwaniem rozmaitych naoonych kry-
jcych warstw. limpieza, cal, repinte
Napomena: Prekrivanje se moe odnositi na
jedan ili vie slojeva vapna ili drugog materi- Komentarz: Powoka pokrywajca warstw
jala na slikanome sloju. Razlozi pokrivanja mo- malarsk moe by pojedyncza lub moe to aa karma tR
gu biti razliiti, na primjer estetske promjene, by kilka kolejno nakadanych na siebie
radi higijenskih razloga ili da bi se sakrila slika warstw wapna lub innych materiaw. Powo- Tanm: Duvar resminin aa karlmas ya da
koja je u loemu stanju ili radi kontrolirano- dy pokrywania mogy by rne, np. zmiany gsterilmesi. Bu ilem, i ie girmi ve rtl-
ga/namjernoga unitavanja slikanog sloja. Po- stylw estetycznych, wzgldy higieniczne lub m katmanlarn kontroll bir ekilde soyul-
stupak otkrivanja najee se provodi meha- ch ukrycia malowida ze wzgldu na jego masn ierir.
niki te zavrava kemijskim ienjem kojim zy stan zachowania, czy w celu wiadomego/
se uklanja sav materijal koji je ostao na slikanoj zamierzonego zniszczenia warstwy malar- Yorum: Bu saklanma/gizlenme, resim tabaka-
povrini. skiej. Proces odsaniania jest zwykle wykony- snn zerindeki st ste binen bir ya da bir ka
wany mechanicznie, zakoczony doczyszcza- kire tabakas (badana katmanlar) yznden
vapno, ienje, preslik niem chemicznym w celu usunicia z po- olabilir. Kaplamann sebepleri farkl olabilir, r-
wierzchni malowida wszelkich pozostaoci. nein, resim katmanndaki grsel bozulmalar,
hijyenik sebepler, kt koruma durumunu ya
Feltrs HU wapno, oczyszczanie, przemalowanie da kontroll/kastl tahribatn saklamak iin.
Aa karma ilemi genellikle mekanik ola-
Meghatrozs: A falkpek felfedezsnek rak yrtlr, boyamann yzeyinde kalm
vagy felfedsnek folyamata. Felttelezi a k- Decapare Ro olabilen artk malzemelerin kaldrlmas iin
lnfle tfestsi s fedrtegek ellenrztt el- kimyasal temizleme ile son bulur.
tvoltst. Definiie: Procesul de descoperire sau de dez-
velire a unei picturi murale. Acesta implic n- kire, temizleme, stne boyama
Megjegyzs: A fedrteg lehet a festett fel- deprtarea controlat a diferitelor straturi su-
letre felhordott egyszeres vagy tbbszrs prapuse i acoperite.
mszrteg. Az eltakarsnak klnbz okai le- Bg
hetnek, pldul az eszttikai irnyzatok vlto- Adnotare: Aceast acoperire poate fi cauzat
zsa, higins okok, a falkp elrejtse ennek de suprapunerea unuia sau mai multor straturi :
rossz llaga miatt. A feltrst ltalban mecha- de var sau alte materii peste stratul de culoare. .
nikusan vgzik, vgl pedig egy vegyszeres Motivele acoperirilor pot fi variate, de exem-
tiszttsra kerl sor, a festett felleten htra- plu, schimbri n stilul estetic, motive de igie- ,
marad brmely anyag eltvoltsa vgett. n, pentru a ascunde o pictur datorit strii .
precare de conservare, sau pentru distrugerea
msz, tisztts, tfests controlat/deliberat a unui strat de culoare. : ,
Procesul de decapare se realizeaz de obicei ,
mecanic, finalizndu-se cu o curare chimic
Descialbo it cu scopul de a ndeprta resturile de material .
strin ce pot s rmn pe suprafaa pictat. , .
Definizione: Operazione di rimozione dello , -
scialbo su una pittura murale. Si rimuovono var, curare, repictare ,
uno o pi strati di scialbo, ossia di imbianca- ,
tura con idrato di calcio, con i quali la superfi- /
cie di una pittura murale era stata ricoperta. Desencalado Es .
,
Commento: Ci possono essere vari motivi per Definicin: Proceso de limpieza de una pin- -
lo scialbo di una pittura murale, per esempio tura mural que conlleva la eliminacin contro- -
cambiamenti di stile e di gusto, ma anche mo- lada de estratos de ocultacin. .
tivi igienici o il cattivo stato di conservazione
della pittura stessa. Loperazione di descialbo Comentario: Esta ocultacin puede deberse , ,
di solito viene eseguita meccanicamente e ri- a una o a varias capas de encalado (cal) y otros
finita con una pulitura chimica per rimuovere materiales superpuestos a la pelcula pictri-
eventuali residui di scialbo rimasti sulla super- ca. Los motivos y caractersticas de los enca-
ficie pittorica. lados son muy variados: desde un cambio de
gusto esttico o necesidades higinicas, hasta
imbiancatura, pittura murale, calce, pu- la ocultacin de una pintura por su mal estado
litura, ridipintura de conservacin o para su destruccin delibe-

327
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REstoRatioN
Carrying out reintegration, wall painting by Dionis Vidal, Church of San Nicols Obispo y San Pedro Mrtir, Valencia (Spain), 1694-1700; Photo: 2014, UPV
Reintegration EN
Definition: To reduce the visual impact of
damage and lacunae on a work of art, thus in-
creasing its artistic and iconographic legibility.
Two- and even three-dimensional reintegra-
tions can be carried out using different meth-
ods and techniques.
Comment: Every reintegration is related to a
specific historical and cultural perception of
the work of art and to prevailing taste. There-
fore it should be strictly limited to damage
and lacunae and should be clearly distinguish-
able when viewed at close proximity. Materi-
als to be employed should be compatible with
the original and reversible. A distinction is to
be drawn between lacunae that can be recon-
structed and those that cannot, as they re-
quire different methods of reintegration.
Traditional terms: retouching, inpainting
mimetic reintegration, neutral reintegration,
tratteggio, pointillism, astrazione cromat-
ica, selezione cromatica
Rintgration FR
Dfinition: Rduction de limpact visuel des
dtriorations et lacunes sur une uvre dart
pour accrotre sa lisibilit artistique et icono-
graphique. Les rintgrations peuvent tre bi-
ou tridimensionnelles et ralises selon diff-
rentes mthodes et techniques.
Sources: Althfer 1962b; Baldini 1978; Casazza 1981; Basile 2005; Brandi 1963, 1320, 7176; Ciatti 2004, 22/3; Mora et al. 1999, 329345; Nimmo 2001, 185;
Philippot 1959; Schdler-Saub 1986
328
Commentaires: Elle doit tre motive par
lhistoire matrielle et culturelle de luvre et
non par des choix arbitraires. Elle doit donc
tre strictement limite aux dtriorations et
lacunes et devrait tre perceptible de prs. Les
matriaux employs sont senss tre compa-
tibles avec les matriaux originaux et tre r-
versibles. Il faut distinguer les lacunes qui peu-
vent tre reconstitues de celles qui ne le peu-
vent pas car elles requirent diffrentes rin-
tgrations.
rintgration illusionniste, rintgration neu-
tre, tratteggio, rintgration chromatique,
pointillisme, abstraction chromatique
integration
Definition: Ihr Ziel ist, die Auswirkung eines
Schadens und einer Fehlstelle zu reduzieren,
indem die knstlerische und ikonographische
Lesbarkeit erhht wird. Zwei- und dreidimen-
sionale Ergnzungen knnen mit verschiede-
nen Methoden und Techniken ausgefhrt
werden.
Kommentar: Jede Ergnzung steht im Kontext
einer bestimmten kulturhistorischen Rezeption
des Kunstwerks und des Zeitgeschmacks. Sie
muss sich auf die Fehlstelle beschrnken und
aus der Nhe vom Original unterscheidbar sein.
Ergnzungsmaterialien sollten mit dem Origi-
nal kompatibel und reversibel sein. Man unter-
scheidet zwischen rekonstruierbaren und nicht
rekonstruierbaren Fehlstellen, weil sie verschie-
dene Ergnzungsmethoden erfordern.
Synonyme: Reintegration, farbliche Reintegra-
tion, Retusche
Fehlstelle, Kittung
Reintegracija HR
Definicija: Smanjivanje vidljivoga utjecaja
oteenja i lakuna na umjetniko djelo te po-
veanje umjetnike i ikonografske itljivosti.
S pomou razliitih metoda i tehnika mogu
se izvesti dvodimenzijske pa ak i trodimen-
zijske reintegracije.
Napomena: Svaka reintegracija povezana je
s odreenom povijesnom ili kulturnom per-
DE cepcijom umjetnikoga djela i prevladavaju-
ega ukusa. Stoga treba biti strogo ograniena
na oteenja i lakune, a kada se gleda iz blizine
treba biti jasno vidljiva. Materijali koji se upo-
trebljavaju moraju biti u skladu s izvornikom.
Potrebno je razluiti lakune koje se mogu re-
konstruirati i one koje se ne mogu jer zahtije-
vaju razliite metode reintegracije.
Tradicionalni naziv: retuiranje, uslikavanje
mimetska reintegracija, neutralna reintegra-
cija, tratteggio, poentilizam, astrazione
cromatica, selezione cromatica
Kiegszts HU
Meghatrozs: Clja mrskelni a malkots
krosodsainak s a hinyz rszeinek vizulis
hatst, javtva ezltal az alkots mvszi s
 iNtERvENtioN

REstoRatioN

ikonogrfiai felismerhetsgt. Kt, akr h- Komentarz: Kade uzupenienie jest powi- diferentes mtodos y tcnicas de reintegracin.
romdimenzis kiegszts is lehetsges, kln- zane ze swoistym odbiorem historycznym i Denominacin del trmino tradicional: retoque
bz mdszerek s technikk hasznlatval. kulturowym dziea sztuki oraz z panujcym
gustem. Dlatego powinno by cile ograni- reintegracin mimtica, reintegracin neutra,
Megjegyzs: Minden kiegszts a malkots czone do obszaru uszkodzenia i ubytku, po- tratteggio, puntillismo, abstraccin crom-
sajtos trtneti s kulturlis rzkelstl s winno by te atwo rozpoznawalne przy tica, seleccin cromtica
az uralkod zlstl fgg. Ezrt szigoran a k- ogldaniu z niewielkiej odlegoci. Uyte ma-
rosodott s a hinyz rszekre kell korltozd- teriay powinny by zgodne z oryginaem i od-
nia, s kzeli megtekintskor vilgosan meg- wracalne. Naley wyranie rozrni ubytki tamamlama tR
klnbztethetnek kell lennie. A hasznlt ktre mog by rekonstruowane od tych, kt-
anyagoknak az eredetivel kompatibiliseknek rych nie naley uzupenia, wymagaj one od- Tanm: Sanat eserindeki artistik ve ikonografik
s eltvolthatknak kell lennik. El kell kl- miennych metod reintegracji. okunabilirlii artrmak iin boluklarn ve ha-
nteni a helyrellthat s nem helyrellthat Tradycyjny termin: retuszowanie sarn grsel etkisini azaltma. ki hatta bo-
hinyz rszeket, mert ezek klnbz kieg- yutlu btnletirme, farkl yntem ve teknikler
sztsi mdszereket ignyelnek. uzupenianie naladowcze, uzupenianie kullanlarak yrtlebilir.
Hagyomnyos kifejezs: retus neutralne, tratteggio, puentylizm, abstra-
kcja chromatyczna, selekcja chromatyczna Yorum: Her btnletirme, sanat eserinin zel
beilleszked retus, semleges retus, vonal- tarihi ve kltrel algsnn yannda gnmz-
kz retus, pontozsos retus, sznabsztrakci, deki teknii ile ilgilidir. Byle olunca btnle-
selezione cromatica Reintegrare cromatic Ro tirme hasar ve boluklar iin kesinlikle snrl
olmal, ve yeni ilem yakndan bakldnda
Definiie: Se realizeaz cu scopul de a reduce net bir ekilde fark edilebilmelidir. Kullanlan
Reintegrazione it impactul vizual al degradrilor i al lacunelor malzemeler, orijinaline uyumlu ve geri dn-
pe o oper de art, sporind astfel lizibilitatea ml olmaldr. Boluklarda, farkl btnleme
Definizione: Per migliorare la percezione di artistic i iconografic a lucrrii. Se pot realiza yntemlerine ihtiya duyulduunda, tamam-
unopera darte frammentaria senza falsificare reintegrri bi- i chiar tridimensionale folosind lanamayanlar ile tamamlanabilen boluklar
il suo messaggio storico-culturale e la sua ma- diferite metode i tehnici. arasndaki ayrma dikkat edilmelidir.
teria, si eseguono reintegrazioni pittoriche ed Geleneksel terimler: rtu, renklendirme
anche plastiche con varie metodologie e tec- Adnotare: Fiecare reintegrare este legat de o E anlaml: btnleme, tmleme
niche basate sui principi moderni del restauro. percepie istoric i cultural specific a operei
de art i de gustul predominant al vremii. Prin takliti tamamlama, ntr tamamlama, i-
Commento: La reintegrazione riduce linfluen- urmare, reintegrarea trebuie s se limiteze strict ziktirme, noktalama, renksel soyutlama
za estetica e iconografica negativa della lacuna; la degradri i la lacune, i ar trebui s se disting
a distanza ravvicinata si distingue chiaramente clar atunci cnd este privit din imediata apro-
dalloriginale. basata su un determinato ap- piere. Materialele utilizate trebuie s fie compa- Bg
proccio culturale allopera ed legata al gusto tibile cu originalul i reversibile. Trebuie fcut
del proprio tempo. Per rispettare lintegrit e o diferen ntre lacunele ce pot fi reconstruite : -
lautenticit dellopera, reintegrazioni devono i cele care nu pot fi, deoarece acestea necesit -
limitarsi alla lacuna e usare materiali reversibili metode diferite de reintegrare. ,
e compatibili con loriginale. Le teorie moderne -
del restauro distinguono fra lacune ricostruibili reintegrare mimetic, reintegrare neutr, trat- .
e non ricostruibili, le quali richiedono differenti teggio, pointilism, abstracie cromatic - -
metodi e tecniche di reintegrazione. I termini .
tradizionali restauro pittorico o ritocco pittorico
si basano su una concezione artistica del re- Reintegracin Es :
stauro non corrispondente ai principi moderni.
Definicin: Accin realizada para reducir el -
lacuna, reintegrazione a neutro, tratteg- impacto visual de un dao o laguna en una . -
gio, punteggiato, astrazione cromatica; se- obra de arte con el fin de aumentar su legibi-
lezione cromatica, integrazione pittorica mime- lidad artstica e iconogrfica. Reintegraciones
tica/restauro pittorico imitativo bi y tridimensionales pueden llevarse a cabo . -
utilizando diferentes mtodos y tcnicas. -
. -
Uzupenianie ubytkw warstwy PL Comentario: Cada tipo se basa en un determi- , -
malarskiej, reintegracja nado enfoque histrico y cultural de la obra de , , -
arte y est ligado al gusto de cada poca. Con .
Definicja: Ograniczenie wzrokowego wrae- el fin de respetar la integridad y la autenticidad :
nia zniszcze i ubytkw dziea sztuki poprzez de la obra, la reintegracin debe limitarse a la : P
zwikszenie jego artystycznej i ikonograficz- laguna y debe usar materiales reversibles y
nej czytelnoci. Mona wykona uzupenienie compatibles con el original. Las teoras de la res- , -
dwu- a nawet trjwymiarowe wykorzystujc tauracin moderna distinguen entre lagunas re- , , ,
rne metody i techniki. construibles y no reconstruibles, que requieren ,

329
 iNtERvENtioN
REstoRatioN
Neutral reintegration of large infills in a detached fresco painting, Evangelical Church, Jelna (Romania), 14th century; Photo: 2012, UAD (Adran Rauca)
Neutral reintegration
Definition: When a damaged area or lacuna
cannot be reconstructed due to its size, lack
of reliable sources, or the artistic importance
of the work of art, its negative optical impact
on the original can be reduced by toning
down the damage or lacuna with a so-called
neutral colour, thereby moving it into the
background.
Comment: The method aims to preserve the
authenticity of the fragmented original. It is
widely used in archaeology. However, in more
recent times, the use of this method for the
restoration of paintings has been criticised as
according to the theory of perception
(Gestaltpsychologie, as well as the theory of
colours) there are no neutral colours or neu-
tral additions to a work of art.
reintegration
Sources: Basile 2005; Brandi 1963, 1320, 7176; Ciatti 2004, 21/2; Mora et al.1999, 329345; Nimmo 2001,184; Paolini 1999, 291; Philippot 1959; Schdler-Saub
1998
330
EN Rintgration neutre FR
Dfinition: Lorsque une zone dgrade ou
une lacune ne peut tre reconstruite du fait
de sa taille, de labsence de source fiable ou
limportance artistique de loeuvre, son impact
optique ngatif sur loriginal peut tre es-
tomp avec une couleur neutre.
Commentaires: Le but est de prserver lau-
thenticit de ce qui reste de loriginal. Large-
ment utilise en archologie, cette mthode
est cependant critique depuis peu sur la base
de la thorie de la perception (Gestaltpsycho-
logie, de mme que la thorie des couleurs)
selon laquelle il ny a pas de couleurs ou
dajots neutres dans une oeuvre dart.
rintgration
Neutrale Ergnzung DE
Definition: Wenn eine Fehlstelle wegen ihres
Ausmaes, fehlender Quellen oder der knst-
lerischen Bedeutung des Werkes nicht rekon-
struierbar ist, kann man ihre negative optische
Wirkung mindern, indem man sie mit Farbe
oder einem Verputz in einem neutralen Farb-
ton als Hintergrund definiert.
Kommentar: Mit dieser Methode will man die
Authentizitt eines fragmentarischen Kunst-
werks bewahren. Sie ist in der Archologie
weit verbreitet. In der Gemlderestaurierung
wird sie heute kritisch beurteilt, da es bei der
Wahrnehmung eines Kunstwerks (im Sinne
der Gestaltpsychologie und der Farbtheorie)
weder neutrale Farben noch neutrale Er-
gnzungen an Kunstwerken gibt.
Synonym: Neutralretusche
Integration
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Neutralna reintegracija HR
Definicija: Kada se oteeno podruje ili laku-
na ne mogu rekonstruirati zbog veliine, ne-
dostatka pouzdanoga izvora ili umjetnike vri-
jednosti djela. Negativan utjecaj takvih ote-
enja na original moe se umanjiti tonira-
njem oteenja ili lakune tzv. neutralnom bo-
jom i na taj se nain pomaknuti u pozadinu.
Napomena: Cilj je metode sauvati autenti-
nost fragmentiranoga izvornika. Takav se pri-
stup esto primjenjuje u arheologiji. Meutim,
u novije je vrijeme primjena ove metode re-
stauracije slika podvrgnuta kritici jer prema
teoriji percepcije (Gestaltpsychologie kao i
teoriji boja) nema neutralnih boja, odnosno
nema neutralnih dodataka umjetnikomu
djelu.
reintegracija
semleges retus HU
Meghatrozs: Ha egy krosodott vagy hi-
nyz rsz nem rekonstrulhat, mretei, hi-
teles forrsok hinya vagy a malkots mv-
szi fontossga miatt, az eredetire gyakorolt
negatv optikai hats cskkentse rdekben
egy semleges (neutrlis) sznnel tomptjk a
ltvnyt, ami ltal httrbe kerl.
Megjegyzs: A mdszer clja megrizni a t-
redkes eredeti malkots hitelessgt. Szles
krben hasznljk a rgszetben. Mindamel-
lett, a festmnyrestaurlsban val hasznlata
brlt, mivel az rzkels elmlete szerint
(Gestaltpsychologie valamint a sznelmlet)
nincsenek semleges sznek vagy semleges
kiegsztsek egy malkotson.
kiegszts
Reintegrazione a neutro it
Definizione: Quando una lacuna non rico-
struibile a causa delle sue dimensioni o della
sua importanza artistica o per mancanza di
fonti attendibili, si pu ridurre la sua influenza
ottica negativa sulloriginale con vari metodi
e tecniche.
Commento: Di solito si cerca di definire la la-
cuna come sfondo, usando una tinta o un in-
tonaco di tono neutro e ponendo lintegra-
zione un poco sotto il livello dei frammenti ori-
ginali. Il metodo vuole salvaguardare lauten-
ticit dellopera darte frammentaria. molto
usato in ambito archeologico. Nel restauro dei
dipinti invece, oggi criticamente discusso,
perch nella percezione (vedi Gestaltpsycho-
logie e teoria dei colori) non esistono colori
neutri n aggiunte neutre a unopera darte.
intonaco, lacuna, reintegrazione/restauro
pittorico
Uzupenianie neutralne
Definicja: Kiedy uszkodzony obszar lub uby-
tek nie moe by zrekonstruowany z powodu
zakresu, braku wiarygodnych rde lub arty-
stycznej wartoci dziea sztuki, jego negatyw-
ny wpyw na orygina moe by zagodzony
poprzez stonowanie uszkodzenia czy ubytku
przy uyciu tzw. koloru neutralnego, niejako
przeniesienie go do ta.
Komentarz: Metoda umoliwia zachowanie
autentyzmu fragmentarycznego oryginau.
Jest szeroko stosowana w archeologii. Jednak
ostatnio stosowanie tej metody w konserwacji
jest krytykowane zgodnie z teori percepcji
(Gestaltpsychologie, jak rwnie teori kolo-
rw) nie ma neutralnego koloru ani neutral-
nych dodatkw do dziaa sztuki. Yorum: Bu yntemde ama, paralanm olan
uzupenianie/reintegracja
Reintegrare neutr Ro
Definiie: Atunci cnd o zon degradat sau tur.
o lacun nu poate fi reconstruit datorit di-
mensiunii sale, datorit lipsei de surse credi-
bile, sau datorit importanei artistice a operei
de art, impactul optic negativ de pe original
poate fi redus prin estomparea degradrii sau
a lacunei cu o aa-numit culoare neutr, pla-
sndu-o astfel n fundal.
Adnotare: Metoda are drept scop pstrarea
autenticitii originalului fragmentat. Reinte-
grarea neutr este utilizat n arheologie pe
scar larg. Cu toate acestea, n ultima vreme,
utilizarea acestei metode pentru restaurarea
picturilor a fost criticat, deoarece, conform
teoriei percepiei (Gestaltpsychologie, pre-
cum i teoriei culorilor) nu exist culori neutre
sau completri neutre la o oper de art.
reintegrare cromatic
Reintegracin neutra Es
Definicin: Cuando un rea daada o una la-
guna no puede ser reconstruida debido a su
tamao, a su importancia artstica o a la falta
de fuentes fiables, se puede reducir su influen-
cia ptica negativa sobre el original mediante
un color neutro que se define como fondo.
Comentario: Este mtodo de reintegracin
pretende preservar la autenticidad de la obra
fragmentada. Se utiliza ampliamente en la ar-
queologa. En restauracin pictrica actual-
mente, sin embargo, est crticamente en dis-
PL cusin, ya que segn la teora de la percep-
cin (al igual que la teora del color) no exis-
ten colores neutros o agregados neutros en
una obra de arte.
reintegracin
Ntr btnleme tR
Tanm: Hasarl blge veya boluk, boyutu, g-
venilir kaynak eksiklii ya da sanat eserinin ar-
tistik nemi yznden btnlenemiyorsa, ori-
jinalindeki negatif optik etki, ntr renk kulla-
nlarak hasarn ya da boluun tonunun yu-
muatlmasyla azaltlabilir bylelikle bu etki
arka plana tanm olur.
orijinal eserin otantikliini korumaktr. Genel-
likle arkeolojide kullanlr. Fakat gnmzde,
bu yntemin resim restorasyonu iin kullanm
eletirilmektedir, nk alg teorisine gre
(renklerin teorisi olarak bilinen Gestalt psiko-
lojisi) sanat eserinde ntr renk veya ekler yok-
tamamlama, btnleme
Bg
: ..
,
, -
-
, -
.
: -
.
. -
, -
(Gestaltpsychologie -
)
.

331
 iNtERvENtioN
REstoRatioN
tratteggio EN
Definition: Based on the conservation/
restoration theory of Cesare Brandi, the shape
and colour of a damaged area are reconstruct-
ed using short vertical lines.
Comment: As in pointillism, pure colours are
used mostly water colours that appear to
blend together when viewed from a distance.
It is only used for small areas of lacunae that
can be very confidently and easily recon-
structed. It improves the readability of a frag-
mented work of art, and is discernible at close
proximity. The intervention is reversible. In
many countries, the term is mistakenly used
for any type of retouching carried out with
lines, even for mono-chromatic retouchings.
Not to be confused with: rigatino
reintegration, pointillism
tratteggio FR
Dfinition: Reconstruction de la forme et de
la couleur dune zone lacunaire par de petits
traits verticaux (daprs la thorie de la restau-
ration de Cesare Brandi).
Sources: Basile 2005; Brandi 1963, 1322, 7176; Mora et al. 1984, 355358; Nimmo 2001, 185; Schdler-Saub 1986; Schdler-Saub 2005
332
Short vertical coloured lines for reintegration of an infill, wall painting by Dionis
Vidal, Church of San Nicols Obispo y San Pedro Mrtir, Valencia (Spain) 1694-
1700; Photo: 2014, UPV
Commentaires: Comme dans le pointillisme,
on utilise des couleurs pures -gnralement
de laquarelle- qui se mlangent optiquement
distance. On amliore la lisibilit dune oeu-
vre fragmente par la rintgration de petites
lacunes facilement reconstitues mais qui res-
tent identifiables de prs. Dans de nombreux
pays, le terme est abusivement utilis pour d-
signer toutes retouches au trait, mme mono-
chromatique.
Ne pas confondre avec: rigatino
rintgration, pointillisme
tratteggio DE
Definition: Form und Farbigkeit einer Fehlstel-
le wird mit kurzen vertikalen Strichen auf hel-
lem Untergrund rekonstruiert (auf Grundlage
der Restaurierungstheorie von Cesare Brandi).
Kommentar: Wie im Pointillismus werden rei-
ne Farben, meist Aquarellfarben, verwendet,
die sich aus der Distanz im Auge des Betrach-
ters mischen. Es wird nur bei kleinen Fehlstel-
len angewandt, die zweifelsfrei rekonstruier-
bar sind. Es verbessert die Lesbarkeit eines
fragmentarischen Kunstwerks und ist aus der
Nhe identifizierbar. Die Manahme ist rever-
sibel. In vielen Lndern wird der Begriff irrtm-
lich fr jede Art von Strichretusche genutzt, so-
gar frneutrale monochrome Strichtexturen.
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Rigatino, Strichre-
tusche
Integration, Punktretusche
tratteggio HR
Definicija: Rekonstrukcija oblika i boja ote-
enoga podruja kratkim okomitim crticama
temeljena na konzervatorskoj teoriji Cesarea
Brandija.
Napomena: Kao u poentilizmu, rabe se iste
boje uglavnom vodene koje iz daljine iz-
gledaju kao da se stapaju. Tehnika se primje-
njuje samo za mala podruja lakune koja se
mogu pouzdano i lako rekonstruirati. Rekon-
strukcija poboljava itljivost fragmentirano-
ga umjetnikog djela te je primjetna iz blizine.
Intervencija je reverzibilna. U mnogim zemlja-
ma naziv se pogreno upotrebljava za bilo ko-
ju vrstu retuiranja izvedenu crticama, ak i za
monokromatsko retuiranje.
Ne smije se mijeati s: rigatino
reintegracija, poentilizam
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vonalkz retus HU nowych linii, metoda oparta na teorii konser- jora la lectura de una obra de arte fragmenta-
wacji / restauracji Cesare Brandiego. da que es fcilmente identificable a corta dis-
Meghatrozs: Cesare Brandi restaurls el- tancia. La intervencin es reversible. En mu-
mlete alapjn, a krosodott rsz formjt s Komentarz: Tak jak w technice punktowania chos pases, el trmino se utiliza para cual-
sznt rvid, fggleges vonalakkal lltjk uywane s czyste kolory gwnie akwarele quier tipo de integracin a rayas, incluso para
helyre. wspgrajce ze sob podczas ogldania z los retoques monocromticos.
dystansu. Metoda stosowana tylko na maych No confundir con: rigatino
Megjegyzs: Akrcsak a pontozsos retus ubytkach, ktre mona pewnie i atwo zrekon-
esetn, tiszta szneket hasznlnak ltalban struowa. Uzupenienie, dostrzegalne z bli- reintegracin, puntillismo
vzfestkeket melyek tvolabbrl szemllve skiej odlegoci, poprawia czytelno niekom-
sszeolvadnak. Csak kismret hinyok ese- pletnego dziea sztuki. Interwencja jest od-
tn hasznljk, melyeket bizonyosan s kny- wracalna. W wielu krajach termin mylnie uy- iziktirme tR
nyen rekonstrulhatak. Javtja a tredkes wany do kadego sposobu retuszowania z za-
malkots olvashatsgt s kzelrl felis- stosowaniem linii, nawet monochromatycz- Tanm: Cesare Brandinin koruma/restorasyon
merhet. A beavatkozs visszafordthat. A ki- nego. Termin rigatino bywa mylnie uywany teorisine dayanarak, hasarl blgenin eklinin
fejezst sok orszgban tvesen hasznljk, jako synonim terminu tratteggio. ve renginin, ksa dey izgiler kullanlarak ye-
brmely tpus vonalakkal vgzett retus, akr niden yaplmasdr.
egyszn retus esetn. uzupenianie / reintegracja, kropkowanie,
Szinonimk: vonalkzs, tratteggio puentylizm Yorum: Noktalamada olduu gibi, uzaktan
Tves megnevezs: rigatino bakldnda birbirine karm gibi grnen
katksz renkler -ounlukla sulu boyalar-kul-
kiegszts, pontozsos retus tratteggio Ro lanlr. Sadece hasarn kk ksmlarnda ve
geri dnebilir nitelikte uygulanr. ok yakn-
Definiie: Bazat pe teoria conservrii-restau- dan bakldnda tamamlanan alann yeni ya-
tratteggio it rrii a lui Cesare Brandi, forma i culoarea unei pldnn okunabilir olmas gerekir. (Bran-
zone degradate este reconstruit prin linii ver- dinin teorisine gre btnlemenin geri dn-
Definizione: Basato sulla teoria del restauro ticale scurte. ml olmas hayati bir kavramdr). Birok l-
di Cesare Brandi, il tratteggio ricostruisce for- kede bu terim yanllkla izgilerle yaplan her
ma e cromia di un testo pittorico lacunoso con Adnotare: Ca i n pointilism, sunt folosite cu- trl rtu hatta tek renkli rtu iin kullanlr.
brevi tratti paralleli verticali di colori puri giu- lori pure mai ales culori pe baz de ap care E anlam: tarama
stapposti e sovrapposti, secondo i principi del vizualizate de la distan par s se contopeas- Kartrmaynz: rigatino
pointilismo, su uno sfondo chiaro. c.
Este folosit doar pentru lacune mici care pot btnleme, tamamlama, noktalama
Commento: Integra limmagine senza creare fi reconstruite cu foarte mare ncredere i uu-
un falso storico e artistico, perch a distanza rin. Acesta mbuntete lizibilitatea unei
ravvicinata facilmente identificabile. Di soli- opere de art fragmentate i este perceptibil Bg
to si usano colori ad acquarello, lintervento din imediata apropiere. Intervenia este rever-
reversibile (per Brandi, un concetto essenziale sibil. n multe ri, termenul este folosit ero- :
per ogni reintegrazione). applicabile solo a nat pentru orice tip de retu realizat cu linii, -
lacune di dimensioni contenute, in cui limma- chiar i pentru retuuri monocromatice. , -
gine ricostruibile senza dubbi o arbitrariet A nu se confunda cu: rigatino .
interpretative. In molti paesi, il termine usato
per ogni tipo dintegrazione a righe, con varie reintegrare cromatic, pointilism :
strutture e con colori mescolati sulla tavoloz- -
za; pu persino assumere la funzione di unin- , -
tegrazione a neutro, con righe monocrome, tratteggio Es . ,
senza ricostruire forma e cromia. .
Da non confondersi con: rigatino (termine im- Definicin: Basado en la teora de la restau- -
proprio per tratteggio) racin de Brandi, reconstruye la forma y el co- -
lor de un rea daada con trazos cortos para- . .
lacuna, reintegrazione/restauro pittorico, lelos y verticales. -
punteggiato, reintegrazione a neutro ,
Comentario: Igual que el puntillismo, se usan .
colores puros, generalmente acuarelas, que se :
tratteggio PL fusionan cuando se observan en la distancia.
Es aplicable solo en lagunas de pequeo ta- ,
Definicja: Zarysy i kolory zniszczonych partii mao que pueden reconstruirse fcilmente y
s rekonstruowane przy uyciu krtkich pio- sin dudas ni interpretaciones arbitrarias. Me-

333
 iNtERvENtioN
REstoRatioN
Reintegration of an infill with dots of pure colour, Ottonian Cycle, St. Georg, Reichenau-Oberzell (Germany), 10th century; Photos: 1988, RPS (Drthe Jakobs, Helmut F. Reichwald)
Pointillism EN
Definition: The colour and not necessarily
the shape of the damage or lacuna is recon-
structed using a dense application of dots
(wherever possible in pure colours).
Comment: The texture of the dots allows for
the identification of damage at close proxim-
ity; at a normal viewing distance it has a pos-
itive impact on the perception of the fragmen-
tary image through its impressionistic effect
with the combination of warm and cold and
lighter and darker colours. The reconstruction
is carried out only on new infills. The pointil-
listic reintegration uses the principles of trat-
teggio, but it can also be used on larger lacu-
nae that cannot be formally reconstructed.
reintegration, tratteggio
Sources: Althfer 1962a; Althfer 1962b; Jakobs 2005
334
Pointillisme
Dfinition: Reconstitution de la couleur -pas
forcment de la forme- dune zone lacunaire
par un rseau de points juxtaposs et super-
poss, selon le principe du pointillisme.
Commentaires: La finesse du rseau de
points ne rend visible la rintgration qu dis-
tance rapproche. A distance normale, la per-
ception de limage fragmentaire est restitue
par leffet chromatique de type impression-
niste. La rintgration nest effectue que sur
des comblements neufs. La rintgration par
pointillisme reprend certains principes du
tratteggio, mais est galement applicable
des lacunes plus grandes et o les formes ne
peuvent pas tre reconstitues.
rintgration, tratteggio
FR Punktretusche DE
Definition: Mit einem dichten Auftrag von
Punkten in mglichst reinen Farben rekon-
struiert man die Farbigkeit, nicht unbedingt
die Form einer Fehlstelle.
Kommentar: Durch die Punktstruktur erkennt
man den Schaden aus der Nhe; bei norma-
lem Abstand frdert sie die Wahrnehmung
der fragmentarischen Darstellung durch die
impressionistische Farbwirkung. Die Punktre-
tusche wird nur auf neuen Kittungen ausge-
fhrt. Sie nimmt einige Prinzipien des Tratteg-
gio auf, kann aber auch bei greren und for-
mal nicht rekonstruierbaren Fehlstellen ange-
wandt werden.
Integration, tratteggio
 iNtERvENtioN

REstoRatioN

Poentilizam HR In uso anche il termine puntinismo (quando
il punteggiato adoperato come neutro).
Definicija: Tehnika rekonstrukcije oteenja
ili lakune s pomou gustih toaka u boji. Kada lacuna, reintegrazione/restauro pittorico,
je to mogue, rabe se iste boje. tratteggio, reintegrazione a neutro, astra-
zione cromatica, selezione cromatica
Napomena: Tekstura toaka omoguuje utvr-
ivanje tete iz neposredne blizine. Pri nor-
malnoj udaljenosti ima pozitivan utjecaj na Punktowanie / Kropkowanie
percepciju fragmentarne slike impresionisti-
kim efektom kombinacije toplih i hladnih te Definicja: Rekonstruowany jest kolor nie ko-
svjetlijih i tamnijih boja. Rekonstrukcija se iz- niecznie ksztat zniszczenia lub ubytku, z wy-
vodi samo na novim ispunama. Poentilistika korzystaniem gstych kropek (o ile to moliwe
reintegracija temelji se na naelima tratteg- w czystych kolorach).
gia, ali se takoer moe primijeniti i na veim
lakunama koje se ne mogu formalno rekon- Komentarz: Struktura kropek pozwala na
struirati. identyfikacj ubytkw z bliska, poprzez im-
presjonistyczny efekt zmieszania ciepych i
reintegracija, tratteggio zimnych oraz ciemniejszych i janiejszych ko-
lorw przy zwykej odlegoci ma pozytywny
wpyw na odbir niekompletnego obrazu. Re-
Pontozsos retus HU konstrukcja jest wykonywana tylko na no-
wych wypenieniach. Puentylistyczne punkto-
Meghatrozs: A krosods vagy hinyz wania / uzupenianie / reintegracja dziaa normal mesafeden bakldnda da, scak-so-
rsz sznt s nem felttlenl a formjt is wedug zasad tratteggio, ale moe by sto- uk, ak-koyu renklerin kombinasyonunun
sr pontok elhelyezsvel rekonstruljk sowane take na wikszych ubytkach, ktre w verdii etki sayesinde paralanm resimde
(amennyiben lehet, tiszta szneket hasznlva). zasadzie nie mog by rekonstruowane.
Synonim: puentylizm
Megjegyzs: A pontok textrja lehetv teszi
a krosods kzelrl val felismerst; normlis uzupenianie/reintegracja, tratteggio narak alr ancak ayn zamanda Tratteggio
tvolsgrl szemllve pozitv hatssal van a t-
redkes kp felismerhetsgre, impresszionis-
ta hatsa, a hideg s meleg, vilgos s stt sz- Pointilism Ro
nek sszeolvadsa ltal. A helyrelltst csak j
tmtseken vgzik. A pontozsos retus a vo- Definiie: Culoarea i nu neaprat forma de-
nalkz retushoz hasonl elveken alapszik, de gradrii sau a unei lacune este reconstruit fo-
hasznlhat nagyobb hinyokon is, melyeken losind o aplicare dens de puncte (n culori
a formai kiegszts nem lehetsges. pure, oriunde este posibil).
kiegszts, vonalkz retus Adnotare: Textura punctelor permite identi-
ficarea deteriorrilor din imediata apropiere;
la o distan normal de vizualizare are un im-
Punteggiato it pact pozitiv asupra percepiei imaginii frag-
mentate, prin efectul su impresionist, datorat
Definizione: Si ricostruisce la cromia, non la combinaiei de culori calde i reci, mai deschi-
forma, di un testo pittorico lacunoso con una se i mai ntunecate. Reconstrucia se realizea-
struttura a puntini giustapposti e sovrapposti, z doar pe chituirile noi. Reintegrarea pointi-
secondo i principi del pointillismo. list se realizeaz conform principiilor tratteg-
gio-ului, ns poate fi folosit i pe lacune mai
Commento: La finezza del punteggiato tale mari ce nu pot fi reconstruite.
da rendere riconoscibile lintegrazione a di-
stanza ravvicinata. A distanza normale, la per- reintegrare cromatic, tratteggio
cezione dellimmagine frammentaria facili-
tata dalla cromia di effetto impressionistico.
La reintegazione viene eseguita solo su nuove Puntillismo
stuccature. Il punteggiato riprende certi prin-
cipi del tratteggio, ma applicabile anche a Definicin: Tipo de reintegracin que recons-
lacune di dimensioni pi grandi o laddove le truye el cromatismo, aunque no necesaria-
forme dellimmagine non sono ricostruibili. Se mente la forma, de un dao o laguna, median-
la cromia rinuncia ad avvicinarsi alloriginale te el uso de puntos, con colores puros, siem-
circostante, il punteggiato pu assumere an- pre que sea posible.
che la funzione di unintegrazione a neutro.
Comentario: La textura de los puntos permite
la identificacin del dao a corta distancia, mien-
tras que a la distancia normal, la percepcin de
la imagen fragmentada se ve atenuada por la
combinacin de colores (fros, clidos, claros y
oscuros), con efecto impresionista. La interven-
cin se realiza solo sobre estucados nuevos. El
puntillismo utiliza algunos principios del tratteg-
PL gio, pero tambin es aplicable a lagunas ms
grandes donde las formas no son reconstruibles.
reintegracin, tratteggio
Noktalama tR
Tanm: Hasar veya boluun rengi ok gerekli
olmasa da eklinin youn noktalama (mm-
kn olan yerlerde doal renklerde) uygulama-
syla tamamlanmas.
Yorum: Noktalarn dokusu, ok yakndan ba-
kldnda hasarn fark edilmesine izin vermeli,
olumlu bir iz brakmaldr. Tamamlama sadece
yeni boluklarda yaplr. Noktalama ile tamam-
lama izgi ile tamamlama prensiplerini kulla-
prensiplerini kullanarak alr fakat ayn za-
manda ekil olarak yeniden ina edilemeyen
daha byk boluklarda da kullanlabilir.
tamamlama, btnleme, izgi ile tamam-
lama
Bg
:
,
,
( ).
: -
.
-
,
. -
.
Es ,
- ,
.
,

335
 iNtERvENtioN
REstoRatioN
Before/after velatura on a column, Cappella Maggiore di Santa Croce, Florence (Italy), 1380; Photos: 2010, OPD (Maria Rosa Lanfranchi)
tonal adjustment / glazing EN
Definition: Small losses in the paint layer, in
the preparatory layer or in the final layer of an
architectural surface, caused by wear/use,
abrasion or other damage, are reintegrated by
means of reducing the tone with transparent
glazes (applied using watercolours or any oth-
er compatible and adequate binding media).
Comment: It is applied onto the original sup-
port, e.g. on the intonaco (plaster) and, is re-
versible. It is able to reintroduce an appearance
of integrity to the architectural surface, opti-
cally darkening the lighter tones of the losses
with respect to the original surface. Another
possibility for the reintegration of larger losses
is the application of watercolour glazes by
means of dots, ticks or similar formal textures.
Not to be confused with: acqua sporca
reintegration
glacis FR
Dfinition: Attnuation des petites pertes de
couches picturale, de prparation ou dun d-
cor architectural, du fait dusures, dabrasion
Sources: Basile 2005; Brandi 1963, 7176; Mora et al.1999, 329345; Nimmo 2001, 186
336
ou autre dgradation, en appliquant une
peinture leau ou tout autre liant compatible
et adapt.
Commentaires: Il est rversible et appliqu
sur le support original (ex. intonaco, enduit). Il
peut redonner une apparence dintgrit la
couche picturale ou la surface architecturale,
en assombrissant les tons plus clairs des la-
cunes par rapport la surface dorigine. Il est
aussi possible dappliquer des glacis par
points ou toute autre texture similaire
dusage, pour rintgrer des lacunes plus im-
portantes.
Ne pas confondre avec: acqua sporca
rintgration
Lasierende Ergnzung DE
Definition: Kleine Fehlstellen von Malschicht,
-grund oder der obersten Schicht einer Archi-
tekturoberflche, die durch Abnutzung, Ab-
rieb o.a. entstanden sind, ergnzt man in re-
duziertem Farbton, mit Lasuren aus Wasser-
farben oder anderen Farben mit passenden
Bindemitteln.
Kommentar: Sie wird auf den originalen Tr-
ger, z.B. den Intonaco, aufgetragen und ist re-
versibel. Sie kann ein geschlossenes Erschei-
nungsbild wiederherstellen, indem sie, mit
Rcksicht auf die originale Oberflche, die hel-
leren Farbtne der Fehlstellen abdunkelt. Fr
die Ergnzung groer Fehlstellen ist das Auf-
tragen von Aquarell-Lasuren in Form von Punk-
ten, Hkchen oder hnlichen Formen mglich.
Synonyme: Unterton-Lasur, Aquarell-Lasur
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: acqua sporca
Integration
tonsko podeavanje / Lazuriranje HR
Definicija: Manji gubitci prouzroeni troe-
njem/ koritenjem, abrazijom ili drugim ote-
enjem u slikanome, pripremnome ili zavr-
nome sloju arhitektonske povrine, reintegri-
raju se smanjivanjem tona lazurnim vodenim
bojama ili nekim drugim kompatibilnim i od-
govarajuim vezivom.
Napomena: Nanosi se na originalnu podlogu,
npr. na intonaco (buku) i reverzibilno je. Mo-
gue je ponovno uspostaviti dojam cjelovitosti
arhitektonske povrine optiki tamnjenjem

svijetlih tonova praznina u odnosu na izvornu
povrinu. Druga mogunost za reintegriranje
veih praznina je uporaba akvarelnih lazura s
pomou toaka, kukica ili neke sline teksture.
Ne smije se mijeati s: acqua sporca
reintegracija
Lazrozs HU
Meghatrozs: Egy ptszeti fellet festk-
rtegei, alapozsa vagy bevonata hasznlat,
kops vagy egyb kr miatti kisebb hinya-
inak kiegsztse, gy, hogy visszafogjk a t-
nusukat tltsz, vzfestkkel vagy ms meg-
felel ktanyaggal felhordott lazrral.
Megjegyzs: Az eredeti felletre hordjk fel,
pldul az intonaco (vakolat) rtegre s vissza-
fordthat. Kpes visszaadni az ptszeti fel-
let egysges ltvnyt, optikailag stttve az
eredeti fellethez kpest vilgosabb hinyok
rnyalatt. A nagyobb hinyok kiegsztse
esetn a vzfestkes lazrozs pontokkal, vo-
nalkkkal vagy hasonl szablyos textrkkal
val alkalmazsa is lehetsges.
Tves megnevezs: acqua sporca
kiegszts
Reintegrazione a velatura/
abbassamento ottico/ sottotono
Definizione: Piccole perdite nella pellicola
pittorica, nello strato di preparazione o in stra-
ti di rifinitura della superficie architettonica
dovute a usura, abrasione o altri motivi, si rein-
tegrano per abbassamento di tono, mediante
velature trasparenti eseguite ad acquarello o
con altri pigmenti con un legante adatto.
Commento: La reintegrazione a velatura appli-
cata sul supporto originale, p. es. sullintonaco
abraso. reversibile. Restituisce continuit al tes-
suto pittorico, facendo arretrare otticamente le
parti pi chiare dovute alla mancanza della super-
ficie originale. Una variante, per perdite di dimen-
sioni pi grandi, lapplicazione di strati di velatura
ad acquarello con struttura punteggiata o simile.
Da non confondersi con: acqua sporca (termi-
ne tradizionale improprio)
lacuna, abrasione, reintegrazione/restauro
pittorico, reintegrazione a neutro
Lawowanie tonalne
Definicja: Mae ubytki warstwy malarskiej,
przygotowawczej lub wykoczenia powierzch-
iNtERvENtioN
REstoRatioN
ni architektonicznej spowodowane przez zuy- el aspecto de integridad de la superficie arqui-
cie, otarcia lub inne uszkodzenia, mona uzu- tectnica, disminuyendo pticamente el tono
peni przez stonowanie przezroczystym lase- de las prdidas con respecto al original. Una
runkiem akwarel lub farb z innym waciwym variante para la reintegracin de prdidas ms
spoiwem. grandes es la realizacin de veladuras con
acuarelas mediante puntos, o similar.
Komentarz: Lawowanie tonalne nakadane No confundir con: acqua sporca
na oryginalne podoe, np. na intonaco (tynk),
jest odwracalne. Umoliwia stworzenie wra- reintegracin
enia integracji ubytkw z warstw malarsk
czy powierzchni architektoniczn, optycznie
ciemniajc jasne tony ubytkw z poszanowa- ton ayarlamas / srlama tR
niem oryginalnej powierzchni. Mona uzupe-
nia wiksze ubytki przez stonowanie akwa- Tanm: Mimari yzeyin boya katman, hazrlk
rel i z uyciem znakw graficznych: kropek, katman veya son katmanndaki ypranma/kul-
ptaszkw i in. Woski termin aqua sporca by- lanm, anma veya dier zararlar sebebiyle olu-
wa bdnie stosowany jako synonim tonalne- mu kk kayplarn sulu boyalar veya dier
go lawowania uyumlu balayc aralar kullanlarak effaf srlar
ile ton azaltma yntemiyle tamamlanmas.
uzupenianie/reintegracja
Yorum:Ton ayarlamas/srlama boya ya da boya
alt tabakas zerine uygulanr ve geri dnm-
ajustare tonal Ro ldr. Orijinal yzeye saygy gsterebilmek iin
boluun tamamlama ilemi daha ak renk
Definiie: Mici pierderi n stratul de culoare, tonlarn karartma ya da mimari yzeyden daha
n stratul de preparaie sau n stratul final al geriden olmak zere uygulanr. Byk boluklar
unei suprafee arhitecturale, cauzate de uzu- tamamlamann bir baka yolu da noktalama,
r/utilizare, abraziune sau alte deteriorri, sunt kk izgiler ya da benzer biimli dokular kul-
reintegrate prin estomparea tonului cu vela- lanlarak sulu boyal sr uygulanmasdr.
turi transparente folosind acuarele sau orice Geleneksel talyan terimi olan kirli su hatal bir
alt liant compatibil i adecvat. ekilde Ton ayarlamas/srlama terimleri ile e
anlam olarak kullanlr.
it Adnotare: Este realizat pe suportul original, E anlam: srlama
de exemplu pe intonaco (tencuial) i este re- Kartrmaynz: kirli su
versibil. Este capabil s restabileasc un as-
pect de integritate suprafeei arhitecturale, op- tamamlama, btnleme
tic nchiznd la culoare tonurile mai deschise
ale degradrilor, respectnd suprafaa origina-
l. O alt variant pentru reintegrarea pierde- / Bg
rilor de dimensiuni mari este aplicarea unei ve-
laturi de acuarel prin intermediul punctelor, :
bifelor sau texturilor similare regulate. ,
Sinonim: velatura -
A nu se confunda cu: acqua sporca , -
/, -
reintegrare cromatic ,
.
ajuste tonal Es
: /
Definicin: Las pequeas prdidas en la capa , .
pictrica, en la capa preparatoria o en la capa ( )
final de una superficie arquitectnica, causa- . -
das por el desgaste o el uso, la abrasin u otros -
daos, son reintegradas mediante la reduc- ,
cin del tono aplicando veladuras transparen- -
tes mediante el uso de acuarelas u otras tc- . -
nicas adecuadas.
PL , -
Comentario: Se aplica sobre el soporte origi- .
nal, por ejemplo, sobre el intonaco (revoque),
y de manera reversible. Es capaz de devolver
337
 iNtERvENtioN
REstoRatioN
Before/after mimetic reintegration of an infill, Church of St. Lawrence, Poega (Croatia), 12th century; Photos: 2012, HRZ (Ivan Sra)
mimetic reintegration
Definition: Damage (a lacuna) is reconstruct-
ed as accurately as possible technically and
stylistically so that it cannot be distinguished
from the original with the naked eye.
Comment: This procedure is used regardless
of the extent or the importance of the lacuna.
One assumes a perfect state of preservation
and thereby falsifies the historic and artistic
expression of the work of art. This conflicts
with modern conservation ethics. Today this
restoration procedure is justified only in ex-
ceptional cases, such as after vandalism. His-
torical mimetic restorations are generally pre-
served, as long as they do not negatively af-
fect the original (from a conservation point of
view).
Synonym: illusionism reintegration
Not to be confused with: complete retouching
reintegration
Rintgration illusionniste
Dfinition: Lacune reconstruite technique-
ment et stylistiquement afin quelle ne puisse
tre distingue de loriginal lil nu.
Sources: Althfer 1962a; Althfer 1962b; Philippot 1962; Piva 1980, 240244; Ortner 2003, 3739
338
EN Commentaires: tait auparavant utilise, par-
tant du principe que luvre devait tre en
parfait tat de conservation. Pour viter toute
falsification historique et artistique, cette in-
tervention rversible est maintenant res-
treinte au seul rtablissement dune expres-
sion artistique partiellement masque ou mo-
difie pour une uvre insuffisamment lisible,
si les lacunes ne sont pas trop importantes et
si les motifs originaux sont connus. Des res-
taurations historiques illusionnistes sont sou-
vent conserves si elles naffectent pas nga-
tivement loriginal du point de vue de la
conservation.
Ne pas confondre avec: rintgration pousse
rintgration
mimetische Ergnzung
Definition: Mit einer mglichst genauen
Nachahmung der maltechnischen und stilis-
tischen Merkmale einer Malerei wird eine
Fehlstelle so ergnzt, dass sie mit bloem Au-
FR ge nicht vom Original zu unterscheiden ist.
Kommentar: Die Vorgehensweise wird unab-
hngig von Ausma und Bedeutung einer
Fehlstelle angewandt. Man tuscht einen per-
fekten Zustand vor und verflscht damit die
historische und knstlerische Aussage des
Kunstwerks. Dies widerspricht der modernen
Restaurierungsethik. Nur in Ausnahmefllen,
z. B. nach Vandalismus, ist diese Methode heu-
te berechtigt. Historische mimetische Ergn-
zungen werden im Allgemeinen erhalten, so-
lange sie aus konservatorischer Sicht nicht ne-
gativ fr das Original sind.
Synonym: mimetische Retusche
Integration
mimetska reintegracija HR
Definicija: Rekonstrukcija oteenja (lakune)
koja je tehniki i stilski izvedena to je tonije
mogue, tako da ju je golim okom nemogue
razlikovati od originala.
DE
Napomena: Ovaj se postupak provodi bez
obzira na veliinu ili vanost lakune. Pretpo-
stavlja savrenu ouvanost i stoga falsificira
povijesni i umjetniki izraaj umjetnikoga
djela. U sukobu je s modernom etikom kon-
zerviranja. Danas je taj postupak restauriranja
opravdan samo u iznimnim sluajevima, pri-
mjerice nakon vandalizma. U povijesne mi-
metske restauracije uglavnom se ne interve-
nira, sve dok s konzervatorskoga gledita ne
utjeu negativno na izvornik.

Ne smije se mijeati s: potpuno retuiranje
Sinonim: iluzionistika reintegracija
reintegracija
Beilleszked (integrlt) retus HU
Meghatrozs: A krosodst (hinyt) a lehet
legpontosabban rekonstruljk technikailag
s stlusban is gy, hogy szabad szemmel
nem lehet megklnbztetni az eredetitl.
Megjegyzs: A mdszert a hinyz rsz m-
rettl s fontossgtl fggetlenl alkalmaz- na orygina.
zk. A szemll a malkots tkletes megr- Synonimy: retusz naladowczy, retusz imita-
zst felttelezi, s ezltal az beilleszked ki-
egszts meghamistja a malkots trtneti
s mvszeti kifejezst. Ez ellenttben van a
kortrs restaurlsi etikval. Manapsg ez a
restaurlsi eljrs csak rendkvli esetekben
indokolt, mint pldul vandalizmus esetn. A
trtneti integrlt helyrelltsokat ltalban
megrzik, amennyiben ezek nem hatnak k-
rosan az eredeti rsz llagnak megvsra.
Tves megnevezs: teljes kiegszts
kiegszts
integrazione pittorica mimetica /
Restauro pittorico imitativo
Definizione: Con unimitazione possibilmente
precisa delle caratteristiche stilistiche, tecniche
e materiche di unopera darte, si eseguono in-
tegrazioni pittoriche delle lacune che a occhio
nudo non si distinguono dalloriginale.
Commento: Questa tecnica tradizionale
adottata per ogni tipo di lacuna, indipenden-
temente dalla sua importanza e dalle dimen-
sioni. Il metodo falsifica il valore storico e arti-
stico dellopera, perch vuole rendere invisibili
le lacune per simulare unopera darte perfet-
tamente intatta. Contraddice cos i principi
moderni del restauro. Oggi, il restauro pittori-
co imitativo eseguito solo in casi eccezionali,
p. es. dopo un atto di vandalismo. Si rispettano
invece interventi storici di questo tipo, se non
creano problemi di conservazione.
lacuna, reintegrazione/restauro pittorico
Uzupenienie naladowcze PL
Definicja: Uszkodzenie (ubytek) jest rekon-
struowane tak dokadnie, jak to tylko moliwe
iNtERvENtioN
REstoRatioN
technicznie i stylistycznie by nie mgo by principios de la restauracin moderna. Hoy en
odrnione od oryginau goym okiem. da, esta restauracin se realiza solo en casos
excepcionales, como por ejemplo, tras un acto
Komentarz: Zabieg ten jest stosowany bez de vandalismo. Sin embargo, se respetan las
baczenia na zakres i istot ubytku. Sugeruje intervenciones histricas de este tipo si no
doskonay stan zachowania, a wic faszuje crean problemas de conservacin.
historyczny i artystyczny wyraz dziea sztuki.
Kci si to z zasadami etyki nowoczesnej kon- reintegracin
serwacji. Dzi takie rozwizanie dopuszcza si
jedynie w wyjtkowych wypadkach, takich jak
dziaanie po akcie wandalizmu. Historyczne takliti tamamlama tR
konserwacje naladowcze s zwykle zacho-
wywane tak dugo, pki w ocenie konserwa- Tanm: Hasarn (boluk), plak gzle orijina-
torskiej nie maj negatywnego oddziaywania linden ayrlamayacak biimde teknik ve stil
olarak mmkn olduunca ayn ekilde tekrar
yaplmas.
torski
Yorum: Bu ilem, lakunann nemi ve boyutu
uzupenianie / reintegracja gzetilmeksizin kullanlr. Bu yntem, restoras-
yonun mkemmel ekilde yaplmasn kabul
eder ve sanat eserinin estetik ve tarihi deerini
Reintegrare mimetic Ro bozar. Bu, modern koruma etikleri ile akr.
Gnmzde bu tr restorasyon yntemi sade-
Definiie: Degradarea (o lacun) este recon- ce vandallk sonras gibi istisnai durumlarda
struit ct mai precis posibil tehnic i stilistic hakl grlebilir.Tarihsel takliti restorasyonlar,
n aa fel nct s nu poat fi distins de ori- koruma asndan orijinalini olumsuz bir ekil-
ginal cu ochiul liber. de etkilemedii srece kabul edilebilir.
E anlam: yanltc tamamlama
Adnotare: Aceast procedur este folosit in- Kartrmaynz: tam rtu
diferent de mrimea sau importana lacunei.
Se presupune o stare perfect de conservare tamamlama
it i, prin urmare, se falsific expresia istoric i
artistic a operei de art. Acest lucru intr n
contradicie cu principiile moderne de conser- Bg
vare. Astzi, aceast procedur de restaurare
este justificat doar n cazuri excepionale, : () -
cum ar fi dup un vandalism. Reintegrile mi- - -
metice istorice sunt n general pstrate, atta
timp ct acestea nu afecteaz originalul din .
punct de vedere al conservrii.
: -
reintegrare cromatic .
-
Reintegracin mimtica Es -
. -
Definicin: El dao (laguna) es reconstruido -
lo ms exactamente posible, tanto tcnica- . -
mente como estilsticamente, de manera que,
a simple vista, no se puede distinguir de la ori- . -
ginal. ,
Comentario: Esta tcnica tradicional se adop- .
ta para todo tipo de laguna, independiente- : -
mente de su importancia y tamao. Este m-
todo falsifica el valor histrico y artstico de la
obra porque pretende hacer las lagunas invi-
sibles para simular una obra de arte perfecta-
mente intacta. Por lo tanto, contradice los
339
 iNtERvENtioN
REstoRatioN
Reintegration of a large infill on a wall painting, Church of Santa Maria Novella, Florence (Italy), ca. 2nd half of 14th century; Photo: 2015, HAWK (Ursula Schdler-Saub)
astrazione cromatica EN
Definition: Using four pure colours on a light
background applied with short hatched lines,
an abstract structure is created. This structure
merges optically with the contiguous original.
Comment: As part of the Unit di metodolo-
gia, the conservation methodology of Um-
berto Baldini, this offers an objective aesthetic
solution for the reintegration of large lacunae
that cannot be reconstructed. It reduces their
formal impact and thereby, increases the leg-
ibility of the original image. The vibrant colour
effect of the astrazione cromatica offers a log-
ical alternative to the traditional neutral rein-
tegration. In this way, the Florentine method-
ology is able to complete the methods of in-
tegration based on Cesare Brandis Theory.
reintegration, selezione cromatica
Sources: Baldini 1978, 453; Baldini, Casazza 1983; Botticelli 1992, 150; Casazza 1981, 2960; Ciatti 2004, 24; Jakobs 1988; Schaedler-Saub 1998
340
abstraction chromatique
Dfinition: Structure abstraite cre au
moyen de quatre couleurs pures appliques
avec de courtes lignes hachures sur un fond
clair. Cette structure se fond optiquement
avec loriginal contigu.
Commentaires: Umberto Baldini propose
dans la Unit di metodologia, cette solution
esthtique objective pour la rintgration de
grandes lacunes qui ne peuvent pas tre re-
faites. Elle rduit leur impact et, par cons-
quent, augmente la lisibilit de limage origi-
nale. Leffet de la couleur vibrante de labstrac-
tion chromatique offre une alternative la r-
intgration neutre traditionnelle. La mthode
florentine est ainsi en mesure de complter
les mthodes dintgration bases sur la Tho-
rie de Cesare Brandi.
rintgration, rintgration chromatique
FR astrazione cromatica DE
Definition: Mit vier reinen Farben auf hellem
Grund aufgetragen entsteht mit kurzen, ber-
kreuzten Strichen eine abstrakte Farbstruktur,
die sich optisch mit dem angrenzenden Ori-
ginal verbindet.
Kommentar: Als Bestandteil der Unit di me-
todologia, der Restaurierungsmethodik von
Umberto Baldini, bietet sie eine objektive s-
thetische Lsung zur Ergnzung groer, nicht
rekonstruierbarer Fehlstellen. Sie reduziert de-
ren formale Eigenstndigkeit und frdert die
Wahrnehmbarkeit der Darstellung. Der vibrie-
rende Farbeffekt bietet eine logische Alterna-
tive zur traditionellen neutralen Ergnzung.
Diese Florentiner Methodik vervollstndigt
damit die Ergnzungsmethoden, die auf Ce-
sare Brandis Theorie beruhen.
Synonym: Farbabstraktion
Integration, selezione cromatica
 iNtERvENtioN

REstoRatioN

astrazione cromatica HR vano un margine soggettivo per le lacune non Comentario: Como parte integral de la uni-
ricostruibili. dad de metodologa de restauracin de Um-
Definicija: Apstraktna struktura ostvarena pri- berto Baldini ofrece una solucin esttica ob-
mjenom etiriju boja na svijetloj podlozi na- lacuna, reintegrazione/restauro pittorica, jetiva para reintegrar grandes lagunas no re-
nesenih kratkim crticama. Ova se struktura reintegrazione a neutro, tratteggio, selezio- construibles. Al reducir su impacto visual, fa-
optiki stapa sa susjednim izvornikom. ne cromatica cilita la percepcin de la imagen. Su efecto vi-
brante es una alternativa lgica a la cuestio-
Napomena: Kao dio Unita di metodologia, nable reintegracin neutra tradicional. De este
konzervatorske metodologije Umberta Baldi- abstrakcja chromatyczna PL modo, la metodologa florentina es capaz de
nija nudi se objektivno estetsko rjeenje za avanzar y completar los mtodos de reinte-
reintegraciju velikih lakuna koje se ne mogu Definicja: Stosowanie czterech czystych kolo- gracin basados en la teora de Brandi.
rekonstruirati. Time se smanjuje njihov forma- rw na jasnym podou, nakadanych krtkimi,
lan utjecaj i poveava itljivost izvorne slike. przecinajcymi si liniami, ktre tworz abstra- reintegracin, seleccin cromtica
Treperav efekt boje astrazione cromatica nudi kcyjn kompozycj. Zlewa si ona optycznie z
loginu alternativu tradicionalnoj neutralnoj ssiadujcym oryginaem.
reintegraciji. Na taj je nain firentinska meto- Renk soyutlamas tR
dologija u mogunosti zavriti metode inte- Komentarz: Metoda stanowi cz Unit di
gracije temeljene na teoriji Cesarea Brandija. metodologia, metodologii konserwacji Umber- Tanm: Ksa tarama izgileriyle uygulanan ak
to Baldiniego, proponuje obiektywny estetycz- bir zeminde drt saf renk kullanlarak, stilize
reintegracija, selezione cromatica nie sposb uzupeniania duych ubytkw, ktre bir yap oluturulur. Bu desenleme uzaktan ba-
nie mog by rekonstruowane. Ogranicza ich kldnda orijinaliyle optik olarak kaynam
formalne oddziaywanie, przez co zwiksza czy- gibi grlr.
sznabsztrakci HU telno oryginalnego przedstawienia. Efekt
wibracji kolorw astrazione cromatica stanowi Yorum: Unitdimetodologia (birlemi yn-
Meghatrozs: Absztrakt sznsszellts, logiczn alternatyw dla uzupenie neutral- tem) paras olarak, Umberto Baldininin ko-
melyet vilgos alapon, ngy tiszta sznt hasz- nych. W ten sposb florencka metodologia do- ruma metodolojisi, tekrar ina edilemeyecek
nlva, rvid vonalkk segtsgvel hoznak lt- penia system uzupeniania oparty na teorii Ce- byk lakunalarn reintegrasyonu iin objek-
re (astrazione cromatica). Ez optikailag bele- sare Brandiego. tif-estetik bir zm nerir. Bylece tamamla-
olvad a krltte lev eredeti festsbe. mann ekilsel etkileri azalr ve orijinal resmin
uzupenianie/reintegracja, selekcja chromatyczna okunakll artar. Renk soyutlanmasnn canl
Megjegyzs: Az Umberto Baldini fle restau- renk etkisi geleneksel ntr tamamlanmaya g-
rlsi metodolgia Unit di metodologia r- re daha bilimsel bir seenek sunar. Bylece Ce-
szeknt, objektv eszttikai megoldst knl a abstracie cromatic Ro sare Brandinin teorisine dayanan Florentine
nagyobb terjedelm, nem rekonstrulhat hi- yntemiyle tamamlama yaplabilir.
nyok kiegsztshez. Cskkenti a hinyz Definiie: Prin utilizarea a patru culori pure pe
rsz formjnak hatst s ezltal javtja az un fundal deschis, aplicate cu linii scurte hau- tamamlama, seilmi renkle tamamlama
eredeti kp olvashatsgt. Az sznabsztrak- rate, se creeaz o structur abstract. Aceast
ci remeg sznhatsa j alternatvja a ha- structur fuzioneaz optic cu originalul adiacent.
gyomnyos semleges retusnak. Ezltal a firen- Bg
zei metodolgia jl kiegszti a Cesare Brandi Adnotare: Ca parte dinUnit di metodologia,
elmletn alapul kiegsztsi mdszereket. metodologia de conservare a lui Umberto Bal- : -
dini, abstracia cromatic ofer o soluie este- ,
kiegszts, selezione cromatica tic obiectiv pentru reintegrarea lacunelor ,
mari, ce nu pot fi reconstruite. Se estompeaz .
impactul formal al acestora i, prin urmare, .
astrazione cromatica it crete lizibilitatea imaginii originale. Efectul cu-
lorilor vibrante ale abstraciei cromatice ofer : Unit di metodolo-
Definizione: Con quattro colori puri applicati o alternativ logic pentru reintegrarea neutr gia, -
a tratti brevi incrociati su fondo chiaro, si crea tradiional. n acest fel, metodologia florenti- ,
una struttura cromatica astratta che si connet- n este capabil s completeze metodele de
te otticamente alloriginale circostante. integrare bazate pe teoria lui Cesare Brandi. , -
.
Commento: Come parte integrante dellUnit reintegrare cromatic, selecie cromatic
di metodologia di Umberto Baldini, lastrazione .
cromatica propone una soluzione estetica og-
gettiva per integrare lacune grandi e non rico- abstraccin cromtica Es -
struibili. Riducendo il loro impatto formale, fa- .
cilita la percezione dellimmagine. Il suo effetto Definicin: Tipo de reintegracin que, usan- -
vibrato unalternativa logica al discutibile do cuatro colores puros aplicados en trazos ,
neutro tradizionale. Cos la metodologia fio- cortos y cruzados sobre un fondo claro, crea .
rentina porta avanti i concetti dintegrazione una estructura cromtica abstracta fusionada
basati sulla teoria di Cesare Brandi che lascia- pticamente con el original circundante. ,

341
 iNtERvENtioN
REstoRatioN
Reintegration of lost areas, wall painting by Agnolo Gaddi Cappella Maggiore di Santa Croce, Florence (Italy) 1380, detail on the right; Photos: 2010, OPD (Maria Rosa Lanfranchi)
selezione cromatica EN
Definition: The lacuna is reintegrated with
short parallel lines in pure colours on a light
background, which follow the shapes and
contours of the original alongside them.
Comment: As part of the conservation
methodology of Umberto Baldini, Cesare
Brandis concept of tratteggio is further devel-
oped, and its strictly vertical structure is aban-
doned. The dimensions of the lines depend on
the dimensions of the work of art and the dis-
tance of the viewer. On account of the dispo-
sition of its lines, selezione cromatica is also
suited to reintegrate the polychromy of three-
dimensional objects. Specific variants exist for
damage on gilt and silvered objects: se-
lezione delloro and selezione dellargento.
reintegration, tratteggio, astrazione cro-
matica
Sources: Baldini 1978; Baldini, Casazza 1983; Casazza 1981, 2960; Ciatti 2004; Jakobs 1988; Schdler-Saub 1998
342
Rintgration chromatique
Dfinition: Lacune rintgre avec de courtes
lignes parallles en couleur pure sur un fond
clair, qui suit les formes et contours de lorigi-
nal.
Commentaires: La structure strictement ver-
ticale du tratteggio, concept dvelopp par
Cesare Brandi, est abandonne dans la m-
thode de conservation dUmberto Baldini. Les
dimensions des lignes dpendent des dimen-
sions de luvre dart et la distance de lobser-
vateur. En raison de la disposition de ses
lignes, la rintgration chromatique est ga-
lement adapte la rintgration de la poly-
chromie des objets en trois dimensions. Des
variantes spcifiques existent pour les objets
dors et argents dgrads: selezione delloro
et selezione dellArgento.
rintgration, tratteggio, abstraction chro-
matique
FR selezione cromatica DE
Definition: Die Fehlstelle wird mit kurzen, pa-
rallelen Strichen in reinen Farben auf hellem
Grund ergnzt, die dem Verlauf der Formen
des angrenzenden Originals folgen.
Kommentar: Als Bestandteil der Restaurie-
rungsmethodik von Umberto Baldini entwi-
ckelt sie das Konzept des Tratteggio von Ce-
sare Brandi weiter unter Verzicht auf dessen
streng vertikale Struktur. Die Feinheit der Stri-
che ist abhngig von den Dimensionen des
Kunstwerks und der Betrachterdistanz. Die Se-
lezione cromatica eignet sich aufgrund ihres
Linienverlaufs auch fr farbliche Ergnzungen
an dreidimensionalen Objekten. Fr Ergn-
zungen in Vergoldungen oder Versilberungen
gibt es die Varianten Selezione delloro und -
dellargento.
Synonym: Farbselektion
Integration, Tratteggio, Astrazione croma-
tica

selezione cromatica HR
Definicija: Reintegracija lakune kratkim uspo-
rednim crtama istih boja na svijetloj podlozi
koje slijede oblike i konture izvornika uz njih.
Napomena: U sklopu konzervatorske meto-
dologije Umberta Baldinija, koncept tratteg-
gia Cesara Brandija dodatno je razvijen i na-
putena je njegova strogo okomita struktura.
Dimenzije crta ovise o dimenzijama umjetni-
koga djela i udaljenosti od gledatelja. Zbog
rasporeda njezinih crtica, selezione cromatica
takoer je pogodna za reintegraciju polikro-
mije trodimenzijskih predmeta. Postoje pose-
bne inaice za oteenja na pozlaenim ili po-
srebrenim objektima: selezione delloro i sele-
zione dellargento.
reintegracija, tratteggio, astrazione cromatica
selezione cromatica HU
Meghatrozs: A hinyz rszeket vilgos ala- ubytkw zoconych i srebrzonych: selezione
pon, tiszta sznekkel hzott rvid, prhuzamos
vonalakkal egsztik ki, melyek kvetik a mel-
lette lev eredeti fests formjt s szleit.
Megjegyzs: Az Umberto Baldini fle restau-
rlsi metodolgia Unit di metodologia r-
szeknt tovbbfejleszti Cesare Brandi elgon-
dolst a vonalkz retusrl, feladva ennek
teljesen fggleges szerkezett. A vonalak
mrete a malkots mreteitl s a megfigye- lele, scurte, n culori pure pe un fond deschis, ur-
lsi tvolsgtl fgg. A vonalak elhelyezsbl mnd formele i conturul originalului adiacent.
addan, a selezione cromatica alkalmas a h-
romdimenzis trgyak festsnek kiegszt- Adnotare: Ca o parte a metodologiei de con-
sre is. Sajtos vltozatai vannak a krosodott
aranyozott vagy ezstztt trgyak esetn, a
selezione delloro s a selezione dellargento.
kiegszts, vonalkz retus, sznabsztrakci rei de art i de distana privitorului. Avnd n
selezione cromatica it
Definizione: La lacuna integrata con brevi trat-
ti paralleli giustapposti e sovrapposti, eseguiti
con colori puri su fondo chiaro, seguendo lan-
damento delle forme delloriginale circostante.
Commento: La tecnica parte integrante
dellUnit di metodologia di Umberto Baldini e
porta avanti il concetto del tratteggio di Cesare
Brandi abbandonando la sua rigida struttura
verticale. La finezza dei tratti varia secondo le
dimensioni dellopera e la distanza di percezio-
ne. La selezione cromatica con il suo andamen-
to curvilineo adatta anche per reintegrare po-
licromie di opere tridimensionali p. es. sculture,
cornici o elementi architettonici. Per lacune in
superfici dorate o argentate esistono specifiche
varianti: la Selezione delloro e dellargento.
lacuna, reintegrazione/restauro pittorico,
reintegrazione a neutro, tratteggio, astra-
zione cromatica
selekcja chromatyczna
Definicja: Ubytek jest uzupeniany na jasnym
podou w czystych kolorach krtkimi, rwno-
legymi liniami, ktre odtwarzaj ksztaty i
kontury biegnc wzdu nich.
Komentarz: Jako cz metodologii konser-
wacji Umberto Baldiniego, rozwija pomys
tratteggio Cesare Brandiego, porzucajc jego
cile pionow konstrukcj. Wymiary linii za-
le od wielkoci dziea sztuki i odlegoci od konturlarn takip edecek ekilde ksa paralel
widza. Ze wzgldu na sposb rozmieszczenia
linii, selezione cromatica jest stosowana take
do uzupeniania polichromii na obiektach trj-
wymiarowych. Istniej swoiste warianty dla
koruma yntemlerinin bir paras olarak izgi
delloro i selezione dellargento.
uzupenianie/reintegracja, tratteggio, abs- ve izleyicinin uzaklna baldr.
trakcja chromatyczna
selecie cromatic Ro
Definiie: Lacuna este reintegrat cu linii para-
tamamlama, iziktirme, renk soyutlamas
servare a lui Umberto Baldini, conceptul de trat-
teggio al lui Cesare Brandi este dezvoltat, iar
structura sa strict vertical este abandonat. Di-
mensiunile liniilor depind de dimensiunile ope-
,
vedere dispunerea liniilor sale, selecia croma-
tic este, de asemenea, potrivit pentru reinte-
grarea policromiei obiectelor tridimensionale.
Exist variante specifice pentru deteriorrile de
pe obiectele aurite i argintate: selezione dell
oro respectiv selezione dell argento.
reintegrare cromatic, tratteggio
seleccin cromtica Es
Definicin: La laguna se reintegra con peque-
as lneas paralelas de colores puros sobre un
fondo claro, que siguen las formas y los con-
tornos del original circundante.
Comentario: Forma parte de la unidad de me-
todologa de restauracin de Umberto Baldini,
iNtERvENtioN
REstoRatioN
que desarrolla el concepto de tratteggio de
Brandi y abandona su estructura estrictamente
vertical. Las dimensiones de las lneas depen-
den de las dimensiones de la obra de arte y la
distancia del espectador. A causa del flujo de
sus lneas, la seleccin cromtica tambin es
adecuada para reintegrar la policroma de ob-
jetos tridimensionales como esculturas, mar-
PL cos y elementos arquitectnicos. Existen varia-
ciones especficas para dorados y plateados:
seleccin efecto oro y seleccin efecto plata.
reintegracin, tratteggio, abstraccin cro-
mtica
seilmi renkle tamamlama tR
Tanm: Boluun orijinal desenini eklini ve
izgilerle ak tonlu arka planda tekrar tamam-
lanmas.
Yorum: Umberto Baldinive Cesare Brandinin
ile tamamlama daha da gelitirilir ve dikey ya-
p terk edilir. izgilerin boyutlar, sanat eserine
Bu yntem izgilerin biiminden dolay bo-
yutlu ve ok renkli nesnelerin tamamlanmas
iin de uygundur. Gm kapl ya da yaldz-
lanm nesnelerdeki hasarlarn tamamlanmas
iin zel eitler de bulunmaktadr: Altn so-
yutlamas, gm soyutlamas.
Bg
: -
-
.
:
, -
-
. -
-
. -
, -
.
-
: selezione delloro ( )
selezione dellargento ( ).
, , -
343
 iNtERvENtioN
REstoRatioN
Stacco a massello
detachment line
wall
arriccio
intonaco
paint
facing
rigid support
Detachment types; Illustrations: 2015, Raimar Heber based on a drawing by Pilar Soriano Sancho
Detachment EN
Definition: Removal of a wall painting by sep-
arating the paint layer, with or without intona-
co, arriccio and part of the wall support. It is
done when there are problems in the support-
ing structure, or when the painting needs to
be moved.
Comment: The traditional detachment tech-
niques, still in use today, according to the strata
which are to be detached, can be divided into:
- Stacco a massello: removing the paint layer,
intonaco, arriccio and part of the wall support;
- Stacco: removing the paint layer, intonaco
and arriccio;
- Strappo: removing the paint layer only.
Nowadays this treatment has been limited on-
ly to those cases in which the paint layer can-
not be retained by in situ treatments or when
the building is in danger of collapse or dem-
olition.
transfer
Dpose FR
Dfinition: Fait de dcoller une peinture mu-
rale du mur, en dtachant la couche picturale
seule, avec lenduit ou avec une partie du mur.
Commentaires: En France, la dpose est
considre comme une opration risque car Heute ist die Abnahme auf solche Flle be-
elle engendre des pertes de matires. Y avoir
recours est aujourdhui rare et ne se fait quen
Sources: Del Pino 2004, 327344; Botticelli 2007, 111134; Mora et al. 1999, 265308; Roig Picazo 2007, 321337; Glossary of conservation 2005, 7387
344
Stacco
detachment line
wall
arriccio
intonaco
paint
facing
rigid support
cas de problmes de conservation graves et
insolubles, tels structurels lorsque le btiment
menace de seffondrer ou doit tre dmoli. Les
termes techniques traditionnels restent dac-
tualit:
- stacco a massello: dpose des couches pic-
turales, de lintonaco, de larriccio et dune
partie du mur- support;
- stacco: dpose des couches picturales, de
lintonaco, de larriccio;
- strappo: dpose des couches picturales seu-
lement.
repose
abnahme DE
Definition: Ausbau einer Wandmalerei durch
Trennung der Malschicht, mit oder ohne Into-
naco, Arriccio und Teilen des Trgers. Sie wird
bei Problemen mit dem Trger durchgefhrt
oder wenn die Malerei transferiert werden
muss.
Kommentar:Traditionelle, heute noch verwen-
dete Abnahmetechniken werden nach den ab-
zunehmenden Schichten unterschieden:
- Abnahme der Malschicht mit Intonaco, Arric-
cio und Teilen des Trgers (stacco a masello);
- Abnahme der Malschicht mit Intonaco und
Arriccio (stacco);
- Abnahme der Malschicht (strappo).
schrnkt, in denen die Malschicht mit keiner
Manahme vor Ort gehalten werden kann
Strappo
detachment line
wall
arriccio
intonaco
paint
facing
oder das Gebude durch Einsturz oder Ab-
bruch gefhrdet ist.
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Abnahme von Bau-
leistungen
Transfer/bertragung
skidanje HR
Definicija: Premjetanje zidne slike odvaja-
njem bojenoga sloja s intonacom, arricciom i
dijelom podloge ili bez nje. Izvodi se kad po-
stoje problemi u strukturi nosaa ili kad sliku
treba premjestiti.
Napomena: Tradicionalne tehnike skidanja
koje se jo uvijek rabe, prema sloju s kojeg e
biti skinute, mogu se podijeliti na:
- Stacco a massello: skidanje bojenoga sloja,
intonaca, arricccia i dijela potpore;
- Stacco: skidanje slikanoga sloja, intonaca i ar-
riccia;
- Strappo: skidanje samo slikanoga sloja.
Danas je postupak skidanja ogranien samo
na one sluajeve u kojima se bojeni sloj ne
moe zadrati in situ postupcima ili kad je gra-
evina u opasnosti od uruavanja ili ruenja.
prijenos
Levlaszts HU
Meghatrozs: Egy falkp eltvoltsa a fes-
tkrtegek levlasztsa ltal, az intonaco,

alapvakolat s a fal egy rszvel egytt vagy
a nlkl. Akkor szoktk alkalmazni, amikor
gond van a hordozval vagy mikor a falkpet
ms helyre kell kltztetni.
Megjegyzs: A hagyomnyos, mg mindig hasz-
nlatban lev levlasztsi technikk a levlasz-
tott rteg (strata) fggvnyben a kvetkezek:
- Stacco a massello: a festkrtegek, az into-
naco, alapvakolat s a hordoz fal egy r-
sznek eltvoltsa;
- Stacco: a festkrteg s az intonaco, alap-
vakolat eltvoltsa;
- Strappo: csupn a festkrtegeket tvoltjk el.
Manapsg ezt az eljrst csak azokra az ese-
tekre korltozzk, amikor a festkrtegeket
nem lehet megrizni helyszni (in situ) beavat-
kozssal vagy mikor az plet omls- vagy
bontsveszlybe kerl.
tltets
stacco / strappo
Definizione: Distacco di una pittura murale
separando la pellicola pittorica insieme o sen-
za lintonaco e/o larriccio e altre parti compo-
nenti il supporto, dal supporto stesso. Lope-
razione eseguita a causa di problemi con il
supporto, o per trasferire la pittura dal sito ori-
ginale in un altro luogo.
Commento: Nel corso dei secoli, si svilupparo-
no varie tecniche di stacco/strappo, che secon-
do gli strati trasferiti si possono distinguere in:
- Stacco a massello: trasferimento della pel-
licola pittorica, di intonaco e arriccio e di
parte del supporto murario;
- Stacco: trasferimento della pellicola pittori-
ca e di intonaco e arriccio;
- Strappo: trasferimento della sola pellicola pit-
torica.
Oggigiorno, loperazione di distacco stretta-
mente limitata a quei casi nei quali non esiste
alcuna possibilit tecnica per conservare la
pittura in situ, oppure quando ledificio in
pericolo di crollo o quando prevista la sua
demolizione.
supporto, intonaco, arriccio, trasporto/
trasferimento
Zdejmowanie malowida PL
Definicja: Zdejmowanie malowida ciennego
przez oddzielenie warstwy malarskiej, z lub bez
warstwy intonaco, arriccio i czci podoa
ciennego. Zabieg wykonywany gdy s proble-
my z podoem lub gdy malowido z innych
wzgldw wymaga przeniesienia.
iNtERvENtioN
REstoRatioN
Komentarz: Tradycyjne techniki zdejmowa- - Strappo: arranque de pelcula pictrica.
nia uywane do dzi s nazwane zgodnie z Este tratamiento, en la actualidad, ha quedado
warstwami, jakie zostan oddzielone: limitado nicamente a aquellos casos en los
- Stacco a massello: oddzielenie warstwy ma- que la pintura no puede salvaguardarse con
larskiej, intonaco, arriccio z fragmentem ningn tratamiento realizado en el sitio, o
muru; cuando el edificio est en peligro de derrum-
- Stacco: oddzielenie warstwy malarskiej i in- be o demolicin.
tonaco, arriccio;
- Strappo: oddzielenie samej warstwy malar- transferencia
skiej.
Obecnie zabieg zosta ograniczony do przy-
padkw, gdy warstwa malarska nie moe by ayrma tR
zachowana za pomoc zabiegw przeprowa-
dzonych in situ lub gdy budynkowi grozi za- Tanm: Duvar resmini; resim tabakasnn duvar-
walenie czy zburzenie. dan, son kat sva, ikinci kat svadan, ayrma su-
retiyle tanmas. Zeminde sorunlar olduu za-
transfer, przenoszenie man ya da resim bir yerden bir yere tanmas
iin yaplr.
Extragere Ro Yorum: Gnmzde hala kullanmda olan ge-
leneksel tama teknikleri ayrlabilen tabakaya
Definiie: Detaarea unei picturi murale prin gre gruba ayrlabilir:
separarea stratului de culoare, cu sau fr in- - Stacco a massello: boya katman, son kat s-
it tonaco, arriccio i o parte din suport (zidrie). va, ikinci kat sva ve duvar desteinin bir ks-
Se realizeaz n momentul n care sunt proble- mn karma;
me ale structurii suportului, sau n cazul n care - Stacco: boya katmann, son kat svay ve
pictura necesit relocare. ikinci kat svay da karma;
- Strappo: sadece boya katmann karma.
Adnotare: Tehnicile tradiionale de extragere Gnmzde bu yntemin uygulanmas ancak
aflate nc n uz, n funcie de straturile ce ur- boyann onarmnn yerinde mmkn olmad-
meaz s fie detaate pot fi clasificate dup ya da yapnn kme ve yklma tehlikesi ih-
cum urmeaz: timalinin olduu durumlarda yaplr.
- Stacco a massello: ndeprtarea stratului de E anlam: kaldrma
culoare, de intonaco, de arriccio i a unei pri
de zidrie; tama, nakil
- Stacco: ndeprtarea stratului de culoare,
de intonaco i de arriccio;
- Strappo: ndeprtarea doar a stratului de cu- Bg
loare.
n prezent, aceast metod se aplic doar n :
cazurile n care pictura mural nu poate fi con-
servat prin tratamente efectuate in situ sau ,
n cazul n care construcia este n pericol de . -
prbuire sau demolare.
.
transfer
: -
, , -
arranque Es :
- Stacco a massello ( ): -
Definicin: Accin que consiste en separar la ,
pelcula pictrica, con o sin intonaco, arriccio y ;
muro, para solucionar problemas en el soporte, - Stacco ():
o simplemente con el fin de trasladar la pintura ;
mural de un lugar a otro - Strappo (): -
.
Comentario: Las tcnicas de arranque, segn
los estratos que se separan se dividen en: , -
- Stacco a massello: arranque de pelcula pic- in situ
trica, intonaco, arriccio y muro; .
- Stacco: arranque de pelcula pictrica, into-
naco y arriccio;
345
 iNtERvENtioN
REstoRatioN
Transfer of a wall painting by Antonio A. Palomino/ Guill, after its restoration, to its original place: Church of Santos Juanes, Valencia (Spain), 1698-1700; Photo:
2009, UPV (Pilar Soriano Sancho)
transfer EN
Definition: Adhesion of a detached wall
painting or mosaic to a new support replacing
the original.
Comment: When the detached wall painting
is repositioned in the original place, it is called
reattachment. This new support gives the art-
work a renewed possibility for preservation
and/or exposition in the original place or in a
new location. Traditionally, the paint layer was
transferred to a new support which was usu-
ally made of wood. This later became canvas
(cloth) due to its ease of mobility, and later on
it was replaced by fiber-resin (sandwich type).
Between the detached artwork and the new
support, a mortar or stratum must be applied.
This stratum facilitates the separation of the
artwork from its new support (if necessary).
detachment
Repose FR
Dfinition: Adhsion dune peinture murale
dtache ou dune mosaque sur un nouveau
support remplaant loriginal.
Commentaires: Repose in situ quand la pein-
ture murale dtache est remise sa place
Sources: Botticelli 1992, 123; Del Pino 2004, 339344; Daz Martos, 1975; Ferrer Morales 1995, 126/7; Mora et al. 1999, 286; Secco-Suardo 1927, 208; Glossary
of Conservation 2005, 78, 144
346
dorigine. Le nouveau support permet la pr-
servation de luvre, expose sa place
dorigine ou dans un nouvel emplacement.
La couche de peinture tait traditionnel-
lement transfre sur un support en bois,
remplac plus tard par du tissu, plus lger.
Les fibres sont maintenant synthtiques (car-
bone), les supports alvols (aluminium) ou
arms (rsine/fibres). Une couche dinterven-
tion facilitant un futur dmontage est place
entre luvre dtache et le nouveau sup-
port.
Ne pas confondre avec: transposition, qui
concerne les peintures de chevalet
dpose
transfer / bertragung DE
Definition: Befestigung einer abgenomme-
nen Malerei oder eines Mosaiks auf einem
neuen Trger, der den ursprnglichen ersetzt.
Kommentar: Wird eine abgenommene Male-
rei wieder an ihrem originalen Ort befestigt, ist
dies eine Rckbertragung. Der neue Trger
gibt dem Werk neue Chancen fr dessen Erhalt
und/oder fr die Ausstellung am originalen
oder an einem neuen Standort. Traditionell
wurde die Malschicht auf einen hlzernen Tr-
ger bertragen. Spter wurde wegen der bes-
seren Beweglichkeit Leinwand bevorzugt, die
man dann durch Faserverbundstoffe (Sand-
wich-Material) ersetzte. Zwischen dem abge-
nommenen Werk und dem neuen Trger muss
eine Mrtelschicht aufgetragen werden, die ei-
ne sptere erneute Trennung ermglicht.
Synonym: Translozierung
Abnahme
Prijenos HR
Definicija: Lijepljenje skinute zidne slike ili
mozaika na novi nosa.
Napomena: Postupak vraanja skinute zidne
slike na izvorno mjesto naziva se ponovno
privrivanje. Nova podloga omoguuje da
se umjetniko djelo bolje uva i/ili izloi na iz-
vornoj ili novoj lokaciji. Tradicionalno, slikani
se sloj prenosio na novi, obino drveni, nosa.
Poslije je zbog lakega prijenosa stavljan na
platno (tkaninu), a nakon toga je zamijenjen
ploom od vlaknaste smole. Izmeu skinuto-
ga umjetnikog djela i novoga nosaa potre-
bno je staviti mort ili stratum. Stavljanje stra-
tuma omoguit e odvajanje umjetnikoga
djela od novoga nosaa.
skidanje
 iNtERvENtioN

REstoRatioN

tltets HU nalnym dziaanie okrela si jako retransfer. aplicar un mortero u otro material que facili-
Nowe podoe zapewnia moliwoc zachowa- tar la futura separacin de la obra de su nue-
Meghatrozs: Egy levlasztott falkp vagy nia i / lub ekspozycji dziea sztuki w pierwo- vo soporte.
mozaik felragasztsa egy j, az eredetit helyet- tnym lub nowym miejscu. Tradycyjnie war-
test hordozra. stw malarsk przenoszono na nowe podoe, arranque
zwykle drewno. Pniej na ptno (tkanin) ze
Megjegyzs: Amikor a levlasztott falkpet wzgldu na atwo przemieszczania, potem
eredeti helyre helyezik el, visszaltetsrl be- na podoe z wkna z ywic (typu sandwich). Nakil tR
szlnk. Az j hordoz ltal a malkots meg- Midzy zdjte malowido i nowe podoe na-
jult megrzsi s/vagy bemutatsi lehets- ley konieczne naoy warstw zaprawy. Ta Tanm: Ayrlm duvar resmi ya da mozaiin,
get kap, az eredeti helyn vagy egy j helyen. warstwa umoliwi ponowne oddzielenie ma- orijinali ile yer deitirip yeni bir yzeye yap-
Hagyomnyosan a festkrtegeket ltalban lowida od nowego podoa, jeli to bdzie ko- trlmas.
egy fbl kszlt hordozra helyeztk t. Ezt nieczne.
ksbb vszon (szvet) helyettesti, az egysze- Yorum: Ayrlm duvar resmi orijinal yerine ye-
rbb mozgathatsga miatt, majd mg utbb, zdejmowane malowida niden yerletirilmesine yeniden birletirme
szllal erstett manyag (szendvics tpus). A denir. Bu yeni taban, sanat eserine orijinal ya
levlasztott malkots s az j hordoz kz da yeni mekannda sergilenip korunmas iin
egy habarcsot vagy egyb rteget kell helyezni. transfer Ro yeni bir imkan verir. Geleneksel olarak, boya
Ez a rteg, szksg esetn, megknnyti majd katman, genellikle ahap olan yeni bir tabana
a malkots elvlasztst az j hordoztl. Definiie: Adeziunea unei picturi murale ex- aktarlrd. Bu zemin, sonrasnda kolay tana-
trase sau a unui mozaic pe un nou suport, n- bilirliinden dolay kanvas (bez) oldu. Daha
levlaszts locuind originalul. sonra da kanvasn yerini lif-reine (sandvi t-
r) ald. Ayrlm sanat eseri ve yeni taban ara-
Adnotare: Atunci cnd pictura mural este sna har veya zemin tabakas uygulanmaldr.
trasporto / trasferimento it reataat n locul ei originar se numete re- Gerektiinde bu zemin tabakas, yeni taban-
plantare. Acest suport ofer operei de art o dan sanat eserinin ayrlmasn kolaylatrr.
Definizione: Trasferimento di una pittura mu- nou posibilitate de conservare i/sau de ex- E anlam: tama
rale staccata o strappata o di un mosaico strap- punere n locul originar sau ntr-o locaie no-
pato su un supporto nuovo che sostituisce u. Tradiional, stratul de culoare a fost tran- ayrma, kaldrma
quello originale. sferat pe un suport nou, care a fost realizat de
obicei din lemn. Acesta s-a nlocuit mai trziu
Commento: Quando una pittura murale stac- cu pnza datorit uurinei de mobilitate, i Bg
cata o strappata viene ricollocata in situ, si par- mai trziu a fost substituit cu fibra de rin
la di ri-trasferimento. Il supporto nuovo pu (tip sandwich). ntre opera de art extras i :
migliorare le condizioni conservative per noul suport trebuie aplicat un mortar. Acest ( ) -
lopera darte, per la presentazione in situ o in strat va facilita separarea operei de art de .
un nuovo contesto. noul suport, dac acest lucru devine necesar.
La pellicola pittorica tradizionalmente veniva :
trasferita su un nuovo supporto fatto di legno. extragere ,
Pi tardi si preferivano supporti in tela o altri . -
tessuti, perch pi leggeri e facili da muovere. -
I supporti moderni sono di tipo sandwich in transferencia Es / -
vetroresina. Tra la pittura staccata o strappata .
e il nuovo supporto, necessario applicare Definicin: Adhesin de una pintura mural , -
uno strato di malta o altro materiale. Questo arrancada o de un mosaico, sobre un nuevo . -
strato facilita la separazione della pittura dal soporte que sustituye el muro original. (), --
nuovo supporto, in caso di necessit. ; -
Comentario: Cuando la pintura arrancada se (
stacco/strappo, intonaco reubica en el lugar original se denomina re- ). -
colocacin. Este nuevo soporte le confiere a -
la obra la consistencia necesaria para poder -
Przenoszenie / transfer PL ser conservada y/o expuesta, tanto en el lugar .
de origen como en un nuevo emplazamiento.
Definicja: Naklejenie zdjtego malowida Tradicionalmente, la capa pictrica se transfe- .
ciennego lub mozaiki na nowe podoe, za- ra a soportes de madera. Los soportes, des-
stpujce dawne. pus, pasaron a ser lienzos (tela) por su mayor
facilidad de traslado; y posteriormente fueron
Komentarz: Gdy zdjte malowido cienne de resinas y fibras (tipo sndwitch). Entre la
jest ponowie umieszczone w miejscu orygi- obra arrancada y el nuevo soporte hay que

347
 MATERIALS APPENDIX
Acrylic EN
Definition: Synthetic polymers obtained from
esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid (unsatu-
rated organic acids).
Comment: Acrylics (monomers, polymers and
dispersions) are used in conservation as bind-
ing agents in paint layers, as adhesives, as
coating materials, and as consolidants, as weil
as additives for mortars.
The use of acrylic-containing materials forwall
painting conservation is controversial due to
their mode of degradation, their poor pene-
tration depth as consolidants for porous ma-
terials, and their poor reversibility. Nonethe-
less they are very common and popular ma-
terials in conservation with a wide range of
applications.
Nottobe confused with: acrylate resin, acrylic
resin
~ binder, ~ consolidant, ~ varnish, ~ additive
Resine acrylique FR
Definition: Polymeres synthetiques obtenus
a partir d'esters d'acide acrylique ou metacry-
lique (acides organiques insatures).
Commentaires: Les monomeres, polymeres
et dispersions acryliques sont utilises en
conservation comme liants des couches pic-
turales, adhesifs, consolidants ou comme ad-
ditifs dans les mortiers. L:utilisation de ma-
teriaux a base acrylique est controversee en
conservation des peintures murales du fait
de leur mode de degradation, leur faible
profondeur de penetration en tant que
consolidants des materiaux poreux et de
leur faible reversibilite . lls sont cependant
tres largement utilises dansdiverses appli-
cations.
Ne pas confondre avec: acrylate
~ liant, ~ consolidant, ~ vernis, ~ additif
Acrylat DE
Definition: Aus den Estern der Acrylsure
oder der Methacrylsure (ungesttigte orga-
nische Suren) gewonnene Kunststoffe.
Kommentar: Acrylate (Monomere, Polymere
und Dispersionen) werden in der Restaurie-
rung und Konservierung als Bindemittel in
Farben, als Klebstoffe, als Filmbildner und als
Sources: OED: Acrylate (9.5.20 14); Glossa r Wa ndmalerei 2003- 2006 (17.6.2014); Hori e 20 10, 153ff.
348
Festigungsmittel verwendet sowie als Zusatz-
mittel fr Mrtel.
Die Verwendung von Acrylat beinhaltenden
Materialien in der Restaurierung und Konservie-
rung ist wegen der Art ihres Zerfalls, ihrer gerin-
gen Eindringtiefe bei der Festigung von porsen
Materialien und wegen ihrer schlechten Rever-
sibilitt umstritten. Dennoch sind sie in der Res-
taurierung und Konservierung in vielen Anwen-
dungsbereichen sehr hufig und beliebt.
Synonym: Acrylsureester
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Acrylharz
~Bindemittel,~ Festigungsmittel, ~Firnis,~ Zu-
satzmittel
Akrilik
Definicija: Sinteticki polimeri dobiveni iz este-
ra akrilne ili metaakrilne kiseline (nezasicene
organske kiseline).
Napomena: Akrilici (monomeri, polimeri i dis-
perzije) se u konzerviranju rabe kao vezivo u
bojenim slojevima, ljepila, materijali za stva-
ranje zastitnih tankih slojeva, ucvrscivaci te
kao aditivi za mortove.
Uporaba materijala koji sadrzavaju akrilik u
konzerviranju zidnih slika kao ucvrscivaca
poroznih materijala, kontroverzno je zbog
njihova nacina razgradnje, slaboga prodira-
nja u dubinu i lose reverzibilnosti. Bez obzira
na to, u konzerviranju su to veoma uobicajeni
i popularni materijali sirokoga raspona pri-
mjene.
Ne smije se mijesati s: akrilatna smola, akrilna
smola
~ vezivo, ~ ucvrsvac, ~ Iok, ~ aditiv
Akril
Meghatarozas: Az akrilsav es metakrilsav (te-
lftetlen szerves savak) esztereibl nyert mes-
terseges polimerek.
Megjegyzes: Az akrilokat (monomerek, poli-
merek, diszperzi6k) a restauralasban festekre-
tegek ktanyagakent, ragaszt6kent, felleti
bevonatkent es szilardit6 anyagkent, valamint
habarcsok adalekanyagakent hasznaljak.
Az akriltartalm anyagok hasznalata a falkep-
restauralasban vitatott, ennek oka lebomlasuk
m6dja, csekely behatol6 kepessegk es gyen-
ge visszaoldhat6saguk. Mindazonaltal elter-
jedt, nepszer anyagok a restauralasban, al-
kalmazasi terletk szeles.
Teves megnevezes: akrilat gyanta
~ ktanyag, ~ szildrdit6 anyag, ~ ragaszt6,
~ bevonat
Acrilici IT
Definizione: Polimeri sintetici ottenuti da
esteri dell'acido acrilico o metacrilico (acidi or-
ganici insaturi).
Commento: Gli acrilici (monomeri, polimeri e
dispersioni) sono usati nel campo della con-
servazione come leganti nelle pellicole pitto-
riche, come adesivi, come materiali di rivesti-
mento e come consolidanti, nonehe come ad-
ditivi per malte.
HR L:uso di materiali contenenti acrilici per Ia con-
servazione d i pitture murali e controverso a
causa del modo in cui queste resine degrada-
no, della loro scarsa profondita di penetrazio-
ne come consolidanti dei materiali porosi, e
della loro scarsa reversibilita . Ciononostante
sono materiali molto comuni e richiesti nel
campo della conservazione con un'ampia
gamma di applicazioni.
Da non confondersi con: resina acrilata, resina
acrilica
~ legante, ~ consolidante, ~ vernice, ~ additivo
Akryle PL
Definicja: Syntetyczne polimery otrzymywa-
ne z estr6w kwas6w akrylowego lub metakry-
lowego (nienasyconych kwas6w organicz-
nych).
Komentarz: Akryle (monomery, polimery i
dyspersje) uzywane Sq W konserwacji jako
srodki wiqzqce w warstwach malarskich, jako
HU kleje, jako materialy do powlok, jako impreg-
naty konsolidujqce, a takZe jako dodatki do za-
praw.
Stosowanie material6w akrylowych w konser-
wacji malarstwa sciennego budzi kontrowers-
je ze wzgl~du na ich spos6b degradacji, slabq
penetracj~ porowatych material6w podczas
impregnacji oraz niskq odwracalnosc. Nie-
mniej jednak sq one bardzo popularne i majq
szeroki wachlarz zastosowan.
~ spoiwo, ~ impregnat konsolidujqcy, ~ werniks
~ domieszka
 MATERIALs APPENDIx

Rin acrilic RO
Definiie: Polimeri sintetici obinui din esteri
ai acidului acrilic sau metacrilic (acizi organici
nesaturai).
Adnotare: Rinile acrilice (monomeri, polimeri
i dispersii) sunt utilizate n conservare ca liani
n straturile de culoare, adezivi, peliculogeni,
consolidani, precum i ca aditivi pentru morta-
re. Utilizarea materialelor cu coninut acrilic n
conservarea picturilor murale este controversa-
t, datorit modului lor de degradare, slabei pu-
teri de penetrare ca i consolidani n cazul ma-
terialelor poroase, precum i gradului sczut de
reversibilitate. Cu toate acestea, rinile acrilice
sunt materiale frecvent utilizate n conservare,
cu o gam larg de aplicaii.
liant, consolidant, aditiv, vernis
Acrlico Es
Definicin: Polmeros sintticos obtenidos a
partir de steres de cidos acrlicos o metacr-
licos (cidos orgnicos insaturados).
Comentario: Los acrlicos (monmeros, pol-
meros y dispersiones) son usados en la con-
servacin como agentes ligantes en capas pic-
tricas, como adhesivos, como materiales pro-
tectores y como consolidantes, as como adi-
tivos para morteros.
El uso de materiales que contienen acrlicos Kartrmaynz: akrilat reine, akrilik reine
en la conservacin de pinturas murales es
controvertido, debido a su forma de degrada- balayc, salamlatrc, cila, katk mal-
cin, su escasa penetrabilidad como consoli- zemesi
dante de materiales porosos y su difcil rever-
sibilidad. A pesar de todo esto, son materiales BG
muy comunes y de gran aceptacin en la con-
servacin que tienen una amplio rango de : , -
aplicaciones posibles. -
No confundir con: acrilato, resina acrlica ( -
).
ligante, consolidante, adhesivo, barniz
: (-
, )
Akrilik TR
, ,
Tanm: Metakrilik asit veya akrilik esterlerden , -
(doymam organik asitler) elde edilen sente- .
tik polimerler. -
-
Yorum: Akrilikler (monomerler, polimerler ve , ,
yaylmalar), korumada, boya katmanlarnda
balayc madde, yaptrc, kaplama madde-
si ve salamlatrc olarak ve ayn zamanda , . -
harlarda katk malzemesi olarak da kullan- ,
lr.
Akrilik ieren malzemelerin duvar resimlerinin .
korunmasnda kullanm; ayrtrma zellii, : a , -
gzenekli malzemelerin salamlatrlmasn-
da zayf geirgenlik derinlii ve geri dnt-
rlebilirlii sebebiyle tartmaldr. , , ,
Ama yine de korumada, geni uygulama alan-
larnda kullanlan ok yaygn ve popler bir
malzemedir.

Additive EN
Definition: Any organic or inorganic sub-
stance (or material) used in a very small quan-
tity and mixed with paint, plaster, mortar or
cement as an accelerator, plasticiser, stabiliser,
fluidiser or retarder.
Comment: Examples of natural substances
may include egg yolk, hair, wool, angora, silk,
straw, cotton, linen, kapok, hemp and jute;
synthetic ones, on the other hand, may in-
clude rayon, nylon, acetate, polyester and
acrylic. Egg yolk was used as an additive ma-
terial due to its binding feature in both mural
paintings (such as secco) and in some special
mortars such as cocciopesto/Khorasan mortar
which was used intensively in Roman, Byzan-
tine and Ottoman periods.
Not to be confused with: admixture
plaster, secco
Additif FR
Dfinition: Substance ou matriau organique
ou inorganique, utilise en trs faible quantit
et mlange la peinture, au pltre, mortier,
ciment ou comme un acclrateur ou ralen-
tisseur de prise, plastifiant, stabilisant ou
agent fluidifiant.
Commentaires: Le jaune duf, les cheveux,
la laine angora, la soie, la paille, le coton, le lin,
le kapok, le chanvre et le jute sont des exem-
ples naturels et la soie artificielle, le nylon,
lactate, le polyester et lacrylique des exem-
ples dadditifs synthtiques. Le jaune doeuf a
t utilis comme additif du fait de sa fonction
de liaison en peinture murale (a secco) et, dans
certains mortiers tels que mortier Khorasan,
utilis intensivement dans les priodes byzan-
tine, romaine et ottomane.
enduit, peinture a secco

Sources: Hasol 2002, 246/7; Cassar et al. 2014; Sickels 1981; Akman et al. 1986; Fuga 2006, 94

349
 MATERIALs APPENDIx
Zusatzmittel DE
Definition: Organische oder anorganische
Substanz, die in sehr kleinen Mengen als Be-
schleuniger, Weichmacher, Stabilisator, Flie-
mittel oder Verzgerer zu Farben, Putz, Mrtel
oder Zement zugemischt wird.
Kommentar: Eigelb wurde aufgrund seiner
Bindefhigkeit als Hilfsmittel sowohl bei Wand-
malereien (wie der Secco-Malerei) als auch bei
einigen speziellen Mrteln zugemischt, wie z.B.
dem anatolischen Khorasan Mrtel, der oft in
byzantinischer, rmischer und ottomanischer
Zeit eingesetzt wurde. Natrliche Substanzen,
die als Zusatzmittel benutzt werden, sind u.a.
Eigelb, Haar, Wolle, Angora, Seide, Stroh, Baum-
wolle, Leinen, Kapok, Hanf und Jute. Knstliche
Hilfsmittel sind z.B. Viskose, Nylon, Azetat, Po-
lyester und Acrylat.
Synonyme: Hilfsmittel, Additiv
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Zuschlag, Zusatz-
stoff (hat einen greren Anteil an der Mr-
telmischung als ein Zusatzmittel)
Putz, Secco
Aditiv HR
Definicija: Bilo koji organski ili anorganski sasto-
jak (ili materijal) koji se upotrebljava u vrlo malim
koliinama te se mijea s bojom, bukom, mor-
tom ili cementom kao akcelerator, plastifikator,
stabilizator, pospjeiva itkosti ili usporiva.
Napomena: Primjeri prirodnih supstancija su
umanjak, kosa, vuna, angora, svila, slama, pa-
muk, lan, kapok, konoplja i juta. U sintetike
supstancije s druge strane ubrajaju se svila,
najlon, acetat, poliester i akrilik. umanjak se
kao aditiv upotrebljava zbog svojih vezivnih
znaajki u zidnim slikama (poput secca) i u ne-
kim posebnim mortovima poput cocciope-
sto/Khorasan morta koji se intenzivno rabio u
Rimskome, Bizantskome, te u Otomanskome
razdoblju.
Ne smije se mijeati s: primjesa
buka, secco
Adalkanyag HU
Meghatrozs: Brmely szervetlen vagy szer-
ves anyag, melyet kis mennyisgben hozzke-
vernek festkekhez, falaz habarcsokhoz, vako-
latokhoz vagy betonokhoz, mint gyorst, lgy-
t, stabilizl, folyst vagy ksleltet anyag. tynk, secco
Megjegyzs: Termszetes adalkanyag lehet
pldul a tojssrga, haj, gyapj, angra szr,
350
selyem, szalma, pamut, len, kender, kapok Aditiv RO
vagy juta; a manyagok kzl a mselyem, a
nylon, az acett, a poliszter vagy az akril for- Definiie: Orice substan (sau material) orga-
dulnak el. A tojssrgt, kthatsa miatt, fal- nic sau anorganic utilizat ntr-o cantitate
kpeken (szekk esetn) s specilis habarcsok foarte mic i amestecat n culori, tencuieli,
adalkanyagaknt is hasznltk, mint pldul mortare sau cimenturi, avnd rol catalizator,
a cocciopesto vagy Khorasan habarcsban, me- plastifiant, stabilizator sau fluidizator.
lyet sokat hasznltak a Rmai birodalomban,
Bizncban s az Oszmn birodalomban. Adnotare: Exemple de substane naturale pot
Szinonima: segdanyag, additv include glbenu de ou, pr, ln, angora, m-
tase, paie, bumbac, pnz, capoc, cnep i iut;
vakolat, szekk cele sintetice, pe de alt parte, pot include ce-
lofibr, nailon, acetat, poliester i rini acrilice.
Glbenuul de ou a fost folosit ca i material adi-
Additivo IT tiv datorit proprietilor sale de liant att n pic-
turile murale (de ex. a secco), ct i n anumite
Definizione: Qualsiasi sostanza (o materiale) mortare speciale, precum mortarul cocciopes-
organica o inorganica usata in quantit mini- to/Khorasan ce a fost intens folosit n perioadele
me e mescolata con pittura, intonaco, malta o Imperiului Roman, Bizantin i Otoman.
cemento come acceleratore, plastificante, sta-
bilizzante, fluidificante o ritardante. tencuial, a secco
Commento: Esempi di sostanze naturali pos-
sono includere tuorlo duovo, capelli, lana, an- Aditivo Es
gora, seta, paglia, cotone, lino, kapok, canapa
e iuta; quelli sintetici, invece, possono inclu- Definicin: Cualquier sustancia (o material)
dere rayon, nylon, acetato, poliestere, e acrilici. orgnico o inorgnico, aadido en propor-
Il tuorlo duovo era usato come materiale ad- cin muy baja a una pintura, revoque, mortero
ditivo grazie alle sue caratteristiche di legante o cemento, como acelerante, plastificante, es-
sia in dipinti murali (come nei dipinti a secco) tabilizante, fluidificante o retardante.
e in alcune speciali malte come quella Khora-
san, utilizzata intensivamente a Bisanzio, nel- Comentario: Algunos ejemplos de sustancias
lImpero romano e nel periodo ottomano. naturales son la yema de huevo, el pelo, la la-
na, la angora, la seda, la paja, el algodn, el li-
intonaco, pittura a secco no, el camo y el yute; por otra parte, entre
las sustancias sintticas, se puede encontrar
el rayn, el nailon, el acetato, el polister y los
Dodatek PL acrlicos.La yema de huevo fue usada como
aditivo, debido a su capacidad aglutinante, en
Definicja: Kada organiczna lub nieorganiczna algunas pinturas murales (como en la pintura
substancja (lub materia) stosowana w bardzo al seco) y en algunos morteros especiales co-
niewielkiej iloci i mieszana z farb, tynkiem, za- mo el mortero khorasan, muy empleado en
praw lub cementem jako przyspieszacz, pla- los perodos Bizantino, Romano y Otomano.
styfikator, stabilizator, upynniacz czy opniacz.
revoque pintura al seco
Komentarz: Przykady naturalnych substancji
mog obejmowa tko jaja, wosie, wen,
angor, jedwab, som, bawen, len, kapok, Katk maddesi TR
konopie i jut; z syntetycznych mog to by
rayon, nylon, wkno octanowe, poliester i Tanm: ok az miktarda kullanlan ve tepkime-
akryl. tko jaja dodawano w malarstwie yi hzlandrc, yumuatc, sabitleyici, akkan-
ciennym (jak secco) z uwagi na jego wasno- latrc ya da yavalatc olarak boya, al, har
ci wice i do niektrych specjalnych za- ya da imento ile kartrlan organik veya inor-
praw jak cocciopesto / Khorasan, ktra bya ganik madde (malzeme).
popularna okresie rzymskim, bizantyjskim i w
czasach otomaskich. Yorum: Doal katk maddelerinin rnekleri
Nie naley myli z: domieszka yumurta sars, kl, yn, tiftik, ipek, saman, pa-
muk, keten, lif, kenevir ve jt olabilirken sen-
tetiklerin rnekleri suni ipek, naylon, asetat,
polyester ve akrilik olabilir. Yumurta sars, ya-
ptrc zelliinden dolay hem duvar resim-
lerinde (kuru fresk gibi) hem de Roma, Bizans

ve Osmanl dnemlerinde youn olarak Ho-
rasan harc gibi baz zel harlarda katk mad- , ,
desi olarak kullanlrd.
Kartrmaynz: karm . -
sva, kuru fresko
BG .
: - :
( ), - -
Aggregate EN
Definition: Granular, inert, hard material used
together with a binding (or adhesive) material
to give specific physical properties to con-
crete, mortar or plaster.
Comment: Aggregates are used to provide
mainly bulk, stability, and resistance to stress
and wear to an architectural surface. They are
also used to prevent excessive shrinkage dur-
ing setting.
Coarse aggregate is mainly used to give con-
crete resistance to compressive stress. It may
consist of crushed stone, gravel and crushed
gravel, vermiculite, perlite or oven-dried slag.
Fine aggregate is mainly used for thin con-
crete slabs, mortars or plasters, and where a
smooth surface is desired. It may consist of
sand, stone dust/powder, or brick dust/pow-
der. There is an ambiguity in using aggregate
and filler. While the latter is defined by con-
struction standards as a very fine aggregate,
the use of filler in a broader sense gives rise
to situations where aggregate is used with
the meaning of a filler.
Not to be confused with: filler
brick dust, filler, plaster, sand
Granulat (agrgat) FR
Dfinition: Matire dure granulaire et inerte,
utilise avec un matriau liant (ou adhsif )
pour donner des proprits physiques spci-
fiques au bton, au mortier ou au pltre.
Commentaires: Les granulats sont utiliss
pour fournir la stabilit et la rsistance mca-
nique lusure dun mortier constituant une
Sources: Hasol 2002, 25; Harris 2006, 8; AAT: aggregate (4.1.2015); Ching 1996, 43
(. ), -
-
, , .,
, -
, , , .
, , , , , , :
;
, , , - ,
surface architecturale. Ils sont galement uti-
liss pour limiter un retrait excessif pendant le
schage. Les granulats grossiers sont princi-
palement utiliss pour donner une grande r-
sistance la compression au bton. Ils peu-
vent tre constitus de pierre concasse, de
gravier qui peut tre concass, de vermiculite,
de perlite ou de laitier sch au four. Les gra-
nulats fins sont principalement utiliss pour
les plaques fines de bton, les enduits minces
ou l o une surface lisse est souhaite. Il peut
tre constitu de sable, de poudre de pierre
ou de brique. Il y a une ambigut dans lutili-
sation des mots granulat et de charge. Alors
que ce dernier est dfini par les normes de
construction comme dfinissant un agrgat
trs fin, lutilisation de charge dans un sens
plus large donne lieu des situations o le
terme granulat est utilis avec le sens dune
charge.
Ne pas confondre avec: charge
poudre de brique, charge, enduit, sable
Zuschlag DE
Definition: Krniges, inertes, hartes Material,
das zusammen mit einem Bindemittel (oder
Klebemittel) dazu benutzt wird, Beton, Mrtel
oder Putz bestimmte physikalische Eigen-
schaften zu verleihen.
Kommentar: Es wird dazu verwendet, einen
Werkstoff fr Architekturoberflchen haupt-
schlich mit Volumen, Stabilitt und Wider-
stand gegenber Belastung und Abnutzung
auszursten. Zuschlge werden auch als Ma-
gerungsmittel eingesetzt, um bermiges
Schrumpfen beim Aushrten zu verhindern.
Grober Zuschlag wird hauptschlich als Hrter
MATERIALs APPENDIx
genutzt, um Beton hheren Widerstand ge-
gen Druckspannung zu verleihen: Er kann aus
Schotter, Splitt, Kies und Kiessplitt, Vermiculit,
Perlit oder Schlacke bestehen.
Feiner Zuschlag wird hauptschlich fr Beton-
platten, Mrtel oder Putze und fr glatte
Oberflchen eingesetzt: Er kann aus Sand,
Steinmehl oder Ziegelmehl bestehen.
Die Begriffe Zuschlag und Fllstoff werden
oft nicht eindeutig verwendet: Fllstoff wird
in Baustandards als sehr feiner Zuschlag de-
finiert; Zuschlag wird also u.a. auch als Fll-
stoff bezeichnet.
Synonym: Zuschlagstoff
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Fllstoff, Zusatzstoff
Ziegelmehl, Fllstoff, Putz, Sand
Agregat HR
Definicija: Zrnati, inertni, tvrdi materijal koji
se upotrebljava s vezivnim materijalom (ili lje-
pilom) radi postizanja odreenih fizikih svoj-
stava betona, morta ili buke.
Napomena: Agregati se uglavnom rabe kako
bi osigurali masu, stabilnost te otpornost na
naprezanje i troenje arhitektonske povrine.
Takoer se upotrebljavaju za sprjeavanje pre-
tjeranoga skupljanja tijekom nanoenja.
Grubi se agregat uglavnom upotrebljava kako
bi beton bio otporniji na tlano naprezanje.
Moe se sastojati od lomljenoga kamena,
ljunka i lomljenoga ljunka, minerala vermi-
kulita, perlita ili troske suene u pei.
Fini agregat uglavnom se rabi za tanke beton-
ske ploe, mortove ili buke te gdje je poeljna
glatka povrina. Moe se sastojati od pijeska,
kamene praine ili kamenoga praha, ili prai-
ne/praha od opeke.
351
 MATERIALs APPENDIx

Postoji nejasnoa u koritenju naziva agregat
i punilo. Dok je potonji definiran graevnim
standardima kao vrlo fini agregat, uporaba na-
ziva punilo u iremu smislu dovodi do situa-
cije da se agregat rabi u znaenju punila.
openi prah, punilo, buka, pijesak
Aggregtum
Meghatrozs: Szemcss, inert, kemny
anyag, melyet ktanyaggal (vagy ragaszt-
anyaggal) keverve hasznlnak, hogy sajtos fi-
zikai tulajdonsgokat adjanak a betonnak, fa-
laz habarcsnak vagy vakolatnak.
Megjegyzs: Az aggregtum szerepe tme-
gt adni az ptszeti felletnek, nvelni sta-
bilitst, nyoms- s kopsllsgt. A kts betonu, zaprawy czy tynku.
alatti zsugorods visszafogsa rdekben is
hasznljk. A durva szemcszet aggregtu-
mot leginkbb a beton nyomsllsgnak
nvelsre hasznljk. Ez lehet trtt k, ka- chitektonicznej na obcienie i zuycie. Sto-
vics, trtt kavics, vermikulit, perlit vagy sz-
rtott salak.
A finom szemcszet aggregtumot vkony
betonlapokhoz, vakolatokhoz s habarcsok-
hoz, sima felletek ltrehozshoz hasznljk.
Lehet homok, kpor vagy krlemny, tgla-
por vagy tglarlemny.
Az aggregtum s a tltanyag kifejezseket
gyakran tvesztik. Az ptszeti szabvnyok
szerint a tltanyag egy finom szemcszet
aggregtum, de a kt kifejezst a kznyelvben
gyakran keverik.
tglapor, tltanyag, vakolat, homok
Inerte
scia. Pu essere costituito da sabbia, polvere
di rocce o polvere di mattoni.
C un ambiguit quando si usano i termini
inerte e filler. Mentre questultimo defini-
to negli standard costruttivi come un aggre-
gato molto sottile, luso del termine filler in
un senso pi ampio d luogo a situazioni nelle
quali inerte usato con il significato di fil-
ler.
HU Da non confondersi con: filler
polvere di mattone, filler, intonaco, sabbia
Kruszywo
Definicja: Ziarnisty, obojtny, twardy materia
uywany razem z substancj wic (lub kle-
jem) by uzyska swoiste wasnoci fizyczne
Komentarz: Dodawane gwnie by zwikszy
mas, stabilno i odporno powierzchni ar-
sowane te by zapobiec gwatownym skur-
czom podczas tenia.
Gruboziarniste kruszywo zwykle jest uywane
aby zapewni betonowi odporno na napr-
enia ciskajce. Moe zawiera kruszony ka-
mie, wir i kruszony wir, wermikulit, perlit
lub wypraany uel.
Drobne kruszywo jest uywane gwnie do cien-
kich pyt betonowych, zapraw czy tynkw oraz
gdy podana jest gadka powierzchnia. Moe
zawiera piasek, py kamienny lub ceglany.
Terminy kruszywo i wypeniacz bywaj nie-
susznie mylone. Standardy budowlane defi-
niuj wypeniacz jako bardzo drobne kruszy-
wo, ma on wic szersze znaczenie, prowadzi
to do sytuacji, gdy terminu kruszywo uywa
IT si w znaczeniu wypeniacza.
subiri de beton, mortar sau tencuial, precum
i n cazul n care se dorete o suprafa neted.
Acesta poate consta din nisip, praf/pulbere de
piatr sau de crmid. Exist o ambiguitate n
ceea ce privete termenii agregat i material
de umplutur. Cel de-al doilea este definit de
standardele din construcii ca fiind un agregat
foarte fin; utilizarea sa n sens mai larg putnd
duce la situaii n care agregat este folosit cu
sensul de material de umplutur.
Sinonim: material inert
praf de crmid, material de umplutur,
tencuial, nisip
PL
Carga Es
Definicin: Material granulado, inerte y duro
usado junto con un aglutinante (o adhesivo)
para aportar determinadas propiedades fsi-
cas a un cemento, mortero o revoque.
Comentario: Se usa fundamentalmente para
aportar cuerpo, estabilidad y resistencia al es-
trs, as como para revestir una superficie ar-
quitectnica.
Las cargas gruesas se utilizan, sobre todo, para
aportar al cemento una resistencia al estrs
por compresin. Suelen estar constituidos por
piedra triturada, grava, gravilla, vermiculita,
perlita o escorias granuladas de alto horno.
Las cargas finas se emplean, principalmente,
para estratos finos de cemento, mortero y re-
voques, y siempre que se necesite obtener
una superficie suave. Suelen ser arena, pulve-
rizados de piedra o polvo de ladrillo.
polvo de ladrillo, carga fina, revoque,
arena

Definizione: Materiale granulare, inerte, rigi-
do usato in combinazione con un legante (o
un adesivo) per conferire propriet fisiche spe-
cifiche al cemento, alla malta o ad un intona-
co.
Commento: Gli inerti sono utilizzati principal-
mente per fornire massa, stabilit e resistenza
contro sollecitazioni e logoramento ad una su-
perficie architettonica. Sono altres usati per
prevenire un eccessivo restringimento duran-
te la presa.
Un inerte grossolano viene principalmente
usato per dare al cemento resistenza a solle-
citazioni compressive. Pu essere costituito da
pietrisco, ciottoli e ciottoli frantumati, vermi-
culite, perlite, e scorie essiccate.
Un inerte sottile viene principalmente usato
per lastre sottili di cemento, malte o intonaci,
e laddove si desideri avere una superficie li-
py ceglany, wypeniacz, tynk, piasek Agrega TR
Tanm: Betona, harca veya plastie, zel fizik-
Agregat RO sel nitelik vermek iin balayc (ya da yapt-
rc) malzeme ile birlikte kullanlan tanecikli
Definiie: Material granulat, inert, dur, utilizat hareketsiz sert materyal.
mpreun cu un liant (sau adeziv) pentru a
conferi proprieti fizice specifice betonului, Yorum: Agrega, aslnda mimari yzeyin an-
mortarului sau tencuielii. masna ve gerilmesine diren, sabitlik ve ha-
cim salamak iin kullanlr. Ayrca sertleme
Adnotare: Agregatele sunt folosite pentru a sresince ar ekmeyi nlemek iin de kul-
oferi suprafaei arhitecturale, volum, stabilitate lanlr. ri agrega genellikle betona, basnca
i rezisten la stres i uzur. De asemenea, kar diren vermek iin kullanlr. Agrega;
acestea sunt folosite i pentru a preveni con- mcr, akl, krma akl, vermikulit, volkanik
tracia excesiv n timpul prizei. Agregatul gro- cam ya da frnda kurutulmu cruftan olu-
sier este utilizat n special pentru a oferi rezis- abilir.
ten betonului la stresul de compresie. Acesta nce agrega genellikle ince beton deme,
poate consta din piatr spart, pietri, vermi- har ya da plastik iin przsz yzey istenilen
culit, perlit sau zgur uscat n cuptor. Agrega- yerde kullanlr. Kumdan, ta tozundan ya da
tul fin este utilizat n general pentru plci kiremit tozundan oluabilir.

352

Agrega ve dolgu kullanmnda anlam belir-
sizlii vardr. na standartlarnda dolgu ok in-
ce agregay tanmlanrken, daha geni anlam-
da ise agregann dolgu olarak anlmasna se-
bep olur.
Kartrmaynz: dolgu maddesi
tula tozu, dolgu maddesi, sva, kum
BG , , ,
: , , , , -
, , ,
( ), , -
Binder EN
Definition: Material with adhesive and cohe-
sive properties, which coats all particles of a
filler or pigment and builds a coherent mass.
Comment: The ratio of binder to fill material
or pigment can vary greatly, so the mass can
be used as a coating, paint, mortar, or putty.
Examples of binders: clay, lime, gypsum, ce-
ments, oils, waxes, proteins (glue) and natural
or synthetic resins.
Synonyms: binding medium, binding agent,
medium
filler, pigment, lime putty, clay, glue,
cement, gypsum, acrylic
Liant FR
Dfinition: Matriau aux proprits adhsives
et cohsives qui, en recouvrant toutes les par-
ticules dun matriau de remplissage ou des
pigments, lui ou leur confre une cohsion.
Commentaires: La quantit de liant ajoute
au matriau de remplissage ou des pigments
peut varier considrablement et va dterminer
lutilisation du matriau comme enduit, pein-
ture, mortier ou mastic. Exemples de liants: ar-
gile, chaux, pltre, ciments, huiles, cires, colles
animales (protiques), rsines naturelles ou
synthtiques.
Synonyme: agent de liaison
enduit, pigment, charge, argile, colle ani-
male, ciment, pltre de Paris, rsine acrylique
Sources: E DIN EN 16572, 2012, 6; Paolini, Faldi 2005, 20; Mortars 2011, 27
, . ,
. . -
: - .
, , -
, -
. - ,
-
, - .
. - :
:
.
Bindemittel DE
Definition: Material mit adhsiven und koh-
siven Eigenschaften, das alle Partikel eines
Fllstoffes oder Pigmentes benetzt und eine
zusammenhngende Masse bildet.
Kommentar: Das Verhltnis von Bindemittel
zu Fllstoff oder zu Pigment kann stark variie-
ren, so dass die Masse als Beschichtung, Farbe,
Mrtel oder Kitt verwendet werden kann.
Beispiele fr Bindemittel: Ton, Kalk, Gips, Ze-
ment, le, Wachse, Proteine (Leime) und na-
trliche oder synthetische Harze.
Synonyme: Binder, Medium
Fllstoff, Pigment, Sumpfkalk, Ton, nltak)
Leim, Zement, Gips, Acrylat
Vezivo HR
Definicija: Materijal ljepljivih i prianjajuih
svojstava, koji oblae sve estice punila ili pig-
menata te stvara jedinstvenu masu.
Napomena: Omjer veziva i punila ili pigmenta
moe jako varirati, tako da se masa moe upo-
trijebiti kao premaz, boja, mort ili kit.
Primjeri veziva su: glina, vapno, gips, cement,
ulja, voskovi, proteini (tutkalo), te prirodne i
sintetike smole.
punilo, pigment, vapneno tijesto, glina,
tutkalo, cement, gips, akrilik
MATERIALs APPENDIx
-
Ktanyag HU
Meghatrozs: Kohzis (sszetart) s ra-
gaszt vagy tapad tulajdonsgokkal rendel-
kez anyag, mely bevonja a tltanyag szem-
csket vagy a festkszemcsket, s egy ssze-
fgg tmeget hoz ltre.
Megjegyzs: A ktanyag s tltanyag vagy
pigment arnya nagymrtkben vltozhat,
gy a keverket lehet bevonatknt, festkknt,
habarcsknt vagy tmt anyagknt hasznl-
ni. Ktanyagpldk: agyag, msz, gipsz, ce-
mentek, olajok, viaszok, fehrjk (enyv) s ter-
mszetes vagy szintetikus gyantk.
Szinonimk: mdium, kzeg (kevsb hasz-
tltanyag, pigment, mszpp, agyag,
enyv, cement, gipsz, akril
Legante IT
Definizione: Materiale con propriet adesive e
coesive, che riveste tutte le particelle di un filler
o di un pigmento e crea una massa coerente.
Commento: Il rapporto tra il legante e il filler
o il pigmento pu variare notevolmente, al
punto che la massa ottenuta pu essere usata
come rivestimento, pittura, malta o mastice.
Esempi di leganti: argilla, calce, gesso, cemen-
ti, oli, cere, proteine (colla) e resine naturali o
sintetiche.
filler, pigmento, grassello di calce, argilla,
colla, cemento, gesso, acrilici
353
 MATERIALs APPENDIx
spoiwo
Definicja: Materia o wasnociach klejcych i
spajajcych, ktry pokrywa wszystkie czs-
teczki wypeniacza tworzc jednorodn mas.
Komentarz: Proporcje zawartoci spoiwa do
wypeniacza czy pigmentu mog si znacznie
rni, mieszanina moe by uyta jako po-
woka, farba, zaprawa lub kit. Przykady spoiw:
glina, wapno, gips, cementy, oleje, woski, bia-
ka (klej) i naturalne oraz sztuczne ywice.
Synonimy: substancja wica, rodek wicy
wypeniacz, pigment, ciasto wapienne,
glina, klej, cement, gips, akryle
Liant
Definiie: Material cu proprieti adezive i
coezive, care nglobeaz toate particulele
dintr-un material de umplutur sau pigment
i construiete o mas coerent.
Adnotare: Raportul dintre liant i materialul
de umplutur sau pigment poate varia foarte
mult, astfel nct masa obinut poate fi folo-
sit ca un strat de acoperire, ca vopsea, ca
mortar sau chit.
Exemple de liani: argil, var, gips, ciment, ule-
iuri, ceruri, proteine (clei) i rini naturale sau
sintetice.
Sinonim: agent de legare
material de umplutur, pigment, var past,
argil, clei, ciment, gips, rin acrilic gsterebilir. Bylece ktle; kaplama, boya,
Brick
Definition: A manufactured structural unit of
clay or shale produced in the form of a rectan-
gular block, either sun-dried or baked (fired),
and used as a building material in masonry.
Comment: While bricks are sometimes used
decoratively, most of their uses are utilitarian,
such as for load bearing, non-load bearing
and veneer walls. The aesthetic aspect is given
by the geometrical arrangement of the bricks,
which can also have different colours.
Besides clay, baked brick can contain sand,
calcium carbonate, iron oxide and refractory
fillers. Sun-dried mud bricks were one of the
Sources: Hasol 2002, 467; Harris 1984, 68; Ching 1995, 18; Juracek 2002, 4760, 337; CAMEO: Brick (11.4.2014); Britannica: brick-and-tile (11.4.2014)
354
PL Ligante Es
Definicin: Material con propiedades adhe- dalar/mumlar, proteinler (tutkal) ve reineler
sivas y cohesivas, que engloba todas las par-
tculas de un material de carga o pigmento man, arac
formando una masa homognea.
Comentario: La proporcin de ligante nece-
saria puede variar significativamente. De este
modo, la mezcla puede usarse como una capa
protectora, una pintura, un mortero o un es-
tuco.
Ejemplos de ligantes: arcilla, cal, yeso, cemen- : -
tos, aceites, ceras, protenas (cola) y resinas na-
turales y sintticas.
En espaol se distingue entre los trminos: .
- aglomerante (da cohesin mediante trans-
formaciones fsicas, por ejemplo: arcilla);
RO - conglomerante (da cohesin mediante
transformaciones qumicas que originan
nuevos compuestos, por ejemplo: cal);
- aglutinante (mantiene unidas entre s par-
tculas de pigmentos, por ejemplo: cola).
carga fina, pigmento, arcilla, cera, co-
la, cemento, yeso, acrlico
Balayc TR
Tanm: Pigment ya da dolgu malzemelerinin
tmn kaplayan, yapkan bir ktle olutu- ,
ran, yaptc ve birletirici zellikli malzeme.
Yorum: Pigmenti veya dolgu malzemesini
doldurmak iin tutkal oran fazlasyla eitlilik
EN first man-made masonry materials, and their
dimensions were dictated by the possibility of
easy handling.
Aside from useful properties like strength,
load bearing capacity, resistance to moisture
and isolation from environmental factors, it
was their resistance to fire that brought about
the worldwide use of bricks.
clay, filler, masonry, sand
Brique FR
Dfinition: Unit structurale fabrique
laide de matriaux argileux, sous forme dun
har veya macun olarak kullanlabilir. Balayc
rnekleri: Kil, kire, al, imentolar, yalar, a-
E anlaml: yaptrma maddesi, balayc ele-
dolgu maddesi, pigment, kire kayma,
kil, tutkal, imento, al, akrilik
BG
, -
-
: -
-
, -
,
, () .
: , , ,
, , , -
() -
.
: ,
,
, , ,
, , , ,
bloc rectangulaire, sche au soleil ou cuite
au four et utilise comme matriau de
construction en maonnerie.
Commentaires: Bien que les briques soient
parfois utilises de faon dcorative, la plupart
de leurs utilisations sont structurelles, por-
tantes ou non, ou sur les murs de placage. Las-
pect esthtique est donn par la disposition
gomtrique des briques, qui peuvent aussi
avoir des couleurs diffrentes. Les briques
cuites peuvent contenir, en plus de largile, du
sable, du carbonate de calcium, des oxydes de
fer et des charges rfractaires. Les briques de
boue sche ont t lun des premiers mat-
riaux de maonnerie artificielle et leurs dimen-
 MATERIALs APPENDIx

sions ont t dictes par la possibilit dtre
facilement manipules. Outre leurs proprits
de rsistance la compression, la traction,
de rsistance lhumidit et de protection vis-
-vis des facteurs environnementaux, leur
rsistance au feu a aussi favoris le dvelop-
pement de lutilisation des briques dans le
monde.
argile, charge, maonnerie, sable
od prvih zidarskih materijala koje je ovjek
stvorio, a njihove su dimenzije uvjetovane mo-
gunou lakoga rukovanja.
Osim korisnih svojstava poput snage, kapaci-
teta nosivosti, otpornosti na vlagu i izolacije
od okolinih imbenika, njihova otpornost na
vatru glavni je razlog irenja uporabe opeke
po cijelome svijetu.
glina, punilo, zidanje, pijesak
no imposte dalla possibilit di essere maneg-
giati facilmente.
Al di l di utili propriet come solidit, capacit
di sopportare carico, resistenza allumidit e
isolamento da fattori ambientali, la loro re-
sistenza al fuoco che ha fatto diffondere a li-
vello mondiale luso dei mattoni.
argilla, filler, muratura, sabbia

Ziegel DE
Definition: Ein aus tonhaltigem Lehm oder
Tonschiefer gefertigtes Bauelement in Form
eines rechteckigen Blocks, entweder getrock-
net oder gebrannt und als Baumaterial fr
Mauerwerk verwendet.
Kommentar: Ziegel werden hauptschlich fr
konstruktive Zwecke verwendet, wie tragen-
de oder nichttragende Mauern und Verblend-
mauerwerk. Manchmal nutzt man sie auch fr
dekorative Zwecke: Ihre sthetische Wirkung
ergibt sich durch die geometrische Anord-
nung der Ziegel, die manchmal auch verschie-
denfarbig sind.
Gebrannte Ziegel knnen neben Ton auch
Sand, Calciumcarbonat, Eisenoxid und feuer-
feste Fllstoffe enthalten. Getrocknete Lehm-
ziegel sind eines der ersten, von Menschen
geschaffene Baumaterialien fr Mauerwerk.
Ihre Mae waren durch die Notwendigkeit der
einfachen Handhabung vorgegeben.
Neben ihren ntzlichen Eigenschaften wie Fes-
tigkeit, Tragfhigkeit, Widerstand gegenber
Feuchte und Isolierung gegen andere Umwelt-
faktoren war es ihre Feuerfestigkeit, die zum
weltweiten Einsatz von Ziegeln gefhrt hat.
Synonyme: Ziegelstein, Backstein, Klinker, Klin-
kerziegel, Mauerziegel, Tonziegel, Lehmziegel
Ton, Fllstoff, Mauerwerk, Sand Definizione: Unit strutturale lavorata, pro-
Opeka HR
Definicija: Strukturna jedinica gline ili kriljev-
ca proizvedena u obliku pravokutnoga bloka
suenjem ili peenjem (paljenjem) koja se
upotrebljava kao graevni materijal u zidanju.
Napomena: Iako se opeke katkad upotreblja-
vaju u dekorativne svrhe, uglavnom je njihova
namjena utilitarna; gradnja nosivih i nenosivih
zidova te njihovo oblaganje. Estetski aspekt
dan je geometrijskim rasporedom opeka, koje
mogu biti razliito obojene. Peene opeke uz
glinu mogu sadravati pijesak, vapno (kalcijev
karbonat), eljezov oksid i vatrostalna punila.
Na suncu suene opeke od blata bile su jedan
Cega PL
Tgla HU
Definicja: Pojedynczy element w postaci pro-
Meghatrozs: Egy agyagbl vagy palbl stoktnego bloku, wytworzony z gliny lub iu,
ksztett falszerkezeti elem, tglatest alak wysuszony na socu lub wypalony, uywany
tmb, melyet napon szrtanak vagy kiget- jako materia w budownictwie.
nek, s falak ksztshez hasznlnak pt-
anyagknt. Komentarz: Cegy bywaj czasem uywane
do dekoracji, ale gwnie maj zastosowanie
Megjegyzs: Br nha dsztsre is alkalmaz- uytkowe, do budowy cian nonych, dziao-
zk, leginkbb gyakorlati hasznostsa van, wych i licowania cian. Poprzez geometryczny
tartfalaknl, nem tartfalaknl vagy falbur- ukad cegie, ktre mog te mie rne kolo-
kolatknt. Az eszttikt a tglk elhelyezse ry, uzyskuje si efekt estetyczny.
adja, melyek lehetnek klnbz sznek is. Wypalone cegy oprcz gliny mog zawiera
Az getett tgla tartalmazhat, az agyagon k- piasek, wglan wapnia, tlenek elaza i ogniotr-
vl, homokot, kalcium-karbontot, vas-oxido- wae wypeniacze. Cegy z muu suszone na
kat s tzll tltanyagokat. A napon szr- socu byy jednym z pierwszych wytworzo-
tott srtgla vagy vlyogtgla az ember ltal nych przez czowieka materiaw budowla-
elsknt hasznlt falazanyagok egyike volt, nych, ich wymiary dyktowaa moliwo at-
mreteit a knny kezelhetsg hatrozta wego posugiwania si. Poza wasnociami
meg. Hasznos tulajdonsgain kvl (mint pl- praktycznymi jak wytrzymao, dwiganie
dul szilrdsga, teherbr kpessge, ned- obcie, odporno na dziaanie wilgoci i izo-
vessggel szembeni ellenll kpessge s lacja od czynnikw rodowiska, o wiatowym
krnyezeti tnyezkkel szembeni szigetelha- wykorzystaniu cegie zdecydowaa ich odpor-
tsa), tzllsgnak ksznheti szleskr no na ogie.
hasznlatt vilgszerte.
glina, wypeniacz, budownictwo, piasek
agyag, tltanyag, fal, homok
Crmid RO
Mattone IT
Definiie: O unitate structural fabricat din
argil sau ist, produs sub forma unui bloc
dotta con argilla o scisto nella forma di un dreptunghiular, uscat la soare sau ars n
blocco rettangolare, essiccata al sole o cotta, cuptor, i folosit ca material de construcie n
e usata come materiale da costruzione nelle zidrie.
opere in muratura.
Adnotare: Dei crmizile sunt uneori utiliza-
Commento: Sebbene i mattoni siano talvolta te n scopuri decorative, cele mai multe dintre
usati a scopo decorativo, la maggior parte del- aplicaiile acestora sunt funcionale, de exem-
le loro applicazioni sono funzionali, ad esem- plu, n perei portani, perei neportani i n
pio in muri portanti, non portanti e nei muri zidria aparent. Aspectul estetic este dat de
di rivestimento esterno. aranjamentul geometric al crmizilor, ce pot
Lapparenza estetica data dalla disposizione avea culori diferite.
geometrica dei mattoni, che possono anche Crmizile arse pot conine n afar de argil
avere colori differenti. i nisip, carbonat de calciu, oxid de fier i ma-
Oltre allargilla, i mattoni cotti possono conte- teriale de umplutur refractare. Crmizile din
nere sabbia, carbonato di calcio, ossido di fer- chirpici uscat la soare au fost printre primele
ro e inerti refrattari. I mattoni di fango essiccati materiale de zidrie create de om, iar dimen-
al sole sono tra i primi materiali da costruzione siunile lor au fost dictate de posibilitatea ma-
per muratura artificiali, e le loro dimensioni so- nevrrii cu uurin a acestora.

355
 MATERIALs APPENDIx
nafara proprietilor utile, precum rezistena,
capacitatea portant, rezistena la umiditate
i izolarea mpotriva factorilor de mediu, rezis-
tena crmizilor la foc a adus la utilizarea lor
la nivel mondial.
argil, material de umplutur, zidrie, nisip
Ladrillo Es
Definicin: Unidad estructural fabricada con
arcilla o pizarra, con forma de bloque rectan-
gular, que se cuece o se seca al sol y se emplea
como material de construccin.
Comentario: A pesar de que algunas veces los
ladrillos tienen un uso decorativo, la mayor
parte de las ocasiones lo tienen funcional,
bien como material que conforma el muro de
carga, bien como revestimiento. La apariencia
viene dada por la disposicin geomtrica de
los ladrillos (aparejo), que adems pueden te-
ner diversas tonalidades.
Los ladrillos cocidos pueden contener, ade-
ms de arcilla, carbonato de calcio, xidos f-
rricos y cargas refractarias. Los ladrillos de ba-
rro secado al sol fueron uno de los primeros
materiales de construccin confeccionados
por el hombre y sus dimensiones estaban con-
dicionadas por la posibilidad de manipulacin
individual. ( 30 x 15 x 15 cm)
Brick dust EN
Definition: A moisture-retaining aggregate
which, depending on its grain size, may be a
pozzolanic aggregate for mortars. Brick dust
is also used for colouring mortars. Crushed
brick and coarse brick particles are used for
the manufacture of cocciopesto mortar, ter-
razzo and waterproof mortars.
Comment: Depending on the degree of
crushing, the terms brick chippings, brick grit,
or brick dust are used.
The pozzolanic effect of the brick dust is main-
ly due to fired clay minerals such as kaolin,
which at temperatures between 700900C
transforms to strongly pozzolanic metakaolin
and acts hydraulically with alkaline binders.
pozzolan
Sources: Heide 2000; E DIN EN 16572: 2012; Mortars 2011, 62, 274
356
Adems de sus propiedades de fuerza, capa- BG
cidad de carga, resistencia a la humedad y ais-
lamiento frente a factores medioambientales, :
es su resistencia al fuego y su durabilidad la -
que ha contribuido a la difusin de su uso por ,
todo el mundo. ,
.
arcilla carga fina, fbrica arena
:
, -
Tula TR , --
. -
Tanm: Duvarclkta yap malzemesi olarak -
kullanlan gnete kurutulmu ya da frnlan- ,
m drtgen blok eklinde retilmi ist ya da .
kilden imal edilmi yap esi. , -
, ,
Yorum: Tulalar dekoratif amal kullanmnn . -
yansra ounlukla tayc olarak, dolgu ve -
duvar kaplama ilevlerinde de kullamlr. Este- , -
tik grnm, farkl renkte de olabilen tulala- , -
rn geometrik dizimi ile elde edilir. - .
Frnlanm tulalar kilin yan sra kum, kalsiyum , -
karbonat, demiroksit ve sya dayankl dolgular ,
da ierebilir. Gnete kurutulmu kerpi, ilk in- , -
san yapm duvarclk malzemelerinden biridir , -
ve boyutlar, kolay kullanm iin belirlenmitir. .
G, tama kapasitesi, diren gibi faydal zel-
liklerden nemlendirme ve izole etme gibi evre- , , /, -
sel faktrlerden baka, tulann dnya apnda
kullanmna sebep olan atee kar direnciydi.
kil, dolgu maddesi, duvarclk, kum
Poudre de brique FR Ziegelmehl DE
Dfinition: Poudre dont les proprits de r- Definition: Ein feuchtespeichernder und ggf.,
tention de lhumidit dpendent de la taille abhngig von seiner Korngre, ein puzzola-
des grains. Elle peut tre faite de pouzzolane nischer Zuschlag fr Mrtel, der auch zum Fr-
ou de tuileau. Elle peut aussi tre utilise pour ben von Mrteln verwendet wird. Ziegelbruch
colorer les mortiers. und grobe Ziegelpartikel werden fr die Her-
stellung von Cocciopesto-Mrtel, Terrazzo
Commentaires: La granulomtrie de la pou- und wasserfesten Mrteln verwendet.
dre dpend du degr de concassage.
La brique concasse en morceaux plus gros- Kommentar: Der puzzolanische Effekt des
siers est utilise dans la fabrication des mor- Ziegelmehls basiert hauptschlich auf den ge-
tiers cocciopesto, terrazzo ou tanches. Lef- brannten Tonmineralien wie Kaolin, welches
fet pouzzolanique de la brique concasse est bei Temperaturen zwischen 700900 C in
principalement d aux minraux argileux stark puzzolanisches Metakaolin umgewan-
cuits comme la kaolinite, qui, une tempra- delt wird und mit alkalischen Bindemitteln hy-
ture comprise entre 700 et 900 C, se trans- draulisch wirkt. Abhngig vom Zerklei-
forme en mtakaolin. Ce dernier est, en pr- nerungsgrad werden die Begriffe Ziegelsplitt,
sence de liant alcalin, responsable de cette Ziegelschrot oder Ziegelmehl verwendet.
raction, qui donne un caractre hydraulique
un mortier. Puzzolan
pouzzolane
 MATERIALs APPENDIx

Openi prah HR
Definicija: Agregat koji zadrava vlagu i ovi-
sno o veliini zrna (granulaciji), moe biti pu-
colanski agregat za mortove. Openi se prah
takoer rabi za bojenje mortova. Drobljena
opeka i grube estice opeke upotrebljavaju se
za proizvodnju cocciopesto morta, terrazzoa
i vodootpornih mortova.
Napomena: Ovisno o stupnju drobljenja,
upotrebljavaju se nazivi opene krhotine,
openi pijesak i openi prah. Pucolanski efekt
openi prah uglavnom duguje mineralima pe-
ene gline poput kaolina, koji se na tempera-
turi od 700 do 900 C transformira u jaki pu-
colanski metakaolin te s lunatim vezivima
djeluje hidraulino.
argillosi cotti come il caolino, che a tempera-
ture comprese tra 700900C si trasforma in
un metacaolino fortemente pozzolanico e che
agisce idraulicamente con leganti alcalini.
Sinonimo: cocciopesto
pozzolana
Py ceglany PL
Definicja: Kruszywo do zapraw utrzymujce
wilgo, zalenie od rozmiaru ziarna ma cha-
rakter pucolany. Py ceglany uywany jest tak-
e do barwienia zapraw. Kruszone cegy i ich
chropowate czstki uywane s te do wyro-
bu zaprawy cocciopesto, terrazzo oraz zapraw
wodoodpornych.
ra de morteros de terrazo y morteros con pro-
piedades hidrofugantes.
Comentario: En funcin del grado de tritura-
do, existen diversos tipos de chamotas: desde
el polvo de ladrillo a los triturados cermicos.
El efecto puzolnico del polvo de ladrillo se
debe fundamentalmente a los minerales arci-
llosos cocidos, como el caoln, que, a tempe-
raturas entre 700900C, se transforman en
metacaln fuertemente puzolnico y funcio-
nan de forma hidrulica con ligantes alcalinos.
Sinnimo: chamota, cocciopesto
puzolana
Tula tozu TR

pucolan Komentarz: Zalenie od stopnia skruszenia Tanm: Tane ebadna bal olarak har iin pu-
uywa si terminw: ceglane okruchy, cegla- zolanik agrega da olabilen nem tutucu bir ag-
ny tucze, ceglany grys, lub ceglany py. rega tr. Ayrca tula tozu, harlar renklen-
Tglapor HU Ceglany py dziaa jak pucolana, w sposb ty- dirmek amacyla da kullanlabilir. Tula kr
powy dla wypalanych mineraw gliniastych, ve kaba tula paracklar; cocciopesto, ter-
Meghatrozs: Egy vzmegkt szemcss- jak kaolin, ktry w temperaturze 700900 C razzo ve su geirmez harlar iin de kullanlr.
anyag, mely szemcsemrettl fggen ha- przechodzi w metakaolin, silnie wykazujcy
barcsok hidraulikus adalkanyaga lehet (puc- wasnoci pucolany i z zasadowymi spoiwami Yorum: Krma derecesine gre, tula kr,
coln). Habarcsok sznezsre is hasznljk. A dziaa hydraulicznie. tula krnts veya tula tozu terimleri kulla-
tglatrmelket s a nagyobb tgladarabk- nlr. Tula tozunun pozzalana etkisi genellikle
kat a cocciopesto habarcs, a terrazzo s a vz- pucolana kaolin gibi 700900C scaklklarda gl poz-
ll habarcsok ksztsre hasznljk. zolanic metakaoline dnen ve alkalin ba-
layclarla hidrolik etki gsteren yaklm kil mi-
Megjegyzs: A zzs mrtke szerint beszl- Praf de crmid RO nerallerinden kaynaklanr.
hetnk tglazzalkrl, tglarlemnyrl (tg-
ladara) vagy tglaporrl. A tglapor puccoln Definiie: Un agregat absorbant, iar n funcie pozalan
hatsa fleg az getett agyagsvnyoknak k- de granulaie, poate fi un agregat pozzolanic
sznhet, mint a kaolin, mely 700900 C k- pentru mortare. Praful de crmid este de ase-
ztt ersen hidraulikus hats metakaolintt menea folosit i pentru colorarea mortarelor. C- BG
alakul, s lgos ktanyagok jelenltben hid- rmida zdrobit i bucile grosiere de crmid
raulikus hatst fejt ki. sunt folosite pentru fabricarea mortarului coc- : , -
Angolul cocciopestonak is nevezik. ciopesto, terrazzo i a mortarelor impermeabile. ,
,
puccoln Adnotare: n funcie de gradul de frmiare, .
sunt folosii termenii de cioburi de crmid,
pietri de crmid sau praf de crmid. Efec- . -
Polvere di mattone IT tul pozzolanic al prafului de crmid se dato- , -
reaz n principiu mineralelor argiloase arse, - -
Definizione: Inerte che mantiene lumidit e cum ar fi caolinul, care la temperaturi ntre 700 .
che, a seconda della sua granulometria, pu 900C se transform n metacaolin foarte poz-
essere usato come aggregato pozzolanico per zolanic i acioneaz hidraulic cu liani alcalini. :
malte. La polvere di mattone viene anche usa-
ta per la colorazione delle malte. Mattoni tri- pozzolana , (). -
tati e particelle grossolane di mattoni vengo-
no usati per la realizzazione del cocciopesto, ,
del terrazzo alla veneziana e di malte imper- Polvo de ladrillo Es ,
meabili. 700900C -
Definicin: Carga que absorbe la humedad
Commento: A seconda del grado di frantu- y, dependiendo de su tamao de partcula, .
mazione, vengono usati i termini schegge di carga puzolnica para morteros. El polvo de
mattone, graniglia di mattone o polvere di ladrillo se emplea tambin para colorear mor-
mattone. Leffetto pozzolanico della polvere di teros. Los fragmentos de ladrillo y los tritura-
mattoni principalmente dovuto ai minerali dos cermicos se emplean para la manufactu-

357
 MATERIALs APPENDIx
Calcite crust EN
Definition: A thin film of calcium carbonate
which forms on lime water or on a lime plaster
surface as a result of the reaction of carbon
dioxide from the air with calcium hydroxide
(carbonation).
Comment: A glossy calcite crust can form on
the surface of a lime plaster as a result of ex-
aggerated smoothing and pressing.
Not to be confused with: sintered skin
carbonation
Crote de calcaire (encrotement) FR
Dfinition: Fine couche de carbonate de cal-
cium se formant sur leau de chaux ou sur la
surface dun enduit la chaux en raison de la
raction du dioxyde de carbone de lair avec
de lhydroxyde de calcium (carbonatation).
Commentaires: Une couche de calcite das-
pect luisant peut se former sur la surface dun
enduit la chaux en raison dun lissage exa-
gr et du pressage.
carbonatation (raction de)
Kalksinterhaut DE
Definition: Eine dnne, feinkristalline Schicht
aus Calciumcarbonat, die auf Kalkwasser oder
auf einer Kalkputzoberflche gebildet wird
als Ergebnis der Reaktion von Kohlendioxid
aus der Luft mit Calciumhydroxid (Karbonati-
sierung).
Kommentar: Auf der Oberflche eines Kalk-
putzes kann eine glnzende Sinterschicht
durch bertriebene Glttung und Verdich-
tung entstehen.
Synonym: Sinterhaut
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Calcitkruste (Ver-
witterungsphnomen), Sinterkruste (Verwit-
terungsphnomen)
Karbonatisierung
Kalcitna kora HR
Definicija: Film kalcijeva karbonata koji se for-
mira na povrini vapnene vode ili vapnene
buke kao rezultat reakcije ugljikova dioksida
iz zraka s kalcijevim hidroksidom (karbonata-
cija).
Sources: Mora et al. 1984, 230; Cowper 2005, 78; Mortars 2011, 608; Spiro et al. 2013, 284; Le guide pratiche: Trattamento allacqua di calce (25.3.2014)
358
Napomena: Sjajna kalcitna kora moe se for-
mirati na povrini vapnene buke kao rezultat
pretjeranoga zaglaivanja i pritiska.
karbonatacija
Mszpncl HU
Meghatrozs: Egy vkony kalcium-karbont
rteg, mely a mszvz vagy a mszvakolat fe-
lletn keletkezik, a kalcium-hidroxid s a le-
vegben lev szndioxid reakcija ltal (kar-
bontosods, karbont kpzds).
Megjegyzs: A fnyes mszpncl tlzott si-
mts vagy nyoms eredmnyeknt keletkez-
het a mszvakolat felletn.
karbontosods
Incrostazione di calcite
Definizione: Strato sottile di carbonato di cal-
cio che si forma nellacqua di calce o su una
superficie di intonaco a calce come risultato
della reazione chimica tra lanidride carbonica
nellaria e lidrossido di calcio (carbonatazio-
ne).
Commento: Unincrostazione di calcite lucida
pu formarsi sulla superficie di un intonaco a
calce a seguito di levigatura e pressione ec-
cessive.
carbonatazione, malta di calce/intonaco a
calce
Warstwa kalcytu
Definicja: Cienka powoka wglanu wapnia,
ktra tworzy si na powierzchni wody wa-
piennej lub tynku wapiennego w wyniku reak-
cji dwutlenku wgla z powietrza z wodorot-
lenkiem wapna (karbonizacja).
Komentarz: Byszczca warstwa kalcytu moe
tworzy si na powierzchni tynku wapienne-
go w wyniku nadmiernego wygadzania i na-
ciskania.
karbonizacja
Crust de calcit RO
Definiie: O pelicul subire de carbonat de
calciu ce se formeaz pe apa de var sau pe su-
prafaa unei tencuieli de var, ca rezultat al
reaciei dioxidului de carbon din aer cu hidro-
xidul de calciu (carbonatare).
Adnotare: Pe suprafaa unei tencuieli pe baz
de var se poate forma o crust de calcit lucioa-
s, ca rezultat al sclivisirii i presrii exagerate.
Sinonim: crust de carbonat de calciu
carbonatare
Costra de cal carbonatada (Protectora) Es
Definicin: Fina pelcula o capa de carbonato
clcico que se forma en la superficie del agua
de cal o del revoque de cal como resultado de
la reaccin del dixido de carbono del aire con
el hidrxido de calcio (carbonatacin).
Comentario: Se puede formar una costra de
cal carbonatada brillante sobre la superficie
IT de un revoque de cal como resultado de un
fratasado y un pulido exagerado del mismo.
carbonatacin
Kalsit tabaka TR
Tanm: Havadan Kalsiyum hidroksit (karbon-
lama) ile karbon dioksitin reaksiyonu sonucu
kire suyu veya kire sva yzey zerinde olu-
an ince kalsiyum karbonat zar.
Yorum: Ar dzeltme ve bask sonucu kire
sva zerinde parlak kalsit tabaka oluabilir.
Kartrmaynz: cruflu yzey
karbonlama
PL
BG
: -
, -
-
,
-
().
:
-
, -
.

Carbonation EN
Definition: Chemical reaction in which calci-
um hydroxide (slaked lime) reacts with carbon
dioxide from the air and forms insoluble cal-
cium carbonate.
Comment: In the lime cycle (fig. p. 383), on ap-
plying high temperatures, limestone is convert-
ed to quicklime; by the addition of water, quick-
lime is converted to slaked lime; by carbonation,
slaked lime reverts to calcium carbonate.
Not to be confused with: carbonatation
lime, p. 383
Carbonatation (raction de) FR
Dfinition: Raction chimique au cours de la-
quelle lhydroxyde de calcium (chaux teinte)
ragit avec du dioxyde de carbone de lair
pour former du carbonate de calcium trs peu
soluble.
Commentaires: Dans le cycle de la chaux, le
calcaire (carbonate de calcium) est converti en
chaux vive (monoxyde de calcium) des tem-
pratures leves. Puis, en ajoutant de leau,
la chaux vive se transforme en chaux teinte
(hydroxyde de calcium). Enfin, le carbonate de
calcium se forme par carbonatation de chaux
teinte.
chaux
Karbonatisierung DE
Definition: Chemische Reaktion, in der Cal-
ciumhydroxid (gelschter Kalk) mit Kohlendi-
oxid aus der Luft reagiert und unlsliches Cal-
ciumcarbonat bildet.
Kommentar: Im Kalkkreislauf wird Kalkstein
durch den Einfluss von hohen Temperaturen
zu ungelschtem Kalk. Durch Zufgen von
Wasser wird der ungelschte Kalk zu gelsch-
tem Kalk. Durch Karbonatisierung wird ge-
lschter Kalk wieder zu Calciumcarbonat um-
gewandelt.
Kalk/Branntkalk
Karbonatacija HR
Definicija: Kemijska reakcija u kojoj kalcijev
hidroksid (gaeno vapno) reagira s ugljikovim
Sources: Mora et al. 1984, 85, 96; Botticelli 1992, 15/6, 18, 24; Chemeurope: Carbonatation, (1.2.2015); Lexic: Definition of Carbonatation (1.2.2015); Wikipedia:
Carbonatation (1.2.2015)
dioksidom iz zraka i tvori netopljivi kalcijev
karbonat.
Napomena: Uciklusu vapna, primjenjujui vi-
soke temperature, vapnenac se pretvara u ivo
vapno; dodavanjem vode ivo vapno pretvara
se u gaeno vapno; karbonatacijom gaeno
vapno se ponovno vraa u kalcijev karbonat.
Ne smije se mijeati s: karbonacija
vapno
Karbontosods HU
Meghatrozs: Kmiai reakci, melynek so-
rn a kalcium-hidroxid (oltott msz) a leveg
szndioxidjval reagl s oldhatatlan kalcium-
karbontot kpez.
Megjegyzs: A mszciklusban, magas hfok
hatsra, a mszk (kalcium-karbont) ge-
tett mssz alakul (kalcium-oxid); vz hatsra
az getett mszbl oltott msz lesz (kalcium-
hidroxid); a karbontosods ltal az oltott
msz kalcium-karbontt alakul.
msz
Carbonatazione
Definizione: Reazione chimica in cui lidrossi-
do di calcio (calce spenta) reagisce con lani-
dride carbonica nellaria e forma carbonato di
calcio insolubile.
Commento: Nel ciclo della calce, mediante
lapplicazione di alte temperature, il calcare
viene convertito in calce viva; aggiungendo
acqua, la calce viva viene convertita in calce
spenta; attraverso la carbonatazione la calce
spenta ritorna allo stato di carbonato di cal-
cio.
calce
Karbonizacja
Definicja: Proces chemiczny w ktrym wodo-
rotlenek wapnia (wapno gaszone) reaguje z
dwutlenkiem wgla z powietrza i tworzy nie-
rozpuszczalny wglan wapnia.
Komentarz: W cyklu wapiennym wapie po
zastosowaniu wysokich temperatur przecho-
dzi w wapno palone; po dodaniu wody wapno
palone zmienia si w wapno gaszone; w pro-
MATERIALs APPENDIx
cesie karbonizacji wapno gaszone przechodzi
w wglan wapnia.
wapno
Carbonatare RO
Definiie: Reacie chimic n care hidroxidul
de calciu (var stins) reacioneaz cu dioxidul
de carbon din aer i formeaz carbonat de cal-
ciu insolubil.
Adnotare: n ciclul varului, aplicnd tempe-
raturi ridicate, calcarul (carbonat de calciu) es-
te transformat n var nestins sau var ars (oxid
de calciu); prin adugare de ap varul nestins
este transformat n var stins (hidroxid de cal-
ciu); prin carbonatare varul stins revine n sta-
diul de carbonat de calciu.
var
Carbonatacin Es
Definicin: Reaccin qumica en la que el hi-
drxido de calcio (cal apagada) reacciona con
dixido de carbono del aire y forma carbonato
clcico insoluble.
IT
Comentario: En el ciclo de la cal, la piedra ca-
liza se convierte en xido de calcio cuando se
le aplica temperaturas elevadas; si se le aade
agua, este se convierte en cal apagada; si se
produce la carbonatacin de la cal apagada,
esta se convierte en carbonato de calcio.
cal
Karbonlama TR
Tanm: Kalsiyum hidroksitin (snm kire)
havadaki karbon dioksit ile tepkimeye girdii
ve znmez kalsiyum karbonat oluturduu
kimyasal tepkimedir.
PL Yorum: Kire dngsnde, yksek scaklklar
uygulayarak, kireta snmemi kirece; sn-
memi kirece su ekleyerek ise snm kirece
dntrlr. Karbonlama yntemiyle sn-
m kire kalsiyum karbonat haline dnr.
Kartrmaynz: karbonatlama
kire
359
 MATERIALs APPENDIx
BG - ;
: ,
( ) - : - .
-
Casein EN
Definition: Organic binder obtained from
milk (e.g. curd or cheese).
Comment: When dried, casein is insoluble in
water but soluble in caustic alkalis (i.e. ammo-
nia and borax). Adding alkalis to casein forms
a tempera binder, often used in wall paintings.
By adding casein to slaked lime, a very strong
insoluble adhesive (with a pH of 9.0-9.9), and
exceptionally weather-resistant binder, is
formed. Casein is used in lime fresco, but also
as a tempera binder in secco painting. In con-
servation practice, casein has been used as an
adhesive for wall painting, wood, stone and
paper. Because of possible biological growth,
casein cannot be used in a damp environment.
tempera, binder, wall painting, fresco,
secco, biological growth
Casine FR
Dfinition: Liant organique obtenu partir
dun produit laitier (ex. lait caill, fromage).
Commentaires: La casine est insoluble leau
aprs schage mais reste soluble dans les solu-
tions alcalines (ex. ammoniac, borax). En la m-
langeant des alcalis, on obtient un liant sou-
vent utilis dans les peintures murales. Ajoute
de la chaux teinte, elle forme un adhsif trs
puissant, qui constitue un liant rsistant aux in-
tempries. La casine est utilise dans les pein-
tures fresque et aussi dans la peinture la d-
trempe. Elle a t utilise en conservation
comme adhsif pour la peinture murale, le bois,
la pierre et le papier. Elle ne peut pas tre utili-
se dans un environnement humide du fait
dun possible dveloppement biologique.
peinture a tempera, liant, peinture murale,
fresque, peinture a secco, dveloppement
biologique
Sources: Constable 1979, 56; Thompson 1956, 31; Laurie 1967, 175; Mora et al. 1984, 96, 117, 156, 160, 296, 348; Grli 1992, 99; Botticelli 1992, 164; Horie 1997,
50, 144; Cowper 2005, 23, 2628, 77; Thomson 2005, 153; Cennini 2007, CXIICXIII; Doherty, Woollett 2009, 13; Clarke 2010, 49; Mortars 2011, 591; Art History
Archive: Casein paint (22.10.2014); CAMEO: Casein (22.10.2014)
360
.
; -
Kasein
Definition: Organisches Bindemittel aus
Milch (z.B. Quark oder Kse).
Kommentar: In getrocknetem Zustand ist Ka-
sein unlslich in Wasser, jedoch lslich in t-
zenden Laugen (z.B. Ammoniak und Borax).
Durch Zugabe von Laugen zu Kasein entsteht
ein Temperabindemittel, das oft in Wandma-
lereien verwendet wird. Durch Zugabe von Ka-
sein zu gelschtem Kalk entstehen ein sehr
starkes, unlsliches Klebemittel (mit einem pH
Wert von 9,0 bis 9,9) und ein auerordentlich
verwitterungsstabiles Bindemittel. Kasein wird
im Kalkfresko verwendet, aber auch als Tem-
perabindemittel in der Secco-Malerei. In der
Restaurierung wurde Kasein als Klebemittel an
Wandmalereien, Holz, Stein und Papier einge-
setzt. Da es durch biologischen Bewuchs ge-
fhrdet ist, kann Kasein nicht in feuchten Um-
gebungen eingesetzt werden.
Tempera, Bindemittel, Wandmalerei,
Freskomalerei, Secco, biologischer Be-
wuchs
Kazein HR
Definicija: Organsko vezivo dobiveno iz
mlijeka (npr. skute ili sira).
Napomena: Kad se osui, kazein je netopljiv
u vodi, ali je topljiv u luinama (npr. amonijaku
i boraksu). Dodavanjem luine kazeinu formi-
ra se vezivo tempere koje se esto upotreblja-
va u zidnome slikarstvu. Dodavanjem kazeina
gaenomu vapnu formira se netopljivo ljepilo
(pH 9,0 9,9), koje je vrlo jako i izrazito otpor-
no na vremenske prilike. Kazein se rabi za vap-
neni fresco, ali i kao vezivo tempere u secco
slikanju. U restauriranju kazein je ljepilo za zi-
dne slike, drvo, kamen i papir. Zbog mogue-
ga biolokoga rasta kazein se ne moe upo-
trebljavati u vlanoj okolini.
DE tempera, vezivo, zidno slikarstvo, fresco,
secco, bioloki rast
Kazein HU
Meghatrozs: Tejbl (illetve aludttejbl
vagy trbl) nyert szerves ktanyag.
Megjegyzs: A szraz kazein vzben oldhatat-
lan, de olddik lgos kzegben (mint pldul
ammnium-hidroxidban vagy brax oldat-
ban). Lgok (bzikus anyagok) hozzadsval
a kazein tempera ktanyagg alakul, melyet
gyakran hasznlnak falkpeknl is. Ha a kaze-
int oltott msszel keverik, egy igen ers, old-
hatatlan ragasztanyag (melynek pH-ja 9,0
9,9), valamint egy remek, vzll ktanyag
keletkezik. A kazeint hasznljk a mszfresk
technikban, de a szekk festszetben is alkal-
mazzk tempera ktanyagknt. A restaur-
lsi gyakorlatban a kazeint falkpek, k s pa-
pr ragasztanyagknt hasznljk. Mivel bio-
lgiai krosodsa valszn, a kazeint nem ta-
ncsos nedves krnyezetben alkalmazni.
tempera, ktanyag, falkp, ragaszt,
fresk, szekk, biolgiai krosods
Caseina IT
Definizione: Legante organico ottenuto dal
latte (es. cagliata o formaggio).
Commento: Dopo lessiccazione, la caseina
insolubile in acqua ma solubile negli alcali
caustici (es. ammoniaca e borace). Aggiun-
gendo alcali alla caseina si ottiene un legante
a tempera, usato spesso sui dipinti murali. Con
laggiunta di caseina alla calce spenta, si forma
un adesivo insolubile molto forte (pH di 9,0
9,9) che anche un legante eccezionalmente
resistente alle intemperie. La caseina usata
negli affreschi ma anche come legante a tem-
pera nei dipinti a secco. Nella prassi del restau-

ro tradizionale, la caseina veniva usata per di-
pinti murali, legno, pietra e carta. A causa di
possibili proliferazioni biologiche, la caseina
non pu essere impiegata in ambienti umidi.
pittura a tempera, legante, affresco, pro-
liferazione biologica, pittura murale, pittura
a fresco
Kazeina PL
Definicja: Spoiwo organiczne otrzymywane
z mleka (np. z twarogu).
Komentarz: Po wyschniciu kazeina jest nie-
rozpuszczalna w wodzie, ale rozpuszcza si w
zasadach (np. w amoniaku i boraksie). Doda-
nie zasad do kazeiny tworzy spoiwo tempero-
we, czsto uywane w malarstwie ciennym.
Po dodaniu wapna gaszonego do kazeiny po-
wstaje mocny nierozpuszczalny klej (o pH 9,0
9,9), spoiwo bardzo odporne na dziaanie
czynnikw atmosferycznych. Kazeina jest uy-
wana we fresku wapiennym, ale te jako spoi-
wo w malarstwie secco. W praktyce konserwa-
torskiej bya uywana jako klej do malowide
ciennych, drewna, kamienia i papieru. Ze
wzgldu na podatno na wzrost biologiczny
kazeina nie moe by uywana w wilgotnych
warunkach.
tempera, spoiwo, malarstwo cienne,
fresk, secco, wzrost biologiczny
Cazein RO
Definiie: Liant organic obinut din lapte (de
exemplu, ca sau brnz).
Adnotare: Atunci cnd este uscat, cazeina
este insolubil n ap, dar solubil n alcalii
caustice (de exemplu, amoniac i borax). Prin
adugarea substanelor alcaline n cazein,
se formeaz un liant de tempera, adesea fo-
Cement EN
Definition: An inorganic binder, used for the
preparation of mortars, plasters, renders and
concrete.
Comment: Depending on the type, it is made
mainly from limestone (as a source of calcium
Sources: EN DIN EN 16572: 2012, 14; Mortars 2011, 591, 612; Torraca 1986, 67, 70; Wehlte 1981, 32; Maier 2007, 39, 50/1
MATERIALs APPENDIx
losit n picturile murale. Adugnd cazeina n Yorum: Kurutulduunda kazein suda zn-
varul stins, se formeaz un adeziv foarte pu- mez ama kostik alkalide (amonyak ve boraks
ternic, insolubil (cu un pH de 9,0 9,9), i un gibi) znr. Kazeine alkali eklenince genel-
liant excepional de rezistent la intemperii. likle duvar resimlerinde kullanlan zamkl ba-
Cazeina este utilizat n tehnica a fresco, dar layc, snm kire eklenince, ok kuvvetli -
i ca un liant pentru tempera n pictura a sec- znmez yaptrc (9,09,9 pH deerinde) ve
co. n conservare cazeina a fost folosit drept hava koullarna son derece dayankl tutkal
adeziv pentru pictur mural, lemn, piatr i oluur. Kazein kireli freskte kullanlr, ama ay-
hrtie. Datorit riscului unui atac biologic, ca- rca zamkl balayc olarak kuru fresk resimde
zeina nu poate fi utilizat ntr-un mediu de kullanlr. Koruma uygulamasnda ise, kaze-
umed. in; duvar resmi, ahap, ta ve kat iin yap-
trc olarak kullanlrd. Muhtemel biyolojik b-
pictur n tempera, liant, pictur mural, yme olasl nedeniyle, kazein nemli evrede
adeziv, a fresco, a secco, atac biologic kullanlamaz.
tempera, tutkal, duvar resmi, fresko,
Casena Es kuru fresko, biyolojik oluum
Definicin: Ligante orgnico obtenido de la
leche (por ejemplo, del requesn o queso). BG
Comentario: Cuando se seca, es insoluble en : , -
agua, pero soluble en medios alcalinos (como ( ).
amoniaco y brax). Aadiendo sustancias al-
calinas a la casena forma un ligante para el :
temple, muy empleado en pinturas murales. , -
Si se le aade casena a la cal apagada, se for- (, ).
ma un adhesivo insoluble muy fuerte (con pH
9,09,9) y extremadamente resistente al agua. , -
La casena se usa en el fresco a la cal, pero tam- . -
bin como ligante para el temple en la pintura ,
al seco. En las prcticas de conservacin, la ca- ( pH of 9,09,9)
sena se usaba como adhesivo para pintura , -
mural, madera, piedra y papel. Debido a la po- .
sibilidad de crecimiento biolgico, la casena ,
no se puede usar en ambientes hmedos. . -
-
temple, ligante, pintura mural, fresco a , , . -
la cal, pintura al seco, crecimiento biolgico -
.
Kazein TR
, , ,
Tanm: Stten (kesmik veya peynir) elde edi- , ,
len organik balayc.
oxide) and clay (as a source of silica) and other cements, the most common being Pozzolan-
materials (like sand, marl, trass, pozzolans, ic, Roman, White and Portland cement. The
brick dust, iron oxides, silicates, chalk, gyp- latter forms soluble salts during setting,
sum, etc.) heated to about 1500 C and which can cause degradation of historic
ground to a powder. Hydraulic cement sets in building materials.
wet conditions. Non-hydraulic cement (the
initial ancient mixture) sets when exposed to binder, plaster, render, clay, soluble
carbon dioxide in the air. There is a variety of salt
361
 MATERIALs APPENDIx
Ciment
Dfinition: Liant inorganique, utilis pour la
prparation des mortiers et btons.
Commentaires: Fait principalement partir
de calcaire (source doxyde de calcium), dar-
gile (source de silice) et dautres matriaux (sa-
ble, marne, trass, pouzzolane, poudre de
brique, oxydes de fer, silicates, craie, gypse
etc.) chauffs environ 1500 C et broys en
poudre. Le ciment hydraulique durcit dans
des conditions humides. La chaux arienne et
non hydraulique (qui est un ciment) durcit
lorsquelle est expose du dioxyde de car-
bone dans lair. Il y a une grande varit de ci-
ments, les plus communs tant pouzzola-
niques, romains, blancs et Portland. Ces der-
niers forment des sels solubles lors de leur
prise, ce qui peut causer une dgradation des
matriaux des monuments historiques.
liant, enduit, argile, sels solubles
Zement
Definition: Ein anorganisches Bindemittel zur
Herstellung von Mrtel, Putzen und Beton.
Kommentar: Je nach Art, wird er hauptsch-
lich aus Kalkstein (als Quelle von Calcium-
oxid) und Ton (als Quelle von Siliziumdioxid)
und anderen Materialien (wie Sand, Mergel,
Trass, Puzzolane, Ziegelmehl, Eisenoxide, Si-
likate, Kreide, Gips etc.) hergestellt, auf Tem-
peraturen von etwa 1500C erhitzt und zu
Pulver zermahlen. Hydraulischer Zement bin-
det unter feuchten Bedingungen ab. Im Eng-
lischen wird die ursprngliche antike Mi-
schung, die in Verbindung mit Kohlendioxid
aus der Luft abbindet, non-hydraulic ce-
ment genannt.
Es gibt eine Reihe unterschiedlicher Zemente,
zu den hufigsten gehren Puzzolanischer-,
Roman-, Wei- und Portlandzement. Letzterer
bildet beim Abbinden lsliche Salze, die zur
Schdigung von historischen Baumaterialien
fhren knnen.
Bindemittel, Putz, Auenputz, Ton, ls-
liche Salze
Cement
Definicija: Anorgansko vezivo koje se upo-
trebljava za pripremu mortova, buka i beto-
na.
Napomena: Ovisno o tipu, uglavnom se
proizvodi iz vapnenca (kao izvora kalcijeva
362
FR oksida) i gline (kao izvora silicija) te ostalih ma- ca nellaria. Esistono vari tipi di cementi, i pi
terijala (poput pijeska, lapora, trasa, pucolana, comuni dei quali sono pozzolanico, romano,
openoga praha, eljezovih oksida, silikata, bianco e Portland. Questultimo forma dei sali
krede, gipsa itd.) grijanjem do priblino 1500 C solubili durante la presa, che possono deter-
te mrvljenjem u prah. minare della degradazione nei materiali degli
Hidraulini cement ovrsne u vlanim uvjeti- edifici storici.
ma. Nehidraulini cement (izvorna stara smje-
sa) ovrsne izlaganjem ugljikovu dioksidu iz legante, intonaco, argilla, sali solubili,
zraka. Meu razliitim vrstama cementa koji intonaco per esterni
se upotrebljavaju najei su pucolanski, rim-
ski, bijeli i portland cement. Portland cement
tijekom ovrivanja formira topljive soli, koje Cement PL
mogu prouzroiti propadanje materijala po-
vijesne graevine. Definicja: Nieorganiczne spoiwo uywane do
wyrobu zapraw, tynkw i betonu.
vezivo, buka, vanjska buka, glina,
topljive soli Komentarz: Zalenie od rodzaju, wytwarzany
gwnie ze ska wapiennych (jako rda tlen-
ku wapnia) i gliny (jako rda krzemu) oraz in-
Cement HU nych materiaw (jak piasek, margiel, tras, pu-
colany, py ceglany, tlenki elaza, silikaty, kreda,
Meghatrozs: Szervetlen ktanyag, melyet gips itp.) ogrzanych do ok.1500 C i zmielonych
habarcsok, kls s bels vakolatok, valamint na proszek. Cement hydrauliczny wie w
beton ksztshez hasznlnak. obecnoci wilgoci. Nie hydrauliczny (pierwo-
tna, najstarsza mieszanka) wie w reakcji z
DE Megjegyzs: Tpusa szerint, leginkbb msz- dwutlenkiem wgla z powietrza. Istnieje wiele
kbl (ez a kalcium-oxid forrsa) s agyagbl odmian cementu, najpopularniejsze to: ce-
(mint sziliktforrs), valamint egyb anyagok- ment pucolana, -rzymski, -biay i cement port-
bl (pldul homok, mrga, trassz, puccol- landzki. Ostatni podczas wizania tworzy sole
nok, tglapor, vas-oxidok, krta, gipsz stb.) k- rozpuszczalne, ktre powoduj degradacj
sztik, melyeket kb. 1500 C-ra hevtenek, majd substancji historycznych zabytkw.
porr rlnek. A hidraulikus cement nedves
krlmnyek kztt kt. A nem hidraulikus spoiwo, tynk, glina, sole rozpuszczalne
cement (az eredeti kori keverk) a leveg
szndioxidjnak hatsra kt. Tbbfle ce-
ment ltezik, legismertebbek a puccoln, a ro- Ciment RO
mn, a fehr s a Portland cement. Az utbbi
oldhat skat kpez kts kzben, melyek k- Definiie: Un liant anorganic folosit la prepa-
rosodsokat okoznak a trtneti ptanya- rarea mortarelor, tencuielilor, tencuielilor ex-
gokban. terioare i a betonului.
ktanyag, vakolat, kltri vakolat, Adnotare: n funcie de tip, este realizat n
agyag, vzoldhat sk principal din calcar (ca surs de oxid de calciu)
i argil (ca surs de siliciu) i alte materiale
(precum nisip, marl, tuf vulcanic, pozzolana,
Cemento IT praf de crmid, oxizi de fier, silicai, cret,
gips, etc.) nclzite la cca. 1500 C i mcinate
Definizione: Legante inorganico, usato per la ntr-o pulbere.
preparazione di malte, intonaci, rinzaffi e cal- Cimentul hidraulic face priz n condiii de umi-
cestruzzo. ditate. Cimentul non-hidraulic (amestecul antic
iniial) face priz atunci cnd este expus la dio-
Commento: A seconda del tipo, ricavato xidul de carbon din aer. Exist o varietate de ti-
principalmente da pietra calcarea (fonte di os- puri de ciment, cele mai cunoscute fiind cimen-
sido di calcio) e argilla (fonte di silice) e altri tul pozzolanic, cimentul roman, cimentul alb i
HR materiali (come sabbia, marna, tufo vulcanico, cimentul Portland. Cimentul Portland n timpul
pozzolane, polvere di mattone, ossidi di ferro, prizei formeaz sruri solubile ce pot cauza de-
silicati, carbonato di calcio, gesso, ecc.) cotti a gradarea materialelor istorice de construcie.
circa 1500 C e macinati fino ad ottenere una
polvere. Il cemento idraulico fa presa in con- liant, tencuial, tencuial exterioar, ar-
dizioni in cui presente lacqua. Il cemento gil, sruri solubile
non idraulico (liniziale miscela dellantichit)
fa presa quando esposta allanidride carboni-
 MATERIALs APPENDIx

Cemento Es imento TR BG

Definicin: Ligante inorgnico empleado pa- Tanm: Harlar, kaba ve ince svalar ile beto- : , -
ra la preparacin de morteros, revoques, mor- nun hazrlanmasnda kullanlan bir inorganik , -
teros de revestimiento y hormign. balayc. , .

Comentario: Dependiendo del tipo, se obtiene Yorum: Trne bal olarak, genellikle kire- : -
principalmente a partir de caliza (como un tipo tandan (kalsiyum oksit kayna olarak) ve kil (
de xido de calcio) y arcilla (como un tipo de s- (silis kayna olarak) ve dier malzemeler ) (
lice) y otros materiales (como arena, mrmol, (kum, kalkerli kil, tf, pozalan, tula tozu, de- ) (-
puzolanas, polvo de ladrillo, xidos frricos, si- mir oksitler, silikat, kalker, al vb.) 1500 C ye , , , , -
licatos, calizas, yeso, etc.) calentados hasta unos kadar stlarak toza dnmesiyle oluturulur. , , , ,
1500 C y molidos en forma de polvo. El cemen- Hidrolik imento slak ortamlarda kurur. Hid- .), . 1500 C .
to hidrulico fragua en condiciones de hume- rolik olmayan imento (ilk tarihi karm) ha- -
dad. El cemento no hidrulico (la antigua mez- vadaki karbondioksit ile tepkimeye girerek ku- . -
cla inicial) fragua cuando se expone al dixido rur. eitli imento trleri vardr; en yaygnlar ( ) -
de carbono del aire. Existen multitud de ce- Pozalanik-, Roma-, beyaz- ve Portland imen-
mentos. Los ms comunes son el puzolnico, tosu. Portland imentosu, kuruma esnasnda . ,
el romano, el blanco y el cemento Portland. El tarihi yaplarn malzemelerinin bozulmasna - ,
ltimo forma sales solubles durante el fraguado sebep olan znr tuz aa karr. , . -
que pueden causar la degradacin de los ma-
teriales de construccin histricos. balayc, har, sva, cephe svas, kil, , -
znr tuzlar .
ligante, revoque, mortero de revestimien-
to, arcilla, sales solubles c, , -
, ,

Ceramic EN Cramique FR Keramik DE

Definition: A hard and brittle, heat- and cor-
rosion-resistant material, made by shaping
clay or similar earth materials and subse-
quently firing them at high temperatures.
Comment: Because of the high temperatures
attained, the original material undergoes per-
manent changes at the molecular level (bond-
ing of metal and non-metal elements) which
also changes the physical properties of the ce-
ramic object. According to the type of clay and
manufacturing style, ceramics are variously
categorised as: baked earth products, bricks,
tiles, and porcelain. Ceramic floor, roof and
wall tiles can thus be made. Used glazed or
unglazed, decorated or painted, ceramic tiles
gave rise to rich architectural surfaces, such as
those from of the Alhambra complex and
from the Palau de la Musica Catalana concert
hall (Spain), or the Suleymaniye Mosque and
Topkap Palace in Istanbul (Turkey). Ceramic
bricks and pipes are also used as structural el-
ements in masonry.
corrosion, brick, clay
Dfinition: Matriau dur et cassant, rsistant
la chaleur, la corrosion, produit par la cuisson
de matriaux argileux ou de matriaux simi-
laires la terre temprature leve.
Commentaires: En raison des hautes temp-
ratures atteintes, le matriau dorigine subit des
changements irrversibles au niveau molcu-
laire (liaison entre lments mtalliques et non
mtalliques) qui changent galement les pro-
prits physiques de lobjet en cramique.
Selon le type dargile et le mode de la fabrica-
tion, la cramique est diversement classe
comme suit: les produits en terre cuite, les
briques, les tuiles et la porcelaine. Les sols, toits
et murs peuvent tre ainsi faits de cramique.
Utiliss maills ou non, dcors ou peints, les
carreaux de cramique ont donn lieu de
riches surfaces architecturales, telles que celles
du complexe de lAlhambra et de la salle de
concert le Palau de la Msica Catalana (Es-
pagne), de la mosque Sleymaniye et du Pa-
lais Topkapi Istanbul (Turquie). Des briques et
tuileaux en cramique sont galement utiliss
comme lments de structure en maonnerie.
corrosion, brique, argile
Definition: Ein hartes, sprdes, hitze- und kor-
rosionsbestndiges Material, das durch die
Formung von Tonerde oder hnlichen Erdma-
terialien und spteren Brand bei hohen Tem-
peraturen hergestellt wird.
Kommentar: Durch die hohen Temperatu-
ren wird das Material auf molekularer Ebene
permanenten Vernderungen unterzogen
(Bindung von Metall- und Nichtmetall-
elementen), die auch die physikalischen Ei-
genschaften des Keramikobjektes verndern.
Je nach Art des Tons und der Herstellungs-
weise werden Keramiken unterschiedlichen
Kategorien zugeordnet: keramisches Irden-
gut, wie Baukeramik (nicht feuerfeste Ziegel-
steine, Formsteine, Klinker, Rohre und Dach-
ziegel), Terracotta, Steingut, Tonwaren etc.,
oder keramisches Sinterzeug, wie Steinzeug
(Fliesen) und Porzellan. Mit keramischen Flie-
sen glasiert oder unglasiert, verziert oder
bemalt kann man reiche Architekturober-
flchen gestalten, wie z. B. die der Alhambra,
des Palau de la Musica Catalana (Spanien),
der Suleymaniye Moschee und des Topkapi
Palasts in Istanbul (Trkei). Keramische Ziegel

Sources: Erman 2012, 1833; Hasol 2002, 410/1; Harris 1984,95; ney 1992; Ching 1995, 3234

363
 MATERIALs APPENDIx

und Rohre werden auch als Bauelemente fr A tglt s a kermia csveket falszerkezeti miczne i rury s te uywane w budownic-
Mauerwerk verwendet. elemknt hasznljk. twie jako elementy konstrukcyjne.

Korrosion, Ziegel, Ton korrozi, tgla, agyag korozja, cega, glina

Keramika HR Ceramica IT Ceramic RO

Definicija: vrsti i krhki materijal otporan na
toplinu i koroziju, izraen oblikovanjem gline
ili slinih zemljanih materijala i kasnije peen
na visokim temperaturama.
Napomena: Zbog dosegnutih visokih tempe-
ratura izvorni materijal prolazi kroz trajne pro-
mjene na molekulnoj razini (vezivanjem me-
talnih i nemetalnih elemenata) koje prouzro-
uju promjenu fizikih svojstava keramikoga cambiano anche le propriet fisiche dellogget-
predmeta. Keramika se kategorizira prema vr-
sti gline i tipu proizvodnje kao: proizvodi od
peene zemlje, opeke, ploice i porculan. Ke-
ramika je podobna za izradu keramikih po-
dova, krovova i zidova. S obzirom na razliite
mogunosti dekorativne primjene; glazirane
ili neglazirane, dekorirane ili oslikane, uporaba
keramikih ploica iznjedrila je bogate arhi-
tektonske povrine, primjerice one u komple-
ksu Alhambra i koncertnoj dvorani Palau de la
Musica Catalana (panjolska) ili Sulejmanovoj
damiji i Topkapi palai u Istanbulu (Turska).
Keramike cigle i cijevi takoer se upotreblja-
vaju kao strukturni elementi u zidanju.
korozija, opeka, glina
Definizione: Materiale duro e fragile, resistente
al calore e alla corrosione, realizzato modellan-
do dellargilla o dei simili materiali terrosi con
una successiva cottura ad alte temperature.
Commento: Il materiale originale subisce delle
modifiche permanenti a livello molecolare (le-
game degli elementi metallici e non metallici) a
causa delle alte temperature raggiunte, che
mentelor metalice i nemetalice) ce schimb
to di ceramica. A seconda del tipo di argilla e
dello stile di fabbricazione, le ceramiche sono
categorizzate in vari modi come: prodotti in ter-
racotta, mattoni, tegole e porcellana. Possono
quindi essere realizzate piastrelle in ceramica
per pavimenti, tetti e rivestimenti. Usate smal-
tate o non, decorate o pitturate, le piastrelle di
ceramica hanno dato origine a ricche superfici
architettoniche, come quelle del complesso
dellAlhambra e della sala concerti del Palau de
la Musica Catalana (Spagna), e la moschea di So-
limano e il palazzo Topkap a Istanbul (Turchia).
Mattoni e tubi di ceramica sono anche usati co-
me elementi strutturali in opere di muratura.
corrosione, mattone, argilla
Definiie: Un material dur i friabil, rezistent
la cldur i coroziune, realizat prin modelarea
argilei sau a materialelor pmntoase similare
i prin arderea ulterioar la temperaturi ridi-
cate.
Adnotare: Datorit temperaturilor ridicate
atinse, materialul original sufer modificri
permanente la nivel molecular (legarea ele-
de asemenea i proprietile fizice ale obiec-
tului ceramic. n funcie de tipul de argil i
tehnica de fabricaie, ceramicile sunt de mai
multe tipuri: produse pmntoase arse, cr-
mizi, igle i porelan. Astfel sunt realizate plci
ceramice pentru pardoseal, acoperi i pere-
te. Folosite smluite sau nesmluite, decora-
te sau pictate, iglele ceramice au dat natere
la suprafee arhitecturale bogate, cum ar fi ce-
le de la complexul Alhambra i de la sala de
concert Palau de la Musica Catalana (Spania),
i de la Moscheea Suleymaniye i Palatul Top-
kap din Istanbul (Turcia). Crmizile i evile
ceramice sunt de asemenea folosite ca ele-
mente de structur n zidrie.
coroziune, crmid, argil

Kermia
Meghatrozs: Egy kemny, trkeny, h- s
korrzill anyag, melyet agyag vagy hason-
l fldszer anyagok alaktsval s az ezt k-
vet magas hfokon val getssel lltanak
el.
HU Ceramika
Definicja: Twardy i kruchy materia odporny
na gorco i korozj, wytwarzany przez formo-
wanie gliny lub podobnych materiaw ziem-
nych i pniejsze ich wypalanie w wysokich
temperaturach.
PL
Cermica Es
Definicin: Material duro y brillante, resisten-
te al calor y a la corrosin hecho a partir del
modelado de arcillas (o materiales similares)
posteriormente cocidos a altas temperaturas.

Megjegyzs: A magas getsi hmrsklet Komentarz: W wysokiej temperaturze, ma- Comentario: Debido a las altas temperaturas
elrse kzben, az eredeti anyagban lland teria podlega trwaym zmianom na pozio- alcanzadas, se producen cambios permanen-
vltozsok trtnnek molekulris szinten (f- mie czsteczkowym (wizania pierwiastkw tes en el nivel molecular (enlaces entre ele-
mes s nem fmes elemek ktdnek egyms- metalicznych i niemetalicznych), co zmienia mentos metlicos y no metlicos) del mate-
hoz), melyek megvltoztatjk a kermiatrgy te fizyczne wasnoci obiektw ceramicz- rial original, lo que genera cambios tambin
fizikai tulajdonsgait is. Az agyag tpusa s a nych. Ceramika jest rnie kategoryzowana en las propiedades fsicas del objeto cermi-
gyrts mdja szerint, a kermia tbbflekp- zalenie do rodzaju gliny i sposobw wyra- co. Dependiendo del tipo de arcilla y del pro-
pen osztlyozhat: lehet sz getett agyag- biania, jako: wypalane produkty ziemne, ceg- ceso de fabricacin, las cermicas pueden
rurl (cserpednyrl), tglrl, tetcserp- y, pytki, porcelana. Wykonywa mona w clasificarse en diferentes tipologas: produc-
rl, csemprl vagy porcelnrl. Ezekbl ker- ten sposb ceramiczne pytki okadzinowe, tos de barro cocido, ladrillos, azulejos y por-
mia padl- s falburkolat, valamint tetfeds posadzkowe i dachwki. Wykorzystanie ce- celana. De este modo, pueden hacerse sue-
alakthat ki. Mzas vagy mz nlkli, dsztett ramicznych pytek glazurowanych lub nie- los, cubiertas y revestimientos arquitectni-
vagy festett kermibl gazdag ptszeti fe- szkliwionych, dekorowanych lub malowa- cos cermicos. Esmaltados o no, decorados o
lleteket hoztak ltre, mint pldul az Al- nych, rozwino bogactwo powierzchni ar- pintados, los azulejos cermicos permiten
hambra egyttes vagy a Palau de la Msica Ca- chitektonicznych, jak te w zespole Alhambry enriquecer las superficies arquitectnicas, tal
talana koncertterem (Spanyolorszg), s a Su- i Sali koncertowej Palau de la Musica Catala- y como sucede en el conjunto de la Alhambra
leymaniye mecset vagy a Topkapi palota Isz- na, (Hiszpania), Bkitnym Meczecie i paacu o en el Palau de la Msica Catalana (Espaa)
tambulban (Trkorszg). Topkapi w Istambule (Turcja). Cegy cera- y en la Mezquita de Suleymaniye y el Palacio

364

de Topkapi en Estambul (Turqua). Los ladri-
llos y tubos cermicos son usados tambin
como elementos estructurales en la cons-
truccin.
corrosin, ladrillo, arcilla
seramik TR
Tanm: Sert, krlgan, kil ya da benzer toprak
malzemeye ekil verilerek ve sonrasnda yk-
sek sda piirilerek yaplan sya ve bozulmaya
direnli malzeme.
Yorum: Elde edilen yksek sdan dolay oriji-
nal malzeme, ayn zamanda seramik nesnenin
fiziksel zelliini de deitiren molekler se-
viyede (metal ve metal olmayan elementlerin
birlemesi) kalc deiikliklere urar. malat . , ,
tarz ve kilin trne gre, frnlanm toprak
rnler, tulalar, kiremitler ve porselenler ola-
rak farkl trde snflandrlr. Seramik; zemin,
Chalk EN
Definition: It mainly consists of calcium car-
bonate and is a soft, porous, and fine-grained
natural limestone.
Comment: Chalk is mainly composed of coc-
colith lime mud, solidified to a porous limestone
with very fine-grained, scarce cement. Depend-
ing on the type of impurities, its colour can vary:
greyish white and yellowish white types exist:
but the purest chalk is white. Chalk is mainly
used as a pigment, ground, filler, extender and
putty, as well as a polishing or abrading powder.
As a pigment, it has average covering properties
in comparison with other white pigments, and
can also be used in glazes, depending on the
binding media. It is unstable in the presence of
acidic media or acidic pigments.
Synonyms: whiting, lime white and many re-
gional names
Not to be confused with: Bologna chalk or
Bolognese chalk which is a type of gypsum,
not a chalk.
pigment, filler, ground, glaze
Craie FR
Dfinition: Elle est faite de carbonate de cal-
cium (principalement de la calcite) et a un fai-
Sources: Mortars, 2011, 591; Gettens et al. 1993, 204ff.; Gettens, Stout 1966, 10; Schramm, Hering 1988, 33/4
at ve duvar kiremidi olarak kullanlabilir. Srl
ya da srsz kullanlan sslenmi ya da boyan-
m seramik kiremitler; spanyadaki Alhambra
Saray ile Katalonya Mzik konser salonunda
ve stanbuldaki Sleymaniye Camii ile Topkap
Saraynda olduu gibi zengin mimari yzeyler
oluturur. Seramik tulalar ve borular ayn za-
manda duvarclkta yapsal eleman olarak kul-
lanlrd.
korozyon, tula, kil
BG , -
: , , , . -
,
- .
-
:
-
ble indice de duret. Cest un calcaire grain
fin peu cohrent.
Commentaires: Elle est principalement
constitue de coccolites (micro foraminifres)
et de nanocristaux de calcite. Cest une roche
poreuse avec un ciment micritique. Sa couleur
dpend de la nature des impurets prsentes:
impure, elle peut tre gristre, jauntre; pure,
elle est blanche. La craie est principalement
utilise comme pigment, fond, charge, di-
luant, mastic et aussi comme poudre abrasive
ou de polissage. Comme pigment, elle a un
pouvoir couvrant moyen en comparaison
avec dautres pigments blancs. Elle peut tre
utilise dans les glacis, selon le liant utilis. Elle
est dissoute en milieu acide et est instable au
contact de pigments acides.
pigment, charge, crote de calcaire (en-
crotement), glacis
Kreide
Definition: Ein weicher, feinkrniger, natrli-
cher Kalkstein, der hauptschlich aus Calcium-
carbonat besteht.
Kommentar: Hauptbestandteile von Kreide
sind Coccolithen und Kalkschlamm, verfestigt
zu einem porsen Kalkstein mit wenig, sehr fei-
MATERIALs APPENDIx
-
( -
),
.
-
: -
, , -
. -
.
, ,
, -
-
-
(), -
ner Grundmasse. Abhngig von der Art der
Unreinheiten kann die Farbe variieren: Gruli-
che und gelbliche Weitne sind mglich,
aber die reinste Kreide ist wei. Kreide wird
hauptschlich als Pigment, Grundierung, Fll-
stoff, Streckmittel und Kitt verwendet sowie als
Polier- oder Strahlmittel. Als Pigment hat es ei-
ne durchschnittliche Deckkraft im Vergleich
mit anderen Weipigmenten und kann auch,
abhngig vom Bindemittel, in Lasuren benutzt
werden. In Verbindung mit sauren Bindemit-
teln und sauren Pigmenten ist es instabil.
Synonyme: Schlmmkreide, Mineralwei,
Grundkreide, viele regionale Bezeichnungen
wie Rgener Kreide etc.
Bologneser Kreide ist eine bestimmte Art von
Gips, keine Kreide. Mal- und Tafelkreide be-
steht auch aus Gips
Pigment, Fllstoff, Grundierung, Lasur
Kreda HR
DE
Definicija: Meki, porozni i finozrnati prirodni
vapnenac koji uglavnom sadrava kalcijev kar-
bonat.
Napomena: Kreda je uglavnom sastavljena
od kokolita i vapnenog blata, ovrsnuta u po-
rozni vapnenac veoma finozrnate rijetke ma-
se. Ovisno o tipu neistoa njezina boja moe
365
 MATERIALs APPENDIx

varirati: mogua je sivkastobijela i ukastobi- usato anche nelle velature, a seconda del legan-
jela vrsta, ali najia je bijela. Kreda se uglav- te. instabile con supporti o pigmenti acidi.
nom upotrebljava kao pigment, podloga, pu- Sinonimi: Bianco di Meudon, Bianco di Spa-
nilo, produiva i kit, te kao prah za latenje ili gna, Bianco di Champagne
bruenje. Kao pigment ima prosjena pokri- Da non confondersi con: calcite (un minerale
vna svojstva u usporedbi s ostalim bijelim pig- composto da carbonato di calcio)
mentima, ovisno o vezivu moe se upotreblja-
vati i u lazurama. Nestabilna je u kiselome oko- pigmento, filler, preparazione, velatura
liu ili s kiselim pigmentima.
Bolonja ili Bolonjska kreda je vrsta gipsa, a
ne krede Kreda
pigment, punilo, podloga, lazura Definicja: Mikki, porowaty i drobnoziarnisty
naturalny wapie, zoony gwnie z wglanu
wapnia.
Krta HU
Komentarz: Kreda zoona jest gwnie z osa-
Meghatrozs: Kalcium-karbontbl ll, pu- dw wapiennych kokolitw, zestalonych w po-
ha, porzus, finom szemcszet, termszetes rowate, bardzo drobnoziarniste, sabo zwiza-
mszk. ne wapienie. Zalenie od rodzaju zanieczysz-
cze jej kolor rni si: moe by szarawobiaa,
Megjegyzs: Fleg kokkolitokat s mszsarat tawobiaa, ale najczystsza kreda jest biaa. No confundir con: "blanco de Bolonia (creta)"
tartalmaz, melyek porzus, finom szemcsze- Uywana jest gwnie jako pigment, grunt,
t, kevs cementl anyagot tartalmaz szpachla, wypeniacz i kit, jako proszek cierny
mszkv szilrdulnak. Szennyezdseinek t- i polerski. Jako pigment w porwnaniu z inny-
pusa alapjn a krta szne vltozhat: lehetnek mi bielami ma rednie wasnoci kryjce, dla-
szrks fehr s srgs fehr vltozatok, de a tego bywa stosowana do laserunkw zalenie veladura
legtisztbb krta fehr szn. Fleg pigment- od spoiwa. Jest niestabilna w spoiwach o od-
knt, alapozknt, tltanyagknt s tmt czynie kwasowym i z kwanymi pigmentami.
anyagknt, valamint polroz s csiszolpor- Synonimy: biel wapienna, liczne nazwy regio-
knt hasznljk. Pigmentknt fedkpessge nalne
tlagos, a tbbi fehr pigmenthez viszonytva; Termin kreda boloska to rodzaj gipsu, a nie
a ktanyag fggvnyben lazrfestshez is kredy.
hasznlhat. Savas kzegben vagy savas pig-
mentek jelenltben elbomolhat. pigment, wypeniacz, grunt, glazura
Szinonimk: mszfehr, kalcium-karbont fe-
hr; tbb fldrajzi helyekhez kttt megneve-
zse van. Cret RO
A bolognai krta tulajdonkppen gipsz, nem
krta Definiie: Este un calcar natural, moale, poros
i cu granulaie fin, compus n principal din
pigment, tltanyag, alapozs, lazr carbonat de calciu (calcit).
Adnotare: Creta este compus n principal din
Calcare organogeno / Biancone IT cochiliile unor animale marine foarte mici i se-
dimente calcaroase consolidate sub forma unui
Definizione: una roccia costituita da carbo- calcar poros, cu granulaie foarte fin i coninut
nato di calcio ed un calcare naturale tenero sczut de ciment. n funcie de tipul impuri-
a grana fine. tilor, culoarea sa poate varia: sunt posibile al-
buri cenuii i alburi glbui, ns creta cea mai
Commento: Un calcare organogeno princi- pur este cea alb. Creta este utilizat n princi-
palmente composto da coccoliti e fango di cal- pal ca i pigment, grund, material de umplutur,
ce amorfo, solidificati in un calcare poroso con i chit, precum i ca o pulbere pentru lustruire
una matrice limitata a grana molto fine. A se- sau lefuire. Ca i pigment are proprieti medii
conda del tipo di impurit, il suo colore cambia: de acoperire n comparaie cu ali pigmeni albi,
esistono variet di bianchi grigiastri e giallastri, i poate fi utilizat n funcie de liant i n glasiuri.
ma il pi puro bianco. La roccia ridotta in pol- Este instabil n mediu acid i pigmeni acizi.
vere principalmente usata come pigmento, Creta de Bologna sau creta Bolognez este
preparazione, filler, extender e stucco, ma anche un tip de gips, nu de cret.
come polvere per lucidare o abradere. Come
pigmento ha potere coprente medio in con- pigment, material de umplutur, grund,
fronto con altri pigmenti bianchi, e pu essere glasiu
Piedra caliza Es
Definicin: Tipo de piedra blanda, de grano
fino, compuesta principalmente por carbona-
to de calcio.
Comentario: La piedra caliza est constituida
principalmente por restos fsiles y sedimentos
calcreos, solidificados en forma de piedra de
cal porosa, de grano muy fino y poco conteni-
PL do cementado. En funcin del tipo de impure-
zas que contenga, su color puede variar de
blancos a grises o a amarillos, aunque la pura
es blanca. Se usa a menudo como pigmento,
carga fina, capa preparatoria, extendedor o pa-
ra preparacin de masillas. Como pigmento,
tiene una buena capacidad para cubrir, si se
compara con otros pigmentos blancos;al mis-
mo tiempo, puede ser usada en veladuras, de-
pendiendo del aglutinante que se emplee. Es
inestable en medios o pigmentos cidos.
ya que es un tipo de yeso, no un tipo de piedra
caliza.
pigmento, carga fina, capa preparatoria,
Tebeir TR
Tanm: ounlukla kalsiyum karbonattan olu-
an; yumuak, gzenekli ve ince taneli doal
kiretadr.
Yorum: Kalker; arlkl olarak kokolitten ve bi-
imsiz kire hamurundan, katlatrlm gze-
nekli kireta ile ok ince taneli volkanik kaya
tabakasndan oluur. keltilere bal olarak ren-
gi kirli beyaz ve sarmtrak beyaz gibi eitlilikler
gsterebilir, ama saf tebeir beyaz renktedir. Te-
beir, genellikle renklendirici, zemin, dolgu, katk
ve macun ve ayn zamanda cilalama ve andr-
ma (matlatrma) tozu olarak kullanlr. Renklen-
dirici olarak, dier beyaz renklendiricilerle kar-
latrldnda ortalama kapatma zelliine sa-
hiptir ve ayrca balayc zelliine bal olarak
srlamada da kullanlabilir. Asitli ortamlara veya
asitli renklendiricilere dayankszdr.
E anlaml: beyazlatma, beyaz kire ve birok
blgesel isim
Kartrmaynz: Bologna- veya Bologna tebe-
iri bir eit aldr, tebeir deildir.
pigment, dolgu maddesi, zemin, sr
BG
:
,
.

366

: - , .
, , , :
. - gesso -
. -
: -
- , , , -
, - . .
Clay EN
Definition: A fine-grained material made up
of particles that have a size of less than 4m
and are predominantly composed of hydrated
phyllosilicates; a clay is plastic when wet and
hardens when fired or dried.
Comment: Clay minerals are made up of
sheets that contain successive layers of silicate
tetrahedra or aluminate octahedra; potassi-
um, sodium, calcium are present as charge-
balancing cations between the sheets. Other
elements can locally replace aluminium or sil-
icon. Some clay minerals exhibit swelling
properties when water is present (smectite
group).
Clays are used to manufacture products such
as clay mortars, clay plasters, adobe (sun-dried
brick), fired bricks, terracotta tiles, and ceram-
ics. They are also used to make poultices, used
in conservation. During the firing phase, clay
objects shrink, so in order to avoid cracking,
fillers are usually added.
adobe, brick, ceramic, plaster, terra- minerale quellfhig (Smektitgruppe). Ton wird
cotta, filler
Argile FR
Dfinition: Matriau fait de particules de
moins de 4m, essentiellement des phyllosi-
licates hydrats. Il est plastique avec une cer-
taine quantit deau et durcit au schage ou
chauff.
Commentaires: Ces phyllosilicates sont
constitus alternativement dune couche de
silicates de forme ttradrique et dune
couche daluminate (ou brucitique) octa-
drique. Des lments peuvent remplacer lo-
calement laluminium, le silicium et conduire
un dficit de charge alors compens par des
cations (sodium, potassium, calcium). Cer-
tains de ces minraux peuvent gonfler en pr-
sence deau (smectites, vermiculites). Largile
est utilise pour faire les mortiers de terre,
Sources: Hasol 2002, 265; Velde 1992, 198; Murray 2006,188; Ching 1995, 22
.
ladobe, les briques, la terre cuite, les cra-
miques et, en conservation, des compresses.
brique de terre crue (adobe), brique, cra-
mique, enduit, terre cuite, charge
Ton DE
Definition: Ein feinkrniges Material aus Par-
tikeln mit weniger als 4m Gre, das haupt-
schlich aus hydratisierten Schichtsilikaten zu-
sammengesetzt ist. Ton ist im feuchten Zu-
stand plastisch und hrtet, wenn er getrock-
net oder gebrannt wird.
Kommentar: Tonminerale setzen sich aus La-
gen zusammen, die aus aufeinanderfolgenden
Schichten aus Silikat-Tetraedern oder Alumini-
um-Oktaedern bestehen. In den Zwischen-
schichten eingelagerte Kationen wie Kalium,
Natrium oder Calcium neutralisieren die La-
dungsdefizite. Andere Elemente knnen lokal
im Mineralgitter Aluminium oder Silikat erset-
zen. Zusammen mit Wasser sind manche Ton-
zur Herstellung von Lehmmrtel, Lehmputz,
luftgetrockneten Lehmziegeln (Adobe), ge-
brannten Ziegeln, Terracottafliesen und von Ke-
ramik benutzt. In der Restaurierung werden Ton-
minerale auch zur Herstellung von Kompressen
eingesetzt. Whrend des Brennens schrumpfen
Tonobjekte, so dass man zur Vermeidung von
Rissen normalerweise Fllstoffe zugibt.
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Lehm (Ton ist Be-
standteil von Lehm)
Lehmziegel-Mauerwerk/Adobe, Ziegel, Ke-
ramik, Putz, Terracotta, Fllstoff
Glina HR
Definicija: Finozrnati materijal sastavljen od
estica kojima je veliina manja od 4m i uglav-
nom se sastoje od hidratiziranih filosilikata. Gli-
na je plastina kad je mokra, a stvrdnuta kad je
paljena ili osuena.
MATERIALs APPENDIx
Napomena: Minerali gline sastavljeni su od li-
stova koji sadravaju uzastopne slojeve silika-
ta tetrahedra ili aluminatnih octahedra; kalij,
natrij, kalcij su prisutni kao kationi za balansi-
ranje naboja izmeu listova. Drugi elementi
lokalno zamjenjuju aluminij ili silicij. Kad je pri-
sutna voda, neki glineni minerali pokazuju
svojstva bubrenja (skupina smectite). Glina se
upotrebljava za izradu proizvoda kao to su
glineni mortovi, glinene buke, suene opeke,
peene opeke, ploice od terakote te kerami-
kih proizvoda. Takoer se rabi za izradu toplih
obloga koji se upotrebljavaju u konzerviranju.
Tijekom faze peenja glineni predmeti se sku-
pe, a da bi se izbjeglo pucanje obino se do-
daju punila.
cerpi, opeka, keramika, buka, tera-
kota, punilo
Agyag HU
Meghatrozs: Finom szemcszet anyag,
melyet nagyrszt 4 m alatti szemcsk alkot-
nak, s f sszetevi hidratlt filosziliktok; az
agyag nedvesen plasztikus, szrtskor vagy
getskor kemnyedik.
Megjegyzs: Az agyagsvnyok rteges szer-
kezetek, a rtegeket tetraderes szerkezet
sziliktok vagy oktaderes szerkezet alumi-
ntok alkotjk; a klium, ntrium vagy kalcium
kationok tltskiegyenslyozknt vannak je-
len a rtegek kztt. Helyenknt az alumnium
s a szilcium helyett ms elemek is lehetnek.
Bizonyos agyag svnyok vz jelenltben
duzzadnak (szmektit csoport). Az agyagokat
agyaghabarcsok, agyagvakolatok, vlyogt-
gla, getett tgla, terrakotta csempk s ker-
mia gyrtsra hasznljk. Hasznljk mg pa-
kolsok ksztshez a restaurlsban. Az ge-
tsi fzisban, az agyagtrgyak zsugorodnak; a
repedsek megelzsre ltalban tltanya-
gokat adnak az agyaghoz.
vlyogfal, tgla, kermia, vakolat,
terrakotta, tltanyag
367
 MATERIALs APPENDIx
Argilla IT
Definizione: Materiale a grana fine costituito
da particelle che hanno una dimensione mi-
nore di 4m e prevalentemente composto da
fillosilicati idrati; unargilla plastica quando
bagnata, e indurisce quando viene cotta o
fatta asciugare.
Commento: I minerali argillosi sono costituiti
da fogli che contengono strati consecutivi di
tetraedri di silicato o ottaedri di alluminato;
potassio, sodio e calcio sono presenti come
cationi di bilanciamento della carica tra i fogli.
Altri elementi possono sostituire localmente
lalluminio o il silicio. Alcuni minerali argillosi
presentano propriet di rigonfiamento quan-
do lacqua presente (gruppo della smectite).
Le argille vengono usate per la fabbricazione
di prodotti come le malte di argilla, gli intonaci
di argilla, gli adobe (mattoni fatti asciugare al
sole), i mattoni refrattari, le piastrelle di terra-
cotta e le ceramiche. Vengono anche utilizzate
per fare degli impacchi usati in conservazione.
Durante la fase di cottura, gli oggetti in argilla
si restringono, per cui, per evitare fessurazioni,
vengono generalmente aggiunti dei fillers.
adobe, mattone, ceramica, intonaco,
terracotta, filler
Glina PL
Definicja: Drobnoziarnisty materia z czste-
czek mniejszych ni 4 m (mikrony) jest w
przewaajcej czci zoona z uwodnionych mente, por filosilicatos hidratados. Adquiere
filo silikatw; glina jest plastyczna gdy jest wil-
gotna, po wyschniciu lub wypaleniu tward-
nieje.
Komentarz: Mineray gliniaste skadaj si z
osadw zawierajcych kolejne warstwy tetra-
edrycznych krzemianw lub oktaedrycznych
glinianw; potas, sd, wap s obecne pomi- ga entre las lminas. Otros elementos pueden
dzy warstwami jako rwnowace adunek
kationy. Glin lub krzem mog by miejscowo
zastpowane przez inne pierwiastki.
Niektre mineray gliniaste wykazuj wasno-
ci pcznienia w obecnoci wody (grupa
smektytw). Glina jest uywana do wyrobu
zapraw, tynkw, adobe (cegie suszonych na
socu), wypalanej cegy, pytek terakotowych
i ceramiki. Uyteczna jest te do okadw sto-
sowanych w konserwacji. Podczas procesu
wypalania gliniane wyroby kurcz si, dlatego
by unikn pkania zwykle dodaje si wype- que, para evitar su rotura, se les aaden cargas
niaczy.
adobe, cega, ceramika, tynk, terrako- adobe, ladrillo, cermica, revoque, te-
ta, wypeniacz
368
Argil RO Kil TR
Definiie: Un material cu granulaie fin for- Tanm: 4 mikrometreden daha az lye sa-
mat din particule ce au o dimensiune mai mi- hip paracklardan ve byk oranda su ile ka-
c de 4m i predominant compus din filosi- rtrlm levha silikatlarndan oluan ince
licai hidratai; o argil este maleabil atunci tlm malzeme. Kil slakken plastiktir, pi-
cnd este umed i se ntrete atunci cnd irildiinde ya da kurutulduunda ise sertle-
este ars sau uscat. ir.
Adnotare: Mineralele de argil sunt alctuite Yorum: Kil mineralleri, silikat tetrahedra ya da
din foi ce conin straturi succesive de tetraedri alminat oktahedra ardk katmanlar ile kat-
de silicai sau octaedri de aluminiu; potasiul, yonlar arasnda yk dengesi ilevi gren po-
sodiul, calciul sunt prezeni ca i cationi schim- tasyum, sodyum, kalsiyum levhalardan olu-
btori de ioni ntre foi. Alte elemente pot nlo- mutur. Dier elementler yer yer aliminyum ya
cui la nivel local aluminiul sau siliciul. n pre- da silikonun yerini alabilirler. Suyla temas et-
zena apei unele minerale argiloase prezint tiinde (smektit grup) baz killer ime zellii
proprieti de gonflare (grupul smectitelor). gsterebilir. Kil; kil harc, kil svas, kerpi (g-
Argilele sunt folosite pentru fabricarea anumi- nete kurutulmu tula), piirilmi tula, tera-
tor produse, precum mortarele argiloase, ten- kota ve seramik gibi rnleri imal etmek iin
cuielile argiloase, chirpiciul (crmid uscat kullanlr. Ayrca koruma malzemesi olarak la-
la soare), crmida ars, cahlele de teracot i pa yapm iin kullanlr. Piirme aamasnda,
ceramic. Acestea sunt folosite i la realizarea kil nesneler bzlebilir, bu yzden atlamay
compreselor utilizate n conservare. n timpul nlemek iin genellikle dolgu malzemeleri ek-
arderii, obiectele din argil se contract, astfel, lenir.
pentru a evita fisurarea, sunt adugate de obi-
cei materiale de umplutur. kerpi, tula, seramik, sva, terakota,
dolgu maddesi
chirpici, crmid, ceramic, tencuial,
teracot, material de umplutur
BG
Arcilla Es :
- 4m -
Definicin: Material de fina granulometra -
formado a partir de partculas con un tamao ;
menor de 4 m, compuesto, fundamental- .
propiedades plsticas cuando se humedece y : -
se endurece cuando se seca o se calienta. , -
-
Comentario: Los minerales arcillosos estn ; ,
hechos de lminas sucesivas de silicato tetrae- -
dro o aluminato octaedro; potasio, sodio, cal- .
cio se encuentran como equilibrantes de car- -
.
reemplazar localmente al aluminio o al silica-
to. ( ).
Algunos materiales arcillosos se hinchan en -
presencia de agua (grupo esmectita, arcillas , -
expansivas). Las arcillas se emplean para ma- ( ),
nufacturar productos como morteros de arci- , . -
lla, revoques de arcilla, adobe (ladrillos seca- / -
dos al sol), ladrillos cocidos, azulejos de terra- . -
cota y cermicas. Tambin se usan en conser- -
vacin para hacer empacos. Durante la coc- -
cin, los objetos de arcilla se encogen, por lo .
finas. , , , -
, ,
rracota, carga fina
 MATERIALs APPENDIx

Consolidant EN
Definition: A substance introduced into fri-
able material to strengthen it and to stabilise
its structure.
Comment: Dissolved or dispersed in a liquid,
it permeates the pores of the object and re-
establishes the structural integrity after hard-
ening/curing. Materials used as consolidants
are very diverse. Synthetic resins like acrylic or
epoxy, inorganic materials and cellulose de-
rivatives, gums, proteinaceous and natural
resins are used, depending on the require-
ments of the material to be consolidated.
Side-effects of the strengthening are that con-
solidants can change the physical and/or
chemical properties of a material, like the opti-
cal properties or hydrophobicity. Consolidants
and their ageing behaviour must be precisely
matched to the treated material, to prevent
damage in the long term. In general, consoli-
dants in porous materials are irreversible.
Synonyms: strengthening agent, strengthen-
ing medium
binder, acrylic, consolidation
Consolidant FR
Kommentar: In einer Flssigkeit gelst oder
dispergiert, dringt es in die Poren des Objek-
tes ein und stellt nach seiner Aushrtung des-
sen strukturelle Integritt wieder her. Abhn-
gig von den Anforderungen des zu festigen-
den Materials festigt man mit sehr unter-
schiedlichen Materialien: Kunstharze wie
Acrylate oder Epoxydharze, anorganische Ma-
terialien wie Silikate oder auch Zellulosederi-
vate, Gummen, Proteine und natrliche Harze.
Aber diese Festiger knnen als Nebeneffekt
die physikalischen und/oder chemischen Ei-
genschaften eines Materials verndern, wie
die optischen Eigenschaften oder die Hydro-
phobizitt. Festigungsmittel und ihr Alte-
rungsverhalten mssen deshalb przise auf
das zu behandelnde Material abgestimmt
werden, um Langzeitschden zu vermeiden.
Festigungsmittel sind in porsen Materialien
im Allgemeinen nicht reversibel.
Synonyme: Konsolidierungsmittel, Festiger
Bindemittel, Acrylat, Festigung
Uvriva HR
Definicija: Tvar unesena u troan materijal ka-
ko bi ga ojaala i stabilizirala njegovu struktu-
ru.
Megjegyzs: Folyadkban oldva vagy disz-
perglva, behatol a trgy prusaiba s szilr-
duls/kts utn visszaadja ennek szerkezeti
stabilitst. Sokfle anyagot hasznlnak szilr-
dtknt. A szilrdtand anyag tulajdonsgai
fggvnyben, szilrdtshoz manyagokat,
mint pldul az akril vagy az epoxi, szervetlen
anyagokat, cellulz szrmazkokat, nvnyi
mzgkat, fehrjket vagy termszetes gyan-
tkat hasznlnak.
A szilrdts mellkhatsknt a szilrdtk meg-
vltozhatjk az anyag fizikai s/vagy kmiai tu-
lajdonsgait, mint pldul az optikai jellemzit
vagy a hidrofobicitst. A szilrdt anyag tulaj-
donsgainak s regedsi magatartsnak szi-
gor sszhangban kell lennik a kezelt anyag
tulajdonsgaival, a hossz tv krosodsok
megelzse vgett. ltalban a porzus anya-
gokba bevitt szilrdtk nem tvolthatk el.
Szinonimk: konszolidl anyag, megerst
anyag
ktanyag, akril, szilrdts
Consolidante IT
Definizione: Sostanza introdotta in un mate-
riale friabile per rafforzare e stabilizzare la sua
struttura.

Dfinition: Substance introduite dans un ma-
triau friable pour le renforcer et stabiliser sa
structure.
Commentaires: Dissous ou dispers dans un
liquide, il imprgne les pores de lobjet et en
rtablit lintgrit structurelle aprs durcisse-
ment/polymrisation. Les matriaux de
consolidation sont divers: rsines synth-
tiques (ex. acrylique, poxydique), matriaux
inorganiques, drivs des celluloses,
gommes, matriaux protiques, rsines natu-
relles. Ils peuvent modifier les proprits phy-
siques ou chimiques dun matriau, tel les
proprits optiques, lhydrophobie. Le conso-
lidant choisi, son comportement face au vieil-
lissement doivent tre adapts au matriau
trait, pour viter des dommages long
terme. La consolidation des matriaux poreux
est gnralement irrversible.
liant, rsine acrylique, consolidation
Napomena: Uvriva je otopljen ili raspr-
en u tekuini, prodire u pore objekta i nakon
uvrivanja ponovno uspostavlja strukturnu
cjelovitost/stvrdnjavanje.
Materijali koji se upotrebljavaju kao uvri-
vai vrlo su razliiti. Ovisno o potrebama ma-
terijala koji treba uvrstiti rabe se sintetike
smole poput akrilika ili epoksidne smole,
anorganski materijali i derivati celuloze, gu-
me, proteini i prirodne smole. Sporedni efekti
ojaavanja su takvi da se s uvrivaima
mogu promijeniti fiziko-kemijska svojstva
uvrivanoga materijala, poput optikih i hi-
drofobnih svojstava. Kako bi se na dulji rok
sprijeilo oteenje, uvrivai i njihovo sta- sere perfettamente compatibili conil mate-
renje moraju biti precizno usklaeni s obra-
ivanim materijalom. Uporaba uvrivaa u
poroznim materijalima najee je nepovra-
tan zahvat.
vezivo, akrilik, konsolidacija
Commento: Dissolto o disperso in un liquido,
permea i pori delloggetto e ristabilisce linte-
grit strutturale dopo lindurimento/la presa.
I materiali usati come consolidanti sono diver-
si. Vengono usati materiali inorganici e deri-
vati cellulosici, resine sintetiche come acriliche
o epossidiche, gomme, proteine e resine na-
turali, a seconda delle esigenze del materiale
da consolidare. Un effetto indesiderato di que-
sto rafforzamento che i consolidanti posso-
no cambiare le propriet fisiche/chimiche del
materiale, come le propriet ottiche o la sua
idrofobia. I consolidanti e il loro comporta-
mento durante linvecchiamento devono es-
riale trattato, per prevenire danni a lungo ter-
mine. In genere, i consolidanti usati su mate-
riali porosi sono irreversibili.
Sinonimo: rinforzante
legante, acrilici, consolidamento

szilrdt anyag HU Impregnat konsolidujcy PL

Festigungsmittel
Definition: Eine Substanz, die in ein brcke-
liges Material eingebracht wird, um es zu str-
ken und sein Gefge zu stabilisieren.
DE
Meghatrozs: Egy anyag, melyet azrt visz-
nek egy meggyenglt szerkezet anyagba,
hogy megerstse s stabilizlja annak szerke-
zett.
Definicja: rodek wprowadzony do kruchego
materiau by wzmocni i ustabilizowa jego
struktur.

Sources: AAT: consolidant, (1.5.2014); Paolini, Faldi 2005, 121; Horie, 2010, 426; Calvo 1997, 64/5

369
 MATERIALs APPENDIx

Komentarz: Rozpuszczony lub rozproszony w Consolidante Es Salamlatrclar ve gelitirme zellii uzun

cieczy penetruje pory obiektu i po stwardnie-
niu / zwizaniu wzmacnia jego struktur.
Jako impregnaty konsolidujce stosowane s
rne substancje. Zalenie od wymogw
wzmacnianego materiau stosuje si ywice
sztuczne, jak akrylowe czy epoksydowe, ma-
teriay nieorganiczne oraz pochodne celulozy,
gum, proteiny i ywice naturalne.
Ubocznym efektem wzmacniania moe by
zmiana wasnoci fizycznych i / lub chemicz-
nych materiau, jak cechy optyczne czy hydro-
fobowe. Impregnat trzeba starannie dobra do
utrwalanego materiau, by zapobiec szkodom
w przyszoci. Konsolidacja materiaw poro-
watych to proces z reguy nieodwracalny.
Synonimy: rodek wzmacniajcy, substancja
konsolidujca
spoiwo, akryle, konsolidacja / impregnacja
Consolidant RO
Definiie: O substan introdus ntr-un ma-
terial friabil, pentru a-l ntri i pentru a-i sta-
biliza structura.
Adnotare: Dizolvat sau dispersat ntr-un lichid,
acesta ptrunde n porii obiectului i i restabi-
lete integritatea structural dup solidificare.
Materialele utilizate ca i consolidani sunt foar-
te diverse. Sunt folosite rini sintetice, precum
cele acrilice sau epoxi, materiale anorganice
precum derivatele din celuloz, gumele, pro-
teinele i rinile naturale, n funcie de cerin-
ele materialului ce trebuie consolidat. Efectele
secundare ale consolidrii sunt acelea c aceste
materiale pot schimba proprietile fizice i/sau
chimice ale unui material, cum ar fi proprietile
optice sau hidrofobicitatea. Consolidanii tre-
buie s fie compatibili cu materialul tratat, pen-
tru a preveni deteriorarea pe termen lung. n
general, consolidanii sunt ireversibili n mate-
rialele poroase.
liant, rin acrilic, consolidare ziksel ya da kimyasal zelliklerini deitirebilir.
vadedeki hasar nlemek iin tedavi edilen
Definicin: Sustancia que se introduce en un malzemeye tam olarak uymaldr. Genel sa-
material descohesionado para reforzarlo y es- lamlatrclar, gzenekli malzemelerde geri
tabilizar su estructura. dndrlemez.
E anlaml: glendirme maddesi, glendir-
Comentario: Disuelto o dispersado en un l- me arac
quido, recubre los poros del objeto, restable-
ciendo as su integridad estructural cuando se balayc, akrilik, salamlatrma
endurece.
Los materiales usados como consolidantes son
muy diversos. En funcin de la necesidad y ca- BG
ractersticas del material que se desea conso-
lidar, se emplean resinas sintticas, como acr- : ,
licas o epoxy, o aglutinantes inorgnicos, co- -
mo silicatos, celulosas, gomas y resinas natu- .
rales. Los efectos colaterales del refuerzo son
que algunos de estos productos pueden mo- :
dificar las propiedades fsico-qumicas del ma- ,
terial original, como por ejemplo las propieda- -
des pticas o la hidrofobicidad. Los consoli- .
dantes y su comportamiento ante el envejeci-
miento deben ser adecuadamente testados en . -
el material original para prevenir daos a largo ,
plazo. En trminos generales, los consolidantes ,
sobre materiales porosos no son reversibles. , ,
,
ligante, acrlico, consolidacin , , -
.
salamlatrc TR ,
/ -
Tanm: Krlgan maddenin iine maddenin ya- , -
psn glendirmek ve denge kazandrmak .
iin kartrlan madde.
-
Yorum: Sv iinde znerek nesne iindeki ,
boluklar doldurarak sertletikten sonra yap-
sal btnln kazandrr. Sklatrc olarak . , -
kullanlan malzemeler ok eitlidir. Sklatr- , -
lacak malzemenin gereksinimlerine gre akri- .
lik veya epoksi gibi sentetik reineler, silikat, : , -
proteinler gibi inorganik malzemeler, selloz ,
trleri, sakz, proteinler ve doal reineler kul-
lanlr. Glendirmenin yan sra yan etki olarak, , ,
grn ve su geirmezlik gibi malzemenin fi-

Crushed brick
Definition: Recycled material which is gener-
ally obtained from unused bricks or pottery
by crushing them into different dimensions.
Comment: It is used in mortars and plasters.
Crushed bricks combined with lime act as a
EN pozzolanic material in plasters, giving them
strength, volume and enhanced visual effects
(colour or texture) and changing the way the
lime sets. Because of its ability to retain mois-
ture, crushed brick was sometimes used in
the intonaco layer of wall paintings. Before
the invention of cement, cocciopesto/Kho-
rasan mortar was commonly used as a struc-
tural and bonding material by Romans,
Byzantines (in Hagia Sophia, for example) and
Ottomans.
brick, lime, plaster, pozzolan, intona-
co, brick dust

Sources: Sickels 1981; Bke 2004; Akman et al. 1986; Hasol 2002, 212

370

Brique concasse FR
Dfinition: Matriau recycl gnralement sposobnosti zadravanja vlage lomljena ope-
obtenu partir de briques inutilises ou de la
poterie en les crasant selon diffrentes di-
mensions.
Commentaires: Il est utilis dans les mortiers
et enduits. Les briques concasses, combines
avec de la chaux ragissent comme un mat-
riau pouzzolanique dans les mortiers, leur
donnant la force, le volume et une amlio-
ration des effets visuels (couleur ou texture)
et changeant la prise de la chaux. En raison de
sa capacit retenir lhumidit, la brique pile Tglatrmelk
tait galement utilise dans la couche dinto-
naco des peintures murales. Avant linvention
du ciment, le mortier Horasan a t couram-
ment utilis comme matriau de construction
et liant par les romains, les Byzantins (dans Ha-
gia Sofia par exemple), les Romans et les Ot-
tomans.
brique, chaux, enduit, pouzzolane, in- puccolnknt hat a vakolatban, megersti,
tonaco, poudre de brique
Ziegelsplitt DE
Definition: Wiederverwendetes Material aus
ungenutzten Ziegeln oder Tonwaren, die in
verschiedene Gren zerkleinert werden.
Kommentar: Man benutzt es fr Mrtel und
Putze. In Verbindung mit Kalk reagiert Ziegel-
splitt als puzzolanisches Material in Putzen. Es
verleiht ihnen Festigkeit, Volumen und eine
bessere optische Wirkung (Farbe oder Textur)
und verndert die Art, wie der Putz aushrtet.
Aufgrund seiner Fhigkeit, Feuchtigkeit zu
speichern, wird Ziegelsplitt auch oft in der In-
tonaco-/Feinputz-Schicht von Wandmalerei-
en eingesetzt. Vor der Erfindung von Zement
war Cocciopesto-/Khorasan-Mrtel als Bau-
material und Bindemittel bei den Rmern,
den Byzantinern (z.B. in der Hagia Sophia) und
Ottomanen sehr verbreitet.
Ziegel, Kalk/Branntkalk, Putz, Puzzolan, co negli intonaci, conferendo forza, volume ed
Intonaco/ Feinputz, Ziegelmehl
Drobljena opeka HR
Definicija: Reciklirani materijal koji se obino
dobiva od neiskoritenih opeka ili keramike
drobljenjem u razliite dimenzije.
Napomena: Upotrebljava se u mortovima i
bukama. Drobljena opeka u kombinaciji s
vapnom moe djelovati kao pucolanski mate-
rijal u buci, dajui joj snagu, volumen i po-
MATERIALs APPENDIx
boljani vizualni efekt (boja ili tekstura) te Kruszona cega PL
mijenjajui nain na koji vapno prianja. Zbog
Definicja: Materia uywany wtrnie, otrzy-
ka ponekad se upotrebljavala i u zidnome sli- mywany gwnie z niewykorzystanych cegie
karstvu u sloju vapnene buke (intonaca). Prije lub ceramiki poprzez skruszenie ich do rnej
izuma cementa, cocciopesto/Khorasan mort frakcji.
su kao strukturni i vezivni materijal obino
upotrebljavali Rimljani, Bizantinci (npr. u Aja Komentarz: Jest uywana do zapraw i tyn-
Sofiji) i Osmanlije. kw. Kruszona cega w poczeniu z wapnem
dziaa w tynkach jak materia hydrauliczny,
opeka, vapno, buka, pucolan, into- daje im moc, objto i poprawia efekty wi-
naco, openi prah zualne (kolor i tekstur) oraz zmienia sposb
wizania wapna. Kruszona cega jest te uy-
wana w malarstwie ciennym do wykonywa-
HU nia warstwy intonaco, poniewa ma zdolno
zatrzymywania wody. Przed wynalezieniem
Meghatrozs: jrahasznostott anyag, me- cementu zaprawa cocciopesto / Khorasan by-
lyet ltalban fel nem hasznlt tglkbl vagy a powszechnie uywana jako materia kon-
cserpednyekbl nyernek, klnbz mre- strukcyjny i wicy przez Rzymian, w Bizan-
tre zzva ket. cjum (np. w Hagia Sofia) oraz przez Otoma-
nw.
Megjegyzs: Habarcsokban s vakolatokban
hasznljk. Msszel keverve, a tglatrmelk cega, wapno, tynk, pucolana, intona-
co, py ceglany
tmeget ad neki s javtja ltvnyt (szn, tex-
tra); a tglaadalk megvltoztatja a msz k-
tsnek mdjt. Vzvisszatart hatsa miatt, a Crmid zdrobit RO
tglatrmelket a falkpek intonaco rtegei-
ben is hasznltk. A cement felfedezse eltt, Definiie: Un material reciclat obinut n prin-
a biznciak (pldul a Hagia Sofiaban), a r- cipal din crmizi sau ceramic nefolosit, prin
maiak s az oszmnok szles krben hasznl- zdrobirea acestora n buci de diferite dimen-
tk a Khorasan habarcsot szerkezeti s kt- siuni.
anyagknt.
Szinonima: zzott tgla Adnotare: Este utilizat n mortare i tencuieli.
Crmizile zdrobite combinate cu varul acio-
tgla, msz, vakolat, puzzoln, into- neaz ca un material pozzalanic n tencuieli,
naco, tglapor oferindu-le for, volum i efecte vizuale inte-
resante (culoare sau textur), modificnd to-
todat priza varului. Datorit capacitii de
Mattone frantumato IT reinere a umiditii, crmida zdrobit a fost
utilizat uneori n stratul de intonaco al pictu-
Definizione: Materiale riciclato generalmente rilor murale. Anterior inventrii cimentului,
ottenuto frantumando in frammenti di diverse mortarul cocciopesto/Khorasan a fost frec-
dimensioni mattoni inutilizzati o ceramiche. vent utilizat drept material structural i de le-
gare de ctre romani, bizantini (de ex. n Hagia
Commento: Viene usato in malte e intonaci. I Sofia) i otomani.
mattoni frantumati in combinazione con la
calce agiscono come un materiale pozzolani- crmid, var, tencuial, pozzolana,
intonaco, praf de crmid
effetti visivi avanzati (colore e trama) e cam-
biando il modo in cui la calce asciuga. Grazie
alla capacit di trattenere lumidit, i mattoni Triturados cermicos Es
frantumati erano talvolta usati anche nello
strato di intonaco dei dipinti murali. Prima Definicin: Material reciclado obtenido a par-
dellinvenzione del cemento, il cocciopesto e tir de ladrillos o cermica partida en fragmen-
la malta Khorasan erano usati comunemente tos de diversos tamaos.
come materiale strutturale e legante da Bizan-
tini (ad es. in Santa Sofia), Romani e Ottoma- Comentario: Se usa en morteros y enlucidos.
ni. Los triturados cermicos, en combinacin
con la cal, actan como un material puzol-
mattone, calce, intonaco/intonachino, nico en los morteros, aportan resistencia me-
pozzolana, polvere di mattone cnica, volumen e interesantes efectos visua-
371
 MATERIALs APPENDIx

les (color o textura) y modifican el fraguado Tula kr TR BG

de la cal.
Por su capacidad para retener la humedad, Tanm: Genellikle kullanlmayan tulalardan : , -
los triturados cermicos tambin son usados veya anak mlekten farkl boyutlarda krla- ,
en la capa del intonaco de las pinturas mura- rak elde edilen geri dnm malzemesi. .
les.
Antes de la invencin del cemento, el mortero Yorum: Har ve svalarda kullanlr. Kire ile : -
khorasan fue usado habitualmente como ma- birletirilen tula krklar svada puzolan .
terial estructural y ligante por los bizantinos malzeme olarak ilev grr; g, hacim, ge-
(en Hagia Sofa, por ejemplo), por los romanos limi grsel etkiler (renk veya doku) verir ve , ,
y otomanos. svann katlama eklini deitirir. Nem tu- (
tucu zelliinden dolay tula kr, duvar ), -
ladrillo, cal, revoque puzolana, into- resimlerinin boya alt siva katmanlarnda kul- .
naco, polvo de ladrillo lanlrd. , -
imentonun icadndan nce, cocciopesto/Ho- . -
rasan harc Bizansllar (rnein Ayasofya), Ro- , cocciopesto -
mallar, ve Osmanllar tarafndan yap ve har
malzemesi olarak yaygn ekilde kullanlrd. , (
), .
tula, kire, sva, puzolan, son kat s-
va, tula tozu , , , -
,

Drying oil EN
Definition: Vegetable oils which form a solid,
elastic film after a period of exposure to the
air.
Comment: They are used as the binder com-
ponent in oil paints and some varnishes. The
drying of these oils is not based on the evap-
oration of water or other solvents, but on a
curing process based on autoxidation. Fatty
acid chains crosslink by reaction with oxygen
from the air to form a polymer network. Be-
cause of its comparatively faster curing
process, linseed oil is suitable as a painting
medium. But other oils are used as well, such
as walnut oil, poppy-seed oil or sunflower oil.
Oil drying agents, so-called siccatives, are of-
ten added to oil-based paints to accelerate the
curing of the drying oils.
binder, varnish
Huile siccative FR
Dfinition: Huile vgtale formant un film
lastique solide aprs une priode dexposi-
tion lair.
Commentaires: Utilise comme liant dans
des peintures lhuile et certains vernis.
Le schage dune huile ne rsulte pas de
lvaporation de leau ou dun autre solvant,
mais est un processus de polymrisation bas
sur lauto-oxydation. Des chanes dacides
gras rticulent par raction avec loxygne de
lair pour former un rseau de polymre. En
raison de son processus de polymrisation
relativement rapide, lhuile de lin, mais aussi
de noix, de graines de pavot ou de tournesol,
est approprie comme support de peinture.
Des agents de schage (siccatifs) sont souvent
ajouts aux peintures lhuile afin den acc-
lrer la polymrisation.
liant, vernis
Trocknendes l DE
Definition: Pflanzliche le, die einen festen,
elastischen Film bilden, wenn sie eine Weile
der Luft ausgesetzt sind.
Kommentar: Sie werden als Bestandteil von
Bindemitteln in lfarben und einigen Firnis-
sen verwendet. Die Trocknung dieser le ba-
siert nicht auf der Verdunstung von Wasser
oder anderen Lsemitteln, sondern auf einem
Aushrtungsprozess, der auf Autoxidation ba-
siert: Fettsureketten vernetzen sich durch die
Reaktion mit Sauerstoff aus der Luft und bil-
den ein Polymernetzwerk.
Aufgrund seines vergleichsweise schnellen Ab-
bindeprozesses ist Leinl als Malmittel geeig-
net. Aber auch andere le, wie Walnussl,
Mohnl oder Sonnenblumenl, werden ver-
wendet. Um die Aushrtung von lfarben zu
beschleunigen, werden ihnen oft Trocknungs-
beschleuniger, sogenannte Sikkative, zugesetzt.
Synonym: Mall
Bindemittel, Firnis
suivo ulje HR
Definicija: Biljna ulja koja tvore vrst, elasti-
an film nakon izlaganja zraku.
Napomena: Upotrebljavaju se kao sastavni
dio veziva u uljnim bojama i u nekim lakovima.
Suenje tih ulja ne zasniva se na hlapljenju
vode ili drugih otapala, nego je to proces su-
enja temeljen na samooksidaciji. Lanci ma-
snih kiselina kriaju se reakcijom kisika iz zraka
da bi oblikovali mreu polimera. Zbog njego-
va breg procesa suenja laneno ulje prikla-
dno je kao slikarsko vezivo. No, upotrebljavaju
se i druga ulja, poput orahova, makova ili sun-
cokretova. Uljne suive tvari, poznate kao si-
kativi esto se dodaju uljnim bojama kako bi
se ubrzao proces suenja ulja.
vezivo, lak

Sources: Mortars 2011, 600; Gettens, Stout 1966, 18; Schramm, Hering 1988, 92

372
 MATERIALs APPENDIx

szrad olaj HU tych olejw nie polega na odparowywaniu otros, como el aceite de nueces, el de semilla
wody czy innych rozpuszczalnikw, ale na de amapola o el de girasol. Los agentes secan-
Meghatrozs: Nvnyi olajok, melyek leve- utwardzaniu w procesie samoutleniania. a- tes, comnmente llamados secativos, se aa-
g hatsra, egy adott id utn szilrd, rugal- cuchy kwasw tuszczowych na powietrzu den habitualmente a las pinturas al leo para
mas filmet kpeznek. tworz sieciowe wizania z tlenem i formuj acelerar el curado de los aceites secantes.
sie polimerw. Poniewa olej lniany utwar-
Megjegyzs: Olajfestkek ktanyagaknt s dza si wzgldnie szybko jest uywany jako ligante, barniz
bizonyos felleti bevonatokban hasznljk spoiwo farb. Uywa si te innych olejw jak
ket. Ezen olajok szradsa nem a vz vagy olej orzechowy, olej makowy, czy olej sonecz-
egyb oldszer prolgsn alapszik, hanem az nikowy. Czsto do farb olejnych dodawane s Kurutucu ya TR
autooxidcival ltrejtt ktsen. A zsrsav substancje przyspieszajce sieciowanie ole-
lncok kztt keresztktsek jnnek ltre a le- jw tzw. sykatywy. Tanm: Havaya bir sre maruz kaldktan sonra
veg oxignje ltal, s egy polimerhl alakul kat elastik bir tabaka oluturan bitkisel yalar.
ki. Mivel az tlagosnl gyorsabban kt, a len- spoiwo, werniks
olaj a legmegfelelbb festkek ktanyaga- Yorum: Yal boyalarda ve baz verniklerde
knt. De egyb olajokat is hasznlnak, mint a balayc eleman olarak kullanlrlar. Bu yala-
di-, mk- vagy napraforgolaj. Szrt anya- Ulei sicativ RO rn kurumas suyun buharlamasna veya di-
gokat, gy nevezett szikkatvokat gyakran er zclere (solventlere) deil, ancak otok-
adagolnak az olaj alap festkekhez, hogy fel- Definiie: Uleiuri vegetale ce formeaz o pe- sidasyona dayal krleme ilemine baldr.
gyorstsk a szrad olajok ktst. licul solid i elastic dup un timp de expu- Ya asidi zincirleri havadaki oksijen ile apraz-
nere la aer. lamasna tepkimeye girerek polimer a olu-
ktanyag, vdbevonat turur. Olduka hzl iyiletirme ileminden do-
Adnotare: Acestea sunt utilizate drept com- lay, bezir ya boyama maddesi olarak uygun-
ponente cu rol de liant n culorile de ulei i n dur. Ama ceviz ya, haha ya ve ayiei
Olio siccativo IT unele verniuri. Uscarea acestor uleiuri nu se ya gibi dier yalar da kullanlr. Kurutucu
bazeaz pe evaporarea apei sau a altor sol- olarak adlandrlan ya kurutucu elemanlar,
Definizione: Oli vegetali che formano una veni, ci pe un proces de reticulare bazat pe kurutucu yalarn iyiletirmesini hzlandrmak
pellicola solida ed elastica dopo un periodo di autooxidare. Lanurile de acizi grai reticulea- iin genellikle ya temelli boyalara eklenir.
esposizione allaria. z prin reacie cu oxigenul din aer, pentru a
forma o reea de polimeri. Datorit procesului balayc, cila
Commento: Vengono usati come componen- de reticulare relativ rapid, uleiul de in este pre-
te legante nei colori a olio e in alcune vernici. ferat ca liant n pictur. De asemenea, sunt fo-
Lasciugatura di questi oli non consiste nel- losite i alte uleiuri, cum ar fi uleiul de nuc, BG
levaporazione dellacqua o di altri solventi, ma uleiul din semine de mac sau uleiul de floarea
in un processo di polimerizzazione basato soarelui. Agenii de uscare ai uleiului, aa- : , -
sullautossidazione. Le catene di acidi grassi numiii sicativi sunt adesea adugai n culo- , -
reticolano tramite reazione con lossigeno rile pe baz de ulei pentru a accelera reticula- -
nellaria formando un reticolo polimerico. rea uleiurilor sicative. .
Grazie al fatto che il suo processo di polime-
rizzazione relativamente veloce, lolio di semi liant, vernis :
di lino adatto come legante pittorico. Ma an- -
che altri oli vengono usati, come lolio di noci, .
lolio di semi di papavero e lolio di girasole. Aceite secante Es -
Agenti essiccanti per lolio, anche chiamati sic- , , -
cativi, vengono spesso aggiunti a colori a base Definicin: Aceite vegetal que, tras un perio- . -
di olio per accelerare lindurimento degli oli do de exposicin al aire, forma una pelcula
siccativi. slida y elstica. -
. -
legante, vernice Comentario: Se utiliza como aglutinante en -
pinturas al leo y en algunos barnices. - . -
El secado de estos aceites no se basa en la eva- ,
Olej schncy PL poracin del agua u otros solventes, sino en , .
un proceso de curado basado en la auto oxi-
Definicja: Oleje rolinne, ktre tworz trwa, dacin. Las cadenas de cidos grasos se enla- ,
elastyczn powok po okresie ekspozycji na zan por la reaccin con el oxgeno del aire para , ,
powietrzu. formar un polmero. Debido a su proceso de .
secado, comparativamente ms rpido, el
Komentarz: Uywane s jako spoiwo farb aceite de linaza es el ms adecuado como me- ,
olejnych i niektrych werniksw. Schnicie dio de pintura. Sin embargo, tambin se usan

373
 MATERIALs APPENDIx
Filler EN
Definition: 1. An inert powdered material added
to a material (binder, pigment, adhesive, paint,
cement, etc.), to improve its working properties,
to enhance its properties or to reduce costs.
2. A mixture of substances used to fill pores, gaps,
cracks and holes in wall paintings, mosaics and
other architectural surfaces.
3. A very fine aggregate used for concrete, mor-
tar and plaster with standard-defined dimen-
sions (which passes a 0.063mm sieve).
Comment: Fillers are used to improve adherence
to surfaces, to extend a matrix, to increase
strength, to reduce shrinkage, to provide bulk,
to dilute a colour, etc. Examples of fillers are pul-
verised limestone, silica, colloidal substances,
gypsum, brick powder, pigments, calcium car-
bonate, barium sulfate, clay, diatomaceous earth,
starch, talc, titanium dioxide, etc.
Filler is ambiguously used in a wider sense to
cover substances that can be added to a mixture
to improve its properties, such as sand in plasters,
or fibres, although regular sand or fibres, for ex-
ample, cannot be classified as a powdered ma-
terial.
aggregate, binder, brick dust, clay, gyp- Kommentar: Fllstoffe werden dazu verwen-
sum, plaster, pigment, sand
Charge FR
Dfinition: 1. Matire en poudre inerte ajoute
un matriau de base (liant, pigment, adhsif,
peinture, ciment, etc.), pour amliorer ses pro-
prits de mise en oeuvre, ou pour rduire les
cots.
2. Mlange de substances utilises pour remplir
les pores, les lacunes, les fissures et les cavits
dans les peintures murales, les mosaques et au-
tres surfaces architecturales.
3. Trs fin agrgat utilis pour le bton (fraction
fine), mortier avec des dimensions standard d-
finies (qui passe un tamis de 0,063mm).
Commentaires: Les charges sont utilises pour
amliorer ladhrence des surfaces, tendre une
matrice, pour augmenter la rsistance, pour r-
duire le retrait, pour amliorer le remplissage,
pour diluer une couleur etc. Des exemples de
charges sont de la poudre de calcaire, de la silice,
des substances collodales, du gypse, de la pou-
dre de brique, les pigments, les rsines acry-
liques, le sulfate de baryum, largile, la terre dia-
tomes, lamidon, le talc, le dioxyde de titane, etc.
Le terme de charge est ambigu quand il est uti-
lis dans un sens plus large pour couvrir les subs-
tances qui peuvent tre ajoutes un mlange
Sources: Baglioni, Chelazzi 2013, 53; Harris 1984, 197; Aggregates; Ching 1996, 192; Baglioni, Chelazzi 2012
374
pour amliorer ses proprits, comme le sable
dans les mortiers ou des fibres. Le sable ordinaire
ou les fibres, par exemple, ne peuvent pas tre
classs comme matriaux en poudre.
granulat (agrgat), liant, poudre de brique,
argile, gypse, enduit, pigment, sable
Fllsto DE
Definition: 1. Ein inertes, unlsliches, pulveri-
ges Material, das zu einem Grundmaterial (Bin-
demittel, Pigment, Klebemittel, Farbe, Zement
etc.) hinzugefgt wird, um dessen Handha-
bung und Eigenschaften zu verbessern oder
um Kosten zu reduzieren.
2. Der englische Begriff filler bezeichnet auch
eine Mischung aus Stoffen, die zum Fllen von
Poren, Lcken, Rissen und Lchern in Wandma-
lereien, Mosaiken und anderen Architektur-
oberflchen verwendet wird. Dies entspricht
im Deutschen der Fllmasse/dem Kitt oder
der Ergnzungsmasse.
3. Ein sehr feiner Zuschlag fr Beton, Mrtel, Putz
mit einer standardisierten Korngre (passiert
ein 0,063mm Sieb).
rsek, repedsek s mlyedsek/regek kitlt-
det, die Haftfhigkeit an Oberflchen zu ver-
bessern, die Grundmasse (Matrix) zu verln-
gern, die Festigkeit zu erhhen, um als Mage-
rungsmittel die Schrumpfung zu reduzieren,
das Volumen zu vergrern, Farben zu strecken
etc. Beispiele fr Fllstoffe sind Kalksteinmehl,
Siliciumdioxid, kolloidale Substanzen, Gips,
Ziegelmehl, Pigmente, Acrylat, Calciumcarbo-
nat, Bariumsulfat, Ton, Diatomeenerde, Strke,
Talk, Titandioxid.
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Zuschlag (Fllstoff ist
ein feiner Zuschlagstoff)
Zuschlag, Bindemittel, Ziegelmehl, Ton,
Gips, Putz, Pigment, Sand jezst, helytelenl, tgabb rtelemben is hasznl-
Punilo HR
Definicija: 1. Inertni prah dodan u materijal
(vezivo, pigment, ljepilo, boju, cement itd.) ka-
ko bi mu poboljao ili pojaao radne znaajke
ili smanjio trokove proizvodnje.
2. Mjeavina tvari koje se upotrebljavaju za
ispunjavanje pora, praznina, pukotina i rupa u
zidnim slikama, mozaicima i ostalim arhitek-
tonskim povrinama.
3. Vrlo fini agregat koji se upotrebljava za beton,
mort i buku sa standardnim dimenzijama (koji
prolazi sito od 0,063mm).
Napomena: Punila se upotrebljavaju za pobolj-
anje prianjanja za povrinu, proirenje matrice,
poveanje snage, smanjivanje stezanja, volume-
na, razrjeivanje boje itd. Primjeri punila su pul-
verizirani vapnenac, silicij, koloidne tvari, gips,
prah od opeke, pigmenti, akrilik, kalcijev karbo-
nat, barijev sulfat, glina, kremena zemlja, krob,
talk, titanijev dioksid itd. Punilo je nejasan naziv
koji u iremu smislu obuhvaa supstancije koje
se mogu dodati u smjesu za poboljanje njego-
vih svojstava, kao to je pijesak u bukama ili
vlakna, iako npr. obian pijesak ili vlakna ne mo-
gu biti klasificirana kao prakasti materijal.
granulat (agrgat), vezivo, openi prah, gli-
na, gips, buka, pigment, pijesak
Tltanyag HU
Meghatrozs: 1. Egy inert, portott anyag, me-
lyet egy alapanyaghoz adagolnak (ktanyag,
pigment, ragasztanyag, festk, cement stb.),
azrt, hogy az alapanyag megmunklhatsgt/
felhasznlhatsgt vagy a tulajdonsgait javt-
sk, illetve kltsgeket cskkentsenek.
2. Egy anyagkeverk, melyet a falkpen, mozai-
kon s egyb ptszeti felleten lev prusok,
sre hasznlnak (tmt anyag).
3. Egy igen finom, szabvnyban meghatrozott
mret (mely tmegy a 0,063 mm-s szitn)
aggregtum, melyet betonhoz, habarcsokhoz s
vakolatokhoz hasznlnak.
Megjegyzs: A tltanyagot annak rdekben
hasznljk, hogy javtsk a fellethez val kt-
dst, hgtsk az alapanyagot, szilrdsgot nvel-
jenek, zsugorodst cskkentsenek, nveljk a
tmeget, hgtsanak egy sznt, stb. Tltanyag pl-
dk: portott mszk, szilcium-dioxid, kolloidlis
anyagok, brium-szulft, agyag, kovafld, kem-
nyt, talkum, titn-dioxid, stb. A tltanyag kife-
jk, olyan anyagokra, melyek egy keverkhez
adagolva feljavtjk ennek tulajdonsgait, mint
pldul a vakolatokban lev homok vagy szlas
anyagok, br sem a szablyos homokot, sem a
szlakat nem minsthetjk portott anyagoknak.
aggregtum, ktanyag, tglapor, agyag,
gipsz, vakolat, pigment, homok
Filler IT
Definizione: 1. Materiale inerte in polvere ag-
giunto ad un materiale di base (legante, pigmen-
to, adesivo, pittura, cemento, etc.) per migliorare
le sue propriet o ridurre i costi.

2. Miscela di sostanze usate per riempire pori,
fessure, crepe e buchi nei dipinti murali, mosai-
ci e altre superfici architettoniche.
3. Aggregato molto fine usato per calcestruzzo,
malta e intonaco con dimensioni standard de-
finite (capace di passare un setaccio da
0,063mm).
Commento: I filler sono usati per migliorare
ladesione alle superfici, come riempitivi di una
matrice, per aumentare la forza, ridurre il re-
stringimento, fornire massa, diluire un colore,
ecc. Esempi di filler sono calcari polverizzati, si-
lice, sostanze colloidali, gesso, polvere di mat-
tone, pigmenti, acrilici, carbonato di calcio, sol-
fato di bario, argilla, terra con diatomee, amido,
talco, biossido di titanio, etc.
In italiano, il termine filler usato in modo am-
biguo in senso pi ampio per intendere sostan-
ze che possono essere aggiunte ad una miscela
per migliorare le sue propriet, come la sabbia
negli intonaci, o fibre, sebbene sabbia e fibre
di normali dimensioni non possano essere clas-
sificate come materiale in polvere.
inerte, legante, polvere di mattone, argil-
la, gesso, intonaco, pigmento, sabbia
Wypeniacz PL
Definicja: 1. Obojtna sproszkowana substan-
cja dodawana do materiau bazowego (spoiwa,
pigmentu, kleju, farby, cementu itd.), by
wzmocni jego wasnoci mechaniczne, polep-
szy waciwoci lub ograniczy koszty.
2. Mieszanina substancji uywana do wypenia-
nia porw, przerw, pkni i dziur w malowid-
ach, mozaikach i innych powierzchniach archi-
tektonicznych.
3. Bardzo drobnoziarniste kruszywo uywane
do betonu, zapraw i tynkw o standardowo de-
finiowanym ziarnie (jako przechodzcy przez
sito 0,063mm).
Komentarz: Wypeniacze s uywane dla po-
prawienia przyczepnoci do powierzchni, w
celu zwikszenia masy, eby podnie wytrzy-
mao, by zredukowa skurcz, w celu zapew-
nienia objtoci, by rozcieczy kolor itd. Przy-
kady wypeniaczy to sproszkowany wapie,
krzemionka, substancje koloidalne, gips, py
ceglany, pigmenty, wglan wapnia, siarczan
baru, glina, ziemia okrzemkowa, krochmal,
talk, dwutlenek tytanu itd. Termin wypeniacz
jest uywany niejednoznacznie, w szerszym
znaczeniu dla nazwania substancji, ktre mo-
g by dodane do mieszanin by poprawi ich
wasnoci, jak piasek w tynku, czy wkna, jed-
nak nie mona ich zaliczy do materiaw
sproszkowanych.
kruszywo, spoiwo, py ceglany, glina,
gips, tynk, pigment, piasek
Material de umplutur
Definiie: 1. Material sub form de pulbere
inert adugat ntr-un material de baz (liant,
pigment, adeziv, vopsea, ciment, etc.), pentru
a-i mbunti caracteristicile de lucru, a-i m-
bunti proprietile, sau pentru a-i reduce
costurile.
2. Un amestec de substane folosite pentru a
umple porii, lacunele, fisurile i orificiile din pic-
turi murale, mozaicuri i alte suprafee arhitec-
turale.
3. Un agregat foarte fin folosit pentru beton,
mortar i tencuial definit prin dimensiuni
standard (care trece printr-o sit de
0,063mm).
Adnotare: Materialele de umplutur sunt fo-
losite pentru a mbunti aderena la supra-
fee, pentru a crete rezistena, pentru a reduce
contracia, pentru a oferi mas, pentru a dilua
o culoare, etc. Exemple de materiale de umplu-
tur sunt calcarul pulverizat, dioxidul de siliciu,
substanele coloidale, gipsul, praful de crmi-
d, pigmenii, acrilicele, carbonatul de calciu,
sulfatul de bariu, argila, pmntul de diatomee,
amidonul, talcul, dioxidul de titan, etc. Terme-
nul material de umplutur este folosit eronat
ntr-un sens mai larg, pentru a include substan-
ele care pot fi adugate la un amestec cu sco-
pul de a mbunti proprietile acestuia, cum
ar fi nisipul n tencuieli, sau fibrele, dei, de
exemplu nisipul obinuit sau fibrele nu pot fi
clasificate ca materiale sub form de pulbere.
agregat, liant, praf de crmid, argil,
gips, tencuial, pigment, nisip
Carga fina
Definicin: 1. Polvo inerte aadido a un mate-
rial base (aglutinante, pigmento, adhesivo, pin-
tura, cemento, etc.) para mejorar su maniobra-
bilidad, para potenciar sus propiedades o para
reducir costes.
2. Mezcla de sustancias para rellenar poros,
huecos y agujeros en pinturas murales, mosai-
cos y otras superficies arquitectnicas.
3. Carga muy fina que se aade al cemento,
mortero y revoque, con una dimensin estan-
darizada (que pasa un tamiz de 0,063mm).
Comentario: Las cargas finas se emplean para
mejorar la adherencia en superficies, para re-
llenar estructuras, aumentar la resistencia, re-
ducir la retraccin, aportar volumen, diluir un
color, etc. Ejemplos de cargas finas son los pul-
MATERIALs APPENDIx
verizados de piedra caliza, slice, sustancias co-
loidales, yeso, polvo de ladrillo, pigmentos,
acrlico, carbonato de calcio, sulfato de bario,
arcillas, tierras diatomeas, almidn, talco, di-
RO xido de titanio, etc.
carga, ligante, polvo de ladrillo, arcilla,
yeso, revoque, pigmento, arena
Dolgu maddesi TR
Tanm: 1. Ana malzemeye (balayc, pigment,
yaptrc, boya, imento vb.) alma zellikle-
rini gelitirmek, malzemenin zelliklerini artr-
mak veya maliyeti azaltmak iin eklenen ntr
malzemedir.
2. Duvar resimlerindeki, mozaiklerdeki ve dier
yzeylerdeki gzenekleri, boluklar, atlaklar
ve delikleri doldurmak iin kullanlan madde
karm.
3. Standart tanmlanm boyutlardaki beton,
har ve sva iin kullanlan ok ince agrega
(0,063mmlik elekten geen).
Yorum: Dolgular, yzeylere yapmay arttr-
mak, taban geniletmek, gc arttrmak, b-
zmeyi azaltmak, hacim vermek, renk sey-
reltmek vb. iin kullanlr. Dolgu rnekleri toz
haline getirilmi kireta, silis, koloidal mad-
de, al, tula tozu, pigmentler, akrilik, kalsi-
yum karbonat, baryum slfat, kil, diyatomik
toprak, niasta, talk, titanyum dioksit vb.dir.
Dolgu malzemeleri yanllkla genel anlamda
karmlarn zelliklerini artrmak iin eklenen
rnleri de kapsar. rnein toz malzeme ola-
rak snflandrlmamasna ramen svann iin-
de kullanlan svadaki kum ya da lif malzeme-
leri gibi.
agrega, yaptrc, balayc, tula tozu,
kil, al, har, sva, renklendirici, kum
Es
/ BG
:
1. ,
, , ,
, .., -
.
2. , -
(-
0,063 ) .
3. , -
, ,
, .
-
.
:
-
375
 MATERIALs APPENDIx
, , , , , - -
, , - , , , , .
, .. - -
.. , , , , , -
, , - , , - , , ,
, , , , - , ,
Glue EN
Definition: A natural water-soluble polymer
made from animal connective tissue.
Comment: It is used as a binding medium, and
adhesive. Today other, mainly water based ad-
hesives and binders made of vegetable or syn-
thetic materials, are generally called glues as
well. Due to its strong shrinkage during its dry-
ing process, glue in combination with plasti-
cisers is used as a facing adhesive for the de-
tachment of wall paintings. Although glue is
water soluble, it is not easy to remove from an
object. It only swells in cold water and some
other solvents. Better results are achieved by
heated solvents.
Synonym: adhesive
binder, detachment
Colle animale FR
Dfinition: Polymre hydrosoluble naturel fa-
briqu partir du tissu conjonctif animal.
Commentaires: Utilise aussi comme liant.
Aujourdhui, dautres matires, principalement
des adhsifs base deau et des liants faits de
matires vgtales ou synthtiques sont aussi pri suenju, tutkalo se u kombinaciji s plastifi-
appels colles. Du fait de sa forte contraction
au cours de son processus de schage, la colle
est utilise, combine des plastifiants,
comme adhsif pour des peintures murales
dcolles. Malgr quelle soit soluble leau, Bolji se rezultati postiu grijanim otapalima.
elle nest pas facile enlever dun objet. Elle
gonfle seulement dans leau froide et dautres
solvants. De meilleurs rsultats sont obtenus
en utilisant des solvants chauffs.
liant, dpose
Leim DE
Definition: Ein natrliches, wasserlsliches
Polymer aus tierischem Bindegewebe.
Sources: Wehlte 1981, 447; Cameo: Glue (17.6.2014); Horie 2010, 228ff; Wikipedia.de: Leim (17.6.2014); Paolini, Faldi 2005, 110
376
-
Kommentar: Er wird als Bindemittel und
Klebstoff benutzt. Heute werden andere,
hauptschlich wasserbasierte Klebe- und Bin-
demittel aus pflanzlichen oder synthetischen
Polymeren ebenfalls als Leim bezeichnet. In
Verbindung mit Weichmachern wird Leim als
Kaschierungsklebemittel zur Abnahme von
Wandmalereien benutzt, weil er beim Trock-
nungsprozess so stark schrumpft. Obwohl
Leim wasserlslich ist, ist es schwierig, ihn von
einem Objekt zu entfernen. Er quillt in kaltem
Wasser und anderen Lsemitteln nur an. Bes-
sere Ergebnisse werden mit erwrmten Lse-
mitteln erzielt.
Synonyme: Kleber, Klebstoff, Kleister, Klebe-
mittel
Bindemittel, Abnahme
Tutkalo HR
Definicija: Prirodan vodotopljiv polimer izra-
en od ivotinjskoga vezivnog tkiva.
Napomena: Rabi se kao vezivno sredstvo i lje-
pilo. Danas se druga ljepila najee nazivaju
tutkala. Uglavnom su to ljepila i veziva na vo-
denoj bazi napravljena od biljnih ili sintetikih
materijala. S obzirom na njegovo jako stezanje
katorima upotrebljava kao ljepilo za facing pri
skidanju zidnih slika. Iako je tutkalo vodoto-
pljiv, nije ga lako ukloniti s predmeta. Bubri sa-
mo u hladnoj vodi i u nekim drugim otapalima.
riscaldati.
Sinonim: ljepilo
vezivo, skidanje
Enyv HU
Meghatrozs: Egy termszetes vzoldhat
polimer, melyet llati ktszvetbl nyernek.
Megjegyzs: Hasznljk kt- s ragaszt- Komentarz: Uywany jako spoiwo i substan-
anyagknt. Manapsg egyb, nagyrszt vizes
alap, nvnyi vagy mestersges eredet k-
t- s ragasztanyagot is hvnak enyvnek. Sz-
rads kzben ersen zsugorodik, ezrt ltal-
ban lgytszerekkel keverik, amikor facing-
knt hasznljk falkpek levlasztsnl. Br
az enyv vzoldhat, nem lehet tl knnyen el-
tvoltani egy trgyrl. Hideg vz s pr ms
oldszer hatsra csupn duzzad. Melegtett
oldszerekkel jobb eredmnyek rhetek el.
Szinonimk: ragaszt; legtbbszr az is benne
van a megnevezsben, hogy milyen eredete
van a kollagnnek, pldul csontegyv, ha-
lenyv, nylenyv, brenyv, stb.
ktanyag, levlaszts
Colla IT
Definizione: Polimero naturale solubile in ac-
qua ottenuto da tessuto connettivo animale.
Commento: Viene usato come legante e ade-
sivo. Al giorno doggi anche altre sostanze
vengono chiamate colle, principalmente ade-
sivi a base dacqua e leganti costituiti di ma-
teriali vegetali o sintetici. A causa del forte re-
stringimento che subisce durante il processo
di essiccamento, la colla viene usata in com-
binazione con plastificanti come adesivo di ri-
vestimento per il distacco di dipinti murali.
Sebbene sia solubile in acqua, non facile ri-
muovere la colla da un oggetto. In acqua fred-
da e in altri solventi si gonfia soltanto. Risultati
migliori possono essere ottenuti con solventi
Sinonimo: adesivo
legante, stacco/strappo
Klej PL
Definicja: Naturalny polimer rozpuszczalny w
wodzie uzyskiwany ze zwierzcej tkanki cznej.
cja klejca. Obecnie nazywa si klejami take
 MATERIALs APPENDIx

wikszo wodnych substancji klejcych i
spoiw pochodzenia rolinnego oraz tworzyw
syntetycznych. Ze wzgldu na znaczny skurcz
w procesie schnicia kleje do zabezpieczania
powierzchni przenoszonych malowide mie-
sza si z plastyfikatorami. Chocia kleje s roz-
puszczalne w wodzie to usunicie ich z obiek-
tu nie jest atwe. Pczniej jedynie w zimnej
wodzie i niektrych rozpuszczalnikach. Lepsze
rezultaty mona osign stosujc podgrzane
rozpuszczalniki.
Synonim: substancja klejca
spoiwo, zdejmowanie malowide
Clei RO
Definiie: Un polimer natural solubil n ap
obinut din esut conjunctiv animal.
Adnotare: Este utilizat ca liant i ca adeziv. n
prezent i ali adezivi i liani pe baz de ap,
compui din materiale sintetice sau vegetale
sunt denumii de asemenea, cleiuri. Datorit
contraciei sale puternice n timpul procesului
de uscare, cleiul este folosit n combinaie cu
plastifiani ca i adeziv pentru aplicarea fa-
cing-ului pentru extragerea picturilor murale.
Dei cleiul este solubil n ap, nu este uor de
ndeprtat de pe un obiect. Acesta doar se
umfl n ap rece i n ali solveni. Se obin re- Gnmzde dier, zellikle bitkisel veya sen-
zultate mai bune cu solveni nclzii.
Sinonim: adeziv
liant, extragere
Cola Es ne edilmi tutkal duvar resimlerinin ayrlan
paralar iin yzey yaptrc olarak kullanlr.
Definicin: Polmero natural soluble en agua Tutkal suda zlmesine ramen, maddeden
hecho a partir de tejido conectivo animal. ayrmak kolay deildir. Sadece souk suda ve
baz dier zcler ile ier. Istlm zc-
Comentario: Se emplea como medio ligante lerden daha iyi sonular alnr.
y como adhesivo. Actualmente, la mayora de E anlam: yaptrc
los adhesivos y ligantes con base acuosa he-
chos a partir de materiales vegetales o sint- balayc, duvar resimlerinin ayrmas.
ticos son denominados igualmente cola. De-
bido a su fuerte retraccin durante el proceso
de secado, la cola, en combinacin con otros BG
plastificantes, se emplea como adhesivo para
el arranque de pinturas murales. A pesar de : -
que la cola es soluble en agua, no es fcil de , -
eliminar de un objeto. Solo se hincha con agua
fra y algunos otros disolventes. Se obtienen
mejores resultados calentando los disolven- :
tes. . -
Sinnimo: adhesivo , ,
-
ligante, arranque , -
. -
, -
Tutkal TR -
-
Tanm: Hayvan ba dokusundan yaplan do- .
al, suda znebilir polimer. -
, . -
Yorum: Balayc madde ve yaptc olarak
kullanlr. . -
.
tetik polimerlerden yaplm su bazl yaptr- : ,
clar ve balayclar da genellikle tutkal terimi-
ne karlk gelir. Kuruma srecindeki kuvvetli ,
bzme sebebiyle plastikletiricilerle kombi-

Grout (injection) EN
Definition: A thin, fluid, and diluted mortar
(or paste) which can be poured or injected in-
to small confined spaces such as cracks, joints,
and cavities (also between a wall painting or
a mosaic and the support).
Comment: Grouts are usually lime or cement-
based materials (cement is used for new con-
structions). Additives or other materials can
be introduced depending on necessity and
circumstance. Following the development of
a hydraulic lime-based grout by ICCROM in
the 1980s, many variations of injection grouts
were later produced for wall paintings and ar-
chitectural surfaces.
Not to be confused with: injection of grout
additive, joint, support, wall painting
Coulis (dinjection) FR
Dfinition: Mortier dilu, fin et fluide, qui
peut tre vers ou inject dans de petits es-
paces confins tels que des fissures, des joints,
des cavits (galement entre une peinture
murale ou une mosaque et le support).
Commentaires: Fait gnralement de chaux
ou de matriaux base de ciment (le ciment
est utilis pour les nouvelles constructions).
Des additifs ou dautres matriaux peuvent
tre introduits en fonction des ncessits et
des circonstances. Suite llaboration dun
coulis base de chaux hydraulique par
lICCROM dans les annes 1980, de nom-
breuses variantes de coulis dinjection ont en-
suite t produites pour des peintures mu-
rales et des surfaces architecturales.
additif, joint, support, peinture murale

Sources: Harris 1984, 237; Ching 1995, 157; Peroni et al. 1982, 6399; Bier-imir et al. 2009, 2; CAMEO: Grout (27.12.2014)

377
 MATERIALs APPENDIx
Injektionsmrtel
Definition: Ein dnner, flssiger und ver-
dnnter Mrtel, der in enge Bereiche wie Ris-
se, Fugen und Lcher (auch zwischen einer
Wandmalerei oder einem Mosaik und dem
Trger) gegossen oder eingespritzt (injiziert)
werden kann.
Kommentar: Injektionsmrtel basieren meis-
tens auf Kalk oder Zement (Zement wird fr
moderne Bauten verwendet). Zusatzmittel
oder andere Materialien knnen je nach Um-
stnden und Bedarf hinzugefgt werden. Als
Folge der Entwicklung eines hydraulischen,
auf Kalk basierten Injektionsmrtels durch
ICCROM in den 1980er Jahren sind viele Varia-
tionen von Injektionsmrteln fr Wandmale-
reien und Architekturoberflchen hergestellt
worden.
Synonyme: Verpressmrtel, Einspritzmrtel,
Vergussmrtel
Zusatzmittel, Fuge, Trger, Wandmalerei
buka za injektiranje
Definicija: Rijetka, tekua i razrijeena buka
(ili tijesto) koja se moe izliti ili ubrizgati u male
zatvorene prostore poput pukotina, spojeva i
upljina te izmeu zidne slike ili mozaika i po-
dloge.
Napomena: Injektirana buka obino se te-
melji na vapnenim ili cementnim materijalima
(cement se upotrebljava za novogradnju). Adi-
tivi ili drugi materijali mogu se unijeti ovisno
o potrebi i okolnostima. Nakon to je ICCROM
80-ih godina 20. stoljea razvio vapnene hi-
drauline smjese za injektiranje, proizvedene
su mnoge varijacije injekcijskih smjesa za zi-
dne slike i arhitektonske povrine.
aditiv, spojnica, nosa, zidno slikarstvo
Injektl vakolat
Meghatrozs: Egy hg, folykony, felvizezett
habarcs (vagy paszta), mely benthet vagy
injektlhat szk terekbe, mint pldul repe-
dsekbe, fugkba vagy regekbe (akr egy
falkp vagy mozaik s a hordoz kz).
Megjegyzs: Az injektl vakolatok ltalban
msz vagy cement alap anyagok (a cementet
j pletek esetn hasznljk). A krlmnyek
s szksgletek szerint adalkanyagok vagy
egyb anyagok is keverhetek hozzjuk. Az
ICCROM ltal az 1980-as vekben kidolgozott
hidraulikus msz alap injektl vakolatot k-
378
DE veten, az injektl vakolatok tbb vltozatt Adnotare: Mortarele de injectare sunt n ge-
lltottk el falkpek s ptszeti felletek neral materiale pa baz de ciment sau var (ci-
szmra. mentul este folosit pentru construciile noi).
n mortarele de injectare pot fi introdui adi-
adalk anyag, fuga, hordoz, falkp tivi sau alte materiale, n funcie de necesitate
i circumstan. Ca urmare a dezvoltrii unui
material de injectare pa baz de var hidraulic
Boiacca IT de ctre ICCROM n anii 1980, au fost produse
ulterior multe tipuri de mortare de injectare
Definizione: Malta (o pasta) fine, fluida e di- pentru picturi murale i suprafee arhitectu-
luita che pu essere versata o iniettata in un rale.
piccolo spazio limitato, come fratture, giunti e
cavit (anche tra un dipinto murale o un mo- injectare de mortar, rost, suport, pictur
saico e il suo supporto). mural
Commento: Le boiacche sono di solito mate-
riali a base di calce o di cemento (il cemento Mortero de inyeccin Es
viene usato per nuove costruzioni). Additivi e
altri materiali possono essere introdotti a se- Definicin: Mortero fino, fluido y diluido que
conda della necessit e delle circostanze. In puede ser introducido a travs de los poros o
seguito allo sviluppo negli anni 80 di una bo- por inyeccin en pequeos espacios como
iacca a base di calce idraulica da parte dellIC- grietas, juntas y cavidades (tambin entre una
CROM, molte varianti di boiacche da iniezione pintura mural o mosaico y su soporte)
furono poi prodotte per dipinti murali e super-
fici architettoniche. Comentario: Formados generalmente por
Sinonimo: malta liquida da iniezione cal o cemento (este ltimo se usa en las nue-
HR vas construcciones). Puede aadrsele aditi-
additivo, giunto, supporto, pittura mu- vos u otros materiales en funcin de las cir-
rale cunstancias y de las necesidades que le pro-
porciona las propiedades de ser autonivelan-
te y expansivo contrarrestando la retraccin.
Cieka zaprawa (do podklejania) PL Tras el desarrollo del mortero de cal hidru-
lica realizado por el ICCROM en 1980, se han
Definicja: Cieka, rozcieczona zaprawa (lub desarrollado diversos tipos de mortero de in-
pasta), ktr mona wla lub wstrzykn w yeccin para pinturas murales y superficies
niewielkie puste przestrzenie jak pknicia, arquitectnicas.
spoiny lub pustki (take pomidzy malowido No confundir con: inyeccin de mortero
cienne czy mozaik i podoe).
aditivo, junta, soporte, pintura mural
Komentarz: Cieke zaprawy zwykle oparte s
na bazie wapna lub cementu (cement stoso-
wany jest do nowych konstrukcji). Zalenie od erbetli har TR
potrzeb i okolicznoci mona wprowadzi do-
datki lub inne materiay. Idc ladem bada Tanm: atlaklar, derzler ve oyuklar gibi kk
nad zaprawami hydraulicznymi, opartymi na snrl alanlara (duvar resmi veya mozaik ile
bazie wapna, prowadzonych przez ICCROM w destek arasna da) enjekte edilebilen veya d-
latach 80., wyprodukowano pniej szereg ro- klebilen ince, akkan, sulandrlm har (ve-
HU dzajw zapraw do podklejania malowide ya macun).
ciennych i powierzchni architektonicznych.
Yorum: erbetli harlar kire veya imento te-
dodatek, spoina, podoe, malowido melli malzemelerdir (imento yeni yaplar iin
cienne kullanlr). Katk maddeleri ve dier malzeme-
ler ihtiyaca ve duruma gre eklenebilir.
1980lerde ICCROM tarafndan hidrolik kire
Mortar de injectare RO temelli harcn gelitirilmesinin ardndan, du-
var resimleri ve mimari yzeyler iin birok er-
Definiie: Un mortar (sau o past) fin, fluid i betli har eitleri retildi.
diluat, ce poate fi turnat sau injectat n spaii E anlam: atlak har
nchise de mici dimensiuni, cum ar fi fisuri, ros-
turi, i caviti (de asemenea, poate fi injectat katk, derz, zemin, duvar resmi
ntre o pictur mural sau un mozaic i su-
port).

BG : -
: , - - .
( ), ). :
- -
, . - , , ,
(
). ICCROM 1980.
Gypsum EN
Definition: A soft mineral composed of calci-
um sulfate dihydrate.
Comment: Used for making Plaster of Paris, it
is also used as a retarder in Portland cement
and as a paint pigment (terra alba) in painting.
When heated (from 60C to 200C), it loses
water and becomes calcium sulfate hemihy-
drate, also known as Plaster of Paris. This is
then powdered and, along with water and ad-
ditives makes a product called gypsum plas-
ter. In turn, when the gypsum is heated at
more than 290C, it loses all of its water con-
tent and is then called dead burnt plaster,
which is made up of the mineral anhydrite.
Sedimentary, smooth, fine-grained gypsum
rock is known as alabaster, and is used in many
decorative works. The translucency of al-
abaster determined its use as a transparent
material for windows in many historical build-
ings.
Not to be confused with: Plaster of Paris, al-
abaster
additive, plaster, Plaster of Paris, gypsum
Gypse FR
Dfinition: Minral de faible duret, compos
de sulfate de calcium dihydrat.
Commentaires: Il est utilis pour faire le pltre,
le pltre de Paris. Il est aussi utilis comme
retardateur de prise dans le ciment Portland et
comme pigment (terra alba) en peinture. Il
perd une partie de son eau quand il est chauff
entre 60 et 200C et devient un hmihydrate,
aussi connu comme pltre de Paris. Ce dernier
est alors broy en poudre et ajout de leau
et des additifs, devient du pltre. Lorsque la
temprature dpasse 290C, le minral perd
toute son eau et devient un pltre surcuit ou
Sources: Hasol 2002, 35/6; Harris 1984, 239; Ching 1995,188; CAMEO: Gypsum (27.12.2014)
-
(- -
pltre mort. Il est alors constitu danhydrite.
La roche sdimentaire, peu dure, qui est faite
de grains fins de gypse est appele albtre et
est utilis en dcoration. Le ct translucide de
lalbtre a conduit son utilisation comme ma-
triau transparent pour les fentres de beau-
coup de monuments historiques.
Ne pas confondre avec: albtre, pltre de Paris
additif, enduit, pltre de Paris, pigment
Gips DE
Definition: Ein weiches Mineral aus Calcium-
sulfat-Dihydrat.
Kommentar: Wird zur Herstellung von Mo-
dellgips verwendet, als Verzgerer in Port-
landzement sowie als Pigment in der Malerei
(Alabasterwei, terra alba, Bologneser Krei-
de). Beim Erhitzen (auf 60 200C) verliert
er Wasser und wird zum Calciumsulfat-Halb-
hydrat (gebrannter Gips), auch bekannt als
Modell-, Bau-, Stuckgips und Plaster of Paris.
Dieser Gips wird gemahlen und mit Wasser
und Hilfsmitteln vermischt als Gipsputz oder
Gipsmrtel verarbeitet. Wird Gips ber
290C erhitzt und verliert alles Kristallwas-
ser, wird er zu knstlichem Anhydrit, das
auch totgebrannter Gips genannt wird. Se-
dimentres, weiches, feinkrniges Gipsge-
stein wird Alabaster genannt und fr viele
dekorative Arbeiten verwendet. Die Licht-
durchlssigkeit von Alabaster fhrte zu sei-
ner Verwendung als transparentes Material
fr Fenster (Marienglas) in vielen histori-
schen Gebuden.
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Kreide, Anhydrit
(wasserfreie Form von Calciumsulfat), Gesso
(Grundierung, blicherweise aus Hautleim
und Kreide, und nicht aus Gips)
Zusatzmittel, Putz, Modellgips, Pigment szemcszet gipsz alabstromknt ismert,
MATERIALs APPENDIx
Gips HR
Definicija: Mekani mineral sastavljen od kal-
cijeva sulfata dihidrata.
Napomena: Rabi se za izradu parikoga gipsa,
kao usporiva u portland cementu te kao pig-
ment za slikanje (terra alba). Kad se zagrijava
(na 60 C do 200 C), gubi vodu i postaje kal-
cijev sulfat hemihidrat, poznat i kao pariki
gips (Plaster of Paris). Gips u prahu pomijean
s vodom i aditivima ini proizvod koji naziva-
mo gipsana buka. Kada se gips zagrije na vi-
e od 290 C gubi svu vodu i tada se naziva
mrtva buka, koja se sastoji od minerala an-
hidrita.
Sedimentna, glatka, finozrnata gipsana stijena
poznata je kao alabaster, a upotrebljava se u
mnogim dekorativnim radovima. Alabaster je
zbog prozirnosti esto rabljen kao materijal za
prozore u povijesnim graevinama.
Sinonim: sadra
aditiv, buka, pariki gips, pigment
Gipsz HU
Meghatrozs: Egy kis kemnysg, a kalci-
um-szulft dihidrtjt tartalmaz svnyi
anyag.
Megjegyzs: Az ptsi gipsz gyrtshoz
hasznljk; a Portland cementben ktsks-
leltet; pigmentknt is hasznlhat (terra al-
ba). Melegtsre (60 s 200 C kztt) vizet ve-
szt s kalcium szulft flhidrtt alakul, amit
ptsi gipsznek neveznek. Ezt portva s vz-
zel, valamint egyb adalkanyagokkal kever-
ve gipszvakolat keletkezik. A 290 C fl me-
legtett gipsz teljesen elveszti a kristlyvztar-
talmt s agyongetett gipsz keletkezik, mely
anhidritot tartalmaz. Az ledkes, finom
dsztrgyak ksztsre hasznljk. Az alabst-
379
 MATERIALs APPENDIx
rom ttetszsge arra is lehetsget adott,
hogy szmos trtneti pletben ablakok
anyagaknt hasznljk.
Tves megnevezs: alabstrom, szelenit, ge-
tett gipsz, flhidrt gipsz, ptsi gipsz
adalk anyag, vakolat, ptsi gipsz, pig-
ment
Gesso
Definizione: Minerale tenero composto di
solfato di calcio biidrato.
Commento: Usato per fare il gesso di Parigi,
anche usato come ritardante nel cemento Por-
tland e come pigmento (terra alba) in pittura.
Quando viene riscaldato (tra 60C e 200C),
perde acqua e diventa solfato di calcio semii-
drato, anche conosciuto come gesso di Parigi.
Questo viene successivamente ridotto in pol-
vere e, insieme con acqua e additivi, forma un
prodotto chiamato intonaco a gesso. Quan-
do invece il gesso viene riscaldato a pi di
290C, esso perde tutto il suo contenuto in ac-
qua ed allora chiamato gesso anidro che
composto dal minerale anidrite. La roccia se-
dimentaria, liscia a grana fine nota come ala-
bastro, ed utilizzata in molte opere decora-
tive. La traslucenza dellalabastro ha permesso
che fosse utilizzato come materiale trasparen-
te per finestre in molti edifici storici.
Da non confondersi con: gesso di Parigi, ala-
bastro
additivo, intonaco, gesso di Parigi, pig-
mento
Gips PL
Definicja: Mikki minera zoony z dwuwod-
nego siarczanu wapnia.
Komentarz: Uywany do wyrobu tynkw gip-
sowych i gipsu sztukatorskiego, jako op-
niacz cementu portlandzkiego i jako pigment
malarski (terra alba). Podgrzany (od 60C do
200C), traci wod, staje si pwodny, znany
jako gips sztukatorski / modelarski.
W postaci proszku zmieszany z wod i dodat-
kami tworzy tynk gipsowy. Podgrzany do
temperatury powyej 290C, traci ca wod
i jest zwany gipsem wypalonym na martwo,
zoonym z minerau anhydrytu.
Osadowa, gadka, drobnoziarnista skaa gip-
sowa, znana jako alabaster, jest uywana do
wyrobw dekoracyjnych. Przejrzysto ala-
bastru zdecydowaa o jego uyciu jako mate-
riau do wyrobu okien w wielu historycznych
budynkach.
380
Nie naley myli z: gips sztukatorski / mode- Al TR
larski, alabaster
Tanm: Kalsiyum slfat dihidrattan oluan yu-
dodatek, tynk, gips sztukatorski / modelar- muak mineral.
ski, pigment
Yorum: Kalp als yapmnda, Portland i-
mentosunda geciktirici ve resimde boya pig-
Gips RO menti (terra alba) olarak kullanlr. Al ta,
60Cden 200Cye stldnda, su kaybede-
Definiie: Un mineral moale compus din sul- rek kalsiyum slfat hemihidrat olur, kalp als,
IT fat de calciu dihidrat. Paris als olarak da bilinir. Bu daha sonra toz
haline getirilerek su ve katk maddeleri ilavesi
Adnotare: Folosit la realizarea ipsosului, este ile al sva elde edilir. Srayla, alta 290C
de asemenea folosit i ca ncetinitor n cimen- daha fazla stldnda, ieriindeki tm suyu
tul Portland i ca pigment n pictur (terra al- kaybeder ve mineral anhidritten oluan tam
ba). Atunci cnd este nclzit (de la 60C la pimi al meydana gelir. Tortul zelliinde
200C), pierde din ap i devine sulfat de cal- olan, dzgn, ince taneli alta kayas kay-
ciu semihidrat, cunoscut de asemenea i sub makta olarak bilinir ve birok dekoratif ite
numele de ipsos. kullanlr. Kaymaktann yar effafln zellii
Acesta este ulterior transformat sub form de nedeniyle birok tarihi binadaki pencerelerde
pulbere i, mpreun cu ap i aditivi se obine saydam malzeme olarak kullanlr.
un produs numit tencuial de gips. n Kartrmaynz: kalp als, paris als, kay-
schimb, atunci cnd gipsul este nclzit la mai makta
mult de 290C, i pierde tot coninutul de ap
fiind denumit ipsos mort, alctuit din anhi- katk, sva, kalp als
drit mineral. Roca de gips sedimentar, neted
i fin granulat este cunoscut sub numele de
alabastru i este utilizat n multe lucrri de- BG
corative. Transluciditatea alabastrului a deter-
minat utilizarea acestuia drept material trans- : ,
parent pentru ferestre n multe cldiri istorice. .
A nu se confunda cu: ipsos, alabastru
: -
aditiv, tencuial, ipsos, pigment (plaster of Paris), -
-
(terra alba) . -
Yeso Es ( 60C 200C) -
Definicin: Mineral blando compuesto por .
sulfato de calcio dihidrato.
,
Comentario: Se emplea para hacer yeso de Pa- . 290C
rs, como retardador de fraguado en el cemento -
Portland y como pigmento (terra alba) en la pin- .
tura. Cuando se calienta (entre 60C y 200C), -
pierde agua y pasa a ser sulfato de calcio hemi- . , ,
hidrato, conocido tambin como Yeso de Pars. -
Entonces, se pulveriza y junto con agua y adi- -
tivos forma un material denominado enlucido .
de yeso. Por el contrario, cuando el yeso se ca-
lienta a ms de 290C, pierde todo su conte- .
nido en agua y se denomina yeso muerto, : , -
compuesto del mineral anhidrita. La roca se-
dimentaria de yeso, suave y fina, se conoce co-
mo alabastro y se emplea mucho en trabajos , , -
decorativos. La translucidez del alabastro ha ,
determinado su uso como material transpa-
rente para ventanas en numerosos edificios
histricos.
No confundir con: yeso de Pars, alabastro
aditivo, revoque, yeso de Paris, pigmento

Hydraulic binder EN
Definition: A finely ground active material
used as a binder which, when mixed with wa-
ter, forms a paste that sets and hardens, both
in air or water.
Comment: It hardens through a series of
exothermic reactions, forming calcium sili-
cates and aluminates. Once hardened, it re-
tains its strength and stability even when ex-
posed to water. It is used for mortars, plasters
and concrete. Many materials such as calcium
silicate (Portland cement), Roman cement,
water cement, lime, volcanic ash (pozzolana),
silicate-aluminate components and barium
silicate/barium aluminate, have the properties
of a hydraulic binder.
The term hydraulic cement is commonly used
instead of hydraulic binder.
binder, plaster, pozzolana
Liant hydraulique FR
Dfinition: Matriau finement broy utilis
comme un liant et qui, lorsquil est mlang
avec de leau, forme une pte qui prend et dur-
cit, la fois dans lair ou leau.
Commentaires: Il durcit par une srie de rac-
tions exothermiques, formant des silicates et
des aluminates de calcium. Une fois durci, il
conserve sa rsistance et sa stabilit, mme
lorsquil est expos leau. Il est utilis comme
mortier, bton. De nombreux matriaux tels
que le ciment Portland, le ciment romain, le
ciment blanc, la chaux, les cendres volca-
niques (pouzzolanes), qui contiennent des si-
licates de calcium, des composs base sili-
cate-aluminate, des silicate/aluminate de ba-
ryum, prsentent les caractristiques dun
liant hydraulique.
Le terme ciment hydraulique est gnrale-
ment utilis la place du liant hydraulique.
liant, enduit, pouzzolane
Hydraulisches Bindemittel DE
Definition: Ein fein gemahlenes, aktives Ma-
terial, das als Bindemittel benutzt wird und
mit Wasser eine Paste bildet, die sowohl unter
Wasser als auch in der Luft abbindet und aus-
hrtet.
Kommentar: Es hrtet durch eine Reihe von
exothermischen Reaktionen aus und bildet
Sources: Zacharopolou 2009, 3748; Cazalla et al. 2000; Haso 2002, 67/8; CAMEO: Hydraulic cement (27.12.2014)
MATERIALs APPENDIx
dabei Calciumsilicate und Aluminate. Sobald Legante idraulico IT
es ausgehrtet ist, behlt es seine Festigkeit
und Stabilitt, selbst wenn es Wasser ausge- Definizione: Materiale finemente macinato
setzt ist. Es wird fr Mrtel, Putze und Beton usato come legante che, quando viene misce-
verwendet. Viele Materialien besitzen Eigen- lato con acqua, forma una pasta che solidifica
schaften die sie als hydraulisches Bindemittel e si indurisce, sia allaria che in acqua.
wirken lassen, z.B. Calciumsilicate (Portland-
zement), Romanzement, Wasserzement, Kalk, Commento: Esso si indurisce attraverso una
Vulkanaschen (Puzzolane), Silikat-Aluminat serie di reazioni esotermiche, formando silicati
Bestandteile und Bariumsilikate/Bariumalumi- e alluminati di calcio. Una volta indurito, man-
nate. tiene la sua resistenza e stabilit anche quan-
do esposto allacqua. Viene usato per malte,
Bindemittel, Putz, Puzzolan intonaci e calcestruzzo. Molti materiali come
il silicato di calcio (cemento Portland), il ce-
mento romano, la boiacca, la calce, ceneri vul-
Hidraulino vezivo HR caniche (pozzolana), componenti silicati-allu-
minati, silicato di bario/alluminato di bario,
Definicija: Finosmrvljeni aktivni materijal hanno la caratteristica di agire come un legan-
upotrebljen kao vezivo, pomijean s vodom u te idraulico.
tijesto koje se stvrdnjava i na zraku i u vodi. Il termine cemento idraulico viene comune-
mente usato al posto di legante idraulico.
Napomena: Stvrdnjava se kroz niz egzo-
termnih reakcija, formirajui kalcijev silikat i legante, intonaco, pozzolana
aluminate. Kad se stvrdne, vrstou i posto-
janost zadrava ak i u vodi. Upotrebljava se
za mortove, buke i beton. Mnogi materijali spoiwo hydrauliczne PL
poput kalcijeva silikata (portland cement),
rimskoga cementa, vodenoga cementa, vap- Definicja: Drobno zmielony aktywny materia
na, vulkanskog pepela (pucolane), kompone- uywany jako wicy, poniewa zmieszany z
nata silikata-aluminatna, barijeva silikata/ba- wod tworzy past, wie i twardnieje zarw-
rijeva aluminata, imaju svojstva hidrauliko- no na powietrzu jak i w wodzie.
ga veziva.
Naziv hidrauliki cement obino se upotreb- Komentarz: Twardnieje w wyniku szeregu
ljava umjesto hidraulikoga veziva. reakcji egzotermicznych, tworzc krzemiany i
gliniany wapnia. Gdy stwardnieje, zachowuje
vezivo, buka, pucolan swoj wytrzymao i stabilno nawet przy
wystawieniu na dziaanie wody. Jest uywany
do wyrobu zapraw, tynkw i betonu. Wiele ma-
Hidraulikus ktanyag HU teriaw jak krzemian wapnia (cement portlan-
dzki), cement rzymski, cement wodny, wapno,
Meghatrozs: Finomra rlt, ktanyag- popioy wulkaniczne (pucolana), zwizki gli-
knt hasznlt reaktv anyag, mely vzzel kever- nokrzemianowe, krzemian baru / glinian baru,
ve egy masszt kpez, mely megkt s meg- maj cechy spoiw hydraulicznych.
kemnyedik vzben s levegn egyarnt. Termin cement hydrauliczny jest powszechnie
uywany zamiast okrelania spoiwo hydrau-
Megjegyzs: A megkts exoterm reakcik liczne.
sorozatnak eredmnye, melyek sorn kalci-
um-sziliktok s alumintok keletkeznek. K- spoiwo, tynk, pucolana
ts utn megtartja szilrdsgt s stabilitst,
vzzel rintkezve is. Hasznljk habarcsokban,
vakolatokban s betonban. Tbbfle anyag le- Liant hidraulic RO
het hidraulikus ktanyag, mint pldul a kal-
cium-szilikt (Portland cement), a romn ce- Definiie: Un material activ, fin mcinat, folo-
ment, a vzcement, a msz, a vulkni hamu sit ca liant, care, atunci cnd este amestecat
(puccoln), az alumnium-szilikt, brium-szi- cu ap, formeaz o past care face priz i se
likt, brium-alumint. A hidraulikus kt- ntrete att n aer ct i n ap.
anyagokat gyakran hidraulikus cementeknek
nevezik. Adnotare: Se ntrete printr-o serie de reacii
exotermice, formnd silicai i aluminai de
ktanyag, vakolat, puccoln calciu. Dup ntrire, acesta i pstreaz rezis-
381
 MATERIALs APPENDIx
tena i stabilitatea chiar i atunci cnd este
expus la ap. Este folosit pentru mortare, ten-
cuieli i beton. Multe materiale au propriet-
ile unui liant hidraulic: silicatul de calciu (ci-
ment Portland), cimentul Roman, varul, cenu-
a vulcanic (pozzolana), componentele sili-
cate-aluminate, silicatul de bariu / aluminatul
de bariu.
Termenul ciment hidraulic este frecvent utili-
zat n loc de liant hidraulic.
liant, tencuial, pozzolana
Conglomerante hidrulico Es
Definicin: Material fino y activo que se usa
como ligante que, al mezclarse con agua, for-
ma una pasta que da cohesin y dureza, tanto
en contacto con el aire como con el agua.
Comentario: Se endurece a travs de una se-
rie de reacciones exotrmicas que forman cal-
cio, silicatos y aluminatos. Una vez endureci-
do, mantiene su dureza y su estabilidad inclu-
so cuando se expone al agua. Se usa para mor-
teros, revoques y hormign. Muchos materia-
les como el silicato de calcio (cemento de Por-
tland), cemento Romano, cal, puzolana, com-
ponentes silicato-alumninatos, aluminato de
Lime EN
Definition: A binding material resulting from
the calcination (burning) of limestone, mar-
ble, shells or other materials containing calci-
um carbonate. Powdered lime or lime putty
is mixed with water and aggregate to make
lime mortar, lime plaster, and lime wash (no
aggregate).
Comment: Calcination at high temperatures
(900C) leads to the formation of calcium ox-
ide, also called quicklime, through the re-
lease of carbon dioxide. When water is added
it leads to the formation of calcium hydroxide,
which is called hydrated lime or slaked
lime. Lime formed from the burning of
dolomitic stone (calcium magnesium carbon-
ate) is called dolomitic lime. Limes formed
from the burning of carbonates with varying
quantities of magnesium are called magne-
sian limes.
Non-hydraulic limes set and harden by drying
out and absorbing carbon dioxide from the at-
Sources: Hasol 2002, 267/8; Harris 1984, 293; Ching 1995, 157; Zacharopolou 2009, 3748; Bke et al. 2006
382
bario / silicato de bario, actan como el con- BG
glomerante hidrulico.
El trmino cemento hidrulico se usa comn- : -
mente en vez de conglomerante hidrulico. , ,
,
ligante, revoque, puzolana ,
.
Hidrolik balayc TR : -
, -
Tanm: Su ile kartrldnda macun haline . ,
gelen ve hem havada hem de suda sertleen,
tutkal olarak kullanlan ince tlm aktif . ,
malzeme. ,
. M -
Yorum: Kalsiyum silikatlar ve aluminatlar olu- ( ), -,
turarak bir sra ekzotermik reaksiyon ile sert- , , -
leir. Sertletiinde, kuvvetini ve dayankll- (), - -
n suya maruz kalsa da korur. Harlar, svalar , / ,
ve beton iin kullanlr. Kalsiyum silikat (Port- -
land imentosu), Roma imentosu, su imen- .
tosu, kire, volkanik kller (puzolan), silikat- ( -
aluminat bileenler, baryum silikat/baryum ) -
aluminat gibi birok malzeme hidrolik bala- .
yc olarak yap zelliklerine sahiptir.
Hidrolik imento terimi hidrolik balayc ye- , , -
rine sklkla kullanlmaktadr.
balayc, sva, puzolan
mosphere, while hydraulic limes undergo only peut aussi tre produite en calcinant du calcaire
a chemical set and can also set under water. dolomitique (carbonate calcomagnsien), des
Not to be confused with: quick lime tempratures infrieures (entre 750 et 900C,
dpendant de la teneur en magnsium). Cette
aggregate, lime putty, lime mortar chaux est dnomme chaux dolomitique. Les
chaux contenant des quantits variables de ma-
gnsium sont appeles chaux magnsiennes.
Chaux FR Les chaux ariennes non hydrauliques s-
chent et se carbonatent par incorporation du
Dfinition: Cest un liant qui rsulte de la cal- dioxyde de carbone atmosphrique tandis
cination de calcaire, marbre, coquillage, os ou que les chaux hydrauliques cristallisent en mi-
tout autre matriau contenant du carbonate lieu humide et en prsence de phases silico-
de calcium. La chaux est broye ou est pulv- alumineuses pour former, outre de la calcite,
rulente. Elle est mlange de leau pour faire des silicates de calcium hydrats.
le lait de chaux et, lorsque quun sable est Ne pas confondre avec: chaux vive
ajout, pour faire un mortier de chaux.
granulat (agrgat), chaux arienne en pte,
Commentaires: La calcination haute temp- mortier de chaux
rature (900C) conduit la formation de mo-
noxyde de calcium, aussi appel chaux vive,
par perte du dioxyde de carbone. Quand de Kalk / Branntkalk DE
leau est ajoute, il se forme de lhydroxyde de
calcium (la portlandite), aussi dnomme Definition: Ein Bindemittel, das beim Brand
chaux hydrate ou chaux teinte. De la chaux von Kalkstein, Marmor, Muscheln oder ande-
 MATERIALs APPENDIx

ren Materialien, die Calciumcarbonat enthal-

ten, entsteht. Gemahlener Kalk oder Sumpf-
kalk wird mit Wasser und Zuschlag vermengt, Calcium Carbonate
um daraus Kalkmrtel, Kalkputz und Kalktn- (Limestone)
che (ohne Zuschlag) herzustellen. CaCO3

Kommentar: Das Brennen von Kalk bei hohen Recarbonation Calcination or burning
Temperaturen (um 900 C) fhrt durch das Ca(OH)2+ CO2 = CaCO3 + H2O CaCO3 + Heat = CaO + CO2
Entweichen von Kohlendioxid zur Bildung von
Calciumoxid, auch als Branntkalk, gebrann-
ter Kalk oder tzkalk bekannt. Versetzt man
diesen mit Wasser, Kalk lschen genannt,
entsteht Calciumhydroxid, das als Lschkalk,
gelschter Kalk oder Kalkhydrat bezeichnet
+ CO2 LIME LIFE CYCLE + Heat 900
wird. Der aus dem Brennen von dolomiti-
schem Kalkstein (Calciummagnesiumcarbo-
nat, Dolomit) gewonnene Kalk wird Dolomi-
tischer Kalk genannt. Die aus dem Brennen
von Carbonaten mit verschieden hohen An- Calcium Hydroxide Calcium Oxide
Ca(OH) 2 CaO
teilen von Magnesium gewonnenen Kalke
werden Magnesiumkalk genannt.
Hydration or Slaking
Nichthydraulische Kalke binden und erhrten CaO + H2O = Ca(OH)2 + Heat
durch Trocknung und Karbonatisierung in Fol-
ge der Absorption von Kohlendioxid aus der + Water (H2O)
Atmosphre, whrend hydraulische Kalke ei-
nen chemischen Abbindeprozess durchlaufen
und auch unter Wasser abbinden knnen.

Zuschlag, Sumpfkalk, Kalkmrtel Lime Life Cycle. Illustration: 2015, Raimar Herber

Vapno HR Msz HU Calce IT

Definicija: Vezivni materijal koji nastaje kalci-
nacijom (arenjem) vapnenca, mramora, kolj-
ki ili drugih materijala koji sadravaju kalcijev
karbonat. Mijeanjem vapna u prahu ili vap-
nenoga tijesta s vodom i agregatom dobivaju
se vapneni mort i vapnena buka te vapneni
premaz (ali bez agregata).
Napomena: Kalcinacija na visokim tempera-
turama (900C) oslobaanjem ugljikova dio-
ksida dovodi do stvaranja kalcijeva oksida, koji
se naziva i ivo vapno. Dodavanjem vode do-
lazi do stvaranja kalcijeva hidroksida, koji se
naziva hidraulino vapno ili gaeno vapno. nek neveznek. A dolomitos kvek (kalcium-
Vapno formirano arenjem dolomitskoga ka-
mena (kalcij-magnezijev karbonat) naziva se
dolomitno vapno. Vapno formirano od are-
nja karbonata s razliitim koliinama magne-
zija naziva se magnezijskim vapnom. Nehi-
draulino vapno priprema se i otvrdnjava su-
enjem i upijanjem ugljikova dioksida iz at-
mosfere, dok hidraulino vapno prolazi jedino
kroz kemijske pripreme i moe se upotreblja-
vati i pod vodom.
Ne smije se mijeati s: ivo vapno
agregat, vapneno tijesto, vapneni mort
Meghatrozs: A mszk, mrvny, kagyl-
hj vagy egyb kalcium-karbont tartalm
anyag getsbl (kalcinls) szrmaz kt-
anyag. A portott meszet vagy a mszppet
vzzel s aggregtummal keverik, hogy msz-
habarcsot, mszvakolatot vagy mszlevet
(nincs tltanyag) nyerjenek belle.
Megjegyzs: A magas hfokon (900 C) val
gets sorn kalcium-oxid vagy getett msz
keletkezik, mikzben szndioxid szabadul fel.
Ha vizet adnak hozz, kalcium-hidroxid kelet-
kezik, amit mszhidrtnak vagy oltott msz-
magnzium-karbont) getskor keletkez
meszet dolomitos msznek nevezik. A vltoz
magnzium tartalm karbontok getse so-
rn keletkez msz neve magnziumos msz.
A nem hidraulikus meszek szrads s a leve-
g szndioxid tartalmnak megktse ltal
ktnk s kemnyednek, mg a hidraulikus
meszek kmiailag ktnek s vz alatt is kpe-
sek megktni.
aggregtum, mszpp, mszhabarcs
Definizione: Materiale legante derivante dal-
la calcinazione (riscaldamento ad alte tempe-
rature) di calcare, marmo, conchiglie o altri
materiali contenenti carbonato di calcio. La
calce in polvere o il grassello di calce viene
mescolato con acqua e aggregati per fare la
malta di calce, lintonaco a calce e la pittura a
base di calce (senza aggregati).
Commento: La calcinazione ad alte temperatu-
re (900C) porta alla formazione di ossido di cal-
cio, anche chiamato calce viva, attraverso il ri-
lascio di anidride carbonica. Quando viene ag-
giunta dellacqua, questo conduce alla forma-
zione di idrossido di calcio, che viene chiamato
calce idratata o calce spenta. La calce che si
forma dal riscaldamento di roccia dolomitica
(carbonato di calcio e magnesio) viene chiamata
calce dolomitica. Le calci formate dal riscalda-
mento di carbonati con quantit variabili di ma-
gnesio vengono chiamate calci magnesiache.
Calci non idrauliche fanno presa e induriscono
con lessiccazione e lassorbimento di anidride
carbonica dallatmosfera, mentre le calci
idrauliche subiscono un processo di presa chi-
mico e possono anche fare presa sottacqua.
inerte, grassello di calce, malta di calce/in-
tonaco a calce

383
 MATERIALs APPENDIx

Wapno PL
Definicja: Materia wicy, powstajcy w wy- magneziu sunt numite varuri magnezice.
niku kalcynacji (wypalania) wapieni, marmu-
rw, muszli i innych materiaw zawierajcych
wglan wapnia. Sproszkowane wapno lub
ciasto wapienne jest mieszane z wod i wy-
peniaczem aby uzyska zapraw wapienn,
tynk wapienny lub pobia wapienn (bez wy-
peniacza).
Komentarz: W procesie kalcynacji (wypraa-
nia) w wysokich temperaturach (900 C) po-
przez uwolnienie dwutlenku wgla, powstaje
tlenek wapnia, zwany wapnem palonym. Po
dodaniu wody powstaje wodorotlenek wap-
na, okrelany jako wapno hydratyzowane lub
wapno gaszone. Wapno powstae z wypala-
nia kamienia dolomitowego (wglan wapnio-
wo-magnezowy) jest nazywany wapnem do-
lomitowym. Wapno otrzymane z wypalania
wglanw z rn zawartoci magnezu jest mortero de cal, el revoque de cal y agua de cal
nazywane wapnem magnezowym.
Wapno nie hydrauliczne, teje i twardnieje
poprzez wysychanie i absorbowanie dwutlen-
ku wapnia z atmosfery, podczas gdy wapno
hydrauliczne przechodzi utwardzanie che-
miczne i moe stwardnie take pod wod.
Nie naley myli z: wapno palone
kruszywo, ciasto wapienne, zaprawa wa-
pienna
Var RO
Definiie: Un material liant care rezult din cal-
cinarea (arderea) calcarului, marmurei, scoicilor
sau a altor materiale care conin carbonat de cal-
ciu. Praful de var sau pasta de var este ameste-
cat cu ap i agregate pentru a obine mortar
i tencuial de var i vruial (fr agregate).
Adnotare: Calcinarea la temperaturi ridicate
(900C) conduce la formarea oxidului de cal-
ciu, numit i var nestins, prin eliberarea dio-
xidului de carbon. Atunci cnd este adugat
ap, aceasta duce la formarea hidroxidului de
calciu, care se numete var hidratat sau var
stins. Varul obinut din arderea pietrei dolo-
mitice (carbonat de calciu i magneziu) este
numit var dolomitic. Varurile obinute prin Yorum: Yksek sdaki (900C) kalsinasyon, kar-
arderea carbonailor cu cantiti variabile de bondioksit aa kararak ayn zamanda sn-
memi kire olarak da adlandrlan kalsiyum
Varurile aeriene fac priz i se ntresc prin us- oksit oluumuna neden olur. Su eklendiinde
care i absorbie a dioxidului de carbon din at- bu oluum snm kire ya da kire kayma
mosfer, n timp ce varurile hidraulice sufer da denilen kalsiyum hidroksiti meydana getirir.
doar procese chimice i pot face priz i sub ap. Dolomitik tan (kalsiyum magnezyum karbo-
A nu se confunda cu: var nestins nat) yanmas dolomitli kire olarak adlandrlr.
Magnezyumun deiik miktarlarda karbonatla
agregat, var past, mortar de var yanmasndan oluan kirece de magnezyum ki-
reci denir. Hidrolik olmayan kire, kuruyarak ve-
ya atmosferden karbon dioksit emerek oluur
Cal Es ve sertleirken; hidrolik kire, sadece kimyasal
olarak veya su altnda meydana gelir.
Definicin: Material aglutinante resultante de Kartrmaynz: snmemi kire
la calcinacin de piedra de cal, mrmol, con-
chas u otros materiales que contienen carbo- agrega, kire kayma, kire harc
nato clcico.
Comentario: La cal en polvo o la cal en pasta BG
se mezcla con agua y cargas para hacer el
: , -
(sin cargas). El calentamiento a altas tempera- () -
turas (900C) conduce a la formacin de xido , , ,
de calcio, tambin llamada cal viva, por la li- .
beracin de dixido de carbono. Cuando se -
aade agua se produce el hidrxido clcico, , -
tambin denominado cal hidratada o cal apa- / ( )
gada. La cal obtenida del calentamiento de ( ).
piedra dolomtica (carbonato de calcio y mag-
nesio) se conoce como cal dolomtica. Las ca- : -
les obtenidas a partir del calentamiento de (900C) -
carbonatos con diferentes cantidades de
magnesio se denominan cales magnsicas. , .
Las cales no hidrulicas fraguan por secado y -
absorcin del dixido de carbono de la atms- , -
fera, mientras que las cales hidrulicas lo ha- . ,
cen a travs de una reaccin qumica y pue- (--
den tambin fraguar bajo el agua. ) .
, , -
carga, pasta de cal mortero/revoque de cal
.
-
Kire TR -
, -
Tanm: Kireta, mermer, deniz kabuu ya da -
kalsiyum karbonat ve dier malzemelerin kalsi- .
nasyonu (yanmas) sonucunda meydana gelen :
balayc malzeme. Toz halindeki kire veya kire
hamuru; kire harc, kire svas ve badana (ag- , -
regasz) yapmak iin su ve agrega ile kartrlr.

Lime milk EN
Definition: A suspension of calcium hydroxide
in water. It can be used as a binder for paint and
for wetting surfaces as a preparatory measure.
Comment: This term is often confused with
lime water. But lime water is a supersatu-
rated solution of calcium hydroxide and a
clear liquid. Lime milk, on the other hand, is a
milky liquid (a suspension) (See fig. p. 383).
Synonyms: milk of lime, slaked lime
Not to be confused with: lime water
binder, lime

Source: Kollmann, 2013, 46; Maier 2007, 39; Paolini, Faldi 2005, 200

384
 MATERIALs APPENDIx

Lait de chaux FR Megjegyzs: Gyakran tvesztik a mszvzzel. Lechada de cal Es

Dfinition: Suspension dhydroxyde de cal-
cium dans de leau qui peut tre utilise
comme liant pour la peinture ou pour mouiller
les surfaces en tant que mesure prparatoire.
De a mszvz egy tlteltett kalcium-hidroxid
oldat, egy tltsz folyadk. A msztej ezzel
szemben tejszer (szuszpenzi).
Szinonimk: oltott msz
Tves megnevezs: mszl, mszvz
Definicin: Suspensin de hidrxido clcico
en agua. Puede usarse como ligante para pin-
tura y para impregnar superficies como medi-
da preparatoria.

Commentaires: Ce terme est souvent
confondu avec leau de chaux, liquide clair qui
est une solution sursature dhydroxyde de
calcium. Le lait de chaux est plutt un liquide
laiteux.
Synonymes: badigeon, blanc de chaux
Ne pas confondre avec: eau de chaux
Liant, chaux
ktanyag, msz
Latte di calce
Definizione: Sospensione di idrossido di cal-
cio in acqua. Pu essere usato come legante
per colori e per bagnare delle superfici come
procedura di preparazione.
Comentario: Este trmino se confunde a me-
nudo con el agua de cal, que es en realidad
una solucin supersaturada de hidrxido de
IT calcio, que da como resultado un lquido
transparente. La lechada de cal, sin embargo,
es un lquido lechoso (una suspensin).
No confundir con: agua de cal
ligante, cal

Commento: Questo termine spesso confuso

Kalkmilch DE
Definition: Eine Suspension von Calciumhy-
droxid in Wasser. Sie kann als Bindemittel fr
Farben und zum Vornssen von Oberflchen
verwendet werden.
Kommentar: Kalkmilch wird oft mit Kalkwas-
ser verwechselt. Kalkwasser ist jedoch eine
bersttigte Lsung von Calciumhydroxid und
eine klare Flssigkeit. Dagegen ist Kalkmilch
eine milchige Flssigkeit, eine Suspension.
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Kalktnche, Kalk-
wasser, Kalksinterwasser
Bindemittel, Kalk, Tnche
Vapneno mlijeko HR
Definicija: Suspenzija kalcijeva hidroksida u
vodi. Moe se upotrijebiti kao vezivo za boju i
kao preparat za moenje povrina.
Napomena: esto se taj naziv mijea s vapne-
nom vodom. Meutim, vapnena voda posve
je zasiena otopina kalcijeva hidroksida i bistra
tekuina, za razliku od vapnenoga mlijeka ko-
je je zamueno (suspenzija).
vezivo, vapno
Msztej HU
Meghatrozs: Vzben szuszpendlt kalcium-
hidroxid. Hasznlhat festkek ktanyaga- o soluie suprasaturat de hidroxid de calciu
knt s felletek nedvestsre, mint elksz- cu un lichid limpede. Laptele de var n schimb
t intzkeds.
con lacqua di calce, ma questa una soluzio- Kire st TR
ne supersatura di idrossido di calcio ed un
liquido limpido. Il latte di calce, invece, un li- Tanm: Kalsiyum hidroksitin sudaki karm-
quido lattiginoso (sospensione). dr. Boya iin tutkal olarak ve yzeyleri slat-
Sinonimi: calce spenta, calce idratata makta hazrlk katman olarak kullanlr.
Da non confondersi con: acqua di calce
Yorum: Bu terim genellikle badana ile kart-
legante, calce lr. Fakat badana, kalsiyum hidroksit ve bir ber-
rak svnn ar doymu karmdr. Badana as-
lnda stl bir svdr (karm).
Mleko wapienne PL E anlaml: snm kire
Kartrmaynz: badana
Definicja: Zawiesina wodorotlenku wapnia w
wodzie. Moe by uywane jako spoiwo farb balayc, kire
lub do wstpnego zwilania powierzchni.
Komentarz: Termin czsto mylony z wod BG
wapienn. Woda wapienna jest przesyco-
nym roztworem wodorotlenku wapnia i jest : -
pynem przejrzystym. Mleko wapienne jest .
pynem mlecznym (zawiesin). -
Synonim: wapno gaszone .
Nie naley myli z: woda wapienna
:
spoiwo, wapno ,
. -
, .
Lapte de var RO :
:
Definiie: O suspensie de hidroxid de calciu
n ap. Acesta poate fi folosit ca liant pentru ,
culori ct i pentru umectarea suprafeelor
drept msur premergtoare.
Adnotare: Termenul lapte de var este adesea
confundat cu apa de var, ns apa de var este
este un lichid lptos (o suspensie).
A nu se confunda cu: ap de var

liant, var

385
 MATERIALs APPENDIx
Lime mortar EN
Definition: Powdered lime (which can be hy-
drated or hydraulic lime) or lime putty
(rich/fat/lean lime), to which water, aggre-
gates and fillers such as sand, marble, stone
powder and sometimes fibres are added. Ad-
ditives are sometimes also included.
Comment: Traditionally, lime mortar was
used both for binding masonry blocks like
stone and brick, and also for the finishing of
architectural surfaces and wall paintings, as a
plaster. Before the invention of Portland ce-
ment, lime mortar was the primary mortar
type used in masonry. If the lime mortar is left
to dry too rapidly, carbonation of the mortar
is reduced, resulting in poor adhesion and
durability. Being slightly water soluble, lime
mortar allows for the resealing of hairline
cracks. It is also soft, porous and has a stable
volume at variable temperatures, so it can be
used for repointing works. Non-hydraulic lime
can be made to undergo hydraulic set by the
addition of pozzolanic materials.
carbonation, hydraulic binder, lime putty,
repointing, additive, aggregate, brick,
filler, masonry, plaster, render, levelling
coat, sand, pozzolan
Mortier de chaux FR
Dfinition: Chaux en poudre (qui peut tre
une chaux arienne ou une chaux hydrau-
lique) ou chaux en pte (riche/grasse/chaux
maigre), auxquels sajoutent leau, des agr-
gats et des charges telles que du sable, du
marbre, de la poudre de pierre et parfois des
fibres. Des additifs sont parfois galement in-
clus.
Commentaires: Traditionnellement, le mor-
tier de chaux a t utilis la fois pour les blocs
de maonnerie comme la pierre et la brique
de liaison et aussi pour la finition des surfaces
architecturales et peintures murales, comme
les enduits. Avant linvention du ciment Port-
land, le mortier de chaux tait le type de mor-
tier primaire utilis dans la maonnerie.
Si le mortier de chaux sche trop rapidement,
la carbonatation du mortier est rduite, ce qui
entrane une mauvaise adhrence et une
durabilit rduite. Le mortier de chaux tant
lgrement soluble dans leau, il permet de re-
fermer les petites fissures. Il est galement
tendre, poreux et prsente un volume stable
des tempratures variables, de sorte quil
Sources: US Governments Official Guidelines 2004, 20/1; Hasol 2002, 202, 415; Harris 1984, 294; CAMEO: Lime, Mortar (27.12.2014); Ching 1995, 157,188
386
peut tre utilis pour le rejointoiement des
uvres. La chaux arienne peut tre rendue
hydraulique par lajot de matriaux pouzzo-
laniques.
carbonatation (raction de), liant hydrau-
lique, chaux arienne en pte, rejointoiement,
additif, granulat (agrgat), brique,
charge, maonnerie, enduit, gobetis,
sable, pouzzolane
Kalkmrtel DE
Definition: Gemahlener Branntkalk (Wei-
kalkhydrat oder hydraulischer Kalk) oder
Sumpfkalk, der mit Wasser, Zuschlag und Fll-
stoffen, wie Sand, Marmormehl, Steinmehl,
und manchmal mit Fasern versetzt wird. Teil-
weise werden auch Zusatzmittel beigemischt.
Kommentar:Traditionell findet man Kalkmr-
tel als Mauermrtel z.B. bei Naturstein- oder
Ziegelmauerwerk, sowie als Verputz von Archi-
tekturoberflchen und als Trger fr Wandma-
lereien. Vor der Erfindung des Portlandze-
ments war Kalkmrtel der gebruchlichste
Mrtel fr Mauerwerk. Wenn der Mrtel zu hasznltak a k- s a tglafalak ptshez is, va-
schnell austrocknet, ist die Karbonatisierung
gering, was zu schlechter Haftung und gerin-
ger Haltbarkeit fhrt. Kalkmrtel ist in gerin-
gem Mae wasserlslich, sodass ein Wieder-
verschlieen von Haarrissen mglich ist. Er ist
weich, pors und hat ein stabiles Volumen bei
wechselnden Temperaturen, so dass er zum
Neuverfugen verwendet werden kann. Nicht-
hydraulischer Kalk kann hydraulisch abbinden,
wenn er mit Puzzolanen vermischt wird.
Karbonatisierung, hydraulisches Bindemittel,
Sumpfkalk, Neuverfugung, Zusatzmittel,
Zuschlag, Ziegel, Fllstoff, Mauerwerk,
Putz, Auenputz, Ausgleichsputz, Sand,
Puzzolan
Vapneni mort / Vapnena buka HR
Definicija: Vapneni prah (moe biti hidratizi-
rano ili hidraulino vapno) ili vapneno tijesto
(bogato/masno/nemasno vapno) kojemu se
dodaju voda, agregati, punila kao to su pije-
sak, mramor, kameni prah i ponekad vlakna.
Katkad su takoer ukljueni aditivi.
Napomena: Vapnena buka tradicionalno je
koritena kao vezivo za zidanje blokovima od
kamena i opeke, ali i kao buka za doradu ar-
hitektonskih povrina i zidnih slika. Prije izuma
portland cementa vapneni mort bio je primar-
ni tip morta koji se upotrebljavao u zidanju.
Ako se vapneni mort prebrzo osui, njegova
se karbonatacija smanjuje, to rezultira slabim
prianjanjem i trajnou. Vapneni mort nezna-
tno je topljiv u vodi i omoguuje ponovno zat-
varanje siunih pukotina.
Mekan je, porozan, ima stabilan volumen pri
promjenjivim temperaturama i moe se upo-
trebljavati za ponovno fugiranje.
karbonatacija, hidarulino vezivo, vapneno
tijesto, ponovno fugiranje, aditiv, agregat,
opeka, punilo, zidanje, buka, vanjska
buka, izravnavajui premaz, pijesak, pucolan
Mszhabarcs HU
Meghatrozs: Mszpor (ami lehet hidratlt
vagy hidraulikus) vagy mszpp (fehr/ zsros/
sovny msz), melyez vizet s tltanyagokat
adagolnak, pldul homokot, mrvny- vagy
kport, nha szlas anyagot is. Tartalmazhat
adalkanyagokat is.
Megjegyzs: Hagyomnyosan mszhabarcsot
lamint az ptszeti felletek burkolshoz s a
falkpek alapozshoz, vakolat formjban.
A Portland cement felfedezse eltt a mszha-
barcsok voltak a leghasznltabbak a falazs-
hoz. Ha a mszhabarcs tl gyorsan szrad, a ha-
barcs karbontosodsi folyamata visszafogott,
ami csekly ktkpessget s tartssgot
eredmnyez. Mivel a mszhabarcs enyhn vz-
oldhat, lehetsgess teszi a hajszlrepedsek
jratmtst. Ugyanakkor puha, porzus s
hmrsklettel nem vltoz trfogata van,
ezrt jrafugzsokhoz jl hasznlhat.
A nem hidraulikus msz kthet hidraulikusan,
ha puccoln anyagokat adagolnak hozz.
Szinonima: malter
karbontosods, hidraulikus ktanyag,
mszpp, fugajavts, adalk anyag,
aggregtum, tgla, tltanyag, fal,
vakolat, kltri vakolat, kiegyenlt vakolat,
homok, puccoln
Malta di calce / Intonaco a calce IT
Definizione: Calce in polvere (che pu essere
idratata o calce idraulica) o grassello di calce
(calce ricca/grassa/magra) a cui vengono ag-
giunti acqua, aggregati e fillers come sabbia,
marmo, polvere di pietra e talvolta fibre. A vol-
te anche degli additivi vengono inclusi.

Commento: Tradizionalmente, la malta di cal-
ce veniva usata sia per tenere uniti blocchi per
muratura come pietra e mattoni, sia come in-
tonaco per la rifinitura di superfici architetto-
niche e dipinti murali. Prima dellinvenzione
del cemento Portland, la malta di calce veniva
usata come tipologia primaria di malta usata
in muratura. Se la malta di calce viene lasciata
asciugare in modo troppo rapido, la carbona-
tazione della malta si riduce, con una conse-
guente scarsa adesione e tenuta. La malta di
calce leggermente solubile in acqua e pu
dunque essere usata per risigillare delle mi-
crofratture. inoltre morbida, porosa e ha un
volume stabile a temperature variabili, cosic-
ch pu essere usata per nuove rifiniture di
unopera.
La calce non idraulica pu essere sottoposta
ad una presa idraulica tramite laggiunta di
materiali pozzolanici.
carbonatazione, grassello di calce, ricigliare,
additivo, mattone, filler, muratura, in-
tonaco, intonaco per esterni, sabbia, pozzo-
lana, legante idraulico, inerte, rinzaffo
Zaprawa wapienna
Definicja: Sproszkowane wapno (moe by
uwodnione lub hydrauliczne) lub ciasto wa-
pienne (tuste / chude), do ktrego dodano
wod, kruszywo i wypeniacze takie jak piasek,
marmur, py kamienny i czasami wkna. Nie-
kiedy stosowane s take dodatki.
Komentarz: Tradycyjnie zaprawa wapienna
bya uywana do wizania blokw budowla-
nych, jak kamienie czy cegy oraz do wyka-
czania powierzchni architektonicznych i jako
tynk pod malowida cienne. Przed wynalezie-
niem cementu portlandzkiego zaprawa wa-
pienna bya podstawow zapraw stosowan
w budownictwie. Gdy zaprawa wapienna wy-
sycha zbyt szybko, jej karbonizacja jest ogra-
niczona, wykazuje sab przyczepno i jest
nietrwaa. Zaprawa wapienna jest w pewnym
stopniu rozpuszczalna w wodzie, co umoli-
wia zamknicie spka wosowatych. Jest te
mikka, porowata i ma sta objto w
zmiennych temperaturach, moe wic by
uywana do spoinowania.
Wapno nie hydrauliczne moe przej w ukad
hydrauliczny poprzez dodanie materiaw ty-
pu pucolana.
karbonizacja, ciasto wapienne, spoina,
dodatek, kruszywo, cega, wypeniacz,
budownictwo, tynk, warstwa wyrwnuj-
ca, piasek, pucolana
Mortar de var
Definiie: Var sub form de praf (poate fi hi-
dratat sau hidraulic) sau var past (var bogat,
gras, slab), la care se adaug ap, agregate i
materiale de umplutur cum ar fi nisipul, mar-
mura, praful de piatr i uneori fibre. Uneori
sunt adugai i aditivi.
Adnotare: Tradiional, mortarul de var a fost
folosit att pentru legarea blocurilor de zid-
rie, cum ar fi piatra i crmida, dar i ca ten-
cuial pentru suprafeele arhitecturale sau
pentru picturile murale. nainte de inventarea
cimentului Portland, mortarul de var a fost
principalul tip de mortar utilizat n zidrie. n
cazul n care mortarul de var este lsat s se
usuce prea rapid, carbonatarea mortarului es-
te redus, rezultnd aderen i durabilitate
sczute. Mortarul de var fiind uor solubil n
ap, permite reetanarea microfisurilor. De
asemenea, este moale, poros i are un volum
stabil la temperaturi variabile, astfel nct poa-
te fi utilizat pentru rostuirea lucrrilor. Varului
aerian i se pot conferi proprieti hidraulice
prin adugarea materialelor pozzolanice.
PL carbonatare, liant hidraulic, var past, ten-
cuial, rostuire, aditiv, agregat, crmid,
material de umplutur, zidrie, tencuial ex-
terioar, strat egalizator, nisip, pozzolana
Mortero / Revoque de cal Es
Definicin: Cal en polvo (que puede ser area
o hidrulica) o pasta de cal, a la que se ha aa-
dido agua, cargas y materiales de relleno co-
mo arena, mrmol, pulverizado ptreo y, en
algunas ocasiones, fibras y aditivos.
Comentario: Tradicionalmente, el mortero de
cal ha sido empleado tanto para unir bloques
de albailera de piedra o ladrillo, como para en-
lucir superficies arquitectnicas y como morte-
ro de preparacin de las pinturas murales. Antes
de la invencin del cemento Portland, el mor-
tero de cal era el principal tipo de mortero usa-
do en la albailera. Si el mortero de cal se deja
secar muy rpido, la carbonatacin se reduce, y
da como resultado una deficiente adhesin y
durabilidad. El mortero de cal se mantiene lige-
ramente soluble al agua, lo que permite el rese-
llado de las microfisuras. Tambin es suave y po-
roso y mantiene la estabilidad dimensional ante
los cambios de temperatura, por lo que puede
ser usado en trabajos de reparacin. La cal area
puede adquirir propiedades hidrulicas por la
adicin de materiales puzolnicos.
carbonatacin, conglomerante hidrulico,
pasta de cal, rejuntar, aditivo, carga,
MATERIALs APPENDIx
RO ladrillo, carga fina, fbrica revoque,
mortero de revestimiento, capa de nivelacin,
arena, puzolana
Kire harc TR
Tanm: Toz haline getirilmi kirecin (sulandr-
labilen ya da hidrolik kire) ya da kire kayma-
nn (yal/zayf kire) kum, mermer, ta tozu
ve bazen de lifler gibi agrega ve dolgu mad-
deleri eklenerek su ile kartrlmas ile elde
edilir. Bazen katk maddeleri de eklenebilir.
Yorum: Geleneksel olarak kire harc, tula ve
ta gibi duvar bloklarn balamak ve ayrca s-
va olarak mimari yzeyleri ve duvar resimlerini
bitirmek iin kullanlr. Portland imentosunun
icadndan nce, kire harc duvarclkta kulla-
nlan ana har tryd. Kire harc abucak ku-
rumaya braklrsa, harcn karbonlamas azalr
ve bunun sonucunda da zayf yapma ve da-
yankszlk meydana gelir. Yavaa suda z-
nen kire harc, klcal atlaklarn kapatlmas
iin kullanlr. Ayn zamanda yumuak, gze-
nekli ve deiik slarda sabit hacimlidir, bu
yzden dolgu ilemlerinde de kullanlabilir.
Hidrolik olmayan kireler, puzolanik malzeme
eklenmesiyle hidrolik hale getirilebilir.
E anlam: kire svas
karbonlama, hidrolik balayc, kire kay-
ma, doldurma, katk, agrega, tula,
dolgu maddesi, duvar, sva, cephe svas,
dzeltme tabakas, kum, pozalan
BG
: ( -
) (/
), ,
, -
. .
: , -
,
.
-
-
. -
-
. -
-
. , , -
.
387
 MATERIALs APPENDIx
- , , /, ,
, , , ,
. , , , , ,
Lime putty EN
Definition: A paste made from a saturated
form of lime which is obtained by slaking
quicklime in water. It is used as a binder in lime
mortar, Khorasan mortar, lime plaster and lime
render, when mixed with suitable sand in cor-
rect ratios. It can also be watered down to
make lime wash (See fig. p. 383).
Comment: Lime putty, which is plastic, is
made from non-hydraulic lime. The physical
characteristics of non-hydraulic or air-hardening
lime putties can be improved by a maturation
process which can vary from 24 hours to
decades. Maturation improves the rheological
properties of the putty, which can be monitored
over time. Typically, this makes lime putty the
first choice for conservation-restoration work,
due to its plasticity and better vapour exchange,
when compared to powdered lime.
Before the invention of Portland cement, lime
putty was used in ornamental plaster works
related to stucco.
Not to be confused with: plaster putty, fat
lime, rich lime, lime milk, stucco
binder, lime, lime mortar, plaster, sand
Chaux arienne en pte FR
Dfinition: Pte faite partir dune forme sa-
ture de chaux, qui est obtenue par extinction
de chaux vive dans de leau. Elle est utilise
comme liant dans les mortiers de chaux, mor-
tier Khorasan, les enduits la chaux, lorsquelle
est mlange avec du sable appropri dans
des proportions correctes. Elle peut gale-
ment tre dilue pour faire du lait de chaux.
Commentaires: La chaux en pte, plastique,
est fabrique partir dune chaux non hydrau-
lique. Les caractristiques physiques des
chaux en pte non hydrauliques ou durcissant
lair peuvent tre amliores par un proces-
sus de maturation qui peut varier de 24 heures
des dcennies. La maturation permet dam-
liorer les proprits rhologiques de la pte,
telles que la viscosit et llasticit; plus impor-
tant encore, ce processus peut tre contrl
dans le temps. La chaux en pte est ainsi
Sources: Zacharopoulou 2009; Bke et al. 2006; Cazalla et al. 2000; Hasol 2002, 267; Ching 1995, 188
388
gnralement un matriau de premier choix
pour les travaux de conservation-restauration,
en raison de sa plasticit et dune meilleure
permabilit lair, par rapport la chaux en
poudre. Avant linvention du ciment Portland,
la chaux en pte tait utilise dans les travaux
ornementaux lis au stuc.
Ne pas confondre avec: chaux grasse, lait de
chaux, stuc
liant, chaux, mortier de chaux, enduit,
sable
sumpfkalk DE
Definition: Ein Brei aus einer wassergesttig-
ten Form von Kalk, die durch Einsumpfen von
Lschkalk in Wasser hergestellt wird. Er wird
als Bindemittel fr Kalkmrtel und Khorasan-
Mrtel verwendet. Stark verdnnt wird daraus
eine Kalktnche. Wenn Sumpfkalk mit passen-
den Sanden ins richtige Verhltnis gesetzt
wird, entstehen daraus Kalkputz und Auen-
putze auf Kalkmrtelbasis.
Kommentar: Sumpfkalk wird aus nichthy-
draulischem Kalk hergestellt oder gelscht,
der unter Wasser plastisch bleibt. Hydrauli-
scher Kalk bindet indessen unter Wasser inner-
halb von Stunden oder Tagen ab, sodass sich
daraus kein Kalkbrei gewinnen liee. Die phy-
sikalischen Eigenschaften von Sumpfkalk aus
nichthydraulischem Kalk oder Luftkalk knnen
durch den Reifeprozess verbessert werden, der
24 Stunden bis hin zu Jahrzehnten in Anspruch
nehmen kann. Die Reifung verbessert die
rheologischen Eigenschaften des Sumpfkalks,
wie die Viskositt und die Fliespannung. Die-
ser Prozess kann ber lange Zeit beobachtet
werden. Aufgrund seiner Plastizitt und bes-
seren Feuchte- und Gasdurchlssigkeit im Ver-
gleich zu gemahlenem Kalk ist Sumpfkalk ein
beliebtes Produkt fr Restaurierungsarbeiten.
Vor der Erfindung von Portlandzement wurde
Sumpfkalk fr ornamentelle Putzarbeiten wie
Stuck verwendet.
Synonyme: Fettkalk, Kalkbrei
Bindemittel, Kalk/Branntkalk, Kalkmrtel tot az rlelsi id befolysolja.
Putz, Sand
Vapneno tijesto HR
Definicija: Tijesto napravljeno iz zasienoga
oblika vapna koje se dobije gaenjem ivoga
vapna u vodi. Kada je u pravilnome omjeru
pomijeano s odgovarajuim pijeskom upo-
trebljava se kao vezivo u vapnenome mortu,
Khorasan mortu te vapnenoj unutarnjoj i vanj-
skoj buci. Moe se i razvodniti kako bi se do-
bio vapneni premaz.
Napomena: Vapneno tijesto moe se dobiti
od nehidraulinoga vapna.
Fizike znaajke nehidraulinih ili vapnenih
tijesta koja se stvrdnjavaju na zraku mogu se
poboljati procesom sazrijevanja koji moe
varirati od 24 sata do vie desetljea. Sazrije-
vanje poboljava reoloka svojstva tijesta, koja
se mogu pratiti tijekom vremena. Zbog njego-
ve plastinosti i bolje razmjene pare vapneno
tijesto, u odnosu na vapneni prah, prvi je oda-
bir u konzervatorsko-restauratorskome radu.
Prije izuma portland cementa, vapneno tijesto
upotrebljavalo se u ornamentiranim ukrasnim
bukama srodnim tuku.
Ne smije se mijeati s: tijesto za bukanje, masno
vapno, bogato vapno, vapneno mlijeko, tuko
vezivo, vapno, vapneni mort, buka,
pijesak
Mszpp HU
Meghatrozs: Egy krmszer anyag, mely
oltott mszbl kszl, az getett msz vzben
val oltsval nyerik. Hasznljk mszhabar-
csok, Khorasan habarcsok, beltri s kltri
mszvakolatok ktanyagaknt, homokkal
megfelel arnyban keverve. Vzzel hgtva
msztejj alakthat.
Megjegyzs: A plasztikus mszppet nem
hidraulikus mszbl nyerik.
A nem hidraulikus vagy levegn kt msz-
pp fizikai tulajdonsgai pihentetssel, rle-
lssel javthatak, az rlels idtartama 24 r-
tl vtizedekig tarthat. Az rlels javtja a
mszpp reolgiai tulajdonsgait, a folyama-
A mszppet sokkal szvesebben hasznljk
restaurlsi munkkhoz, mint a pormeszet,

plaszticitsa s jobb prahztartsa miatt. A owania), trwajcy od 24 godzin do dziesi-
Portland cement felfedezse eltt a mszp- cioleci. Dojrzewanie polepsza wasnoci reo-
pet a stukkszer dsztvakolatokhoz is hasz- logiczne ciasta, co mona obserwowa w
nltk. czasie.
Szinonimk: vermelt msz, vajas msz, msz- To sprawia, e ciasto wapienne jest pierwszo-
krm rzdnym materiaem do prac konserwator-
sko-restauratorskich, z powodu jego plastycz-
ktanyag, msz, mszhabarcs, vakolat, noci i dobrej wymiany pary wodnej w porw- jorar en un proceso de maduracin, que pue-
homok naniu z wapnem proszkowym.
Przed wynalezieniem cementu portlandzkie-
go ciasto wapienne byo uywane do wyko-
Grassello di calce IT nywania sztukaterii podobnych do stiukw.
Nie naley myli z: ciasto tynkarskie, mleko
Definizione: Pasta a base di una forma satura wapienne, stiuk
di calce che si ottiene spegnendo la calce viva
in acqua. Viene usato come legante nella mal- spoiwo, wapno, zaprawa wapienna,
ta a calce, nella malta Khorasan, nellintonaco tynk, piasek
a calce e nel rinzaffo, quando mischiato con la
sabbia adatta nelle corrette proporzioni. Pu
anche essere annacquato per ottenere della Var past RO
pittura a base di calce.
Definiie: O past realizat dintr-o form sa-
Commento: Il grassello di calce, che un ma- turat de var ce se obine prin stingerea oxi-
teriale plastico, costituito da calce non idrau- dului de calciu (var nestins, var ars) n ap. Este
lica. Le caratteristiche fisiche del grassello di utilizat ca liant n mortarul de var, n mortarul
calce non idraulica o che indurisce allaria pos- Khorasan, n tencuiala de var i n tencuiala ex-
sono essere migliorate mediante un processo terioar, atunci cnd este amestecat cu nisip
di maturazione che pu durare da 24 ore a de- corespunztor n proporii corecte. Prin adu-
cenni. La maturazione migliora le propriet garea de ap se obine apa de var.
reologiche del grassello, che possono essere
monitorate nel corso del tempo. Questo fa s Adnotare: Varul past, care este plastic, este
che il grassello di calce sia in genere la prima obinut din var aerian. Proprietile fizice ale
scelta per interventi di conservazione e restau- pastei de var pot fi optimizate printr-un pro-
ro, grazie alla sua plasticit e ad un migliore ces de maturare ce poate varia de la 24 de ore
scambio di vapore dacqua rispetto alla calce la zeci de ani. Maturarea mbuntete pro-
in polvere. Prima dellinvenzione del cemento prietile reologice ale pastei de var, care poa-
Portland, il grassello di calce veniva usato in te fi monitorizat n timp. Varul past devine
opere in gesso ornamentali tipo stucco. categoric prima opiune n cazul lucrrilor de
Da non confondersi con: latte di calce, stucco, conservare i restaurare, datorit plasticitii
calce idrata in pasta i schimbului de vapori mult mai bun, n com-
paraie cu praful de var. nainte de inventarea
legante, calce, malta di calce/intonaco a cimentului Portland, varul past a fost folosit
calce , intonaco, sabbia la lucrri de tencuial ornamentale de tip
stucco.
A nu se confunda cu: tencuial past, var gras,
Ciasto wapienne PL lapte de var
Definicja: Pasta przygotowana z uwodnione- liant, var, mortar de var, tencuial, nisip
go wapna, otrzymywanego w procesie gasze-
nia wapna palonego w wodzie. Jest uywane
jako materia wicy w zaprawie wapiennej, Pasta de cal Es
zaprawach typu Horasan, wapiennym tynku,
gdy jest zmieszane z odpowiednim piaskiem Definicin: Pasta hecha a partir de cal hidra-
we waciwych proporcjach. Moe te by roz- tada, que se obtiene tras el apagado de la cal
robione z wod dla uzyskania pobiay wapien- viva en agua. Se usa como aglutinante en
nej. morteros de cal, en el mortero khorasan, en el
enlucido de cal y en el revestimiento de cal,
Komentarz: Elastyczne ciasto wapienne ska- cuando se mezcla con la arena adecuada en
da si z wapna niehydraulicznego. la proporcin correcta. Tambin se le puede
Waciwoci fizyczne wapna niehydraulicz- aadir agua para conseguir lechada de cal.
nego, czyli wicego na powietrzu mona
polepszy poprzez proces dojrzewania (do-
MATERIALs APPENDIx
Comentario: La pasta de cal se puede hacer
a partir de diferentes tipos de cal: hidrulica y
area. La pasta de cal hidrulica puede fraguar
bajo el agua en horas o das, y queda imprac-
ticable, mientras que la pasta de cal area se
mantiene en estado plstico. Las caractersti-
cas fsicas de la pasta de cal area pueden me-
de ir desde las 24 horas a dcadas, y que me-
jora progresivamente caractersticas reolgi-
cas de la pasta, como la viscosidad y la elasti-
cidad, y permite controlar las caractersticas
del producto final. Esto hace que la cal en pas-
ta sea la primera eleccin en los trabajos de
conservacin y restauracin, debido a su plas-
ticidad y su mejor transpirabilidad frente a la
cal en polvo.
Antes de la invencin del cemento Portland,
la cal en pasta se empleaba en trabajos orna-
mentales realizados con mortero, denomina-
dos estucos.
En espaol a veces tambin se adopta el tr-
mino italiano grassello cuando se refiere a cal
en pasta apagada por mucho tiempo.
ligante, cal, mortero de cal, revoque,
arena
Kire kayma TR
Tanm: Snmemi kirecin suda sndrlme-
siyle elde edilen doymu kireten oluan ma-
cun. Doru oranlarda uygun kumla kartrl-
dnda kire harc, horasan harc, kire sva-
snda balayc olarak da kullanlr. Ayrca ba-
dana yapmak iin sulandrlabilir.
Yorum: Plastik olan, ilenebilen kire kayma,
hidrolik olmayan kireten yaplr.
Hidrolik kire kayma, su altnda birka sa-
atte ya da gnde kuruyabilirken, hidrolik ol-
mayan kire kayma plastik kalr. Hidrolik ol-
mayan ya da havada sertleen kire kayma-
nn fiziksel zellikleri, 24 saatten on yla ka-
dar farkllk gsterebilen olgunlama ilemi
ile gelitirilebilir. Olgunlama, kayman za-
manla kontrol edilebilen reolojik, akkanlk
zelliklerini gelitirir. Toz kire ile karlatrl-
dnda bu durum, kire kayman esneklii
ve daha iyi buhar alverii zelliklerine sahip
olmas sebebiyle koruma ve restorasyon ileri
iin ilk seenek haline getirir. Portland imen-
tosunun bulunmasndan nce, kire kayma-
, stkko ierikli ss amal svalarda kulla-
nld.
E anlaml: kire kayma
Kartrmaynz: sva kayma, yal kire, kire
st, stkko
balayc, kire, kire harc, sva, kum
389
 MATERIALs APPENDIx
BG : ,
: - . .
, - -- ,
.
, , - .
, - 24 . : ,
, - , ,
. ,
- . , ,
. -
Marble dust EN
Definition: Fine powder made from crushed
and ground marble chips, of calcitic or
dolomitic origin.
Comment: Marble dust mixed with fine sand
and a large amount of slaked lime has been
occasionally used for the plaster layers of wall
paintings to create fine and smooth surfaces.
It was also used for the setting bed mortar lay-
er of mosaic, and for the final coat of stucco.
Sometimes marble dust was added as a filler
to some paints, the practice of which contin-
ues today in the conservation of wall paint-
ings. In conservation of mortars, marble dust
is used as a filler.
sand, wall painting, mosaic, stucco,
filler, lime putty
Poudre de marbre FR
Dfinition: Poudre fine fabrique partir de
morceaux de marbre dorigine calcitique ou
dolomitique concasss et broys.
Commentaires: La poudre de marbre, m-
lange du sable fin et une grande quantit
de chaux teinte a t parfois utilise en pein-
ture murale pour obtenir une surface des
couches denduits fine et lisse. Elle est gale-
ment utilise pour la couche de mortier de
pose des mosaques et pour la dernire
couche de stuc. Parfois, la poussire de mar-
bre tait ajoute en tant que charge cer-
taines peintures, pratique qui se poursuit au-
jourdhui dans la conservation des peintures
murales. La poudre de marbre est utilise
comme charge dans la conservation des mor-
tiers.
Sources: Thompson 1956, p. 40, 119, 139140; Mora et al. 1984, p. 54, 88, 148; Botticelli 1992, 14/5, Vitruvius 1999, VII:6; Cowper 2005, p. 4/ 5, 44, 78; CAMEO:
Marble dust (22.10.2014)
390
- -
, -- - -
-
, ,
sable, peinture murale, mosaque, stuc,
pigment, charge, chaux arienne en pte
Marmormehl
Definition: Feines Pulver aus zerkleinerten
und gemahlenen Marmorstcken, calciti-
schen oder dolomitischen Ursprungs.
Kommentar: Um eine feine, glatte Oberflche
zu gestalten, wird Marmormehl mit Sand und
einem hohen Anteil an gelschtem Kalk ver-
mischt und als Putzschicht fr Wandmalereien
verwendet. Auerdem wurde es als Bettungs-
mrtel fr Mosaiken und fr die oberste
Stuckschicht verwendet. Manchmal setzte
man einigen Farben Marmormehl als Fllstoff
zu, eine Praxis, die bis heute in der Restaurie-
rung von Wandmalereien blich ist. Bei der
Restaurierung von Mrteln wird Marmormehl
als Fllstoff verwendet.
Sand, Sumpfkalk, Wandmalerei, Mosaik,
Stuck, Pigment, Fllstoff
Mramorni prah
Definicija: Fini praak napravljen od droblje-
nih i smrvljenih mramornih komadia kalcit-
noga ili dolomitnoga podrijetla.
Napomena: Mramorni prah pomijean s finim
pijeskom i velikom koliinom gaenoga vapna
povremeno se upotrebljavao u zidnome sli-
karstvu za bukane slojeve fine i glatke povr-
ine. Takoer se rabio za mort kod polaganja
mozaika i kao zavrni sloj za tuko. Katkad se
mramorni prah dodavao kao punilo nekim
bojama, a ta se praksa nastavila i danas u re-
stauriranju zidnih slika. U restauriranju buka
mramorni prah upotrebljavan je kao punilo.
pijesak, zidno slikarstvo, mozaik, tuko,
pigment, punilo, vapneno tijesto
DE Mrvnypor HU
Meghatrozs: Trtt s rlt mrvnydara-
bokbl nyert finom por, eredete lehet kalcitos
vagy dolomitos.
Megjegyzs: Nha a falkpek vakolatrtege-
ihez finom homokkal s nagy mennyisg ol-
tott msszel elkevert mrvnyport hasznltak,
annak rdekben, hogy finom, sima fellete-
ket hozzanak ltre. Hasznltk a mrvnyport
a mozaikok begyazshoz ksztett habarcs-
ban vagy stukkk felleti rtegben is. Bizo-
nyos esetekben mrvnyport adagoltak tlt-
anyagknt festkekhez, ez a gyakorlat a falk-
pek restaurlsban ma is tovbbl. A habar-
csok konzervlsban a mrvnyport tlt-
anyagknt hasznljk.
homok, falkp, mozaik, stukk, pig-
ment, tltanyag, mszpp
HR Polvere di marmo IT
Definizione: Polvere fine ottenuta da fram-
menti di marmo frantumati e tritati, di origine
calcitica o dolomitica.
Commento: La polvere di marmo, mischiata
con sabbia fine e una grande quantit di calce
spenta, stata talvolta utilizzata per gli strati
di intonaco dei dipinti murali per creare una
superficie sottile e liscia. Veniva anche usata
per lo strato di posa in malta dei mosaici, e per
lultima mano di stucco. Talvolta la polvere di
marmo veniva aggiunta come filler ad alcuni
colori; questa pratica continua tuttora nella
conservazione dei dipinti murali. Nella conser-
 MATERIALs APPENDIx

vazione delle malte, la polvere di marmo viene
usata come filler.
sabbia, grassello di calce, pittura murale,
mosaico, stucco, pigmento, filler
Mczka marmurowa PL
Definicja: Drobny py z kruszonych i mielo-
nych odamkw marmurowych, pochodzenia
wapiennego lub dolomitowego.
Komentarz: Mczka marmurowa mieszana z
piaskiem i du iloci wapna gaszonego bya
czasami uywana do tynkw pod malowida
cienne dla uzyskania szlachetnych i gadkich
powierzchni. Bya te uywana do zapraw pod
ukadanie mozaiki i jako kocowa powoka
stiukw. Czasem mczka marmurowa bya do-
dawana jako wypeniacz farb, praktyka ta jest
nadal stosowana w konserwacji malarstwa
ciennego. W konserwacji zapraw mczka
marmurowa uywana jest jako wypeniacz.
piasek, malowido cienne, mozaika, stiuk,
wypeniacz, ciasto wapienne
Praf de marmur RO
Definiie: Pulbere fin obinut din buci de
marmur zdrobite i mcinate, de origine cal-
citic sau dolomitic.
fost folosit i pentru stratul de mortar din teh- Yorum: nce kum ve yksek miktarda snm
nica mozaicului, i pentru stratul final al stu- kire ile kartrlan mermer tozu, dzgn ve
caturilor. Uneori, praful de marmur a fost przsz yzeyler oluturmak iin duvar re-
adugat ca material de umplutur n unele cu- simleri ve sva katmanlar iin sklkla kullanl-
lori, aceast practic continund i astzi n maktadr. Ayn zamanda mozaiin dolgu harc
conservarea picturilor murale. n conservarea ve stkkonun son katmann oluturmak iin
mortarelor, praful de marmur este folosit ca de kullanlrd. Bazen mermer tozu hala gn-
material de umplutur. mzde duvar resimleri korumasnda kullanlan
baz boyalara dolgu malzemesi olarak eklen-
var past, nisip, pictur mural, mozaic, mektedir. Harlarn korunmasnda, mermer
stucatur, pigment, material de umplutur tozu dolgu malzemesi olarak kullanlr.
kum, duvar resmi, mozaik, stkko, dol-
Polvo de mrmol Es gu maddesi, kire kayma
Definicin: Polvo fino hecho de mrmol ma-
chacado y molido, de origen clcico o dolom- BG
tico.
: ,
Comentario: El polvo de mrmol, mezclado
con arena fina y gran cantidad de cal apagada, .
se usa ocasionalmente para las capas de revo-
que de pintura mural para crear superficies fi- : ,
nas y lisas. Se utiliza para la capa de mortero ,
de colocacin de mosaicos y para la capa final -
del estuco. A veces el polvo de mrmol se aa- ,
de como carga fina a algunas pinturas. Actual- .
mente, todava se aade en las pinturas mu- -
rales. El polvo de mrmol se usa como carga
fina para la conservacin de morteros. .
, , -
arena, pintura mural, mosaico, estuco, -
pigmento, carga fina, adhesivo . -
.

Adnotare: Amestecul de praf de marmur, ni- Mermer tozu TR , , , ,

sip fin i o cantitate mare de var stins a fost fo- , ,
losit uneori pentru realizarea straturilor de Tanm: Kalsitli veya dolomitik kkenli ezilmi
tencuial ale picturilor murale, cu scopul de a ve tlm mermer krntlarndan oluan
crea suprafee fine i netede. De asemenea, a ince toz.

Pigment EN Pigment FR Pigment DE

Definition: Any relatively insoluble organic or
inorganic, coloured or uncoloured powder,
used as a colourant by the addition of a fluid
material or binder.
Comment: Distinguished from a dye, which is
soluble in the fluid material added, a pigment
is insoluble in the vehicle, but instead is held
in suspension. Pigments may be classified ac-
cording to colour, chemical composition or
source (natural or synthetic).
binder
Dfinition: Poudre relativement insoluble, or-
ganique ou inorganique, colore ou incolore,
utilise pour colorer une peinture en mlange
avec un matriau fluide ou liant.
Commentaires: Se distingue dune encre, so-
luble dans un matriau fluide, par son ct in-
soluble et sa tenue en suspension. Les pig-
ments peuvent tre classs selon leur couleur,
leur composition chimique ou leur origine
(naturelle ou synthtique).
liant
Definition: Jedes unlsliche, organische oder
anorganische, farbige oder farblose Pulver,
das als Farbmittel verwendet wird, indem
flssiges Material oder Bindemittel zugefgt
wird.
Kommentar: Im Unterschied zum Farbstoff, der
im zugefgten flssigen Material lslich ist,
bleibt das Pigment in der Trgerflssigkeit un-
lslich und wird stattdessen in einer Suspension
gehalten. Pigmente knnen nach Farbe, chemi-
scher Zusammensetzung oder Herkunft (natr-
lich oder synthetisch) klassifiziert werden.

Sources: Trench 2000, 367/8; Paolini, Faldi 2005, 266/7; Gettens, Stout 1966, 137/8; Khn 1984, 11, 15

391
 MATERIALs APPENDIx
Synonym: Farbkrper
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Farbstoff
Bindemittel
Pigment HR
Definicija: Relativno netopljivi organski ili
anorganski, obojen ili neobojen prah, koji se
dodavanjem tekuega materijala ili veziva
upotrebljava kao bojilo.
Napomena: Za razliku od boje, koja je topljiva
u tekuemu materijalu, pigment je netopljiv u
tekuini, ali je zadran u suspenziji. Pigmenti
se mogu razvrstati prema boji, kemijskome sa-
stavu ili podrijetlu (prirodni i sintetiki).
vezivo
Pigment HU
Meghatrozs: Brmely nagyjbl oldhatalan
szerves vagy szervetlen, sznes vagy szntelen
por, melyet egy folyadk vagy egy ktanyag
hozzadsval sznezanyagknt hasznlnak.
Megjegyzs: A sznezkekkel ellenttben,
melyek olddnak a hozzadott folyadkban,
a pigment oldhatatlan a hordoz kzegben,
lebeg benne, szuszpenziban van. A pigmen-
teket sznk, vegyi sszettelk s eredetk unui material fluid sau liant.
(termszetes vagy mestersges) szerint oszt-
lyozzk.
ktanyag
Pigmento IT
Definizione: Qualunque polvere organica o
inorganica relativamente insolubile, colorata
o incolore, usata per conferire colore aggiun-
gendovi del materiale fluido o un legante.
Commento: Deve essere distinto dai coloranti,
che sono solubili nel materiale fluido aggiunto;
infatti un pigmento insolubile nel mezzo in
Plaster of Paris EN
Definition: A white, fne, inorganic and quick-
setting powder that is made by heating gyp-
Sources: Harris 1984, 367; Ching 1995, 188; Hasol 2002, 35; Uluengin 2001, 261; Britannica: plaster of paris (7.1.2015); CAMEO: Plaster of Paris (7.1.2015)
392
cui veicolato, ma si tiene bens in sospensio-
ne. I pigmenti possono essere classificati a se-
conda del colore, della composizione chimica
o della loro origine (naturale o sintetica).
legante
Pigment PL
Definicja: Jest to barwny lub niezabarwiony
proszek wzgldnie nierozpuszczalny, orga-
niczny lub nieorganiczny, uywany jako sub-
stancja barwica poprzez dodanie cieczy lub
spoiwa.
Komentarz: W odrnieniu od barwnikw
ktre s rozpuszczalne po dodaniu cieczy, pig-
menty s nierozpuszczalne w noniku, w kt-
rym tworz zawiesin.
Pigmenty dzieli si zalenie od kolorw, bu-
dowy chemicznej lub pochodzenia (naturalne
lub syntetyczne).
Nie naley myli z: barwnik
spoiwo
E anlam: pigment
Pigment RO
Definiie: Orice pulbere relativ insolubil or-
ganic sau anorganic, colorat sau necolora-
t, utilizat pentru colorare prin adugarea
Adnotare: Spre deosebire de colorant, care
este solubil n materialul fluid adugat, pig-
mentul este insolubil, fiind mai degrab inut
ntr-o suspensie. Pigmenii pot fi clasificai n
funcie de culoare, compoziie chimic sau ori-
gine (natural sau sintetic).
Termen folosit eronat: colorant
liant
Pigmento Es
Definicin: Cualquier polvo orgnico o inor-
gnico, relativamente insoluble, coloreado o
sum to 120180C in dry conditions (calcinat-
ed gypsum). It is composed of hemihydrate as
well as impurities originating from the natural
source, such as anhydrite.
no, que se utiliza para aportar color al aadirse
a un material fluido o ligante.
Comentario: A diferencia de un tinte o colo-
rante, que es soluble en el material fluido aa-
dido, el pigmento es insoluble en el medio y
se mantiene en suspensin. Los pigmentos
pueden ser clasificados segn su color, com-
posicin qumica u origen (natural o sintti-
co).
ligante
Renklendirici TR
Tanm: Sv malzeme ya da balayc ekleyerek
renklendirici olarak kullanlan nispeten zn-
mez organik veya inorganik, renkli veya renk-
siz toz.
Yorum: Boyadan ayrt edilen, akkan malze-
me eklendiinde zlebilen, pigment ortam-
da znmez, ama bunun yerine karmda tu-
tulur. Pigmentler (Renklendiriciler) renge, kim-
yasal ierie veya kaynana (doal ya da sen-
tetik) gre snflandrlabilir.
balayc
BG
:
-
,
,
.
: ,
,
-
-
. -
,
( ).
Comment: When mixed with water, it pro-
duces a plastic mixture that hardens quickly
through the formation of gypsum, which
again produces a white, porous and soft ma-

terial. It hardens without the need of any ad-
ditives. It might, however, also include other
additives, both organic and inorganic, that
modify its drying time as well as its properties,
such as hardness, water permeability, etc. In-
organic additives such as aluminium sulfate
or potassium sulfate may hasten the setting.
Organic additives, such as blood or casein,
were used for retarding the setting. A naturally
occurring powder similar to Plaster of Paris,
that becomes water resistant upon curing, is
called sweet lime; it hardens faster than lime
but slower than Plaster of Paris. Plaster of Paris
is used as a base for gypsum plaster or as an
additive in lime plaster, and also as a material
for making ornamental casts, moulds and
sculpture.
Not to be confused with: gypsum, stucco,
hemihydrated plaster, gauging plaster
additive, casein, lime, plaster
Pltre de Paris FR
Dfinition: Pltre enduire, blanc, fin, inorga-
nique et prise rapide sous forme de poudre
qui est fabrique en chauffant le gypse 120
180 C dans des conditions sches (gypse cal-
cin). Il est compos dhmihydrate (sulfate
de calcium hmihydrat), de lanhydrite (sul-
fate de calcium), ainsi que dimpurets du fait
de son origine naturelle.
Commentaires: Mlang de leau, il produit
un mlange plastique qui durcit rapidement
pour former du gypse et qui produit nouveau
une matire blanche, poreuse et peu dure. Le
pltre de Paris durcit sans avoir besoin daucun
additif. Il peut toutefois en inclure galement,
de nature organique ou inorganique, qui mo-
difient son temps de schage ainsi que ses pro-
prits, telles que la duret, la permabilit Definicija: Bijeli, fini, anorganski i brzoveui
leau etc. Des additifs inorganiques tels que le
sulfate daluminium ou le sulfate de potassium
peuvent acclrer la prise. Des additifs orga-
niques, tels que le sang ou la casine, ont t
utiliss pour retarder la prise.
Une poudre naturelle semblable du pltre
de Paris, qui devient rsistante leau lors de
la cuisson, est appele sweet lime; elle durcit
plus rapidement que la chaux, mais plus len-
tement que du pltre de Paris. Le pltre de
Paris est utilis en tant que base pour du pltre
ou en tant quadditif dans un enduit la
chaux, et aussi en tant que matriau pour la
fabrication de moulages de parement, des
moules et des sculptures.
Ne pas confondre avec: gypse, stuc, pltre
hmihydrat, enduit de gchage
additif, casine, chaux, enduit su, koji postaje vodootporan nakon stvrdnja-
Modellgips
Definition: Ein weies, feines, anorganisches
und schnell abbindendes Pulver, das beim Er-
hitzen von Gips bei 120180C, unter trocke-
nen Bedingungen, entsteht (kalzinierter Gips).
Es besteht aus Halbhydrat und natrlichen
Verunreinigungen, wie z.B. Anhydrit.
Kommentar: Beim Vermischen mit Wasser
entsteht eine plastische Masse, die durch die
Bildung von Dihydrat schnell aushrtet und
ein weiches und porses Material ergibt. Mo-
dellgips bentigt keine Zusatzmittel zum Aus-
hrten. Es knnen aber sowohl organische als
auch anorganische Zusatzmittel beigemengt
werden, um z.B. Eigenschaften wie Hrte, Was-
serdurchlssigkeit und das Abbindeverhalten
zu beeinflussen. Anorganische Zusatzmittel
wie Aluminiumsulfat oder Kaliumsulfat be-
schleunigen das Abbinden. Organische Zu-
satzmittel wie Blut oder Kasein verzgern das
Abbinden.
Ein in vielen zentralasiatischen Lndern als
sweet lime oder sweet plaster bezeichne-
tes, natrlich vorkommendes Pulver aus Gips-
stein ist dem Modellgips hnlich; Es wird nach
dem Aushrten wasserfest, es hrtet schneller
aus als Kalk, aber langsamer als Modellgips.
Modellgips wird fr Gipsputz oder als Zusatz-
mittel in Kalkputz verwendet und auch fr Ab-
gsse von Zierrat, Modelformen und Skulptu-
ren.
Synonyme: Formgips, Plaster of Paris
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Gips, gebrannter
Gips, Stuckgips
Zusatzmittel, Kasein, Kalk/Branntkalk, Putz
Pariki gips HR
nljk mg dszt ntvnyek s szobrok k-
prah koji se dobiva zagrijavanjem gipsa 120
180C u suhim uvjetima (kalcinirani gips). Sa-
stoji se od hemihidrata i neistoa koje potje-
u iz prirodnih izvora.
Napomena: Kad se mijea s vodom, daje pla-
stinu smjesu koja se brzo stvrdnjava kroz for-
miranje gipsa, to ponovno stvara bijeli, poro-
zni i mekani materijal.
Stvrdnjava se bez potrebe za bilo kojim aditi-
vima. Meutim, moe takoer ukljuiti aditive,
kako organske, tako i anorganske. Njima se
mijenja vrijeme suenja i druga svojstva, kao
to su tvrdoa, vodopropusnost i sl. Anorgan-
ski aditivi poput aluminijeva ili kalijeva sulfata
mogu ubrzati suenje. Organski aditivi kao to
su krv ili kazein upotrebljavaju se za usporava-
nje suenja. Prirodni prah slian parikome gip-
MATERIALs APPENDIx
DE vanja, zove se svjee vapno; stvrdnjava se br-
e od vapna, ali sporije od parikoga gipsa. Pa-
riki gips upotrebljava se kao osnova za gips ili
kao dodatak u vapnenoj buci, te kao materijal
za izradu ukrasnih odljeva, kalupa i skulptura.
Ne smije se mijeati s: gips, tuko, hemihidra-
tna buka, industrijska buka
aditiv, kazein, vapno, buka
ptsi gipsz HU
Meghatrozs: Egy fehr, finom, szervetlen
s gyorsan kt por, melyet a gipsz szraz k-
rlmnyek kztt trtn, 120180 C-ra val
hevtsvel nyernek. sszetevi a flhidrt
gipsz (fl molekula kristlyvizet tartalmaz
kalcium-szulft), valamit a termszetes alap-
anyagbl szrmaz szennyezdsek, mint
pldul az anhidrit.
Megjegyzs: Vzzel keverve egy kplkeny
keverket eredmnyez, mely gipszkpzds
kzben gyorsan szilrdul, fehr, porzus, puha
anyagot hozva ltre. Az ptsi gipsz szilrdu-
lsa nem ignyel egyb adalkanyagot. De a
keverk tartalmazhat egyb szerves s szer-
vetlen anyagokat, melyek mdostjk a gipsz
szilrdulsi idejt s a keletkezett anyag tulaj-
donsgait, mint pldul a kemnysgt, vz-
tereszt kpessgt stb. A szervetlen adal-
kok, mint pldul az alumnium-szulft vagy
a klium-szulft, gyorstjk a ktst. A szerves
adalkanyagokat, mint pldul a vrt vagy a
kazeint, a kts ksleltetsre hasznltk.
A ptsi gipszhez hasonl termszetes port,
mely kts sorn vzllv vlik, des msz-
nek nevezik, gyorsabban szilrdul, mint a
msz, de lassabban, mint az ptsi gipsz. Az
ptsi gipsz a gipszvakolatok alapanyaga, de
lehet mszvakolatok adalkanyaga is; hasz-
sztsre.
Szinonima: flhidrt gipsz
Tves megnevezs: gipsz, stukk
adalkanyag, kazein, msz, vakolat
Gesso di Parigi IT
Definizione: Polvere bianca, fine, inorganica
e a presa rapida che viene ottenuta riscaldan-
do il gesso a 120180 C in un ambiente secco
(gesso calcinato). composto da gesso semii-
drato, oltre a impurit provenienti dalla fonte
naturale come lanidrite.
Commento: Quando viene mischiato allac-
qua, produce una miscela plastica che induri-
sce rapidamente con formazione di gesso, che
393
 MATERIALs APPENDIx
di nuovo produce un materiale bianco, poroso
e tenero. Il gesso di Parigi indurisce senza il bi-
sogno di alcun additivo. Potrebbe tuttavia
contenere degli additivi, sia organici che inor-
ganici, che modificano il suo tempo di asciu-
gatura come pure le sue propriet, come du-
rezza, permeabilit allacqua, etc. Additivi inor-
ganici come solfato di alluminio o solfato di
potassio accelerano la presa. Additivi organici,
come sangue e caseina, venivano aggiunti per
ritardare la presa.
Una polvere che si trova in natura simile al
gesso di Parigi, e che diventa resistente allac-
qua in seguito allindurimento, viene chiama-
ta gesso dolce; indurisce pi rapidamente
della calce ma pi lentamente del gesso di
Parigi. Il gesso di Parigi viene usato come ba-
se per lintonaco a gesso o come additivo nel-
lintonaco a calce, e anche come materiale
per produrre calchi ornamentali, stampi e
sculture.
Da non confondersi con: gesso, stucco, into-
naco semiidrato
additivo, caseina, calce, intonaco
Gips sztukatorski / Modelarski PL
Definicja: Biay, drobny, nieorganiczny, szyb-
ko wicy proszek, powstaje wskutek ogrze-
wania gipsu do 120C 180 C w suchych wa-
runkach (wypraany gips). Zoony z gipsu
pwodnego i naturalnych zanieczyszcze, jak
anhydryt.
Komentarz: Zmieszany z wod tworzy pla-
styczn mas, ktra szybko teje jako gips,
biay porowaty, mikki materia.
Twardnieje bez adnych dodatkw. Jednak
stosuje si dodatki, zarwno organiczne, jak
i nieorganiczne, co wpywa na czas wysycha-
nia i waciwoci, jak twardo, przepuszczal-
no wody, itd. Dodatki nieorganiczne, jak
siarczany glinu lub potasu mog przyspiesza
wizanie. Dodatki organiczne, jak krew czy
kazeina byy uywane do opniania wiza-
nia. Naturalnie wystpujcy proszek podobny
do gipsu sztukatorskiego, zwany sweet lime,
po wysuszeniu jest wodoodporny; twardnieje
szybciej ni wapno, ale wolniej ni gips sztu-
katorski.
Gips sztukatorski jest uywany jako baza tyn-
kw gipsowych lub dodatek do tynkw wa-
piennych, i wykonywania odleww ornamen-
tw, sztukaterii i rzeb.
Synonim: gips szybko wicy
dodatek, kazeina, wapno, tynk
394
Ipsos RO No confundir con: yeso, estuco
Definiie: Pulbere alb, fin, anorganic i cu aditivo, casena, cal, revoque
priz rapid, obinut prin nclzirea gipsului
pn la 120180 C n condiii uscate (gips cal-
cinat). Este compus din hemihidrat, dar i din Kalp als TR
impuriti provenite din surse naturale pre-
cum anhidrit. Tanm: 120180 C de kuru koullarda alta
stlarak oluturulan beyaz, ince, inorganik ve
Adnotare: Atunci cnd este amestecat cu ap, hzl kuruyan toz (snm kire ta). Doal
se obine un amestec plastic, maleabil care se kaynakl tortulardan olduu gibi hemihidrat
ntrete rapid prin formarea gipsului, obinn- ve anhidritten de oluur.
du-se din nou un material alb, poros i moale.
Ipsosul se ntrete fr necesitatea adugrii Yorum: Suyla kartrldnda, alnn o anki
aditivilor. Nu este exculs s includ aditivi, att haliyle hzlca sertleerek tekrar beyaz gze-
organici ct i anorganici, care s-i modifice nekli ve przsz bir rn haline gelen plastik
timpul de uscare precum i proprietile, cum bir karmdr. Kalp als, hibir katk madde-
ar fi duritatea, permeabilitatea, etc. Aditivii sine gerek duymadan sertleir. Fakat ayn za-
anorganici, cum ar fi sulfatul de aluminiu sau manda sertlik, su geirgenlii, kuruma zaman
sulfatul de potasiu pot accelera priza. Aditivii gibi zelliklere etki eden organik ve inorganik
organici, cum ar fi sngele sau cazeina au fost katk maddelerini de ierebilir. Alminyum
folosii pentru ncetinirea prizei. slfat, potasyum slfat gibi inorganik katk
O pulbere natural similar cu ipsosul ce de- maddeleri sertlemeyi hzlandrabilir. Kan ve
vine rezistent la ap dup ntrire, se nume- kazein gibi organik katk maddeleri sertleme-
te var dulce; se ntrete mai repede dect va- yi geciktirmek iin kullanlrd. yiletirme ile su
rul, ns mai lent dect ipsosul. Ipsosul este fo- geirimsiz kalp alsna benzer doal oluum-
losit ca baz pentru tencuiala de gips sau ca lu toz ise, tatl kire olarak adlandrlr; kireten
aditiv n tencuiala de var, precum i ca material daha hzl kalp alsndan daha yava sertleir.
pentru realizarea mulajelor, matrielor i sculp- Kalp als, al svada ana madde olarak ya da
turilor ornamentale. kire svasnda katk maddesi olarak kullanlr.
A nu se confunda cu: gips, stucatur, var dulce Ayrca, al ssleme, kalp ve heykel yapmnda
da kullanlr.
aditiv, cazein, var, tencuial Kartrmaynz: al, stkko, dkm als, ke-
mer svas
Yeso de Pars Es katk, kazein, kire, sva
Definicin: Polvo inorgnico blanco y fino de
fraguado rpido, obtenido del calentamiento BG
del yeso entre 120 y 180 C (yeso calcinado).
Est compuesto de hemihidrato, anhidrita, as : , ,
como impurezas contenidas en el material ori- (),
ginal. 120180 C (
). , ,
Comentario: Cuando se aade agua produce
una mezcla que endurece rpidamente for- .
mando yeso, nuevamente un material blanco,
suave y poroso. El yeso de Pars endurece sin : -
la ayuda de ningn aditivo. Puede incluir, de , -
todos modos, aditivos, tanto orgnicos como , ,
inorgnicos, que modifican su tiempo de se- .
cado, as como sus propiedades, como la du- . -
reza, la permeabilidad al agua, etc. Ciertos adi- -
tivos inorgnicos, como el sulfato de aluminio ,
o el sulfato de potasio, pueden acelerar el fra- , -
guado. Los aditivos orgnicos, como la sangre .
o la casena, eran usados como retardadores
del fraguado. . -
El yeso de Pars se usa como base para los -
morteros de yeso o como aditivo en los mor- .
teros de cal, adems de para realizar elemen- ,
tos ornamentales, moldes y esculturas. , -

, - : , , -
( , ,
) . - ,
- - - , - , , ,
. .
Pozzolan / Pozzolana EN
Definition: A siliceous or siliceous and alumi-
nous material which, if finely ground and in
the presence of water, reacts with lime (non-
hydraulic) and forms insoluble stable com-
pounds with cementing properties, such as
calcium silicate hydrate and calcium alumi-
nate hydrate. This gives a hydraulic set.
Comment: A pozzolan can be either natural
or man-made. Natural pozzolana, a vitreous
pyroclastic material produced through vol-
canic activity at Pozzuoli near Naples, Italy,
was frequently used by ancient Romans to
strengthen masonry structures. Used in in-
genious ways with aggregates like volcanic
tuff, brick, travertine or marble, pozzolana al-
lowed the evolution of new architectural
forms in ancient times, such as the cupola of
the Pantheon. Pozzolan is also used to desig-
nate a type of hydraulic cement discovered by
Romans, but the prevalent use of the term
pozzolan or pozzolana refers to the materials
described in the definition.
Not to be confused with: hydraulic binder,
lime, mortars and plasters
aggregate, brick, lime, masonry
Pouzzolane FR
Dfinition: Matriau siliceux ou silicoalumi-
neux qui, sil est finement broy et en pr-
sence deau, ragit avec la chaux (non hydrau-
lique) et forme des composs insolubles sta-
bles ayant des proprits cimentaires, tels que
le silicate de calcium hydrat et laluminate de
calcium hydrat.
Commentaires: Une pouzzolane peut tre soit
naturelle ou artificielle. La pouzzolane naturelle
est un matriau pyroclastique vitreux produit
par lactivit volcanique Pozzuoli, prs de
Naples (Italie). Elle a t frquemment utilise
par les Romains pour renforcer les structures de
maonnerie. Utilise de faon ingnieuse avec
Sources: Harris 1984, 376; Ching 1995, 42; Lea, Desch 1935,16, 244; CAMEO: Pozzolana (11.2.2014); Art Conservation Terms: pozzolana (clay) (11.2.2014)
MATERIALs APPENDIx
des agrgats comme le tuf volcanique, la Pucolan HR
brique, le travertin ou le marbre, la pouzzolane
a permis lvolution des nouvelles formes archi- Definicija: Silikatni ili silikatni i aluminatni ma-
tecturales dans les temps anciens, comme la terijal koji, ako je fino mljeven i u prisutnosti
coupole du Panthon. La pouzzolane est ga- vode, reagira s vapnom (nehidraulinim) i
lement utilise pour dsigner un type de ciment stvara netoplijve stabilne spojeve cementnih
hydraulique dcouvert par les Romains, mais svojstava kao to su hidrat kalcijeva silikata i
lutilisation rpandue du terme pouzzolane se hidrat kalcijeva aluminata. To daje hidraulina
rfre aux matriaux dcrits dans la dfinition. svojstva.
Ne pas confondre avec: liant hydraulique,
chaux, enduit Napomena: Pucolan moe biti prirodni ili
umjetni. Prirodni pucolan, staklast piroklasti-
granulat (agrgat), brique, chaux, ma- ni materijal koji nastaje vulkanskom aktivno-
onnerie u u Pozzuoliju pokraj Napulja esto su upo-
trebljavali stari Rimljani za ojaanje zidanih
struktura. Domiljato rabljen s agregatima po-
Puzzolan DE put vulkanskoga tufa, opeke, travertina ili
mramora, pucolan je dopustio evoluciju novih
Definition: Ein silikatisches oder silikatisch- arhitektonskih formi u antiko doba, poput
und tonerdehaltiges Material, das fein gemah- kupole Panteona. Naziv pucolan takoer se
len und in Gegenwart von Wasser mit (nicht upotrebljava za vrstu hidraulinoga cementa
hydraulischem) Kalk reagiert und unlsliche, koji su otkrili Rimljani. No pucolan ili pocolana
stabile Verbindungen, wie Calciumsilicat- najee se rabi za oznaavanje materijala koji
hydrat und Calciumaluminathydrat, mit Ze- su opisani u definiciji.
menteigenschaften bildet. Es findet ein hy-
draulischer Abbindeprozess statt. agregat, opeka, vapno, zidanje
Kommentar: Es kann sowohl natrlich als auch
synthetisch sein. Natrliches Puzzolan, ein glas- Puccoln HU
artiges, pyroklastisches Material, das durch die
vulkanische Aktivitt in Pozzuoli bei Neapel in Meghatrozs: Egy szilikt vagy alumnium-
Italien entstand, wurde hufig von den Rmern szilikt tartalm anyag, mely, ha finomra rlik
zur Verstrkung von Mauerwerk eingesetzt. Mit s vzzel keverik, reakciba lp a (nem hidra-
Zuschlgen wie vulkanischem Tuff, Ziegel, Tra- ulikus) msszel s oldhatatlan, stabil, cemen-
vertin oder Marmor ermglichte Puzzolan in tl tulajdonsgokkal rendelkez vegylete-
der Vergangenheit die Entwicklung neuer ar- ket kpez, mint pldul a hidratlt kalcium-
chitektonischer Formen, wie den Bau der Kup- szilikt vagy hidratlt kalcium-alumint. Ez
pel des Pantheons. Der Begriff floss auch in die hidraulikus ktst eredmnyez.
Bezeichnung einer hydraulischen Zementsorte
ein, die von den Rmern entdeckt wurde (Puz- Megjegyzs: A puccoln lehet termszetes
zolanzement). Die berwiegende Verwendung vagy mestersges. A termszetes puccolnt,
des Begriffs Puzzolan bezieht sich jedoch auf egy vegszer piroklasztikus anyagot, mely a
die oben genannten Materialien. vulkni tevkenysg sorn keletkezett Pozzu-
oliban, Npoly krnykn, Olaszorszgban, a
Zuschlag, Ziegel, Kalk/Branntkalk, Mau- rmaiak gyakran hasznltk a falszerkezetek
erwerk megerstsre. Lelemnyes hasznlata ltal,
vulkni tufkbl, tglbl, travertinbl vagy
mrvnybl nyert aggregtumknt, a pucco-
395
 MATERIALs APPENDIx

ln j ptszeti formk ltrehozst tette le-
hetv egykoron, mint pldul a Pantheon
kupoljnak megptst.
A puccolnt a rmaiak ltal felfedezett hidra-
ulikus cement megnevezsre is hasznljk,
de puccoln sz eldleges hasznlata a fenti
meghatrozsnak felel meg.
Tves megnevezs: hidraulikus ktanyag
aggregtum, tgla, msz, fal
Pozzolana
wertyn lub marmur, pucolana umoliwia roz-
wj nowych form architektonicznych w cza-
sach antyku, takich jak kopua Panteonu.
Termin pucolana jest te uywany dla opisania
typu cementu hydraulicznego wynalezionego
przez Rzymian, ale przewaajce uycie termi-
nu pucolana odnosi si do materiau opisane-
go w definicji.
Nie naley myli z: spoiwo hydrauliczne; wap-
no; zaprawy i tynki
kruszywo, cega, wapno, budownictwo
IT
tiempos romanos era muy utilizada para for-
talecer las estructuras de mampostera. Se usa
de forma muy variada con agregados como
toba volcnica, ladrillos, travertino o mrmol.
La puzolana permiti la evolucin de nuevas
formas arquitectnicas en tiempos antiguos,
como la cpula del Panten.
Este trmino se usa tambin para designar un
tipo de cemento hidrulico descubierto por
los romanos, pero el uso actual del trmino
puzolana se refiere a los materiales descritos
en la definicin.
No confundir con: conglomerante hidrulico

Definizione: Materiale siliceo o siliceo e allu-
minoso che, se finemente macinato e in pre-
senza di acqua, reagisce con la calce (non idrau-
lica) e forma dei composti stabili e insolubili con
propriet di cementazione, come il silicato di
calcio idrato e lalluminato di calcio idrato. Que-
sto gli conferisce una presa idraulica.
Commento: Una pozzolana pu essere sia na-
turale che artificiale. La pozzolana naturale
(materiale vetroso piroclastico prodotto per
attivit vulcanica presso Pozzuoli, vicino a Na-
poli, Italia) venne frequentemente usato dagli
antichi Romani per rafforzare le strutture in
muratura. Utilizzato in modi ingegnosi in di-
versi aggregati con tufo vulcanico, mattoni,
travertino o marmo, la pozzolana ha consen-
tito levoluzione delle nuove forme architetto-
niche nellantichit, come ad esempio nella
cupola del Pantheon.
Il termine pozzolana viene anche usato per in-
dicare una tipologia di cemento idraulico sco-
perto dai Romani, ma luso prevalente del ter-
mine pozzolana si riferisce ai materiali descritti
nella definizione.
inerte, mattone, calce, muratura refer la materialele descrise n definiie.
Pucolana PL
Definicja: Materia krzemianowy lub glinok-
rzemianowy, ktry po zmieleniu w obecnoci
wody reaguje z wapnem (niehydraulicznym)
tworzc nierozpuszczalne, trwae zwizki o
wasnociach cementujcych, jak uwodniony
krzemian wapnia i uwodniony glinian wapnia.
Nastpuje proces wizania hydraulicznego.
Komentarz: Pucolana moe by albo natural-
na, albo uzyskana sztucznie.
Naturalna pucolana to kwarcowy piroklastycz-
ny materia, powstay wskutek aktywnoci
wulkanu w Pozzuoli koo Neapolu we Wo-
szech, bya czsto stosowana przez staroyt-
nych Rzymian do wzmocnienia konstrukcji
budowlanych. Uywana na rozmaite sposoby
z kruszywem, jak tuf wulkaniczny, cegy, tra-
Pozzolana RO
Definiie: Un material silicios sau silicios i alu-
minos, care, dac este fin mcinat i se afl n
prezena apei, reacioneaz cu varul (aerian)
i formeaz compui insolubili stabili cu pro-
prieti de cimentare, cum ar fi silicatul de cal-
ciu hidratat i aluminatul de calciu hidratat.
Acesta confer ansamblului proprieti hi-
draulice.
Adnotare: Pozzolana poate fi natural sau
realizat de om. Pozzolana natural, un mate-
rial piroclastic vitros produs prin activitatea
vulcanic de la Pozzuoli lng Napoli, Italia, a
fost frecvent folosit de ctre romani pentru
consolidarea structurilor de zidrie. Utilizat
n moduri ingenioase mpreun cu agregate,
precum tuf vulcanic, crmid, travertin sau
marmur, pozzolana a permis evoluia noilor
forme arhitecturale din cele mai vechi timpuri,
cum ar fi cupola Panteonului.
Termenul pozzolana este de asemenea folosit
pentru a desemna tipul de ciment hidraulic
descoperit de romani, ns utilizarea predomi-
nant a termenilor pozzolan sau pozzolana se
fakat puzola ya da lav terimi tanmda akla-
A nu se confunda cu: liant hidraulic, var, mor-
tare i tencuieli
agregat, crmid, var, zidrie ve sva
Puzolana Es
Definicin: Materiales silceos o alumino-sil-
ceos finamente molidos que, en presencia de
agua, reaccionan con la cal (no-hidrulica) y
forman componentes insolubles estables que
poseen las propiedades del cemento, como
silicato de calcio hidratado y aluminato de cal-
cio hidratado. Dan un grupo hidrulico.
Comentario: Puede ser natural o artificial. La
puzolana natural es un material vtreo piro-
clstico producido por la actividad volcnica,
obtenido originalmente en la ciudad de Puz-
zuoli cerca de Npoles, Italia, donde ya en
carga, ladrillo, cal, fbrica
Puzolan TR
Tanm: nce taneli ve sulu ortamda kirele
(hidrolik olmayan) tepkimeye girerek, kalsi-
yum silika hidrat ve kalsiyum alminat hidrat
gibi imentolama zellikli zlmez sabit bi-
leim eklini alan silika ya da silika-almin-
yumlu malzeme. Bu durum hidrolik sertleme-
ye sebep olur.
Yorum: Puzolan, doal ya da insan yapm
olabilir. Doal puzolan zelliindeki cama
benzer piroklastik malzeme, talyann Napoli
ehri yaknlarndaki Pozzuolideki volkanik ha-
reketler srasnda oluan antik Romallar tara-
fndan duvar yapmnda sklkla kullanlrd.
Yaratc ekilde volkanik tf, tula, traverten
ya da mermer gibi agregalarla kullanlan pu-
zolan, Pantheonun kubbesi gibi antik zaman-
larda yeni mimari ekillerin geliimine katk
salad.
Puzolan ayrca Romallar tarafndan kefedilen
bir tr hidrolik imento tanm iin de kullanlr
nan malzemeyi ifade eder.
E anlam: lav kl
Kartrmaynz: hidrolik balayc, kire, har
agrega, tula, kire, duvar
BG
: -
,
, (-
) -
-
-
. -
.
: -
, .

396

- , - , - : -
, - - , , -
, , - . .
- -
. - , , - , , , -
, - -. /
sand EN
Definition: Natural fine granular material pri-
marily composed of silica (silicon dioxide),
usually in the form of quartz.
Comment: Sand is the most important aggre-
gate (filler) in mortars, renders and plasters. Cre-
ating various nuances with its grain and colour,
sand may considerably influence the texture of
architectural surfaces, and also the texture of
plaster surfaces, during conservation work.
Sands may have a large clay component. For the
execution of wall paintings and for their conser-
vation, sieving and rinsing are usually recom-
mended, to reduce impurities and the presence
of clay minerals. Sea sands are contaminated
with sea salts (mostly sodium chloride) and thus
not usable without prior treatment.
aggregate, render, plaster, clay, wall
painting
sable FR
Dfinition: Matriau naturel grains fins
compos principalement de silice (dioxyde de
silicium), gnralement sous la forme de
quartz.
Commentaires: Il constitue le squelette des
mortiers et enduits. Il peut crer diffrentes
nuances avec son grain et sa couleur et consi-
drablement influencer la texture des surfaces
architecturales, mais aussi des surfaces des
enduits, lors de travaux de conservation. Pour
lexcution des peintures murales et leur
conservation, il est gnralement tamis et
rinc, pour liminer les impurets et en parti-
culier les minraux argileux qui peuvent tre
prsents en grande quantit. Le sable de mer
est contamin par des sels de mer, principale-
ment du chlorure de sodium et nest pas utili-
sable sans traitement pralable.
granulat (agrgat), enduit, argile, pein-
ture murale
Sources: Vitruvius 1999, II:4; Thompson 1956, 3940; Botticelli 1992, 168; Cowper 2005, 23, 29, 35, 40/41, 43/4, 46, 53/4, 75; Cenninni 2007, LXVI; Mortars 2011,
56; Spiro et al. 2013, 283; Glossary of terms in soil science: sand (27.10.2014); CAMEO: Sand (22.10.2014)
sand
Definition: Natrliches, feinkrniges Material,
hauptschlich aus Silikaten und Siliziumdi-
oxid, in der Regel in Form von Quarz.
Kommentar: Sand ist der wichtigste Zuschlag
(Fllstoff) fr Mrtel und Putze. Durch die ver-
schiedenen Nuancen, die er durch seine Kr-
nung und Farbe bildet, kann er die Textur von
Architektur- und Putzoberflchen in der Res-
taurierung mageblich beeinflussen. Sande
knnen einen hohen Tonanteil haben. Fr die
Ausfhrung von Wandmalereien und deren
Restaurierung wird empfohlen, die Sande zu
sieben und zu waschen, um Verunreinigun-
gen und den Anteil von Tonmineralen zu re-
duzieren. Meeressand enthlt lsliche Salze,
hauptschlich Natriumchlorid, und ist somit
nicht ohne Vorbehandlung anwendbar.
Zuschlag, Auenputz, Putz, Ton,
Wandmalerei
Pijesak
Definicija: Prirodno granulirani fini materijal
u prvome redu sastavljen od silicijeva dioksi-
da, obino u formi kvarca.
Napomena: Pijesak je najvaniji agregat (pu-
nilo) u mortovima, vanjskim i unutarnjim bu-
kama. Stvarajui razliite nijanse svojim zrnom
i bojom pijesak moe bitno utjecati na tekstu-
ru arhitektonske povrine, a tijekom konzer-
vatorskih radova takoer i na povrinsku tek-
sturu buke. Pijesak moe sadravati znatnu
koliinu gline. Za izvoenje zidnih slika i nji-
hovo restauriranje preporuuje se prosijava-
nje i ispiranje da bi se smanjile koliina nei-
stoe i minerala gline. Morski pijesak je onei-
en morskim solima, uglavnom natrijevim
kloridom, te se ne moe upotrebljavati bez
prethodne obrade.
agregat, vanjska buka, buka, glina, sabbie marine sono contaminate con sali ma-
zidno slikarstvo
MATERIALs APPENDIx
DE Homok HU
Meghatrozs: Termszetes, finom szemcs-
zet anyag, f alkoteleme a szilcium-dioxid,
ltalban kvarc formjban.
Megjegyzs: A homok a habarcsok s kltri
vagy beltri vakolatok legfontosabb tlt-
anyaga. Vltozatos sznnek s szemcszet-
nek ksznheten, a homok jelentsen befo-
lysolhatja egy ptszeti fellet textrjt, va-
lamint a helyrelltsok sorn hasznlt vako-
latok felletnek textrjt.
A homok agyagot is tartalmazhat, akr na-
gyobb mennyisgben is. A falkpek kivitele-
zshez s restaurlshoz javasolt a homok
tszitlsa s tmossa, hogy ezltal cskken-
jen a szennyezds s agyagsvny tartalma.
A tengeri homok tengeri skkal szennyezett,
leginkbb ntrium-kloriddal, ezrt nem lehet
elzetes tisztts nlkl hasznlni.
tltanyag, habarcs, vakolat, agyag,
falkp
HR
sabbia IT
Definizione: Materiale naturale granulare e
fine principalmente composto da silice (bios-
sido di silicio), di solito sotto forma di quar-
zo.
Commento: La sabbia il filler pi importante
nelle malte, nei rinzaffi e negli intonaci. A cau-
sa delle diverse sfumature che definisce a se-
conda della sua grana e del suo colore, la sab-
bia pu influenzare sensibilmente la trama
delle superfici architettoniche, e anche quella
delle superfici di intonaco durante un inter-
vento di conservazione.
La sabbia pu avere una forte componente di
argilla. Per la realizzazione di dipinti murali e
per la loro conservazione, si raccomanda di so-
lito la setacciatura e il lavaggio, per ridurre le
impurit e la presenza di minerali argillosi. Le
rini, principalmente cloruro di sodio, e quindi
397
 MATERIALs APPENDIx
non possono essere usate senza un tratta-
mento preliminare.
inerte, intonaco per esterni, intonaco, ar-
gilla, pittura murale
Piasek PL
Definicja: Naturalny drobnoziarnisty materia
zoony gwnie z krzemu (dwutlenek krze-
mu), zwykle w postaci kwarcu.
Komentarz: Piasek to najwaniejsze kruszy-
wo (wypeniacz) zapraw i tynkw. Ze wzgldu
na wielko ziarna i kolor piasek moe wpy-
wa na tekstur powierzchni architektonicz-
nych, jak rwnie faktur powierzchni tynku
w pracach konserwatorskich.
Piasek moe zawiera znaczne iloci gliny. Do
wykonania malowida ciennego i do jego
konserwacji zaleca si przesiewanie i pukanie,
by zredukowa ilo zanieczyszcze i minera-
w gliniastych. Piasek morski zanieczyszczo-
ny jest sol morsk, gwnie chlorkiem sodu,
a wic nie mona go uywa bez wczeniej- perficie de los revoques durante los trabajos
szego przygotowania.
kruszywo, tynk, glina, malowido cienne la realizacin como para la restauracin de
Nisip RO
Definiie: Material natural fin granulat com-
pus n principal din dioxid de siliciu, de obicei
sub form de cuar.
Adnotare: Nisipul este cel mai important
agregat (umplutur) n mortare, tencuieli i
tencuieli exterioare. Crend diferite nuane cu
granulaia i culoarea sa, nisipul poate influ-
ena considerabil textura suprafeelor arhitec-
turale, i, de asemenea, textura suprafeelor
de tencuial, n timpul lucrrilor de conserva-
re. Nisipurile pot avea n compoziie o canti-
Terracotta EN
Definition: 1. A glazed or unglazed product
made with clay and mixed with fillers (grog
calcinated clay, chamotte, brick dust or pot
clay) and natural binders which are then
baked at a high temperature (above 600C).
2. Any kind of baked or semi-fired clay used to
create utilitarian or decorative objects, or
Sources: Hasol 2002, 455; Harris 2002, 498; Juracek 2002, 327, 333; Ching 1995, 34; CAMEO: Terracotta (11.2.2014); Art Conservation Terms: Terracotta (11.2.2014)
398
tate mare de argil. Pentru executarea pictu- Yorum: Kum, har, sva ve allarda en nemli
rilor murale i pentru conservarea lor, de obi- agrega (dolgu)dr. Kum, tanecik yaps ve rengi
cei, este recomandat cernerea i cltirea ni- ile eitli farkllklar oluturduundan, koruma
sipului, pentru a reduce impuritile i a elimi- ilemlerinde sva ve mimari yzeylerin doku-
na mineralele argiloase. Nisipurile de mare sunu olduka etkileyebilir. Kumlar, byk kil
sunt contaminate cu sruri de mare, mai ales bileenine sahip olabilir. Duvar resimlerinin
cu clorur de sodiu, i, prin urmare, nu sunt uygulanmasnda ve korunmasnda, kil mine-
utilizabile fr tratare anterior. rallerinin orann ve przlln azaltmak
iin genellikle elenmi ve durulanm kum ter-
agregat, tencuial exterioar, tencuial, cih edilir. Deniz kumlar, deniz tuzlar ile kirlen-
argil, pictur mural mitir, ounlukla sodyum klorid, ve bunlar
gerekli iyiletirme yaplmadan kullanlamaz.
Arena Es agrega, cephe svas, har, sva, al, kil,
duvar resmi
Definicin: Material natural de grano fino
compuesto principalmente por slice (dixido
de silicio), normalmente, en forma de cuarzo. BG
Comentario: La arena es la carga (carga fina) :
ms importante en morteros, morteros de re- , -
vestimiento y revoques. Debido a su color y , .
granulometra, la arena tiene una influencia
considerable en la textura de la superficie ar- : - -
quitectnica, as como en la textura de la su- ,
. -
de restauracin. Puede estar tambin com-
puesta en gran medida por arcilla. Tanto para , -
-
pinturas murales se recomienda tamizarla y , -
limpiarla para reducir la presencia de impure- -
zas y de minerales de arcilla. Las arenas mari- . -
nas estn contaminadas con sales, principal- .
mente cloruro de sodio; por ello, no se pueden
utilizar sin un tratamiento previo. ,
-
carga, mortero de revestimiento, revoque, .
arcilla, pintura mural , -
-
.
Kum TR
, -
Tanm: Temel olarak silisden oluan (silisyum , , ,
dioksit) genellikle kuvars eklinde olan doal
ince taneli malzeme.
structural forms such as: floor tiles, roof tiles It has been used all over the world since the
or decorative architectural elements. earliest periods of history. However, terracot-
ta use first flourished in the Renaissance,
Comment: Individual terracotta pieces are when moulded terracotta details, such as cor-
modelled by hand. For repetitive patterns, the nices, string courses, window frames and oth-
clay is pressed into moulds to form a cast. er exterior polychrome enamelled reliefs
Both types are then baked at high tempera- were widely used.
tures. As an architectural material it can be Closer to our time, terracotta started being
used in its natural colour, painted or glazed. used as a lightweight, non-load bearing ma-

terial for the exterior covering of skeletal steel
structures.
clay, filler, binder
Terre cuite FR
Dfinition: 1. Produit maill ou non fait, avec
de largile et mlang avec des additifs (cha-
motte, argile calcine, poudre de brique ou
pots dargiles) et des liants naturels qui sont
ensuite cuits une temprature leve (sup-
rieure 600C).
2. Tout type dargile cuite ou semi-cuite utili-
se pour crer des objets utilitaires ou dco-
ratifs, ou des formes structurelles telles que:
des carrelages, des tuiles ou des lments ar-
chitecturaux dcoratifs.
Commentaires: Elles peuvent tre en terre
cuite, modeles la main. Pour des motifs r-
ptitifs, largile est presse dans des moules
pour obtenir une forme. Les deux types de
terre cuite sont ensuite cuits des tempra-
tures leves. La terre cuite peut tre utilise
en tant que matriau de construction avec sa
couleur naturelle, peinte ou glace.
Elle est utilise partout dans le monde depuis
les premires priodes de lhistoire. Mais luti-
lisation de la terre cuite a dabord prospr
dans la Renaissance, lorsque les dtails en
terre cuite mouls, comme des corniches, des
bandeaux, les cadres de fentres et autres re-
liefs maills polychromes extrieurs ont t
largement utiliss. Plus prs de nous, la terre
cuite a commenc tre utilise comme un
matriau non porteur lger pour le revte-
ment extrieur des structures en acier.
Ne pas confondre avec: architecture en terre
cuite
argile, charge, liant
Terracotta DE
Definition: 1. Ein glasiertes oder unglasiertes
Produkt aus Ton, das vermischt mit Zusatzmit-
teln (Schamotte kalzinierter Ton, Ziegelmehl
oder Attapulgit) und natrlichen Bindemitteln
bei hohen Temperaturen (ber 600 C) ge-
brannt wird.
2. Jede Art von gebranntem oder niedrig ge-
branntem Ton zur Herstellung von Gebrauchs-
oder Dekorationsobjekten und Bauelemen-
ten, wie Bodenfliesen, Dachziegeln oder de-
korativen architektonischen Elementen.
Kommentar: Einzelstcke aus Terracotta wer-
den per Hand modelliert. Fr sich wiederho-
lende Motive wird der Ton in Formen gepresst,
MATERIALs APPENDIx
um Abdrcke zu erhalten. Beide Arten werden Megjegyzs: Az egyedi terrakotta darabokat
dann bei hohen Temperaturen gebrannt. kzzel mintzzk. Az ismtld elemek ell-
Als Architekturelement kann Terracotta in ihrer ltshoz az agyagot formkba prselik s le-
natrlichen Farbe, bemalt oder glasiert ver- nyomatokat ksztenek. Mindkt esetben a
wendet werden. Sie wird weltweit seit langem mintzst magas hfokon vgrehajtott gets
verwendet. Ihre Bltezeit erreichte sie in der kveti. Az ptszetben felhasznlhat term-
Renaissance, als modellierte Terracotta-Details, szetes sznben, de sznezve, festve vagy mz-
wie Kranzgesimse, Gurtgesimse, Fensterrah- zal bortva is. A terrakottt vilgszerte hasznl-
men und andere polychrom glasierte Reliefs tk a legrgibb idk ta. De hasznlata a re-
an Fassaden, gebruchlich wurden. Seit jnge- nesznszban virgzott fel elszr, mikor a for-
rer Zeit wird Terracotta auch als leichtes, nicht- mzott terrakotta rszletek, ereszprknyok,
tragendes Material fr die uere Ummante- vprknyok, ablakkeretek s egyb sokszn,
lung von Stahlskelettbauten verwendet. mzas kls dombormvek szles krben el-
Synonyme: Terrakotta, terra cotta terjedtek. jabban, a terrakottt egyre inkbb
knny, nem tartszerkezeti kls bort-
Ton, Fllstoff, Bindemittel anyagknt hasznljk acl vzszerkezeteken.
agyag, tltanyag, ktanyag
Terakota HR
Definicija: 1. Glazirani ili neglazirani proizvod Terracotta IT
od mjeavine gline, punila (grog-kalcinirana
glina, amot, prah od opeke ili lonarska glina) Definizione: 1. Prodotto smaltato o non smal-
i prirodnih veziva koji se zatim pee na visokim tato a base di argilla e mescolato con additivi
temperaturama (iznad 600C). (argilla calcinata, chamotte, polvere di matto-
2. Peena ili polupeena glina koja se rabi za iz- ne o argilla per vasellame) e leganti naturali
radu uporabnih i ukrasnih predmeta ili struktur- successivamente cotti ad alta temperatura
nih formi poput: podnih ploica, krovnih ploica (sopra i 600C).
ili dekorativnih arhitektonskih elemenata. 2. Qualsiasi tipo di argilla cotta o semi-cotta
usata per creare utensili e oggetti decorativi,
Napomena: Pojedini dijelovi terakote mode- o moduli strutturali come piastrelle, tegole o
liraju se runo. Kada je potrebno da se obrazac elementi architettonici decorativi.
ponavlja, glina se utiskuje u kalup. Obje se vr-
ste zatim peku na visokim temperaturama. Commento: I pezzi unici in terracotta vengo-
Kao arhitektonski materijal moe se upotreb- no modellati a mano. Per modelli ripetitivi, lar-
ljavati u prirodnoj boji, oslikana ili glazirana. gilla viene pressata dentro degli stampi per
Terakota je upotrebljavana u cijelome svijetu creare una forma. Entrambi i tipi vengono poi
jo od najranijih razdoblja povijesti. Njezina je cotti ad alte temperature. Come materiale ar-
uporaba procvjetala u renesansi, kad su odli- chitettonico, pu essere usata con il suo colore
veni detalji od terakote, poput vijenaca, me- naturale, pitturata o smaltata.
ukatnih vijenaca, prozorskih okvira i ostalih stata usata in tutto il mondo sin dagli albori
vanjskih viebojnih emajliranih reljefa bili e- della storia, ma luso della terracotta prosper
sti. Blie naemu dobu, terakota se poela ra- nel Rinascimento, quando modanature in ter-
biti kao lagani nenosivi materijal za vanjske racotta come cornici, marcapiani, infissi e altri
obloge skeletnih elinih konstrukcija. rilievi policromi smaltati da esterno erano lar-
gamente usati. Avvicinandosi alla nostra epo-
glina, punilo, vezivo ca, si vede come la terracotta abbia iniziato ad
essere usata come un materiale leggero e non
portante per il rivestimento esterno di sche-
Terrakotta HU letri di strutture in acciaio.
Meghatrozs: 1. Egy mzas vagy mztalan argilla, filler, legante
termk, melyet agyagbl lltanak el, mely-
hez adalkanyagokat (kalcinlt agyag, samott,
tglapor vagy cserpagyag), valamint term- Terakota PL
szetes ktanyagokat kevernek, s formzs
utn magas hfokon getnek ki (600 C fltt). Definicja: 1. Glazurowane lub nieszkliwione
2. Brmely getett vagy flig kigetett agyag, wyroby wykonane z samej gliny lub czonej
melybl hasznlati vagy dsztrgyakat ksz- z domieszkami (kalcynowana glina, szamot,
tenek, vagy szerkezeti elemeket lltanak el, py ceglany lub glina garncarska) i naturalny-
mint pldul padlcsempt, tetcserepet mi materiaami wicymi, nastpnie wypala-
vagy egyb ptszeti dsztelemet. ne w wysokich temperaturach (okoo 600 C).
399
 2. Kazdy rodzaj gliny wypalonej w wysokiej
lub nizszej temperaturze, uzytej do wyrobu
przedmiot6w uzytkowych lub dekoracyjnych
lub form konstrukcyjnych jak: plytki podlogo-
we, dach6wki, dekoracyjne elementy archi-
tektoniczne.
Komentarz: Niepowtarzalne wyroby terako-
towe Sq modelowane r~cznie. Dia wzor6w po-
wtarzalnych glina jest wciskana w formy, by
uformowac odcisk/ odlew. Oba rodzaje sq na-
st~pnie wypalane w wysokich temperaturach.
Jako tworzywo architektoniczne moze byc
uzyta w kolorze naturalnym, malowana lub
glazurowana.
Byla uzywana na calym swiecie od najstar-
szych okres6w historii. Uzycie terakoty roz-
kwitlo w czasach Renesansu, gdy szeroko sto-
sowano modelowane detale terakotowe, ta-
kie jak gzymsy, fryzy, obramienia okien i inne
reliefy zewn~trzne, polichromowane lub szkli-
wione.
Blizej naszych czas6w terakot~ zacz~to stoso-
wacjako lekki, nie obciqzajqcy materialdo po-
krywania elewacji budowli stalowo szkieleto-
wych .
- glina, - wypelniacz, - spoiwo
Definitie: 1. Un produs smltuit sau nesml-
tuit creat cu argil ~i amestecat cu aditivi (ar-
gil calcinat, ~amot, praf de crmid sau emplearon profusamente en cornisas, mar-
lut) ~i lianti naturali, care sunt apoi arse Ia o
temperatur ridicat (peste 600 ().
2. Orice fel de argil ars sau semi-ars folo-
sit pentru a crea obiecte utilitare sau deco-
rative, sau forme structurale, cum ar fi : gre -
sie, !igle sau elemente arhitecturale decora-
tive.
Adnotare: Piesele de teracot individuale
sunt modelate manual. Pentru modele repe-
titive, argila este presat in matri!e, pentru a
crea o form de turnare. Ambele tipuri sunt
apoi arse Ia temperaturi ridicate. Ca un mate-
rial arhitectural poate fi folosit cu culoarea sa
natural, pictat sau smltuit. kalsine edilmi~ kil, seramik par~alan , tugla tc-
A fost folosit peste tot in lume inc din pri-
mele perioade istorice. Utilizarea teracotei a
inflorit in primul rand in perioada Rena~terii,
cand au fost utilizate pe scar larg detalii de
teracot turnate, cum arfi corni~e, frize, rame
de ferestre ~i alte reliefuri policrome exterioare
400
emailate. ln ultima perioad, teracota a
inceput s fie folo sit ca un material de
categorie u~oar, material neportant (fr
capacitatea de suportare a incrcturii),
pentru acoperirea exterioar a structurilor
metalice scheletice.
- argilii, - material de umpluturii, - liant
Terracota ES
Definici6n: 1. Producto, vidriado o no, hecho
con arcilla mezclada con aditivos diverses (ar-
cilla cocida, triturados ceramicos o polvo de
ladrillo) y ligantes naturales, que son cocidos
a alta temperatura (sobre los 600 ().
2. Cualquiertipo de arcilla cocida o semicocida
usada para crear objetos decorativos o utilita-
rios, o bien formas estructurales como: baldo-
sas, tejas o elementos arquitect6nicos deco-
rativos.
Comentario: Las piezas individuales de terra-
cota se modelan a mano. Para modelos repe-
titives, Ia arcilla se introduce a presi6n en mol-
des para formar piezas. Ambos tipos se cue-
cen a alta temperatura. Como material arqui-
tect6nico, puede se r usado con su color natu-
ral, pintado o esmaltado.
Ha sido empleado en todo el munde desde
los inicios de Ia historia, con una gran inci-
dencia durante el Renacimiento, epoca en Ia
que los detalles de terracota moldeada se
peMVIAVI VI AeKopaTVIBHVI apXVITeKTypHVI
cos de ventana y otros relieves decorativos
exteriores polieromades y esmaltados. En fe-
chas mas cercanas, Ia terracota empez6 a uti-
lizarse como materialligero, no portante, pa-
ra el revestimiento exterior de estructuras de
acero.
- arcilla, - carga fina, -ligante
Terakota TR
Tamm: 1. Kilden meydana geien dogal bag-
lay~ellar ve katk1 maddeleri (~mlek par~alan,
HVI penecpVI, KOVITO Ca WVIpOKO Vl3nOJl3BaHVI .
zu, ya da ~amot) ile kan~t1nld1ktan sonra yk-
sek 1s1da (600 oc zerinde) f1nnlanan s1rl1 ya da
SlrSIZ rn.
2. Kullan1~1i ya da dekoratif nesneler veya ze-
min seramigi, ~at1 kaplamas1, dekoratif mima-
ri elemanlar gibi yap1sal geler yaratmak i~in
kullanllan f1nnlanm1~ ya da yan f1nnlanm1~ kil
tr.
Yorum: Kendine zg terakota par~alan eile
bi~imlendirilir. Tekrar eden ~ekiller i~in, kil, ka-
llplara basllarak dkm olu~turulur. Her iki tr
de yksek 1s1da f1nnlan1r. Mimari malzeme ola-
rakdogal rengiyle, boyall ya da s1rli ~ekilde kul-
lanllabilir. Tarihin en erken dnemlerinden be-
ri tm dnyada kullanllmaktad1r. Fakat terako-
ta kullan1m1 ilk olarak Rnesans dneminde
kallplanm 1 ~ terakota detaylan korni~, kordon,
pencere kenarl1g1 ve diger d1~ polikrom mll
rlyefler kullamlarak yaygmla~t1. Yakm zaman-
da, terakota hafif, portatif malzeme olarak ~e
lik iskeletli yapilann d1~ kaplamalannda kulla-
nllmaya ba~land1.
E~ anlam: pi~mi~ tugla seramik
- kil,- dolgu maddesi, - baglay/CI
Aecj>IIIHIIIL\IIIR: 1. rna3VIpaH VIJlVI Herna3VIpaH
npOAYKT, HanpaBeH OT rJJVIHa C pa3JlVI4HVI A0-
6aBKVI (rpor-Ka!ll.\VIHVIpaHa rJJVIHa, waMOT, ryx-
neH npax, napyera or rJJVIHeHVI CbAOBe) VI ec-
recrseH csbp3saren, Kolilro ce Vl3nVI4a npVI
MHOrO BVICOKa TeMneparypa (HaA 600 ().
2. BolKaKbB BVIA ne4eHa VlllVI nonyV~3ne4eHa
rJJVIHa,VI3nOJJ3BaHa 3a Cb3AaBaHero Ha yrVIJJVI-
rapHVI, AeKOpaTVIBHVI VIJJVI KOHCTPYKTL!IBHVI
cpopMVI VI npeAMeTVI KaTO: nOAOBVI n!l04KVI, Ke-
ene-
MeHTVI.
KoMeHTap: TAeJJHVITe nap4era repaKora ce
MOAellVIpar Ha pbKa. 3a nosrapilll.\VITe ce MO-
AeJJVI rJJVIHara ce npmVIcKa B KaJJbnVI 3a o6-
pa3yBaHe Ha OTJlVIBKa. VI ABaTa BVIAa ce neKaT
npVI BVICOKVI reMneparypVI . Karo apxVITeKry-
peH eneMeHT MO>Ke Aa ce Vl3nomsa c ecrecr-
BeHWlT CVII..\BflT, rJJa3VIpaHa VIJlVI He. Vl3nOJl3Ba
Ce Vl3 1..\e!lVIil CBilT OT Hai/i-paHHVITe VICTOpV14eC-
KVI nepVIOAVI. npol..\bcpTilBa, o6a4e npeA PeHe-
caHca, Korara ce OTJJVIBar pa311VI4HVI cpopMVI
KaTO KOpHV13VI, paMKVI 3a np030pi..\VI, KaKTO VI
APYrVI eKcrepVIOpHVI nonV~xpoMHVI eMaVinV~pa
no-KbCHVI speMeHa repaKorara 3ano4Ba Aa ce
Vl3nomsa Karo neK MarepV~an 6e3 HOCell.\VI
cpyHKI..\VIVI 3a BbHWHa 0611VII..\OBKa Ha CTOMaHe-
HVI crpyKrypVI .
- znuHa, - nbnHumen,- CBbp3Bamen

Tessera EN
Definition: Cubic, polygonal or round pieces
of a hard material used to create the decora-
tive surface layer of mosaics.
Comment: Tesserae can be made of glass, mar-
ble, stone, terracotta, brick, gypsum, ceramic,
enamel, bone, metal or similar hard materials.
The size may vary according to local or histori-
cal traditions from about 2mm2 up to 2cm2.
mosaic, terracotta, brick, gypsum, ce- Meghatrozs: Kemny anyagbl kszlt
ramic
Tesselle FR
Dfinition: Pices dcoupes dans un mat- kbl, terrakottbl, tglbl, gipszbl, ker-
riau dur selon des formes cubiques, polygo-
nales ou rondes et utilises pour faire la
couche de surface dcorative de mosaques.
Commentaires: Elles peuvent tre faites en
verre, marbre, pierre, terre cuite, brique, pltre,
cramique, mail, os, mtal ou tout autre ma-
triau dur. Leur taille peut varier, selon les tra-
ditions locales ou historiques, denviron 2 mm2
jusqu 2 cm2.
mosaque, terre cuite, brique, pltre de tondato di materiale duro usato per comporre
Paris, cramique
Tessera DE
Definition: Kubische, mehreckige oder runde
Stcke aus einem harten Material, mit dem
dekorative Oberflchen von Mosaiken herge-
stellt werden.
Kommentar: Tesserae knnen aus Glas, Mar-
mor, Stein, Terracotta, Ziegel, Gips, Keramik,
Emaille, Knochen, Metall oder hnlich harten
Materialien hergestellt werden. Abhngig von
lokalen oder historischen Traditionen kann die
Gre von 2mm2 bis zu 2cm2 variieren. Definicja: Szecienne, wieloboczne lub
Synonyme: Tesserae (Plural), Mosaikstein, Mo-
saiksteinchen
Mosaik, Terracotta, Ziegel, Gips, Kera-
mik
Tesera HR
Definicija: Kubini, poligonalni ili okrugli ko-
madi tvrdoga materijala koji se upotrebljavaju
za izradu dekorativnoga povrinskog sloja
mozaika.
Sources: Farneti 2001, 204/5; Clarke 2010, 244 ; CAMEO: Tessera (22.10.2014); Art History Archive: Tessera (22.10.2014)
Napomena: Tesere mogu biti od stakla, mra-
mora, kamena, terakote, cigle, gipsa, kerami-
ke, emajla, kosti, metala ili slinih tvrdih mate-
rijala. Veliina, sukladno lokalnim ili povije-
snim tradicijama, moe varirati od 2 mm2 do
2 cm2.
mozaik, terakota, cigla, gips, keramika
Mozaikkocka (tessera) HU
tiv 2mm2 pn la 2cm2.
ngyzetes, sokszg vagy kerektett darab-
kk, melyeket a mozaikkal dsztett felletek
kialaktsra hasznlnak.
Megjegyzs: Kszlhet vegbl, mrvnybl,
Tesela
mibl, zomncbl, csontbl, fmbl vagy ha-
sonl kemny anyagokbl. Mretei, a helyi
vagy trtneti hagyomnyok szerint, 2 mm2
s 2 cm2 kztt vltozhatnak.
mozaik, terrakotta, tgla, gipsz, kermia
Tessera
Definizione: Pezzo cubico, poligonale o arro-
lo strato decorativo superficiale dei mosaici.
Commento: Le tessere possono essere fatte
di vetro, marmo, pietra, terracotta, mattone,
gesso, ceramica, smalto, ossa, metallo o altri
materiali duri simili a questi. Le dimensioni va-
riano a seconda delle tradizioni locali o stori-
che tra i 2mm2 e i 2cm2.
mosaico, terracotta, mattone, gesso,
ceramica
Kostki mozaiki PL
okrge kawaki twardego materiau uywane
do wykonania dekoracyjnej warstwy po-
wierzchniowej mozaiki.
Komentarz: Kostki mog by wykonane ze
szka, marmuru, kamienia, terakoty, cegy, gip-
su, ceramiki, emalii, koci, metalu lub podob-
nych twardych materiaw. Wymiary mog
rni si w zalenoci od lokalnych i histo-
rycznych tradycji od 2mm2 a do 2cm2.
mozaika, terakota, cega, gips, ceramika
MATERIALs APPENDIx
Tesere RO
Definiie: Piese cubice, poligonale sau rotun-
de dintr-un material dur, utilizate pentru rea-
lizarea stratului decorativ de suprafa al mo-
zaicului.
Adnotare: Pot fi realizate din sticl, marmur,
piatr, teracot, crmid, gips, ceramic,
email (smal), os, metal sau din alte materiale
similare dure. Dimensiunile pot varia n funcie
de tradiiile locale sau istorice de la aproxima-
mozaic, teracot, crmid, gips, ce-
ramic
Es
Definicin: Pieza cbica, poligonal o redon-
deada, de material duro, utilizada para realizar
la capa de superficie decorativa de los mosai-
cos.
Comentario: Pueden estar hechas de vidrio,
mrmol, piedra, terracota, ladrillo, yeso, cer-
IT mica, esmalte, hueso, metal o materiales du-
ros similares. Su tamao puede variar de apro-
ximadamente 2mm2 hasta 2cm2, en funcin
de las tradiciones locales o histricas.
mosaico, terracota, ladrillo, yeso, ce-
rmica
Tessera TR
Tanm: Mozaiklerin dekoratif yzeylerini kap-
lamak iin kullanlan kp eklinde, okgen ve-
ya yuvarlak paral sert malzeme.
Yorum: Tessera, cam, mermer, ta, terakota,
tula, alta, seramik, emaye, kemik, metal
veya benzer sert malzemelerden oluabilir.
Ebat, yerel veya tarihi geleneklere gre 2mm2
ile 2cm2 aras deiiklik gsterebilir.
E anlam: mozaik
mozaik, terakota, tula, alta, sera-
mik
BG
: ,
, -
-
.
401
 MATERIALs APPENDIx
: . , , , ,
, , , , , -
, , , . 22 22.
Waterglass EN
Definition: Water-soluble sodium , potassi-
um , or lithium silicate, or their aqueous so-
lutions, used as a binding medium for wall
paintings and mortars, or as a consolidant.
Comment: The drying of these media is initi-
ated by the evaporation of water followed by
the formation of water-insoluble silicic acid in
conjunction with carbonic acid from the air
(silicification). After this silification, waterglass
is irreversible.
Due to its low penetration depth and the
possible formation of salts (alkali carbon-
ates) it is not used as a consolidant for stone
any more. Only potassium silicate is used as
a binding medium for heavily tinted, weath-
er-resistant paintings and coatings.
Synonyms: water-glass, silicate of potassium,
soluble glass, soluble silicate
Not to be confused with: liquid glass
binder, consolidant, mineral paints/silicate
colours
silicates alcalins FR
Dfinition: Solution aqueuse de silicate de
sodium, potassium ou lithium, utilise comme
liant pour des peintures murales et des mor-
tiers, consolidant ou adhsif.
Commentaires: Son schage est caus par
lvaporation de leau. De lacide silicique in-
soluble se forme alors dans leau en combinai-
son avec de lacide carbonique de lair par une
raction irrversible de silicification. Du fait de
sa faible profondeur de pntration et de la
formation ventuelle de sels (carbonates alca-
lins), il nest plus utilis comme agent de
consolidation pour la pierre. Seul, le silicate de
potassium est utilis comme liant pour des
peintures et revtements fortement teints et
rsistant aux intempries.
Synonyme: traitement par silicatisation
Ne pas confondre avec: verre de silice
liant, consolidant, peinture minrale
Sources: Mortars 2011 320; Schramm, Hering 1988, 128; Weber 1985, 59; Ettl et al. 2005
402
Wasserglas DE
Definition: Wasserlsliches Natrium-, Kalium-
oder Lithiumsilikat oder deren wssrige L-
sungen, die als Bindemittel fr Wandmalerei-
en und Mrtel oder als Festigungsmittel ver-
wendet werden.
Kommentar: Die Trocknung dieses Bindemit-
tels beginnt mit der Verdunstung von Wasser
und wird gefolgt von der Ausbildung wasser-
unlslicher Kieselsure (Verkieselung). Nach
dieser Verkieselung ist Wasserglas irreversibel.
Aufgrund seiner geringen Eindringtiefe und
der mglichen Bildung von Salzen (Alkalicar-
bonate in Verbindung mit Kohlendioxid aus
der Luft) wird es nicht mehr zur Festigung von
Stein verwendet. Einzig Kaliumsilikat wird als
Bindemittel fr stark farbige, wasserfeste Far-
ben und Beschichtungen (Mineralfarben) be-
nutzt.
Synonym: Alkalisilikat
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Mineralfarbe, Sili-
katfarbe, Mineralbindemittel
Bindemittel, Festigungsmittel, Mineralfarben
Vodeno staklo HR
Definicija: Vodotopljiv natrijev, kalijev ili liti-
jev silikat ili njihove vodene otopine koje se
rabe kao vezivo za zidne slike i mortove ili kao
uvriva i ljepilo.
Napomena: Suenje tog veziva potaknuto je
hlapljenjem vode, nakon ega slijedi formira-
nje u vodi netopljive silikatne kiseline u spoju
s karbonskom kiselinom iz zraka (silicifikacija).
Nakon silifikacije vodeno staklo je nepovratno.
Zbog njegove niske dubine prodiranja i mo-
guih formiranja soli (lunati karbonati) vie se
ne upotrebljava kao uvriva za kamen.
Jedino se kalijev silikat rabi kao vezivno sred-
stvo za tee i na vremenske uvjete otporne bo-
je, slike i premaze.
Ne smije se mijeati s: tekue staklo
vezivo, uvriva, mineralne boje
Vzveg HU
Meghatrozs: Vzoldhat ntrium-, klium-
vagy ltium-szilikt, vagy ezek vizes oldata,
melyet ktanyagknt hasznlnak falkpek-
nl s habarcsoknl, vagy szilrdtknt s ra-
gasztknt.
Megjegyzs: Az anyag ktse a vz prolgsval
kezddik, majd vzoldhatatlan kovasav keletke-
zik (kovsods). A kovsods folyamata utn a
vzveg nem tvolthat el, visszaoldhatatlan.
Csekly behatol kpessge s a lehetsges s-
kpzdsek (alkli-karbontok) miatt, manap-
sg mr nem hasznljk kszilrdtknt. Csu-
pn a klium-szilikt van mg hasznlatban k-
tanyagknt a tlsznezett, idjrsll festm-
nyek s vdbevonatok ltrehozshoz.
Szinonimk: oldott veg, klium-szilikt oldat
Tves megnevezs: folykony veg
ktanyag, szilrdt, svnyi festk
Vetro solubile IT
Definizione: Silicati di sodio, potassio o litio
solubili in acqua, o loro soluzioni acquose, usa-
ti come leganti per dipinti murali e malte, o
come consolidanti e adesivi.
Commento: Lessiccazione di queste soluzioni
avviata dallevaporazione dellacqua, seguita
dalla formazione di acido silicico insolubile in
combinazione con lacido carbonico nellaria
(silicizzazione). Dopo questa silicizzazione, il
vetro solubile irreversibile.
A causa del suo basso potere di penetrazione
e della possibile formazione di sali (carbonati
alcalini) non viene pi usato come consolidan-
te per la pietra. Solo il silicato di potassio viene
usato come legante per colori e tinteggiature
(pittura ai silicati) dai colori intensi e resistenti
alle intemperie.
Sinonimo: vetro liquido
legante, consolidante, pittura minerale ai
silicati
 MATERIALs APPENDIx

szko wodne PL
Definicja: Rozpuszczalne w wodzie krzemia-
ny sodu, potasu lub litu, albo ich wodne roz-
twory, uywane jako spoiwa w malarstwie
ciennym i do zapraw, a take jako impregnat
wzmacniajcy.
Komentarz: Wysychanie tych spoiw inicjowa-
ne jest odparowywaniem wody, po ktrym
nastpuje tworzenie nierozpuszczalnego w
wodzie kwasu krzemowego w poczeniu z
kwasem wglowym z powietrza. Po tym pro-
cesie szko wodne jest nieodwracalne. Z po-
wodu sabej penetracji w gb i moliwej for-
macji soli (zasadowych wglanw) nie jest ju
uywane jako impregnat wzmacniajcy do ka-
mienia. Krzemian potasu jest stosowany jedy-
nie jako spoiwo malowide i mocno zabarwio-
nych powok, odpornych na czynniki atmos-
feryczne.
Nie naley myli z: pynne szko
spoiwo, farby mineralne / farby silikatowe
Ap de sticl RO
Definiie: Silicat de sodiu -, potasiu -, sau litiu
solubil n ap, sau soluiile lor apoase, folosit
ca liant pentru picturile murale i pentru mor-
tare, sau ca un consolidant.
Adnotare: Uscarea acestuia este iniiat prin
evaporarea apei, urmat de formarea acidului
silicic insolubil n ap n conexiune cu acidul
carbonic din aer (silicifiere). Dup aceast sili-
cifiere, procesul este ireversibil. Din cauza
adncimii sale sczute de penetrare i din cau-
za posibilitii de formare a srurilor (carbo-
nai alcalini) nu mai este folosit ca i consoli-
dant pentru piatr. Doar silicatul de potasiu
este folosit ca liant pentru picturile i straturile
puternic colorate i rezistente la intemperii. meyen silisit asit oluumu ile birlikte havadan
Sinonim: silicat de potasiu karbonik asit (silikatlama) ile devam eder. Si-
A nu se confunda cu: sticl lichid likatlamadan sonra su cam geri dnm-
szdr. Dk geirgenlik derinlii ve muhte-
liant, consolidant, pictur mineral mel tuz (alkali karbonat) oluturmasndan do-
lay, ta iin artk sklatrc olarak kullanlma-
maktadr. Sadece potasyum silikat, youn ton-
Vidrio soluble Es lu ve hava koullarna dayankl resimler ve
kaplamalar iin balayc malzeme olarak kul-
Definicin: Silicato de sodio, potasio o litio lanlr.
soluble en agua, o su solucin acuosa, que se E anlaml: potasyum silicat, znr cam, -
utiliza como medio ligante para pinturas mu- znebilir silikat
rales y morteros, o bien como consolidante y Kartrmaynz: sv cam
adhesivo.
balayc, salamlatrc, mineral boyalar
Comentario: El proceso de secado de estos
medios se inicia con la evaporacin del agua
y contina con la formacin de cido silcico BG
insoluble en agua y cido carbnico proce-
dente del aire (silificacin). Tras la silificacin, : ,
el vidrio soluble es irreversible. Debido a su es- ,
caso poder de penetracin y a la posible for- , -
macin de sales (carbonatos alcalinos), ya no -
se emplea como consolidante de piedra. Solo .
el silicato potsico se usa como un medio li-
gante para pinturas y recubrimientos con alto :
poder de tincin y resistente al medio am-
biente. , -
Sinnimos: silicato alcalino, silicato potsico ,-
(-
ligante, consolidante, pinturas minerales ).
.
-
su Cam TR ( -
)
Tanm: Duvar resimleri ve harlar iin bala- . -
yc madde, salamlatrc veya yaptrc ola-
rak kullanlan suda znebilir, sodyum, po- -
tasyum, lityum silikat veya onlarn sulu zel- .
tileri. :
Yorum: Bu maddelerin kurumas, ilk olarak su- , ,
yun buharlamasna baldr ve suda zn- /

Wax EN wall paintings). It was also used for polishing in Cire FR

Definition: A solid or semi-solid, slightly
greasy, water-insoluble, organic substance,
principally containing compounds of high mo-
lecular weight. They are derived from animals,
plants, petroleum or are synthetic in origin.
Comment: In the past, the most commonly used
wax was beeswax (which was used as a binder
in encaustic painting and as a protective coat for
techniques such as scagliola and stucco. During
the 19th and 20th centuries, beeswax and paraf-
fin wax were used for the consolidation of wall
paintings. This resulted in dust accumulation
and adhesion, the alteration of the tonality of
colour and darkening, as well as the transforma-
tion of the surface into a glossy one (lustro).
binder, wall painting, scagliola, stucco,
darkening
Dfinition: Substance organique insoluble
dans leau, solide ou semi-solide, lgrement
grasse, issue danimaux, de plantes, du ptrole
ou dorigine synthtique et contenant princi-
palement des composs poids molculaire
lev.
Commentaires: La cire dabeille a t la plus
utilise dans le pass, comme liant de la pein-

Sources: Constable 1979, 3940, 65; Thompson 1956, 4950; Laurie 1967, 18, 171/2; Mora et al. 1984, 96, 100, 225, 295; Grli 1992, 193; Horie 1997, 6, 51, 88,
118/9, 150, 187, 218; Thomson 2005, 521; Clarke 2010, 263; Plinius the Elder (26.10.2014); Art History Archive: Wax (22.10.2014); CAMEO: Wax (22.10.2014)

403
 MATERIALs APPENDIx
ture lencaustique ou couche protectrice des
peintures murales ou pour le polissage mis en
oeuvre pour des techniques telles que la sca-
gliola ou le stuc. Les cires dabeille et de paraf-
fine ont t utilises aux 19e et 20e sicles
pour la consolidation des peintures murales,
avec pour consquences laccumulation et
ladhsion de poussires qui modifient la to-
nalit des couleurs par assombrissement et
laspect brillant donn la surface (lustro).
liant, peinture murale, scagliola, stuc,
assombrissement
Wachs DE
Definition: Eine feste oder halbfeste, leicht
fettige, wasserunlsliche, organische Sub-
stanz, die hauptschlich aus Verbindungen
mit hohem Molekulargewicht besteht. Diese
werden aus Tieren und deren Absonderun-
gen, Pflanzen und Erdl gewonnen oder syn-
thetisch hergestellt.
Kommentar: In der Vergangenheit war Bie-
nenwachs das am hufigsten verwendete
Wachs, das als Bindemittel in Enkaustikmalerei
und als Schutzschicht auf Wandmalereien auf-
gebracht wurde. Es wurde auch zum Polieren
von Scagliola und Stuck verwendet. Im 19.
und 20. Jahrhundert wurde Bienenwachs und
Paraffinwachs zur Festigung von Wandmale-
reien benutzt, woraufhin die Oberflche gln-
zend erschien, sich aber auch Staub darauf an-
sammelte, anhaftete und damit die Farbtne
vernderte und zur Verdunkelung fhrte.
Bindemittel, Wandmalerei, Scagliola,
Stuck, Verdunkelung
Vosak HR
Definicija: vrste ili poluvrste, blago masne,
u vodi netopljive organske tvari koje u prvome
redu sadravaju spojeve visoke molekulne
mase. Dobivene su od ivotinja, biljaka, nafte
ili su sintetikoga podrijetla.
Napomena: U prolosti je najee upotreblja-
van pelinji vosak kao vezivo u enkaustici i kao
zatitni premaz za zidne slike. Takoer se rabio
za poliranje u tehnikama poput scagliolae i tuka.
Tijekom 19. i 20. stoljea pelinji vosak i parafin
upotrebljavani su za konsolidaciju zidnih slika,
to je dovelo do nakupljanja i prianjanja praine,
pri emu se mijenjao tonalitet boja i dolazilo je
do tamnjenja i sjaja na povrina (lustro).
vezivo, zidno slikarstvo, scagliola, tuko, w technice enkaustyki i jako powoka ochron-
tamnjenje
404
Viasz HU lerowania w technice scagliola i stiuku. W wie-
ku XIX i XX wosk i parafina byy stosowane do
Meghatrozs: Szilrd vagy flszilrd, enyhn konsolidacji malowide ciennych, co skutko-
zsros, vzben oldhatatlan szerves anyagok, f wao gromadzeniem kurzu, zmianami tonu
sszetevik nagy molekulatmegek. Erede- kolorw i pociemnieniem, a take wybyszcze-
tk lehet llati, nvnyi, szrmazhatnak k- niem powierzchni (lustro).
olajbl vagy mestersges lltjk ket el.
spoiwo, malowido cienne, scagliola,
Megjegyzs: A mltban a mhviaszt hasznl- stiuk, pociemnienie
tk leggyakrabban, ktanyagknt az enka-
usztika festshez vagy vdbevonatknt a fal-
kpeken. Fnyezsi technikkban is hasznl- Cear RO
tk, mint a scagliola vagy a stukk. A 19. s 20.
szzadban mhviaszt s paraffinviaszt hasz- Definiie: O substan organic solid sau
nltak a falkpek szilrdtsra, melyek a por semi-solid, uor gras, insolubil n ap, care
felhalmozdst s megktst eredmnyez- conine n principal compui cu greutate mo-
tk a felleten, mdostva a sznek tnust, s- lecular mare. Acetia sunt derivai din produ-
ttlst s a fellet fnyesedst okozva (lust- se animale, plante, petrol sau au o origine sin-
ro). tetic.
ktanyag, falkp, scagliola, stukk, Adnotare: n trecut ceara cel mai frecvent fo-
(el)sttls losit a fost ceara de albine, care a fost utilizat
ca liant n pictura encaustic i ca strat protec-
tor pentru picturile murale. Aceasta a fost, de
Cera IT asemenea, folosit pentru lustruire n tehnicile
de stuco-marmur i stuc. n secolele XIX i XX
Definizione: Sostanza organica solida o semi- ceara de albine i parafina au fost utilizate
solida, leggermente untuosa, insolubile in ac- pentru consolidarea picturile murale: care au
qua, contenente principalmente composti ad dus la acumularea i adeziunea prafului , la
alto peso molecolare. Deriva da animali, pian- modificarea tonalitii culorilor i nnegrirea
te, petrolio o ha origine sintetica. acestora, i cauznd suprafaa s apar lucioa-
s (lustro).
Commento: In passato, la cera pi comune-
mente usata era la cera dapi, che veniva im- liant, pictur mural, scagliola, stucatu-
piegata anche come legante per la pittura a r, ntunecare
encausto e come rivestimento protettivo per
i dipinti murali. Era anche usata per la lucida-
tura in tecniche quali la scagliola e gli stucchi. Cera Es
Durante il XIX e il XX secolo, la cera dapi e la
paraffina venivano usate per il consolidamen- Definicin: Sustancia orgnica slida o semi-
to dei dipinti murali: questo ha provocato slida, ligeramente grasa e insoluble en agua
ladesione e laccumulo di polvere, scurendo formada principalmente por componentes de
e alterando la tonalit dei colori, e facendo ap- alto peso molecular. Deriva de animales, de
parire la superficie lucida (lustro). plantas, del petrleo o puede ser tambin de
origen sinttico.
legante, pittura murale, scagliola, stucco,
scurimento Comentario: En el pasado, la cera usada era
normalmente de abeja, que se utilizaba como
ligante en pintura encustica y como capa
Wosk PL protectora en pinturas murales. Tambin se
usaba para pulidos en las tcnicas como la es-
Definicja: Staa lub pstaa, lekko tusta, nie- cayola y el estuco. Durante los siglos XIX y XX
rozpuszczalna w wodzie organiczna substan- la cera de abeja y la parafina se usaban como
cja zawierajca gwnie zwizki o wysokiej consolidantes de pinturas murales. Dichos
masie czsteczkowej. Moe by pochodzenia usos han provocado posteriores acumulacio-
zwierzcego, rolinnego, pozyskiwany z ropy nes y adhesiones de polvo, que alteran y os-
naftowej oraz pochodzenia syntetycznego. curecen la tonalidad y el color de la pintura, y
que hacen que la superficie aparezca brillante
Komentarz: W przeszoci najczciej uywa- (lustro).
ny by wosk pszczeli, stosowany jako spoiwo
ligante, pintura mural, escayola, estuco,
na malowide ciennych. Uywany te do po- oscurecimiento
 MATERIALS APPENDIX

yap1~ma, renklerin tonunun degi~imine ve ko- : - n

yula~mas1na ve ayriCa yuzeyin parlak grun

Tan1m: Temelde yuksek molekUier ile~en ic;e- mesine de sebep oldu. n

ren, kat1 veya yar1 kat1, hafif yagl1, suda zun . n
meyen organik madde. Bal mumu hayvanlar- - baglay, - duvar resi, - taklit rr, . 19 20 n
dan, itkilerden ve petrolden elde edileblle- - stko, - koyula~a n
cegi gibl madde kkenli de olabllir. ,

Yorum: Eskiden yayg1n kullan1lan mum tU- , n

ru c;ini resimlerinde baglay olarak ve duvar ().

resimlerinde koruyucu katman olarak kullanl- : ,

lan balmumuydu. Taklit mermer ve stUko gibl - , - , - , -

tekniklerde parlat olarak da kullan1lm1~tlr. , -

19. ve 20. yuzy1l boyunca balmumu ve parafin, .

duvar resimlerinin saglamla~t 1lmas1nda kul- , ,

lanlllrdl. Bunun sonucunda da toz irikimi ve .

405
 INDICES

Bulgarian Index 231 45

43
medium 131 233, 235, 239, 243, 35, 165
gesso 367 255, 297 27, 29, 31, 33
selezione dellargento ( ) 343 73, 107, 145, 149, 153, 161, 165, 185, 193,
selezione delloro ( ) 343 199, 217, 219, 356, 357, 372 51, 53, 55, 57, 81,
stacco () 345 149, 151, 153, 155, 161, 163, 167, 41
stacco a massello ( ) 345 185, 191, 197, 217, 225, 227 97
strappo () 345 325 370
terra alba 380 111, 213, 403 183, 187
terra di sinope 125 394 167, 227, 307
367 67, 69, 97, 113, 117, 405
105, 187, 229, 313 307, 309
149 347 49, 63, 177, 209, 219
313, 315, 325, 349, 353, 354, 377 135, 137 49
165, 167, 169, 351 61, 63, 83
354 169 89, 117
107, 349, 370 143, 145,
107, 101 187, 189, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 213, 217, 225, 351
380, 117 227, 229 181, 195
257, 143, 185, 197
277, 281, 283, 287, 289 197, 203, 205 143, 145, 147, 217
163, 187, 229 143, 145, 165, 169
293 387
277, 279, 287 87, 113, 360, 384, 385 315
277, 281, 287, 289 59, 87, 93, 115, 117, 165, 354, 363, 367, 205
35 376, 380, 394, 395, 402 / 27
125, 55, 73, 77, 319, 345 119 27, 29, 31, 33
29 65, 85 29, 33, 41
331 37, 45, 87, 99, 354, 356, 363, 365, 368, 33
29, 35, 53, 55, 87 376, 398, 400 / 29
235 37
59 221, 223
392 221, 223
87, 109, 139, 177, 384 33 183, 187, 189, 197
259 307, 309, 311
65 31, 33 93, 103
27, 35, 47, 121, 353, 363, 375, 382 / 27, 29, 37, 39, 55, 185, 388 201
155, 217 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 39, 51, 201
277, 283 113, 317, 321, 347, 354, 384, 390, 391 (
41 233 ) 25
213, 221, 223 ( ) 137 41
363 135, 137 165, 215, 225
57 59, 356
173, 301, 339 55, 73 55, 73, 125, 139
354, 360, 361, 372, 376, 379, 382, 384, 385, 49, 59, 61, 69, 87, 99, 367 185, 197
387, 388, 390, 391, 395, 396, 397 62, 89, 370
87, 139, 384, 390 295
71, 85, 385 67, 95 329, 339
71 41 101, 107
71, 85, 103, 385, 390 25, 247 61
354, 384, 387, 388, 390, 391 199, 211, 295 257, 259
384, 387, 390 75, 79 135, 137
67, 83, 93, 105, 115, 323, 358 ( ) 35 51, 353, 376, 384, 388, 397
183, 193, 360, 363, 366, 367, 376 135, 137 47, 357, 398
67, 85, 361 89, 105 27, 43, 45, 47, 51, 53,
67, 71, 85, 101, 361, 51, 53, 55, 57, 101, 153, 349, 351, 379, 55, 57, 69, 73, 75, 77, 79
63, 83, 337, 367 380, 387, 394 71, 73, 77, 79, 103, 131, 357, 398
61 245, 255 145, 149, 151, 155, 157, 161
61 384 131
267, 269 35 231, 233, 241
257, 267, 269, 281, 283, 285 291, 297, 299, 301 87, 89, 105, 361, 394, 395
47 313 47, 356

406
 33 275, 277, 285 49
403 41,93 201
71, 77, 213, 356, 360, 366, 384 113, 379, 391, 401, 402 147, 215
211 291, 293, 295, 297, 303 307, 309, 311
145, 149, 157, 167, 227 61 367
358 169 380, 394
71, 83, 358, 360, 388 113, 391 395
243, 251, 253, 255 115 75
103, 137, 141 387, 391 363, 380, 382, 390
35, 121, 365, 368, 372, 402 115, 117 365
63 129 217, 147
27, 35, 37, 368 113, 357, 363, 382, 388, 396, 397
145, 165 177, 327 157
165 245, 271, 273, 275 289, 305, 311, 327
165 123 303
263, 319, 321, 323, 335, 354, 367 139, 173 301
155, 171 146, 219 31
29 403 321
307, 309 372 315
149, 151, 153 261, 265 351
- 239, 251, 253, 287, 289 289
251, 255, 265, 295, 297 257, 259
217, 349, 370, 403 175 245, 247, 249
301, 311, 313 331, 341 235,
203, 207 167 237, 241, 265
356, 365 237, 239, 243, 245, 249,
241, 243 191 255, 265, 269
400 31 237
189, 365 121 235, 237
261 356 205, 209
263 165 33, 35
47 189, 211 / 375
81 99, 373 47, 51, 53, 55, 57, 353, 354, 356, 357,
77 27, 49, 59, 61, 63, 67, 73, 89, 113, 129, 367, 368, 375, 376, 387, 388, 391, 398, 400
205, 207, 209, 139, 241, 269, 319, 345, 347 37, 51, 119, 353, 356, 357, 363, 376, 387,
59, 87, 105, 363, 366, 367, 155 388, 390, 391, 398
193, 195 390
325 51 148
29 193, 195 205
267 115 111,
25, 181, 183 149, 163, 295 155, 163, 171, 361
123 127 129
235, 241, 291, 185, 197
65, 69, 95, 99, 209, 215, 349, 373 293, 297 327
273 177
361, 375, 377 109 197
181, 183 - 115 151, 163, 167, 171, 185
403 211
193, 195 45 145, 162
91, 177 143, 145, 149, 151, 153, 155,
384 133 157, 161, 163, 167, 169, 183, 185, 227, 269, 363
27, 39, 43, 45, 309, 317, 319, 351, 353, 155, 25 65, 89
354, 358, 375 384, 387, 390, 395, 397 63, 69, 71, 77, 83, 85, 87, 89, 95, 97, 99, 31
/ 53 101, 105, 111, 117, 133, 354, 367, 375, 376, 380, 289, 319, 329, 331, 335, 337,
55, 201 391, 392 339, 341, 343
373 291 93, 219
61, 99, 101, 107 297 341, 343
67, 97, 99, 105, 117, 351, 377 63, 329, 333
137 45 333
243 119, 365, 368, 400 - 382
67, 71, 83, 85 221
57 187 345, 347
283 125, 131 29, 113
215 267, 271, 273, 275, 281, 51, 57, 59, 63, 65, 69, 85, 87, 89, 95,
205, 207 303 99, 101, 105, 111, 349, 353, 354, 357, 361, 363,
111, 403 313, 315, 317 370, 373, 375, 376, 377, 385, 388, 390, 392, 400,
/ 403 ( ) 33 403, 405

407
 45 89, 361 67, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 85, 125
245 65 71, 83, 85
67, 103 331 31, 39, 43, 45, 321, 325, 379
67, 71, 85, 105, 107 333, 341
99 119, 368, 400, 402 55
69, 73, 79, 125 357 153, 269
115, 117 113, 401, 402 / p 153
57 41 382, 388
351 35 382
373 / 337 167
315, 317, 379 329, 333, 335 325
() 227, 287 - , ,
97, 99, 349, 354, 370 345, 347 51
297, 301, 303 329, 333, 335, 343 329, 341
205 97, 345 341, 343
103 87, 89, 93, 105, 117, 354, 377 43
351 27, 29, 31, 33, 37, 45, 113, 119, 353, 356,
27, 43, 49, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 77, 89, 365, 368, 372, 376, 388, 397, 402 213, 215, 223
93, 95, 97, 101, 109, 131, 139, 159, 161, 163, 181, 35 370
189, 205, 213, 223, 227, 231, 235, 237, 241, 243, 271, 275, 281, 285 145,
253, 255, 259, 261, 256, 267, 269, 277, 283, 285, 159, 163
291, 2293, 295, 297, 303, 327, 337, 345, 347, 351, 167
361, 372, 375, 377, 379, 387, 391, 398, 403, 405 157, 159, 163, 167 143, 161
269, 273 , 173 33
69 313 47, 175, 227, 351, 354, 363, 372, 375,
245, 247, 249 297, 299, 379, 396
113, 353, 357, 372, 376 301, 303 57, 353
372 351 147, 165
179 225
155 205 129, 135, 141
166, 200 353 400
167 205
27 45 356
39 231, 235 115, 117
39 387 115
291, 301, 327, 339 37 115
65, 99, 117, 373 35 115
123 341 - 115
233, 261, 263, 265

408
Croatian Index facing 301, 376 jajana tempera 89
fenomenoloki pristup 230, 233, 235, 239 jednostavni test 277, 287
abrazija 187, 229, 336 fina buka 76
aditiv 51, 348, 350, 378, 379, 386, 393 finozrnato 76, 317, 365, 367, 379 kalcij karbonat 70, 76, 164, 213, 355, 358, 359,
aeroestice 169 fiziko-kemijska analiza 277, 287 365, 374, 383
aerosoli 164, 167, 169 fotodokumentacija 230, 233, 259, 261, 262, kalcinacija 383
agregat 46, 51, 53, 55, 57, 309, 351, 352, 357, 264 kalcitna kora 358
374, 383, 386, 395, 397 fotografija 261, 264, 295 kalijev silikat 402
akrilik 107, 348, 350, 353, 369, 374 fresco 66, 70, 73, 75, 76, 79, 82, 83, 84, 85, 101, kalup 46, 93, 393, 399
akrilne emulzije 107 125, 213, 318, 360 kamen 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 34, 41, 44, 57, 66, 112,
akrilno slikarstvo 101, 107 fresco secco 71, 82, 83, 84 117, 155, 159, 160, 162, 189, 193, 195, 219, 321,
alabaster 117, 379 fuga 155 325, 351, 360, 383, 386, 401, 402
analiza 157, 253, 255, 257, 259, 267, 269, 271, kanatna konstrukcija / bondruk 44, 45
273, 275, 277, 280, 287, 289, 307 gaeno vapno 86, 112, 359, 360, 383, 390 karbonatacija 70, 71, 82, 83, 358, 359, 386
analiza materijala i ispitivanja 257, 259, 267, giornata 75, 79, 262 kazein 86, 89, 105, 215, 360, 393
269, 271, 273, 275, 277, 281, 382 gips 58, 93, 115, 117, 164, 353, 362, 366, 374, kemijski postupci 271
analiza veziva 277, 280, 287, 289 379, 393, 401 kemijski sastav 164, 278, 280
analize pigmenta 277, 278, 287, 289 gipsana buka 379 kemijsko ienje 327
anorgansko vezivo 51, 111, 362 gipsani mort 115 keramika 121, 364, 371, 401,
apsolutna vlanost 149 glazirana opeka 119 kisele kie 145, 164
arhitektonska povrina 28, 34, 42, 39, 46, 48, 51, glazirane dekoracije 119 kit 353, 366
53, 55, 64, 66, 71, 81, 86, 114, 121, 181, 183, 185, glina 37, 45, 86, 99, 202, 310, 353, 355, 357, 362, kokolit 365
187, 189, 191, 193, 197, 205, 207, 213, 223, 226, 364, 367, 374, 397, 399 kompozitno zidanje 28
229, 277, 282, 290, 296, 336, 351, 364, 374, 378, grafiki simbol 251 kondenzacija 149, 151, 153
386, 397 grafiko prikazivanje 251 konsolidacija 301, 310, 312, 317, 369, 404
arhitektonsko istraivanje boje 244, 246, 249, granulacija 46, 357 konzervatorsko restauratorski izvjetaj 249,
251, gruba buka 57, 76 251, 254, 264
arriccio 55, 73, 76, 125, 344, guma 64, 89, 369 korozija 189, 275, 264
astrazione cromatica 328, 341, 343 kositar 95
atmosferske estice 147 hidarulino vezivo 281, 381, 386 koso svjetlo 261, 262
bakterije 171, 282 hidraulini cement 362, 381 krakelire 205, 207, 209
hidraulino vapno 383, 386 kreda 58, 86, 105, 127, 197, 362, 365, 366
beskontaktno istraivanje 259 higroskopne soli 153, 219, 268 kristalizacija soli 191, 193, 195, 213
bijela koprena 213, 221, 223 higroskopnost / rastapanje 153, 161, 167
bijeli premaz 86, 177 hitne intervencije 296, 301, 303 lak 64, 69, 95, 99, 209, 215, 217, 219, 348, 372
bioienje 305 hrapavljenje 139, 173 lakuna 181, 318, 323, 325, 328, 331, 332, 335,
bioloka ispitivanja 277, 282 338, 341, 343
bioloka kolonizacija 171 iluzionistika reintegracija 339 lazura 62, 63, 82, 83, 337, 366
bioloki rast 107, 111, 151,155, 163, 171, 282, impasto 101, 107 lazuriranje 336
360 infiltracija 145, 149, 155, 227, 323 listanje 191, 193, 195
bioloko pogoranje 171 infracrvena reflektografija 131, 264, lomljeni kamen 31, 41, 351
blijeenje 213, 221, 223 inkrustacija 226 lustro 66, 97, 115, 117, 404
bojeni sloj 48, 61, 62, 249, 344, 348 intervencije 42, 176, 179, 202, 251, 301, 303, 332 luina 360
intonaco 70, 71, 73, 76, 79, 103, 131, 135, 336, ljepilo 105, 117, 315, 348, 351, 360, 374, 376, 402
cement 46, 115, 175, 227, 350, 353, 362, 371, 344, 371 ljuskanje 191, 193, 195, 262
374, 378, 379, 381, 386, 388, 395 injektiranje 179, 312, 315, 317, 378 ljutenje 191, 193, 195
ciklusi smrzavanja-otapanja 143, 145, 159, 163 isklesana arhitektura 25
crte 25, 69, 73, 79, 103, 125, 129, 131, 137, 233, isoljavanje 307, 309, 310 mapiranje 233, 242, 243, 251, 253, 254
244 isparavanje 226, 271 mehaniko ienje 305
cvjetanje soli 226, 160, 167, 201, 225, 307 ispitivanje 235, 253, 273, 282 mehaniko hrapavljenje 139
ienje 187, 289, 305, 307, 310, 327 ispitivanje strukture 235, 236, 241, 243 metalni pigmenti 189
erpi 27, 34, 37, 367 ispuna 32, 34, 44, 321, 335, 262 mezzo fresco 66, 67, 70, 71, 82, 83, 84
ispunjavanje 41, 181, 315, 318, 374 mikrobioloko pogoranje 171
datalogger 292 ispupenost 201 mikroklima 292
dekoracija 25, 103, 112, 119, 246 istraivanje 230, 235, 239, 241, 244, 246, 253, mikroskop 271, 273, 275, 279, 284, 287
distemper 105 254, 257, 259, 261, 273, 275, 277, 284, 296, mimetska reintegracija 328, 338
dnevno svjetlo 262, 264, 273 istraivanje graevine 244, 246 mineralne boje 111, 402
dokumentacija 131, 233, 244, 246 istraivanje mjesta 241, 243, 253, 254, 264 mineraloka ispitivanje 275, 277, 284
drenaa 291, 296, 299, 301 istraivanje objekta 239, 234, 244, 249, 254, mjerenje 235, 242, 292, 295
drobljena opeka 357, 371 262, 264, 269 mokro-suhi ciklusi 160, 227
drvena struktura 42 izbjeljivanje 213, 221, 223 mordent 95
izoblienje 199, 295 morski pijesak 397
ekstrakcija 271, 307 izravnavajui premaz 55, 73,125, 139, 386 mozaik 112, 346, 378, 390, 401
enkaustika 97 izravno urezivanje 135 mramor 28, 117, 164, 383, 386, 395, 401
epoksidna smola 369 izvjetaj 253, 254, 295 mramorni prah 112, 390
erozija 163, 183, 187, 229 izvornik 176, 264, 318, 328, 331, 338, 341, 343 mrea 129, 242
erozija vjetrom 163, 187, 229 mrvljenje 185, 197

409
 nadziranje 291, 293, 295, 296, 303
nanoenje ukrasa 66, 95
neizravno urezivanje 135, 137
nenasilna istraivanja 230, 257, 259, 262
neprimjereni povijesni zahvati 175
neutralna reintegracija 328, 331
nosa 27, 48, 49, 58, 66, 73, 139, 185, 202, 268,
269, 344, 346, 378
oblaganje pulpom 307, 309, 310
obrub 323
odravanje i skrb 296, 299, 301, 303
okoli 42, 64, 143, 145, 153, 155, 157, 163, 189,
207, 210, 225, 235, 241, 254, 282, 290, 295, 296,
366
omjer 57, 353, 388
oneienje 143, 145, 164, 189, 241, 295, 296,
307
oneienje zraka 143, 145, 164, 169, 189,
openi prah 112, 352, 357, 371, 374
opeka 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 37, 45, 119, 355,
357, 364, 367, 371, 386, 395
opus musivum 112
opus tesselatum 112
organsko vezivo 84, 89, 105, 217, 280, 360
oteenja 139, 155, 160, 161, 171, 173, 175, 181,
187, 189, 251, 305, 328, 331, 335, 336, 338, 343,
369
otkrivanje 177, 327
otkriveni beton 46
palimpsest 109
pariki gips 379, 393
pastiglia 93
patina 210, 211
pelinji vosak 404
pentimento 91, 177
perforirani karton 103
petrografska mikroskopija 284,
pietra rasa 41
pigment 62, 63, 69, 70, 76, 82, 84, 89, 95, 97, 99,
101, 105, 111, 117, 125, 164, 189, 217, 223, 225,
278, 353, 366, 374, 379, 392
pijesak 37, 119, 352, 355, 374, 386, 390, 397
podcrte 79, 125, 131
podloga 48, 49, 58, 61, 86, 129, 209, 336, 344,
346, 366, 378
podloni sloj 58, 61
podslika 61, 63, 83
poentilizam 328, 332, 335
pogoranje 143, 145, 151, 157, 159, 162, 171,
175, 253, 277, 278, 280, 282, 284, 290, 301
pogoranje potaknuto ljudskim djelovanjem
173
pogoranje prouzroeno okoliem 143, 145,
157, 159, 161, 162, 167
polimer 348, 372, 376
poliranje 66, 97, 187, 404
ponovno fugiranje 321, 386
pontata 75, 262
popravak obruba 323
popreni presjek 271, 273, 275, 281
pore 317, 369
porozni materijal 149, 159, 160, 348, 369
povijesno istraivanje 230, 233, 241
praak 133, 390
praina 147, 213, 216, 229, 267, 268, 404
410
prakanje 133
prakasto osipanje 197
pregled graevine i mjesta 291, 296, 230, 233,
235, 237, 239, 243, 253, 254, 291, 296
premaz 51, 55, 57, 58, 66, 69, 86, 99, 105, 109,
175, 191, 209, 215, 353, 383, 388, 402, 404
presjek 271, 273, 275, 281, 284
preslik 176, 327
prijenos 344, 346
pripremanje uzorka 267, 271, 273, 275, 281,
282
pripremni crte 69, 125, 131
procjena okolia 235, 241, 290, 293, 295, 296,
301
promjena pigmenta 164, 189, 215, 225
propadanje 162, 164, 167, 176, 185, 189, 235,
305, 362 indra 121
prouavanje klime u unutranjosti 291, 292,
295 tuko 114, 115, 388, 390, 393, 404
prskana crta 127
pucolan 112, 357, 362, 371, 381, 386, 387, 395
pukotina 155, 202, 205, 207, 209, 237, 262, 295,
317, 374, 378, 386
pulpa 307, 309, 310
punilo 51, 58, 69, 81, 86, 101, 111, 318, 352, 353,
355, 366, 367, 374, 386, 390, 397, 399
raslojavanje 262
rastapanje 153, 271
reintegracija 63, 289, 318, 328, 331, 332, 335,
337, 338, 339, 341, 343
rekonstrukcija 246, 332, 335, 338
relativna vlanost 149, 292, 295
reljef 93, 262, 399
retu 69, 328, 332, 339
reverzibilnost 332, 336, 348
rosite 151, 295
rupa za skelu 123
scagliola 115, 117, 404
secco 66, 82, 83, 84, 105, 209, 350, 360
selezione cromatica 341, 343
sgraffito 66, 103
siuna pukotina 205, 207, 386
sikativ 99, 372
silicifikacija 402
silikatne boje 111
sinopija 69, 73, 79, 125, 131
skalpel 267
skela 75, 123
skica 129, 137
skidanje 344, 346, 376
slana kora 226
slikani sloj 55, 62, 69, 76, 109, 176, 209, 219, 315,
318, 327, 344 vanjska buka 27, 51, 53, 55, 57, 81, 362, 386,
slikarstvo 61, 70, 84, 101, 107, 125, 360, 371, 390
sloj 30, 48, 53, 55, 58, 61, 62, 64, 69, 70, 73, 76,
81, 99, 103, 109, 111, 112, 125, 139, 176, 191,
193, 195, 201, 202, 205, 209, 211, 219, 246, 249,
262, 273, 275, 280, 312, 315, 317, 318, 327, 336,
344, 346, 348, 367, 371, 390, 401
smola 64, 97, 99, 215, 273, 346, 348, 353, 369
spojnica 30, 39, 41, 42, 44, 321, 325, 378
srebro 95
stacco 344
stacco a massello 344
statika pukotina 202, 205, 207, 209
stilus 137
strappo 344
stratigrafija slike 69
stratigrafsko istraivanje 244, 246, 249, 255,
269
struktura 42, 48, 185, 217, 278, 341, 343, 395
strukturne intervencije 179
strukturni zahvati 155, 179, 323
stucco lustro 115
subflorescencija 201
suhozid 27, 39
sulfatizacija 219
suivo ulje 64, 99, 117, 372
svjea buka 79, 133, 135, 137
svrdlo 267, 268, 269
ablona 135, 141
pilja 25
tuko mramor 117
upljina 181, 183, 315, 378
tamnjenje 147, 211, 216, 404
tanki presjek 271, 275, 281, 284, 287
taela 325
tekstura 34, 86, 101, 318, 335, 337, 371, 397
temeljni sloj 58, 61, 99, 112
tempera 64, 89, 360
terakota 119, 367, 399, 401
terakotne ploice 119
tesera 112, 401
test 277, 278, 280, 287, 289
testni postupci 289
tonsko podeavanje / lazuriranje 336
topljive soli 143, 145, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157,
161, 163, 167, 169, 183, 185, 226, 227, 269, 362
tragovi alata 262
tratteggio 328, 332, 335, 343
tutkalo 86, 89, 93, 105, 15, 117, 353, 376
uvriva 312, 348, 369, 402
uvrivanje 216, 289, 315
ulje 69, 89, 97, 99, 105, 117, 215, 217, 372, 353
ulje na kamenu 66
uljno slikarstvo 61, 66, 99, 101, 107,
unutarnji uzroci pogoranja 143, 197, 203, 205
upravljanje okoliem 291, 296, 299, 303
urezivanje 93, 135, 137, 139, 262
uzlazna (kapilarna) vlaga 145, 149, 157, 167, 227
uzorak 141, 251, 269, 271, 273, 275, 278, 284
uzorkovanje 230, 257, 267, 268, 269, 281, 282,
284
uzorkovanje jezgre buenjem 268
388, 397
vanjski uzroci pogoranja 143, 145, 163, 187,
189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 23,
217, 225, 227, 229
vapnena voda 70, 84, 385, 358
vapnena buka 66, 70, 82, 93 105, 115, 164, 213,
358, 371, 383, 393
vapnenac 28, 164, 183, 193, 359, 362, 365, 374,
383, 386
vapneni fresco 66, 101, 360
vapneni mort 115, 323, 383, 386, 388
vapneni mort / vapnena buka 386
vapneni prah 383, 386, 388
vapneni premaz 86, 139, 383, 388
vapneni secco 66, 84
vapneno blato 365
vapneno mlijeko 70, 71, 84, 85, 103, 385, 388
vapneno tijesto 353, 383, 386, 388, 390
vapno 58, 82, 84, 85, 86, 103, 381, 105, 109, 309,
318, 327, 353, 355, 359, 371, 383, 385, 388, 393,
395
vezivo 28, 51, 53, 55, 57, 58, 62, 63, 64, 69, 84,
86, 89, 95, 99, 101, 105, 111, 112, 185, 217, 275,
277, 280, 281, 318, 336, 348, 351, 353, 357, 360,
362, 366, 372, 374, 376, 381, 385, 386, 388, 392,
399, 402, 404
vlaga 73, 107, 145, 149, 153, 157, 159, 160, 162,
164, 167, 185, 193, 216, 219, 237, 296, 355, 357,
371
vlakna 374, 386
vlana buka 66, 7
vlanost 149, 151, 153, 155, 167, 185, 191, 197,
199, 219, 225, 227, 282, 292, 295
vodena boja 105, 336
vodeno staklo 111, 213, 402
vosak 66, 69, 97, 112, 117, 353, 404
zaglaeni sloj 55
zaglaivanje 187, 358
zakrpa 325
zaprljanje 147, 217,
zasienost boje 147, 219, 223
zatita zidnih slika 230, 261, 292, 296
zavrna vanjska buka 81
zid od neobraenoga kamena 27, 28, 31, 32,
41
zid od priklesanoga kamena 27, 28, 30, 31, 32,
33
zid od prirodnoga kamena 28
zidanje 27, 28, 31, 32, 34, 37, 39, 55
zidanje opekom 34
zidna slika 48,49, 62, 64, 66, 69, 76, 153, 159,
160, 161, 162, 181, 189, 195, 197, 205, 213, 223,
226, 229, 230, 235, 237, 239, 241, 242, 251, 253,
254, 259, 261, 262, 267, 268, 277, 282, 284, 290,
292, 295, 296, 301, 303, 321, 327, 344, 346, 348,
350, 360, 374, 376, 378, 386, 390, 397, 402, 404
zidno slikarstvo 66, 69, 70, 71, 73, 84, 85, 93,
95, 97, 99, 101, 107, 360, 371, 378, 390, 397
zlato 95
znanstveni prikazi 261, 264
znanstveno istraivanje 230, 239, 249, 251,
253, 254, 273, 275, 287, 289
zrak 164, 169, 189, 296, 358, 359, 362, 372, 381,
388, 402
buka 27, 37, 42, 45, 47, 48, 51, 53, 55, 57, 66,
69, 73, 76, 79, 84, 99, 103, 105, 109, 111, 185,
219, 352, 362, 367, 371, 374, 379, 381, 286, 388,
393, 397
buka za injektiranje 315, 317, 378
bukani sloj 53, 76, 103, 201, 246
ivo vapno 359, 383
rtvena buka 307, 309
uenje 147, 211, 215
umanjak 89, 350
411
 English Index biological colonisation 154, 170, 216, 276, 282 complete retouching 338
biological examination 230, 276, 282 composite masonry 28
abrading powder 365 biological growth 106, 110, 150, 154, 162, 170, compresses 266, 300
abrasion 104, 186, 228, 336 282, 360 compressive stress 351
absolute humidity 148 bioremediation 306 concrete 26, 34, 46, 120, 351, 361, 374, 381
absorption and desorption of moisture 160 bioremoval 304 condensation 148, 150, 152
accelerator 349 biorestoration 304 conservation materials 198, 214, 218, 224
acid deposition 164 bird droppings 146, 170 conservation methodology 340, 342
acid precipitation 164 black crusts 146, 164 conservation report 248, 250, 254, 264, 294, 296
acid rain 144, 164 blasting 46 conservation/restoration theory 332
acrylic 100, 106, 348, 349, 353, 369 bleaching 212, 220, 222 consolidant 312, 348, 369, 402
additive 50, 52, 56, 114, 348, 349, 377, 379, 386, board shuttering 46 consolidation 216, 300, 310, 312, 316, 369, 403
393 boards 120, 122 construction 24141, 198, 218, 224, 234, 244248,
adherence 138, 374 boulders 32 351, 377
adhesion 48, 54, 58, 84, 112, 180, 194, 308, 316, brick 2636, 44, 112, 118, 122, 320, 351, 354, contactless investigation 230, 258
346, 386, 403 356, 361, 363, 367, 370, 374, 386, 395, 398, 401 cornices 398
adhesive 312, 314, 324, 348, 351, 353, 360, 374, brick dust 112, 351, 356, 361, 370, 374, 398 correction 90
376 brick masonry 34, 320 corrosion 188, 274, 363
admixture 5054, 349 brick powder 374 course disposition 30
adobe 26, 34, 36, 367 broken range work 30 course rendering 54
aerosols 164168 brut concrete 46 coursed ashlar 30
afterthought 90 building and site survey 230, 232, 234, 236, crack 106, 154, 158, 194, 202, 204, 206, 208,
ageing 208, 210, 216, 369 238, 242, 252, 254, 290, 296 236, 262, 294, 316, 367, 374, 377, 386
aggregate 46, 5056, 308, 351, 356, 374, 382, building archaeology 230, 244, 246 crackle 208
386, 395, 397 bulge 200 craquelure 204, 206, 208
air humidity 148 bulk 351, 374 cross section 68, 230, 242, 244, 270, 272, 274,
air pollution 142, 144, 164, 168, 188, 216 280, 286
air temperature 292 calcite crust 358 crossbars 122
alabaster 116, 379 calcitic layer 212 crumbling 184, 196
algae 170, 282 calcium carbonate 70, 76, 164, 212, 354, 358/9, crushed brick 356, 370
analysis 156, 230, 248, 254258, 266288 365, 374, 382, 383 crystallisation cycles 166
analysis of binding media 230, 276, 280, 286, calcium oxalate 210 curing 369, 372, 393
288 capillary rise 156
analytical techniques 258 carbonation 70, 82, 358, 359, 383, 386 darkening 146, 210, 216, 336, 403
ancient Roman running bond 34 cartoon 102, 136 daub 44
anthropically induced deterioration 173 casein 86, 88, 104, 214, 360, 393 decoration 24, 94, 102, 110, 112, 116, 118, 246
anthropogenic 144, 186 cast stucco 114 decorative application 66, 94
application stucco 114 casting 50 defects in a building 154
arch 28 cave 24, 154, 286 deformation 198, 236, 294,
archaeology 230, 244, 246, 330 cavity 24, 180, 182 degradation 188, 234, 348
architectural investigation 234 cellulose derivatives 369 delamination 262
architectural paint research 230, 244, 246250 cement 46, 114, 174, 226, 274, 349, 353, 361, deliquescence 152, 160, 166
architectural surfaces 28, 34, 42, 4854, 62, 64, 365, 370, 374, 377, 379, 381, 386, 388, 395 deliquescent salt 152
70, 80, 86, 114, 182, 184, 188, 192, 196, 204, 206, ceramic 34, 62, 120, 208, 363, 367, 401 deposits 212, 214, 266, 294, 304
222, 226, 228, 250, 276, 282, 296, 363, 374, 377, ceramic glaze 62 desalination or salt reduction 306, 308, 310
386, 397 chalk 58, 86, 104, 126, 196, 361, 365 design technique 82, 132
arriccio 54, 72, 76, 124, 344 chalking 196 detachment 190, 192, 194, 344, 346, 376
ashlar 26, 28, 30, 32 chamotte 398 deterioration 130, 142229, 250, 252, 276284,
ashlar facing 30 chemical cleaning 304, 326 290, 300, 304
ashlar stone masonry 26, 28, 30, 32 chemical composition 142, 216, 224, 278, 280, 391 dew point 150, 294
astrazione cromatica 328, 340, 342 chlorides 166 diagonal bond 34
atmospheric particles 146 chromatic alteration 212, 214, 222 direct incision 134, 136
authenticity 330 chronology of interventions 42 discolouration 146, 214, 222, 294
cladding 120 disintegration 184, 196
backfilling of voids 314 clapboard / shingle 120 displacement 294
bacteria 170, 282 clay 36, 44, 88, 98, 114, 160, 202, 310, 353, 354, dissolution 152, 184, 270
beams 32, 44, 178 356, 361, 363, 367, 374, 397, 398, 399 distemper 88, 104
beton brut 46 clay minerals 160, 356, 367, 397 dogtooth bond 34
binder 5058, 6264, 68, 8488, 94, 98, 100, cleaning 288, 304, 306, 310, 326 dolomitic stone 382
104, 110, 112, 184, 216, 280, 292, 318, 353, 356, climate 86, 290, 292, 294, 296 dome 28, 66
360/1, 369, 372376, 381, 384388, 391, 395, climatic factors 162 drainage 290, 296, 298, 300
398/9, 402/3 coatings 52, 54, 174, 214, 262, 402 drawn stucco 114
binding medium 62, 64, 353, 376, 402 cocciopesto 113, 349, 356, 370 drill core sampling 230, 268
bioconservation 304 cold surface 150 dry masonry joint 38
biodeterioration 170 colloidal system 168 dry stone masonry 38
biogrowth 170 colonisation 154, 170, 216, 276, 282 dry wall 26
biological cleaning 304 colour saturation 146, 156, 218 drying oil 64, 98, 116, 372

412
dust 112, 146, 212, 216, 228, 266, 351, 356, 361, gauging plaster 393 invasive 230, 246, 256, 258, 262, 266, 278
370, 374, 390, 398, 403 gesso 116 iron dowels 174
dutchman repair 324 giornata 74, 78
dye 391 glaze 62, 82, 118, 208, 218, 336, 363, 365, 398 joint 30, 3844, 262, 320, 324, 377
glazed decorations 118
edging repair 322 gloss 64 keying 138, 173
efflorescence 160, 166, 200, 224, 226, 306 glue 86, 88, 92, 104, 114, 116, 353, 376
egg white 64 grid (from Quadratura) 128 lacuna 180, 318, 322, 324, 328332, 334, 338,
emergency measure 296, 300, 302 grog 398 340, 342
emergency plan 296 ground 48, 58, 60, 68, 86, 104, 196, 365 layers 50, 52, 54, 60, 68, 80, 108, 112, 138, 190196,
encaustic 96, 403 ground preparation 58 200, 204, 208, 210, 218, 246, 248, 272, 274, 280,
english bond 34 groundwater 156 312318, 326, 348, 367, 390
enlargement 128 grout (injection) 26, 178, 312, 314, 316, 377 levelling coat 54, 72, 124, 138, 386
environment 42, 64, 142, 144, 152, 154, 156, grouting 178 lichens 170, 282
159, 160, 162, 166, 188, 198, 204, 206, 210, 224, guide to layout 304 lime 58, 66, 70, 8286, 92, 100104, 108, 112,
234, 240, 254, 280, 292, 294, 296, 298, 300, 302, gum 64, 88, 369 212, 308, 326, 353, 358/9, 365, 370, 377, 381
354, 360 gypsum 58, 86, 92, 114, 116, 164, 353, 361, 374, 390, 393, 395
environmental assessment 234, 240, 290296 379, 392, 393, 401 lime fresco 66, 100, 360
environmental conditions 156, 162, 224 lime milk 70, 84, 102, 384, 388
environmental deterioration 142, 144, 156, hairline crack 204, 206, 386 lime mortar 114, 322, 382, 386, 388
159, 160, 162, 166 halftimber 44 lime putty 353, 382, 386, 388, 390
environmental factors 198, 354 hemihydrated plaster 393 lime secco 66, 84
environmental fluctuations 142, 144 historical investigation 230, 232, 240 lime water 70, 84, 358, 384
environmental management 290, 296, 298, human acts 173 lime white 365
300, 302 humid environment 152 limestone 28, 142, 152, 160, 162, 164, 182, 192,
epoxy 369 humidity 106, 148, 150, 154, 160, 162, 184, 190, 274, 359, 361, 365, 374, 382/3
equilibrium relative humidity 148 192, 196, 198, 216, 218, 224, 226, 236, 282, 290 limewash 86, 138
erosion 162, 182, 186, 228 296 linseed oil 104, 372
exposed aggregate 46 hydraulic 280, 356, 361/2, 371, 381, 382, 386, liquid glass 402
exposed concrete 46 388, 395 lithium silicate 402
extender 365 hydraulic binder 280, 381, 386, 395 load bearing 354, 398
extraneous material 146 hydraulic cement 361, 262, 381, 395 long term consolidation 312
extrinsic cause of deterioration 144, 162, hydraulic lime 377, 382, 386, 388 loss of adhesion 180
186204, 212, 216, 224228 hydrophobicity 369 loss of cohesion 184, 196
hygrometer 148
facing 30, 300, 344, 376 hygroscopic 152, 156, 160, 166, 218, 268 magnesian limes 382
fading 212, 220, 222 hygroscopic expansion 160 maintenance and care 296300
fair faced concrete 46 hygroscopic moisture 156 mapping 230, 232, 242, 244, 250254
fake halftimbering 44 hygroscopic salt 152, 218, 268 marble cement 114
fat lime 388 hygroscopicity / deliquescence 152, 160, 166 marble dust 112, 390
fibres 374, 386 marine salts 168
fibrous material 36 ice crystals 159 masonry 2640, 46, 48, 54, 184, 202, 226, 320,
fill 38, 80, 218, 320, 322, 353 illusionism reintegration 338 354, 363, 386, 395
filler 50, 58, 68, 80, 86, 100, 110, 318, 351, 353, image carrier 48, 58 material analysis and examination 254, 256,
354, 365, 367, 374, 386, 390, 397, 398 impasto 100, 106 266, 270, 274, 276, 280288
final render 80 imprimatura 60 matrix 374
final rending 76 inappropriate historic interventions 174 maturation 388
finish coat 80 incident/oblique 262 measurement 234, 242, 244, 256, 292296
fissure 204 incised drawing 134, 136 mechanical cleaning 304
fixing 314 incision 92, 134, 136, 140, 262 mechanical roughening 138
flakes 192, 194 incompatible materials 174 medium 62, 64, 88, 130, 218, 258, 270, 282, 353,
flaking 58, 190194, 262 indentations 138 369, 372, 376, 402
flemish bond 34 indirect incision 134, 136 metric survey 230, 242
float 54 indoor climate study 290, 292, 294 mezzo fresco 66, 70, 82, 84
floating coat 54, 124 infill 32, 44, 180, 262, 318, 320, 330334, 338, 340 microbiological colonisation 282
fluctuations 142, 144, 162 infiltration 144, 148, 150, 154, 156, 160, 226, microbiological deterioration 170
fluidiser 349 234, 322 microorganisms 214, 224
fogs 168 infrared reflectography 130 microporous mortar 308
fossil fuels 164 ingress of water 154 milk of lime 384
framework or pattern 128 injection of grout 178, 312, 314, 316, 377 mimetic reintegration 328, 338
freezethaw cycles 144, 158, 159 inpainting 328 mineral paints 110, 402
freezing point 159 interior and/or exterior paint 86 mineralogical examination 230, 274, 276, 284
fresco 66, 7078, 82, 100, 124, 212, 256, 318, 360 interstitial 150 mists 168
fresco secco 70, 82, 84 intonaco 70, 72, 7680, 102, 130, 134, 336, 344, moisture 72, 148, 152, 156, 159, 160, 164, 184,
fresco technique 7276 370 234, 354, 356, 370
frost damage 159 intrinsic cause of deterioration 142, 196, 202, monitoring 290294, 296, 302
fungi 170, 282 204 morrelone 60

413
 mortar 2634, 38, 40, 44, 80, 112, 114, 134, 154, 192, 196200, 204, 212, 218, 246, 248, 308, 314 sacrificial render 306, 308
159, 308, 316322, 346353, 356, 361, 367, 370, 318, 322, 336, 349, 351, 358, 361, 367, 370, 374, salt 142, 144, 148, 150156, 160, 162, 166, 168,
374, 377, 381/2, 386390, 397, 402 379, 381/2, 386397 182, 184, 190194, 200, 212, 218, 224, 226, 268,
mosaic 112, 346, 374, 377, 390, 401 plaster finish 76 286, 306310, 361, 397
moulding 50, 114 Plaster of Paris 114, 379, 392, 393 salt crystallization 190194
mural paintings 66, 188, 194, 196, 226, 228, 349 plaster putty 388 salt efflorescence 166, 200, 224, 226, 306
plasticity 388 salt reduction 306310
natural stone masonry 28, 38 plasticizer 349, 376 sample 230, 256, 266286
neglect 173 pointillism 328, 332, 334 sample preparation 230, 266, 270274, 280,
neutral reintegration 328, 330, 340 pointing 40, 154, 160, 320, 386 282
nitrates 166 polishing 66, 96, 365, 403 sampling 230, 256, 266270, 280284
non-invasive investigation 230, 256, 258, 262 pollutants 168, 214, 294, 296 sand 28, 36, 118, 182, 192, 202, 228, 318, 320,
pollution 142, 144, 164, 168, 188, 216, 240 351, 354. 361, 374, 386, 388, 390, 397
object investigation 230, 236, 238, 242, 244, polychromy 342 saturated form 388
248, 254, 262, 264, 268 pontata 74 scaffold boards 122
oblique 262 poppy-seed oil 372 scaffolding 74, 122
observation 230, 234, 238, 252, 262, 266, 270 porcelain 363 scagliola 114, 116, 403
278, 282, 290, 294, 296 porous material 148, 150, 159, 160, 348, 369 scales 192, 194
oil 36, 60, 6468, 88, 94100, 104, 106, 116, 216, Portland cement 174, 361, 379, 381, 386, 388 scaling 190, 192, 194, 300
353, 372 potassium 110, 166, 367, 393, 402 scientific images 260, 264
oil painting 60, 66, 98, 100, 106 poulticing 306310 scientific investigation 230, 238, 248252, 254,
organic 50, 84, 88, 104, 174, 214, 216, 218, 280, pouncing 132 272, 274, 286, 288
304, 348/9, 360/1, 391, 393, 403 pozzolan / pozzolona 112/3, 356/7, 361, 370, scoring 134, 136, 138
original 152, 168, 174, 176, 198, 238, 284, 312, 381, 386, 395 secco 66, 84, 104, 200, 208, 349
316320, 324, 328, 330, 336342, 346, 363 preliminary drawing 130 selezione cromatica 328, 340, 342
outline 74, 132, 134, 262 preparatory drawing 68, 124, 130, 134 selezione dellargento 342
overpaint 176, 326 preventive conservation study 302 selezione delloro 342
oxidation 188, 210, 372 primer 58 sequence of minute dots 132
ozone 164 propping 178 set 76, 112, 351, 361, 370, 381/2, 386, 390,
proturberance 200 392/3, 395
painting 24, 26, 42, 48, 5878, 82100, 106110, putlog holes 122 sgraffito 66, 102, 114
124130, 138, 144, 152, 159162, 172, 176182, putty 353, 365, 382, 386390 shale 354
186, 188, 194, 196, 200, 204, 208, 212, 216, 222 shells 56, 382
230, 234242, 250254, 258264, 268, 276, quick lime 382 shingle 120
282288, 292296, 300306, 310316, 326332, shrinkage 351, 374, 376
340349, 360, 370379, 386, 390, 397, 402/3 radial crack 204 shuttering 46
painting composition 126 raking light 230, 260, 262, 264 siccatives 98, 372
painting layer 108, 176, 314 random ashlar 30 siding 120
painting stratigraphy 68 reattachment 314, 346 silicate mineral paint 110
palimpsest 108 refractory fillers 354 silicate of potassium 402
paper mch 114 reinforcement 26, 48 silicic acid 402
parallel crack 204 reintegration 62, 288, 318, 328342 silification 402
particulate matter 164 relative humidity 148, 162, 290296 silt 36
patina 210 relief 90, 92, 114, 242, 262, 298 sinopia 68, 72, 78, 124, 130, 254, 288
pebbledash 56 render 26, 34, 44, 5056, 80, 138, 210, 248, 268, sintered skin 358
pebbles 56 306, 308, 314, 316, 361, 386, 388, 397 site investigation 230, 234, 236, 240, 242, 252,
peeling 190194 rendering 40, 54 264
pentimento 90, 176 repointing 160, 320, 386 site survey 230, 232, 234238, 242, 252, 254,
permeability 120, 393 resealing 386 290, 296
phenomenological approach 230234, 238 residual moisture 159 sketch 128
phenomenological diagnosis 292 resin 64, 96, 98, 214, 272, 346, 348, 353, 369 skim 80
phenomenological study 239 resistance to stress and wear 351 slaked lime 86, 112, 359, 360, 382, 384, 390
photodocumentation 230, 258, 260264 restoration 64, 72, 210, 214, 220, 254, 268, 290, slurry 58, 86
photographs 264, 294 292, 302, 326347, 388 smog 164, 165
physical factors 182 retarder 349, 379 smooth formwork 46
physical properties 142, 351, 363 retouching 62, 68, 328, 332, 338 snapped cord 126
physico-chemical cleaning 304 rheological properties 388 snapped line 126
pietra rasa 40 rigatino 332 soiling / dirt 146, 214, 216, 266
pietra rasa e testa scoperta 41 rising damp 144, 148, 156, 160, 166, 226 soluble glass 402
pigment 62, 68, 70, 76, 8288, 94100, 104/5, rock fragment 56 soluble salts 142, 144, 148156, 160, 162, 166,
110, 116, 124, 164, 188, 214, 216, 222, 224, 276, rock-cut architecture 24 168, 182, 184, 226, 268, 308, 361
278, 286, 288, 353, 365, 374, 379, 390, 391 Roman cement 381 soluble silicate 402
pigment alteration 164, 188, 214, 224 rough cast (roughcast) 56 spiral crack 204
pigment analysis 230, 276, 278, 286, 288 rough plaster 56, 76 spolvero 102, 132
plants 170, 403 rubble 2632, 40 spot test 230, 276, 286
plaster 26, 3656, 6684, 92, 98, 102, 104, 108, rubble masonry 2632, 40 squaring up 128
110, 114, 126, 132138, 159, 164, 174, 180, 184, rubble stone 40 stabilizer 349

414
stacco 344, 345, 347, 376 surfaces 26, 28, 32, 34, 3842, 4654, 62, 64, 70, uncovering 176, 248, 326
stacco a massello 344 80, 86, 96, 112116, 166, 174, 182, 184, 188, underdrawing 72, 78, 124, 130
star crack 204 192196, 204, 206, 222, 226, 228, 230, 240, 244, underpaint 60, 62, 82
static crack 202208 250, 252, 262, 276, 278, 282, 286, 288, 296, 310, underpainting 60, 82
stencil 134, 140 363, 374, 377, 384, 386, 390, 397
stencilling 140 surrounding 148, 188, 230, 236, 240, 242, 302, vandalism 146, 173, 300, 338
stone 2634, 3840, 44, 46, 66, 94, 112116, 318, 324 vapour diffusion 174
122, 142, 152, 154, 159, 160164, 182, 188, 192, sweet lime 393 varnish 64, 68, 94, 98, 208, 214, 216, 348, 372
194, 214, 218, 252, 274, 320324, 351, 359361, swelling 200, 367 vault 28, 104, 112
365, 382/3, 386, 401/2 swelling properties 367 veneda 60
stone dressing 30 veneer walls 354
straight lines 126 tallow 86 verdaccio 60
strappo 344 technique 32, 34, 40, 46, 48, 56, 62, 66, 7076, vernacular architecture 120
stratigraphic 230, 244248, 254, 268 82, 84, 92, 96102, 114, 116, 132140, 174, 180,
stratigraphic investigation 230, 244, 246, 248, 192, 246, 250, 256, 258, 264268, 272, 278, 280, wall painting 66, 84, 92, 96, 100, 292, 314, 360,
254, 268 284, 286, 304310, 328, 344, 403 377, 390, 397, 403
stratigraphy 68, 268, 272 tempera 64, 88 walnut oil 98, 372
straw 36, 349 tempera binders 64 wash 46, 86, 108, 138, 176, 246, 382, 388
strenghtening medium 369 temperature 106, 150, 159, 162, 166, 290, 294, washed concrete 46
strengthening agent 369 296, 356/7, 359, 363, 382, 386, 398 water vapour 148
string courses 398 template 140 waterglass 402
structural defects 154 temporary consolidation 312 wattle 44
structural elements 363 terra alba 379 wax 66, 68, 96, 112, 116, 140, 353, 403
structural examination 230, 234, 236, 240, terra di sinope 124 weathering 142, 182, 186, 188, 196
242, 264 terracotta 118, 367, 398, 401 wet-dry cycles 142, 160, 226
structural interventions 154, 178 terrazzo 356 white cement 361
structural stability 178, 236 tesserae 112, 401 white veil 212, 220, 222
stucco 388, 390/1, 393, 403/4, 113, 114, 116 test 230, 252, 254280, 286, 288 whitening 220
stucco lustro 114 texture 34, 86, 88, 100, 318, 334, 336, 370/1, 397 whitewash 86, 108, 176, 246
stucco marble 114, 116 theory of perception 330 whiting 104, 365
stucco offset 114 thin section 230, 270, 274, 280, 284 wind erosion 162, 186, 228
stylus 136 tie-beams 178 wood frame 44
subflorescence 160, 166, 200, 226 tiles 118, 363, 367, 398 wooden structure 42
sulfates 166 timber 3236, 44
sulfation 146, 218 tonal adjustment 336 yellowing 146, 210, 214
sunflower oil 372 transfer 128, 136, 140, 344, 346
superficial loss 186 tratteggio 328, 332, 334, 342
superficial staining 146 treatment trials 230, 288
support 26, 28, 32, 48, 58, 66, 72, 128, 138, 184, treatments 64, 96, 250, 254, 270, 282
196, 202, 232, 240, 252, 268, 292, 318, 336, 344, trowel 40, 92
346, 377 true encaustic 96

415
 French Index ciment hydraulique 362,381,395
cire 66, 68, 96, 112, 116,404
abrasion 186, 228 climat(ique) 86, 162, 292, 294
abri sous roche 24, 154 colle animale 86, 88, 92, 104, 116, 353, 376
abstraction chromatique 328, 340, 342 colombage 44
acqua sporca 3 36 colonisation biologique 154, 171, 216
acrylate 348 comblement 180, 218, 318, 320
additif 50, 52, 56, 348,349, 377,379,386,393,399 compresse 300, 306, 308, 310, 367
adhsif 312, 314,324, 348,351, 360, 374,376,402 condensation 148, 150, 152
arosols 164, 166, 168 conservation prventive 302
agent de liaison 353 consolidation 288, 300, 31 0, 312, 316, 369, 402,
albtre 116, 379 404
altration chromatique 212, 214,222 consolidant 216, 312, 348, 369, 402
altration des pigments 164, 188, 214, 224 constat d'tat 236, 238, 242, 244, 248, 254, 262,
analyse de pigment 276,278,286, 288 264,268
analyse des liants 276,280,286, 288 contrles priodiques 290,292,294, 296
analyse non invasive 230,256,258,262 cordeau 126
apprt 58 corrosion 188, 363
archologie du bti 244, 246 couche d'enduit 72, 102, 138, 200,248, 314, 390
architecture en terre cuite 399 couche de peinture 48, 60, 62, 108, 174, 176,
architecture troglodyte 24 208,248,314,326,336
argile 36, 44, 86, 98, 160,202, 310, 353-356, 362, coulis 26, 314, 316,377
363,367,374,397,399 coulis (d~njection) 314,316,377
arricio 54, 72, 76, 124, 344 coulis d~njection 312-316, 316
assombrissement 146, 210,216,404 coupe stratigraphique 244,270,272, 274, 280
craie 58, 86, 104, 196, 365
badigeon 86, 108, 138, 246, 385 craquelure 90,204,206, 208
barbotine 58 crneler 324
bardeau (clin) 120 crpi 56
base 86 crote de calcaire (encrotement) 358, 365
bton apparent 46 crote noire 146, 164, 216
bton granulat 46 cycles gel-dgel142, 144, 159, 162 facing 300, 344
bton brut 46 cycle d'humectation-schage 142, 160, 226
bton de parement 46
biodtrioration 1 71 dcoloration 212, 220, 222 fadissement 212,220,222
blanc de chaux 86, 385 dcoration vernisse 118
blanchiment 212,220 dcors en relief 92
bombement 200 dformation 198, 236, 244, 262, 294
bouchardage 134, 138 dgagement 176, 326
boursouflure 200 dgradation d'origine humaine 173
brique 26-32, 36, 44, 118, 122, 320, 354, 363, dgradation lie l'environnement 142, 144, fissuration due des problmes de statique
367,371,386,395,401 156,159,160,162,166
brique concasse 371 dgradation microbiologique 1 71
brique de terre crue 1 Adobe 26, 34, 36, 367 dpose 344, 346, 376
dpt150, 164,212-216,266,294,304
carbonatation (raction de) 70, 82, 358, 359, desquamation 190, 192, 194
386 dessalement 306, 308, 310
carbonate de calcium 70, 164, 212, 354, 358, dessin prparatoire 68, 78, 82, 124, 130
365,382 dessin sous-jacent 124
carottage 268 destructive 256,258,278,280
casine 86, 88, 104,204,214,360,393 dtrempe 88, 1 04
causes intrinsques de dgradation 142, 202, dveloppement biologique 106, 11 0, 150,
204 154,162,170,282,360
cavit 180,182,374,377 diagnostic 230,234,254, 292, 294
cellulose 104,310,369 documentation photographique 230, 232,
cramique 34, 120,208, 363, 367,401 254, 260, 262, 264
charge 46, 50-58, 68, 80, 100, 11 0, 318, drainage 290, 296, 298, 300
351,353,355,365,367,374,386,390,399
chaux 58, 84, 86, 102, 108, 112, 114, 308, 326, eau de chaux 70, 385
359,326,359,371,382,385,386,388,393,395 caillage 190, 192, 194, 262
chaux arienne en pte 382, 386, 388, 390 chantillonnage 230,256, 266, 268, 280,282, 386, 395, 397
chaux teinte 86, 112, 359, 360, 382 284
chaux grasse 388 efflorescence saline 160, 166,200,224,226,306,
chaux hydrate 382 308
chaux hydraulique 377, 382, 386 miettement 184, 196
chaux vive 359, 382, 388 emptements 100, 106
ciment 34, 46, 114, 120, 174,226,274, 349, 353, encaustique 96, 404
362,365,371,374,377,379,381,386,388,395 encrassement 146, 216
enduit 26, 34-48, 50, 52-56, 66-84, 92, 98, 102,
104,108,110,114,124,126,132-138,159,184,
200,212,218,246,248,262,306,308,314,316,
322,336,344,349,351,353,358,362,367,371,
374,379,381' 386, 388, 390,393,395,397
enduit de dressage 54, 72
enduit de finition 76,80
enduit de gchage 393
enduit frais, 70, 72, 78, 82, 92, 126, 132, 134, 136
enduit grossier 56
enduit sacrificiel 306, 308
environnement 42, 64, 142, 144, 152-156, 162,
198,204,206,210,224,232,234,240,254,282,
290,294,296,355,360
rosion olienne 186, 228
tude (micro)biologique 276,282
tude climatique 290, 292, 294
tude de site 234, 236, 240, 242, 252, 264
tude diagnostic des btiments et sites (tat
sanitaire du bti) 230,232, 234-238, 242, 252,
254,290,296
tude historique 230, 232,238, 240
tude minralogique 274,276,284
tude phnomnologique 230, 232,234,238,
292
tude sans contact 258
tude scientifique 248, 250, 252, 254, 286, 288
valuation des conditions environnementa-
les 234, 240, 290, 292, 294, 296
examen structurel234, 236,240,242,264
facteurs externes de dgradation 142, 144,
162,186-204,212,216,224,226,228
faire un lancis (lancer) 324
farinage 196
flure 204
fil battu 126
film 64, 88,372
202,204,206,208
fissuration en toile 204
fissuration en spirale 204
fissure 194, 202, 204, 206, 208, 236, 262, 294,
316,374,377,386
fissure large 204
fissure parallle 204
fissure radiale 204
fresco-secco 70, 82, 84
fresque 66,70-78, 82, 84,212, 360
gestion de l'environnement 290, 296, 298,
300,302
giornata 74, 78, 262
glacis 62, 68, 82, 336, 365
glaure 62, 118
gobetis 54, 72, 124, 1 38, 386
gomme 64, 88, 369
granulat (agrgat) 46, 50, 52,351,374,382,
grotte 24, 154
gypse58,92, 114,116,164,374,379,393
huile60,64-68,88,94-98, 104,106,116,216,
353,372
huile de lin 98, 104, 116, 372
huile de noix 98, 116, 372

416
huile siccative 64, 96, 98, 1 16, 216, 372 nettoyage304, 306,310,326 rintgration neutre 328, 330, 340
humidit 72, 106, 148-160, 164, 184-198, 216, rintgration pousse 338
218,224,226,236,282,292,294,296,356,360, observation et analyses des matriaux 254, rejointoiement 320, 386
362,371 256, 258, 266, 268, 270, 272, 274, 276, 280, relev cartographique 242, 250, 252, 254
hygroscopicit 1dliquescence 152, 160, 166 282, 284, 286, 288 relev mtrique 242
ceuf64,88, 104,349 relief90, 92,262,399
imagerie scientifique 260,264 organique50,84,88, 100,104,174,214,-218, remonte capillaire 144, 148,156, 166,226
impression 60 280,286,304,348,349,360,391,393,403 remplacement de pierre 324
incision 140,262 ornements rapports 66, 94 repeint 62, 176, 326
incision directe 134, 136 ossature en bois 42 repentir 90, 176
incision indirecte 136 repose 344, 346
incrustation 1 73,226 palimpseste mural1 08 rsine 64, 96, 98,214,272,346,353,369,374
incrustement 324 parement 120 rsine acrylique 106,348, 353, 369, 374
infiltration 144, 148, 154, 156, 226 partie manquante 180 rversible 328, 336, 338
inorganique 1 10, 174, 280, 284,286, 349,362, pastiglia 92 revtement extrieur 120
369,391' 393 patine 210 rigatino 332
interventions historiques inadaptes 174 peinture acrylique 106 rinzaffo54
intervention sur la structure 154, 178 peinture l'huile 66, 98, 106
intonachino 76 peinture a secco 66, 82, 84, 104, 106, 208, 349, sable 36, 1 18,202,228, 318, 351,354, 355,362,
intonaco 70, 72, 76, 78, 80, 102, 336, 344, 3 71 360 374,382,386,388,390,397
irrversible 1 71, 188, 363, 369,402 peinture a tempera 88, 360 saturation de la couleur 146,218,222
peinture minrale 110,402 scag/iota 104, 1 14, 116, 404
jaunissement 146, 210, 214 peinture murale 66, 84, 92, 96, 100, 292, 314, schage 76, 88, 98, 106, 351, 360, 367, 3 73, 3 76,
joint30,38,42,44, 154,262,320,324,377 360,377,390,397,404 393,402
joint-vif 26, 30, 38 peinture silicate 1 10 se!ezione dell'oro 342
pelage 190, 192, 194 se!ezione de/l'argenta 342
lacune 180,318,374 perte de cohsion 196 sels solubles/hygroscopiques 142, 144,
lait de chaux 70, 84, 86, 102, 176,385,382, 388 pierre apparente 40 148-156,160,162,166,168,182,184,212,218,
lame mince 270, 274,280,284 pierre de remplacement 324 226,268,308,362,397
liant 28,5 0-58,62, 64, 68, 88, 94, 98, 100, 104, pigment 62, 68, 70, 82, 84, 86, 88, 96, 98, 100, sgraffite (sgraffito) 66, 102
110,112,130,184,196,214,216,280,336,348, 104,110,116,124,132,216,222,278,353,365, silicates alcalins 1 10,212,402
353,360,362,369,374,376,381,385,388,392, 374, 379, 390,392 sinopia 68, 72, 78, 124, 1 30
399,402,404 piquetage 134, 136, 138 solin 322
liant hydraulique 280,381, 386,395 pltre 44, 1 14, 349, 351, 353, 379, 393, 401 sondage stratigraphique 244, 246, 248, 254,
lumire incidente 262 pltre de Paris 353,379,393,401 268,272
lumire oblique 262 pltre hmihydrat 393 sous-couche 60, 68
lumire rasante 260, 262 pochoir 134, 140 stacco 344
lustra 66, 96, 404 point de rose 150,294 stacco a masse/la 344
pointillisme 328, 332, 334 stratigraphie de la peinture 68
maonnerie 26-40,48,54, 184,226, 355, 386, polissage 66, 96, 1 16, 186, 365,404 strappo 344
395 pollution de l'air 142, 144, 164, 168, 216, 294, stuc 114, 1 16, 388, 390, 393,404
maonnerie composite 28 296 stuc cir 1 14
maonnerie de blocage 32 polychromie 1 18, 342 stucco lustra 1 14
maonnerie de blocailles 28, 40 polymre 106,348,372,376 stuc estampill 1 14
maonnerie de blocs de roche 32 poncif 102, 132 stuc patin 1 14
maonnerie de brique 34 pontata 74, 262 stuc-pierre 1 14
maonnerie de mollons 26, 28, 30, 32, 40 poudre de brique 112,351,356,371,374,399 support 26, 48, 50, 58, 66, 72,128,184,318,371
maonnerie de pierre de taille 26, 28, 30, 32 poudre de marbre 1 12,390 surpeint 1 76
maonnerie de pierre sche 28, 38 poudroiement 196
technique de bois-lac 32
maonnerie de pierres naturelles 28 poussire 146, 212, 216,228,266,390,404
technique mixte 1mezzo-fresco 66, 70, 82,84
maintenance et suivi de conservation 296, pouzzolane 112,356,371,381,386,395
terre cuite 1 18, 367,399,401
298, 300,302 pouzzolanique 356, 362, 371, 386
testa scoperta 40
marbre 28, 1 14-1 18, 164, 382, 386, 390,395, prparation 48, 58, 86, 98
tesselle 1 12, 401
401 prparation de l'chantillon 266,270,272,
tests micro chimiques 276, 286
mastic 353, 365 274,280,282
traitement par silicatisation 402
mesures d'urgence 296, 300, 302 protubrance 200
transposition 346
microfissure 204, 206 pulvrulence 196
tratteggio 328, 332, 334, 342
mise au carreau 128
trous de boulin 122
mixtion94 rapport de conservation-restauration 248,
tuileau 356, 363
morre/one 60 250,254,264,296
mortier 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 38, 40, 44, 50, 52, 54, recherche et tude de dcors peints 244, 246,
veneda 60
80,112,114,134,154,159,308,316,318,320, 248,250
verdaccio 60
322,348,349,351,353,356,362,367,371,374, refixage 314
vernis 64, 68, 98,208,214,216,348,372
377,381,382,386,388,390,397,402 rehaut 68
verre de silice 402
mortier de chaux 70, 82, 1 14, 322, 382,386, rintgration 62,318,328,330,332,334,336,
voile blanc 212,220,222
388 338, 340, 342
"vraie encaustique" 96
mortier microporeux 308 rintgration chromatique 328, 340, 342
mosaque 112, 346, 374, 377, 390,401 rintgration illusionniste 328, 338 zones d'essais ou de rfrence 288

417
 German Index Bildtrger 48 Formgips 393
Bindemittel 353, 381, 402 Fotodokumentation 260, 264
Abbrckeln 184 Bindemittel, anorganisches 110, 280, 353, 362 Fotografie, wissenschaftliche 264
Ablsung 190, 192, 194 Bindemittel, hydraulisches 381, 395 Freilegung 326
Abmehlen 196 Bindemittel, organisches 84, 88, 104, 214, 216, Fresko 66, 70, 76, 78, 212
Abnahme 344 280, 353, 360 Freskomalerei 70
Abnutzung 228 Bindemittel, Tempera- 360 Fresko-Secco-Technik 82
Abrasion 186 Blase 200 Frost 204
Abrieb 186, 228 Blattmetall 94 Frostschden 159
Absanden 184 Bleichung 220 Frost-Tau-Wechsel 159
Abschalen 192 Bohrkern 266 Fuge 38, 320
Abschlen 190 Bohrkernentnahme 268 Fllsto 350, 365, 374, 390, 397
Abschuppen 194 Bohrmehl 268
Acrylat 348 Brandschaden 198, 204, 224 Gerstgrenze 74
Acrylmalerei 106 Branntkalk 386 Gerstlcher 122
Additiv 350 Brckelzerfall 184 Gesso 379
Adobe 36 Giornata 78
Aerosole 164, 168 Craquele 208 Gips 116, 379, 393
Algen 171, 282 Datenlogger 292 Glas 94
Alterung 210 Datierung 276 Glasur 62, 118, 208, 399
Alveolenbildung 182 Dokumentation 254, 260 Graffiti 173
Analyse, Bindemittel- 276, 280 Drainage 290 Grundierung 48, 58
Analyse, chemische 284 Dnnschliff 270, 274
Analyse, Pigment- 278, 276 Durchdrckverfahren 136 Haarriss 206
Analyse, Salz- 306 Durchstich 132 Hackspuren 138
Analyse, Tpfel- 286 Harz 214
Anbschung 322 Einkerbung 134, 136 Heizung 290, 296
Anhydrit 379 Ei-Tempera 88 Hinterfllen 316
Ansicht 242 Enkaustik 96, 404 Hhle 24
Anstrich 86 Entfrbung 220, 222 Hohlraumverfllung 316, 378
Applikationen, dekorative 94 Entfeuchtung 296 Hydrophobizitt 369
Aquarell-Lasur 336 Entsalzung 306 Hygrische Dehnung 160
Arbeitsmuster 288 Entwsserung 298 Hygroskopizitt 152, 156
Arriccio / Grobputz 72 Entwurfszeichnung 130
Arriccio-Vorzeichnung 124 Enzyme 304 Impasto 100, 106
Astrazione cromatica 340 Ergnzung 180, 318, 322, 324, 328, 374 Imprimatur 60, 62
Aufhacken 138 Ergnzung, neutrale 330 Infiltration 150, 154, 156, 298
Aufma 242 Ergnzung, lasierende 336 Infrarot / Ultraviolett-Falschfarbenbilder 264
Aufriss 242 Ergnzung, mimetische 338 Infrarot-Reflektografie 264
Aufspitzen 138 Erosion 182 Infrarot-Thermografie 258, 264
Aufwlbung 200 Injektion 178, 312, 314, 316
Ausblhungen 166 Fachwerk 34, 42, 44 Inlay 324
Facing 300 Intarsienimitation 116
Backstein 355 Fadennetz 128 Integration 318, 328
Bakterien 171, 282 Farbabstraktion 340 Intervention, unsachgeme historische 174
Balkenlcher 122 Farbkrper 391 Interventionen, bauliche 178
Bauaufma 242 Farbmittel 391 Intonaco / Feinputz 76, 78, 80
Bauaufnahme 234 Farbsttigung 218, 222
Bauforschung 244 Farbselektion 342 Kaliumsilikat 402
Baugrunderkundung 240 Farbstoff 391 Kaliwasserglas 110
Bauphasen 244, 246 Farbvernderung 214, 220, 222 Kalk 84, 381
Bauschmuck, glasierter 118 Fassadenelement 120 Kalk / Branntkalk 382
Befall, biologischer 154 Fassungsaufbau 68 Kalkmalerei 66, 70
Befeuchtung 296 Fehlstelle 180, 328 Kalkmilch 84, 385
Befundsicherung 238 Felsen 24 Kalkmrtel 386, 388
Beleuchtung 296 Festigung 310, 312, 369, 404 Kalkseccomalerei 84
Bemusterung 288 Festigungsmittel 348, 369, 402 Kalksinterhaut 358
Berapp 56 Feuchte 148, 152, 162, 216, 218, 292, 371 Kalksinterwasser 385
Besiedelung 171 Feuchte, aufsteigende 156, 160 Kalktnche 86, 385, 388
Besiedelung, biologische 171, 276 Feuchte, Boden- 156 Kalkwasser 84, 358
Bestandteile, anorganische 286 Feuchte, Deliqueszenz- 152 Karbonatisierung 82, 359, 382, 386
Bestandteile, organische 286 Feuchte, Grund- 156 Kartierung 250, 254, 266
Beton 46, 362, 381 Filmbildner 348 Kaschierung 314, 376
Beule 200 Filter 296 Kasein 214, 360
Bewehrung 48 Firnis 64, 208, 214, 372 Kaverne 24
Bewuchs, biologischer 171 Fixieren 314 Keramik 363
Bilder, fotogrammetrische 264 Fliesen 363, 399 Kernbohrung 268

418
Kieselsure 402 Mezzo-Fresko 70, 82 Putz, Kalk- 386
Kitt 374 Mikroklima 292 Putz, Mikroporen- 308
Kittung 180, 318, 312 Mineralfarben 110, 402 Putz, Ober- 76, 80
Klebemittel 360, 376, 348 Mischtechnik (Fresko-Secco) 82 Putz, Opfer- 308
Klebstoff 348 Modellgips 379, 393 Putz, Rau- 56, 72
Klimaschwankungen 292 Monitoring 294, 302 Putz, Sanier- 308
Klinker 355, 363 Mrtel 378, 386 Putz, Struktur- 56
Kompresse 266, 308, 310, 367 Mrtel, Cocciopesto- 356, 371 Putz, Unter- 54, 72
Kompressenanwendung 310 Mrtel, Injektions- 378 Putz, Zwischen- 54
Kondensation 150, 152 Mrtel, Khorasan- 371, 388 Putzgrenze 74
Konservierung, prventive 290302 Mrtel, Putz- 50 Puzzolan 371, 395
Konservierungsmaterialien 216 Mrtel, Reparatur- 308
Konsolidierung 312, 369 Mosaik 112 Quadratnetz 128
Konsolidierungsmittel 369 Mosaiksteine 401 Quadratur 128
Konstruktion 25 Murus Gallicus 32 Quellenrecherche 232
Kontamination 146 Musterflche 288 Querschliff 270, 272, 274, 286
Koordinatennetz 128 Querschnitt 286
Korrekturen 90 Nass-Trocken-Wechsel 160
Korrosion 188 Nebel 168 Rahmenkonstruktion 44
Kratzkunst 102 Neuverfugung 38, 320 Randsicherung 322
Kratzputztechnik 102 Notfallmanahmen 300 Raster 128
Kreide 365, 379 Notfallplan 296 Rauputzzeichnung 124
Kreide, Bologneser 365, 379 Notsicherung 300 Reinigung 186, 304, 310
Kreiden 196 Reinigung, biologische 304
kristalline Struktur 278 l 214, 372 Reinigung, mechanische 304
Kristallisation 160, 166, 192, 200, 212, 226 lemulsion 88 Reinigung, physikalisch-chemische 304
Kruste 146 lmalerei 98, 372 Reintegration 328
Kruste, Calcit- 358 Opus musivum 112 Reintegration, farbliche 328
Kruste, Salz- 226 Opus tesselatum 112 Relief 92
Kruste, schwarze 164, 216 Oxidation 188 Reproduktionstechnik 140
Kruste, Sinter- 358 Restaurierungsdokumentation 254
Palimpsest 108 Rettungsmanahme 300
Lasur 62 Pappmach 114 Retusche 62, 328, 330, 332, 334, 336, 338, 340,
Lehm 367 Pastiglia 92 342
Lehmziegel 34, 36, 355 Patina 210 Retusche, Neutral- 330
Leim 376 Pause 132 Retusche, Normal- 338
Leimfarbe 104 Pentimento 90, 176 Retusche, Punkt- 334
Leinl 372 Perforationspause 132 Retusche, Strich- 332
Loch 182 Pflege 302 Reuestriche 90
Lochpause 132 Pietra Rasa 40 Rigatino 332
Luftfeuchte 148 Pigment 391 Riss 202, 204, 316, 378
Luftkalk 388 Pigmentumwandlung 216 Riss, statischer 202
Luftschadstoffe 168 Pigmentvernderung 224 Rissverschiebung 294
Lftung 296 Pilze 171, 282 Ritzkunst 102
Luftverschmutzung 144, 164, 188, 240, 294 Plaster of Paris 393 Ritzung 134
Lustro-Technik 66, 96 Pointillismus 332, 334 Rntgenfluoreszenzspektroskopie 258
Polieren 404 Rckbertragung 346
Maltechnik 250 Poliermittel 365 Ru 216
Marble Cement 114 Pontata 74
Markierung durch Schlagschnur 126 Porositt 308 Salzausblhung 200, 226
Marmormehl 390 Prgung 92 Salze 166, 402
Materialeigenschaften, innere 142 Primer 58 Salze, bauschdliche 166
Materialien, inkompatible 174 Probe 272 Salze, lsliche 166
Mauerfeuchte 156 Probeaufbereitung 270 Salzminderung 306, 308, 310
Mauerwerk 26 Probenahme 256, 266 Sand 397
Mauerwerk, Bossen- 30 Prfung, bautechnische 236 Saurer Regen 144, 164
Mauerwerk, Bruchstein- 28, 32, 40 Prfung, Gelnde- 240 Scagliola 114, 116
Mauerwerk, Feldstein- 28, 32, 40 Pudern 196 Schabkunst 102
Mauerwerk, Lehmziegel- / Adobe 36 Putz 50, 52, 54, 76, 386, 390 Schablone 134, 140
Mauerwerk, Naturstein- 28 Putz, Ausgleichs- 54 Schablonenmalerei 140
Mauerwerk, Polsterquader- 30 Putz, Auen- 52, 56 Schden, strukturelle 154
Mauerwerk, Polygonal- 30 Putz, Farb- 102 Schadensbilder 250
Mauerwerk, Quader- 28, 30 Putz, Fassaden- 52 Schadensursache, uere 144
Mauerwerk, Rustika- 30 Putz, Fein- 54, 76, 80 Schadensursache, materialimmanente 142
Mauerwerk, Verblend- 30 Putz, Gips- 393 Schdigung, umweltbedingte 162
Mauerwerk, Ziegel- 34 Putz, Gltt- 54, 80 Schdigung, vom Menschen verursachte 173
Meeressalze 168 Putz, Grob- 56, 72 Schalenbildung 192

419
 Schalhaut 46 Tiefenprofil 268 Verdaccio 60
Schichtenabfolge 246 Ton 367, 397, 399 Verdunklung 216
Schiefer 120 Tonziegel 355 Verformung 198
Schindel 120 Trger 48, 58, 346 Verfugung 320
Schlagschnur 126 Trnkung 312 Vergilbung 214
Schlmme 58, 86 Transfer / bertragung 346 Vergipsung 164, 218, 146, 216
Schluff 36 Translozierung 346 Vermessung 242, 258
Schnurschlag 126 Tratteggio 332 Verpressen 178, 316, 378
Schrglicht 262 Trocknendes l 98, 372 Verputz 50, 52
Schuppen 194 Trbung 212 Verschmutzung 146, 304, 214
Schutz 64 Tnche 86, 108 Verschwrzung 216
Schutzschicht 210 Verwitterung 188
Secco 66, 84 bermalung 176 Vibrationen 204
Selezione cromatica 342 berwachung 294 Vierung 324
Setzung 236 berzug 174, 214 Vorfestigung 300
Sgraffito 66, 102 Ultraviolettes-Licht 264 Vorritzung 136
Sicherung 314, 322 Umweltbewertung 290 Vorstudie 290
Sichtbeton 46 Umweltgutachten 290 Vorzeichnung 124, 130
Sikkativ 98, 372 Umweltmanagement 296
Silikatfarbe 110, 402 Umweltmonitoring 290 Wachs 96, 404
Sinopie 72, 124 Umweltparameter 296 Wachs, Bienen- 404
Sinterhaut 358 Umweltprfung 290 Wachs, Paraffin- 404
Skelettbau 42 Umweltstrategie 296 Wandmalerei 66
Skelettbau, hlzerner 42 Untermalung 60 Wandmalereiabnahme 344
Spalt 204 Untersuchung, Befund- 238 Wandmalereibertragung 346
Spolvero-Methode 132 Untersuchung, berhrungsfreie 258 Wandschalung 120
Stacco 344 Untersuchung, Bestand- 234 Wartung und Pflege 302
Stnderbauweise 42 Untersuchung, biologische 282 Waschbeton 46
Standorterkundung 240 Untersuchung, Fassungs- 246 Wasseraufnahmefhigkeit 152
Statik 178 Untersuchung, Gefge- 236 Wassereintritt 154
Staub 212, 216, 266 Untersuchung, Innenklima- 292 Wasserglas 201, 402
Steinergnzung 324 Untersuchung, Kontext- 240 Wasserglasfarbe 110
Steinimitation 116 Untersuchung, Material- 252, 276 weien 86
Steinmehl 390 Untersuchung, mikrobiologische 282 Weischleier 212
Stoffsammlung 230 Untersuchung, mikrochemische 286 Winderosion 228
Strappo 344 Untersuchung, mineralogische 284 Windverwehung 186
Stratigrafie 68, 268, 272 Untersuchung, naturwissenschaftliche 252 Wlbung 200
Streiflicht 262, 264 Untersuchung, nicht-invasive 256
Stucco Lustro 114 Untersuchung, petrografische 274, 284 Zement 362, 395
Stuck 114, 388, 390 Untersuchung, phnomenologische 230 Zement, hydraulischer 362
Stuckgips 379, 393 Untersuchung, Polychromie- 246, 272 Zement, Portland- 174, 362
Stuckmarmor 114 Untersuchung, Raumklima- 292 Zement, puzzolanischer 362
Stuckmarmorintarsie 116 Untersuchung, statische 236 Zement, Roman- 362
Subfloreszenz 160, 166, 200, 226 Untersuchung, stratigrafische 248 Zement, Wei- 362
Sumpfkalk 86, 386, 388 Untersuchung, Umwelt- 296 Zerfall, mikrobiologischer 171
untersuchung, Vor- 238 Ziegel 36, 355
Tageslicht 264 Untersuchung, zerstrungsfreie 256 Ziegelmehl 371
Tagwerk 78 Unterton-Lasur 336 Ziegelsplitt 371, 356
Taupunkt 150 Unterzeichnung 72, 130, 124 Zirkel 134
Tempera 88 Zusatzmittel 350
Terracotta 363, 399 Vandalismus 300, 173 Zusatzstoff 50
Terrazzo 356 Veneda 60 Zuschlag 350, 356, 374, 386, 397
Tessera 112, 401 Verblassen 222 Zuschlagstoff 350

420
Hungarian Index cement 362, 227 fal 27
cemethabarcs 87 falazat 27
abszolt pratartalom 149 ciklopfal 33 falazblokk 27
abszorpci 161 cocciopesto 350, 357 falburkolat 355, 364
acqua sporca 337 csempe 121, 364 falkp 67, 109, 327, 345, 347
adalkanyag 51, 350 cseppelemzs 277, 287 falkptechnika 71
adatgyjts 295 cserp 121 faragott kfal 31
additv 350 csiszols 187 farkasfog kts 35
aeroszolok 169 faszerkezet 43
aggregtum 51, 352, 374 data logger 293, 295 favzas plet 45
agyag 367, 355 datls 277 favzas tglafal 35
akril 348 deformci 237 fedrteg 69, 327
akrilt gyanta 348 dekorci 113 fehr agyag 87
akrilfests 101, 107 dekorcis technika 103 fehr ftyol 213, 221
aktv krosods 301 dekoratv applikci 95 fehr msz 386
alabstrom 117 dekoratv rtt 67, 95 fehreds 213, 221
alfests 61, 83 diagnzis 231 fekete kreg 165, 217
alapozs 59, 49 direkt elkarc 135 fekete krgeseds 147
alapoz krta 366, 99 distemper 105, 89 feketeds 147
alapvakolat 73, 77 dsztminta 141 felfeds 327
alrajzols 79, 125, 131 dsztvakolat 57 flhidrt gipsz 379, 393
altmaszts 179 diszperzi akril 348 felhlyagosods 201
ldozati vakolat 307, 309 dolomitos msz 383 felismerhetsg 328, 335
llati enyv 105, 89 domborm 93 felmrs 243
llvnylyukak 123 dcols 179 flsrl fny 263
llvnyzat 75 durva vakolat 55, 57, 73 felszll nedvessg 157
anhidrit 379 felszvd nedvessg 157
antropogn 145 getetlen agyagtgla 37 feltrs 177, 327
anyagvesztesg 181, 191 getett msz 359, 383, 388 feltsksods 201
anyagvizsglat s analitika 277 elektrokmiai eljrs 307 felleti egyenetlensg 263
applikci 67 elfolysods 153 felvls 191
aranyfst 95 elenyvezs 59 felvtel 261
aranyozs 93, 95 elkarc 135 fmflia 95
arriccio 73, 345 elkszt rajz 59, 69 125, 131 fmhl 49
astrazione cromatica 341 elrajz 125, 131 fenomemolgiai megkzelts 231
svnyi fests 111 elsttls 217 fnyezs 97
svnytani vizsglat 285 elszennyezds 147, 217 fnykp 261
tfests 177, 327 elsznezds 147 festkrteg 59, 77, 109, 247, 249
tls kts 35 eltakars 327 feststechnika 67
tmsols 129, 141 eltvolts 345 festmny rtegszerkezet 69
tmeneti szilrdts 313 elvltozs 211, 199 festalap 49
tnyomott karton 137 ember ltal okozott krosodsok 173 finom vakolat 77, 81
tltets 347, 345 emulzi 89 fizikai-kmiai tisztts 305
enkausztika 97, 404 fizikai-kmiai vizsglat 277
barlang 25 enyv 87, 93, 376 fldfestk 125
Bauforschung 245 enyves fests 105 fldrengs 203
beavatkozs 251 enzimek 305 foltozs 325
bezs 151, 155, 157 ptsi gipsz 379, 393 folykony veg 402
bekels 325 ptsmd 27 folyst 350
beilleszked retus 339 ptszeti dsztelem 399 formai kiegszts 333
bels krosodsi tnyezk 143 ptszeti fellet 115 fotbeton 47
bltri klma tanulmny 293 ptszeti kutats 235 fotdokumentci 233, 259, 261
bepikkels 139 plet s helysznfelmrs 235 fotgrammetria 243, 265
beszivrgs 155 pletgpszet 297 fresk 67, 71, 79, 83, 125
beszivrg nedvessg 151 pletrgszet 245 fresk-szekk 83, 85
bettezs 325 pletsznezs kutats 247 fuga 39, 378
beton 362 plettanulmny 235 fugajavts 321
betonfellet 47 rdes vakolat 57 furatpor 269
bevonat 348, 353 rints nlkli vizsglatok 259 frmag 267
bevonatrteg finom vakolat 81 rlels 388 frmagos mintavtel 269
biolgiai krosods 171, 360 erzi 187 fst 217
biolgiai kolonizci 171, 217, 283 ezst 95 fts 297
biolgiai tisztts 305 futsoros kts 35
biolgiai vizsglat 282, 277 Fachwerk 45
boltv 113 facing 301, 376 giornata 79
bomlstermk 305 fagyciklus 145, 159 gipsz 59, 87, 93, 115, 117, 379, 393
burkolanyag 51, 53 fakuls 213, 223 gipszmrvny 115, 117

421
 glett 81, 109, 177 kermia dszburkolat 119 lustro 67, 97, 117, 404
glria 93, 95 keresztgerenda 123 lyuggatott papr 133
gtkts 35 keresztmetszet csiszolat 271, 273 lyuk 183
graffiti 147 ksleltet 350
grafikus brzols 251 ksztstechnikai tanulmny 277 magnziumos msz 383
gyanta 65, 97 kezelsi eljrs 255, 289 majolika 119
gygyvakolat 309 kidudorods 201 mllkonysg 197
kiegszts 328, 319, 333, 337, 343 mrvny cement 115
habarcs 113, 115, 159, 357, 378 kiegsztsi teszt 289 mrvnypor 390
hajszlrepeds 205, 207, 386 kiegyenlt vakolat 55 mz 399
hlzat 129 kifakuls 221, 223 mechanikus tisztts 305
halpikkely 193 kikristlyosodott sk 213 mdium 353
hamis UV/IR 265 kitlts 319 megersts 313
hmls 191, 193, 195 klma 297 megerst anyag 369
harmatpont 151 kjavts 325 megkts 315
hasznlat 187 kollagn 376 megktsi teszt 289
helyszn vizsglat 241 kltztets 345 megklnbztet kiegszts 333, 335
hzag 39 kondenzci 151 megtartsi llapot 263
hzagok injektlsa 179 konszolidl anyag 369 mlyeds 183
hzagols 41 kontr 103 mertfrd 307
hiny 181, 319, 337 konzervlsi anyagok 225 msz 359, 383
hinyz rsz 328 kops 187, 229 msz szekk 85
hidratlt msz 386 kptls 325 mszciklus 359
hidraulikus kts 395 kormeghatrozs 277 meszels 87
hidraulikus ktanyag 381 krnyezet felmrs 241 meszels 103, 109
hidraulikus msz 386 krnyezet menedzsment 297 mszfresk 67, 101
higromter 149 krnyezet vizsglat 291 mszhabarcs 386, 388
higroszkpossg/elfolysods 153 krnyezeti hatsok 143 mszhidrt 383
holland(i) kts 35 krnyezeti krosods 163 mszk 366
hmrsklet 293, 295 korom 217 mszkrm 388
homlokzatvakolat 53 korrekci 91 mszl 383, 385
homok 352, 397 korrzi 189 mszpncl 358
hordoz 49 ktsmd 27 mszpp 383, 386, 388
ktanyag 51, 59, 63, 65, 348, 353, 360, 362, mszpor 386
ideiglenes szilrdts 313 373, 376 mszszekk 67
idomtgla 34 ktanyag vizsglat 277, 281 msztej 71, 385, 388
impaszt 101 kvezs mszvakolat 71, 358
impregnls 99 kzeg 353 mszvz 71, 87, 358, 385
imprimatura 61 krakl 209 mezzo-fresk 83, 85
inert 352, 374 krta 59, 87, 105, 366 mikrobiolgiai krosods 171
infravrs reflektogrfia 131 krtsods 197 mikrobiolgiai kolonizci 282
injektls 313, 315 kklpikus fal 33 mikrokmiai teszt 279
injektl vakolat 317, 378 kls krosodsi tnyezk 145 mikrokmiai vizsglat 287
integrlt retus 339 kls vakolat 57 mikroklma 293
intonaco 71, 73, 77, 79, 81, 345 kltri vakolat 53 mikroprusos habarcs 309
kutatsi beszmol 255 mintaelkszts 271
javtvakolat 309 kutatablak 249 mintavtel 267
jelensg kutats 231 kvderburkolat 31 mixtion 95
kvderfal 31 monitorozs 291, 293, 295
kagyl 57 kvderk fal 29 mordent 95
kalcium karbont 358, 359, 366 morrelone 61
kapark 267 lakkrteg 65 morzsolds 185
kapillris felszvds 157 ltszbeton 47 mosott beton fellet 47
karbantarts s gondozs 303 lazr 63, 83 mozaik 113, 347
karbont kpzds 359 lazrfests 366 mozaikkocka 401
karbontosods 71, 83, 358, 359 lazrozs 337 memlki pletkutats 245
karboxi-metil-cellulz 105 lecsapds 151 multispektrlis sugrzs 261
karcols 135, 137, 141 lgnedvessg 149 mmrvny 115, 117
karcolt rajz 135, 137 lgszennyez anyag 169 Murus Gallicus 33
krosods 143, 177, 328, 362 lgszennyezds 145, 165
krtrkp 233, 243, 251 lemezes levls 191, 193, 195 nd 49
katasztrfa 301 lengyel kts 35 nagyts 129
kavicsvakolat 57 lenolaj 99, 105, 117, 373 napi varrat 75, 79
kazein 87, 89, 105, 360 lepattogzs 195 nedves foltok 153
kemny distemper 105 leragaszts 301 nedveseds 155
kmiai krosods 189 lerakds 213, 305 nedvessg 149, 185
kermia 364 levlaszts 345, 347 nedvessgmegkt kpessg 153

422
nedves-szraz ciklusok 161, 227 retus 63, 328 sznelvltozs 215, 221, 223
ngyzethl 129 rigatino 333 sznezanyag 392
nem invazv vizsglatok 257 rgzts 311, 315, 317 szinpia 73, 125
nem megfelel rgebbi beavatkozsok 175 romn cement 381 szmog 165
neutrlis retus 331 rusztika 31 szobrszati technika 93
nvnyi mzga 89 szondz kutats 249
nyersbeton 47 sablonozs 139 szulftosods 147
srguls 215 szuszpenzi 392
objektum vizsglat 239 srtgla 355
olajfests 99, 101, 373 savas es 145, 165 tjols 241
oldszeres festk 107 scagliola 115, 117, 404 talajvz 299
oldott veg 402 segdanyag 350 trgyfelmrs 239
oltott msz 87, 359, 383, 385 selezione cromatica 343 tgla 45, 355
nflia 95 selezione delloro 343 tglafal 35
opus musivum 113 semleges retus 331, 341 tglarlemny 357
opus tesselatum 113 sgraffito 67, 103 tglapor 357
regeds 211, 217 simt vakolat 55, 81 tglatrmelk 371
sszefrhetetlen anyagok 175 simtvas 55 tglazzalk 357
padlburkolat 364 seltvolts 307, 309, 311 teljes kiegszts 339
padlcsempe 399 skreg 227 tempera 89
pakols 301, 307, 309, 311, 367 skivirgzs 161, 167, 201, 225, 227 terhels 237
palimpszeszt 109 skivons 307 termklers 255
paprmas 115 skristlyosods 191, 193, 195 termsk fal 29, 33
pratereszts 175 startalom 307 termszetes kfal 29
pralecsapds 153 stt foltok 153 termszettudomnyos vizsglat 253
prsts 297 stt vakolat 103 terrakotta 399
pratartalom 149 sttls 217 terrakotta csempe 119
prtlants 297 sovny msz 386 terrazzo 357
pastiglia 93 svizsglat 157 tessera 401
pasztzus fests 101 spolvero 103, 133 testa scoperta 41
patina 211 stacco 345 teszt 289
patronozs 139 stacco a massello 345 tetcserp 364, 399
pattintott vonal 127 strappo 345 tetfed elem 121
pauzls 137 strata 345 tisztts 187, 305, 307
pentimento 91, 177 stucco lustro 115 tiszttsi teszt 289
perforlt karton 103, 133 stukk 115, 393, 404 tojs 89, 105
pergs 191, 193, 195 srgssgi beavatkozs 301 tltanyag 51, 81, 366, 374, 390
Pietra rasa 41 srgssgi megkts 301 tmts 181, 319, 335
pigment 63, 71, 77, 392 srl fny 263 tmt anyag 353, 366
pigment elvltozs 225 srl fny 261 trs 205
pigment vizsglat 277, 279, 287 srlds 187 trtneti kutats 233
pihentets 388 szrad olaj 65, 99, 373 trtneti technika 41
pikkels 139 szrazfalazat 27 torzuls 199
piszok 147 szekk 67, 83, 85, 360 tratteggio s 333
plasztikus forma 115 szlerzi 163, 229 tudomnyos felvtelek 261, 265
polimer 348 szlezs 323 tudomnyos vizsglat 253
pontata 75 szellztets 297
pontozsos retus 335 szemcsemret szerinti sztvlaszts 271 jraktds 315
por 147, 404 szemcseprepartum 271, 275, 285 jrakristlyosods 167
ports 271 szennyezds 305 jratlts 321
porls 197 sznpor 133 reg 25, 95, 113, 181, 183, 378
porlkonysg 197 szerkezeti beavatkozsok 179
pormsz 388 szerkezeti hibk 155 vajas msz 388
porzus anyag 149 szerkezeti repeds 203 vakolsi md 41
Portland cement 175, 381 szerkezeti vizsglat 237 vakolat 51, 159
prbk 289 szerves ktanyag 85, 89, 105, 281 vakolatinjektls 179, 317
puccoln 357, 362, 371, 381, 386, 395 sztmlls 185 vakolatrteg 77
sztmorzsolds 185, 197 vakolt fellet 75
ragaszt 348, 353, 360, 376 sztvlls 205 vlyogfal 37
rajztechnika 137 szigetel rteg 59 vlyogtgla 355
relatv pratartalom 149, 293, 295 szikkatv s 99, 373 vandalizmus 147, 173, 301, 339
relief 93 sziklaptszet 25 varrat 75
repeds 203, 205, 207, 237, 317, 378 szilrdts 311, 313, 348 vzkitlt 33
repedshl 205, 207, 209 szilrdt anyag 369 vzszerkezet 43
rs 205 szilikt fests 111 vdbevonat 65, 69, 404
rtegszerkezet 273 sznabsztrakci 341 vegyes falazat 29
rtegszerkezet vizsglat 249 sznek teltdse 219 vegyestechnika 67, 83

423
 vegyi sszettel 279 vizes emulzi 107 zrrteg 65
vkonycsiszolat 271, 275, 285 vizeseds 155 zrvakolat 77, 81
veneda 61 vzoldhat sk 167, 185, 227, 309, 362 zomcos tgla 119
verdaccio 61 vizsglati jelents 253 zomnc 63
vermelt msz 388 vztartalom 149 zsaluzat 47
viasz 97, 117, 404 vzveg 213, 402 zsindely 121
viaszfests 97 vzveg fests 111 zsinr 127
vilgts 297 vonalkzs 333 zzott tgla 371
visszaoldhatsg 348 vonalkz retus 333, 343
visszaltets 347 vulkni hamu 381
vzll habarcs 357 vulkni tufa 395
vzelvezets 297, 299

424
Italian Index capillare 311 disintegrazione 185
carbonatazione 71, 77, 358, 359, 386 dissalazione 307
abbassamento ottico 337 carbonato di calcio 165, 213, 358, 359, 366, 383 distacco 191, 193, 195, 245, 376
abrasione 105, 187, 229, 337 carbone 133 distruttivo 279, 281
acceleratore 350 carica 81, 87, 319 documentazione 245, 247
acido silicico 402 carico 237 documentazione del restauro 255
acqua di calce 85, 385 carotaggio 267, 269 documentazione fotografica 259, 261, 265
acqua sporca 337 cartone 137 drenaggio 291, 297, 299
acquarello 337 casa a graticcio 45
acrilici 348, 350 casa a traliccio 45 efflorescenza di sali 161, 167, 225, 227
additivo 51, 53, 57, 350, 380, 386, 393, 399 caseina 89, 215, 360 emulsione 89, 107
adesivo 325, 348, 360, 374, 376, 402 causa estrinseca di deterioramento 145 encausto 97
adobe 35, 37, 368 causa intrinseca di deterioramento 143 enzimi 305
aerosol 165, 169 caverna 25 erosione 183, 187
affresco 67, 71, 77, 79, 83, 319 cavit 183, 313, 315 erosione di vento 229
aggregato 47, 51, 374, 386 cellulosa 311 esame biologico 283
alabastro 380 cementazione 396 esame mineralogico 285
alterazione cromatica 213, 215, 217, 221, 223 cemento 47, 115, 175, 352, 362, 371, 374, 381 esame scientifico 253
alterazione dei pigmenti 217, 225 cemento Portland 175, 362, 380, 381, 386 esame stratigrafico 249
altorilievo 93 cera 97, 353, 404 esfoliazione 191
analisi dei leganti 281 ceramica 35, 364, 368 espansione igroscopica 161
analisi dei pigmenti 279 ciclo della calce 359, 383
analisi della struttura architettonica 237 ciclo di gelo-disgelo 159 fango 355
analisi ed esame dei materiali 277 ciclo di umido-secco 161 fase costruttiva 245
analisi non invasiva 257, 259 clima 149, 151, 297 fase storica 247
analisi puntuali 287 cloruro 167 fenomeno 231
analisi scientifica 277 cocciopesto 113, 357, 371 fermatura 315
anidrite 380 coesione 313 fessura 205, 263
applicazione di un impacco 311 colla 89, 105, 117, 376 filler 352, 353, 366, 374, 386, 390, 397
approccio fenomenologico 231 colonizzazione biologica 155, 171, 217, 277, 283 fillosilicato 368
arenaria 29 colorante 392 finto marmo 115, 117
argilla 27, 37, 45, 115, 311, 355, 362, 364, 368, colore 392 fissaggio 315
397, 399 colore puro 241, 243 fluidificante 350
arriccio 55, 73, 77, 79, 125, 127, 245 coltivazione 283 foglia doro 95
astrazione cromatica 241 commessura 39 foschia 169
autenticit 329, 331 composizione 127, 129, 135, 137, 277, 279, 281 fotografia scientifica 265
concio di pietra 27, 29, 31, 41, 325 fratassatura 55
bassorilievo 93 condensazione 151, 153 fratazzo 55
battitura dei fili 127 consolidamento 289, 301, 311, 313, 404 frattura 195, 203, 205, 207, 209, 295, 317
Bauforschung 245 consolidante 348, 369, 402 frattura statica 203
bton brut 47 corrosione 189 fresco secco 71
Bianco di Champagne 366 costruzione a graticcio 43, 45 friabilit 197
Bianco di Meudon 366 costruzione a traliccio 45 fuliggine 217
Bianco di Spagna 366 crescita biologica 171
biancone 366 crettatura 209 gesso 59, 115, 117, 165, 362, 380, 393
biodeterioramento 171 cristallizzazione 167, 193, 195, 227 gesso di Parigi 380, 393
boiacca 317, 378 cristallo 285 gesso dolce 393
boiaccatura 179, 315, 317, 378 crosta di sali 227 gestione dellambiente 297
bordatura 323 crosta nera 147, 165, 217 giornata 75, 79, 127, 263
buche pontaie 123 giunto 39, 43, 45, 321, 325
bugnato 31 decorazione a rilievo 93 gomma vegetale 89
decorazione a stampino 141 graffito 103
calcare organogeno 366 decorazione a stucco 115 granulo 275
calce 59, 71, 309, 319, 353, 366, 383, 386, 389 decorazione applicata 67, 95 granulometria 77, 81
calce idratata 383, 385, 389 deformazione 199, 245, 295 grassello di calce 87, 113, 383, 386, 389
calce spenta 87, 359, 383, 385 degradazione meteorica 183, 189, 197 grotta 25
calce viva 359, 383, 389 degrado 43, 291, 301, 305
calcestruzzo 27, 35, 47, 374, 381 delaminazione 263 idrossido di calcio 385
calcestruzzo a vista 47 deliquescenza 153 igroscopia 153, 157, 167
calcite 358, 366 deposito 295, 305 imbiancatura 87, 327
calco 393 descialbo 87, 327 imbrattamento 147
campionamento 267 deterioramento ambientale 163 imitazione 339
campionatura 267 deterioramento antropicamente indotto 173 immagine 261, 265, 333
campione 271, 273, 275, 279, 281, 283, 287 deterioramento biologico 171 impacco 267, 301, 307, 309, 311, 368
campione di intervento 289 dipinto murale 43, 65, 67, 360, 397 impasto 101, 107
campitura preparatoria 61, 69 disegno 129, 133, 135 imprimitura 59, 61, 69, 99
caolino 357 disegno preparatorio 69, 73, 79, 125, 131 in situ 245

425
 incisione diretta 135, 263 micro-distruttivo 257, 259 ponteggio 75, 123
incisione indiretta 137, 263 microfrattura 205, 207 porcellana 364
incrostazione di calcite 358 microorganismo 225, 283 pozzolana 113, 362, 396
indagine approfondita delledificio 235 microscopia 273, 275 prelievo di campioni 267
indagine approfondita delledificio e delle migrazione 227, 311 preparazione 59, 67, 87, 366, 385
sue superfici architettoniche 239 minerale 275, 285 preparazione del campione 271
indagine archeologica dei monumenti architet- misure di emergenza 301 primer 59
tonici 245 monitoraggio 293, 295, 303, 307 proliferazione biologica 171, 360
indagine non invasiva 257, 259 mordente 95 protuberanza 201
indagine stratigrafica 245, 247, 249 Morellone 61 pulitura 289, 305, 311, 327
inerte 51, 53, 57, 59, 81, 309, 352, 357, 374 mosaico 113, 390, 401 punteggiato 335
infiltrazione 151, 155, 157 muratura 27, 39, 41, 47, 55, 81, 321, 386 puntellamento 179
ingiallimento 215 muratura a croce 31 puntinismo 335
iniezione di boiacca 313, 315, 317, 378 muratura a fascia 31 punto di rugiada 151
inquinamento 189, 241, 295, 297 muratura a sacco 33
inquinamento atmosferico 165 muratura a taglio 29, 31 quadrettatura 129
integrazione 331 muratura con mattoni in terra cruda 37
integrazione pittorica mimetica 339 muratura di mattoni 35 radiazione IR 265
intelaiatura lignea 43 muratura di pietra greggia 33 rapporto 255
interventi strutturali 179 muratura in pietra naturale 29 reintegrazione 181, 289, 319, 329
intervento 289, 301, 305 muro 49, 51, 125 reintegrazione a neutro 331
intervento storico inappropriato 175 Murus Gallicus 33 reintegrazione a velatura 337
intonachino 69, 73, 77, 81 relazione 295
intonaco 41, 43, 45, 51, 53, 55, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, nebbia 169 resina 65, 99, 215, 353, 369
77, 79, 81, 83, 93, 103, 109, 125, 127, 135, 137, nitrati 167 resina acrilica 348
213, 247, 245, 309, 315, 317, 323, 352, 362, 368, non invasivo 257, 259, 267, 279, 281 restauro pittorico 329
371, 374, 381, 383, 389, 390, 393, 397 restauro pittorico imitativo 339
intonaco a calce 358, 386 olio siccativo 99, 117, 215, 217, 373 reversibile 333, 337
intonaco di rifinitura 81 ossidazione 211 ricerche sul sito 241
intonaco di sacrificio 307, 309 ossolato di calcio 211 ricigliare 321
intonaco per esterni 51, 53, 55, 57 ozono 165 ridipintura 177
intonaco per esterni (grezzo) 57 riduzione dei sali 307, 309, 311
invasivo 257, 259, 267 palinsesto 109 riempitivo 374
invetriatura 119 pastiglia 93 rifinitura 69, 91, 245
patina 211 rigatino 333
lacuna 181, 243, 315, 319, 325, 329, 331, 335, 339 pellicola pittorica 245, 247, 319, 337 rigonfiamento 201, 368
lamina doro 95 pentimento 91, 177 rilevamento metrico 243
lamina in argento 95 pianta 243 rilievo 245, 263
lamina metallica 95 piastrella 35, 364, 399 rilievo architettonico 243, 259
latte di calce 85, 385, 389 picchiettatura 139 rinforzante 369
legante 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 63, 65, 71, 101, 111, pietra 27, 29, 35, 45, 321, 325 rinzaffo 53, 55, 315, 317, 389, 397
281, 319, 352, 353, 360, 362, 374, 376, 383, 385, pietra rasa 41 ritardante 350, 380
389, 402, 404 pietrame 27, 33 ritoccare 63, 329
legante idraulico 381 pigmento 63, 71, 85, 89, 99, 101, 111, 117, 189, ri-trasferimento 247
legno 35, 43, 45, 49 217, 225, 279, 353, 366, 374, 392 rivestimento 31, 51, 353
ligneo 43 pioggia acida 165 roccia naturale 49
luce radente 263 pittura (o tinta) a colla animale o vegetale 105
luce ultravioletta 261, 265 pittura a calce 67, 85 sabbia 37, 229, 319, 352, 355, 397
lucidatura 97, 117 pittura a cera 67, 97 sali solubili 153, 155, 157, 161, 167, 169, 183,
pittura a colla animale 105 185, 219, 227, 307, 309, 362
maiolica decorativa 119 pittura a colla vegetale 105 saturazione del colore 219, 223
malta 27, 29, 35, 37, 39, 41, 45, 51, 113, 115, 317, pittura a encausto 97, 404 sbiadimento 223
319, 321, 323, 348, 352, 353, 357, 362, 368, 371, pittura a fresco 71, 125, 127, 213 sbiancamento 221
374, 378, 381, 383, 389, 397 pittura a olio 99 scagliatura 193, 195, 263, 267
malta di calce 386 pittura a secco 67, 85 scagliola 115, 117, 404
malta Khorasan 389 pittura a tempera 89 scandola 121
malta liquida da iniezione 378 pittura acrilica 107 schizzo 129
manutenzione 297, 303 pittura ad olio 67 scialbo 59, 87, 109, 327
mappatura 251, 267 pittura minerale ai silicati 111 scisto 355
marmo 29, 390 pittura murale 49, 63, 67, 109, 245 scolorimento 147, 223, 295
martellinatura 139 plastificante 350 scurimento 217
mascherina 141 pointilismo 333, 335 segni di strumenti 263
mattone 27, 29, 35, 37, 45, 321, 355, 357, 364, 368 policromia 243, 247 selciato decorativo 33
mattone frantumato 371 polvere di marmo 113, 390 selezione cromatica 243
meccanismi capillari 227 polvere di mattone 352, 357, 362 selezione dellargento 243
mezzo fresco 67, 71, 83 polverizzazione 197 selezione delloro 243
microclima 293 pontata 75, 263 sezione 243

426
sezione sottile 271, 273, 275, 285 strato di livellamento 55 trasformazione chimica 215
sezione trasversale 271 strato di tinteggiatura 249 trasformazione mineralogica 215, 217
sezione trasversale 271, 273, 275, 287 strato dintonaco 249 trasporto 247
sfarinamento 197 strato pittorico 49, 69, 315 tratteggio 243, 333, 335
sgraffito 67, 103 strato preparatorio 59, 319 traversa 123
sgretolamento 185 strato protettivo 69, 119 travertino 29
siccativo 373 struttura lignea 43 tufo vulcanico 396
silicato 111, 368, 396, 402 stuccatura 41, 263, 319 tuorlo duovo 350
sinopia 73, 79, 125 stucco 115, 366, 389, 390, 393, 404
smalto 119, 364 stucco lustro 115 umidit 149, 151, 163, 185, 193, 199, 217, 219,
smog 165 studio del clima interno 293 225, 293, 295
solfatazione 147, 219 studio di un edificio 235 umidit assoluta 149
solfato 167 studio storico 233 umidit di risalita 157
solfato di calcio 380 sub-efflorescenza 161, 167, 201 umidit relativa 149
sondaggi sulledificio e sul sito 235 superficie architettonica 29, 35, 39, 43, 47, 49, unit di metodologia 241, 243
sottotono 337 51, 53, 63, 65, 67, 337
spettrofotometria XRF 259 supporto 49, 59, 67, 113, 245, 247, 319 valutazione ambientale 291
spettroscopia a tetrahertz 265 vandalismo 173, 301, 339
spicchettatura 139 tassellatura 325 vapore acqueo 149
spolvero 103, 133 tavole da ponteggio 123 velatura 63, 337
sporco 147 tecnica mista 83 velinatura 301
squamatura 193 tegola 121, 364, 399 velo bianco 213
squame 193, 195 tempera 89 Veneda 61
stabilizzante 350 temperatura 163, 293 vento 163, 229
stacco 245 termografia allinfrarosso 259, 265 Verdaccio 61
stacco a massello 245 terracotta 364, 368, 399 vernice 65, 209, 215, 217
stagno 95 terrazzo 357 vetrina 119
stampino 115, 141 tessera 113, 401 vetro liquido 402
stampo 93, 393, 399 test microchimico 287 vetro solubile 111
statica 237 tetto 121 vetro solubile 213, 402
strappo 245 tinteggiatura 247 vibrazione 205
stratigrafia della pittura 69 tiranti 179
strato 61, 191, 275 trasferimento 247

427
 Polish Index dachwka / gont 35, 121, 364, 400 impasty 107, 348
datowanie 277 impregnat konsolidujcy 313, 348, 369
abstrakcja chromatyczna 341 deformacja 199, 295 impregnat 217, 402
adobe 27, 37 dekoracja 25, 247 imprimatura 61
aerozole 169 dekoracja glazurowana 119, 209, 400 infiltracja / przesikanie 155
akryle 348 dekoracje szablonowe 141 interpretacja bada 347
akty wandalizmu 173, 301 deski rusztowa 123 interwencje strukturalne 179
analiza pigmentw 279 dezintegracja 185 intonaco 71, 73, 77, 371
analiza spoiw 281 dniwka 79
aqua sporca 337 dodatek 51, 350, 394 jaskinia 25 kamie naturalny 29,31,33
archeologia 239, 331, 245 dokumentacja bada konserwatorskich 255
architektura wernakularna 121 dokumentacja fotograficzna 261 karbonizacja 71, 83, 213, 358, 359, 387
architektura wycita w skale 25 dokumentacja rysunkowa 251, 255, 259 kawaki ska 57
arriccio 71, 77, 73, 125 domieszka 51, 55 kazeina 87, 89, 105, 171, 361, 394
autentyzm 335 drena 299 kit 354, 366
drobnoustroje 171, 283 kitowanie 319
badania architektoniczne 235, 245 drobnoziarniste kruszywo 375 klej 87, 89, 93, 105, 115, 117, 315, 348, 352, 354,
badania bezdotykowe 259 dziaanie rodowiska 211 361, 375, 376
badania biologiczne 283 dziury 183 klimat 297, 293, 295
badania historyczne 233, 239, 247 kolektory 299
badania i analiza materiaw 277 ekstremalne temperatury 163 kolonizacja 171
badania kolorystyki budynku 247 enkaustyka 97, 404 kompresy 301, 307, 311
badania konstrukcyjne 237 erozja 183 kondensacja powierzchniowa/szczelinowa
badania laboratoryjne 253 erozja wiatrowa 163, 229 151
badania mikro-destrukcyjne 257, 259 konsolidacja 301, 311, 313. 404
badania mineralogiczne 285 fachwerk 45 konstrukcja drewniana 43
badania nieinwazyjne 257 farba klejowa 105 konstrukcja ryglowa 45
badania obiektu 231, 239 farby mineralne 111 konstrukcja szachulcowa 45
badania otoczenia 241 farby mineralne / silikatowe 402 konstrukcja szkieletowa 45
badania powok architektury 247 farba zewntrzna / wewntrzna 87 kocowy tynk 77, 81
badania punktowe 287 flekowanie 325 korozja / rozkad 189, 275
badania stratygraficzne 249 formowanie 47 kostki mozaiki 401
bakterie 171, 283 fotobeton 47 krakelura 209
barwniki 392 fotografie specjalistyczne 259, 265 kreda 59, 105, 362, 366
beton brutalny 47 fresco 67 kredowanie 197
beton eksponowany 47, 362 fresco-secco 71, 83 kropkowanie 335
bezporednio wygniatany rysunek 135 fresk 67, 71, 77,79, 85, 319 kruszona cega 371
biay woal 213 fresk wapienny 101, 361 kruszywo 51, 352, 375, 387, 398
biel wapienna 383 krystalizacja na powierzchni 191, 193, 195, 227
blaknicie 221 gesso 366 kurz 147, 213, 217, 229, 267, 404
brud / zanieczyszczenia 147, 217, 305 giornata / dniwka 71, 75, 79, 125, 263 kwane deszcze 165
bruk 33 gips 59, 93, 115, 117, 165, 354, 362, 375, 380, kwane mawki 165
budownictwo 27 401 kwanie deszcze 145
gips sztukatorski 394 kwanie zogi 165
cega 27, 29, 31, 45, 119, 321, 355, 371, 397 gips modelarski 393
cega profilowana 355 glina 37, 45, 115, 203, 354, 355, 364, 368, 375, laserunek 63, 83, 392
cement 115, 275, 350, 354, 362, 375, 396 398, 399 lawowanie tonalne 337
cement biay 362 glony 161, 171, 283 linia prosta 127
cement portlandzki 175, 362, 387, 389 gniazda ptakw 171 uski 195
cement pucolana 362 gniazdo rusztowa 123
cement rzymski 362 gont 121 maculec 124
ceramika 121, 209, 364, 399, 401 granit 29 maculnica 123
ceramika szkliwiona 209 gromadzenie brudu 147 malarstwo akrylowe 101, 107
charakterystyka materiaw 281 grunt 59, 69, 99 malarstwo olejne 99. 101, 107
chronologia interwencji 43 grzyby 171, 283 malarstwo cienne 49, 101, 361
chropowata powierzchnia 57 guma 65 malowido cienne 63, 65, 67, 109, 139, 231
ciasto wapienne 389 gumy 369 mapowanie / dokumentacja rysunkowa 243,
cieki wodne 241 251 267
cieka zaprawa (do podklejania) 378 higroskopijno 167 mczka marmurowa 391
cocciopesto 350, 357, 371 higroskopijno / rozpywanie 153 metodologia konserwacji 341
cykle krystalizacji 167 hydrofobowo 369 mezzo-fresco 67, 83
cykle dobowe 163 mgy 169
cykliczne przemarzanie 143, 159 identyfikacja skadnikw 277 mikroorganizmy / drobnoustroje 213
cykliczne zamakanie/schnicie 143, 161 i 355 mleko wapienne 85, 385
czarne zogi 165 imitacja kamienia 29 monitoring 291, 295, 303
czarny nalot 147, 217 Impast 101 morrelone 61
impasto 101 mozaika 113, 347, 375, 378, 401

428
mur ceglany 35 piasek 119, 203, 229, 319, 355, 362, 387, 391, 398 reliefy 399
mur cyklopowy 33 pietra rasa 41 respekt dla oryginau 177
mur pruski 45 pietra rasa e testa scoperta 41 retusz 63
mur z blokw kamiennych 27 pigment 63, 69, 71, 77, 83, 85, 89, 97, 99, 101, retuszowanie 329
mur z naturalnych kamieni 27, 29 105, 165, 279, 366, 375, 392 retransfer 347
mur z surowego kamienia 33 plan bada 239 rigatino 333
plan na wypadek zagroe 297 rozkad 197
nanoszenie zarysu 133 pytki ceramiczne 364, 368, 400 rozmieszczanie malowida 129
naprenia mechaniczne 237 powienie 223 rozpad, destrukcja 163, 185, 305
naprenia ciskajce 352 pobiaa 87, 139, 247 rozpad materiaw 43
narzut wyrwnujcy 55 pobiaa wapienna 87, 177, 384 rozplanowanie rysunku 127, 129, 135
nasiekanie 139 pobiaka 87 rozpywanie soli 153
nawierzchnia 33 pobielenie 87, 109 rwnowaga wilgotnoci wzgldnej 149
nieobrobiony kamie 33 pobieranie prbek 257, 267, 283, 369 rustykowanie 31
niewaciwe dawne zabiegi 175 pobieranie prbek z gbokich warstw 269 rusztowanie 75, 123
niszczce warunki rodowiska 143, 163, 199, pociemnienie 217 rynny 155, 299
205, 207 podciganie kapilarne 157 rysunek przygotowawczy 69, 79, 131, 125
nonik obrazu 49 podciganie wilgoci 145 rysunek wygniatany 137
podciganie wody 145, 157 ryty rysunek 135
obmiar 243 podejcie fenomenologiczne 231
obserwacje 277 podesty rusztowa 123 scagliola 117, 404
ocena warunkw rodowiska 291 podklejanie 315, 317 secco 83, 85, 361, 385, 392
ocena zagroe 301 podoe 27, 67, 49, 89, 203, 285, 347, 378 selekcja chromatyczna 343
oczyszczanie 311, 305 podmalowanie 61, 83 selezione cromatica 343
odbarwienie 223 pojanienie 221, 224 selezione dellargento 343
odbijana linia 127 polepszanie waciwoci 375 selezione delloro 343
odciskany sznurek 127 pontata 75 sgraffito 67, 103
oddzielanie si warstw 193 pontate 75, 263 siatka kwadratw 129
odksztacenie 199, 237 porowata zaprawa 309 siatka spka 209
odpadanie usek 195 porednio wygniatany rysunek 137 silikatowe farby mineralne 111
odpywy 299 powierzchnia architektoniczna 27, 29, 35, 39, sinopia 73, 79, 125
odprowadzenie wody 291, 293, 297, 299 51, 53, 63, 71 saba penetracja 348
odsanianie 327 powikszanie malowida 129 sole 155
odwadnianie 299 powikszenia 361 sole higroskopijne 167, 269
ogldziny budynku i otoczenia 235 powoka 51, 53, 55, 59, 65, 99, 175, 348, 354, sole morskie 169
okadzina ciosowa 32 373 sole rozpuszczalne 143, 151, 153, 157, 161,
olej 67, 89, 97, 215 powoka ochronna 65 163, 167, 183, 227, 309, 362
olej lniany 105, 117, 373 p-fresk 83 sl 155
olej makowy 373 proszek cierny 366 spcznienie 201
olej orzechowy 117, 373 prbki 281 spkania 209
olej schncy 65, 99, 117, 373 prby na obiekcie 289 spkanie 207, 209
olej sonecznikowy 373 przejrzysta powoka 65 spkanie wosowate 207, 387
oleje 69, 215, 354 przekrj cienkowarstwowy 275, 271 spoina 31, 39, 321, 325, 378
opary 169, 373 przekrj poprzeczny 273 spoinowanie 155, 161, 179, 321 387
opaski z zaprawy 323 przemalowanie 109, 177 spoiwo 51, 55, 57, 63, 69, 85, 87, 89, 101, 111,
opieka i pielgnacja 303 przenikanie wody 155 131, 197, 215, 354, 361, 362, 375, 385, 403, 404
opracowanie prbek 271 przenoszenie / transfer 347 spoiwo hydrauliczne 381, 392
osadzanie si soli 167 przenoszenie kompozycji 129 spoiwo nieorganiczne 111
otarcia 187, 229 przenoszenie malowide 347 spoiwo temperowe 361
otwr maculcowy 123 przenoszenie rysunku do fresku 133 spojenia 39, 321
ozdobne aplikacje 67, 95 przepyw pary 175 spolvero 133
przeprcha 103, 133 stabilizator 350
palimpsest 109 przesczanie 145 stabilno 352
para wodna 149 przyczepno gadkich warstw 55 stacco 345
patron 141 przygotowanie prbek 271 stacco a masello 345
patyna 211 pucolana 111, 357, 362, 381, 387, 396 stabilizator 350
penetracja 369 pudrowanie / kredowanie 197 stae czsteczki 165
pentimento 91, 177 puentylizm 335 stan zachowania 245
pcherz 201 pulweryzacja 197 stemplowanie 179
pcznienie pod wpywem wody 161, 175 punktowanie / kropkowanie 335 stiuk 115, 404
pknicia 237, 263, 295, 317, 375, 378 punkt rosy 151, 295 stiuk marmurowy 117
pknicie statyczne 203 py ceglany 111, 357, 362, 399 stiuk odlewany 115
pknicie gwiadziste 205 stonowanie wiate 65
pknicie promieniowe 205 ratownicza konsolidacja 301 strappo 345
pknicie rwnolege 205 redukcja skurczu 375 strategia warunkw rodowiska 291, 297
pknicie spiralne 205 regularne ciosy 32 stratygrafia warstwy malarskiej 69
pknicie wosowate 207 reintegracja 329 stratygraficzne przekroje budynku 245

429
 struktura czsteczek 275 upynniacz 350 wypeniacz 47, 59, 69, 309, 352, 355, 368,375,
stucco lustro 111 usuwanie soli 307 391, 398
studium klimatu wntrza 293 uszkodzenia budynku 155 wypeniacze 55, 57, 111
studium konserwacji zapobiegawczej 303 utlenianie 211 wypenianie 321
substancja klejca 354 utrata przyczepnoci 195 wypenianie ceg 45
substancja wica 354 utrata spoistoci 197 wypenianie pustych przestrzeni 315
substancje zanieczyszczajce rodowisko 169 uwalnianie dwutlenku siarki 165 wysolenia 161, 201, 227, 307
surowy kamie 41 uwalnianie tlenkw azotu 165 wysolenia pod powierzchni 161
sykatywy 99, 373 uzupeniania ubytkw warstwy malarskiej 329 wysolenia powierzchniowe 161
szablon 135, 141 uzupenianie 263, 329, 333 wystajce kamienie muru 41
szalunek 47 uzupenianie / reintegracja 329 wysolenie 167, 201
szamot 399 uzupenianie naladowcze 339 wytrawianie powierzchni 47
szczawian wapnia 211 uzupenianie neutralne 331 wzmocnienie 27
szczelina 205 uytkowanie budynku 247 wzrost biologiczny 107, 111, 151, 171
szko 95, 111, 301 wzrost czynnikw biologicznych 151
szko wodne 111, 213, 403 veneda 61
szlam 37 verdaccio 61 zabrudzenia powierzchniowe 147
szlif cienki 271, 275 zagbienia, dziury 183
szorstki narzut 57 wahania klimatu 293 zagbienie 181
szorstki tynk 57 wahania temperatury 163 zanieczyszczenia 147, 241, 267
szpachla 366 wahania warunkw rodowiska 145 zanieczyszczenia atmosferyczne 147, 295
sztukaterie 389, 394 wahania wilgotnoci 163 zanieczyszczenia powietrza 145, 165, 169,
cierniwo 47 wandalizm 147, 173 189
lady narzdzi 363 wapie 165, 183, 193, 362 zaniedbanie 173
rodek wicy 354 wapno 83, 85, 109, 309, 319, 327, 354, 371, 378, zaprawa odsalajca 307, 309
rodki nadzwyczajne 301 384 zaprawa wapienna 213, 323, 384, 387
rodowisko 241 wapno gaszone 111, 359, 361, 384 zaprawa 39, 41, 73, 115, 135, 347, 348, 352, 357,
wiato boczne 261, 263 wapno hydrauliczne 386 368, 378, 381
wiato padajce ukonie 263 wapno hydratyzowane 383 zarzdzanie warunkami rodowiska 297
wiato skone 263 warstwa kalcytu 358 zasiedlanie przez organizmy ywe 171
wiato soneczne 225 warstwa malarska 49, 77, 177, 249, 327, 347 zasiedlenie przez czynniki biologiczne 155
warstwa wapniowa 213, 358 zasiedlenie przez mikroorganizmy 217
technika freskowa 75, 77, 125 warstwa wykoczeniowa 81 zastrzyki 313
technika malarstwa ciennego 85 warstwa wyrwnujca 55 zastrzyki z ciekej zaprawy 317
technika przenoszenia rysunku 135 warunki hydrogeologiczne 241 zawarto soli 369 zawilgocenie 219
technika wapienna 85 warunki hydrologiczne 241 zacenie 215
tempera 89 warunki rodowiska 153, 235, 241, 255 zdejmowanie malowida 345
terakota 119, 399, 401 werniks 65, 69, 95, 209, 215, 217, 373 zewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze 145
terra di Sinopie 125 wewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze 143 zcza ciesielskie 43
terrazzo 357 wglan wapnia 165, 213, 355, 358, 359, 366, zuszczanie 191, 263
tesserae 401 375, 384 zuszczanie patami 193
testa scoperta 41 wizanie hydrauliczne 395 zmiana kolorystyczna 215, 217, 221, 223, 225,
tucze 31 wibracja kolorw 341 295
tuste wapno 386 wietrzenie 183, 189 zmiany chromatyczne 213
transfer 347 wilgo 107, 217, 237, 357 zmiany konstrukcyjne 237
tratteggio 333 wilgo higroskopijna 157 zmiany pigmentu 189, 225
tuf wulkaniczny 397 wilgotno 149, 283, 293 zniszczenia antropogenne 145, 173, 187
tynk 27, 45, 51, 69, 75, 77, 79, 83, 103, 109, 135, wilgotno absolutna 149 zniszczenia / rozkad 277, 305
137, 247, 249, 315, 323, 350, 352, 368, 380, 381, wilgotno bezwzgldna 149 zniszczenia przez czowieka 145
391 wilgotno wzgldna 149 zniszczenia przypadkowe 173
tynk gruboziarnisty 55 wasnoci fizyczne 143 zniszczenia umylne 173
tynk kamyczkowy 57 wasnoci reologiczne 388 zwikszenie masy 375
tynk kocowy zewntrzny 81 woda wapienna 71, 85, 358 zwilanie powierzchni 385
tynk tracony 309 wody gruntowe 157 uel 352
tynk wapienny 83, 93, 105, 358, 384, 394 wosk 67, 69, 97, 117, 354, 404 ywica 65, 97
tynk wyrwnujcy 55 wpyw wilgoci 237 ywice 97, 369
tynk zewntrzny 53 wybr trybu postpowania 277 ywice akrylowe 65, 369
typologia architektury 237 wybrzuszenie 201 ywice naturalne 215, 354
wymiana elementw 179 ywice syntetyczne 215, 354, 370
ubytek 189, 181, 319, 329, 339 wykwity soli 225, 227
ujawnienie pkni 237 wypalanie 364

430
Romanian Index chirpici 27, 37, 368 examen mineralogic 285
chituire 181, 319, 329 examinare metric 243
a fresco 67, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 85, 125, 384, 392 cicluri de cristalizare 167 exfoliere 145, 191, 193, 195
a secco 71, 85, 361, 384, 385, 392 cicluri nghe-dezghe 159, 163 exfoliere n fulgi 191, 195
abordare fenomenologic 231, 233, 257, 261 cicluri umed-uscat 161, 163 exfoliere n solzi 191, 193
abraziune 145, 187, 189, 229 ciment 51, 53, 167, 354, 362, 368 extragere 345, 347
abstracie cromatic 329, 341 ciment hidraulic 396
adeziv 349, 377 ciment Portland 362 fachwerk 45, 51, 355, 368
aditiv 51, 77, 85, 350 cldire 241 facing 301
aerosoli 165, 167, 169 cldire istoric 247 factori de mediu 225
agregat 352, 375, 387, 389, 398 clei 345, 354, 377 frmiare 27, 51, 149, 185, 354
ajustare tonal 337 cloruri 167 fisur 203, 205, 207, 209
alabastru 380 cocciopesto 371 fisur radial 205
albire 213, 221 colonii biologice 155 fisur static 203
albu de ou 65 colorant 392 fisur stelat 205
alterare cromatic 147, 213, 215, 217, 223, condensare 151 fixare 301, 315
alterarea pigmentului 145, 165, 225 conservare 255, 293, 303
analiza biologic 283 conservare preventiv 303 gesso 366
analiza lianilor 281 consolidant 370 giornata 71, 75, 79
analiza pigmenilor 279 consolidare 313 gips 51, 350, 380, 392, 394
analiza i examinarea materialelor 277 consolidare permanent 313 glasiu 63, 83
analiz 253 consolidare temporar 313 grind 45
analiz arhitectural 235 coraziune 163, 187, 229 grot 25
analiz structural 235, 237, 239, 241 coraziune 229 grund 49, 59
analize microchimice 277, 279, 281, 287 corectur 91
ap de sticl 111, 213, 370, 403 coroziune 189 higroscopicitate / delicvescen 149, 153, 167
ap de var 85 craclur 203, 205, 209
ap subteran 157 cresttur 139 imagistic tiinific 239, 255, 261, 265
aplicarea de comprese 307, 311, 368 cret 63, 59, 366, 375, 392 impasto 101, 107
aplicaii decorative 67, 95 cristalizarea srurilor 227 incizie 263
aqua sporca 337 crust de calcit 358 incizie direct 135
argil 37, 355, 368 culoare de fond 61, 83 incizie indirect 137
arheologie 245 cupol 29 infiltrare 155
arhitectur rupestr 25 curare 305 injectare 315
arhitectur vernacular 121 curare biologic 305 injectare de mortar 317, 378
arriccio 73, 77, 79, 125 curare mecanic 305 intemperii 187
atac biologic 171, 277, 283 curare fizico-chimic 305 intervenii istorice necorespunztoare 175
intervenii structurale 179
bauforschung 245 decapare 305, 327, 384 intonaco 51, 57, 71, 73, 75, 77
beton 47 decoeziune 197 intonaco de finisare 81
beton aparent 47 decolorare 213, 221, 223 intonaco de sacrificiu 307, 309, 311
biocleaning 305 decoraii n relief 67, 93, 377, 380 investigaia obiectului 239
bolt 29 decoraii smluite 119, 355, 400 investigaia sitului 233, 237, 241, 291
brum 169 defecte structurale 155 investigaie istoric 231, 233
deformare 145, 149, 199 investigaie metric 237, 243, 251
calcar 362 degradare 283 investigaie non-contact 259
carbonatare 71, 358, 359 degradare antropic 173 investigaie non-invaziv 257, 259, 279
caroiaj 129 degradare cauzat de mediu 159, 163, 167, 171 investigaie stratigrafic 249
carotaj 267, 269 delicvescen 153 investigaie tiinific 253
cartare 251 depunere 215, 217, 147 ipsos 380, 394
cartografiere 251 desalinizare 307, 311 nglbenire 211, 215
carton 137 desen preparator 125, 131 ntreinere i ngrijire 303
catalizator 350 desprindere 191 ntunecare 217, 404
cauze extrinseci de degradare 145, 163, 187, dezintegrare 197
189, 191, 193 distempera 89, 105 lacun 181, 183, 319
cauze intrinseci de degradare 143, 197, 203 documentaie 245 lapte de var 85, 354, 384, 385
cavern 25 documentaie fotografic 231, 233, 261 liant 354, 377, 404
cavitate 145, 181, 183 drenaj 291, 293, 299 liant hidraulic 381
cazein 105, 361, 394 liant tempera 361
crmid 35, 37, 45, 355, 364, 368, 371, 375, eflorescen 167 linie plesnit 67, 127
400 eflorescen salin 227 lumin razant 75, 263
crmid zdrobit 357, 371 element structural 364 lustro 67
cear 97, 404 encaustic 97, 392, 404
cea 169 eroziune 187 management de mediu 297
ceramic 364 eantion 257 marmur scagliola 115, 117
cercetarea suprafeelor arhitecturale pictate evaluarea condiiilor de mediu 255, 291, 295, martelare 55, 139
247, 249, 251 297 material de injectare 317

431
 material de umplutur 51, 352, 354, 368, 375, pozzolana 396 studiul climatului interior 291, 293, 295
380, 392, 398 praf de crmid 355, 357 subflorescen 161, 167, 201
materiale de conservare 219, 225 praf de marmur 67, 115, 389, 391, 398 suport 49, 59, 67
materiale constitutive 253 prelevarea probelor 267, 277 ablon 135, 141
msuri de urgen 297, 299, 301, 303 prepararea probelor 227, 271, 273, 275 amot 400
mediu nconjurtor 241 protuberan 145, 201, 227 ist 355
mentenan 297 prob 271, 273, 281
metode non-invazive 247 pulverulen 143, 145, 149, 157, 197 taselare 39, 325
mezzo-fresco 67, 83 tehnic florentin de reintegrare cromatic 341
microorganisme 215, 225 raport de conservare i restaurare 239, 251, tehnici analitice de investigaie 265
microfisur 203, 205, 207, 209 253, 255, 261 tehnici analitice de investigaie 259
monitorizare 235, 293, 295 rin 65, 99 temperatura aerului 293
monitorizarea sitului i a monumentului 235, rin acrilic 65, 107, 349, 350 temperatur extrem 163
255 reducerea srurilor 309 tencuial 27, 51, 57, 73, 350, 352, 375
morrelone 61 reflectografie n infrarou 131 tencuial de var 71
mortar 27, 398 reintegrare cromatic 329, 331, 333, 335, 337, tencuial exterioar 51, 53
mortar de injectre 39, 317, 378 339, 341 tencuial grosier 57
mortar de var 27, 350, 352, 359, 381, 387, 396, reintegrare mimetic 329, 339 teracot 354, 368, 400
398 reintegrare neutr 331 terra alba 380
mozaic 113, 401 relief 263 terrazzo 357
repictare 87, 177, 327 tesere 113, 354, 355, 380, 401
nisip 398 replantare 347 teste 253
nitrai 167 restaurare 255 teste de tratament 253, 277, 279, 281, 289
retu 63 tivire 323, 387
ordine cronologic 249 rigatino 333 transfer 347
orificii de schel 27, 123 rost 27, 39, 321 tratteggio 329, 333, 335
oxalat de calciu 211 rostuire 39, 319, 321 traverse 123
oxidare 211 igl 364
ozon 165 saturarea culorii 219 igl / indril 121, 364
sruri 155
paie 37 sruri marine 169 ulei de floarea soarelui 373
palimpsest mural 51, 67, 87, 109 sruri solubile 153, 157, 167, 227 ulei de in 373
panouri de schel 123 scagliola 115, 117 ulei de mac 373
patin 211, 215, 217 schel 123 ulei sicativ 99, 373
pentimento 91 seciune subire 271, 275 umiditate 149, 153, 225
peter 25 seciune transversal 271, 273, 277 umiditate absolut 149
pictur 251 selecie cromatic 333, 343 umiditate de capilaritate 157
pictur n acrilic 107 selezione dellargento 343 umiditate extrem 163
pictur n tempera 67, 89 selezione delloro 343 umiditate relativ 149
pictur n ulei 67, 99 sgraffito 77, 103, 384, 398
pictur mineral 111 sicativ 373 vandalism 173
pictur mural 49, 67, 71, 85, 95, 253, 392 indril 121 var 384
pierderea aderenei 181, 195 sinopia 55, 73, 125 var past 384, 389
pierderea coeziunii 197 sondaj stratigrafic 249 var stins 359
pierdere superficial 187 sol 241 veneda 61
pietra rasa 33, 41, 387 stacco 345 verdaccio 61
pietri 57 stacco a massello 345 vernis 65, 354, 373
pigment 71, 85, 225, 392 strappo 345 voal alb 145, 213, 221, 223
plan de urgen 297 stare de conservare 239, 253, 263
plasticitate 289 strat de culoare 77 zidrie 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 355
plastifiant 350 strat de preparaie zidrie aparent 27, 31, 355
ploaie acid 165 strat egalizator 51, 53, 55, 73, 354 zidrie din crmid 27, 35, 37, 355
pointilism 335 stratigrafia picturii 65, 69, 125, 392, 404 zidrie din piatr brut 27, 33
poluare atmosferic 165 stratigrafie 245 zidrie din piatr de talie 27, 31
poncif 133 structur din lemn 39, 43, 51 zidrie din piatr natural 27, 29
pontata 67, 71, 75, 85 stucatur 115 zidrie mixt 27, 29, 355
porelan 364 stucco-lustro 115 zugrveal 59, 87, 384
pooar 141 stuco-marmur 117

432
Spanish Index causas extrnsecas de deterioro 145 encustica 97
causas intrnsecas de deterioro 143 encofrado 47
abolsado 201 cavidad 183 enfoque fenomenolgico 231
abolsamiento 201 cemento 363, 372 enfoscado 51
abrasin 187 cemento hidrulico 363, 396 enlucido 77
abstraccin cromtica 341 cemento Portland 175 ensayo de tratamientos 289
aceite de girasol 373 cera 354, 404 ensayos preliminares 289
aceite de linaza 373 cera pnica 97 erosin 183
aceite de nueces 373 cermica 364 erosin elica 229
aceite de semilla de amapola 373 chamota 357 escayola 117
aceite secante 373 ciclo hmedo-seco 161 esgrafiado 103
acqua sporca 337 ciclos de cristalizacin 167 espolvorear 133
acrilato 349 ciclos de hielo y deshielo 159 estampar 141
acrlico 349 cloruros 167 estarcido 135
actividad del agua 149 cocciopesto 357 estarcir 141
acumulacin de suciedad 147 cola 377 esterocroma 111
adhesivo 349, 352, 361, 375, 403 colonizacin biolgica 171 estratigrafa 273
aditivo 350, 387,400 colorante 392 estrato pictrico 69
adjuste tonal 337 condensacin 151, 153 estructura de madera 43
adobe 37 conglomerante 354 estucado 319
adoquines 33 conglomerante hidrulico 382, 396 estucar 321
aerosol 169 conservacin preventiva 303 estuco 115
aglomerante 55 consolidacin 313 estuco marmorizado 117
aglutinante 51, 63, 65, 373 consolidacin permanente 313 estudio biolgico 283
agua de cal 71, 85 consolidacin por inyeccin 317 estudio climtico en interiores 293
agua subterrnea 157 consolidacin temporal 313 estudio medioambiental 291
alabastro 380 consolidante 349, 370, 403, 404 estudio y anlisis de materiales 277
alteracin cromtica 215 contaminacin ambiental 145 estudios previos del edificio 245
alteracin de pigmento 225 contaminacin atmosfrica 165 estudios previos del objeto 239
altorrelieve 93 contaminacin del aire 143, 165 examen mtrico 243
amarilleamiento 215 corrosin 189 examen mineralgico 285
anlisis de pigmentos 279 costra de cal carbonatada 358 examen y evaluacin estructural 237
anlisis del material ligante 281 costra negra 165, 217 exfoliacin 193
anlisis micro-qumico 287 costras salinas 227
anlisis y estudio de materiales 35, 267, 271, craquelado 209 fbrica 27
273 craqueladura 205 fbrica de ladrillo 35
aparejo 35 crecimiento biolgico 171 fbrica de sillera 31
aplicacin de empaco 311 cripto-eflorescencias 161, 167, 201, 227 fbrica en seco 27
aplicaciones decorativas 95 cuadrcula 129 fbrica ordinaria 27
arcilla 354, 356, 363, 364, 368, 375, 398, 400 cuerda batida 127 faltante 181
arena 363, 387, 389, 391, 398 cueva 25 fango 37
arqueologa 331 fijacin 315
arquitecturas rupestres 25 decoloracin 223 fijado 315
arranque 345 defectos estructurales 155 fisura 205
arrepentimiento 91 deformacin 199 fresco 71
arriccio 73 delaminacin 191 fresco a la cal 361
autenticidad 331 depsitos superficiales 147 fresco secco 71, 85
azulejos 364, 368 desalacin 307
descamacin 195 gelivacin 159
bajorrelieve 93 descohesin 185, 197 gestin medioambiental 297
barniz 65, 217 desencalado 87, 177, 327 grieta 205
bioalteracin 171 desgaste 187 grieta estructural 203
biodeterioro 171 deterioro medioambiental 163 guarnecido 73
blanqueamiento 221 deterioro microbiolgico 171
brumas 169 deterioro por causas antrpicas 173 higroscopa 153
dibujo preliminar 131 higroscopicidad/deliquescencia 153
cal 384 dibujo preparatorio 131 hormign visto 47
cal apagada 359, 361, 391 dibujo subyacente 125, 131 humedad 149
capa de nivelacin 55 difusin del vapor 175 humedad absoluta 149
capa pictrica 69 disgregacin 185 humedad ascendente por capilaridad 157
capa preparatoria 59 documentacin fotogrfica 261 humedad higroscpica 157
carbonatacin 359, 387 documentacin tcnica 255 humedad relativa 149
carga 352 drenaje 299
carga fina 375 imgenes cientficas 265
cartn 137 eflorescencia salina 227 imitacin de piedra 29
casena 361 empaste 101 imprimacin 59
catas 289 encalado 87 incisin 141

433
 incisin directa 135 mortero microporoso 309 reparacin de bordes y juntas 323
incisin en,U" 137 mortero/ revoque de cal387 repellado 73
incisin en "V" 135 mosaico 113 repicado/repiqueteado 139
incisin indirecta 137 muequilla 133 repinte 177
infiltracin 1 SS muro de entramado de madera 45 resina 370
Informe del proceso de restauracin 255 resina 51
inspeccin del edificio y de su entorno 235 nieblas 169 resina acrlica 349
intervenciones estructurales 179 nitratos 167 restitucin ptrea por cajeado 325
intervenciones histricas inapropiadas 175 retoque 63, 329, 333
intonaco 77 oquedad 183 revestimiento 79
investigacin cientfica 253 ornamentacin con cermica vidriada 119 revestimiento rugoso 57
investigacin del entorno 241 ornamentacin con cermica esmaltada 119 revoque S1, 53
investigacin estratigrfica 249 oscurecimiento 217 rigatino 333
investigacin histrica 133 ozono 165
investigacin no destructiva 259 sales marinas 169
investigaciones no invasivas 257 paja 37 sales solubles 167
investigacin pictrica arquitectnica 247 palimpsesto 109 saturacin del color 219
inyeccin de mortero 317 pasta de cal 389 secativo 373
pastillaje 93 seccin transversal273, 275
jornada 79 ptina 211 secciones finas 271
junta 39 pelcula pictrica 69 seleccin cromtica 343
juntas secas de mampostera 39 prdida 181 seleccin efecto oro 343
picado 139 seleccin efecto plata 343
ladrillo 356, 364, 368, 371, 387, 396, 401 piedra caliza 366 sentado de escamas 315
laguna 181 pietra rasa 41 silicato potsico 403
lmina delgada 275 pigmento 392 silicatos alcalinos 403
lechada de cal 385, 389 pintura acrlica 107 sillarejos 31
licuefaccin 151 pintura a seco 85 sillares 31, 33
ligante 354, 357, 361,363, 372 pintura al silicato 111 sillera a hueso 31
limpieza 305 pintura al temple lOS sillera de revestimiento 31
limpieza biolgica 305 pintura de base 61 sinopia 125
limpieza fsico-qumica 305 pintura mural67 soporte49
limpieza mecnica 305 pintura al leo 99 stacco 345
lluvia cida 165 pinturas minerales 111 stacco a massello 345
luz rasante 263 placa/tablilla 121 strappo 345
plantilla recortada 141 su lfatos 147, 167
mampostera 29 polucin 165
mampostera aparejada 33 polvo de ladrillo 357, 363, 400 temple 89, 1OS
mampostera careada 33 polvo de mrmol 391 teora de la percepcin 331
mampostera ciclpea 33 pontata 75 teora de la restauracin 333
mampostera concertada 33 pontate 75 terra alba 380
mampostera de piedra tosca 33 porcelana 364 terracota 400
mampostera en seco 33 preparacin de muestras 271 terrazo 357
mampostera ordinaria 33 pulverizacin 197 tesela 401
mampuestos 27, 33 pulverulencia 197 tierra de sinopia 125
mantenimiento y cuidado 303 puntillismo 335 tinte 392
mapeo2Sl punto de roco 151 toma de muestra con broca hueca 269
marcado con lienza 127 punzado 133 toma de muestras 267
marmorizado embutido 117 punzn 137 tono base 61
mechinall23 puzolana 396 transferencia 347
medidas de emergencia 301 tratteggio 333
meteorizacin 189 recolocacin 347 triturados cermicos 371,400
metodologa florentina 341 reduccin de sales 307
mezzo fresco 71, 83 reflectografa infrarroja 131 vandalismo 173
microfisura 207 refuerzos 49 veladura 63
monitorizacin 295 reintegracin 329 velo blanquecino 213
mortero 53, 57 reintegracin matrica 319 vidrio soluble 403
mortero de acabado 81 reintegracin mimtica 339
mortero de inyeccin 378 reintegracin neutra 331 yeso 380
mortero de revestimiento 53 rejuntar 321 yeso de Pars 394
mortero de sacrificio 309 relieve 93
mortero drenante 309 relleno 51

434
Turkish Index
aa karma 327
ak renkli aboyas 125
acil durum nlemleri 301
acil durum plan 297
aerosoller 169
aarma 221
agrega 352, 375
ahap atk 45
ahap iskelet 43
ahap kiremit 121
ahap strktr 43
akkanlatrc 350
akrilik 349
akrilik boya 107
alan aratrmas 255
alan incelemesi 241
al 165, 249, 363, 380
al sva 77
aldan yaplm taklit mermer 117
alg teorisi 331
alt izim 79, 131
altn soyutlamas 343
analitik 265
analitik teknik 259
analiz 253
antik Roma ba 35
ara 354
ariccio 73
asidin kelmesi 165
andrma 366
anma 187, 352
asit tortusu/birikmesi 165
astar 59
astar boyama 61
astarlama 61
ayiei ya 373
ayrma 191, 193, 345, 347
badana 87, 247, 393
bal nem 149, 293
balama teknii 35
balayc 35, 69, 87, 105, 354, 387
balayc eleman 354
balayc madde 377
balayc madde analizi 281
bakm 297
bakm ve koruma 303
balmumu 404
balmumu resim 97
belgeleme 245, 247
beyaz rt 213
beyazlanma 221
beyazlama 213
beyazlatma 366
bezir ya 373
bilimsel aratrma 231, 253
bilimsel grseller 265
bina 241, 303
bina arkeolojisi 245
bina ve alan incelemesi 231, 235
bitirme katman 81
biyo-bozulma 171
biyolojik inceleme 283
biyolojik kolonileme 171
biyolojik oluum 171
biyolojik yaylma 155 dkm stkko 115
biyo-temizlik 305 dolayl izme 137
boluk 181 dolgu 319
boluklarn doldurulmas 315 dolgu maddesi 375
boya 392 dolomitik ta 384
boya alt 61 donat 27
boya alt svas 109 dnemsel mdahale gemii 43
boya kaplama 177 donma-znme dngs 159
boya katman 49, 69, 77 drenaj 291, 299
boya pastas 101, 107 duman 165
boya tabakas 87 duvar 27
boya tutkal 65 duvar boyama 71, 85
bozulma 235, 237, 251, 253, 277, 279 duvar kaplama 356
brt beton 47 duvar resmi 67, 69, 213, 231, 237
buhar geii 175 dzeltme 91
bulama 59 dzeltme tabakas 55
btnleme 329
bzme 375 ek karmlar 51
enjeksiyon 313
akl talar 57 epoksi 370
akll sva 57 erozyon 183
amur 45
apraz ba (kpek dii ba) 35 fenomenolojik yaklam 231
apraz ubuklar 123 Flaman Ba 35
atlak 113, 205, 237 Florentine yntemi 341
ekim kuvvetinin kayb 197 fotoraf ile belgeleme 261, 259
ceviz ya 373 fotorafsal belge 233
evre 235, 241, 243, 303 fresko 71
evresel bozulma 163
evresel deerlendirme 291 geici salamlatrma 313
evresel koullar 211, 225 gerek balmumu 97
evresel ynetim 297 gerek fresko 71
cila 65, 69, 404 gerilme 352
cilalama 83, 366 girinti knt oluturma 139
imento 363 girintiler 139
ini 35 gzlem 253, 275, 279
plak beton 47 glendirme 49
cisim aratrmas 239 glendirme maddesi 370
iy noktas 151 gm soyutlamas 343
izgi 343 gnlk sva 79
iziktirme 333
izilmi stkko 115 hacim 375
izim rtuu 69 har 27, 349, 354
cocciopesto 357 har kayma 81
znebilir sillikat 403 harita 267
znp su olma 153 harita karma 251
znr cam 403 haritalama 233
znr tuzlar 157, 167, 227 haha ya 373
cruflu yzey 358 hava etkisi 187
rtme 325 hava kirleticileri 169
hava kirlilii 165, 189
dalma 185 hava koullar 189
deformasyon 199, 295 hava sebebiyle bozulma 183
delici matkap 267 hava scakl 293
denge bal nemi 149 havadan rutubet ekme 153
deniz kabuklar 57 hazrlk izimi 131
deniz tuzlar 169 hidrolik balayc 382
derz 39, 75, 263 hidrolik imento 396
derz tamiri 321 hidrolik sertleme 396
dikey kesit 273 hidrolojik 241
diki atma 325 higroskopik genleme 161
d cephe svas 53 higroskopisite / sulanma 153
dsal bozulma sebebi 145 hizalama izgisi 127
dsal sebepler 143 hizalama ipi 127
doal ta duvar 29 hzlandrc 350
doku 372
dkm als 394
435
 i mekan iklim almas 293 kil 368 mineralojik aratrma 285
ieri szdrma 155 klcal atlak 207 moloz ta 33
isel bozulma sebebi 143 kimyasal anma 189 mordente 95
iklim 297 kir 147 Morrelone 61
ince atlaklar a 209 kire 85, 109, 384, 387 mozaik 113
ince kesit 275 kire ta 105 mdahale 265, 283
ince kesme ta 31 kire badanas 87 mdahale denemeleri 289
ince sva 363 kire beyaz 366 mdahalesiz aratrma 257
ince tabakalara ayrlma 263 kire harc 387 mum 69, 117
inceleme 267, 273 kire kayma 387, 389 mutlak nem 149
ngiliz ba 35 kire svas 67, 71, 83, 93, 389
insan eliyle bozulma 173 kire st 385, 389 nakil 347
sya dayankl dolgu 356 kire suyu 71, 85 nem 149, 193, 237
iskele 75, 123 kire ta 366 nesne aratrmas 239
iskele kirii delikleri 123 kireli fresko 67, 361 nokta deneyi analizi 287
iskele tahtalar 123 kireli kuru fresko 67 noktalama 335
slanma-kuruma dngs 161 kireli sva 67 ntr btnleme 331
iyiletirme 251 kiri 45 numune 269
izgara 129 kirletici 215, 295
izleme 291, 295 kirli su 337 ocakta aplanm kesme ta 31
kirlilik 241 oksitlenme 211
kaba 31 kzltesi reflectography (yanstc) 131 lekli inceleme 243
kaba rt 73 kompres 301 lm 235
kaba sva 55, 57, 363 kopya kalemi 137 olgusal yaklam 231
kaba sva moloz talar 41 kordon 400 onarm svas 309
kaba ta duvar 33 korni 400 nleyici koruma almas 303
kaba yontulmu kesme ta 31 korozyon 189 opus masivum 113
kabarklk 201 koruma 235, 245, 369 opus tesselatum 113
kabarma 193, 201 koruma metodolojisi 341, 343 organik 287
kabartma 93 koruma raporu 255 rnek 271, 287
kat hamuru 115, 311 koruma svas 309 rnek hazrlama 271
kat lapas uygulamas 311 koruma/restorasyon teorisi 333 rnekleme 267
kalba dkme 51 korunma 43, 231, 243 otantiklik 331
kalbn karma 51 kristalleme dngleri 167 oyuk 183
kalp 47 kubbe 29 zgn 285
kalp als 381, 394 kk pullar halinde dklme 195
kalsit tabaka 358 kum 398, 387 padavra 121
kalsitli katman 213 kuru duvar derzi 39 parafin 404
kalsiyum oksalat 211 kuru fresko 85 paris als 380
kaplama 354 kurutmak 299 parlama 65
kaplama tahtas 121 kurutucu ya 373 patina 211
kararma 404 pentimento 91
karbonlama 359 lakuna 181 Pietra rasa 41
kareleme 129 lapa 263 pigment 63, 392
karma malzeme duvar 29 lav kl 396 pigment deiimi 225
karot matkap numune alma 269 lekelenme 147 pimi tula seramik 400
karton 137 lifler 387 porselen 365
kat seviyesi 75 Portland imento 363, 175
katk 349 macun 354 pul eklinde ayrlma 193
katk maddesi 350 madde aratrmas 239 pullanma 195, 263
katman 247, 275 maara 25 przlendirme 139
katman bilgisi 269 magnezyum kireci 384 pus 169
katmansal inceleme 249 mala 55 puzolan 396
kaya 31 mala derzi 41
kaya mimarisi 25 malzeme 247, 253, 261 radyal atlak 205
kayp 181 malzeme analizi ve incelenmesi 277 reine 65, 99, 354, 370
kaymakta 380 medyum pastas 101 rengini bozma 295
kazein 87, 361 mermer taklidi kabartma 115 renk analizi 279
kazma 67, 103 mermer tozu 391 renk bozulmas 223
kazyarak izme 135 mikro biyolojik yaylma 283 renk deiimi 215, 223
kemer 29 mikrobiyolojik bozulma 171 renk doygunluu 219
kemer svas 394 mil 37 renk soyutlamas 341
kenar onarm 323 mimari aratrma 235 renklendirici 392
kenarlk tamirat 323 mimari resim aratrmas 247 renklendirme 329
kerpi 37 mimari terakota 400 renkli oksit tabakas 211
kertik 137, 263 mimari yzey 283, 291, 297 resim tayc 49
kesme ta duvar 31 mineral boyalar 111 rigatino 333

436
rleve 243 stratigrafik 245 tuz azaltmas 307
rlyef 93 stratigrafik inceleme 249 tuz ieklenmesi 225, 227
Roma imentosu 382 strktrel bozukluklar 155 tuz kristallenmesi 193, 161, 167, 195, 227
Roma-beyaz imento 363 strktrel inceleme 237
rtu 63, 91, 329, 333 strktrel mdahaleler 179 ufalanabilirlik 197
rzgar erozyonu 229 stkko 115, 389, 394 ufalanma 185
stkko mermer 115, 117 stne boyama 177
sabitleme 315 stkkolustro 115 uygulamal stkko 115
sabitleyici 350 su cam 403 uygun olmayan eski mdahaleler 175
ablon 135 slfatlama 147 uzun vadeli salamlatrma 313
salamlatrc 370 sulanma 153
salamlatrma 289, 301, 313 sulu har 378 vandallk 301, 173, 177
sahte ahap atklar 45 sulu har enjeksiyonu 317 Veneda 61
sakz 370 ssleme 27, 95 Verdaccio 61
saman lifli malzemeler 37
sararma 215 tabaka incelemesi 249 yal boya 101
sarmal atlak 205 taban boyama 83 yal kire 393
secco 83 tahliye kanal 299 yal basks 121
seilmi renkle tamamlama 343 takliti tamamlama 339 yan k 263
ekil deiiklii 199 tam rtu 339 yanltc tamamlama 339
selloz trleri 370 tamamlama 329 yap aratrmas 255
seramik 365 tamirat 315 yapsal elemanlar 365
erbet 27, 317 tarama 333 yapsal inceleme 241
erbetli har 378 tarih 255, 245 yapma 375
serpme sva 57 tarihsel aratrma 233 yapma kayb 181, 185, 195
seviyeleme 75 tartar 267 yaptrc 105
scaklk 295 ta 27 yar fresko 83
silikat mineral boya 111 ta ileme 31 yark 205
sinopya 125 ta paracklar 57 yarm kereste hm 45
sr 63 ta tamiri 325 yalanma 211
srlama 337 tama 347 yavalatc 350
srl dekorasyonlar 117 taslak izim 73, 131 yeniden birletirme 289, 347
sis 169 tebeir 366 yer deitirme 325, 295
ikinlik 201 temassz aratrma 259 youma 151
ime zellii 368 temizleme 289, 305 yonu ta duvar 31
ist 356 terakota 400 yk tama 356
sva 43, 51, 103, 387 terra alba 380 ykselen nem 157
sv cam 403, 213 terrazzo 357 yumru ta 33
siyah bir kabuk 217 tessera 401 yumurta ak 65
siyah kabuklar 165 ton ayarlamas 337 yumuatc 350
sznt 155 tonal 61 yzey 263, 281
solma 223 tonoz 29 yzey altnda tuzlanma 167
son kat sva 77 tortu 295 yzey zerinde tuzlanma 167
son sva 81 toz haline gelme 197 yzeysel kayp 187
snmemi kire 384 tozlama 133 yzeysel tehisleri 293
snm kire 359, 385, 391 tozlanma 197
soyulma 191 tratteggio 335 zamk 65, 87
spolvero 103, 133 tula 356 zamkl balayc 361
stacco 345 tula duvar 35 zamkl subazl boya 105
stacco a massello 345 tula kr 372 zemin 49
statik atlak 203 tula tozu 357 zemin boyama 59
stensil 141 tutkal 89, 377 zemin sular 157
strappo 345 tutkall resim 89 zemin yzey 59

437
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org/thesaurus/ (30.3.2015)
EwaGlos, which has been developed in eleven languages,
highlights the crucial role that professionally developed
multilingual vocabularies play in international preservation
campaigns. The illustrated glossary stresses the impor-
tance of a common language in the conservation field, and

EWAGLOS EUROPEAN ILLUSTRATED GLOSSARY OF CONSERVATION TERMS

FOR WALL PAINTINGS AND ARCHITECTURAL SURFACES
the role that international cooperation plays in creating
this common terminology.
The core of the glossary comprises approximately 200 de-
finitions of terms frequently used in specifications in the
field of conservation-restoration of wall paintings and ar-
chitectural surfaces. The forewords and preface of the book
introduce professionals, students and decision-makers to
complex issues encountered in the development, and use,
of such terminologies. The book concludes with an exten-
sive bibliography in this specialised field.

EwaGlos
EUROPEAN ILLUSTRATED GLOSSARY
OF CONSERVATION TERMS FOR WALL PAINTINGS
AND ARCHITECTURAL SURFACES

17 MICHAEL IMHOF VERLAG