1J ABAHfAPJJ:A

EH rUUCOH (Ann Gibson)

[JUKaco6 aiiieJbe (CJI. 14. 1) <J>ejT PIIHrOJIga (Ringgol d), 6poj 7 1I3 lheHe
([>paHu,ycKe a6upKe (1991), rrplIMep je aBaHrapge, Kao II OHora UlTO je Ha31I
BaHO "aHTlIaBaHrapgoM" (Harvey 1989. 59), "aHTlIecTeTIIKoM" (Foster 1983.
xv) IIJIII jegHocTaBHo, "rrocTMogepHIIM" TeHgeHU;lIjaMa. CJIIIKapCTBo <J>ejT
PIIHrOJIg Ha OBOM jopraHY rroKa3yje oco6lIHe IIHTeJIeKTyaJIHOr IIKOHOKJIa-
3Ma II rrOlIrpaBafha Koje ce 06WlHO Be3yje 3a aHapXWIHII AYX aBaHrapge, aJIII
He II lheH KapaKTepIICTII'laH ocehaj 3a "YHIIBep3aJIHO II xIICTepII'lHO HerIIpa
lhe" (Huysse n 1981. 30; Calines cu 1987. 125, 140). [JuKaco6 aiueJbe je ayTo
pecpJIeKCIIBaH: OH rOBopII 0 gecplIHU;IIjII II cpeglIIlllhoj YJI031I aBaHrapge y
IICTOPlIjII MogepHe YMeTHOCTII. TIIMe OHa rrpoIllIIpyje rrpeMIIce aBaHrapge
Ha Kpaj gBageceTor BeKa, acpIIpMIIIllyhII jegHe KapaKTeplICTIIKe aBaHrapge
y3 IICTOBpeMeHO KPIITIIKOBafhe gpyrlIX. Kao aJIeropIIja aBaHrapgHe rrpoII3-
Bogfhe, OHa rrOHOBO ynoTpe6JbaBa aBaHrapgHe CTpaTerIIje 3a "aHTIIaBaH
rapgHe" U;IIJbeBe, HygehII TaKO MoryhHocTII 3a IICTpa)KIIBafhe II npOIllJIIIX II
cagaIlllhIIx KOHu;erraTa aBaHrapge.
[JUKaC06 aiueJbe je HaCJIIIKaH Ha rrOBpIllIIHII IIcrrYlheHor jopraHa ca
CTaBJbeHOr og pa3JIII'lIITIIX TKaHIIHa. YMeTHIIu;a je IlIIKaca - onxpBaHor go
cagoM, aJIII II gaJbe BeOMa 6ygHor - CMeCTIIJIa CKOPO Ha IIBIIU;y, CTeIlllheHor
1I3Mei)y geKopaTIIBHe U;BeTHe MaprIIHe, OCJIIIKaHIIX TKaHIIHa II qYBeHIIX To
cuolyuu,a ua A6U/-bOHa (1907). C jegHe cTpaHe CJIIIKe HaJIa3e ce 6pojHe CKII
u;e arrcTpaKTHIIx )KeHCKIIX cplIrypa. Ca Y3gIIrHYToM 'JeTKIIU;OM, Kao Bepo
BaTHO Haj'lyBeHIIje OTeJIOTBOpelhe aBaHrapge gBageceTor BeKa, CTOjII IlII
Kaco rrpeg rrpa3HlIM rrJIaTHOM. }beroB MogeJI, IIMarlIHapHII alter ego Kora je
II3MlICJIlIJIa PIIHrOJIgoBa, perrpe3eHTyje OHO IllTO rrplIrragHIIU;1I aBaHrapge
norrYT IlIIKaca HllCY 61IJIII: )KeHe HeeBporrcKor rrOpeKJIa Koje cy, rro pe'IlIMa
Mejepa lliarrlIpa, 'leIllhe 6lIJIe "o6jeKTII" YMeTHOCTII Hero fheHII TBOpU;1I
(Roth 1992, 8; Shapiro 1957. 38). Kao aHTurraTpujapXaJIHa TpareglIja ca IJ;1I
(Fos ter 1983.
JbeM ga cc "orpeIllu 0 ugeOJIOrlIjy KpIllefha (aBaHrapgII3Ma)"
ix), OHa HaM nplIIIOBega 0 aBaHrapgu nOMohy OHora lllTO "OHa rrpuqa 0 ca-

259
 BaH Kao JIa)l(HO II rroBpwHo TOTaJIlI3yjyfilI jep KOPlICTlI rroBpwHy CJIlI'IHOCT
MlIMe3lIca II KorrlIje, YMecTo ,n:a lICTpa)l(yje ",n:y6Jbe" CJIlI'IHOCTlI Kao WTO TO
pa,n:lI MeTa<popa. I1HCTPYKTlIBHa je BlITaJIHOCT OB or o,n:rOBopa Ha HaTypaJIlI
CTlI'IKy perrpe3eHTaU;lIjy jep ce lhOMe aBaHrap,n:a rrpe,n:CTaBJba Kao orrTlIMlI
CTlI'IKlI Tpa,n:lIU;lIOHaJIlI3aM KOMe 6lI HeKlI 'IaK II o,n:peKJIlI Ha3lIB "aBaHrap
,n:e", Ha3lIBajyfilI oBaj acrreKT aBaHrap,n:e "Mo,n:epHlI3MOM". I1plIrra,n:HlIU;lI
aBaHrap,n:e KOjlI cy ,n:eJIOBaJIlI y OBOM Mo,n:epHlICTlI'IKOM MaHlIpy 'IeCTO cy
Tpa)l(lIJIlI Ha'IlIHa ,n:a rrplIxBaTe Ha,n:OJIa3efiy Mo,n:epHocT ca CBOjlIM rrpeKlI,n:lI
Ma II <pparMeHTaU;lIjaMa. To je ,n:eo Mo,n:epHlICTlI'IKlIX KplITeplIjYMa 360r KO
jlIx cy I1lIKacoBe arrcTpaKU;lIje - 3aje,n:Ho ca arrcTpaKU;lIjaMa MaHea, Ce3aHa,
I1pyCTa, Topeca-rapclIje, KaH,n:lIHcKor, Uojca, EeHa, MOH,n:plIjaHa, EJIlIOTa,
I10JIOKa, CTeJIe II ,n:pyrlIx YMeTHlIKa o,n: rrpocBeTlITeJbCTBa ,n:o 6apeM we3,n:e
ceTlIX ro,n:lIHa ,n:Ba,n:eceTor BeKa - II ,n:aJbe o,n: KJbY'IHOr lIHTepeca. Y lhlIMa ce
3a,n:p)l(aJIa Ha,n:a ,n:a fie pacKlI,n: rrpoY3poKoBaH Mo,n:epHlIM HarrpeTKoM y YMeT
HOCTlI II HayU;lI Ha KpaJY ,n:OBeCTlI He caMO ,n:o KOHTpOJIlICalha rrplIpo,n:e y KO
PlICT 'IOBe'IaHCTBa, Hero H ,n:o rrpOMOBHcalha YHlIBep3aJIHe rrpaB,n:e, MOpaJI
Hor HarrpeTKa II cpefie (Habennas 1981. 9; Huyssen 1981. 26-27; Calinescu
1987.96-97; Fl6 1992).
Ca ,n:pyre cTpaHe, 36YlheHe peaKU;lIje Ha JIuKaco6 aUieJbe TaKoi)e cy
MO)l(,n:a rrpOY3pOKOBaHe O,n:CYCTBOM "YHlIBep3aJIHOr II XlICTeplI'IHOr HerlIpa
lha" aHapXlI'IHOr H HlIXlIJIlICTlI'IKOr KplIJIa aBaHrap,n:e, YKopelheHor y eJIe
MeHTlIMa ,n:a,n:alI3Ma II Ha,n:peaJIlI3Ma, THIIII<plIKOBaHor y rro,n:pa)l(aBaOU;lIMa
)J:lIwaHa II MaH Peja, Kao II y ,n:eJIlIMa Uape, EpexTa II BopxoJIa (Calinescu
1987.140-41). Ho, Kao WTO 'IeCTO lICTlI'IY HHKoc XaUlIHlIKOJIay II AH,n:peac
XyjceH, ce,n:aM,n:eceTlIX ro,n:HHa CMO 6lIJIlI CBe,n:OU;lI O)l(lIBJbaBalha lIHTepeca
3a "KoHue, i1Ui a8aH2ap{)e" (Hadjinicolaou 1982, 39; Huyssen 1981. 25). Je,n:aH
o,n: rrpBlIx 3HaKOBa OBor O)l(lIBJbaBalha 6lIO je aHTlIaBaHrap,n:HlI MaHlI<peCT
Po6epTa BeHTYPlIja CJloJICeHocUi U KOHUipa{)UK1{uje y apxuUieKUiypu (Com
plexity and Contradiction in Architecture; 1966). "BlIwe BOJIlIM rrplIcTyrr 'lI
je,n:Ho II ,n:pyro' Hero 'lIJIlI-lIJIlI', BHwe BOJIlIM U;PHO II 6eJIo, rrOHeKa,n: II ClIBO,

I1JIyCTpal\llja 14.1: <I>ejT PllHlOJIl-1, nUKaco6 aiUeJbe, 1991. The French Collection, part I,
no 7. Faith Ringgold INC.
MOj ce6lI" - ,n:aKJIe, "rrpe Kp03 lheHY cyrrcTaHTlIBHY peBlI3ujy Hero Kp03 TO-
60)l(lhY <popMaJIHY rrplIBp)l(eHOCT eBporrcKoj aBaHrap,n:H" (Suleiman 1990.
162, U;lITlIpajytiII: Spivak 1981. 1967).
C je,n:He cTpaHe, Jby6lITeJblI YMeTHocTlI Mory 6UTlI OrOp'IeHlI WTO je
I1lIKaco Kao oBarrJIofielhe xepojcKe aBaHrap,n:e MaprlIHaJIlI30BaH y O,n:HOCY
Ha Mo,n:eJI II WTO Y rrplIrrOBe,n:HOM HaTypaJIlICTlI'IKOM ,n:eJIy lIrpa ,n:lICKpe,n:lITy
jyfiy yJIory. HaTypaJIlI3aM je y ,n:eJIlIMa II KPlITlIU;lI Eo,n:JIepa, MeTepJIlIHKa II
MaJIapMea, Kao II KacHlIjlIx ayTopa rrorrYT Xoce OpTera II raceTa 03Ha'Ia-
Hero lIJIlI l\pHO HJIlI 6eJIo", rrlIcao je OH (16). Y OBOM ecejy, O,n:CKO'IHa ,n:aCKa
fie 6lITlI yrrpaBo paCrrJIaMCaBalhe OBe BpCTe pa3MlIWJbalha e<plIKaCHO cyre
plIcaHlIX Ha CKlIl\lI <I>ejT PHHrOJI,n:.
CTaBJbalheM I1lIKacoBor aTeJbea y cpe,n:lIWTe pacrrpaBe, lheHa rrOJIa-
3Ha Ta'IKa ce 'IBPCTO JIOl\lIpa y ,n:pyroj rrOJIOBHHlI ,n:Ba,n:eceTor BeKa. TlIMe ce
rrOHaBJba MO)l(,n:a HajBefia rrpe)l(lIBeJIa MaHlI<peCTal\lIja rrOJIlITlIKe OHora WTO
je I1eTep EHprep (Burger) Ha3lIBao "lICTOPlIjCKOM aBaHrap,n:oM", eBlI,n:eHT
HOM y TeH,n:eHU;lIjlI rroje,n:lIHlIx caBpeMeHlIx YMeTHlIKa II KplITwlapa ,n:a "lIMe
Hyjy lI,n:eHTlITeT II MexaHlI3aM perrpeclIje KOjlI ra CTPYKTyplIpa". OBa TeH
,n:eHl\lIja, aHaJIlI3lIpaHa y ecejy KplICTo<pepa PlI,n:a II TmjlI ce apryMeHTlI rrplI
Ka3yjy y ,n:Be rraHeJI pacrrpaBe 0 "rrOJIlITlUl,lI 03Ha'llITeJha", o6jaBJbeHe y Ma
ra3lIHY October 1993. II 1994. O,n:JIlIKyje caBpeMeHO aHTlIaBaHrap,n:HO o,n:6a-

260
261
 HBaIhe 'IHCTOfie H CPOKyCHpa ce Ha He06aBe3HO rrOHrpaBaIhe rrperr03Ha
TJhHBHM H, 'IeCTO, ,[IpYllITBeHO 3Ha'IajHHM CJIHKaMa y paHOM rrOCTMO,[lepHH-
3My (Reed 1994. 281; Fost er, Krauss et a!. 1993; Foster, Buchloh et a!. 1994) .
ITocTMO,[lepHO rrpoeIhHBaIhe rrpHpO,[le H Bpe,[lHOCTH aBaHrap,[le y
CAU je 'IeCTO 6HJIO YCMepaBaHO Kp03 cyrrpoTCTaBJheHe TBp,[lIhe ,[IBe once
)!<He CTY,[lHje: Teopuje a8a112apOe PeHaTa IToi)OJIHja, 06jaBJheHe Ha IlTaJIIl
jaHcKoM 1962. (HaKo je HaCTaJIa jOllI KpajeM 'IeTp,[leCeTHX rO,[lIlHa), a Ha eH
rJIeCKH rrpeBe,[leHa 1968. ( Calinescu 198 7. 113) Il Teopuje a8a112apOe Koja je
aMaJIraM TeKCTOBa ITeTepa oHprepa 06jaBJhHBaHHX y HeMa'IKoj 1974.
1979. ca6paHIlx H rrpeBe,[leHHX Ha eHrJIeCKH 1984. TBp,[lIhe Koje OHH Il3Hoce
pacrrpaBJhafiy 3aje,[lHO ca TBp,[lIhaMa IhHXOBHX caBpeMeHHKa Il rrOTOM fiy, no
Mofiy PHHrOJI,[IOBe H TeOpeTH'Iapa HHKoca Xal,lIlHIlKOJIaya, CY3aH CyJIej
MaH, KepoJI UaHKaH, UaHIljeJIa XepBHa, P03aJIHH,[I Kpayc, PH'Iap,[la IIIHcpa
H AH,[IpeaCa XyjceHa, rrpefiH Ha caBpeMeHHje rrpoeHe aBaHrap,[le H IheHHX
npojeKaTa.
ITOi)OJIIl H OHprep ce CJIa)KY ,[la ce TepMHH "aBaHrap,[la" Hajrrpe npHMe
IhHBao Aa 6H ce 03Ha'IHO crroj peBOJIyHoHapHHx ,[IpYllITBeHO-nOJIHTHqHX
TeHAeHHja H YMeTHHqKHX HJheBa. ABaHrap,[ly cy CXBaTaJIH nonYT BanTe
pa oeIhaMHHa, Kao rroKYllIaj ,[la ce "Tpa,[lIlHja O,[lBOjH 0,[1 KOHcpopMIl3Ma KO
jH je npeTHo ,[la je HagBJIaga" ( Benjamin 1968 a, 255) H ga ce rr06YHoM rrpo
THB CBera llITO je YCTaHOBJheHO Kao jeAHoM ,[IaTO IIpeKHHe ocefiaj HenpeKIl
HYTor pa3Boja y YMeTHocTH. UO,[lYllIe, OHH cy ce pa3JIHKOBaJIH y IIpoeHaMa
llITa 6H ce Momo y6pajaTIl y er3aMrrJIapHY aBaHrap,[lHY YMeTHocT, Te cy CTO
ra pa3JIH'IHTH H IhHXOBH OIIHCH HCTopHje H IheHor 3aBellITaIha.
3a IToi)OJIHja, caBe3HIlllITBO OHora llITO je Ha3HBao "ABe aBaHrapge"
- KyJITypHo-yMeTHH'IKe H APYllITBeHO-IIOJIHTHqKe (IIocTojaJIO je y <ppaH
yCKOj TeK AO 1880-IlX. OHO llITO ce qeCTO CXBaTa Kao aBaHrap,[lHa YMeT
HOCT, rrHcao je, Y TPefieM KBapTaJIY ,[IeBeTHaecTor BeKa ce KOHeHTpHCaJIO
Ha cpopMaJIHY KpeaTHBHOCT, 0,[l6ayjyhH KOHBeHHOHaJIHe 06Hqaje H YK
JhyqyjyfiH Y ce6e "KYJIT opHtHHaJIHOCTH, IIa qaK H He06HqHOCTH" (IIecHHK
E3pa ITayHA, PYCKH cpopMaJIHCTH norrYT BHKTopa IIIKJIOBCKOr Il KpHTH'Iap
XapOJIA P03eH6epr cy KOMeHTapIlCaJIH YIIpaBo oBaj acneKT aBaHrapge).
Ho, ITOi)OJIH TaKoi)e TBp,[lH Aa IherOBa aYToHoMHa, KYJITypHo-YMeTHHqKa
aBaHrapAa HHje HaIIycTHJIa CBOj ,[IpYllITBeHH 3aAaTaK HaKO ce BHllIe HIlje
crreHcpH'IHO 6aBHJIa KPHTHKoBaIheM ApYllITBa. 3a pa3JIHKy 0,[1 MOH,[IpHja
Ha, qHje je YTorrHjcKe HJheBe HeOIIJIaCTHIl3Ma BH,[IeO Kao "aHTHCerrTH'I
He" (Poggioli 1969. 203) H opeToHoBor Ha,[lpeaJIH3Ma, qHje HHCHCTIlpaIhe
Ha "OMHHrrOTeHTHOCTIl CHOBa", KaKO Bepyje ITOI)OJIH, MO)Ke CTBOPHTH je,[lIl
HO "KBa3Il-MeXaHH'IKH npOH3BO,[l, IIaCHBHY pecpJIeKcHjy" ( 205) , ITOi)OJIH je
cMaTpao ,[la cy HajecpHKacHHjH aBaHrap,[lHH rrOKpeTH pecpopMHCaJIH ,[Ipy
llITBO jep cy CPYHKHOHHCaJIH Kao KaTap3wIHa TeparrIlja 3a je3HK YMeTHO
CTIl, MY3IlKe Il KIhH)KeBHOCTH Koje cy ,[IereHepHCaJIe y 6eCMHCJIeHe H OKa-
262
MeIheHe cpopMyJIe. "ArrCOJIYTHO je IIpeKo IIoTpe6Ho pa3JIHKOBaTH JIa)KHH
OA aYTeHTHqHOr aBaHrap,[lH3Ma, KOjH HMa 3a pe3YJITaT YMeTHocT", IIHcao
je. IToTpe6a 3a BpeAHocHHM CY,[lOM He CMe 6HTH ocyjeheHa "HeecTeTCKHM
pa3MaTpaIhHMa" ( 164-65) . ITOi)OJIH ce TaKO CTaBJha Ha CTpaHY Teo,[lopa
A,[IOpHa KOjH je TBPAHO Aa YMeTHocT Mopa 6HTH aYToHoMHa (OAHOCHO, Aa
YMeTHHqKa AeJIa Tpe6a Aa "yKa3yjy Ha IIpaKCY OA Koje ce Y3,[1p)KaBajy - Ha
CTBapaIhe rrpaBe,[lHOr )KHBOTa"). 3a AAopHa (Kao H 3a IToi)OJIHja), "Mopa
ce HaIIycTHTH CBaKa oAaHocT cBeTY Aa 6H ce 3aAOBOJhHO HAeaJI oAaHocTH
H YMeTHHqKOM AeJIy". AAOPHO je OBY TBPAIhY rroTKperrHo 3arra)KaIheM ,[la TO-
60)Ke aIIOJIHTHqHa YMeTHocT (3a npIlMep je Y3eo KacpKHHe pOMaHe H oe
KeTOBe ,[IpaMe) "HMa TaKaB ecpeKaT ,[la y rropei)eIhY ca IhOM 3BaHHqHO aH
ra)KOBaHa ,[IeJIa [OAHOCHO, IIOJIHTHqKIl CBpCTaHa] H3me,[lajy Kao rraHTOMH
Ma" ( Adomo 1962 . 317, 314) .
Ca ,[Ipyre cTpaHe, oHprep je IToi)OJIHjeBY ,[IecpHHHHjy aBaHrap,[le BH
,[IeO Kao cyBHllIe eJIaCTH'IHy. oHprep je ocefiao ,[la je IToi)OJIH, ,[IOIIyCTHBllIH
,[la ce "aBaHrap,[lHa" YMeTHocT HAeHTHcpHKyje jOllI C Kpaja ocaMHaeCTor Be
Ka, oMoryhHo Aa ce aBaHrapAa oABojH OA "cTBapHor" )KHBOTa H APYllITBe
HHX rrHTaIha. OH YMeTHHqKa ,[IeJIa HHje CXBaTao Kao IIoje,[lHHaqHa, Koja
cTBapajy HH,[IIlBH,[IyaJIHH yMeTHHH, Hero HX je, CJIeAefiH BaJITepa oeIhaMH
Ha, BH,[IeO Kao eHTHTeTe yHyTap HHCTHTyHOHaJIHOr OKBHpa KOjH YKJhyqyje
YMeTHHKe, TprOBe, KpHTH'Iape, MY3eje, KOJIeKHOHape H APyre ( Bur ger
1984. 83-92) . OBaj OKBHP, HHcHcTHpa oHprep, o,[lpei)yje llITa YMeTHocT Tpe-
6a ,[la 6Y,[le H Aa 'IHHH. CTora ce rro IheMY aBaHrapAa He MO)Ke O,[lBOjHTH 011,
ApYllITBa, Hero je IherOB caCTaBHH Aeo. Pa,[lHKaJIaH rrpeKpeT je rro oHprepy
HaCTao nOqeTKOM ,[IBa,[leceTor BeKa, Ka,[la je eCTeTHH3aM YCTyrrHo MeCTO
IlCTOPHjCKOj aBaHrapAH Koja je YMeTHocT HaIIa,[laJIa Kao HHCTHTYIljy. OHP
repoBa HCTopIljcKa aBaHrap,[la (oHa Koja je nOCJIY)KHJIa Kao opyi)e y IIpeH
crrHTHBaIhY YMPTBJhyjyfiHX ecpeKaTa IlHcTHTyHOHaJIH3aIlje YMeTHocTH)
06yxBaTaJIa je AO O,[lpei)eHe Mepe HTaJIIljaHcKH CPYTYPH3aM H HeMaqKH eKC
IIpecHoHH3aM, Ky6HCTHqKH KOJIa)K H, HapOqIlTO, IIoKpeTe H3 ABaAeceTHx ro
AHHa, YKJhyqyjyhH Ty Aa,[laH3aM, pyCKy aBaHrapAY IIOCJIe OKT06apcKe peBo
JIYHje H HaApeaJIH3aM ( 109 n. 4). Y pa,[lHKaJIHOM pacKHAY KOjH je IIpOy3pO
KOBaJIa OBa HCTopHjcKa aBaHrapAa, nOCTYJIIlpa OH, KJhyqHe cy 6HJIe TeXHH
Ke KOJIa)Ka H MOHTa)Ke, jep IhHMa He caMO llITO ce paCKHHYJIO ca H,[IejoM Aa
je rrepcneKTHBa je,[lHaKa perrpe3eHTall,I1jIl Hero Il ca HAejoM Aa YMeTHHqKO
AeJIo Mopa 6HTH opraHcKa eJIHHa. I1aKo je oHprep rroKYllIaBao Aa OCIIOPIl
Bpe,[lHOCT aYToHoMHe YMeTHocTH KOjy cy nO,[lp)KaBaJIH A,[IOPHO Il ITOI)OJIH,
OH je HIIaK HallIao Aa cy HeKIl AAOPHOBH apryMeHTH KOpHCHH. HaBoAefiH
AAoPHOBO yn030peIhe Aa HeopraHcKe cTpyKType Mory rroHYAHTH 6er H3 CH
CTeMa lIIlja ra je CKJIOHOCT Ka opraHcKoM yqIlHHJIa OKaMeIheHHM, oHprep
rrpHxBaTa eJIeMeHTe KOHenTa aJIeropI1je KOjH 3acTYIIa BaJITep oeIhaMHH
Ka,[la nI111Ie ,[la aJIerOpI1CTa eKcTpaxyje eJIeMeHTe 113 )!(I1BOTa I1JIIl YMeTHO-
263
CTIf, If30JIyjytm IfX 0,[1 lbIfXOBe CPYHKU;Ifje If KOM6IfHyjytm IfX y HOBO YMeT
HIfqKO ,[IeJIo. ApTecpIfU;IfjaJIHOCT aJIeropIfje je Hyp:IfJIa ynpaBo OHY BpCTy aH
TIfOpraHIfU;If3Ma KOjy je EIfprep BIfp:eO y IfCTOPIfjCKOj aBaHrapp:If (68-73, 90-
91; Adomo 1984. 242, 266-68). J1aKo ce I10OJIIf If EIfprep HIfCY CJIaraJIIf OKO
CTaTyca Hap:peaJIIf3Ma Kao aBaHrapp:Hor Mop:eJIa (IfMajyhIf y BIfp:y lbIfXOBO
HeCJIaralbe OKO aYToHoMIfje YMeTHOCTIf, MO)Ke ce npeTnocTaBIfTIf p:a je
EIfprep BOJIeO Ha,[lpeaJIIf3aM, a I10OJIIf He), CJIaraJIIf cy ce y TOMe p:a "Kap:a
cneU;IfcpIfqHIf aBaHrapp:HIf nOKpeT, KOjIf je npellIao CBOj 3eHIfT, IfHCIfCTIfpa
Ha nOHaBJbalbY npeMIfca Koje BIfllIe HIfCY O,[lp)KI1Be, BeOMa JIaKO ce npeTBa
pa y BJIaCTIfTY cynpoTHoCT" (P oggioli 1968. 223).
IIooJII1 je cBoja rJIep:l1llITa 113JIO)KIfO npe Hero llITO cy y onTIfu;aj ny
llITeHe Ifp:eje IfHKanCYJIl1paHe y TepMI1H "nOCTMO,[lepHa" (Calinescu 1987.
113). OH p:ecpI1HIfU;l1jy aBaHrapp:e HIfje P:OBO,[lIfO y peJIaU;Ifjy ca nl1Talbl1Ma
anponpl1jaU;Ifje, 3Haqelba Kao peu;enU;l1ie aYP:IfTOpl1jYMa, npe Hero YMeTHIf
KOBe I1HTeHU;l1je, penpe3eHTaU;Ifje Kao KOHCTpYKU;I1Je, npe Hero Kao orJIep:a
JIa CTBapHOCTIf, Opl1rl1HaJIHOCTI1 Kao CPYHKU;IfJe, npe Hero Kao ql1lbeHI1u;e,
Kao HI1 ca nl1Talbl1Ma pop:a IfJIIf pace. neTep EIfprep ce, Kao npIfna,[lHIfK Ha
pep:He reHepaU;l1je, HallIao ycpep: CBeonllITe pallII1peHOCTI1 OBI1X nl1Talba,
aJIIf ce caMO YKpaTKO n03a6aBI10 OHIfM llITO je Ha311Bao nOCTaBaHrapp:HOM
YMeTHollIhy. OH Hl1je Morao npl1XBaTIfTIf nJIypaJII13aM nOCTMO,[lepHe yIeT
HOCTI1, lbeHO nOHOBHO YCTOJIl1qaBalbe HapaTI1BHOCTI1 11 MI1MeTI13Ma, HHCIf
CTl1palbe Ha Ba)KHOCTI1 pa3JIIfKOBalba YMeTHI1Ka KOjl1 cy pap:I1JIIf Henpl13Ha
TIf, na qaK If Ka,[la cy lbl1XOBe aHTI1I1HCTIfTYU;IfOHaJIHe CTpaTerl1je 6HJIe napa
JIeJIa aHTI1I1HCTI1TYU;110HaJIHoj aBaHrap,[l11 KOjy je acpl1pMHcao.
EHprep npHMehyje ,[la je ecej Xep6epTa MapKY3ea AqJUpMaiuu8Iill
Kapm<lUep KYflUlype p:OBeo p:o MO,[leJIIfpalba cpOKyca aBaHrap,[lHe aHTI1HH
CTI1TYU;HOHaJIHe CTpaTerl1je Kao cynpoTCTaBJbeHe Bpep:HOCTHMa nojep:IfHHX
,[IeJIa. Ha lbera je TaKOe yTHu;aJIa MapKY3eoBa TBpp:lba ,[la l1aKO Hp:eaJIH
CTHqKa, TpaHCu;eH,[IeHTHa YMeTHocT KOjy cpaBopH3yje 6YP)KOaCKO P:PYllITBO
npl1Ka3yje "CKpI1BeHe I1CTI1He", OHa TaKoe CJIY)KH H p:a ce Te I1CTI1He pa3-
p:Boje op: 611JIO KaKBor yTI1u;aja Koje 611 MOrJIe I1MaTIf y cTBapHoM )KHBOTY.
YMeTHocT CBOjOj ny6JII1U;I1, nHllIe MapKy3e, p:apyje "npeJIenH TpeHYTaK y
JIaHU;y Hecpeha", Hy,[lehH TaKO "I1JIY3Hjy pa3pellIelba KOHTpa,[lHKU;Hja H3Me
y JIOllIe MaTepHjaJIHe er3IfcTeHU;Hje H nOTpe6e 3a cpehOM". OHa Ty HJIy-
311jy MO)Ke npe,[lCTaBI1TH 60Jbe 0,[1 peJIHrI1je I1JIH CPl1JI030cpHje jep, 3a pa3JIH
Ky op: THX p:IfCU;HnJII1Ha, OHa Hy,[l11 3a,[lOBOJbelbe O,[lMaX 11 cap:a (Marcuse 1968.
94-96,99,102, 117-l20). J1aKo El1prep MI1CJII1 ,[1a MapKy3ey He,[lOCTaje H Te
opeTcKa 11 MaTepHjaJIHa COCPI1CTI1U;l1paHOCT, OH IfnaK 113BOP:H 3aKJbyqKe If3
lberOBe p:ecpIfHHU;Hje "acpl1pMaTI1BHe KYJIType" Kao aYTOHOMHe YMeTHOCTH
y KOjOj ce "cJI060p:a p:YllIe ynoTpe6JbaBaHa Kao onpaBp:albe 3a CIfpOMa
llITBO, MyqeHIfllITBO If nOp06JbeHOCT TeJIa" (Marcuse 1968. 109; Burger1984.
12-14).
264
I103IfBajyhIf ce Ha JIfpreHa Xa6epMaca, EIfprep TBp,[lH ,[la je I1CTOPl1j
CKa aBaHrapp:a (Kp03 TaKBe MaHl1cpeCTaU;Ifje Kao UITO je .IJ:IfllIaHoBa C/JoliUla
Ha) HerIfpaJIa npep:YCJIOBe 3a "acpIfpMaTIfBHY", aYTOHOMHY YMeTHOCT: pa3-
p:Bajalbe YMeTHOCTIf 11 )KIfBOTa, I1Hp:IfBIfp:yaJIHe np0l13Bop:lbe 11 I1HgIfBIf,[lyaJI
He peu;enU;Ifje (Burger1984. 25, 50-53). Ho, qaK ce If aHTIfIfHcTIfTYU;IfOHaJIHIf
KapaKTep aBaHrapp:He YMeTHocTH MO)Ke yHIfllITIfTIf lbeHIfM YKJbyqIfBalbeM
y IfHCTI1TYU;l1je Kao llITO cy My3ejIf 11 aKa,[leMl1je (27,89). EIfprep je BepoBao
p:a nOHOBHa ynoTpe6a aBaHrap,[lHI1X cTpaTerl1ja caMO nOTBpyje lbIfXOBY
IfHCTI1TYU;IfOHaJII13aU;Ifjy (57-59). TIfMe El1prep CJIegIf I1ooJIl1ja, IfaKO I10-
OJIIfjeBe npIfMep:6e CPOKYCl1pa Ha IfHCTIfTYU;110HaJIHIf OKBIfP YMeTHOCTI1, 113-
p:11)Kyhl1 "I1CTOPl1jCKY aBaHrapp:y" Ha HajBl1llIH HI1BO eTl1qKe Bpe,[lHOcTIf. To
je, ,[IaJbe, EIfprepy oMoryhIfJIO p:a KacHIfjy YMeTHocT, Koja je nOKYllIaBaJIa ,[la
nOHOBIf MaHl1cpecTaU;l1je I1cTopl1jcKe aBaHrap,[le, BIf,[l11 Kao p:epIfBaTI1BHY, a
KacHl1jy YMeTHocT Koja je ogcTynIfJIa og OBor MO,[leJIa - KaKBe ro,[l 611JIe lbe
He I1CTopIfjcKe MOTIfBaU;Ifje - Kao perpecIfBHy. CTora OH Hl1je Morao p:ohIf
p:o n0311TIfBHe ou;eHe 0 "nocTaBaHrapp:If" I1JIIf 0 "aHTl1aBaHrapp:If" nOCTMO
gepHl13Ma.
HOBIfjl1 I1CTpa)KI1Baql1 aBaHrap,[lHIfX npaKCI1 cy KPIfTIfKOBaJIIf El1prepa
360r lberOBor nOTIfCKI1Balba xeTeporeHOCTI1 aBaHrapp:Hor op:rOBopa Ha MO
p:epHy, nonyJIapHy If IfHP:YCTpl1jaJIIf30BaHY KyJITypy - ogroBopa KOjIf je 06-
YXBaTao 11 U;IfJbeBe 6epJII1HCKI1X p:ap:aI1CTa, l1aKO HIfje 6IfO OrpaHI1QeH caMO
Ha lbIfX (Bathrick & Huyssen 1989. 8). Kao llITO I1CTIfQe Mop: JIaBIfH, U;I1Jb je
6HO ,[la ce npoTecTyje 360r IfHCTI1TYU;IfOHaJII13aU;l1je YMeTHocTI1 p:a 6If ce OHa
nOHOBO YKJbYQI1JIa y )KIfBOT, aJIIf y cnpe3If ca "acpl1pMaTI1BHOM" nonyJIap
HOM KyJITypOM, a He y cynpoTCTaBJbeHOCTI1 ca lbOM. I10CJIe 1922. 6epJII1H
CKIf MogepHIf3aM ce HIfje BIfllIe npBeHcTBeHo 6aBI10 n06YHOM, Hero nIfTa
lbeM "KaKaB op:rOBOp p:aTIf Ha Tp)Kl1llITe, nOJII1TKY 11 HOBe 06JIIfKe MaCOBHI1X
KOMYHI1KaU;l1ja If KOjl1 611 Mop:epHI1 CTI1JIOBIf 611JIIf Ty o,[lroBapajyhl1". Mey
TIfM, MellIalbe YMeTHOCTIf ca TeXHOJIOrl1joM, MaCOBHOM KyJITypOM If nony
JIapHOM 3a6aBoM je peTKo Kap:a y ce611 YKJbYQIfBaJIO I1MnepaTI1B 6aBJbelba
nOJIIfTI1KOM pace 11 poga (Kao Ha CJIIfU;If <I>ejT PrlHrOJI,[I). LIaK je 11 XaHa Xex,
6epJII1HCKI1 ,[IagaIfcTa KOjIf y CBOjl1M KOJIa)KIfMa npl1Ka3yje 113Y3eTHY 3a11HTe
peCOBaHOCT 3a 06jeKTI1Bl13aU;l1jy nOJIO)Kaja )KeHa, Malbe Kpl1TI1QHa npeMa
nOTu;elbI1BaQKOM CTaBY ,[IpYIlITBa y KOMe je )KI1BeJIa npeMa eTHorpacpCKOM
,[IpyroM (Lavin 1993. 50, 17-19, 160).
CTora ce <I>ejT PI1llrOJIp: MO)Ke BHgeTH Kao npop:Y)KeTaK XaHe Xex 11
lbeHa H30IlITpeHa npojeKU;l1ja. Kao H Ha KOJIa)KI1Ma XeXOBe, TaKO ce H KOP:
PI1HrOJIp:OBe acpl1pMHWY KBaJIHTeTH KOjH cy ce HeKaga CMaTpaJIH ,[IeJIOKpy
raM aBaHrapp:e: u;eHTpaJIHa paBaH nJIaTHa Ha KOjOj rr0311pa Mop:eJI, Koja 611
y TpagHU;HOHaJIHoj nepcneKTlfBI1 6HJIa XOpl130HTaJlHa, a CaMl1M Tl1M 11 yc
npaBHa y O)J,HOCy Ha paBaH CJII1Ke, OB)J,e je npeBpHyTa, y CTHJIY E,[Irapa .IJ:e
ra H MHOrl1X )J,pyrl1X MO)J,cpHI1CTa, )J,a 6lf KOlfHU;lfglfpaJIa ca paBHl1 CJII1Ke.
265
 TIIMe ce II3JIa3II y cycpeT I1oi)OJIIIjeBoM 3axTeBY Aa aBaHrapAHa YMeTHocT
6YAe q,opMaJIHO npeKpllIIITeJbCKa. AJIII aKO ce TO 'IIIHII MeTOAaMa Koje cy
Beh YCTaHOBJbeHe Kao eJIeMeHTII II3 IIHCTpYMeHTapIIjYMa paHIIjIIx reHepa
U;IIja, TIIMe ce TaKoi)e npIIMelhyje I10l)OJIHjeB H EIIprepOB peu;errT 3a aBaH
rapAHY cynpoTHOCT: nOTBpl)yjyhII OHO llITO ce caAa O'IeKyje OA aBaHrapAe,
OHa ce TIIMe aAarrTIIpa "TeopIIjH-CMPTH" (Mann 1991) BJIaCTHTe HHCTHTy
U;HOHaJIH3aU;Hje.
Kao H TOcilol)uu,e U3 A6ulboHa, H JIuKaco6 aUieJbe je jeAHHcTBeHH
rrpoH3BoA, 06jeKaT KOjH je CTBOpHJIa oc06a Koja ce MO)Ke HMeHOBaTH Kao
"rrojeAHHau;" - Koja ce cyO'IHJIa ca II3BeCHHM 6pojeM HeHHcTIITYU;HOHaJIHHX
KOHBeHU;Hja. JeAHa OA lhHX je YMeTHII'IKO Tp)KHlllTe. I10111 TO cy KOJIa)KII
PIIHrOJIAOBe Beh YlllJIH y HeKe KOJIeKU;Hje, II rrpIIBaTHe H jaBHe, OHa ce THMe
npIIKJby'IIIJIa aYToHoMHoj aBaHrapAII. TaKBo rrpHJIar0l)aBalhe TP)KIIlllTY rro
EHprepy 06jallllhaBa "yTHcaK 3aHaTCKor YMeha KOjH AeJIa aBaHrapAe He Ta
KO peTKO OCTaBJbajy" (1984. 53). Tpe6a ce ceTHTH Aa HHCY CBII aBaHrapAHH
rroKpeTH 6HJIH onceAHYTH MOAepHoM TeXHOJIOrHjoM. TpaAIIU;IIja py'IHe H3-
paAe Koja ce HarJIalllaBa y 6pIITaHcKoM BajapcKoM rroKpeTY H Jugendstilu
lllIIpIIJIa ce rrpeKo aBaHrapAHHx paAIIoHIIu;a EJIyMc6epIIja, .IJ:e CTHjJIa, Bay
xayca, KOJIer.ra BAeK MaywuuH H Topeca-rapcHje. HaMepHIIM yrryfiIIBalheM
Ha "3aHaTCTBO" (JIuKaco6 aUieJbe je 3aHCTa HarrpaBJbeH y BIIAY jopraHa, 3a
jeAHo ca AeKopaTIIBHHM lllTerrOBHMa, lllTaMrraHIIM MaTepIIjaJIHMa H KprrIIu;a
Ma KojHMa je IIcnYlheH), PHHroJIAOBa je rroBehaJIa nejopaTHBHII YJIor ca KO
jIIM aBaHrapAe Koje npOMOBHllle EHprep rrocMaTpajy "3aHaTCTBO", H3jeAHa
'IaBajyhH ra ca cTajaJIIIlllTeM 'IHjy MaTepHjaJIHOCT 6paHH Ta HCTa aBaHrap
Aa. YMecTo Aa 6YAe (Kao KOA MaTHca) nyKo perrpe3eHToBalhe eJIeMeHTa
HJIH (lllTO je 'IeCTO KOA I1HKaca, EpaKa H llIBIITepca) eJIeMeHaT KOjII cTBap
HOCT AOBOAH Y CJIHKY Kp03 MeToHHMHjy, a He MIIMeTCKH HJIH MeTacpopII'IHO,
PHHrOJIAOBa HaCJIHKaHa TKaHHHa Ca'IIIlhaBa Aeo caMe OCHOBe Ha KOjOj cy
HaCJIHKaHe lheHe cpHrype. OHe He caMO Aa ynyhyjy Ha MaTepHjaJIe OA KOjHX
ce TpaAHU;HOHaJIHO npaBe jopraHH - OHH TO H jecy. TaKo Aa OHa HCTOBpeMe
HO AOBOAH Y rrHTalhe jeAaH acneKT aBaHrapAHor HaCTaBJbalha TpaAHU;HO
HaJIHOr pa3ABajalha YMeTHOCTH H 3aHaTCTBa H npehYTHO yKa3yje Ha ApyrH.
HacJIHKaHa npH'Ia Ha jopraHY <DejT PHHroJIA TaKol)e npHKa3yje Ky6H
CTH'IKe anCTpaXOBaHe 06JIHKe, CTaBJbajyhH HX y jYKCTan03HU;Hjy ca TaKO-
3BaHHM "rrpHMIITHBHHM" HaAaxHyhHMa (MaCKa y roplheM JIeBOM yrJIy) H lhH
XOBHM JbYACKHM II3BOPOM, MOAeJIOM. CKJIanajyhH KOJIa)K He caMO OA I1HKa
COBHX Ky6HCTH'IKHX TpaHcKpIIrrU;Hja acpPwIKHX MaCKH H q,eMHlUIHor 06JIH
Ka, Hero H OA rrojeAHoCTaBJbeHI:lX HaTypaJIHCTH'IKHX perrpe3eHTaU;Hja MaCKH
II )KI1BI1X MOAeJIa, 3ajeAHo ca rrpeKplllI1TeJbCKI1M eJIeMeHTI1Ma "3aHaTcKHx"
rrpou;eca I1 aKTyaJIHOr HapaTI:lBHOr TeKCTa rrpH BpXy I1 J\Hy jopraHa, PI1HrOJI
AOBa HcnYlhaBa - y CTBapI1, HaAMalllyje - peBOJIYU;I:IOHapHH KBaJIHTeT (pa3-
6I1jalha HJIY3Hje opraHcKor jeAHHcTBa) KOjH EHprep rrpHrrHcyje YJIacKY aK-
266
TyaJIHHX cpparMeHaTa eMrrHpHjcKe cTBapHocTH Koja je YKJbY'IeHa y YMeT
HI1'IKO AeJIO ( Bur ger 1984. 78). He caMO lllTO lheH pacrraA "AeKopaTIIBHor",
T060)Ke rroBplllHor acneKTa 3aHaTCTBa y 3apaBlheHY paBaH MOAepHHCTH'I
Kor CJIHKapCTBa HaAMalllyje HMnepaTHBe I1 I1ol)OJII1jeBe aYToHoMHe aBaH
rapAe I1 eKOHOMCKO ,qeq,I1HHCalhe HHCTHTYU;Hja KOMe ce onI1paJIa EHprepo
Ba I1CTopIIjcKa aBaHrap,qa, Beh H lheHO CMelllTalhe aKTyaJIHe npI1nOBeCTII Ha
rrOBplllI1HY jopraHa 3aXBaTa cBe eJIeMeHTe npI:lKa3aHe y Mpe)KH 3Ha'Ielha
KojHMa ce ycrroCTaBJba opraHCKa rro,qy,qapHOCT ,qeJIOBa I1 3Ha'Ielha u;eJII1He,
Koja 6I1 TeXHI1Ka KOJIa)KHpalha HaBo,qHO Tpe6aJIo ,qa yHI1111TI1.
PHHrOJI,qOBa TeXHHKa CJIHKapCTBa y JIuKaco6oM aUieJbey nOCTaBJba
rrI1Talhe rJIaBHOr rrpaBu;a Ha KOMe je aBaHrapAa MaHI:IcpeCTOBaJIa CBOjy )Ke
Jby ,qa npOH3BOAI:I AeJIa 'II:Ije HX npou;eAype H nojaBe CMelllTajy H3BaH KOH
BeHU;I:Ija "YMeTHocTH" - y npI:lMIITI1BI13aM. IbeHa penpe3eHTaU;Hja ce KOH
CTpYI:lllle He caMO Kp03 3aHaTCKe TeXHHKe H KOJIa)K, Hero H Kp03 aKpI:lJIHe
60je rroMohy KOjI1X CJII1Ka cpI1rype, HaMelllTaj, TKaHIIHe. EYAyhH HaTypaJIH
CTI1'IKe, aJII1 He H aKaAeMCKe, lheHe TeXHHKe nOMaJIO no,qcehajy Ha YMeTHH
Ke nonYT Xopaca I1HnHHa, 'II1jI:l je caMOYKI1 CTHJI rrOHeKaA Ha3I1BaH "npI1MH
TI1BHHM". PI1HrOJI,qOBa, Mei)YTI:IM, HI:Ije caMOYKa. OHa je npocpeCIIOHaJIau;
KOjI1 je 1961. MarI:lCTpI1paJIa YMeTHOCT Ha CI1TH KOJIer.ry y IbyjOPKY. "KOPH
CTHJIa caM CBaKY MeTOAY Koja MII je Tpe6aJIa", rJIaCH lheH KOMcHTap. "To He
3Ha'II1 Aa He 6I1X 3HaJIa KaKO TO Aa H3Be,qeM Ha ,qpym Ha'II1Ha" (Ringgold
1990. 7). IbeH "HeOnpHMI1TI1BHI1" CTHJI 6H CTora noro,qHHje 6I1JIO AOBeCTH y
Be3Y ca CTI1JIOM OCTaJII:IX 06pa30BaHI1X YMeTHI:IKa, rrorrYT BHJIHjaMa X. UOH
COHa, 'II1jII je I1360p caMoYKe TeXHI1Ke HaBeo KpHTH'Iape ,qa ynoTpe6e Ty
03HaKY CTI1JIa, I:IJII1 3a rroTpe6e OBor eceja ca I1I1KaCOM I1JII1 MaTI1COM (KOjI:l
je, ca CJIIIKOM JIAec H MOAeJIOM BI:IJII1jOM MapH CI:IMOH TeMa je,qHor ,qpyror
jopraHa I13 cepI:lje C/JpaHu,ycKa 36upKa). 3Ha'IajHo je TO lllTO I1HKaco H Ma
TI1C, KOjI1 cy rroKYlllaBaJIH Aa n06erHY o,q eBponcKe 3aOCTaBlllTI1He y JIenI:lM
YMeTHOCTI1Ma npI:l6eraBalhY TeXHI:IKaMa H3 YMeTHocTI:I KOJIOHI130BaHI1X Ha
U;I1ja I1 OHOMe lllTO cc CMaTpaJIO cnOHTaHOM YMeTHH'IKOM TeXHI1KOM, HI:ICY
6I1JII1 cMaTpaHI:I "HeOnpI:lMI1THBU;I1Ma", Hcro "aBaHrap,qoM". EI1pajyhI1 Taj
CTI1JI, PI1HrOJI,qoBa ce MO)Ke CXBaTI1TI:I Kao lhI:lXOBa CJIeA6eHI:Iu;a. Ho, Kao
lllTO 3ana)Ka I1ol)OJII:I, aBaHrap,qI:lCTI1 cy cyrrpoTCTaBJbeHI1 "rrpHHU;I1ny AY
XOBHor I1 KYJITypaJIHOr HaCJIel)a", a lhI1XOB OMI:IJbCHI:I MI1T je 0 "nOHI1111TaBa
lhy u;eJIOKyrrHe rrpOlllJIOCTI:I, rrpeceAaHa H TpaAI:IU;I1je" (Poggioli 1968. 47).
.IJ:a JIH TO OH,qa 3Ha'II:I ,qa je jopraH <DejT PI1HrOJI,q rrpHMep npoMallleHor
aBaHrap,qI:l3Ma? MI1CJII:IM ,qa He, rrOlllTO je lheHa CBpxa rrpI1JII1KOM 0,qa6I1pa
lha HeOrrpI:lMI1TI1BHe peTOpI:lKe Ha Ba)KaH Ha'II1H nOTrrYHO cynpoTHa peTOpI1-
U;H BefiI:lHe 'IJIaHOBa aBaHrap,qe. Y TOM CMI1CJIY, HHCTPYKTI1BHO je 3ana)Kalhe
JupreHa Xa6epMaca 0 aBaHrap,qHoj npI1MeHI:I TaK03BaHor npI:lMI1THBHor:
OHO nOKa3yje, ITHllle OH, "aHapXHCTI1'IKY HaMepy ,qa ce pa30pI1 KOHTI1HYYM
HCTOpI1je", lllTO cc <rCCTO 'II1HI:I 3aMeHOM HCTopnjcKor cefialha ca "xepoj-
267
 CKOM rrpllBJIa'fHOwhy ... ocehaja BpeMeHa y KOMe ce AeKaAeHTHOCT 0AMaX
rrperr03Haje y BapBapCKOM, AlIBJbeM 1I rrpllMlITlIBHOM" (Habermas 1981. 5).
TlIMe 611 ce MOnIa rrpllAoAaTlI cTepeoTlIrrHo "AlIBJbaWTBO" 1I3HyTpa lIJIlI
crrOJba KOJIOHl130BaHlIX JbYAlI y3 3a0611JIa)!(elhe orrTY)K611 3a rrJIarl1jaT lIJIlI
rrOJIlITI1'fHY HeOCeTJbI1BOCT. CJIlIKajyhll y jeAHoM HeaKaAeMCKOM CTlIJIY Aa
611 AOBeJIa y rrllTalhe ycrroH Apyror HeaKaAeMcKor CTlIJIa, PI1HrOJIAOBa rro
CTaBJba rrllTalhe Koje rroral)a Y cplle OBor acrreKTa aBaHrapAHor rroAyxBaTa:
y rroKywajy Aa ce pacKlIHe status quo, 'flljll je rrpeoKpeT rrpllXBaTJbllB? Ko OA
Tora lIMa KOPllCTI1? Ko 0 TOMe OAJIY'fyje?
IToAjeAHaKo je 36ylhyjyhe lheHO AlICJIOllllpalhe OHora WTO je P03a
JIlIHA Kpayc Ha3BaJIa "opllrllHaJIHOwhy aBaHrapAe" 1I OHora WTO je PlI'fapA
IIIlIcp 03Ha'f1l0 Kao "TeXHlIKY opllrllHaJIHOCTlI". H ITol)OJIlI lI DlIprep cy 3a
rra311JIlI Ba)KHOCT opllrllHaJIHOCTlI y aBaHrapAHOM rrOTXBaTY, lIaKO C Apyra
'flljllM lIlIJbeBlIMa: ITol)OJIlI rrpllMehyje lheHY KOPllCHOCT y CTBapalhY Herro
rrYJIapHOCTlI, a DlIprep (Ha Tpary DelhaMlIHOBor YMeUiHU'iKOl oeJla y oo6a
MeXaHU'iKe peupooYKu,uje) lheHY rroApwKY aypll, MI1CTlIlIlI pl1TyaJIHOr CTa
Tyca YMeTHocTlI Kao He3aMelhllBor rrpo1l3BoAa lIHAlIBlIAyaJIHOr reHlIja (P og
gioli1968. 50; Burger1984. 28). Ho, 3a Kpayca H IIIlIcpa je AeMlIcTlIcpllKaQlI
ja aBaHrapAHlIx rrpeTeH311ja Ka OprllHaJIHOCTlI KJbY'faH rrocTMoAepHlI 3aAa
TaK. KaAa ce AyrrJIlIKaT, Korrllja, BlIAlI 3ajeAHo ca opllrllHaJIOM, rrllcao je
Kpayc, AyrrJIlIKaT pa3apa 'fllCTY rrojeAlIHaqHOCT OpllrIIHaJIa (Krauss. 109).
,UaJbe, H Kpayc 1I IIIHcp rrpllMehyjy Aa je opllrllHaJIHOCT - rJIaBHlI rrpaBall
aBaHrapAe qlljll je 3HaK crrOHTaHOCT lIJIlI caM01l3pa)KaBalbe - KBaJIlITeT KO
jll ce, rrapaAOKCaJIHO, cTBapa y 1I30611JbY KorrllpalheM (Krauss1981. 162; Shiff
1983.119). CJIeAehll,UepllAY, IIIlIcp lIAeHTlIcpllKyje jow paAlIKaJIHlIjll rrOJIlI
TlIqKlI rroTeHQlIjaJI Korrllje. ITpllMehyjyhll Aa YABajalhe caMO AOBOAlI AO rrpe
OKpeTa y rrpllopllTeTlIMa aBaHrapAe y cyrrpoTHocTlI opllrllHaJI/Korrllja, OH
3aKJby'fyje Aa aHTlIaBaHrapAa jow HlIje 3aBpWlIJIa CBOj rrocao CBe AOK pywe
lhe MlITa 0 opllrllHaJIY He 6y!e rrpaheHO rrOMepalheM qllTaBOr ClICTeMa KO
jll je rrOAp)!(aBaO Taj MlIT (Derrida 1977.195; Schiff1983. 118).
Y [JuKaco6oM CUiYOlljy, PlIHrOJIAOBa 3allCTa lIAe AaJbe OA 0611'fHOr KO
rrllpalha ITlIKacoBor CJIlIKapCTBa. OHa rrpeACTaBJba Korrlljy Tociiobuu,a U3
A6WbOHa OKpY)KeHY He caMO Ky611CTlIqKl1M CJIlIKaMa (TpaAlIlIlIOHaJIHlIM
rrpllrrpeMaMa 3a CJIlIKalhe), Hero 11 perrpe3eHTalll1jaMa ABe BpCTe "OpHrI1Ha
JIa" 3a rOJIe cpHrype IIOA MaCKaMa y lICTOPHjCKOM aBaHrapAHOM CJIHKapCTBY:
acppllqKe MaCKe 1I BI1TKy cpHrypy ClIMOHe, PHHrOJIAOBe Ay6JIepKe. PHHrOJI
AOBa rrOHaBJbalheM rrOCTH)Ke HeKOJIHKO CTBapH: ITI1KaCOBO "peMeK AeJIO" ce
rroTlIcKyje y II03aAlIHY, OHO je 3aKJIOlheHO CKlIlIaMa "3Be3Ae" CJIlIKe, ClIMO
He, 1I MaCKaMa Koje xlIjepaTcKH JIe6Ae y rr03aAHHH; ITHKacoBOM "peMeK )),e
JIy" ce rrOpHqe crrOHTaHOCT, a THMe 1I Opl1rl1HaJIHOCT reHHja lherOBor TBOp
u,a, YKa3HBalheM Ha lherOBe H3Bope 11 rrpeJIHMHHapHe IIOCTYIIKe HeorrXOAHe
rrpHJIlIKOM lherOBor CTBapalha. PHHrOJI)),OBa )),OSOAH y IIHTalbe He caMO CTa-
268
TyC HaBOAHe opHrHHaJIHOCTlI ITHKaca Kao IIpeACTaBHlIKa aBaHrap)),e, Hero 1I
yJIory YMeTHOCTlI KOJIOHH30BaHHX Hallllja 1I cpeMI1HHHlIX 06jeKaTa y aBaH
rapAHOM MOAepHlICTlIqKOM IIoAyxBaTY.
Ha Tpary TeOpeTHqapa Kao WTO je CY3aH Py6HH CYJIejMaH, qHHlI MlI
ce Aa TeopHja asaHrap)),e Koja lIMa BpeAHocTlI Mopa y ce6e YKJbyqllTlI lI IIO
eTlIKY )KaHpa (qeMY 611x AOAaJIa H IIoeTHKY KOJIOHlIjaJIHlIX 1I rrOCTKOJIOHlI
jaJIHHX lIcKycTaBa) (Suleiman 1990. 84). PI1HrOJIAOBa KOPllCTlI csoj 1I3MlI
WJbeHlI alter ego, BlIJIlIjy Mapll ClIMOH, Aa 6H AeMlITlIcpllKOBaJIa 1I lICTOPI1-
30BaJIa rrpllpoAY pa3Aopa 1I3Mel)y perrpe3eHTopa 1I perrpe3eHTosaHor - 3a
jeAHo C TlIM, qeCTO H rrOJIHY 1I pacHy pa3ABojeHocT - KOjOM ce OAJIlIKyjy 1I
lIcToplljcKa aBaHrapAa 1I TpaAlIlIlIOHaJIHa YMeTHocT. "BHpYJIeHTHOCT KlIqa,
Te HeOAOJbI1Be IIpllBJIaqHOCTlI", 6pHHYO ce KJIHMeHT fpllH6epr, "lIcrrYHlIJIa
je ypol)eHlIqKe KyJIType y csaKoj KOJIOHlIjll 1I 06e3JIHqHJIa lIX" (Greenberg
1939. 14). OAaBAe CJIe)),H Aa je rrorrYJIapHa - AaKJIe, HeoaBaHrapAHa - KYJI
Typa Ha 1I3BeCTaH HaqllH 3aBOAJbllBa 1I 60JIeCHa (CJIlIKa rrpocTlITyTKe je rrp
BO WTO HaM 1I3JIa311 rrpe)), Oqll). ,UaJbe, osaj cpeMlIHH30BaHlI rrorrYJI1I3aM (Kao
CYIIPOTHOCT "CTBapHOj" YMeTHOCTlI KOJIOHH3aTopa) pa36JIa)Kyje 1I rrOTlICKY
je "qIICTe" ypol)eHl1qKe KyJIType. ITpeTrrocTaBKa je 6HJIa Aa ce BpXyHCKlI
KBaJIHTeT Be3yje 3a OHO WTO je eBporrcKo 1I MYWKO, a )),a cy "ypol)eHlIqKe
KYJIType", TBp)),H EHAPY Poc, Koje cy rrpY)KaJIe o)),rOBOp Ha CJIlIKe ca 3arra
Aa Koje cy rrpllMaJIe (Kao WTO CMlI II MII ca 3arraAa OArOBapaJIH Ha lhllXOBe)
611JIe 1I 60JIeCHe 1I cpeMlIH1I3l1paHe (Ross 1989. 43-47). Kao WTO lICTlIqe Ke
pOJI ,UaHKaH (1I fp1l3eJI)),a IIoJIOK y HOBlIje BpeMe), aBaHrap)),HlI YMeTHlIK je
YHlIBep3aJIHO IIpeACTaBJbeH Kao MywKapau, MHoro rrpe Hero WTO je 1939.
o6jaBJbeH ecej A6aHlapoa II KU'i. Taj cTaTYc je rroTBpl)lIBaH cyrrpoTCTaBJba
lheM lherOBor aKTlIBHor, xeTepoceKcyaJIHOr MacKYJIlIHOr areHca rraClISHOM
cpeMlIH1I30BaHoM H 06jeKTHcpHKoBaHoM cTaTYcy lherOBe YMeTHocTII 1I )!(e
HaMa Koje ce y lhOj 'feCTO rrpeACTaBJbajy. 0)), YMeTHIIKa C Kpaja AeBeTHae
CTor BeKa rrOIIYT ITOJIa foreHa H EABapAa MYHKa AO rrO'feTKa "lIcToplljcKe
aBaHrapAe" (ITlIKaco 1I MaTlIc), yKJby'fyjyhll Ty 1I cpoBlIcTe AHApe ,UepeHa
1I Mopllca BJIaMeHKa, YMeTHlIKe Bruckea EpHcTa KlIpxHepa 1I EpllKa XeKe
JIa, )),aAalICTe 1I Ha))'peaJIlICTe ,UlIwaHa, IIIBlITepca, MaKca EpHcTa 1I oaKO
MeTlIja, arrcTpaKTHe eKcrrpeclIoHlIcTe UeKcoHa IIoJIoKa 1I BlIJbeMa )),e Ky
HlIHra, )KeHe cy 6HJIe TeK cpeACTBO, aJIII He 1I HOClIOU,lI YMeTHOCTII Koja je
IICTpa)KlIBaJIa OHO WTO je CXBaTaHO Kao cpeAIIWlhlI rrp06JIeM enlIcTeHu,lIje
y 60p611 MYWKor EBpOIIJbaHlIHa 1I3 cpe)),lhe KJIaCe rrpOTlIS eKOHOMCKlIX II
rrCIIXOJIOWKlIX CTpyKTypa Mo)),epHor 6YP)KOaCKOr ApYWTsa. qaK je II ,UlIwa
HOBa CPOHluaHa MywKa lIHCTaJIau,l1ja (l1aKO He He)),BOCMlICJIeHO), a AK1U CU
Jla3U HU3 nueliHuu,e je lICKI1AaH, Kao 1I apxHTeKTypaJIHO OKpY)Kelhe OKO
qmrype, )),I1HaMI130BaHI1M Ky6H3MOM, YMeCTO )),a 6y)),e areHC lheHe aKTHBHO
CTH. MIIWeJI BOJIac je rroTKperrHJIa ,UaHKaHosy TBp)),ehH )),a ce y aHTHasaH
rap)),Hoj )),eKoHcTpYKU,HjH Mo)),epHHCTl1qKOr asaHrap)),Hor IIPHMl1THSH3Ma IIO-
269
HaBJha npMMMTMBMCTIFIKa KceHocp06Mja, a He 01l.6aI.J;yje. BOJIaCOBa je, Mel)y
TIfM, 3aMHTepeCOBaHa 3a Il.pyra'IHjM acneKaT aBaHrapll.HOr anapTxejll.a - lhe
rOBO MCKJhY'IHBalhC 060jCHlfX YMCTHMKa Kao TBOpaI.J;a 6uwHe YMCTHOCTM,
jep cc YMCTHOCT M yMCTHMI.J;M M3 ACPPMKC M 3CMJha Tpcher CBeTa cMaTpajy
Bpell.HMM npBeHCTBeHO Kao Hall.axHyhe 3a eBponCKY aBaHrapll.Y. Pa3YMeBa
lhe YMeTHOCTM AcpPMKe M OKeaHMje 'IMja Bpell.HOCT 3aBMCM Oil. eBponCKor
Bpell.HOBalha, TBPIl.M BOJIaCOBa, nOHaBJha ce Kp03 Hecnoc06HOCT nOCTMO
ll.epHMCTa Il.a y3My y 063Mp MIIITa Il.pyro OCMM npOM3BOll.a YMeTHMKa M KpM
TM'Iapa eBponCKor nOpeKJIa. OHa 3aKJhY'lyje Il.a ce M MaCKYJIMHOCT M 6eJIa
IIITBO MCTopMjcKe aBaHrapll.e HaCTaBJha Kp03 aHTMaBaHrapll.Y y nOCTMOll.ep
Roj reHepaI.J;MjM.
YnpaBO TaKBoj cMTyaI.J;MjM ce cynpoTCTaBJha npMnOBeCT ca MBMI.J;a
OCJIMKaHOr jopraHa Kp03 rJIac CMMOHe, TaKol)e YMeTHMI.J;e, aJIM M I1MKaco
Bor MOll.eJIa. Kao cynpoTHocT y06M'IajeHoM hyTalhy MOll.eJIa, CMMOH ce ce
ha CBor Oll.rOBOpa Ha caBeT TeTKe MeJIMCe, Ha npOIIIanTaHO 3ana)!(alhe KO
je npMnlfcyje MaCKaMa CBOjMX npell.aKa Ha I1MKacoBOM 3MIl.Y M npocTMTyT
KaMa ca cBoje CJIMKe. "Moja YMeTHocT je cJI060ll.a Il.a Ka)!(eM IIITa MMCJIMM",
Oll.rOBOpMJIa je CMMOH. "N'importe Koje CM 60je KO)!(e, MO)KeIII 'IMHMTM IIITa
xoheIII avec votre art" (Ringgold 1990. 33). <I>opMaT M npMrrOBell.HM CTMJI ca
Mor jopraHa perrpe3eHTyje rrOJIo)!(aj <I>ejT PMHrOJIIl. y CBeTY YMeTHOCTM, no
IIITO cy jopraHM, Kao IIITO 6eJIe)KM IIaTpMIIIa MCHapIl.M, "rrOTI.J;CIhMBaHM M3
MCTMX pa3JIOra Kao M I,IC3, BCJIMKa aMCpM'IKa MY3MKa - 3aTO IIITO cy MX
CTBapaJIM 'rrorpCIIIHM' JhYIl.M M 3aTO IIITO TMM Jhy.r;MMa, M3 CCKCMCTM'IKMX M
paCMCTM'IKMX pa3JIOra, HMje ll.0nYIIITaHO Il.a pcrrpc3eHTyjy MJIM oll.pcl)yjy
aMcpM'IKy KyJITypy" (Mainardi1982. 344). IIorrYT I,IC3a, y acppoaMcpM'IKoj
3ajCIl.HMI.J;M je 6MJIa jaKa M Tpall.MI.J;Mja jopraHa ca MCrrplf'laHMM rrpMrrOBCCTM
Ma, Mall.a HMjC jOIII Oll.pel)eHo KOJIMKO jc OHa 6MJIa 1l.0MMHaHTHa (Grudin
1990.13-17).
PMHroJIIl.OBa Oll.p)KaBa Cy6jCKTMBHOCT Koja KOM6IIHyje YMCTHlI'IKM
MIl.CHTMTeT ca crrojeM rrpoHal)cHor acppM'IKOr HaCJIel)a M CPCMMHMHC CCKCy
aJIHOCTM; IIITO je reCT KOjM TC'IC cyrrpoTHo Oil. rryKor MeTacpopM'IKOr IfJIIf
MCTOHMMlfjcKor ('IaK If Kall.a je caocehajHO) MeIIIalha OBMX TepMIfHa Ha KpC
aTIfBHOM crrlfCKY M aBaHrapll.C M aHTlfaBaHrapll.C. lbCH rrOJIO)Kaj Kao Cy6jCK
Ta jc, Mcl)YTMM, clfTyMpaH Ha MIl.CjM Il.a YMCTHOCT HYIl.M apcHy 3a MHIl.MBMll.ya
JIMCTM'IKY CJI0601l.Y, IIITO jc CTaHll.apll.Ha TBpll.lha jCIl.HC Oil. IIol)oJIlfjeBc Il.BC
aBaHrapll.e, KyJITypHO-yMCTHIf'lKC. OBa aHOMaJIlfja OTKpMBa rrapall.OKC Y cp
I.J;y aBaHrapll.HMX r rpcTeH3Mja Ka YHMBep3aJIHoj pCJIeBaHTHOCTM (Huy ssen
1981. 38; Recd 1994. 273): lheHa cJI060ll.a jc oMcl)cHa, a YHMBep3aJIHOCT Il.C
JIIfMM'IHa. Kao IIITO cyrepMlllc ,IJ,aHMjCJI XCPBMI.J;, MO)Kll.a jc "TeHIl.CHI.J;Mja ca
BpcMcHe YMCTHOCTM M TeopMjc Il.a TCOPCTM3Mpalhe 0 YMeTHOCTM M KyJITypM
TpCTMpa Kao Il.a jc TO jCIl.MHa rrpCOCTaJIa aBaHrapll.Ha aKTMBHOCT Ha 3CMJhIf"
rrpaBM Ha'lMH Il.a cc HaCTaBC paHMjc aBaHrapll.C (Hcrwitz 1993. 272-73).
270
I1paTehlf XCPBMI.J;OBO 3arra)KalhC, Momo 6M cc pehM Aa PIIHrOJIAOBa He
caMO lllTO OTKpMBa rrapaAoKce y CPI.J;y aBaHrapAc, Hcro If y'lecTByje y lhlfMa.
Kao lllTO jc rrplfMcheHo, 'IJIaHOBM pa3JIIf'llfTMX MaHMcpccTaI.J;lfja aBaHrapAc,
J1QroToBo y lheHIfM HajpcBOJIYI.J;MOHapHlfjIfM TPcHYI.J;MMa, HMCY 6MJIM 3a1l.0-
BOJhHM cTaTycoM YMeTHocTM Kao p06c y KarrMTaJIMCTM'IKOM Il.PYlllTBY M Tpa
,I.lMI.J;MOHaJIHOM xMjcpapxMjoM Mell.Mja. MCl)YTMM, aBaHrapll.HM CTaTyC je Ae
cpMHMcaH y 0AHOCY rrpCMa Tpall.MI.J;MjaMa ApyIIITBa, a Aa 6M cc rrOCTMrJIO npM-
3Halhe, Mopajy cc MCKOPMCTMTM HeKM lheHM pecypcM. KJIMMCHT fpMH6epr je
KOMeHTapMcao Aa cc HMjcAHa KyJITypa HC MO)Ke pa3BMTM 6e3 eKOHOMCKC
nOll.pIIIKe M Aa aBaHrapAa, ynpKoc npeTnOCTaBI.J;M Aa jc OIl.Ce'lCHa Oil. BJIall.a
jyhe eJIMTC, 3anpaBo 3a lhy 6IIJIa npMKa'leHa "3JIaTHOM nyn'laHoM BpnI.J;OM"
(Greenberg 1939. 10-11). I1cTopMjcKM rJIeAaHO, aBaHrapAa je nperOBapaJIa
OBO CXBaTalhC nOMohy pa3HOJIMKMX Malhe IfJIM BMllle aAanTMBHMX cTpaTerM
ja. Ha Tpary I1ol)OJIojeBc cpopMyJIaI.J;Mjc 0 "ABC aBaHrapAe", HMKOC XaI,IM
HMKOJIay M IIcTep BOJIeH cy npMMCTMJIM Aa CMO y ABaAcccToM BeKY 6MJIM
CBCAOI.J;M cpopMlfpalha "HanpeAHor" JIeBM'IapCKOr M "KOH3epBaTMBHor" AC
CHM'IapCKOr aBaHrapll.M3Ma. Ho, npcTnocTaBKa Aa nOJIMTM'IKa M peBOJIYI.J;H
OHapHa JIeBMI.J;a TC)KM Aa npMBMJICryjc pcamnaM, IfJIY31f0HM3aM M KlhM)KCB
HOCT, AOK arrOJIMTM'IHa MJIM KOHTpapeBOJIYU:MoHapHa AccHMu:a cpaBopM3yje
ancTpaKU:Mjy, caMopccpJICKCMBHOCT M rpMH6eprOBCKM MOAepHM3aM, y npaK
CM 'leCTO AOJIa3M y KOHTpaAMKI.J;lIjy. <I>MJIMCKII cTBapaoU:1I nonYT Ccprcja Aj-
3eHIIITajHa II )KaH-flIIK fOAapa, Kao M I1IIKaco Ha CJIIIU:1I Tocuol)ul{e U3 A8U
fbOHa, nplIMehyjc BOJICH, nOKa3yjy 3analhyjyhc JIa6aBY KOHBcHU:lIoHah HY
rrOBC3aHOCT 1I3Mel)y CPOPMC M 3Ha'lClha, lIaKO HC AonYlllTajy Aa IIX lhlIXOBO
cTapalhc OKO ancTpaKTHe II eKcrreplIMCHTaJIHe cpopMe HaTcpa Aa HarrycTc
peaJIIICTlI'IKO IIJIII cKcrrpccMOHIICTlI'IKO TpcTlIpalhc cBoje TCMC l en
(Wo l
1982. 98-101; Hadjinieolaou 1982. 44-46). 3a pa3JIlIKy 011. npOlI3BOll.a aBaH
rapAc, Kao lllTO ey CPYTYPMCTWIKM M AaAalICTlI'IKII ncpcpopMaHCII, KojMMa
EMprep Aajc npeAHOCT H HajMalhe npOAaBaHHX HaApeaJIHCTH'lKIIX KOH
CTpyKU:Hja, jopraml <I>CjT PMHroJIA Kao Aa acplIpMlIlllY He caMO CBOj CTaTyC
p06c nojaBJhHBaIbCM y raJIepHjaMa Kao JIYKCY3HH 06jeKTH 3a rrpo):lajy, Hero
M rrOTBpl)yjy xcrcMoHHjy CJlHKapCTBa, nOIlITO lhMXOBa nojaBa Ha HOMIIHaJI
HO ynoTpe6JhHBOM 06jeKTY (OAHOCHO, "3aHaTCKOM npOII3BOAY") rrpOMOBM
llle lheHC jopraHe y CTaTYC "JIcnc" YMeTHOCTH.
OBAe, Mel)YTHM, Tpe6a HCTahH ABa peJICBaHTHa 3aKJhY'IKa. I1pBH jc Aa
110CTOjlI pa3JIlfKa 1f3MCl)y oA6aU:HBalha He'Iera IlITO 6M 6MJIO pa3YMHo O'lC
KIfBaTIf Aa ce Hal)e If He'ICra IlITO je IfCTOPlfjCKIf HeAocTyrrHo. PMHrOJIAOBa
I1peACTaBJha OHY rpyny ()KeHe 060jCHC KO)KC) Koja je peTKo cMaTpaHa IIO
A06HOM Aa 110CTaHe 'IJIaH aBaHrapAe, lllTO jc If TCMa cCPlfjc f!JpaHI{ycKa
36up Ka. I-bCH IfACHTIfTCT jc 06eJIe)KaBa Kao jCAHY 011. OHIfX 3a Koje jc y 11.0-
MIfHaHTHOM l\pYIIlTBy, YKJbY'Iyjyhlf Ty H aBaHrapAY, cMaTpaHo Aa cTBapajy
"3aHaTcKIf npoIf3BoA", a HC JIcrry YMCTHOCT. ,IJ,a 6H YMCTHHK Y IIOJIO)Kajy
271
<I>ejT PHHrOJIA oo6uo Aa npHxBaTH YJIore Koje joj AOAeJbyje TpaAHHOHaJI
Ha aBaHrapAa H3AH3albeM rrpaBJbelba jopraHa y CTaTYC CJIHKapCTBa KOjH ce
nOTOM npoAajy rro eHH CJIHKa, OH ce Mopa CTaBHTH H3BaH oApei)eHHX Ae
CPHHHHja aBaHrapAe If HCTOBpeMeHO OCTaTH yHyTap ApyrHx (Kao IlITO rrpH
Mefiyje XaI,IHHHKOJIay, "AeCHlf'IapCKa" cTpyja aBaHrapAH3Ma je OA nOqeTKa
6HJIa MofiHHja [182, 45]). JIuKaco6 aiUeJbe AOBOAH y rrHTalbe o6e AecpHHHH
je. Ho, Ha ApyroM HHBOY, paCKHAalbe ca KyJITypaJIHHM anapTxejAoM KOjH cy
HaMeTaJIe KOHBeHHje - nOqeTKOM IbeHe KapHjepe, If AaJbe Ay6oKO yKope
IbeHe y o6e aBaHrapAe (Kao If y ycnOHY aHTHaBaHrapAe y Ao6a HaCTaHKa
Tor AeJIa) KojHMa je BefiHHa HHCTHTyHja HerHpaJIa rrocTojalbe - 3HaqHJIO
je Y3eTH yqellIfie y OHOMe IlITO cy MHOrH KOMeHTaTopH HAeHTHcpHKOBaJIH
Kao AOMHHaHTHH KJbyq 3a HajqellIfie AecpHHHcalbe TepMHHa "aBaHrapAa":
6HTH IlHBeHTHBaH. OBHM ce TaKoi)e (HHMaJIO CJIyqajHO) OApa)KaBa COHO
JIOIlIKO pa3YMeBalbe aBaHrapAH3Ma - OHO Koje ra BHAH Kao cyrrpoTCTaBJbe
HOCT He caMO 3aCTapeJIHM HopMaMa, Hero If npa3HOM rrpocTopy y rraMfielbY
ApYIlITBa, y KOjH je rrOTHCHYT YMeTHHqKH HarrpeAaK H3 rrpOIlIJIOCTH (nonYT
acppHqKe YMeTHOCTH HJIH YMeTHOCTH )KeHa) (Hadjinocolaou 1982. 40, 48).
,IJ.pyrH 3aKJbyqaK ce THqe 0pHrHHaJIHOcTH. YnpKOC TOMe IlITO PHHrOJI
AOBa KOPHCTH pecpepeHe aBaHrapAHe npOH3BOAlbe, OHa HM ce OBAe CY
rrpOTCTaBJba Y HajMalbe TpH acneKTa: Y qeCToj (MaAa He If HeH30CTaBHoj)
rrpeApaCYAH npeMa "3HaTaCTBY"; Y oA6HjalbY Aa ce 6YAe HapaTHBaH; If Tpe
fiH, MO)KAa Haj3HaqajHlljH, rrpoTepHBalbY KorrHje y HMe opHrHHaJIHOcTH.
MO)Ke ce yqHHHTH Kao Aa PHHrOJIAOBa cTBapHo nOKYllIaBa Aa rrOHHIlITH
aBaHrapAY. KOHaqHO, aJIerOpHqHH HaqHH KOjH rrpHMelbyje y JIuKaco6oM
aiUeJbey Hcnpa)KlbaBa IbeHe o6jeKTe, yKJbyqyjyfiH If HAejy 0 caMoj aBaHrap
AH, OA 6HJIO KaKBHX 3aXTeBa 3a HMaHeHTHHM 3HaqelbeM THMe IlITO HX O)KH
BJbaBa CBOjOM rr a)KlbOM. AJIH Kao IlITO rrpHMefiyje IIoJI MaH, Befi caM pa3-
rOBOp 0 CMpTH aBaHrapAe 3HaqH IbeHO OnOpaBJbalbe, a Taj onopaBaK (TaKO
i)e) rrpeACTaBJba cneKTaKJI HHTepHaJIH3aHje MaprHHa KYJITypHor AHcKypca
cBojcTBeHor KyJITypH KaCHor KarrHTaJIH3Ma Koja je, Ha rrpBOM MeCTY, If
CTBOpHJIa aBaHrapAY (1991. 14-15). qHHH MH ce Aa 6H npeH3HHje 6HJIO pe
fiH Aa PHHroJIAOBa yqeCTByje y caBpeMeHoM pacnapIaBalby aBaHrapAe "y
6pojHe rrOBe3aHe KOMaAHfie, OA KOjHX CBaKH CaAp)KH jeAHY HJIH BIfllIe aBaH
rapAHIfx KapaKTepHcTHKa - nOJIHTHqKY, CTHJICKY, TeopeTcKY, peTOpHqKY,
yBpeAJbHBy HJIH HeKY APyry" (Herwitz 1993. 273). To HaM AonYIlITa Aa llu
KaC060M aiUeJbey rrpHrrHllIeMo "TPOCTPYKOCT rJIaca" (aKo rrpHcBojHMo 3a
KJbyqaK CY3aH Py6HH CYJIejMaH) If "CJIO)KeHOCT If KOHTpaAIfKHjy" (Aa ce
rroAceTIfMo Po6epTa BeHTypHja) Koja je CaqHlba H3 rrpHBp)KeHOCTIf <I>ejT
PHHrOJIA cpopMaJIHHM eKcnepHMeHTHMa If HeKifX KJbyqHHX acrmpaIfja
IfCTopIfjcKe aBaHrapAe. Mei)YTrIM, cpeMIfHHCTHqKOM KPIITIIKOM AOMIIHaHT
He KyJIType II nOCTKOJIOHIIjaJIHe AeKOHCTpYKIfje paCHIfX npaKCII eBpOIICKe
II aMepHqKe aBaHrapAe, PIIHrOJIAOBa II3JIa3II II3BaH TIIX rpaHlfa.
LIL
EEnEIlIKE 1111II1PA nl1TEPA TYP A
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