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    28 views22 pages

    Stability and Control

    Uploaded by

    Pritamjit Rout
    aircraft

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    AERONAUTICAL SOCIETY OF INDIA ASSOCIATE MEMBERSHIP EXAMINATION DECEMBER 2010 SECTION -B CmopirieD sytiapus) AS6: Airplane Performance Stability and Control Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 100 Instructions 1. This Question paperis in THREE parts 2. Follow instructions given in each part, 3. If not specified, make appropriate assumptions, stating and justifying the same. 4, Standard sea level properties of atmosphere are : T=15° C,P=101,325 Nim”, (971.2256 kg/m" , a= 340 mis. 5.__Make use of sketches and plots for your own benefit. PART I (Maximum Marks 10*2=20) 1. Pick up the correct answer in each part from the given four alternatives:- 1.'The adiabatic lapse rate for stability of atmosphere is a. 6.5 K perkm b. 7.5 K perkm ¢. 8.75 K per km “ds 9.75 K per km ~2¢ While in turning flight at an angle 8, the load factor n on an airplane is proportional to a. cos bo sec 0 ce. sind 4. tan AX: Stalling velocity Vy (flaps down) of an airplane is related to stalling velocity V, for the same airplane as below AV V ©. Vy =Ve d. Vy 7LZBe. saber Determine the location of aerodynamic centre in terms of the chord of the airfoil from the data obtained from wind tunnel tests: At Cy = 0, Cuca =-0.04 At a= 8, Cnc =-0.10, Ci= 1.0 and Cy =0.06, ~-8~ Explain the effect of increasing Mach number on the aerodynamic coefficients C,. and Cp of an airfoil section with the aid of plots and sketches. Limit yourself to M = 1.0. Hence define the terms (i) critical Mach number and (ii) drag divergence Mach number. < What are different ways to reduce take-off runs for military airplanes. Elaborate with sketches and plots. A glider weighing 5000N has elliptic wing of 70 m. It is required to maintain a glide angle of 3? at a forward speed of 50 m/s. Assuming Cp, =0.015 , find the aspect ratio of the wing of the glider. AR=\6-085 Vi... The characteristic equation of lateral dynamic stability of an airplane was obtained as below; 9°+2.4454+2.519°+3.689-0.0152s = 0. Work out the details of different lateral flight modes from above 8 Show that the phugoid mode represents conservation of the sum of kinetic and potential energies. 8 Explain difference between mass balancing and aerodynamic balancing. What happens if these two are not satisfied in a control surface separately and taken together? Give one ‘example each. . Explain a method of determining stick free noofe 7 | iW flight testing. Provide th back ground from theory. pa wees - + le a 7 fC 1] 2 “eins Se {= 5 Bee ee Sees bee ie aa IN R= 2D \o(2) [ore PART III (Maximum Marks 4*4 = 16) Attempt any four FOUR parts VIII Elaborate the following statements as much clearly as possible. (Rudder lock occurs due to the convergence of trim angle and float angle. ee balance is used mainly for ailerons. iif, A horn balance is superior to a set back hinge. “Gv, Adverse yaw will not occur with the deployment of spoiler controls. (YA pure flying wing type airplane will be directionally stable on its own and may not require any additional stabilizing surfaces. (vi Stick fixed static longitudinal stability( ee Yioea is greater than Stick free static longitudinal stability. _ pee AERONAUTICAL SOCIETY OF INDIA ASSOCIATE MEMBERSHIP EXAMINATION JUNE 2010 SECTION-B ( MossFlEd SyLineys) AS6: Airplane Performance Stability and Control Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 100 instructions This Question paper isin’ THREE parts Follow instructions given in each part Ifnot specified, make appropriate assumptions, stating and justifying the same. Standard sea level properties of atmosphere ate : T=15°C, p=1.2256 kg’m*, a= 340 m/s Make use of sketcltes and plots for your own benefit. 01,325 Nin? PART 1 (Maximum Marks 10*2 =20) Pick up the correct answer in each part fromthe given four alternatives: i. Sun rise pgsted indie. | 2. The mane » 3. Drag of ar b. unstable atmos; ¢, neutral atmosphere ¢. normal atmosphere vér point stick free, lies a. head of Ny b. lof Ny cif of #, A ot Ni, foil at small angles of atlack consists of say a, 80% pressure drag anc 20 % skin friction drag b. 50% pressure drag and 50 % skin friction drag ¢. 30% pressure drag and 60 % skin ‘riction drag \A20% pressure drag and 10% shin friction dr 4. Drag divergenee’Mach umber of an atfoil depends upon a. its phickness disteibution SA mip CE ¢. its camber distribution 4. its maximum camber 2 beliavionr of an airfoil is a function of | a. camber distribution aximum thickness feading edge radius ‘wailing edge angle cading edge strake on 2 swept back wing airplane nis on auxiliary lifting surface this a kind of fillet for s ing —body junction. ve vfots as energy provider For ound: Sr ats to remove the dead pockets of ir 6 Ak lary layer on ‘the wing. flow on the ing. 1, For a syinmetscalsixfoll section » Co about its a.¢. 18; ‘ definitely positive yefinitely negative o. definitely 2eP0 6. nothing definite are with stable €-8- Rose down tab is required fox Wns + pose up tab is required for tm @. No tab is required for trim ¢. none cf above 8, For an airp) flying wing will weauire a. Xgy 7X 2 cg Xa ©. eg Kx 1 Tonwitudinal stabil.-¥ 9 4, neutral a4 22 i Be 1 (MAXIMUM MARKS 16*4 = 64) PART Ii ‘Attempt any FOUR 4} yestions, altitudes of 10 km and 18.5 0 = 4 fine ISA. Caleulate pressure, density and temperature at iake the sea level conditions 25 Mbgve ard the lapse rate as 6-5 Wkm. if measuring airspeed in flight? Explain with theory: Hence describe 4 and indicated airspeed 6 What is the method © the terms; true airspec lane weighing 250,000 N Fs © ing plan ' eient of 0.018. Its trailing vor pect ratio of 9 = 83m? , wing aI the form area 10% more than ax drag is jum, Take the thrust power developed to be as 2.6 MW at all spevds. Csleuale wun speed and maximum rate of climb at sea level. 8 maxi Demonstrate from the dimensional analysis of force over an airfoil that Drag force is a function of [ a, Re, Ma, Co], with usual notations in aerodynamics. 8 2 froin your work out that a@=—%—— _, where ap and aare respectively the 1+—* meAR lift curve slopes of airfoil & wing (of the same section) of the aspect ratio AR and e is the span efficiency factor. é 4 Define th: term Drag and pregént. the break up of total dl deapstety aigplane. Show that for minimum drag ,the parasite and lift dependent drag coefficients are equal in magnitude. Can you now obtain the expression for the airspoed at which this equality occurs? 8 _The geometrical and aerodynamic characteristics of a glider are given as follows; Wing _-——~ AR=8 (NACA 23012, a9 = 0.104,0~, = -1.2 ),Hor.Tail AR = 4 (NACA 0009.ap = 0.110), 6 ,rate of change of down wash & =0.5 tail efficiency a (Cy (acy), =0.35 and elevator effectiveness =0.55 Calculate the Stick fixed neutral the required equation before you make use of the same. 16 Tail volume ratio 7 1, = 0.9 , Aerodynamic centre at 0.24¢, = 0.08, Elevator area ratio SUS, Derive VI. The characteristic equation of dynamic longitudinal stability of an airplane was obtained as below; A2* + BA +Ca?+DA+E=0 ,where A 5.102, C =0.363, E = 0.637. Work out the time period, Ny and ty, of the phugoid oscillations Provide ihe basis of your recognizing the oscillation to be as such. 16 RG bea ons ceyelora ef olin shamans wha is sh ° F dC, y S; wl Jp. Prove tat C,y = 33 + wm vith standard notations. 16 PART HI (Map imum Marks 4*4 = 16) “xy Les 1 Attempt any four parts VIII. Elaborate the following statements as much clearly as possible. CA igher ana stable 0 oretimbing at 8 pees and auuaes oe oonieved ypeler power irplanes: re off p yerfort’ detet rior 1S earl around the y sapor aarp ag exer poet by an SHO, y placed in ajeeam of uniform parattel 10% jah of the the wal © ‘pehind it itd spect he eS for jateral- ue a opal oS yscillations- oeepuanse Wat PH osher eneit® depends UPO™ yon wit wing does PION actor of HOI ry 8 Pe nigher for an z A ‘Aswept Li ‘Roll to Ya sw ratio ig is a f00k ‘guck 8 9 og onsite 1 stabilit eae Vy na A RMIT: AERONAUTICAL SOCIETY OF INDIA ASSC CIATE MEMBERSHIP EXAMINATION DECEMBE! SECTION - 8B 2009 AS6: Airplane Performance Stability and Control Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 190 Instructions 1 2. Follow instruction given in each vart. 3. If not specified, make appropriate assumptions, stating and justifying the same. 4. Standard sea level properties of atmosphere are : 7=15°C,P=101,325 Nim? , p=1.2256 kg/m’ , a= 340 nvs, 5.__Make use of sketches and plots for your own benefi PART | (Maximum Marks 10*2 =20) 1. Pick up the correct answer in each part from the given four alternatives:~ 1, The reduction in take-off ground run 5; in the presence of head wind of V. is given by 2, a, as, =| |s, a v, 2. Rate of cli nb of an airplane depends upon its a. Excess power b. ixcess thrust \2tPiecific excess power dl specific excess thrust 3. The airplane efficienci O76 Ea, 0.7862, 866E,, T32E gg Ey & Ey te related as 4. Rudder effectiveness is a function of a. its airtoil section geon etry b. its airfoil section geometry and angle of attack ¢. the area ratio of movable part to the total area, oat ratio of movable part to the fixed part. ‘Maximum endurance of @ sail plane is directly proportional to its 2 eerodynamic efficiency ©. lightness of its structural weight © drag coeffcient 4 wing loec'ing E Stalling a, ca, =a, dasa, The adverse yaw in a flight can be avoided by the application of a. opposite ailerons b. in-phase rudder & gpollers alone Spoilers and opposite rudder A high wing airplane requires a. enhedral for rolling stability eae for rolling stability eno dikedral for rolling stability 4. enhedral / dihedral for rolling sta ty as the case may be A swept back, low wing general aviation airplane is sometimes. provided a. dihedral for rolling stability b. enhedral for rolling stability celvedral for auftitet grote! clearence of ihe poves lan ¢. enhedral for sufficient ground clearance of the power plant For Io} eitudinally stable aiplanes, siatic margin a rer b. nepative positive d. not related — PART IL (MAXIMUM MARKS 16*4 = 64) ‘Attempt any FOUR questions lla, Show that fast changes in atmospheric temperature with-altitude are caused in troposphere. Illustrate with some examples as well. a 8 b. Elaborate the terms (i)Pressure. altitude, (ii) Density altitude ‘and how do these two differ from each other. 8 weg iin 9000 N has a wing area of 12.5 m? and & Cima, of 1.5 with flaps 3 |. The drag equation is given by C, =0.020+0.05C;_Itis powered by asingle ye v turbojet engine producing a thrust of 1350 N at all speeds, Estimate the minimum time to VN Ve tum through 180? at sea level, the corresponding loae fector and the wing lit.(Make use go of'a graph sheet und present your work out) 16 1¥9/Explain the process of landing of an airplane with clear illustrations 8 3 epen the requirement of low wing 'oading of an airplane at take-off and high wing loading in cruising flight with illustra ions. 8 V_ Anairplane has following date: Xeg= 0.39C , Xoc =0.24C, (Cid = 0. 10(a° +°2.5), Cymax = (Cal =0.05 +0.1Cy, a =0.08/deg , m= 0.9 » F,, =0.6, iv Determine the angle of attack in steady level flight ifthe elevator is locked in neutral position 16 Vis. What is the cause of rudder lock? Explain how you can prevent this phenomenon of rudder lock ia an airplane. 8 b. Explain the phenomenor of adverse yaw. How can you correct it in flight? Can you yagest a mc thod to alleviate it in a new design? . 8 Tllustrate wiih sketches / plots the effect of sweep back on the lifting characteristics of @ wing as compared with that for a straight wing, 8 b. Explain why a Piston-prop aimplane is preferred for low speed operations at 1ow altitudes, 8 PART III (Maximum Marks 4*4 Attempt any four parts VIL Slaborate the following statements as_much clearly as possible. (Roll to yave ratio is an imy.ortant parameter in lateral-directional dynamics ofan airplane. Gi) Center of gravity is an important parameter for longitudinal stability ofan airplane. Gil) Deflection of elevator does not alter the static longitudinal stability of ar airplane. (Gv) Sweep back provides effective dihedral to an airplane. () Aerodynamic balancing is provided to ailerons of airplane (vi) Aunosphere is stable in the early hours of the day. ASSOCIATE MEMBERSHIP EXAMINATION JUNE 2099 SECTION-B (MODIFIED sytus'aus) AS6: Airplane Performance Stability and Control Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: ' 100 Instructions 1. This Question papers in THREE pars : 2. ‘Follow instruction given in each part. 3. * Ifnot specified, make appropriate assumptions, siaung and justifying the same. 4. Standard sea ievel properties of atmosphere are : 715° C,P=101,325 Nin’, p=1.2250 kg/m’ , a= 340 mvs. Make us of skeiches and plots for your own benefit PART 1 (Maximum Marks 10% 1, Pick up the correct answer in each part fi mn the given four allemnatives:: 1. Shorter take-off runs are required with 2. higher wing loadings b. moderate wing loadings an. fait-vinds ¢, moderate wing loading. with IAS wing loadings Dorsal fin is provided to prevent a. adverse yaw b. Dutch soli —chudder lock 4, uibedral effect ve 3. Lateral-Direetional oscillations ere ulse known as a, Roll subsidence b, Directional divergence gulch R ¢. Diherral effect i i Elevator effectiveness is a function of a. its airfoit section geometry b. its airfoil section geometry and angle of atlack ¢. the area ratio of movable part te the total area fe aici ralin of movable part to the fixed part 5. The absolute ceiling of an airplane is a furretion of its a. Maximum lift coefficient inimum dray ‘engine power ‘a. wing loading 6. For weathercock stability of an airplane (with usual notation in directional stability), aC, 2 Ge Bp FB > 0 a d a, 26 ap 6. S20 B 7. The adverse yaw ina fligh can be comected by the application of “A. opp site ailerons ea “ae Bop cite rudder &. opposite elevate 8. Foran airplgne with stable } ‘ose down tab is required for wim i ‘, Nose up tab is required for trim. \ tab is required for trim. it intvim condition is ruied out The equilibrium condition CW? = const: represents «1, Short period oscillations b. Duten roll oscillations ~Fhugoid oscillations é. Spiral divergence 10. Substantial_pitching accelerations are present in Short period oscillations , Dutch roll oscillations c. Phugoid oscillations d. Spiral divergence oot “a . jt et si wo 1 Me mee bee ‘ PART IE (MAXIMUM MARKS 16*4 = 64) ‘Atlempl any FOUR questions <~ Define the terms geo-potential and yeomwirie altitudes and develop a relationship between the two. Hence define the absolute altitude, 8 b. Calculate standard atmosphere values of 7p and at a geopotential altitude of 14 km 8 _ Bian aigle weighing 240,000 N has a wing area of $0 m?, It ss Chimay of 2.2 with flaps SZ owere’, Plei a C.vs. FAS curve for this sisplane for the usabie speed range at sea levsl. Ifthe maxin um Cy of the airplane is 1.5 with laps nested, below what tru must flaps bu lowered at sea level and at 6100 m , where o = 0.5333. Explain with the thoy. (1G Pork . 16 vgs? *Va. Compare the normal pressure drag and the skin friction drag ‘on a flat plate aligned with the free stream and that on a circular cylinder. Deseribe your firding with sketches and plots. 8 Demonstrate from the dimensional analysis of force over an airfoil that Drag force is a Ma, Cp}, sith usual notations in aerodynamics: 8 s fellows, Wing 110), idler chiuricteristies of'a 104.04 © -1 2 ),Hor. metricat and aerodys R=B (NACA 23019, 2, Tail-velume ratio ¥ =0.6 rate of change o: 7, 209 , Aerodynamic cents zt 8 0,003 and restoring =0.35 and clevator effectiveness. =0.54 Floating tendency C, tendency ¢,, =-0.0055, Calculate she ‘Stick fixed and stick fire neuwal points. 16 2 ‘The characteristic equation of dynamic koagitudinal stability of an airplunelwas obtsined as below; 42° +32 +C2+DA+E«6., where “A=1B=49) C=112.50,D =0.63 , E= 0.57. Work out the time period, of te phugoid and short je oscillatinns .Provide the characicristies of these oscillations for recognizinyy the os Ch 68 ation to e as VIL Anainplane w ith positive dihedral devciops left roliing moments when i meets right side slip. Prove thei C,, === sith standard notations 16 PART JEL (Maximum Marks 4*4 = 16) Attempt any four par VIII, Elaborate 11 following statements as_much clearly as possible, efi) ii) Ainpione efficiency £ is a function of Cy, its parasite drag ‘Take off performance of an airplane deteriorates with increa airpors, ‘The banking angle ¢ in a level turn has one to one correspondence with the load factur n. X,, , he maneuver point stick fixed of an airplane lieSafi ofits Ny .the stick fixed neutral point.. ‘A pure fying wing type airplane will be directionally not require any additional stabilizing surfaces. ble on its own and may fixed longitudinal stability, Your is higher for an airplane with high wing ee ed with a low wing airplane Stick configuration as compa - ple AERONAUTICAL SOCIETY OF INDIA ASSOCIATE MEMBERSHIP SXAMINATION DECEMBER 2008 SECTION-B C(MonicleD SYLLABUS) AS6: Airplane Performance Stability and Control Time: 3 Hours 5 Max. Marks: 100 Instruétions 1. This Question paperis in THREE parts 2 Follow instruction given in each part. 3 Tfnot specified, make appropriate assumptions stating and justifying the same. 4 Standard sea level properties of atmosphere are : T=! 5° C,P=101,325 Nim’, (p=1,2256 kg/m? , a= 340 m/s, 5," Make use of sketches and piots for your own benelit PART 1 (Maximum Marks 10*2 =20) 1. Pick up the correct answer in each part from the given four alternatives:~ 1. Sun rise pegjod indicates weetele atmosphere b. unstable atmosphere c. neutral atmosphere d. normal atmosph 2. The maneuver point stick free, N, lies a. ehead of Ny Deaf of Ny c.ahof N,, d.aftofN, in airfoil at si 80% pressure 50% pre 2.3 pressure as ye ane a Me shi «dAte’ pressure drag and 70% skin frietion d 4, Drag diverger 2¢ Mach number of an airfoil depends upon bits riaximum thizkness ¢ its camber di 6.15 maximum canoer ¢ 5. The stalling behaviour of , maximum thickness cerlerding edgc radius ¢. trailing edge angle ae 6. Aleading edge strake on a swept bao wing airplane ig an auxiliary lifting surface b. isa kind of fillet for smoothn \cets as energy provider for ‘poundary I sects to remove the dead pockets of airflow ess of flow at the wing -body junction. layer on the wing. ‘on the wing. 4. Fora symmetrical sirfoil section , Cn about is a8; : a, definitely positive i ji bedefinitely negative definitely zer0 4. nothing definite . Foran airplane with stable ¢-g. 2 Nose down tab is required for trim. z bb, Nose up tab is required for trim. ¢. No tab is required for trim. 6. none of above 9. A flying wing will require bog? Re Wika Se ©. i 4. 16. Ascod wigan aie con Figher TAS vu. Lower TAS c. Higher LAS. d. Lower IAS Sutral longitudinal stability jane results in n of flight ofan airph PART fl 1 MAXIMUM MARKS 16°4° 69 ‘Aurempt any FOUR questi a, Define ISA Caleulate pressure, density 3 nperature at altitudes of 10 and 18.5 tee. Take te sea level conditions a8 above and the lapse rate as 6.5 k/km: 16 b. — Whatis the method ring airspeed in fight? Explait. with theory. Hence describe 6 spseri and indicated airspe g3m? and wing aspect ratio Gray is 10% more then ing vortex minimum. Take the thrust power developed to be 4 2.6 MW at all speeds. Calculate 16 vyaximum speed and maximum rate of climb at sea level. a from you. work out that tinteurvestopes of airfoil & wing (of the same section) ofthe aspect ratio AR! and ¢ 'S the span efficiency factor. 8 ay ' 4 ., where ag and aare respectively the tp, Define the term Drag and presto the break up of total drag of an airplane: Show that for nimum écag the parasite and lift ‘dependent drag coefficients are ‘equal in magnitude. Gan you now obtain the expression for peed at which this equality ecu? Vv Thegeomeirical and aerodynaris characteristics of a glider ere given a¢ follows; Wing ‘AREB (NACA 23012, 20 0.104.001 = M12) Ho--Tail AR= 4 (NACA (0009.29 = 0-110) = ‘Tail volume ratio V0.6 rats of change of down wash « = 05 ,iail efficiency a. i a 7, 20.9 , Aerodynamic contre at 0.24¢, () 0.08, Elevator id ratio S/St 1 e =)35 and elevator effectiveness 55 Calculate the Stick fixed neutral point. Derive ation before you make use of the same. 16 the required Vi. The characteristic equation of dynes longitudinal stability of 2 airplane obtained 4.35,.D asbelow; AZ +B2 ‘eC? + DAE=0 , where A= 1,B=5.102.C 30363 , £ = 0.637. Work out the lime pesiod, Nw and ts of the phugoid oscillations. Provide the basis of your rec 2gnizing the oscillation to be as such. Vil. Anairplane with positive inedral develops lef rolling moments when it meets right side Saeleeyy Se "373 dp b S ch stan dard notations. 16 PART IIL (Maximum Marks 4°5 ‘Attempt any four parts 1¢ following staterrents as much cle y as possible. er and stzble rates ower speeds azé. altitudes are achie cd in 3d airple sfopeller po’ Teke off performe pons. nce deteriorates ith inereasin: peratures around the Gili) Tota! drag experienced by an airfoii placed in a streamn of uniform parallel flow depends upon width of the wake behind it (iv) A swept back wing does prov de dihedral effect to the airplane. (v)—_Reil to yaw ratio is a factor o} importance for lateral-dir ‘tional oscillations. (vi) Stick fixed longitudine! stability is nigher for an airplane with pusher engine AERONAUTICAL SOCIETY OF INDIA ASSOCIATE MEMBERSHIP EXAMINATION JUNE 2008 SECTION-B ( MoDIFLEp sy iL Abu: - ASS: Airplane Performance Stability and Control Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 100 Instructions : 1. This Question paper isin ZAREE paris . | 2 Follow instruction given in each part. ‘ - : 3 Ifnot Specified, make appropriate assumptions, stating and justifying the same. 4. Standard gea level properties of atmosphere are : 715° C,P=101,325 Nim’, p=1.2256 kg/m? , a= 340 m/s. 5. Make use of sketches and plots for your own benefit. 6. ___Graph sheet may be used if requited. 5 PART 1 (Macimum Marks 10*2 =20 J. Pick up the correct answer in each part froia the given four alternatives: 1. Rising smoke from a chimney on a sunny day indicates, 2. Stgble atmosphere #“Gnsiable atmosphere ©. Neutral atmosphere 4. normal atmosphre it tests during the period; 0 rarry out un ri: D. sun set mid d d any tine convenient 3. Dragons circul y cylindes exmsists of s > #. 80% p essure drag and 20 % skin friction drag ec drag, and 50% skin friction drag nl 40 % skin friction drag nd 60 % skin friction drag ssure drag 4. 40% pressure drag 4, Paks in pressure distribution over an airfoil occur because of ¢ thickness disttiution ‘maximunn thickness © the leading exige ridius 4. the maximum camber wnetion of its viour of an aiefoil Apee, 7s a. thickness distribution >, nyo innum thickness woTexiling edye radius d. maxiatum camber 6. A leading cdge strake on a swept back wing aisplane acts (0 4 insrease ils Oe, b. increase ils Cy, c igeveases both Cy, and Ge, a ncreases its Coan c gection Cy about its off and Cywabout it'sa.e. are related as; a, Crtige > Cm V.Criga Cite, Ds Cm Coad factor on an airy ce Ey walt» J Sc inove than} na ‘ fess thay 1 A €. élose t« 1 but less 7 3a high wing yall provide Fore Icnyitudinel stability bp, lower longitudinal stability

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