Chapter 1 Section 1-1 PDF

Chapter 1:
ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY
AND DEVELOPMENT
1-1 Introduction to Engineering

Chapter 1: Engineering, Technology and Development
History of Engineering and Technology. Role of engineering and technology as

indicators of development. The contribution of Government in the deployment of
engineering and technology for economic development. New advances in world of
engineering and technology.
Lecture Objectives
Chapter 1: Engineering, Technology and Development
History of Engineering and Technology. Role of engineering and technology as

indicators of development. The contribution of Government in the deployment of
engineering and technology for economic development. New advances in world of
engineering and technology.
Learning Outcomes
LO1 - Characterize professional ethics, sustainability and cost-effectiveness in

engineering design and practice.(cognitive, understanding, level 2)
LO2 - Apply engineering principles in handling societal and environmental issues and
engineering practices (cognitive, applying, level 3)

LO3 - Apply professional and ethical judgement in design and development of

engineering obligations (cognitive, applying level 3)
LO4 - Establish high integrity of professionalism of engineering practices in societal and
environmental contexts.(cognitive, analysing, level 4)
Programme Outcomes
PO8 - Understand the importance of sustainability and cost-effectiveness in design and

development of professional engineering solutions, and their impacts in societal and
environmental contexts
Chapter 1-1 EHM3066 Engineer and Society 2

Contents
Engineering
Technology
Beginnings of Engineering
Engineering in the Middle Ages
The Revival of Science

Engineering Definitions
Problem solving
The profession in which knowledge of
the mathematical and natural sciences
gained by study, experience, and
practice is applied with judgment to
develop ways to economically utilize the
materials and the forces of nature for
the benefit of mankind.
Engineering Definitions
According to ABET (the US
accreditation board for engineering and
technology programs):
The profession in which knowledge of
the mathematical and natural sciences,
gained by study, experience, and
practice, is applied with judgment
to develop ways to use, economically,
the materials and forces of nature for
the benefit of mankind.
Engineering - origins of the word
Practical form of art and a profession,

evolved from the work of builders
thousands of years ago.
Originated probably in the Middle Ages
around 1000-1200 AD
they were mainly builders of civil and
mechanical structures such as buildings,
bridges, roads, mills and war machines.

Importance of History in
Engineering
History helps us to interpret scenarios
and to sort out the pros and cons of
various options.
Solid knowledge of history completes our
engineering education.

Engineers
Engineers have in common the desire to
make the world a better place.
The word engineer began to appear. Its

root lies in the Latin word ingeniare, to
design or devise

Engineers
Drive & perseverance!
How do you get those?
Have to be willing to make the effort.
Dont let anything stand in your way.
Know what youre getting into.

Engineers
Engineers are Professionals and
Leaders
Need to understand the origins of the
profession
Provides insight as to how the
greatest minds in history have tackled
problems

Engineers
As an engineer, it is your responsibility to
understand the past and present state of the
art, as well as keep studying throughout your
career
The study of history helps
us understand what good
qualities from the past are
worth emulating

Engineers
Engineers design, create, or modify nearly
everything we touch, wear, eat, see, and hear
in our daily lives.
Their innovations and inventions fuel economic
growth, fortify national security, improve
healthcare, and safeguard the environment.
(ASEE, 2004)

Technology
we are referring either to a practical
application of science to address a particular
product or manufacturing need, or to an area
of specialized expertise the practical
application of science. (A.D. Little)
its a specific process that produces a

specific product a manufacturing process
as a way a company does business or
attempts a task. (McKinsey)
Technology
The systematic application of
scientific knowledge to a new
product, process, or service.
Chinese Paper Making Earler Technology

Technology
Technology: a Greek word,
Techne = "art, skill, cunning of hand";
logia = the making, modification, usage,
and knowledge of tools, machines,
techniques, craft, systems, and
methods of organization, in order to
solve a problem,

Technology
Why we need Technology:
improve a pre-existing solution to a

problem, achieve a goal, handle an applied
input/output relation or perform a specific
function.

Technology
The word technology to refer to the rules,
methods and tools obtained from the
utilization of natural science knowledge in
solving problems in material production.
Technology is the engine of the society and

its economic development. The influence of
technology on economic development is
outstanding everywhere.
Technology
Technology = "the branch of knowledge dealing
with engineering or applied sciences.
Oxford Dictionary:
the application of scientific knowledge for

practical purposes, such as, in a new product,
process, or service.
the theoretical and practical knowledge, skills
and artifacts that can be used to develop
products, processes and services as well as their
production and delivery systems.
Technology
Technology is divided into 2 categories
Soft Technology:
Knowledge that comes from non-natural science and
non-traditional science
Operating under spiritual or holistic approach.
Hard Technology:
Knowledge that comes from natural science.
Operating physical world
Soft Technology
Soft technology
two characteristics required:
it must be a technology and soft.
1. As a technology: it should be an operable
knowledge system of means, tools and rules fo
solution of problems;
2. As soft: it should aim at practice for providing
the service to social change and economic
development.
Soft Technology
The intellectual technology around

individuals, human thinking, ideology,
emotion, value view, world view, human
and organizational behavior as well as
human society for creation and innovation.

Soft Technology
1) Technologies originated from knowledge of social sciences: business
technology,, consulting, education, organization, finance, and system
technology;
2) Technologies originated from knowledge of the natural sciences: software
technology, network technology, artificial intelligence;
3) Technologies originated from knowledge of LIFE science: homeopathy,
telepathy, traditional diagnostic technology, therapeutic technology.
4) Technologies originated from knowledge of thinking science: psychology,
psychological technique, spiritual health, decision-making, thinking technology;
5) Technologies originated from non- traditional scientific knowledge: culture, art,
religion, language, law, history, philosophy, cultural technology, music
technology,

Classification of Soft Technology

Hard Technology
The skills, tools and
rules that are employed
by people to alter,
accommodate and
manage nature for
human survival and
development.

Hard Technology
Hard technology takes

material as its carrier,
Hard refers to the tangible

entity upon which an
operation is conducted.
Chinese Paper Making Earlier

Technology

Prehistoric Engineering
Prehistoric culture
Did not have a grasp of mathematical
principles nor knowledge of natural science.
Many of their designs were built by trial and
error.
Spear after spear, until they perfected it.
No written communication or transportation, so

little info or innovation was exchanged.
Each group developed on its own.
Prehistoric Engineering
Physical limitations of prehistoric cultures
No written language
Verbal language was limited
Main job - Hunting and gathering
No means of transportation
No specialized methodology to discover
new things
Improvement came about very slowly
How did engineering evolve in these areas?
The First Engineer
Imhotep
Designed the pyramid near
Memphis, Egypt around 2550 BC.
(BBC, n.d.)

The First Engineer
The Stepped Pyramid of
Sakkara (2700 BC)
Imhotep, chief engineer to
King Zoser

The First Engineer
Imhotep
He set a precedent by including temples,
pavilions, corridors, chapels and halls within
the closed walls.
He was a commoner by birth.
Which means he did not have a formal
education (that was only for the rich).
At that time engineers learned the trade
through the apprenticeship system. (BBC, n.d.)

The Beginnings of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.
The Agrarian Society (agriculture)
Forms the basis of civilization
Cultivate plants - the need for

increased food production
Domesticate animals - for food
and work
Build permanent houses in
community group
http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/d/d_06/d_06_s/d_06_s_mou/d_06_s_mou.html

6000 - 3000 B.C.
Early Achievements in this
Era
Copper Age 5000-3000 B.C.
People learn how to shape
soft metals into tools.
http://www.museumofman.org/html/exhibits_copper_age.html
6000 - 3000 B.C.
Early Achievements in
this Era
Bronze Age 3000-2000
B.C.
Mixing different kinds
of metals could make
better tools.
http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/b/b6/300px-Bronze_age_weapons_Romania.jpg
The Beginning of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.
Major Engineering Projects or
Inventions
Irrigation systems to promote crop
growth.
http://www.payvand.com/news/04/dec/ancient-dam-iran.jpg

6000 - 3000 B.C.
Major Engineering Projects or
Inventions
Animal-, water-, and wind-driven
machines.
http://www.ourbc.com/travel_bc/bc_cities/thompson_okan
agan/photos/keremeos/grist_mill_01_640.jpg
http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/24700/24788/dutch_wind
mi_24788_md.gif
http://www.museums4schools.net/oxen_breaking.jpg
6000 - 3000 B.C.
Major Engineering
Projects or Inventions
The wheel and axle
Plow
Yoke http://www.kismeta.com/diGrasse/images/wheel.jpg
http://www.connerprairie.org/HistoryOnline/images/yoke.jpg

6000 - 3000 B.C.
Early Achievements in this Era
Development of a system of symbols for
written communications.
http://www.jhu.edu/neareast/uem/page3.html

6000 - 3000 B.C.
Mesopotamia cradle of civilization
Clay tile material used for permanent
documentation.
Clay tablets unearthed which show:
maps of caravan routes including
mountains cities and water

city plans
irrigation systems
water supply systems
http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/maps/m_asiaminor.gif
6000 - 3000 B.C.
Clay Tablet - Cuneiform
http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/Exhibitions/Valentin/Jpeg/full171387.jpg
http://www.hotmix.org/history.php
6000 - 3000 B.C.
Outstanding contributions to
mathematics
Sexagesimal system
divided circle into 360

degrees
hour into 60 minutes
minute into 60 seconds

Engineering in Early
Civilizations: 3000-600 B.C.
Babylonian engineers:
Among the first scientific
engineers.
Familiar with basic math
Could figure out areas and
volumes of land excavations
Number system based on 60
instead of 10.
Buildings were constructed
using basic engineering http://www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us/History/MidEast/03/barry/barrywall.jpg
principles still used today.

Babylonian engineers:
Roads were surfaced with a naturally
occurring asphalt, a construction system
not used again until the nineteenth
century.
The first recorded use of asphalt
(bitumen) as a road building material was
in Babylon around 625 B.C., in the reign
of King Naboppolassar.
Map of
Babylon

Gardens of Babylon
Egyptian Engineers
Pyramid Age - 2900 B.C and lasts 1000 years
2,300,000 building stones (2.5 tons each) used
to build the Great Pyramid of Cheops, aka

Khufu.
Outstanding examples of engineering skills in
land measurement and building layout -transit

and level.
Irrigation systems.
www.greatbuildings.com
Science of the Greeks and
Romans: 600 B.C.- 400 A.D.
Engineering in Greece:
Had its origin in Egypt.
Better known for the intensive development
of borrowed ideas than for creativity and

invention.
Famous for outstanding philosophers:
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle (physical scientist)

and Archimedes (mathematics).
Romans: 600 B.C.- 400 A.D.
Use of ideas was
retarded because of the

belief that verification
and experimentation,
which required manual
labor, were only fit for
slaves.
http://www.ecusd7.org/ehs/ehsstaff/dvoegele/work.jpg

Romans: 600 B.C.- 400 A.D.
Even so, Greeks were able
to come up with a few
useful ideas:
Archimedes water screw
Crossbow
Catapult

Romans: 600 B.C.- 400 A.D.
Roman Engineering
Liberally borrowed scientific and engineering
knowledge from the countries they conquered
for use in warfare and in their public works.
Superior in the application of ideas and
techniques.

Romans: 600 B.C.- 400 A.D.
Heros Inventions:
Gear driven odometer
on chariot
Steam turbine
Hydraulic clock
Fire engine
All ideas stolen from

http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/PuppetShow.html
Hero by the Romans.

Romans: 600 B.C.- 400 A.D.
Heros Inventions:
Gear driven odometer
on chariot
http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/InventionsO.htm
Steam turbine
Hydraulic clock
Fire engine
All ideas stolen from

Hero by the Romans
http://www.the-
romans.co.uk/g5/37.waterclock.gif
http://patentpending.blogs.com/patent_pend
ing_blog/2004/11/heros_steam_tur.html

Romans: 600 B.C.- 400 A.D.
Roman Engineering
Roman road systems- subbase, compact
base, topcoat 180,000 miles
http://www3.shropshire-cc.gov.uk/roots/images/tra_f11a.jpg

Romans: 600 B.C.- 400 A.D.
Roman Engineering
Aqueducts for
Water supply
Sanitary systems
Engineering principles
applies to military tactics
http://www.legionsix.org/contact1.jpg

Romans: 600 B.C.- 400 A.D.
Great Wall of China 220BC
The great wall of china
220 BC during the Chin Dynasty.
Built by Emperor Shih Huang Ti

to repel Mongolian invaders.
The emperor, and his general Meng Tien functioned
as engineers, even though this was not their
primary role.
3080 miles in length originally, currently 1700
miles.
Engineering in the Middle
Ages: 1st to 16th Centuries
Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and
5th centuries A.D. was known as the
Dark Ages, but was it?

Animals and waterwheels began to replace
humans as the power source Arabs were
developing paper making, chemistry, and
optics.

Sugar refining, soap making, and perfume
distilling became part of the culture.

Chinese were developing clocks,
astronomical instruments, the loom and
spinning wheel, and gunpowder.

Johann Gutenburg - movable type produced the first
books printed on paper.
Leonardo da Vinci - acclaimed as a great artist, was
also an engineer, inventor and architect.
Military and civil engineering feats such as catapults
bridges and buildings.
Sketches of future engineering devices such as:
Machine Gun, Helicopter, Drawbridge, Breach-loading
Cannon, Roller Bearings, Universal Joint, Tanks

The Revival of Science:
17th and 18th Centuries
Hooke Discovers:
material lengthens in proportion to the force
exerted on it, up to the elastic limit, and in

compression it shortens in a similar fashion.
Huygens develops:
spiral watch spring and the pendulum clock and
measures gravitational acceleration.

Newton famous for his three basic laws of motion
developed differential calculus, essential to
mathematical analysis of most physical systems.

Galileo Discovers:
Gravitational acceleration- velocity a body while
falling is independent of weight.

Earth moves around the sun.
Torricelli and Pascal Discovers:

Hydrostatics, dynamics & develop the barometer.
Boyle Discovers:
expansion quality of air and the correlation
between temperature, volume, and pressure.

The Developing Industrial Age
James Watt - steam engine for textile mills, iron
furnaces, rolling mills and other industries.
Hargreaves, Crampton, and Jurgen develops the
spinning and weaving machinery.

Pieter van Musschenbroek develops a device to
hold a static electrical charge, now called the
leyden jar; forerunner to the capacitor.
Luigi Galvani- principles of electrical conduction.
Alessandro Volta - principles of the electric battery

Beginnings of Modern
Science: 19th Century
Andre-Marie Ampere confirms the flow of
electrical current, leading to the science of
electrodynamics.
Michael Faraday found the means to
generate electricity by moving a conductor
through a magnetic field.
Jagadis Chandra Bose demonstrated the
transmission of electric signals through
space; Marconi was awarded a patent for
the same achievement a year later.
Beginnings of Modern
Science: 19th Century
Henry Cort develops a method of refining
iron.
James Watt refines and produces an
efficient steam engine.
At last good iron for machines and power
plants to operate the machinery.

Technology and Development
20th Century Technology
Henry Ford - Builds and sells automobiles and
mass production emerges.
Thomas Edison and Lee DeForest develop
electrical equipment and electron tubes which
starts the widespread use of power systems
and communication networks.
Nikola Tesla introduces the first practical
application of alternating current, the
polyphase induction motor.
Orville & Wilbur Wright develop powered

aircraft.
Wallace Carothers leads a team of organic
chemists and chemical engineer researchers
at duPont to develop NYLON the first of
many synthetic fibers. The beginnings of
polymer research.

Using Albert Einstein's model E=mc2 scientists from
Europe and the United States at the University of
Chicago produce the first nuclear pile. The age of
controlled nuclear reaction begins.
John Brainerd , at the University of Pennsylvanias
Moore School of Engineering develop the first
computer called the ENIAC. It weighted over 30
tons and occupied over 1500 square feet.

John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley,
at Bell labs, discovered that current changes in one
part of a diode caused current changes in another part
of a diode and create the transistor.

Texas Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductor
discovers that the transistors silicon crystal could
be made to be its own circuit board. transistors -
the switch that controls the world.
Pratt & Whitney develop turbojet engines.
Boeing Airplane Company develop the Boeing 707
capable of transporting 180 passengers at speeds
of 600 mph.

Theodore Maiman produces the first working laser
which has mushroomed to encompass surgeons,
transmit telephone calls, track storms, to checkout
in supermarkets, to weld steel, to cut fabric and to
produce holograms.
Communication Satellites - now handle more than
half of all transoceanic telephone, television and
audio network program distribution.

Computer Age
We live in the computer age

Answers to millions of
questions are at your
fingertips (The Internet).

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Chapter 1:

1-1 Introduction to Engineering

History of Engineering and Technology. Role of engineering and technology as

History of Engineering and Technology. Role of engineering and technology as

LO1 - Characterize professional ethics, sustainability and cost-effectiveness in

PO8 - Understand the importance of sustainability and cost-effectiveness in design and

Chapter 1-1 EHM3066 Engineer and Society 2

Chapter 1-1 EHM3066 Engineer and Society 3

Practical form of art and a profession,

Chapter 1-1 EHM3066 Engineer and Society 6

Chapter 1-1 EHM3066 Engineer and Society 7

The word engineer began to appear. Its

Chapter 1-1 EHM3066 Engineer and Society 8

Chapter 1-1 EHM3066 Engineer and Society 9

Chapter 1-1 EHM3066 Engineer and Society 10

Chapter 1-1 EHM3066 Engineer and Society 11

Chapter 1-1 EHM3066 Engineer and Society 12

its a specific process that produces a

Chinese Paper Making Earler Technology

Chapter 1-1 EHM3066 Engineer and Society 14

Chapter 1-1 EHM3066 Engineer and Society 15

improve a pre-existing solution to a

Chapter 1-1 EHM3066 Engineer and Society 16

Technology is the engine of the society and

the application of scientific knowledge for

The intellectual technology around

Chapter 1-1 EHM3066 Engineer and Society 21

Chapter 1-1 EHM3066 Engineer and Society 22

Chapter 1-1 EHM3066 Engineer and Society 23

Chapter 1-1 EHM3066 Engineer and Society 24

Hard technology takes

Hard refers to the tangible

Chinese Paper Making Earlier

Chapter 1-1 EHM3066 Engineer and Society 25

No written communication or transportation, so

Chapter 1-1 EHM3066 Engineer and Society 28

Chapter 1-1 EHM3066 Engineer and Society 29

Chapter 1-1 EHM3066 Engineer and Society 30

Cultivate plants - the need for

Chapter 1-1 EHM3066 Engineer and Society 31

Chapter 1-1 EHM3066 Engineer and Society 34

Chapter 1-1 EHM3066 Engineer and Society 36

Chapter 1-1 EHM3066 Engineer and Society 37

mountains cities and water

water supply systems

divided circle into 360

minute into 60 seconds

Chapter 1-1 EHM3066 Engineer and Society 40

principles still used today.

Chapter 1-1 EHM3066 Engineer and Society 43

2,300,000 building stones (2.5 tons each) used

to build the Great Pyramid of Cheops, aka

land measurement and building layout -transit

Better known for the intensive development

of borrowed ideas than for creativity and

Socrates, Plato, Aristotle (physical scientist)

retarded because of the

Chapter 1-1 EHM3066 Engineer and Society 47

Chapter 1-1 EHM3066 Engineer and Society 48

Chapter 1-1 EHM3066 Engineer and Society 49

All ideas stolen from

Hero by the Romans.

Chapter 1-1 EHM3066 Engineer and Society 50