Transparency Acetates

For

PRINCIPLES
OF
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Twelfth Edition

Gerard J. Tortora
Bryan Derrickson

ISBN 978-0-470-27867-3 Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 Contents
Chapter 1
Transp Figure Figure Title
1 1.1 Levels of structural organization in the human body
2 1.2 Operation of a feedback system
3 1.3 Homeostatic regulation of blood pressure by a
negative feedback system
4 1.4 Positive feedback control of labor contractions during
birth of a baby
5 1.5 The anatomical position
6 1.6 Directional terms
7 1.7 Planes through the human body
8 1.8 Planes and sections through different parts of the
brain
9 1.9 Body cavities
10 1.10a The thoracic cavity
11 1.10b The thoracic cavity
12 1.11 The abdominopelvic cavity
13 1.12 Regions and quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity

Chapter 2
Transp. Figure Figure Title
14 2.1 Two representatives of the structure of an atom
15 2.2 Atomic structures of several stable atoms
16 2.3 Atomic structures of an oxygen molecule and a
superoxide free radical
17 2.4 Ions and ionic bond formation
18 2.5 Covalent bond formation
19 2.6 Hydrogen bonding among water molecules
20 2.7 The chemical reaction to form water
21 2.8 Activation energy
22 2.9 Comparison of energy needed with and without a
catalyst
23 2.10 How polar water molecules dissolve salts and polar
substances
24 2.11 Dissociation of inorganic acids, bases, and salts
25 2.12 The pH scale
26 2.13 Alternative ways to write the structural formula for
glucose
27 2.14 Monosaccharides
28 2.15 Dissacharides
29 2.16 Part of a glycogen molecule, the main polysaccharide
in the human body
30 2.17 Fatty acid structure and triglyceride synthesis
31 2.18 Phospholipids
32 2.19 Steroids
33 2.20 Amino Acids
34 2.21 Formation of a peptide bond between two amino
acids during dehydration synthesis

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35 2.22 Levels of structural organization in proteins
36 2.23a How an enzyme works
37 2.24 DNA molecule
38 2.25 Structures of ATP and ADP
Chapter 3
Transp. Figure Figure Title
39 3.1 Typical structures found in body cells
40 3.2 The fluid mosaic arrangement of lipids and proteins
in the plasma membrane
41 3.3 Functions of membrane proteins
42 3.5 Simple diffusion, channel-mediated diffusion, and
carrier-mediated diffusion
43 3.6 Channel-mediated facilitated diffusion of potassium
ions through a gated channel
44 3.7a-b Tonicity and its effects on red blood cells (RBCs)
45 3.8 Principle of osmosis
46 3.9a Tonicity and its effects on red blood cells
47 3.10 The sodium-potassium pump expels sodium ions
and brings potassium ions into the cell
48 3.11 Secondary active transport mechanisms
49 3.12 Receptor-mediated endocytosis of a low-density
lypoprotein particle
50 3.13a Phagocytosis
51 3.14 Bulk-phase endocytosis
52 3.15 Cytoskeleton
53 3.16 Centrosome
54 3.17a, Cilia and flagella
d, e
55 3.18 Ribosomes
56 3.19 Endoplasmic reticulum
57 3.20 Golgi complex
58 3.21 Processing, packaging of proteins by Golgi
complex
59 3.22 Lysosomes
60 3.23 Mitochondria
61 3.24 Nucleus
62 3.25 Packing of DNA into a chromosome in a dividing
cell
63 3.26 Overview of gene expression
64 3.27 Transcription
65 3.28 Translation
66 3.29 Protein elognation and termination of protein
synthesis during translation
67 3.30 The cell cycle
68 3.31 Replication of DNA
69 3.32 Cell division: mitosis and cytokinesis
70 3.33 Meiosis: reproductive cell division
71 3.34 Comparison between mitosis (left) and meiosis
(right) in which the parent cell has two pairs of
homologous chromosomes
72 3.35 Diverse shapes and sizes of human cells
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Chapter 4
Transp. Figure Figure Title
73 4.1 Cell junctions
74 4.2 Surfaces of epithelial cells and the structure and
location of the basement membrane
75 4.3 Cell shapes and arrangement of layers for
covering and lining epithelium
76 T4.1A Simple squamous epithelium
77 T4.1B Simple cuboidal epithelium
78 T4.1C Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium
79 T4.1D Ciliated simple columnar epithelium
80 T4.1E Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
81 T4.1F Stratified squamous epithelium
82 T4.1G Stratified cuboidal epithelium
83 T4.1H Stratified columnar epithelium
84 T4.1I Transitional epithelium
85 T4.2A,B Glandular epithelium
86 4.4 Multicellular exocrine glands
87 4.5 Functional classification of multicellular exocrine
glands
88 4.6 Representative cells and fibers present in
connective tissue
89 T4.3A,B Mesenchyme
90 T4.4A Areolar connective tissue
91 T4.4B Adipose tissue
92 T4.4C Reticular connective tissue
93 T4.4D Dense regular connective tissue
94 T4.4E Dense irregular connective tissue
95 T4.4F Elastic connective tissue
96 T4.4G Hyaline cartilage
97 T4.4H Fibrocartilage
98 T4.4I Elastic cartilage
99 T4.4J Compact bone
100 T4.4K Blood
101 4.7 Membranes
102 T4.5A Skeletal muscle tissue
103 T4.5B Cardiac muscle tissue
104 T4.5C Smooth muscle tissue
105 T4.6 Neuron of spinal cord
Chapter 5
Transp. Figure Figure Title
106 5.1a Components of the integumentary system
107 5.2 Types of cells in the epidermis
108 5.3a Layers of the epidermis
109 5.4 Hair
110 5.5 Nails
111 5.6 Skin wound healing
112 5.7 Development of the integumentary system
113 5.9 Burns
114 5.10 Rule-of-nines methods for determining the extent of a burn

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Chapter 6
Transp. Figure Figure Title
115 6.1 Parts of a long bone
116 6.2 Types of cells in bone tissue
117 6.3 Histology of compact and spongy bone
118 6.4 Blood supply of a mature long bone, the tibia (shin
bone)
119 6.5 Intramembranous ossification
120 6.6 Endochondral ossification
121 The epiphyseal plate is a layer of hyaline cartilage
6.7c in the metaphysis of a growing bone
122 6.8 Types of bone fractures
123 6.9 Steps involved in repair of a bone fracture
124 6.10 Negative feedback system for the regulation of
blood calcium concentration
Chapter 7
Transp. Figure Figure Title
125 7.1 Divisions of the skeletal system
126 7.2 Types of bones based on shape
137 7.3 Anterior view of skull
128 7.4 Right lateral view of skull
129 7.5 Medial view of sagittal section of skull
130 7.6 Posterior view of skull
131 7.7 Inferior view of skull
132 7.8a Sphenoid bone, superior view of sphenoid bone in
floor of cranium
133 7.8b Sphenoid bone, anterior view
134 7.9 Ethmoid bone
135 7.10 Mandible
136 7.11 Nasal septum
137 7.12 Details of the orbit (eye socket)
138 7.13 Paranasal sinuses
139 7.14 Fontanels at birth
140 7.15 Hyoid bone
141 7.16 Vertebral column
142 7.17 Structure of a typical vertebra, as illustrated by a thoracic vertebra
143 7.18a Cervical vertebrae
144 7.18b,c,d Cervical vertebrae
145 7.19a Thoracic vertebrae
146 7.19b,c Thoracic vertebrae
147 7.20a Lumbar vertebrae
148 7.20b,c Lumbar vertebrae
149 7.21 Sacrum and coccyx
150 7.22 Skeleton of the thorax
151 7.23 The structure of ribs
152 7.24 Herniated disc

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Chapter 8
Transp. Figure Figure Title
153 8.1 Right pectoral (shoulder) girdle
154 8.2 Right clavicle
155 8.3a Right scapula (shoulder blade)
156 8.3b,c Right scapula (shoulder blade)
157 8.4 Right upper limb
158 8.5 Right humerus in relation to the scapula, ulna, and
radius
159 8.6 Right ulna and radius in relation to the humerus
and carpals
160 8.7 Articulations formed by the ulna and radius
161 Right wrist and hand in relation to the ulna and
8.8 radius
162 8.9 Bony pelvis
164 8.10a,b Right hip bone
165 8.10c Right hip bone
166 8.11a True and false pelves
167 8.11b,c True and false pelves
168 8.12 Right lower limb
169 8.13a,b Right femur in relation to the hip bone, patella, tibia
and fibula
170 8.13c Right femur in relation to the hip bone, patella, tibia
and fibula
171 8.14 Right patella
172 8.15a,b Right tibia and fibula in relation t the femur, patella,
and talus
173 8.15c Right tibia and fibula in relation t the femur, patella,
and talus
174 8.16 Right foot
175 8.17 Arches of right foot
176 8.18a Development of the skeletal system

Chapter 9
Transp. Figure Figure Title
177 9.1 Fibrous joints
178 9.2 Cartilaginous joints
179 9.3 Structure of a typical synovial joint
180 9.10 Types of synovial joints
181 9.11 Right temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
182 9.12a Right shoulder (humeroscapular or glenohumeral)
joint
183 9.12b,c Right shoulder (humeroscapular or glenohumeral) joint
184 9.13 Right elbow joint
185 9.14a Right hip (coaxal) joint
186 9.14b,c Right hip (coaxal) joint
187 9.15a-d Right knee (tibiofemoral) joint
188 9.15e Right knee (tibiofemoral) joint
189 9.16a,d Total hip and knee replacement
190 9.16e Total hip and knee replacement

ISBN 978-0-470-27867-3 Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 10
Transp. Figure Figure Title
191 10.1 Organization of skeletal muscle and its connective
tissue coverings
192 10.2a-c Microscopic organization of skeletal muscle
193 10.2d Microscopic organization of skeletal muscle
194 10.3 The arrangement of filaments within a sarcomere
195 10.5 Structure of thick and thin filaments
196 Sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction,a
10.6 s it occurs in two adjacent sarcomeres
197 10.7 The contraction cycle
198 10.8 The role of calcium in the regulation of contraction
by troponin and tropomyosin
199 10.9 Length-tension relationship in a skeletal muscle
fiber
200 10.10a- c Structure of the neuromuscular junction, the
synapse between a somatic motor neuron and
skeletal muscle fiber
201 10.11 Summary of the events of contraction and
relaxation in a skeletal muscle fiber
202 10.12 Production of ATP for muscle contraction
203 10.13 Motor units
204 10.14 Myogram of a twitch contraction
205 Myograms showing the effects of different
10.15 frequencies of stimulation
206 10.17 Two types of smooth muscle tissue
207 10.18 Microscopic anatomy of a smooth muscle fiber
208 10.19 Location and structure of somites, key structures in
the development of the musclar system

Chapter 11
Transp. Figure Figure Title
209 11.1 Relationship of skeletal muscles to bones
210 11.2 Types of levers
211 11.3a Principle superficial skeletal muscles, anterior view
212 11.3b Principle superficial skeletal muscles, posterior view
213 11.4a,b Muscles of the head that produce facial expression
214 11.4,c Muscles of the head that produce facial expression
215 11.5 Muscles of the head that move the eyeballs
(extrinsic eye muscles) and upper eyelid
216 11.6 Muscles that move the mandible (lower jaw bone)
and assist in mastication (chewing) and speech
217 11.7 Muscles of the head that move the tongue and
assist in mastication (chewing)- extrinsic tongue
muscles
218 11.8 Muscles of the anterior neck that assist in
deglutition (swallowing) and speech
219 11.9a Muscles of the neck that move the head
220 11.9b Muscles of the neck that move the head
221 11.10a.b Muscles of abdomen that protect abdominal
viscera and move the vertebral column (backbone)

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222 11.10c Muscles of abdomen that protect abdominal
viscera and move the vertebral column (backbone)
223 11.11a, b Muscles of the thorax (chest) that assist in breathing
224 11.11c,d Muscles of the thorax (chest) that assist in breathing
225 11.12 Muscles of the pelvic floor that support the pelvic
viscera assist in resisting intra-abdominal pressure, and function as sphincters
226 11.13 Muscles of the perineum
227 11.14 Muscles of the thorax (chest) that move the
pectoral (shoulder) girdle (clavicle and scapula)
228 11.15a Muscles of the thorax (chest) and shoulder that
move the humerus (arm bone)
229 Muscles of the thorax (chest) and shoulder that
11.15b,c move the humerus (arm bone)
230 11.15d, Muscles of the thorax (chest) and shoulder that
e move the humerus (arm bone)
231 11.16a, Muscles of the arm that move the radius and ulna
b (forearm bones)
232 11.16c Muscles of the arm that move the radius and ulna
(forearm bones)
233 11.16d- Muscles of the arm that move the radius and ulna
g (forearm bones)
234 11.17a, Muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand,
b,c thumb, and fingers
235 11.17d, Muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand,
e thumb, and fingers
236 11.18a, Muscles of the palm that move the digits- intrinsic
b,c muscles of the hand
237 11.18d, Muscles of the palm that move the digits- intrinsic
e,f muscles of the hand
238 11.19a Muscles of the neck and back that move the
vertebral column (backbone)
239 11.19b,c Muscles of the neck and back that move the vertebral column (backbone)
240 11.20a Muscles of the gluteal region that move the femur
(thigh bone)
241 11.20b Muscles of the gluteal region that move the femur
(thigh bone)
242 11.20c Muscles of the gluteal region that move the femur
(thigh bone)
243 11.20d Muscles of the gluteal region that move the femur
(thigh bone)
244 11.20e Muscles of the gluteal region that move the femur
(thigh bone)
245 11.20f Muscles of the gluteal region that move the femur
(thigh bone)
246 11.20g Muscles of the gluteal region that move the femur
(thigh bone)
247 11.21 Muscles of the thigh that move the femur (thigh
bone) and tibia and fibula (leg bones)
248 11.22a,b Muscles of the leg that move the foot and toes
249 11.22c,d Muscles of the leg that move the foot and toes

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250 11.22e Muscles of the leg that move the foot and toes
251 11.23a,b Intrinsic muscles of the foot that move the toes
252 11.23c Intrinsic muscles of the foot that move the toes

Chapter 12
Transp. Figure Figure Title
253 12.1 Major structures of the nervous system
254 12.2 Structure of a typical neuron
255 12.3 Structural classification of neurons
256 Examples of sensory receptors that are dendrites of
12.4 unipolar neurons
257 12.5 Two examples of CNS neurons
258 12.6 Neuroglia of the central nervous system (CNS)
259 12.7 Neuroglia of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
260 12.8 Myelinated and unmyelinated axons
261 12.9 Distribution of gray and white matter in the spinal
cord and brain
262 12.10 Organization of the nervous system
263 12.11 Overview of nervous system functions
264 12.12 Ion channels in the plasma membrane
265 12.13 Resting membrane potential
266 Factors that contribute to the resting membrane
12.14 potential
267 12.15 Graded potentials
268 12.16 Generation of graded potentials in response to the
opening of mechanically gated channels or ligand-
gated channels
269 12.17 The graded nature of graded potentials
270 12.18 Summation of graded potentials
271 12.19 Action potential (AP) or impulse
272 12.20 Stimulus strength and action potential generation
273 12.21 Changes in ion flow through voltage-gated channels
during the depolarizing phases of an action potential
274 Propagation of an action potential in a neuron after it
12.22 arises at the trigger zone
275 12.23 Signal transmission at a chemical synapse
276 12.24 Ionotropic and metabotropic neurotransmitter
receptors
277 12.25 Spatial and temporal summation
278 Summation of postsynaptic potentials at the trigger
12.26 zone of a postsynaptic neuron
279 12.27 Neurotransmitters
280 12.28 Examples of neural circuits
281 12.29 Damage and repair of a neuron in the PNS

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Chapter 13
Transp. Figure Figure Title
282 13.1 Gross anatomy of the spinal cord
283 External anatomy of the spinal cord and the spinal
13.2 nerves
284 Internal anatomy of the spinal cord: the organization
13.3 of gray matter and white matter
285 Processing of sensory input and motor output by the
13.4 spinal cord
286 Organization and connective tissue coverings of a
13.5 spinal nerve
287 13.6 Branches of a typical spinal nerve
288 13.7 Cervical plexus in anterior view
289 13.8a Brachial plexus in anterior view
290 13.8b Brachial plexus in anterior view
291 13.9 Injuries to the brachial plexus
292 13.10a Lumbar plexus in anterior view
293 13.10b Lumbar plexus in anterior view
294 13.11 Sacra and coccygeal plexuses in anterior view
295 13.12 Distribution of dermatomes
296 The locations of selected sensory and motor tracts,
13.13 shown in transverse section of the spinal cord
297 13.14 General components of a reflex arc
298 13.15 Stretch reflex
299 13.16 Tendon reflex
300 13.17 Flexor (withdrawal reflex)
301 13.18 Crossed extensor reflex

Chapter 14
Transp. Figure Figure Title
302 14.1a The brain
303 14.2 The protective coverings of the brain
304 14.3 Locations of ventricles within a transparent brain
305 14.4a Pathways of circulating cerebrospinal fliud
306 14.4b Pathways of circulating cerebrospinal fliud
307 14.4c Pathways of circulating cerebrospinal fliud
308 14.4d Pathways of circulating cerebrospinal fliud
309 14.5 Medulla oblongata in relation to the rest of the
brain stem
310 14.6 Internal anatomy of the medulla oblongata
311 14.7 Midbrain
312 14.8a,b,c Cerebellum
313 14.9 Thalamus
314 14.10 Hypothalamus
315 14.11a,b Cerebrum
316 14.13 Basal ganglia
317 14.14 Components of the limbic system and surrounding
structures

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318 14.15 Functional areas of the cerebellum
319 Types of brain waves recorded in an
14.16 electroencephalogram
320 14.17 Olfactory (I) nerve
321 14.18 Optic (II) nerve
322 Oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), and abducens (VI)
14.19 nerves
323 14.20 Trigeminal (V) nerve
324 14.21 Facial (VII) nerve
325 14.22 Vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve
326 14.23 Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve
327 14.24 Vagus (X) nerve
328 14.25 Accessory (XI) nerve
329 14.26 Hypoglossal (XII) nerve
330 14.27 Origin of the nervous system
331 14.28 Development of the brain and spinal cord

Chapter 15
Transp. Figure Figure Title
332 15.1a,b Motor neuron pathways
333 Structure of the sympathetic division of the autonomic
15.2 nervous system
334 Structure of the parasympathetic division of the
15.3 autonomic nervous system
335 Types of connections between ganglia and
postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division of
15.4 the ANS
336 Autonomic plexuses in the thorax, abdomen, and
15.5 pelvis
337 15.6 Pelvis splanchnic nerves
338 15.7 Cholinergic neurons and adrenergic neurons

Chapter 16
Transp. Figure Figure Title
339 Types of sensory receptors and their relationship to
16.1 first-order sensory neurons
340 Structure and location of sensory receptors in the
16.2 skin and subcutaneous layer
341 16.3 Distribution of referred pain
342 16.4 Two types of proprioceptors
343 16.5 The posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway
344 16.6 The anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathway
345 16.7 The trigeminothalamic pathway
346 16.8 Somatic sensory and somatic motor maps in the
cerebral cortex
347 16.9 Somatic motor pathways for coordination and control
of movement
348 16.10 The corticospinal pathways
349 16.11 The corticobulbar pathway
350 16.12 Input to and output from the cerebellum
351 16.13 The reticaular activating system (RAS)

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Chapter 17
Transp. Figure Figure Title
352 17.1a,b Olfactory epithelium and olfactory receptors
353 17.1d Olfactory epithelium and olfactory receptors
354 17.2 Olfactory transduction
355 The relationship of gustatory receptor cells in
17.3a,b,c taste buds to tongue papillae
356 The relationship of gustatory receptor cells in
17.3e taste buds to tongue papillae
357 17.4 The electromagnetic spectrum
358 17.6 Accessory structures of the eye
359 17.7 Anatomy of the eyeball
360 Responses of the pupil to light of varying
17.8 brightness
361 17.10a,b Microscopic structure of the retina
362 The iris separates the anterior and posterio
17.11 chambers of the eye
363 17.12 Refraction of light rays
364 Refraction abnormalities in the eyeball and their
17.13 correction
365 17.14 Structure of rod and cone photoreceptors
366 The cyclical bleaching and regeneration of
17.15 photopigment
367 17.16 Operation of rod photoreceptors
368 17.17 The visual pathway
369 17.18 Anatomy of the ear
370 17.19 The right middle ear and auditory ossicles
371 17.20 The right internal ear
372 Semicircular canals, vestibule, and cochlea of the
17.21a,b right ear
373 Semicircular canals, vestibule, and cochlea of the
17.21c,d right ear
374 Events in the stimulation of auditory receptors in
17.22 the right ear
375 17.23 The auditory pathway
376 17.24 Location and structure of receptors in the maculae
of the right ear
377 17.25 Location and structure of the semicircular ducts of
the right ear
378 17.26 Equilibrium pathway
379 17.27 Development of the eyes
380 17.28 Development of the ears

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Chapter 18
Transp. Figure Figure Title
381 18.1 Location of many endocrine glands
382 Comparison between circulating hormones and local
18.2 hormones (autocrines and paracrines)
383 Mechanism of action of the lipid-soluble steroid
18.3 hormones and thyroid hormones
384 Mechanism of action of the water-soluble hormones
18.4 (amines, peptides, proteins, and eicosanoids)
385 Hypothalamus and pituitary gland, and their blood
18.5a,b supply
386 Negative feedback regulation of hypothalamic
neurosecretory cells and anterior pituitary
18.6 coticotrophs
387 Effects of human growth hormone (hGH) and
18.7 insulinlike growth factors
388 Axons of hypothalamic neurosecretory cells form the
18.8 hypothalamohypophyseal tract
389 Regulation of secretion and actions of antidiuretic
18.9 hormone (ADH)
390 18.10a Location and blood supply of the thyroid gland
391 Steps in the synthesis and secretion of thyroid
18.11 hormones
392 Regulation of secretion and actions of thyroid
18.12 hormones
393 18.13a,c Location and blood supply of the parathyroid glands
394 The roles of calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, and
18.14 calcitriol in calcium homeostasis
395 Location and blood supply of the adrenal
18.15a,b (suprarenal) glands
396 Regulation of aldosterone secretion by the renin-
18.16 angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) pathways
397 Negative feedback regulation of glucocortoid
18.17 secretion
398 18.18a,b Location and blood supply of the pancreas
399 Negative feedback regulation of the secretion of
18.19 glucagon and insulin
400 18.20 Responses to stressors during the stress response
401 18.21 Development of the endocrine system

Chapter 19
Transp. Figure Figure Title
402 19.1a Components of blood in a normal adult
403 19.1b Components of blood in a normal adult
404 19.3 Origin, development, and structure of blood cells
405 19.4 The shapes of a red blood cell (RBC) and a
hemoglobin molecule, and the structure of a heme group
406 19.5 Formation and destruction of red blood cells
407 19.6 Negative feedback regulation of erythropoiesis (red
blood cell formation)

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408 19.8 Emigration of white blood cells
409 19.9 Platelet plug formation
410 19.11 The blood-clotting cascade
411 19.12 Antigens and antobodies of the ABO blood types
412 19.13 Development of hemolytic disease of the newborn
(HDN)

Chapter 20
Transp. Figure Figure Title
413 20.1 Position of the heart and associated structures in
the mediastinum
414 20.2 Pericardium and heart wall
415 20.3a Structure of the heart: surface features
416 20.3c Structure of the heart: surface features
417 20.4a Structure of the heart: internal anatomy
418 20.4c Structure of the heart: internal anatomy
419 20.5 Fibrous skeleaton of the heart
420 20.6a,b, Valves of the heart
421 20.6d Valves of the heart
422 20.6e Valves of the heart
423 20.7 Systemic and pulmonary circulations
424 20.8a.b Coronary circulation
425 20.9 Histology of cardiac muscle tissue
426 20.10 The conduction system of the heart
427 20.11 Action potential in a ventricular contractile fiber
428 20.12 Normal electrocardiogram or ECG
429 20.13 Timing and route of action potential depolarization
and repolarization through the conduction system
and myocardium
430 20.14 The cardiac cycle
431 20.15 Heart sounds
432 20.16 Nervous system control of the heart
433 20.17 Factors that increase cardiac output
434 20.18 Cardiac transplantation
435 20.19 Development of the heart
436 20.20 Partitioning of the heart into four chambers
437 20.22a Procedures for reestablishing blood flow in
occluded coronary arteries
438 20.22b Procedures for reestablishing blood flow in
occluded coronary arteries
439 20.22c Procedures for reestablishing blood flow in
occluded coronary arteries
440 20.23 Congential heart defects
441 20.24 Representative heart arrhythmias

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Chapter 21
Transp. Figure Figure Title
442 21.1a,b,c Comparative structure of blood vessels
443 21.2 pressure reservoir function of elastic arteries
444 21.3 Arteriole, capillaries, and venule
445 21.4 Types of capillaries (shown in transverse sections)
446 21.5 Venous valves
447 21.6 Blood distribution in the cardiovascular system
448 21.7 Dynamics of capillary exchange (Starling's law of
the capillaries)
449 21.8 Blood pressures in various parts of the
cardiovascular system
450 21.9 Action of the skeletal muscle pump in returning
blood to the heart
451 21.10 Summary of factors that increase blood pressure
452 Relationship between velocity of blood flow and
21.11 total cross-sectional area in different types of blood
vessels
453 21.12 Location and function of the cardivascular center in
the medulla oblongata
454 21.13 ANS innervation of the heart and the baroreceptor
that help regulate blood pressure
455 Negative feedback regulation of blood pressure via
21.14 baroreceptor reflexes
456 21.15 Relationship of blood pressure changes to cuff
pressure
457 21.16 Negative feedback systems that can restore normal
blood pressure during hypovolemic shock
458 21.17 Circulatory routes
459 21.18a Aorta and its principle branches, overall anterior
view
460 21.18b Aorta and its principle branches, detailed anterior
view
461 21.19 Arch of the aorta and its branches
462 21.20 Thoracic aorta and abdominal aorta and their principal branches
463 21.21a Abdominal aorta and its principle branches
464 21.21b Abdominal aorta and its principle branches
465 21.21c Abdominal aorta and its principle branches
466 21.22 Arteries of the pelvis and right right lower limb
467 21.23 Principal veins
468 21.24 Principal veins of the head and neck
469 21.25 Principal veins of the right upper limb
470 21.26 Principle veins of the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis
471 21.27 Principle veins of the pelvis and free lower limbs
472 21.28a Hepatic portal circulation
473 21.28b Hepatic portal circulation
474 21.29 Pulmonary circulation
475 21.30a,b Fetal circulation and changes at birth
476 21.30c Fetal circulation and changes at birth
477 21.31 Development of blood vessels and blood cells from blood islands

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Chapter 22
Transp. Figure Figure Title
478 22.1 Components of the lymphatic system
479 22.2 Lymphatic capillaries
480 Routes for drainage of lymph from lymph trunks into
22.3 the thoracic and right lymphatic ducts
481 Schematic diagram showing the relationship of the
22.4 lymphatic system to the cardiovascular system
482 22.5 Thymus
483 22.6a Structure of a lymph node
484 22.7a,b Structure of the spleen
485 22.8 Development of lymphatic tissues
486 22.9a Phagocytosis of a microbe
487 22.10 Inflammation
488 B cells and pre-T cells arise from pluripotent stem
22.11 cells in red bone marrow
489 22.12 Epitopes (antigenic determinants)
490 Processing and presenting of exogenous antigen by
22.13 an antigen-presenting cell (APC)
491 Processing and presenting of endogenous antigen by
22.14 an infected body cell
492 22.15 Activation and clonal seclection of a helper T cell
493 22.16 Activation and clonal selection of a cytoxic T cell
494 22.17 Activity of cytoxic T cells
495 22.18 Activation and clonal selection of B cells
496 Chemical structure of the immunoglobin G (IgG)
22.19 class of antibody
497 22.20 Complement activation and results of activation
498 Production of antibodies in the primary (after first
exposure) and secondary (after second exposire)
22.21 responses to a given antigen
499 22.22 Development of self-recognition and self-tolerance
500 22.23 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the causative
agent of AIDS

Chapter 23
Transp. Figure Figure Title
501 23.1a Structures of the respiratory system
502 23.2a Respiratory structures in the head and neck
503 23.2b Respiratory structures in the head and neck
504 23.4 Larynx
505 23.5a,b Movement of the vocal folds
506 23.6 Esophagus
507 23.7 Branching of airways from the trachea: the
bronchial tree
508 23.9 Surface anatomy of the lungs
509 23.10a Microscopic anatomy of a lobule of the lungs
510 23.11a,b Structural components of an alveolus

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511 23.12 Boyle's law
512 Muscles of inspiration and expiration and their
23.13 actions
513 23.14 Pressure changes in pulmonary ventilation
514 23.15 Summary of events of inhalation and exhalation
515 23.16 Spirogram of lung volumes and capacities
516 Changes in partial pressures of oxygen and carbon
dioxide (in mm Hg) during external and internal
23.17 respiration
517 23.18 Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood
518 23.19 Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
519 Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociations curves showing
the relationship of (a) pH and (b)Pco2 to hemoglobin
23.20 saturation at a normal body temperature
520 Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curves showing
23.21 the effect of temperature changes
521 Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curves comparing
23.22 fetal and maternal hemoglobin
522 Summary of chemical reactions that occur during
23.23 gas exchange
523 23.24 Locations of areas of the respiratory center
524 Roles of medullary rhythmicity area in controlling
(a) the basic rhythm of repiration and (b) forceful
23.25 breathing
525 23.26 Location of peripheral chemoreceptors
526 Regulation fo breathing in response to changes in
23.27 blood via negative feedback control
527 23.28 Development of the bronchial tubes and lungs

Chapter 24
Transp. Figure Figure Title
528 24.1a Organs of the digestive system
529 24.2 Layers of the gastrointestinal tract
530 24.3 Organization of the enteric nervous system
531 24.4a Relationship of the peritoneal folds to each other
and to organs of the digestive system
532 24.4b-e Relationship of the peritoneal folds to each other
and to organs of the digestive system
533 24.5 Structures of the mouth (oral cavity)
534 24.6a The three major salivary glands- parotid,
sublingual, and submandibular
535 24,7 A typical tooth and surrounding structures
536 24.8 Dentitions and times of eruptions
537 24.10 Deglutition (swallowing)
538 24.11a External and internal anatomy of the stomach
539 24.12a Histology of the stomach
540 24.12b Histology of the stomach
541 24.13 Secretion of HCl by parietal cells in the stomach
542 24.14 Relation of the pancreas to the liver, gallbladder
and duodenum
543 24.15a,b Histology of the liver

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544 24.15d Histology of the liver
545 24.15e Histology of the liver
546 Hepatic blood flow: sources, path through liver, and
24.16 return to heart
547 24.17 Anatomy the small intestine
548 24.18a Histology of the small intestine
549 24.18b Histology of the small intestine
550 Absorption of digested nutrients in the small
24.20 intestine
551 Daily volumes of fluid ingested, secreted,
24.21 absorbed, and excreted from the GI tract
552 24.22 Anatomy of the large intestine
553 24.23a Histology of the large intestine
554 24.23b Histology of the large intestine
555 24.24 Neural negative feedback regulation of the pH of
gastric juice and gastric motility during the gastric
phase of digestion

Chapter 25
Transp. Figure Figure Title
556 25.1 Role of ATP in linking anabolic and catabolic
reactions
557 25.2 Overview of cellular respiration (oxidation of glucose)
558 25.3 Cellular respiration begins with glycolysis
559 25.4 The 10 reactions of glycolysis
560 25.5 Fate of pyruvic acid
561 25.6 After formation of acetyl coenzyme A, the next stage
of cellular repiration is the Krebs cycle
562 25.7 The eight reactions of the Krebs cycle
563 25.8 Chemiosmosis
564 25.9 The actions of the three ptoron pumps and ATP
synthase in the inner membrane of mitochondria
565 Summary of the principal reactions of cellular
25.10 respiration
566 25.11 Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis
567 25.12 Glucenogenesis
568 25.13 A lipoprotein
569 25.14 Pathways of lipid metabolism
570 25.15 Various points at which amino acids enter the Krebs
cycle for oxidation
571 Summary of the roles of the key molecules in
25.16 metabolic pathways
572 25.17 Principal metabolic pathways during the absorptive state
573 Principal metabolic pathways during the
25.18 postabsorptive state
574 Negative feedback mechanisms that conserve heat
25.19 and increase heat production
575 25.20 MyPyramid

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Chapter 26
Transp. Figure Figure Title
576 26.1a Organs of the urinary system in a female
577 26.2 Position and coverings of the kidneys
578 26.3a Internal anatomy of the kidneys
579 26.4a Blood supply of the kidneys
580 26.5a The structure of nephrons and associated blood
vessels
581 26.5b The structure of nephrons and associated blood
vessels
582 26.6a Histology of a renal corpuscle
583 26.7 Relation of a nephrons structure to its three basic
functions
584 26.8a The filtration membrane
585 26.9 Thre pressures that drive glomerular filtration
586 26.10 Tubuloglomerular feedback
587 26.11 Reabsorption routes
588 26.12 Reabsorption of glucose
589 26.13 Actions of Na+/H+ antiporters in proximal convoluted
tubule cells
590 26.14 Passive reabsorption
591 26.15 Na+ -K+ -2Cl- symporter in the thick ascending limb of
the lopp of Henle
592 26.16 Reabsorption of Na+ and secretion of K+
593 26.17 Negative feedback regulaton of facultative water
reabsorption by ADH
594 26.18 Formation of dilute urine
595 26.19 mechanism of urine concentration in long-loop
juxtamedullary nephrons
596 Summary of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in
26.20 the nephron and collecting duct
597 26.21 Ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra in a female
598 26.22 Comparison between female and male urethras
599 26.23 Development of the urinary system

Chapter 27
Transp. Figure Figure Title
600 27.1 Body fluid compartments
601 27.2 Sources of daily water gain and loss under normal
conditions
602 27.3 Pathways through which dehydration stimulates thirst
603 27.4 Hormonal regulation of renal Na+ and Cl- reabsorption
604 27.5 Series of events in water intoxication
605 27.6 Electrolyte and protein anion concentrations in
plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid
606 27.7 Negative feedback regulation of blood pH by the
respiratory system
607 27.8 Secretion of H+ by intercalated cells in the collecting
duct

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Chapter 28
Transp. Figure Figure Title
608 28.1a Male organs of reproduction and surrounding
structures
609 The scrotum, the supporting structure for the
28.2 testes
610 28.3a Internal and external anatomy of a testis
611 28.4b Microscopic anatomy of the seminiferous
tubules and stages of sperm production
612 28.5 Events in spermatogenesis
613 28.6 Parts of a sperm cell (spermatozoon)
614 28.7 Hormonal control of spermatogenesis and
actions of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone
615 28.8 Negative feedback control of blood level of
testosterone
616 28.9a Locations of several accessory reproductive
organs in males
617 28.10a,b Internal structure of the penis
618 Female organs of reproduction and surrounding
28.11a structures
619 28.12 Relative positions of the ovaries, the uterus, and
the ligaments that support them
620 28.13a Histology of the ovary
621 28.14a,b,c,d Ovarian follicles
622 28.15 Oogenesis
623 28.16 Relationship of the uterine (Fallopian) tubes to
the ovaries, uterus, and associated structures
624 28.19 Blood supply of the uterus
625 28.20a,b Components of the vulva (pudendum)
626 28.21 Perineum of a female
627 28.22 Mammary glands within the breasts
628 28.23 Secretion and physiological effects of estrogens,
progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin in the female
resproductive cycle
629 28.24a The female reproductive cycle
630 28.24b The female reproductive cycle
631 High levels of estrogens exert a positive
28.25 feedback effect on the hypothalamus and
anterior pituitary
632 28.26 Summary of hormonal interactions in the ovarian
and uterine cycles
633 28.27 Development of the internal reproductive
systems
634 28.28 Development of the external genitals

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Chapter 29
Transp. Figure Figure Title
635 29.1a Selected structures and events in fertilization
636 29.2 Cleavage and the formation of the morula and
blastocyst
637 29.3 Relation of a blastocyst to the endometrium of the
uterus at the time of implantation
638 29.3b Relation of a blastocyst to the endometrium of the
uterus at the time of implantation
639 29.4 Regions of the decidua
640 29.5 Summary of events associated with the first week of
development
641 29.6a Principal events of the second week of development
642 29.6b Principal events of the second week of development
643 29.6c Principal events of the second week of development
644 29.7 Gastrulation
645 29.8a Development of the notochordal process
646 29.8b Development of the notochordal process
647 29.9 Neurulation and the development of somites
648 20.10a Development of chorionic villi
649 20.10b Development of chorionic villi
650 20.10c Development of chorionic villi
651 29.11 Placenta and umbilical cord
652 29.12 Embryonic folding
653 29.13 Development of pharyngeal arches, pharyngeal
clefts, and pharyngeal pouches
654 29.15 Amniocentesis and chorionic villi sampling
655 29.16a Hormones during pregnancy
656 29.16b Hormones during pregnancy
657 29.17 Normal fetal location and position at the end of a
full-term pregnancy
658 29.18 Stages of true labor
659 29.19 The milk ejection reflex, a positive feedback cycle
660 29.20 Inheritance of phenylketonuria (PKU)
661 29.21 Inheritance of sickle-cell disease
662 29.22 The 10 possible combinations of parental ABO
blood types and the blood types their offspring could
inherit
663 29.23 Complex inheritance of skin color
664 29.24 Human karyotype showing autosomes and sex
chromosomes
665 29.25 Sex determination
666 29.26 An example of the inheritance of red-green color
blindness

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