Report

VISVESVARAYATECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Jnana Sangama,Belagavi-590018
A Project Report
On
SMART FRIDGE BASED ON IoT

submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
by
LIKITHA R.V 1ST12EC055
R.NAGASHREE 1ST12EC084
SHRUTHI.P 1ST12EC105
under the guidance of
Prof. DIVYAMANI.M.K,
Assistant Professor,
Department of ECE,
SaIT, Bengaluru-560097.
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

M.S Palya, Bengaluru-560097.
2015 2016
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
M.S PALYA, BENGALURU-560097
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project entitled SMART FRIDGE BASED ON IoT has been
successfully carried out by LIKITHA R.V, R.NAGASHREE, SHRUTHI.P bearing USN
1ST12EC055, 1ST12EC084, 1ST12EC105 in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the
award of the degree BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING in ELECTRONICS &
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING by VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY during the academic year 2015-2016.
________________________ _____________________________
Signature of the guide Signature of the Project Coordinator
Prof.Divyamani.M.K, Prof.Pushpamala.S
Asst.Prof,Dept. of ECE, Asst.Prof,Dept. of ECE,
SaIT, Bengaluru. SaIT, Bengaluru.
________________________ _____________________________
Signature of the HOD Signature of the Principal
Dr. C V Ravishankar, Dr. H.G.Chandrakanth

HOD, Dept. of ECE, Principal,
SaIT, Bengaluru. SaIT, Bengaluru.
External Examiner
1) ___________________________ ______________________
Name Signature
2) ___________________________ ______________________
Name Signature
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
M.S.Palya, Bengaluru 560 097
DECLARATION
Date:
To,
The Head of the Department,
Department of ECE,
Sambhram Institute of Technology,
Bangalore-560097
We the students of 8th Semester ECE, doing the Final Year Project, declare that,
Sl No Students Name USN Signature
1 Likitha.R.V. 1ST12EC055
2 R.Nagashree 1ST12EC084
3 Shruthi.P 1ST12EC105
1. The Hardware/Software is not purchased/brought from any outside organisation.

2. The Hardware/Software is not from any other previous final year engineering projects
of VTU.
3. Our Project work is as per VTU norms and we have followed the rules and
regulations.
Violating any of the above conditions, we will accept the action taken by the
Department/ College/ VTU in this regard.
The Title of the Project is

SMART FRIDGE BASED ON IoT
The project work is guided by Prof.Divyamani.M.K._
Guide:Prof.Divyamani.M.K.
Designation: Assistant Professor
Signature:
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our sincere thanks to Dr. H.G.Chandrakanth, Principal ,SaIT,

and the Management, SaIT, for providing us with the necessary technical
and administrative support. We would like to express our deepest gratitude
and thanks to Dr.C.V.Ravishankar, Head of the Department of Electronics
and Communication Engineering, for his constant support and
encouragement that went along way in successful completion of this project
work.
We would like express our sincere gratitude to Prof.Divyamani M.K for
having whole-heartedly agreed to guide us in this project work. Her timely
advice and guidance inspired us to explore the avenues in detail and come
out with this excellent work.
We also thank Prof.Pushpamala.S for insightful suggestions and support
have been instrumental in the positive outcome of this project work and
report. We
also thank the faculty of the ECE department, SaIT, for their constant
support and guidance. Last but not the least; we thank our parents and
friends for their help andsuggestions to make this project a success.
LIKITHA R.V NAGASHREE.R SHRUTHI.P

1ST12EC055 1ST12EC084 1ST12EC105
iv
ABSTRACT
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the recent communication paradigm that envisions a near
future, in which the objects of everyday life will become an integral part of the Internet.
This paradigm indeed finds applications in many different domains, such as home
automation, where smart appliances are used. According to the new market research
reports, the smart appliances market is estimated to reach about USD 37.2 Billion by
2020, at a CAGR of 15.4% between 2015 and 2020.Smart refrigeration with the help of a
smart fridge is a concept that finds its place in smart kitchens. Existing systems use
barcode or RFID scanning to keep track of the stock. The products currently available are
expensive. The Smart Fridge module can be embedded into any existing refrigerator to
provide food using sensors. The smart refrigerator is capable of sensing and monitoring
its contents and is also able to remotely notify the user about scarce products via SMS
(Short Message Service) and email using a GSM module. It also facilitates the purchase
of scarce items by providing a link of the online website for purchase of that particular
item.
The core functionality of the smart fridge, is food management by assessing,
qualitatively, quantitatively and based on shelf life, the contents of the refrigerator. As a
result, the user is notified every time a replacement or restocking needs to be done. This
assessment is done with the help of LDR and micro switches employed as pressure
sensors (quantity management), odour sensor (quality management) and RFID (shelf life
management). The overall food management is done based on coding done using Keil
software for the same purpose.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sl.no CONTENTS Page no.

1 INTRODUCTION...................... 1
1.1 Introduction To Smart Refrigeration. 1
1.2 Objectives............................................... 2
1.3 Motivation.......................................... 3
1.4 Methodology.......................................... 3
1.5 Organisation of the Report. 4
2 LITERATURE SURVEY......................................... 5
2.1 LG Internet Digital Dios.... 5
2.2 Samsung Zipel E-Diary.. 6
2.3 Electrolux Screen Fridge........................................... 7
2.4 SAMSUNG RH2777AT 8
2.5 LG Smart Thinq LFX31995ST.. 9
2.6 Demerits of existing products 10
2.7 Organization of Food products
inside refrigerator....... 11
2.8 Merits of proposed project over existing products. 13
2.9 The Design and Implementation of A GSM Based User-Machine
Interacted Refrigerator 14
2.9.1 A Cost-Effective Space Sensing Prototype for an Intelligent
Refrigerator. 15
3 HARDWARE & SOFTWARE

DESCRIPTION.... 17
3.1 ARM7 LPC 2148 Microcontroller.. 17
3.2 LDR ........ 19
3.3 MQ3 Sensor..... 20
3.4 Micro Switch (Pressure Sensor).. 20
3.5 ASIC RFID Transmitter and Receiver.... 21
3.6 LCD Module....................................... 22
3.7 GSM Module...................................... 23
3.8 Power Supply Unit..... 25
3.9 MonostableMultivibrators...... 26
3.10 Buffer ,Driver& Relay............................................................... 27
3.11 Software Description 29
vi
3.11.1 Flash Magic.. 30
4 PROPOSED SYSTEM..... 31
4.1 Design ...... 31
4.2 Considerations.. 31
4.3 Power Supply Unit... 35
4.4 LDR: Working.. 38
4.5 Odour sensor: Working 39
4.6 RF Transmitter And Receiver.................. 40
4.7 Monostablemultivibrators 45
4.8 LCD Module 50
5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. 53

5.1 Testing 53
5.2 User Alerts. 55
5.3 The Advantages of smart fridge module... 57
5.3 The Disadvantages of smart fridge module 58
5.4 The Advantages of IoT .. 58
5.5 The Disadvantages of IoT . 58
6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK..

6.1 Future work 59
60
6.2 Applications ofIoT..
60
7 REFERENCES... 61
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
APPENDIX C
APPENDIX D
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
2.1 LG Internet Digital DIOS 5
2.2 Samsung Zipel E-Diary 6
2.3 Electrolux Screen Fridge 7
2.4 Samsung RH2777AT Homepad Internet Refrigerator 8
2.5 LG Smart ThinQ LFX31995ST 10
2.7 Organising The Fridge 16
3.1 ARM7TDMI Core Diagram 18
3.2 LDR 19
3.2.1 LDR Circuit Example 19
3.3 MQ-3 Sensor 20
3.4 Microswitch 20
3.5 RF transmitter and receiver 22
3.6 LCD display 22
3.7.2 GSM sim 900 24
3.8.1 555 IC 26
3.10 Buffer IC 4050 27
3.10.1 ULN 2003 28
4.1 Block diagram of Smart Fridge Module 32
4.2 KIA 78xx IC 35
4.3 Regulated Power Supply 36
4.4 Basic Structure and symbol of LDR 38
4.5 Circuit Diagram of odour sensor 40
4.6 Circuit diagram of RF Transmitter 43
4.6.6 RF Receiver 45
4.7.2 Internal Arrangement of 555 IC circuit 46
4.7.3 Hex buffer/converter circuit diagram 49
viii
4.13 LCD data write waveform 51
4.14 LCD Contrast Circuit 52
5.1 Smart Fridge Module Testing 54
5.2.1 Represntation of user alerts 55
5.2.2 Snapshot of SMS alerts from Smart Fridge module with links to place 55
online orders
5.2.3 Snapshot of E-mail alert from Smart Fridge module to restock

56
Snapshot of E-mail alert from Smart Fridge module for quality check
5.2.4 56
Statistics: No of people surveyed for factors influencing the choice of
6 smart home solutions
59
ix
Smart fridge based on IoT 2015-2016
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction to Smart Refrigeration
Home automation aims to make our daily life more comfortable. In addition to this,
communication between people and machines is extremely important today. There is a
significant potential of demand for the remote control and monitoring of any system. Both
Research and Industry have focused on the development of the Smart Home environment.
Developing smart appliances is directly proportional to developing smart home
environment. It is a critical factor in the realization of the smart home environment.
Kitchen is one of the most important place for a Smart home as it consists of many
appliances which provide better services to the household. The focus of our project is on
the smart fridge. Many efforts in the development of the smart refrigerator have been
made, none of which has been energy efficient or cost effective. Some of the
developments were from Samsung and LG and are discussed further. These refrigerators
were an unsuccessful because the consumers had seen them as an unnecessary product
and due to the high cost (more than $20,000) and the problems solved were obscure.
Recently, several commercial models of smart refrigerators have been developed or are
under development. The LG Internet Refrigerator developed by LG Electronics acts as
a residential gateway to the home. The refrigerator has a TFT-LCD (thin-film transistor-
liquid crystal display) screen with TV functionality and Local Area Network (LAN) port.
It includes a LCD information window that features electronic pen, data memo, video
messaging and schedule management functions and provides information, such as inside
temperature, the freshness of stored foods, nutrition information and recipes
Samsungs Home Pad refrigerator sports a large 15-inch LCD (liquid crystal display)
panel on the front door. Via the touch panel users can access the Internet to surf the Web,
send and receive e-mail or watch television. In addition, other audio/visual devices, such
as DVD (digital versatile disc) or VHS players, can be attached. In addition, it comes
equipped with device control interfaces.
Electroluxs Screenfridge is equipped with a computer and touch screen built into the
refrigerator door and does not consume existing storage space. This refrigerator is also
connected to the Internet. Aside from using the refrigerator to send e-mails or to surf the
Department of ECE, SaIT 1

Internet, the homeowner can also use it to select, buy and order food without leaving the
kitchen. In addition, there is a built-in library of recipes.
The modern living and the fast paced environment doesnt allow the user to keep a track
of the food items inside the refrigerator. Although efforts have been put by the industry to
develop the smart refrigerator, the current or the existing technology is still not cost
effective or energy efficient. The smart refrigerator or the internet refrigerator as it is
called, is used to monitor the items inside it and notify about scarce product.
The idea of connecting home appliances to the internet or the smart home environment
has been seen as the future and is highly regarded as the next big thing. The Internet of
Things refers to uniquely identifiable objects or things that have a digital presence.
There are two main categories of these objects: identified objects and connected devices.
These objects or devices can be connected to one another (to create a digital ecosystem),
as well as to the Internet. Hence, the name, Internet of Things.
The core functionality of the smart fridge, beyond the four assumptions as reviewed
earlier, is to maintain, with minimum effort, an inventory list of perishable food items and
their expiration dates. And when its minimum effort, it means no effort at all. In fact,
users of the smart fridge will not have to change any behavior to maintain this inventory
list. They would just keep using the fridge, as theyve been doing in the centuries since
the first fridge was invented.
1.2 Objectives
Refrigerator food management and wastage prevention by:
1. Quantity monitoring: Assess the quantity and provide timely updates and
reminders of immediate usage or restocking.
2. Quality monitoring: Quality of vegetables and fruits can be monitored and alerts
can be generated on the onset of spoilage.
3. Shelf life monitoring: Packaged products can be monitored for expiry date.
4. User alerts: The user can be alerted of the updates on his phone and can take steps
to prevent food wastage or can place orders to restock the food in the fridge.

1.3 Motivation
Globally, one-third of the food produced is wasted. When it comes to wasting food items,
India is ahead of China, says a UN report on food waste and its impact on natural
resources.In storage, considerable quantitative losses can be attributed to pests and micro-
organisms. This is a particular problem for countries that experience a combination of
heat (around 30 C) and ambient humidity (between 70 and 90 per cent), as such
conditions encourage the reproduction of insect pests and micro-organisms. Food wastage
due to lack of monitoring and timely usage of refrigerated foods is a common
problem.According to United Nations Development Program, about 40% of food is
wasted in India. About 20% of food bought ends up being thrown away.
Food management in homes as well as restaurants, with the help of a SMART FRIDGE
that monitors the quantity, quality and shelf life of the stored food and generates user
alerts, hence proactively controls wastage all through the comfort of your phone.
Refrigerators are one of the most valuable equipment in every household. Without it,
there will be enormous amount of food that will go to garbage every day.Refrigerator in
general turns on every five minutes and keeps everything cold. Refrigerators not only
preserve food but also provide a luxurious kind of lifestyle.
A hardware prototype is to be developed which senses the contents inside the refrigerator,
triggers when contents inside is below a certain threshold or are on the verge of spoilage
or are about to exceed shelf life. In such cases, this trigger is sent to the users mobile and
eventually to his email id through an android application.The message comes with
information about the product which is low on quantity inside the fridge and comes with a
predefined link which facilitates online purchasing. The links that facilitate online
purchase can be customized according to the preference of the user to place online orders.
1.4 Methodology
The system comprises of sections where the sensors are placed. Light dependent Resistors
(LDR) sensors, odour sensors and pressure sensors are placed along with a counter which
can be used to sense the quality and quantity of contents. They can be used to detect the
level of milk and soft drinks in the container and to sense the presence of vegetables in
the refrigerator. ASIC RFID transmitter and receiver are used to monitor shelf life of
contents.Whenever the contents inside the refrigerator goes below the set threshold or are

degraded in quality, or if the product is on the verge of expiry, a trigger is generated

which is being transmitted in the form of message to the user.The module could be seen
to be composed of sub-modules namely:
1. Sensing module
2. Control module
3. Transmission module
These modules work together to determine contents status inside the refrigerator and
notify the user about the products via SMS (Short Message Service) or e-mail.
These field sensors are fitted in fridge compartments to sense objects, shelf life and
quality of objects and if no object is found or if any quality degradation is sensed, they
produce NO Object signal or NO Quality signal or NO shelf life signal which is fed to
subsequent stages.As microprocessor needs TTL compatible level signals at its input port,
suitable interfacing stage must be introduced before feeding field signals directly to it to
avoid any kind of damage.A specially designed regulated power supply unit provides all
necessary voltages to system for proper working.
1.5 Organisation Of Report

CHAPTER 1 discusses the introduction, motivation, and methodology of the proposed
system.
CHAPTER 2 consists of literature survey of existing products in the market. The chapter
also discusses a couple of models with features similar to the proposed prototype.
CHAPTER 3 describes the hardware and software used in implementation of the Smart
Fridge.
CHAPTER 4 describes the proposed system along with descriptions of circuits used in
the implementation of the Smart Fridge.
CHAPTER 5 consisits of results and discussions with merits and demerits of the Smart
Fridge module.
CHAPTER 6 concludes the report along with discussion of future scope of the smart
fridge module.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
Internet refrigerator (also known as an smart refrigerator) is a refrigerator which has been
programmed to sense what kinds of products are being stored inside it and keep a track of
the stock through barcode or RFID scanning. This kind of refrigerator is often equipped
to determine itself whenever a food item needs to be replenished. By the late 1990s and
the early 2000s, the idea of connecting home appliances to the internet (Internet of
Things) had been popularized and was seen as the next big thing. In June
2000, LG launched the worlds first internet refrigerator, the Internet Digital DIOS. This
refrigerator was an unsuccessful product because the consumers had seen it as
unnecessary and expensive (more than $20,000) and that the problems solved were
obscure. Other companies also launched internet refrigerators with various features. This
chapter deals with the different features of internet refrigerators launched in the market.
2.1 LG Internet Digital DIOS

Internet Digital DIOS is an internet refrigerator released by LG Electronics in June 2000
as shown in figure 2.1.The technology is the result of a project that started in 1997 and
staffed by a team of 55 researchers. By the late 1990s and the early 2000s, the idea of
connecting home appliances to the internet (Internet of Things) had been popularized and
was seen as the next big thing. In June 2000, LG launched the worlds first internet
refrigerator, the Internet Digital DIOS.
Figure 2.1: LG Internet Digital DIOS[1]

The refrigerator has a TFT-LCD (thin-film transistor-liquid crystal display) screen with
TV functionality and Local Area Network (LAN) port. It includes a LCD information
window that features electronic pen, data memo, video messaging and schedule
management functions and provides information, such as inside temperature, the
freshness of stored foods, nutrition information and recipes.Other features are a webcam
that is used as a scanner and tracks what is inside the refrigerator, a MP3 player and a
three-level automatic icemaker. This refrigerator was an unsuccessful product because
the consumers had seen it as unnecessary and expensive and that the problems solved
were obscure. For example, many juice bottles are transparent, providing a visual
reminder that a purchase is needed eventually; vegetable drawers are similarly transparent
and contain items often removed from packages, thus eliminating bar codes for inventory
which meant manually keying in descriptions and dates. Moreover, the ability of the
device to remind users of upcoming purchases when there are often multiple buyers in a
household who communicate informally is not typically addressable as a use case.
2.2 Samsung Zipel E-Diary

Designed by Italian jewelry designer, Massimo Zucchi . It features a 10-inch touchscreen
display, Wi-Fi and is compatible with DLNA devices as shown in figure 2.2. Samsung
says the screen can be used to take notes. Has Google Calendar support. Can show
current weather conditions. Shows more than 500 different kinds of food with their
nutritional content News from the internet. The refrigerator also doubles up as a digital
frame as it can wirelessly show images on the doors LCD or uses a memory card to
display them.
Figure 2.2 : Samsung Zipel E-Diary[2]

Available in cream white pattern, the Zipel e-diary retails for $2170. Zipel offers 25 ft
capacity, comes with LED lights on the surface of the two doors and boasts an excellent
energy efficiency, thanks to its Smart Eco-system, which will be dropping the electricity
rate to 32 KWH a month. Instant Internet access transforms the Zipel refrigerator into
modern communication tool. Hi-tech alternative to the fridge magnet a refrigerator
with Internet access that can display family photos or recipes on a screen.
2.3 Electrolux Screen Fridge

The fridge looks like a normal refrigerator but is equipped with a computer and a touch
screen on the door as shown in figure 2.3. The computer equipment is built into the fridge
and wont take any of the space away from normal refrigerator functions.
This intelligent refrigerator is also connected to the Internet, and aside from using the
fridge to send e-mails or to surf the Internet, you can also use it to select, buy and order
food for your home without ever leaving the kitchen. In addition, a built-in library of
recipes ensures you will never lose your culinary inspiration.The fridge is equipped with
speakers, a microphone and a small video camera, which makes it possible for family
members to leave video messages for each other. There is no separate keyboard or mouse;
all the functions are available through a touch screen and a virtual keyboard. Also, theres
a television, so you can watch the morning news.
Figure 2.3: Electrolux Screen Fridge[3]

The intelligent refrigerator will help the consumer with the entire chain of duties involved
in food preparation, The Electrolux Screenfridge can give a list of all groceries needed
and assist in choosing where to buy, order and pay for the food. It can also suggest meals
based on what owner have at home.
The refrigerator is a very natural place for central functions. Surveys show that in most
homes the refrigerator is by far the busiest spot in the house. All family members use the
fridge, and not only for foodits where you put messages, lists and things to do.
The Screenfridge also contains a family calendar, times for childrens sports matches, and
dates that mom will be travelling on business. Short videotaped messages can easily be
left for other family members, which is faster than writing a note by hand or using the
Screenfridges virtual keyboard. According to Electrolux, one of the greatest advantages
for the consumer is the possibility of utilizing directly tailored product information with
offers from the local grocery store. Electrolux is now discussing possible business
alliances to develop the system.Electrolux dont want to speculate on a feasible price at
this time. But theres no doubt that when the Sceenfridge hits the market, it will
revolutionize daily life. More detailed information on the Screenfridge is available at
www.electrolux.com.Electrolux was the first sell absorption refrigerator.
2.4 Samsung RH2777AT Homepad Internet Refrigerator
Figure 2.4: Samsung RH2777AT Homepad Internet Refrigerator[4]

First and foremost, the HomePAD is a fridge, albeit a very high tech one as shown in
figure 2.4. On the freezer door, there are lots of lights and buttons. Among other things,
the lights and buttons tell the exact temperature inside the fridge and freezer (both are
adjustable), whether the selected is crushed or cubed ice, and when it's time to change the
water filter.There's even a child lock in case the kids want to do something crazy, like
change the temperature. Our favorite feature is the drawer inside the fridge, which can
have its temperature set independently. It's great for thawing steaks, or using a feature
called Power Cool, which can chill beverages in a hurry.
2.4.1 Wireless-Web-Tablet
The HomePAD includes a 10.4-inch LCD display that sits on the fridge's right door. It's
essentially a Web tablet and offers a pile of functions.It also has a Photo album.
The HomePAD includes an integrated digital camera for capturing those cherished
moments in the kitchen. The camera has a movie mode, so you can leave video memos to
family members. And forget about posting the kids' drawings on the fridge. Take a
picture instead and display their artwork prominently and digitally with the HomePAD
Even better, the HomePAD is wireless and can be carried around the kitchen. Surfing the
Web or watching television isn't very comfortable to stand and look at the fridge door.
The ability to move the HomePAD to the kitchen counter or table makes it much more
convenient.
2.5 LG Smart ThinQ LFX31995ST

As shown in figure 2.5, it is a french door super capacity refrigerator from LG with 8
Wi-Fi It has LCD screen for display. The various compartments are a single Bonus
Drawer ,Couple of Humidity Controlled Crispers, 4 Split Spill Protector Tempered Glass
Shelves, Cantilevered Shelves, Folding Shelf, Glide N Serve Drawer. Refrigerator door
has 6 Door Bins (2 Adjustable Gallon) Clear Door Bins. Additional features that are
existing are Premium LED Interior Lighting, Smart ThinQ Technology,10 Temperature
Sensors, Auto Closing Door Hinge, Linear Compressor, Multi-Flow Air Cooling, Smart
Cooling Plus System, Smart Diagnosis, Child Lock, Door Alarm Dual Evaporators,
Fresh Air Filter, Smooth Touch Electronic LED Temperature Controls, White LED
Display ,8" LCD Control Panel . It uses energy/power of CEE Tier 1 , Energy Star,

LoDecibel Quiet Operation manufacturers provide a warranty of 1 Year for Parts &
Labour, 10 Years Linear Compressor,7 Years Sealed System. It has a dimensions of 70
1/4" H x 33 3/4" D x 35 3/4W.
FIGURE 2.5: LG Smart ThinQ LFX31995ST[5]
2.5.1 Demerits of existing products

Cost: Ranges from 2000-4000$ at an average. That is the equivalent of 1 lakh to 2 lakh in
Indian currency.
Unnecessary features for a fridge:
TV
Radio
Email and voice mail
Mp3 player
Photo album

All these features are replaced by smart phones in the market and a refrigerator has no
necessity for these features.A refrigerator should solely focus on food and prevent
wastage of food products along with providing features such as low power consumption
and cost effectiveness to be successful in the Indian market.
2.5.2 Organization of Food products inside refrigerator

Food needs to be maintained at cold temperatures to prevent the growth of bacteria and
other microbes that make food spoil and can make people sick. Refrigerators should be
kept at 40 F or lower, and freezers should be set to 0 F. But even when the refrigerator is
sufficiently cold, the temperature will vary in different parts of the fridge depending on
how close they are to the cooling element. The fridge isn't just a closet for food,its a
high-tech device that helps to store all the favorite snacks, condiments, and meal-fixins in
optimal conditions. Not only do refrigerators have different compartments that serve
different purposes, they also have different temperature zones. This means that storing
things in the wrong place, and not taking advantage of the modern miracle of
refrigeration. And that leads to loss of food, loss of money, and less desire to cook at
home.
Food needs to be maintained at cold temperatures to prevent the growth of bacteria and
other microbes that make food spoiland can make people sick. Refrigerators should be
kept at 40 F or lower, and freezers should be set to 0 F. But even when the refrigerator is
sufficiently cold, the temperature will vary in different parts of the fridge depending on
how close they are to the cooling element. Master the art of the refrigerator, and the food
will last longer.
2.7.1 Freezer
Freezers are for storing frozen things. Ice goes in the freezer, as do frozen fruits, veggies,
meat, stock, and other items. It is possible to store a surprising number of other foods in
the freezer for later use, such as tortillas, pasta sauce, and even eggs. The trick with
freezers is to pack foods tightly in their containers and keep things well organized, since
this optimizes storage and also saves energy (and moolah on that energy bill). Rather than
using glass jars, which can break, freeze foods in stackable plastic containers or in plastic
freezer bags laid flat.

Doors are the warmest part of the fridge and should be reserved for foods that are most
resistant to spoiling. Keep condiments, juices, and other foods that can stand up to
temperature fluctuations here. (And remember that even condiments have a shelf life).
Since fridge doors can get warm (particularly when they're opened often), eggs and
dairy shouldnt be placed here, even if the guzzle milk straight from the carton all the
live-long day.
2.7.3 Upper-Shelves
The upper shelves of the fridge have the most consistent temperatures, while the lower
shelves are coldest. One pro strategy from restaurant kitchens is to place foods that dont
need to be cooked near the top of the fridge. This includes leftovers, drinks, and ready-to-
eat foods like tortillas, hummus, and deli meats. Herbs can be kept fresh by placing them
upright in a vase or jar with water and loosely covering it with a plastic bag.
2.7.4 Lower Shelves
The lower shelves are thebest bet for raw meat, eggs, seafood, and other dairy to be stored
at the coldest temperatures. To prevent raw meats bacteria from spreading to other areas,
assign a particular section of the fridge as the meat locker. Keep meat in its original
packaging, and place it on a plate or in and improvised bin thats cleaned regularly.
2.7.5 Crisper- Drawers
The purpose of crisper drawers is to maintain moist conditions that help preserve fruits
and vegetables. But dont make the mistake of jumbling all produce together in a fruit
and veg free-for-all. Many fruits, including apples, peaches, plums, pears, and
antaloupes, produce ethylene, a chemical that helps them to ripen. Unfortunately the
ethylene produced can also promote ripening in other plants, causing vegetables to go
yellow, limp, or even sprout. For this reason, keep veggies in one drawer and fruits in
another.Fruits and veggies should be washed before eating, but too much moisture can
cause foods to flip from ripe to rotten before the antioxidants on.

The goal is to wash fruits and veggies when its convenient, but not so far in advance that
they are likely to spoil before it is used . When washing fruits, remove extra moisture by
draining in a colander, blotting with paper towel, or using a salad spinner. Berries are
particularly fragile, so handle with care and gobble them within a day or two of washing.
(Storing them on the top shelf of the fridge will help with that.) .Once washed, put greens
and herbs in a plastic bag or container with a square of paper towel to soak up excess
moisture and everything else in clean (and preferably clear) containers.Put the containers
back in the crisper for longer-term storage or on the top shelf where it is more likely
to see them and eat them up quickly.
2.7.6 On the Top of the Fridge
If the top of the fridge is used for storing , like a food attic, stacking bottles of Merlot or
loves of bread up there, it needs to be stopped. Even if the kitchen is tiny and that space
feels convenient, its not a smart idea. To regulate cold temperatures inside, the fridges
condenser coil pumps warm air out, and that heat rises around the appliances cabinet.
Result: It gets pretty warm up top. Heat is Kryptonite to wine. And itll make bread mold
faster. The best use of this space: Store appliances or supplies like paper towels or a stack
of cookbooks.
2.8 Merits of proposed project over existing products

Smart fridge connected by Iot is almost non existent in the Indian market. Refrigerator
market is estimated to grow at a CAGR(Compound Annual Growth Rate) of 25.7%
during 2012-2015.The proposed project is cost effective. This feature is essential for the
product to survive the Indian market. The average cost of fridges in India is around Rs
25,000-30,000. The prototype can be implemented at a lower cost than this.The objective
and motivation of the fridge is to deal with food wastage and decrease power
consumption. With food wastage being a major concern in India, this product can strike a
chord with the masses.The proposed prototype is provided with a mobile app. This
increases the market aspects of the product.

2.9 The Design and Implementation of A GSM Based User-Machine

Interacted Refrigerator
Innovations in Intelligent SysTems and Applications (INISTA), 2015, International

Symposium.
Author: Hseyin Grler
Many user-machine interacted devices are tailored at the service of people. This paper
presents a new low cost smart fridge in which GSM is used as the media of
communication between the machine and humans. The proposed solution demonstrates
remote monitoring of the fridge (its temperature and food and beverage contents) as well
as power cut and return alarms through text messages that are sent to stored number in
response to a call or a message request or initiated by the system in case of power cuts.
The software is utilizing a conditional looping using C and standard AT commands are
used for communication between the microcontroller and the modem.
In the performed system, text messages are sent to the user by means of the GSM modem,
which will communicate with the user's mobile phone. Whenever the GSM modem
receives a text message command or phone call from a predefined mobile phone number,
it transfers that processes the command and loads them as ON/OFF according to the
command sent to the GSM modem. If a status request text message or phone call was
received by the GSM modem, the micro-controller automatically sends a text message
about availability of products currently present in the fridge. Freezer and cooler
temperatures are detected by the I/O card with NTC type thermistor, and interpreted by
the micro-controller.
As widely used in various embedded systems, the basis of communication between GSM
modem and micro-controller was provided by using AT (attention) command set for
sending/receiving text messages . AT commands also known as Hayes command set,
were originally developed by the HayesCompany. The complete operation process is
displayed onthe 4 20 LCD module.

2.9.1 A Cost-Effective Space Sensing Prototype for an Intelligent

Refrigerator
2004 8th International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision

Kunming, China, 69th December 2004
Authors: Peter, K.K., Loh and Daryl, Y.H., Let
This paper presents a volume sensor for an intelligent refrigerator system. The proposed
system is costeffective and automatically monitors the amount of space, and indirectly the
usage, in a refrigerator compartment. An extension to the proposed designallows the
system to automatically alert the homeowner of the refrigerator's status through (SMS).
The system consists of four circuits as described below.
The first is the control circuit which consists of timers, counters, multiplexers,
demultiplexers,AND gates, OR gates, NOT gates, resistors and capacitors.
Second is the sensing circuit made up of twelve emitter circuits (infraredemitter and
resistor) and twelve detector circuits(photodiode, variable resistor and transistor).
Third is the interface circuit and fourth is the GSM circuit for alerts.A switch is used to
simulate a refrigerator's door. When the door is closed, all components will be activated.
Without any objects in the box, all photodiodes can sense the infrared ray emitted from
their respective infrared emitters.
Thus resistances in the photodiodes are low.With low resistances, voltages from the
photodiodes that feed into the two multiplexers are low. The multiplexers are used to
control a Space counter that has been initialized with a count of zero.Twelve LEDs are
uscd to display the result from the Space counter through a demultiplexer.

Figure 2.7: Organising The Fridge

CHAPTER 3
HARDWARE AND SOFWARE DESCRIPTION
The major hardware components used are listed below:
1. ARM7 LPC 2148 Microcontroller
2. LDR
3. MQ3 Sensor
4. Micro Switch (Pressure Sensor)
5. ASIC RFID Transmitter and Receiver
6. LCD Module
7. GSM Module
8. Power Supply Unit
9. Monostable Multivibrators
10. Buffer ,Driver & Relay
3.1 Arm Processor

LPC 2148 Microcontroller
The ARM7TDMI core is the industrys most widely used 32-bit embedded RISC
microprocessor solution. Optimized for cost and power-sensitive applications, the
ARM7TDMI solution provides the low power consumption, small size, and high
performance needed in portable, embedded applications.
The ARM7TDMI-S core is the synthesizable version of theARM7TDMI core, available
in both VERILOG and VHDL, ready for compilation into processes supported by in-
house or commercially available synthesis libraries.
The ARM720T hard microcell contains the ARM7TDMI core, 8kb unified cache, and a
Memory Management Unit (MMU) that allows the use of protected execution spaces and
virtual memory. This macro cell is compatible with leading operating systems including
Windows CE, Linux, palm OS, and SYMBIAN OS.

Figure 3.1: ARM7TDMI Core Diagram
3.1.2 Registers
The core consists of 31 general-purpose 32-bit registers, 7 dedicated 32-bit registers
coupled to a barrel-shifter, Arithmetic Logic Unit, and multiplier.
3.1.3 Modes And Exceptions
The ARM7TDMI supports seven modes of operation:
User mode, Fast Interrupt (FIQ), Interrupt (IRQ), Supervisor mode, Abort mode

3.1. 4 Processor States

The ARM7TDMI processor can be in one of two states: ARM stateand THUMB STATE.
3.1.5 AMBA Bus Architecture

The ARM7 processors are designed for use with the Advanced Microcontroller Bus
Architecture (AMBA) multi-master on-chip bus architecture.This specification defines
buses likeAdvanced System Bus (ASB), Advanced High-performance Bus (AHB)
3.2 LDR
A photo resistor or light-dependent resistor (LDR) or photocell is a light-controlled
variable resistor. The resistance of a photo resistor decreases with increasing incident
light intensity; in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity. In the absence of light, LDR
exhibits a resistance of the order of mega-ohms which decreases to few hundred ohms in
the presence of light.It can act as a sensor, since a varying voltage drop can be obtained in
accordance with the varying light. It is made up of cadmium sulphide (CdS).
Figure 3.2: LDR Figure 3.2.1: LDR Circuit Example
The above figure shows that when the torch is turned on, the resistance of the LDR falls,
allowing current to pass through it and thus switching on the LED and vice versa.
3.2.1 Applications of LDR
The LDR finds many uses as a low cost photo sensitive element and was used for
manyyears in photographic light meters , flame, smoke and burglar detectors, card readers
and lighting controls for street lamps. One of the most common uses for LDR is in traffic
lights. The light dependent resistor controls a built in heater inside the traffic light, and
causes it to recharge over night so that the light never dies.

3.3 Odour Sensor
This gas sensor is suitable for detecting leakage of gas. It has a high sensitivity and fast
response time and provides an analog resistive output based on GAS concentration..
Sensitive material of MQ-3 gas sensor is SnO2. When the target GAS exist, the sensors
conductivity is higher along with the gas concentration rising. Convert change of
conductivity to correspond output signal of gas concentration.
Figure 3.3: MQ-3 Sensor
MQ-3 gas sensor has high sensitivity to gas, and has good resistance to disturb of
gasoline, smoke and vapor. The sensor could be used to detect leakage of gas with
different concentration, it is with low cost and suitable for different application.
3.4 Micro Switch (Pressure Sensor)
A miniature snap-action switch, also trademarked and frequently known as a micro

switch, is an electric switch that is actuated by very little physical force, through the use
of a tipping-point mechanism, sometimes called an "over-center" mechanism.Switching
happens reliably at specific and repeatable positions of the actuator, which is not
necessarily true of other mechanisms. They are very common due to their low cost and
durability, greater than 1 million cycles and up to 10 million cycles for heavy duty
models. This durability is a natural consequence of the design.
Figure 3.4 : Micro switch

Common applications of micro switches include the door interlock on a microwave oven,
levelling and safety switches in elevators, vending machines, and to detect paper jams or
other faults in photocopiers. Micro switches are commonly used in tamper switches on
gate valves on fire sprinkler systems and other water pipe systems, where it is necessary
to know if a valve has been opened or shut.They are usually rated to carry current in
control circuits only, although some switches can be directly used to control small
motors, solenoids, lamps, or other devices
3.5 ASIC RFID Transmitter and Receiver
3.5.1 RF transmitter
RF transmitters are electronic devices that create continuously varying electric current,
encode sine waves, and broadcast radio waves. RF transmitters use oscillators to create
sine waves, the simplest and smoothest form of continuously varying waves, which
contain information such as audio and video.
Modulators encode these sign wives and antennas broadcast them as radio signals. There
are several ways to encode or modulate this information, including amplitude modulation
(AM) and frequency modulation (FM). Radio techniques limit localized interference and
noise.
3.5.2 RF receiver
RF receivers separate radio signals from one another and convert specific signals into
audio, video, or data formats. It has antenna to receive transmitted signals and a tuner to
separate a specific signal from all of the other signals that the antenna receives. Detectors
or demodulators then extract information that was encoded before transmission. Radio
techniques limit localized interference and noise.
The RF transmitter is built around the ASIC and common passive and active components.
The Carrier frequency is 147 MHz and Data frequencies are 17 MHz, 19 MHz,22
MHz&25 MHz.

Figure 3.5 RF transmitter and receiver
3.6 LCD Module

LCDs can add a lot to any application in terms of providing an useful interface for the
user, debugging an application or just giving it a "professional" look. The most common
type of LCD controller is the Hitachi 44780 which provides a relatively simple interface
between a processor and an LCD. Using this interface is often not attempted by
inexperienced designers and programmers because it is difficult to find good
documentation on the interface, initializing the interface can be a problem and the
displays themselves are expensive.The most common connector used for the 44780 based
LCDs is 14 pins in a row, with pin centres 0.100" apart.
Figure 3.6: LCD display

The interface is a parallel bus, allowing simple and fast reading/writing of data to and
from the LCD. The LCD Data Write Waveform will write an ASCII Byte out to the
LCD's screen. The ASCII code to be displayed is eight bits long and is sent to the LCD
either four or eight bits at a time. If four bit mode is used, two "nibbles" of data (Sent
high four bits and then low four bits with an "E" Clock pulse with each nibble) are sent to
make up a full eight bit transfer. The "E" Clock is used to initiate the data transfer within

the LCD.The last aspect of the LCD to discuss is how to specify a contrast voltage to the
display. Experts typically use a potentiometer wired as a voltage divider. This will
provide an easily variable voltage between Ground and Vcc, which will be used to
specify the contrast (or "darkness") of the characters on the LCD screen. You may find
that different LCDs work differently with lower voltages providing darker characters in
some and higher voltages do the same thing in others.Liquid crystal panel service life
100,000 hours minimum at 25 oC -10 oC.
3.7 GSM Module

3.7.1 GSM Shield (SIM 900a)
The SIM900 which is a complete Quad-band GSM/GPRS solution comes in a SMT
module which can be embedded in customer applications. Featuring an industry-standard
interface, the SIM900 delivers GSM/GPRS 850/900/1800/1900MHz performance for
Data, voice, SMS and Fax in a small form factor and with low power consumption.
SIM900 can fit almost all the space requirements in the M2M application with
dimensions of 24mm x 24mm x 3 mm. SIM900 is designed with a very powerful single-
chip processor integrating AMR926EJ-S core. Quad - band GSM/GPRS module with a
size of 24mmx24mmx3mm, SMT type suit for customer application.
3.7.2 GSM
GSM, which stands for Global System for Mobile communications, reigns as the worlds
most widely used cell phone technology. Cell phones use a cell phone service carriers
GSM network by searching for cell phone towers in the nearby area.
The origins of GSM can be traced back to 1982 when the GroupeSpcial Mobile (GSM)
was created by the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications
Administrations (CEPT) for the purpose of designing a pan-European mobile
technology. It is approximated that 80 percent of the world uses GSM technology when
placing wireless calls, according to the GSM Association (GSMA), which represents the
interests of the worldwide mobile communications industry. This amounts to nearly 3
billion global people.

Figure 3.7.2: GSM sim 900
3.7.3 Concept of IoT

Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objectsdevices, vehicles, buildings
and other itemsembedded with electronics,software, sensors, and network
connectivity that enables these objects to collect and exchange data. Here, the smart
fridge module is connected to the internet with the help of the links provided in the user
alerts generated by the GSM.
The IoT allows objects to be sensed and controlled remotely across existing network
infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into
computer-based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic
benefit;when IoT is augmented with sensors and actuators, the technology becomes an
instance of the more general class of cyber-physical systems, which also encompasses
technologies such as smart grids, smart homes, intelligent transportation and smart cities.
Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its embedded computing system but is able to
interoperate within the existing Internet infrastructure. Experts estimate that the IoT will
consist of almost 50 billion objects by 2020. IoT devices can be used to monitor and
control the mechanical, electrical and electronic systems used in various types of
buildings (e.g., public and private, industrial, institutions, or residential) in home
automation and building.British entrepreneur Kevin Ashton first coined the term in 1999
while working at Auto-ID Labs (originally called Auto-ID centers, referring to a global
network of objects connected to radio-frequency identification, or RFID). Typically, IoT

is expected to offer advanced connectivity of devices, systems, and services that goes
beyond machine-to-machine (M2M) communications and covers a variety of protocols,
domains, and applications.The interconnection of these embedded devices
(including smart objects), is expected to usher in automation in nearly all fields, while
also enabling advanced applications like a smart grid, and expanding to the areas such
as smart cities.
"Things," in the IoT sense, can refer to a wide variety of devices such as heart monitoring
implants, biochip transponders on farm animals, electric clams in coastal
waters,automobiles with built-in sensors, DNA analysis devices for
environmental/food/pathogen monitoring[or field operation devices that assist firefighters
in search and rescue operations.Legal scholars suggest to look at "Things" as an
"inextricable mixture of hardware, software, data and service". These devices collect
useful data with the help of various existing technologies and then autonomously flow the
data between other devices.Current market examples include smart thermostat systems
and washer/dryers that use Wi-Fi for remote monitoring as well as the expansion of
Internet-connected automation into a plethora of new application areas. IoT is also
expected to generate large amounts of data from diverse locations, with the consequent
necessity for quick aggregation of the data, and an increase in the need to index, store,
and process such data more effectively. IoT is one of the platforms of today's Smart City,
and Smart Energy Management Systems automation.
3.8.1 Power supply unit

This section needs two voltages viz., +12 V & +5 V, as working voltages. Hence
specially designed power supply is constructed to get regulated power supplies.The
circuit needs two different voltages, +5V & +12V, to work. These dual voltages are
supplied by this specially designed power supply. Every typical power supply contains
the following sections:
1. Step-down Transformer
2. Rectifier stage
3. Filter stage
4. Voltage Regulation

3.9 Monostable Multivibrators

Monostable Multivibrators have only ONE stable state and produce a single output
pulse when it is triggered externally. MonostableMultivibrators only return back to their
first original and stable state after a period of time determined by the time constant of
the RC coupled circuit.
3.9.1 Internal Arrangement Of 555 Timer Ic

The timer comprises two operational amplifiers (used as comparators) together with an
RS Bistable element.A single transistor switch, TR1, is also provided as a means of
rapidly discharging the external timing capacitor.The standard 555 timer is housed in an
8-pin DIL package and operates from supply rail voltages of between 4.5V and 15V. This
encompasses the normal range for TTL devices and thus the device is ideally suited for
use in conjunction with TTL circuitry. The current through Monostable Multivibrator will
depend upon input from the sensor.
Figure 3.8.1: 555 IC
When sensor senses a signal at its sensing point, then after sensing it will send signal to
the Monostable Multivibrator. Thus Monostable timing period is initiated by a falling
edge (i.e. High to Low transition) applied to the trigger input (at pin 2). When such an
edge is received and the trigger input voltage falls below of Vcc, the output of the
lower comparator goes high and the Bistable is placed in the set state.

3.10 Buffer ,Driver & Relay
Buffers : Buffers do not affect the logical state of a digital signal (i.e. a logic 1/0 input
results in a logic 1/0 output). Buffers used to provide extra current drive at the output but
can used to regularize the logic present at an interface.
Drivers : This section is used to drive the relay where the output is complement of
input which is applied to the drive but current will be amplified.
Relays : It is an electromagnetic device which is used to drive the load connected across
the relay and the o/p of relay can be connected to controller or load for further processing.
3.10.1 Buffer IC 4050

When the user programs the schedule for the automation using GUI [Graphical User
Interface] software, it actually sends 5-bit control signals to the circuit. The present circuit
provides interfacing with the Microcontroller and the controlling circuitry. This circuit
takes the 5-bit control signal, isolates the controller from this circuitry, boosts control
signals for required level and finally fed to the driver section to actuate relay. These five
relays in turn sends RC5 coded commands with respect to their relay position.
1 IC 4050 16
Vcc
2 15
3 14
4 13
5 12
6 11
7 10
8 Vss 9
Figure 3.10: Buffer IC 4050

3.10.2 Driver ULN 2003

The series ULN2000A/L ICs drive seven relays with continuous load current ratings to
600mA for each input. At an appropriate duty cycle depending on ambient temperature
and number of drivers turned ON simultaneously, typical power loads totalling over
260W [400mA x 7, 95V] can be controlled.The input of ULN 2003 is TTL-compatible
open-collector outputs. As each of these outputs can sink a maximum collector current of
500 mA, miniature Controller relays can be easily driven. No additional free-wheeling
clamp diode is required to be connected across the relay since each of the outputs has
inbuilt free-wheeling diodes. The Series ULN20x4A/L features series input resistors for
operation directly from 6 to 15V CMOS or PMOS logic outputs.
IC ULN 2003
1
16
2 15
3 14
4 13
5 12
6 11
7 10
8 9 Vcc
Figure 3.10.1 : ULN 2003

3.11 Software Descrption

Programming for microcontroller is done in embedded-C language. Compiler used is Keil
microvision-4 for LPC2148 controller. Thecompiled programs are downloaded onto the
microcontrollers JTAG port interface for LPC2148 using flashmagic and JTAG
downloader software respectively.Keil development tools for the LPC2148
Microcontroller Architecture supportevery level of software developer from the
professional applications engineer to the student just learning about embedded software
development.The industry-standard Keil Compilers, Macro Assemblers, Debuggers,
Real-Time Kernels, Single-board Computers, and Emulators supports all 8051
derivatives.We, however have used the evaluation version of it, wherein the maximum
code size permitted is 2kbytes.
The steps to be followed for using keil, in brief, are as follows:
When starting a new project, simply select the microcontroller you use from the
Device Database and the uVision IDE sets all compiler, assembler, linker, and
memory options for you.
Keil supports the program code to be written in assembly language as well as high
level language (like c).
The Keil uVision Debugger accurately simulates on-chip peripherals (I2C, CAN,
UART, SPI, Interrupts, I/O Ports, A/D Converter, D/A Converter, and PWM
Modules) of your device. Simulation helps you understand hardware configurations
and avoids time wasted on setup problems. Additionally, with simulation, you can
write and test applications before target hardware is available.
The Keil uVision Assembler converts the source code to the corresponding machine
level code and saves in hex file. This hex file is downloaded onto the chip to perform
the desired functionality.
Keil software can itself be used to download the hex file onto the chip, provided the
code is less than 2Kb in size (this constraint is only for the evaluation version which
we are using).
Since the code we using is more than 2Kb, additional tools like flash magic, hyper
terminal have to be used for downloading the hex code onto the chip.

3.11.1 Flash Magic

Flash Magic is a feature-rich Windows based tool for the downloading of code into NXP
flash microcontrollers. It utilizes a feature of the microcontrollers called ISP, whichallows
the transfer of data serially between a PC and the device.Flash Magic can erase devices,
program them, read data and read andset various configuration information.
Rather than providing basic features of ISP,Flash Magic adds additional features and
intelligence, allowing complex operationsto be performed. Additionally advanced
features of Flash Magic include the automatic programming of checksums, entering ISP
mode via a serial command, execution of. Just In Time modules allowing endless
flexibility in the data programmed, control over RS232 signals to place devices into ISP
mode, and control over the timing of such signals.Flash magic has been available for free
for over six years and supports all current 8-bit(8051),16-bit (XA) and 32 or 64 bit
(ARM) flash microcontrollers from NXP.
Embedded C :Since a C program possesses greater structure, it is easier to understand
and maintain. Because of its modularity, a C program can better lend itself to reuse of
code from project to project. The division of code into functions will force better structure
of the software and lead to functions that can be taken from one project and used in
another, thus reducing overall development time.
The developer can focus more time on designing the algorithms of the system rather than
having to concentrate on their individual implementation. This will greatly reduce
development time and lower debugging time since the code is more understandable. By
using a language like C, the programmer does not have to be intimately familiar with the
architecture of the processor. This means that someone new to a given processor can get a
project up and running quicker, since the internals and organization of the target
processor do not have to be learned. Additionally,code developed in C will be more
portable to other systems than code developed in assembly.

CHAPTER 4
PROPOSED SYSTEM
4.1 Design
The module could be seen to be composed of sub-modules namely:
1. Sensing module
2. Control module
3. Transmission module
These modules work together to determine contents status inside the refrigerator and
notify the user about the products via SMS (Short Message Service) or e-mail.
4.2 Considerations
The following constraints must be kept in mind while developing the design:
Power supply should be switched off when module not in use.
Module has to be installed such that there is availability of strong network in order to
notify the user.
The food items have to be placed in their respective slots.
The design must be applicable any existing refrigerator.
Embedded C was the effective option among others and is chosen as programming
language.
The output is shown on a circuit board which consists of the smart refrigeration
module. LEDs are placed at various places to indicate the flow of execution.
The possible source of error include replacing of food items without using them.
If the user extracts vegetables from a section and places it again at the end the module it
could to lead to false notification.
To recover from such an error, the module could be reset or a dedicated application could
be implemented.

Figure 4.1 :Block diagram of Smart Fridge Module
The major components used are listed below:

1. ARM7 LPC 2148 Microcontroller
2. LDR
3. MQ3 Sensor
4. Pressure Sensor
5. ASIC RFID Transmitter and Receiver
6. LCD Module

7. GSM Module
8. Power Supply Unit
For the first application i.e. quantity monitoring in the refrigerator, an LDR and pressure
sensor are used to keep track of the contents in the compartment. A photo resistor or LDR
(Light Dependent Resistor), is a light-controlled variable resistor. The resistance of a
photo resistor decreases with increasing incident light intensity or
exhibits photoconductivity. A photo resistor can be applied in light-sensitive detector
circuits, and light- and dark-activated switching circuits. Hence, when the product is low
in quantity, the light incident on the LDR, through the product container, increases, when
a refrigerator compartment is taken into account.This causes change in resistance of LDR,
therefore the output voltage varies. This change is monitored and detected and compared
with thresholds to send user updates.
Pressure sensor on the other hand, has an output voltage that varies with the applied
pressure. This change in voltage is monitored and detected by the microcontroller and it is
compared with thresholds that are set and accordingly, user alerts are generated. In this
implementation as soon as the vegetables or the soft drinks are used, the user is notified.
The quality and shelf life application involves the use odour sensors and RFID
respectively, for sensing items inside the refrigerator which are placed inside specific
compartments. MQ-3 is used to determine the quality of contents in the refrigerator. MQ-
3 gas sensor has high sensitivity to gas, and has good resistance to disturb of gasoline,
smoke and vapour.
The sensor could be used to detect leakage of vapour with different concentration, it is
with low cost and suitable for different applications. Here, it finds its application in
detecting the smell of spoilt food. The output voltage of this sensor is monitored for
variations based on set thresholds and accordingly, user updates are sent. The RF
transmitter and receiver module is built around the ASIC and common passive and active
components, which are very easy to obtain from the material shelf. When a product is
about to expire, the user may set a reminder using this module to place an online order
before the product expires or depletes.
The transmitter module may be placed in the vicinity of the compartment having the
product and on pressing of switch on the transmitter module by the user, timely alerts can

be generated to remind the user about purchase or restocking or immediate usage. The
receiver module connects to the microcontroller where appropriate alert generation is
determined.
Placing of sensors is to be done according to the requirement of the user or threshold level
required. Note that the output voltages of the sensors are constantly monitored by the
microcontroller to detect changes to generate updates via the GSM.
The GSM module that is connected to the microcontroller is used to send updates to the
user in the form of SMS or E-mail with the use of android application. The user is alerted
about the status of the refrigerator contents on his mobile phone and is provided with
appropriate links to access online sites to place orders for depleted or expired products.
LCD module connected to microcontroller, is used for local alerts.
Module needs two voltages viz., +12 V & +5 V, as working voltages. Hence specially
designed power supply unit , is constructed to get regulated power supplies. Buffers do
not affect the logical state of a digital signal (i.e. a logic 1 input results in a logic 1 output
whereas logic 0 input results in a logic 0 output).
Buffers are normally used to provide extra current drive at the output but can also be used
to regularize the logic present at an interface.
Drivers are used to drive the relay where the output is complement of input which is
applied to the drive but current will be amplified. An electromagnetic device is used to
drive the load connected across the relay and the o/p of relay can be connected to
controller or load for further processing.
The Keil Software LPC2148 development tools are used to compile the C code, assemble
the assembly source files, link and locate object modules and libraries, create HEX files,
and debug the target program. Vision for Windows is an Integrated Development
Environment that combines project management, source code editing, and program
debugging in one single, powerful environment.
These are the software tools that are used to write and implement an embedded C code
that is used to monitor the sensors and compare their voltage outputs to the thresholds set
and if values cross these thresholds, user alerts are generated via GSM.

4.3 Power Supply Unit

The circuit needs two different voltages, +5V & +12V, to work. These dual voltages are
supplied by this specially designed power supply.The power supply, unsung hero of every
electronic circuit, plays very important role in smooth running of the connected circuit.
The main object of this power supply is, as the name itself implies, to deliver the
required amount of stabilized and pure power to the circuit. Every typical power supply
contains the following sections:
KIA 78xx
Series
1 2 3
Figure 4.2: KIA 78xx IC
The stabilization of D.C. output is achieved by using the three terminal voltage regulator
IC. This regulator IC comes in two flavors: 78xx for positive voltage output and 79xx for
negative voltage output.For example 7805 gives +5V output and 7905 gives -5V
stabilized output. These regulator ICs have in-built short-circuit protection and auto-
thermal cutout provisions. If the load current is very high the IC needs heat sink to
dissipate the internally generated power.
4.3.1 Circuit Description

A D.C. power supply which maintains the output voltage constant irrespective of A.C.
mains fluctuations or load variations is known as regulated D.C. power supply. It is also
referred as full-wave regulated power supply as it uses four diodes in bridge fashion with

the transformer. This laboratory power supply offers excellent line and load regulation
and output voltages of +5V & +12 V at output currents up to one amp.
4.3.2 Circuit diagram of +5v & +12v full wave regulated power supply
Figure 4.3 : Regulated power supply
1. Step-down Transformer: The transformer rating is 230V AC at Primary and 12-

0-12V, 1Ampers across secondary winding. This transformer has a capability to deliver a
current of1Ampere, which is more than enough to drive any electronic circuit or varying
load. The 12VAC appearing across the secondary is the RMS value of the waveform and
the peak value would be 12 x 1.414 = 16.8 volts. This value limits our choice of rectifier
diode as 1N4007, which is having PIV rating more than 16 Volts.
2. Rectifier Stage: The two diodes D1 & D2 are connected across the secondary
winding of the transformer as a full-wave rectifier. During the positive half-cycle of
secondary voltage, the end A of the secondary winding becomes positive and end B
negative. This makes the diode D1 forward biased and diode D2 reverse biased.
Therefore diode D1 conducts while diode D2 does not. During the negative half-cycle,
end A of the secondary winding becomes negative and end B positive. Therefore diode

D2 conducts while diode D1 does not. Note that current across the centre tap terminal is
in the same direction for both half-cycles of input A.C. voltage. Therefore, pulsating D.C.
is obtained at point C with respect to Ground.
3. Filter Stage: Here Capacitor C1 is used for filtering purpose and connected across
the rectifier output. It filters the A.C. components present in the rectified D.C. and gives
steady D.C. voltage. As the rectifier voltage increases, it charges the capacitor and also
supplies current to the load. When capacitor is charged to the peak value of the rectifier
voltage, rectifier voltage starts to decrease. As the next voltage peak immediately
recharges the capacitor, the discharge period is of very small duration. Due to this
continuous charge-discharge-recharge cycle very little ripple is observed in the filtered
output. Moreover, output voltage is higher as it remains substantially near the peak value
of rectifier output voltage. This phenomenon is also explained in other form as: the shunt
capacitor offers a low reactance path to the A.C. components of current and open circuit
to D.C. component. During positive half cycle the capacitor stores energy in the form of
electrostatic field. During negative half cycle, the filter capacitor releases stored energy to
the load.
4. Voltage Regulation Stage: Across the point D and Ground there is rectified and
filtered D.C. In the present circuit KIA 7812 three terminal voltage regulator IC is used to
get +12V and KIA 7805 voltage regulator IC is used to get +5V regulated D.C. output. In
the three terminals, pin 1 is input i.e., rectified & filtered D.C. is connected to this pin. Pin
2 is common pin and is grounded. The pin 3 gives the stabilized D.C. output to the load.
The circuit shows two more decoupling capacitors C2 & C3, which provides ground path
to the high frequency noise signals. Across the point E and F with respect to ground
+5V & +12V stabilized or regulated dc output is measured, which can be connected to the
required circuit.While connecting the diodes and electrolytic capacitors the polarities
must be taken into consideration. The transformers primary winding deals with 230V
mains, care should be taken with it.

4.4 LDR: Working
An LDR or photo resistor is made of any semiconductor material with a high resistance. It
has a high resistance because there are very few electrons that are free and able to move -
the vast majority of the electrons are locked into the crystal lattice and unable to move.
Therefore in this state there is a high LDR resistance.As light falls on the semiconductor,
the light photons are absorbed by the semiconductor lattice and some of their energy is
transferred to the electrons. This gives some of them sufficient energy to break free from
the crystal lattice so that they can then conduct electricity. This results in a lowering of
the resistance of the semiconductor and hence the overall LDR resistance.The process is
progressive, and as more light shines on the LDR semiconductor, so more electrons are
released to conduct electricity and the resistance falls further.
Figure 4.4: Basic Structure and symbol of LDR
Photovoltaic energy conversion relies on the quantum nature of light whereby we

perceive light as a flux of particles called photons.On a clear day, about 4.4 x
1017 photons strike a square centimetre of the Earth's surface every second.Only some of
these photons - those with energy in excess of the bandgap - can be converted into
electricity by the solar cell. When such photon enters the semiconductor, it may be

absorbed and promote an electron from the valence to the conduction band. Since a hole
is left behind in the valence band, the absorption process generates electron-hole pairs.
4.5 Odour sensor: Working
This gas sensor is suitable for detecting leakage of gas. It has a high sensitivity and fast
response time. Sensor provides an analog resistive output based on GAS concentration.
The drive circuit is very simple. Sensitive material of MQ-3 gas sensor is SnO2, which
with lower conductivity in clean air. When the target GAS exist, the sensors conductivity
is higher along with the gas concentration rising. Converts change of conductivity to
correspond output signal of gas concentration. MQ-3 gas sensor has high sensitivity to
gas, and has good resistance to disturb of gasoline, smoke and vapor. The sensor could be
used to detect leakage of gas with different concentration, it is with low cost and suitable
for different application.
The circuit diagram shows how the timer IC 555 can be used as a Monostable pulse
generator. In this mode, pin 4 is connected to pin 8 and that to +Vcc. The threshold pin 6
and the discharge pin 7 are connected together to +Vcc by a timing resistance P1 (Preset).
The trigger input pin 2 is connected to +Vcc using a pull-up resistor R1. The control pin 5
is connected to ground via capacitor C2.The Monostable timing period is initiated by a
falling edge (i.e. High to Low transition) applied to the trigger input (at pin 2). When
such an edge is received and the trigger input voltage falls below of Vcc, the output
of the lower comparator goes high and the Bistable is placed in the set state. The Q
output of the Bistable then goes low, switching transistor TR1 is placed in the OFF (non-
conducting) state and the final output (at pin-3) goes High. The circuit can be
readil y adapted to drive a load with op erating current less than about
150mA. So, the indicator LED (D1) goes ON.
When the voltage at the threshold input (at pin-6) exceeds of Vcc, the output of the
upper comparator will change state and the Bistable will be reset, making the output go
HIGH and turning switching transistor TR1 ON in the process. Due to the inverting
action of the buffer, the final output (at pin-3) will then go LOW. That means the
indicator LED (D2) goes OFF. The output is latched in the same condition
until another trigger pulse is received.

Figure 4.5 : Circuit Diagram of odour sensor
4.6 RF TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER

4.6.1 RF transmitter
RF transmitters are electronic devices that create continuously varying electric current,
encode sine waves, and broadcast radio waves. RF transmitters use oscillators to create
sine waves, the simplest and smoothest form of continuously varying waves, which
contain information such as audio and video. Modulators encode these sign wives and
antennas broadcast them as radio signals.
4.6.2 RF receiver
RF receivers are electronic devices that separate radio signals from one another and
convert specific signals into audio, video, or data formats. RF receivers use an antenna to
receive transmitted radio signals and a tuner to separate a specific signal from all of the

other signals that the antenna receives. Detectors or demodulators then extract
information that was encoded before transmission. There are several ways to decode or
modulate this information, including amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency
modulation (FM). Radio techniques limit localized interference and noise.The RF
transmitter is built around the ASIC and common passive and active components, which
are very easy to obtain from the material shelf. The circuit works on Very High
Frequency band with wide covering range. The Carrier frequency is 147 MHz and Data
frequencies are 17 MHz, 19 MHz,22 MHz & 25 MHz. It should be noted that ASIC or
Application Specific Integrated Circuit is proprietary product and data sheet or pin details
or working principles are not readily available to the user.
4.6.3 ASIC
Application Specific Integrated Circuit [ASIC] is another option for embedded hardware
developers. An application-specific integrated circuit , is an integrated circuit (IC)
customized for a particular use, rather than intended for general-purpose use. For
example, a chip designed to run in a digital voice recorder or a high-efficiency Bitcoin
miner is an ASIC. Application-specific standard products (ASSPs) are intermediate
between ASICs and industry standard integrated circuits like the7400 or the 4000 series.
As feature sizes have shrunk and design tools improved over the years, the maximum
complexity (and hence functionality) possible in an ASIC has grown from 5,000 gates to
over 100 million. Modern ASICs often include entire microprocessors, memory blocks
including ROM,RAM, EEPROM, flash memory and other large building blocks. Such an
ASIC is often termed a SoC (system-on-chip). Designers of digital ASICs often use
a hardware description language (HDL), such as Verilog or VHDL, to describe the
functionality of ASICs.The ASIC needs to be custom-built for a specific application, so it
is costly. If the embedded system being designed is a consumer item and is likely to be
sold in large quantities, then going the ASIC route is the best option, as it considerably
reduces the cost of each unit. In addition, size and power consumption will also be
reduced.

4.6.4 Oscillator
An electronic device that generates sinusoidal oscillations of desired frequency is known
as a sinusoidal oscillator. An oscillator as generating a frequency, it should be noted
that it does not create energy, but merely acts as an energy converter. It receives D.C.
energy and changes it into A.C energy of desired frequency. The frequency of oscillations
depends upon the constants of the device.A circuit which produces electrical oscillations
of any desired frequency is known as an oscillatory circuit or tank circuit. A simple
oscillatory circuit consists of a capacitor (C) and inductance coil (L) in parallel. This
electrical system can produce electrical oscillations of frequency determined by the
values of L and C.
The sequence of charge and discharge results in alternating motion of electrons or an
oscillating current. The energy is alternately stored in the electric field of the capacitor
and the magnetic field of the inductance coil. This intercharge of energy between L and C
is repeated over and again resulting in the production of oscillations.
Hartley Oscillator is very popular and is commonly used as a local oscillator in radio
receivers. It has two main advantages viz., adaptability to a wide range of frequencies and
is easy to tune. The RF transmitter is built around the common passive and active
components, which are very is to obtain from the material shelf. The circuit works on
Very High Frequency band with wide covering range.
4.6.5 Circuit description
The ASIC Transmitter IC has four inputs and only one output pin. The four inputs are for
the frequency range of 17 KHz, 19 KHz, 22 KHz and 25 KHz and four switches are
provided for each range.
When any one switch is selected, that frequency is added to the Transmitter circuit as
data frequency and transmitted in the air. The Crystal X1 with two coupling capacitor
provides the working oscillator frequency to the circuit. The Capacitors C6 and C7 are to
stabilize the crystal oscillator frequency.The ASIC output is added to the transmitter
circuits oscillator transistor T1s base. The data frequency is added with carrier
frequency 147 MHz and aired for transmitting purpose. The transistor T1 is heart of the

Hartely Oscillator and oscillates at carrier frequency of 147 MHz along with tuned circuit
formed by coil L1 and capacitor C4.
The Data frequency is fed to T1 on base through resistors R4 and R5. Capacitors C1 and
C3 and for stabilizing the tuned circuit along with resistor R3.To increase the range of the
circuit, transmitting signals must be strong enough to travel the long distance [i.e., upto
100 meters in this prototype].So the generated signals are made strong by amplifying to
certain level with the help of Transistor T2 and associated circuit.The Radio frequency
thus generated is fed to pre-amplifier transistor T2 on base terminal. The resistor R6
provides the bias voltage to T2 and capacitors C5 & C7 removes the noise and harmonics
present in the circuit. The antenna coil L2 transmits.
Figure 4.6 : Circuit diagram of RF Transmitter

4.6.6 RF receiver module

This circuit is built around the ASIC i.e., Application Specific Integrated Circuit, hence
less circuitry is observed. The Radio Frequency tuned circuit has 147 M Hz carrier
frequency with four options viz., 17Khz, 19Khz, 22KHz and 25KHz.The transmitted
signals are received on coil L1 which acts as receiver antenna.The oscillator transistor
removes the received signals from 147MHz carrier frequency and fed to ASIC. The tank
circuit formed by C1 and L1 gives the carrier frequency range.
The current limiting resistor R1 and bypass capacitor C5 stabilizes the oscillator. The
resistor R2, R3 and R4 provide the biasing voltage to the oscillator transistor
T1.Capacitors C2 and C3 are there to bypass the noise and harmonics present in the
received signals. Through coupling capacitor C7 output of the RF Receiver is fed to
ASIC.The ASIC manipulates the received signal and gives out four channels as output
viz., 17KHz, 19KHz, 22KHz and 25KHz.Each channel is amplified by pre-amplifier
transistor T2 along with bias resistor R9. The output of the pre-amplifier transistor is fed
to relay driver stage to activate the respective relay ON.The Darlington pair T3 and T4
are arranged in driver stage to drive the low impedence relay.
In electronics, the Darlington transistor (often called a Darlington pair) is a compound
structure consisting of two bipolar transistors (either integrated or separated devices)
connected in such a way that the current amplified by the first transistor is amplified
further by the second one.This configuration gives a much higher current gain than each
transistor taken separately and, in the case of integrated devices, can take less space than
two individual transistors because they can use a shared collector. Integrated Darlington
pairs come packaged singly in transistor-like packages or as an array of devices (usually
eight) in an integrated circuit.
A Darlington pair behaves like a single transistor with a high current gain (approximately
the product of the gains of the two transistors). In fact, integrated devices have three leads
(B, C and E), broadly equivalent to those of a standard transistor.

Figure 4.6.6 : RF Receiver
4.7 Monostable multivibrators

Monostable Multivibrators have only ONE stable state (hence their name: Mono), and
produce a single output pulse when it is triggered externally. Monostable
Multivibrators only return back to their first original and stable state after a period of time
determined by the time constant of the RC coupled circuit.

4.7.1 Internal arrangement of 555 timer IC

The timer comprises two operational amplifiers (used as comparators) together with an
RS Bistable element. In addition, an inverting output buffer is incorporated so that a
considerable current can be sourced or sunk to/from a load. A single transistor switch,
TR1, is also provided as a means of rapidly discharging the external timing capacitor.
The standard 555 timer is housed in an 8-pin DIL package and operates from supply rail
voltages of between 4.5V and 15V. This encompasses the normal range for TTL devices
and thus the device is ideally suited for use in conjunction with TTL circuitry.
4.7.2 Pin out diagram of timer IC 555
+Vcc
R1 R3
4 8
R2 6 Output To Relay
IC1 7
2
1 5
D1
Input
C1
C3
C2
R4
470
GND
Figure 4.7.2 : Internal Arrangement of 555 IC circuit
The circuit diagram shows how the timer IC 555 can be used as a Rising Light Level
Switch. In Monostable pulse generator mode, pin 4 is connected to pin 8 and that to
+Vcc. The threshold pin 6 and the discharge pin 7 are connected together to +Vcc by a

resistance R3. The control pin 5 is connected to ground via capacitor C2. The trigger
input pin 2 is connected to +Vcc using a pull-up resistor R1.Here the Human motion
Detector, R2 & C1 gives the triggering pulse needed for Multivibrator.The current
through Monostable Multivibrator will depend upon the sensor. When the sensor is not
triggered , the capacitor C2 is uncharged and the trigger input is low and that switching
transistor TR1 (at pin-7) is in the non-conducting state. Thus the output (at pin-3) is high.
The capacitor C1 will begin to charge toward +Vcc with current supplied by means of the
series resistors R1 and R2.
When sensor senses a signal at its sensing point, then after sensing it will send signal to
the Monostable Multivibrator. Thus Monostable timing period is initiated by a falling
edge (i.e. High to Low transition) applied to the trigger input (at pin 2).When such an
edge is received and the trigger input voltage falls below of Vcc, the output of the
lower comparator goes high and the Bistable is placed in the set state. The Q output of
the Bistable then goes low, switching transistor TR1 is placed in the OFF (non-
conducting) state and the final output (at pin-3) goes High. The circuit can be readily
adapted to drive a load with operating current less than about 150mA. So, the indicator
LED (D1) goes ON stating the relay is in ON position.
4.7.3 Hex buffer / converter [non-inverter] IC 4050

Buffers does not affect the logical state of a digital signal (i.e. logic 1 input results into
logic 1 output where as logic 0 input results into logic 0 output). Buffers are normally
used to provide extra current drive at the output, but can also be used to regularise the
logic present at an interface. And Inverters are used to complement the logical state (i.e.
logic 1 input results into logic 0 output and vice versa).
Also Inverters are used to provide extra current drive and, like buffers, are used in
interfacing applications. This 16-pin DIL packaged IC 4050 acts as Buffer as-well-as a
Converter. The input signals may be of 2.5 to 5V digital TTL compatible or DC analogue
the IC gives 5V constant signal output. The IC acts as buffer and provides isolation to the
main circuit from varying input signals. The working voltage of IC is 4 to 16 Volts and
propagation delay is 30 nanoseconds. It consumes 0.01 mill Watt power with noise
immunity of 3.7 V and toggle speed of 3 Megahertz.

4.7.4 ULN 2003
Since the digital outputs of the some circuits cannot sink much current, they are not
capable of driving relays directly. So, high-voltage high-current Darlington arrays are
designed for interfacing low-level logic circuitry and multiple peripheral power loads.
The series ULN2000A/L ICs drive seven relays with continuous load current ratings to
600mA for each input. At an appropriate duty cycle depending on ambient temperature
and number of drivers turned ON simultaneously, typical power loads totaling over 260W
[400mA x 7, 95V] can be controlled.
Typical loads include relays, solenoids, stepping motors, magnetic print hammers,
multiplexed LED and incandescent displays, and heaters. These Darlington arrays are
furnished in 16-pin dual in-line plastic packages (suffix A) and 16-lead surface-
mountable SOICs (suffix L). All devices are pinned with outputs opposite inputs to
facilitate ease of circuit board layout.
The input of ULN 2003 is TTL-compatible open-collector outputs. As each of these
outputs can sink a maximum collector current of 500 mA, miniature Controller relays can
be easily driven. No additional free-wheeling clamp diode is required to be connected
across the relay since each of the outputs has inbuilt free-wheeling diodes. The Series
ULN20x4A/L features series input resistors for operation directly from 6 to 15V CMOS
or PMOS logic outputs.
1N4148 signal diode: Signal diodes are used to process information (electrical signals) in
circuits, so they are only required to pass small currents of up to 100mA. General purpose
signal diodes such as the 1N4148 are made from silicon and have a forward voltage drop
of 0.7V.

Figure 4.7.3: Hex buffer/converter circuit diagram
4.7.5 Circuit Description

The Hex Buffer/Inverter IC1s working voltage of +5V is applied at pin-1 and five
control signals are applied at input pins 3, 5, 7, 9 & 11. Thus the signal supplying circuit
[i.e. CONTROLLER] is isolated from this Buffer & Driver circuit.
Further the grounding resistors R1 to R5 prevents the abnormal voltage levels passing
inside the IC1. The buffered outputs are acquired at pins 2, 4, 6, 10, & 12.

Thus the varying input is further stabilized and fed to signal diodes [D1 to D5]. As the
load is inductive, there is a chance of producing back E.M.F.
So to cope with this back E.M.F, signal diodes are used. But this signal level is not strong
enough to drive the low impedance relay. So, IC2 Darlington driver is used.
Its working voltage is +12 V and only five input/output pins are used. The output signal
from the Darlington driver IC is strong enough to actuate five relays. These relays with
+12V working voltage can be used to produce five command signals with RC5 format.
The N/O [Normally Open] contact of each relay produces one command signal with the
help of RC5 Transmitter Circuit.
4.8 LCD Module

LCDs can add a lot to any application in terms of providing an useful interface for the
user, debugging an application or just giving it a "professional" look.The most common
type of LCD controller is the Hitachi 44780 which provides a relatively simple interface
between a processor and an LCD. Each pixel of an LCD typically consists of a layer of
molecules which are aligned between the two transparent electrodes, and
two polarizing filters (parallel and perpendicular), the axes of transmission of which are
(in most of the cases) perpendicular to each other. Without the liquid crystal between the
polarizing filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second
(crossed) polarizer. Before an electric field is applied, the orientation of the liquid-crystal
molecules is determined by the alignment at the surfaces of electrodes.
Using this interface is often not attempted by inexperienced designers and programmers
because it is difficult to find good documentation on the interface, initializing the
interface can be a problem and the displays themselves are expensive.The most common
connector used for the 44780 based LCDs is 14 pins in a row, with pin centres 0.100"
apart.
The LCD Data Write Waveform will write an ASCII Byte out to the LCD's screen. The
ASCII code to be displayed is eight bits long and is sent to the LCD either four or eight
bits at a time. If four bit mode is used, two "nibbles" of data (Sent high four bits and then
low four bits with an "E" Clock pulse with each nibble) are sent to make up a full eight
bit transfer.

LCD DATA WRITE WAVEFORM
DATA
R/_S
R/_W
450 nSec
Figure 4.13: LCD data write waveform
Pin no 1 of LCD is connected to ground.

Pin no 2 of LCD is connected to Vcc.
Pin no 3 of LCD is connected to contrast voltage
Pin no 4 of LCD is connected to R/S- Instruction/Register Select
Pin no 5 of LCD is connected to"R/W" _Read/Write LCD Registers
Pin no 6 of LCD is connected to"E" Clock
Pin no 7-14 of LCD is connected to Data I/O Pins
.

The "E" Clock is used to initiate the data transfer within the LCD. Sending parallel data
as either four or eight bits are the two primary modes of operation. While there are
secondary considerations and modes, deciding how to send the data to the LCD is most
critical decision to be made for an LCD interface application.Most LCD displays have a
44780 and support chip to control the operation of the LCD.
The 44780 is responsible for the external interface and provides sufficient control lines
for sixteen characters on the LCD. The support chip enhances the I/O of the 44780 to
support up to 128 characters on an LCD. The Character Set available in the 44780 is
basically ASCII. It is "basically" because some characters do not follow the ASCII
convention fully (probably the most significant difference is 0x05B or "\" is not
available).The last aspect of the LCD to discuss is how to specify a contrast voltage to the
display. Experts typically use a potentiometer wired as a voltage divider.
This will provide an easily variable voltage between Ground and Vcc, which will be used
to specify the contrast (or "darkness") of the characters on the LCD screen. Different
LCDs work differently with lower voltages providing darker characters in some and
higher voltages do the same thing in others.
Shift Register LCD Data Write

+Vcc
Data R6
D0
S/R D1 Pin-3 Contrast
Processor Data
Clock 0
Dn
0
10K pot LCD
E
E Clock
LCD
Figure
LCD Contrast Circuit

4.14: LCD Contrast Circuit

CHAPTER 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.1 TESTING
Testing was done in a room with normal daylight. The temperature during testing was
recorded to be 30oC.
A .Testing of Sensor module- LDR

LDR is placed in the compartment with containers having beverages. Light is
continuously incident on the container. When the limit of the beverage in the container
reduces, the intensity of light falling on the LDR is more than the threshold limit.
There is variation in the output voltage of the LDR due to this. This variation is sensed by
the microcontroller as it constantly monitors the LDR. The microcontroller hence triggers
the GSM to send a message to the user alerting him of the restocking by providing the
user with the link of the website to place an online order.
B. Testing of the Sensor module Pressure sensor

The pressure sensor can be used to monitor the quantity of vegetables. In this smart fridge
module, this concept is demonstrated by applying varying pressure on the pressure sensor.
When the pressure applied is less than the threshold value, the output voltage of the
pressure sensor varies. This variation is detected by the microcontroller, which in turn
triggers the GSM to send an alert to the user with a link to place an online order for the
vegetables. Many pressure sensors can be used in different compartments for monitoring
of multiple vegetables.
C. Testing of Sensor module- Odour sensor

Food substances liberate odour on the onset of spoilage .The odour sensor is used for
qualitative monitoring of products in the refrigerator. In this module, the MQ-3 sensor is
used to demonstrate this concept. When any alcohol content is detected by the sensor, its
output voltage varies. This is detected by the microcontroller and it triggers the GSM to
send appropriate messages to the used to place online orders.

D. Testing of sensor module- ASIC RFID transmitter and receiver

RFID module is used for tracking the expiry date of packaged products like insulin that
are stored in the refrigerator .The RFID transmitter is placed in the vicinity of the
refrigerator compartment where products with expiry date are placed.
The user has to merely press on a switch at the time of placing the product in the fridge.
A timer is set in the microcontroller and when the timer expires, the user is alerted before
the time of expiry of the product (few days before expiry) regarding the usage or
restocking of the product. Appropriate links are provided where user can place online
orders.For demonstrative purposes, the timer is set for a few seconds after which alerts
will be sent to the user.
Figure 5.1 : Smart Fridge Module Testing

5.2 User alerts
Figure 5.2.1 : Represntation of user alerts
Figure 5.2.2 : Snapshot of SMS alerts from Smart Fridge module with links to place online
orders

Figure 5.2.3 : Snapshot of E-mail alert from Smart Fridge module to restock.
Figure 5.2.4 : Snapshot of E-mail alert from Smart Fridge module for quality check
5.3 The Advantages of Smart Fridge module

Makes life easier
A smart refrigerator is one that is equipped to sense what products are being put into it,
and may even be able to determine when a product needs to be replenished. The smart

refrigerator keeps track of what is in stock through a couple of different methods.Young

people face a hard time deciding what to cook for their meal. In most cases, they either
end up going to the restaurants or just eating ready-to-eat food.To make the lives
easier,the Smart Refrigerator that will use smart technology to revolutionize the way one
can do things at home by providing efficient food management.
Saves time
In addition, the product will also remove the burden of maintaining grocery lists. It will
also generate a list that will comprise of the required groceries or name the ingredients
that are low in quantity.
Beneficial in restaurants, schools and hospitals

As today, more and more people prefer eating in restaurants rather than cooking at home,
they are concerned about the quality of food being served to them. So, the restaurant
owners can make use of the technology to ensure that they provide fresh and healthy
food to their customers. Smart refrigerator can also be very useful in schools and
hospitals for serving fresh food to the consumers.
Efficient utilization of money and resources
Lastly, the product will be able provide food management with the help of the users
smart phone. This will help in effectively utilizing the available resources and not only
save time but also money.
Smart fridge connected by Iot is almost non existent in the Indian market.
The proposed project is cost effective compared to the fridges existing in the market
overseas with unnecessary features.
The objective and motivation of the fridge is to deal with food wastage. With food
wastage being a major concern in India, this product can strike a chord with the
masses.
The proposed prototype is connects the user to his fridge via a smart phone. This
increases the market aspects of the product.

5.4 The Disadvantages of Smart Fridge Module

Slots need to be maintained and specific food products need to be placed in specific
compartments only.
The power supply needs to be turned off when not in use.
Absence of a a strong network to send user alerts via GSM can lead to user not being
alerted about the status of products in the fridge.
Sensors must be handled with care.
Data storage management must be taken care off .
5.5 The Advantages of IoT
1. Information: Having more information helps making better decisions. IoT helps in
remote knowledge acquisition.
2. Monitoring : The second most obvious advantage of IoT is monitoring. For instance,
knowing that you are low on milk could save another trip to the store in the near
future.
3. Time: As hinted in the previous examples, the amount of time saved because of IoT
could be quite large.
4. Money: If the price of the tagging and monitoring equipment is less than the amount
of money saved, then the Internet of Things will be very widely adopted.
5.6 The Disadvantages of IoT
1. Compatibility: Currently, there is no international standard of compatibility for the

tagging and monitoring equipment. The manufacturing companies of these
equipment just need to agree to a standard, such as Bluetooth, USB, etc.
2. Complexity: As with all complex systems, there are more opportunities of failure.
With the Internet of Things, failures could sky rocket.
3. Privacy/Security: With all of this IoT data being transmitted, the risk of losing
privacy increases. For instance, how well encrypted data will be kept and transmitted
with.
4. Safety: Safety is ultimately in the hands of the consumer to verify any and all
automation.

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
The Smart Refrigerator module is able to remotely notify the user about the low contents
inside the refrigerator. It also facilitates purchase of the scarce food items from an online
vendor. The link to the online vendor is incorporated inside the notification that is sent to
the user via SMS (Short Message Service) and email. This module helps to prevent
wastage of food as the user is constantly aware of the contents in the refrigerator and can
proactively take measures to prevent wastage.The story of the smart fridge is just a case
study, a way to illustrate how identified objects and connected devices will work
synergistically to create a new consumer product, in this case a new home appliance. Of
course, the Internet of Things is more far-reaching than just the tracking of food in our
fridge. Ultimately designers must always consider how this new technological era can
benefit humanity, from reducing the ecological impact of mankind on the planet to
helping people maintain healthier lifestyles.We must also be wary and vigilant about
users privacy and security issues. These factors are key to marketplace acceptance of
these new connected products and will greatly affect the Internet of things.This era will
presents almost unlimited great opportunities to pioneer new territories, by innovating
new products, and by creating rich interactions with technology. The work is not going to
be easy, much of the road ahead is still unpaved, but it's definitely going to be fun.
Figure 6: Statistics: No of people surveyed for factors influencing the choice of smart home
solutions

Based on the data from a survey in Dubai, it was found that the respondents perceived the
amount of masonry work to be the most important factor when selecting a Smart Home
solution. They feel that it would disturb their daily routine and would be very
inconvenient. The next two important factors which were very given high importance by
the respondents were the ease of use of the solution and the customizability as per their
needs. This shows that even though people want to use the latest technologies, but still
they would prefer a system that is least complex.From this survey it is understood that the
smart fridge module has a good potential to be marketed as it satisfies many of the above
criteria like the amount of masonry, adapatability and ease of use.
6.1 Future work
The Smart Fridge module can be used to monitor nutrition levels of the stored food
products.
Adaptive algorithms can be implemented to the Smart Fridge module to understand
the users needs and alter the food management accordingly.
Fair amount of medication is stored in refrigerators.The Smart Fridge module can be
implemented solely for the purpose of medicine management in hospitals and
domestically for patients.
Smart Fridge module can be implemented for mass food storage in places like
restaurants and cafeterias.
6.2Applications of IoT
Cities :Smart Parking,Structural health,Traffic Congestion and Smart Lighting
Security& Emergencies:Perimeter Access Control,Liquid Presence and
Radiation Levels
Retail: NFC Payment, Intelligent Shopping Applications and Smart Product
Management
Agriculture and Industrial Control:Wine Quality Enhancing, Green House,
Golf Courses,Meteorological Station Network.

REFERENCES
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Digital_DIOS
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_refrigerator
[3] http://sammyhub.com/2010/03/04/samsung-unveils-refrigerator-equipped-with-wi-fi/
[4]http://www.electroluxgroup.com/en/a-refrigerator-that-thinks-intelligent-refrigerator-
will-simplify-homes-4349/
[5]http://www.g4tv.com/articles/43870/preview-samsung-rh2777at-homepad-internet-
refrigerator/
[6]http://www.lg.com/us/refrigerators/lg-LFX31995ST-french-3-door-refrigerator.
[7] Thomas Bigler, Georg Gaderer, Patrick Loschmidt and Thilo Sauter, Institute for
Integrated Sensor Systems, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Viktor Kaplan Strae 2 ,A-
2700 Wiener Neustadt, Smart Fridge: Demand Side Management for the Device Level,
IEEE ETFA'2011.
[8] Peter, K.K., Loh and Daryl, Y.H., Let, A Cost-Effective Space Sensing Prototype for
an Intelligent Refrigerator, 2004 8th International Conference onControl, Automation,
Robotics and Vision Kunming, China, 6,9th December 2004.
[9] Suhuai Luo, Jesse S. Jin, and Jiaming Li, A Smart Fridge with an Ability to Enhance
Health and Enable BetterNutrition published in International Journal of Multimedia and
Ubiquitous EngineeringVol. 4, No. 2, April, 2009
[10] Perumal T,Sulaiman,Musthapa,Shahi A, Proactive Architecture for Internet of
Things (IoTs),published in2014 IEEE 3rd Global Conference on Consumer Electronics
(GCCE),7-10 Oct. 2014
[11] Y Zhai, Y Liu, M Yang, F Long, J Virkki, A Survey Study of the Usefulness and
Concerns about Smart Home Applications Open Journal of Social Sciences Vol.02
No.11(2014), Article ID:51898,7 pages 10.4236/jss.2014.211017
[12] Rutledge, Richard L. ; Massey, Aaron K. ; Antn, Annie I. ; Swire, Peter. Defining
the Internet of Devices: Privacy and Security Implications Presented at the 2014 Privacy
Law Scholars Conference, hosted by the George Washington University Law School in
Washington, DC, June 2014.
[13] B Son, CS Han, YT Jeon, DH Lee ,A RFID/NFC Fusion based Smart Refrigerator
for Wellness Service ,2014 Advanced Science and Technology Letters Vol.64, pp.72-75

[14] CT Lee, PAN Fu-Cheng Intellectual refrigerator combining With a portable electric
device 2014, United States Patent.
[15] VH Bhide A Survey on the Smart Homes using Internet of Things (IoT) 2014,
International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Management Studies
[16] M Wang, G Zhang, C Zhang ,An IoT-based Appliance Control System for Smart
Homes, 2013 Fourth International Conference on Intelligent Control and Information
Processing (ICICIP).
[17] S Luo, J Jin, J Li . A Smart Fridge with an Ability to Enhance Health and Enable
Better Nutrition2013, International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering,
Vol. 4, No. 2 April, 2013.

APPENDIX A
LIST OF COMPONENTS AND PROJECT
COST
LIST OF COMPONENTS AND PROJECT COST
SL.NO COMPONENTS RATE QUANTITY AMOUNT

1 RESISTOR 5/- 20 100/-
2 CAPACITOR 12/- 6 72/-
3 TRANSFORMER 75/- 1 75/-
4 POWER CHORD 20/- 1 20/-
5 PCB 3000/- 1 3000/-
6 PVC BOX 400/- 1 400/-
7 DIODE 20/- 2 40/-
8 GSM MODEM 5500/- 1 5500/-
9 BUFFER 25/- 1 25/-
10 DRIVER 30/- 1 30/-
11 MICROCONTROLLER 400/- 1 400/-
12 RESET SWITCH 20/- 1 20/-
13 BURGE CONNECTOR 20/- 1 20/-
14 LCD 200/- 1 200/-
15 IC 555 20/- 2 40/-
16 PRESET 10/- 1 10/-
17 RELAY 25/- 1 25/-
18 IC REGULATOR 18/- 2 36/-
19 LED 20/- 5 100/-
20 IC BASE 12/- 2 24/-
21 TOGGLE SWITCH 12/- 2 24/-
22 RS232 40/- 1 40/-
23 MAX232 21/- 1 21/-
24 TRANSISTOR 10/- 5 50/-
25 LDR 300/- 1 300/-
26 MQ3 SENSOR 600/- 1 600/-
27 MICROSWITCH 1000/- 1 1000/-
28 CONNECTING WIRE 200/- - 200/-
29 SOLDERING GUN+FLUX 400/- - 400/-
30 OTHER STATIONERIES 2000/- - 2000/-
31 ASIC RFID TRANSMITTER 1000/- 1 1000/-
RECEIVER
TOTAL 15774/-
APPENDIX B
DATASHEETS
Data pack F Issued March 1997 232-3816
Light dependent resistors

Data Sheet
NORP12 RS stock number 651-507
NSL19-M51 RS stock number 596-141
Two cadmium sulphide (cdS) photoconductive cells Electrical characteristics

with spectral responses similar to that of the human TA = 25C. 2854K tungsten light source
eye. The cell resistance falls with increasing light inten-
sity. Applications include smoke detection, automatic Parameter Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Units
lighting control, batch counting and burglar alarm sys- Cell resistance 1000 lux - 400 -
tems. 10 lux - 9 - k
Dark resistance - 1.0 - - M
Dark capacitance - - 3.5 - pF
Guide to source illuminations
Rise time 1 1000 lux - 2.8 - ms
Light source Illumination (Lux) 10 lux - 18 - ms
Moonlight __________________________________ 0.1 Fall time 2 1000 lux - 48 - ms
60W bulb at 1m ______________________________ 50 10 lux - 120 - ms
1W MES bulb at 0.1m ________________________ 100 1. Dark to 110% RL
Fluorescent lighting __________________________ 500 2. To 10 3 RL
RL = photocell resistance under given illumination.
Bright sunlight ____________________________ 30,000
Features
Circuit symbol Wide spectral response
Low cost
Wide ambient temperature range.
Dimensions
Light memory characteristics

Light dependent resistors have a particular property in
that they remember the lighting conditions in which
they have been stored. This memory effect can be
minimised by storing the LDRs in light prior to use.
Light storage reduces equilibrium time to reach
steady resistance values.
NORP12 (RS stock no. 651-507)
Absolute maximum ratings

Voltage, ac or dc peak ______________________ 320V
Current __________________________________ 75mA
Power dissipation at 30C _________________ 250mW
Operating temperature range _______ -60C to +75C
232-3816
Figure 1 Power dissipation derating Figure 3 Resistance as a function of illumination
*1Ftc=10.764 lumens
Figure 2 Spectral response
2
232-3816
Absolute maximum ratings

Dimensions
Voltage, ac or dc peak ______________________ 100V
Current ___________________________________ 5mA
Power dissipation at 25C _________________ 50mW*
Operating temperature range _________ -25C +75C
*Derate linearly from 50mW at 25C to 0W at 75C.
Electrical characteristics
Parameter Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Units
Cell resistance 10 lux 20 - 100 k
100 lux - 5 - k
Dark resistance 10 lux after
10 sec 20 - - M
Spectral response - - 550 - nm
Rise time 10ftc - 45 - ms
Fall time 10ftc - 55 - ms
Figure 4 Resistance as a function illumination
Figure 5 Spectral response
3
232-3816
Typical application circuits

Figure 6 Sensitive light operated relay Figure 9 Logarithmic law photographic light meter
Typical value R1 = 100k

R2 = 200k preset to give two overlapping ranges.
Relay energised when light level increases above the (Calibration should be made against an accurate meter.)
level set by VR1
Figure 7 Light interruption detector Figure 10 Extremely sensitive light operated relay
As Figure 6 relay energised when light level drops

below the level set by VR1 (Relay energised when light exceeds preset level.)
Incorporates a balancing bridge and op-amp. R1 and
NORP12 may be interchanged for the reverse function.
Figure 8 Automatic light circuit
Adjust turn-on point with VR1
The information provided in RS technical literature is believed to be accurate and reliable; however, RS Components assumes no responsibility for inaccuracies
or omissions, or for the use of this information, and all use of such information shall be entirely at the users own risk.
No responsibility is assumed by RS Components for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use.
Specifications shown in RS Components technical literature are subject to change without notice.
RS Components, PO Box 99, Corby, Northants, NN17 9RS Telephone: 01536 201234
An Electrocomponents Company RS Components 1997
MQ-3 Semiconductor Sensor for Alcohol
Sensitive material of MQ-3 gas sensor is SnO2, which with lower conductivity in clean air. When the
target alcohol gas exist, The sensors conductivity is more higher along with the gas concentration rising.
Please use simple electrocircuit, Convert change of conductivity to correspond output signal of gas
concentration.
MQ-3 gas sensor has high sensitity to Alcohol, and has good resistance to disturb of gasoline, smoke
and vapor. The sensor could be used to detect alcohol with different concentration, it is with low cost and
suitable for different application.
Character Configuration
* Good sensitivity to alcohol gas
* Long life and low cost
* Simple drive circuit
Application
* Vehicel alcohol detector
* Portable alcohol detector
Technical Data
Basic test loop
Model No. MQ-3 Vc VRL

Sensor Type Semiconductor
Standard Encapsulation Bakelite (Black Bakelite)
Detection Gas Alcohol gas
RL
Concentration 0.04-4mg/l alcohol VH
Loop Voltage Vc 24V DC
Heater Voltage VH 5.0V0.2V AC or DC
Circuit GND
Load
RL Adjustable
Resistance
The above is basic test circuit of the sensor.
Heater
RH 313Room Tem. The sensor need to be put 2 voltage,
Resistance
heater voltageVH and test voltageVC.
Heater
PH 900mW VH used to supply certified working
consumption
temperature to the sensor, while VC used
Character Sensing
Rs 2K-20K(in 0.4mg/l alcohol ) to detect voltage (VRL) on load resistance
Resistance
RLwhom is in series with sensor. The
Rs(in air)/Rs(0.4mg/L
Sensitivity S sensor has light polarity, Vc need DC
Alcohol)5
power. VC and VH could use same power
Slope 0.6(R300ppm/R100ppm Alcohol)
circuit with precondition to assure
Tem. Humidity 20265%5%RH performance of sensor. In order to make
Vc:5.0V0.1V the sensor with better performance,
Condition Standard test circuit
VH: 5.0V0.1V suitable RL value is needed:
Preheat time Over 48 hours Power of Sensitivity body(Ps):
Ps=Vc2Rs/(Rs+RL)2
Resistance of sensor(Rs): Rs=(Vc/VRL-1)RL
Sensitivity Characteristics Influence of Temperature/Humidity
Fig.1 shows the typical sensitivity characteristics of Fig.2 shows the typical temperature and humidity
the MQ-3, ordinate means resistance ratio of the sensor characteristics. Ordinate means resistance ratio
(Rs/Ro), abscissa is concentration of gases. Rs means of the sensor (Rs/Ro), Rs means resistance of sensor
resistance in different gases, Ro means resistance of in 0.4mg/l alcohol under different tem. and humidity.
sensor in 0. 4mg/l alcohol. All test are under standard Ro means resistance of the sensor in environment of
test conditions. 0.4mg/l alcohol, 20/65%RH
3
P.S.: Sensitivity to smoke is ignite 10pcs cigarettes in 8m
room, and the output equals to 0.1mg/l alcohol
Structure and configuration
Structure and configuration of MQ-3 gas sensor is shown as Fig. 3, sensor composed by micro AL2O3 ceramic tube, Tin
Dioxide (SnO2) sensitive layer, measuring electrode and heater are fixed into a crust made by plastic and stainless steel
net. The heater provides necessary work conditions for work of sensitive components. The enveloped MQ-4 have 6 pin, 4
of them are used to fetch signals, and other 2 are used for providing heating current.
Notification
1 Following conditions must be prohibited
1.1 Exposed to organic silicon steam
Organic silicon steam cause sensors invalid, sensors must be avoid exposing to silicon bond,
fixature, silicon latex, putty or plastic contain silicon environment
1.2 High Corrosive gas
If the sensors exposed to high concentration corrosive gas (such as H2Sz, SOXCl2HCl etc), it will
not only result in corrosion of sensors structure, also it cause sincere sensitivity attenuation.
1.3 Alkali, Alkali metals salt, halogen pollution
The sensors performance will be changed badly if sensors be sprayed polluted by alkali metals salt
especially brine, or be exposed to halogen such as fluorin.
1.4 Touch water
Sensitivity of the sensors will be reduced when spattered or dipped in water.
1.5 Freezing
Do avoid icing on sensorsurface, otherwise sensor would lose sensitivity.
1.6 Applied voltage higher
Applied voltage on sensor should not be higher than stipulated value, otherwise it cause down-line or
heater damaged, and bring on sensors sensitivity characteristic changed badly.
1.7 Voltage on wrong pins
For 6 pins sensor, if apply voltage on 13 pins or 46 pins, it
will make lead broken, and without signal when apply on 24 pins
2 Following conditions must be avoided

2.1 Water Condensation
Indoor conditions, slight water condensation will effect sensors performance lightly. However, if water
condensation on sensors surface and keep a certain period, sensor sensitivity will be decreased.
2.2 Used in high gas concentration

No matter the sensor is electrified or not, if long time placed in high gas concentration, if will affect
sensors characteristic.
2.3 Long time storage

The sensors resistance produce reversible drift if its stored for long time without electrify, this drift is
related with storage conditions. Sensors should be stored in airproof without silicon gel bag with clean air.
For the sensors with long time storage but no electrify, they need long aging time for stbility before using.
2.4 Long time exposed to adverse environment

No matter the sensors electrified or not, if exposed to adverse environment for long time, such as
high humidity, high temperature, or high pollution etc, it will effect the sensors performance badly.
2.5 Vibration
Continual vibration will result in sensors down-lead response then repture. In transportation or
assembling line, pneumatic screwdriver/ultrasonic welding machine can lead this vibration.
2.6 Concussion
If sensors meet strong concussion, it may lead its lead wire disconnected.
2.7 Usage
For sensor, handmade welding is optimal way. If use wave crest welding should meet the following
conditions:
2.7.1 Soldering flux: Rosin soldering flux contains least chlorine
2.7.2 Speed: 1-2 Meter/ Minute
2.7.3 Warm-up temperature10020
2.7.4 Welding temperature25010
2.7.5 1 time pass wave crest welding machine
If disobey the above using terms, sensors sensitivity will be reduced.
APPENDIX C
COMPLETE CIRCUIT OF PROPOSED
PROJECT
APPENDIX D
PAPER PUBLICATION AND CERTIFICATES
ISSN: 2278 9094689
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJARECE)
Volume 5, Issue 4, May 2016
IoT Smart Fridge

Likitha R.V, R. Nagashree, Shruthi. P
Abstract The new market research reports state that the

smart appliances market is estimated to reach about USD 37.2 appliances which provide better services to the household..
Billion by 2020, at a CAGR of 15.4% between 2015 and The area of interest is the smart fridge. Many smart
2020.Smart refrigeration with the help of a smart fridge is a refrigerator variants have been developed, none of which has
concept that finds its place in smart kitchens. The Internet of
been cost effective. Some of the developments were from
Things (IoT) is the recent communication paradigm that
envisions a near future, in which the objects of everyday life
Samsung and LG and are discussed below. These
will become an integral part of the Internet. This paradigm refrigerators were an unsuccessful because the consumers
indeed finds applications in many different domains, such as had seen them as an unnecessary product and due to the high
home automation, where smart appliances are used. Existing cost (more than $20,000) and the problems solved were
systems use barcode or RFID scanning to keep track of the obscure. Recently, several commercial models of smart
stock. The products currently available are expensive. The fridges have been developed or are under development. The
Smart Fridge module can be embedded into any existing "LG Internet Refrigerator" has a thin-film transistor-liquid
refrigerator to provide food using sensors. The smart crystal display screen with TV functionality and also has a
refrigerator is capable of sensing and monitoring its contents
Local Area Network (LAN) port. It includes a LCD
and is also able to remotely notify the user about scarce
products via SMS (Short Message Service) and email using a
information window that has the features like electronic pen,
GSM module. It also facilitates the purchase of scarce items by data memo, video messaging and provides information, such
providing a link of the online website for purchase of that as inside temperature, the freshness of stored foods, nutrition
particular item. information and recipes. Features included are a webcam that
The core functionality of the smart fridge is food management is used as a scanner and tracks what is inside the refrigerator,
with the help of sensors by assessing qualitatively, a MP3 player and an automatic icemaker. Samsungs Home
quantitatively and based on shelf life, the contents of the Pad refrigerator has a large 15-inch LCD (liquid crystal
refrigerator. As a result, the user is notified every time a display) panel on the front door. Via the touch panel, users
replacement or restocking needs to be done. This assessment is
can access the Internet to surf the Web, send and receive
done with the help of LDR and micro switches employed as
pressure sensors (quantity management), odour sensor (quality
e-mail or watch television. In addition, other audio/visual
management) and RFID (shelf life management). The overall devices, such as DVD (digital versatile disc) or VHS players,
food management is done based on coding done using Keil can be attached. In addition, it comes equipped with device
software for the same purpose. control interfaces.
Electrolux's Screenfridge is equipped with a computer and
Index TermsIoT, Food management, Keil, Sensors. touch screen built into the refrigerator door and does not
consume existing storage space. This refrigerator is also
I. INTRODUCTION connected to the Internet. Aside from using the refrigerator
Home automation aims to make our daily life more to send e-mails or to surf the Internet, the homeowner can
comfortable. In addition to this, communication between also use it to select, buy and order food without leaving the
people and machines would make life easier. There is a kitchen. In addition, there is a built-in library of recipes. The
significant demand for the remote control and monitoring of refrigerator is equipped with speakers, a microphone and a
any system. Both Research and Industry have focused on the small video camera, for users to leave video messages for
development of the Smart Home Environment. Developing each other. All the functions are available through a touch
smart appliances is necessary to develop a Smart Home screen and a virtual keyboard. There's also a built-in
environment. It is a critical factor in the realization of the television and radio, so the owner can watch the morning
smart home environment. Kitchen is an important place of news or listen to music while cooking. The fridge will
consideration for a Smart home as it consists of many ultimately include a "reader" able to use the electronic
tagging found on all food and liquid packaging in the future.
This way, the refrigerator can keep stock of food that has
been bought or to be purchased. The modern living in a fast
paced environment doesnt allow the user to keep a track of
LIKITHA R.V , Department of ECE, Sambhram Institute of Technology,
Bengaluru, India, +91-81974 51361 the food items inside the fridge.
. Although efforts have been put to develop the smart
R. NAGASHREE, Department of ECE, Sambhram Institute of refrigerator, the current or the existing technology is still not
Technology, Bengaluru, India, +91-99168 96478 cost effective. The smart fridge or the internet refrigerator, is
SHRUTHI .P, Department of ECE, Sambhram Institute of Technology, used to monitor the items inside it and notify about scarce
Bengaluru, India, +91-99721 44268
1136
All Rights Reserved 2016 IJARECE
ISSN: 2278 9094689
product. The idea of connecting home appliances to the POWER SUPPLY UNIT: A specially designed power supply
internet is regarded as the next big thing. unit provides all necessary voltages for the system.
Food wastage due to lack of monitoring and timely usage of
refrigerated foods is a common problem. IV. DESIGN AND CONSIDERATIONS
United Nations Development Program states that about 40%
of food is wasted in India. About 20% of food bought ends up 1. Design
being thrown away. The module could be seen to be composed of sub-modules
Food management in homes as well as restaurants, with the namely:
help of a SMART FRIDGE that monitors the quantity, 1. Sensing module: LDR, MQ3 Sensor, Pressure Sensor,
quality and shelf life of the stored food and generates user ASIC RFID Transmitter and Receiver
alerts, hence proactively controls wastage all through the 2. Control module: ARM7 LPC 2148 Microcontroller, Power
comfort of your phone. Supply Unit
A hardware prototype is to be developed which senses the 3. Transmission module: LCD Module, GSM Module
contents inside the refrigerator, triggers when the contents These modules work together to determine contents status
inside is below a certain threshold or are on the verge of inside the refrigerator and notify the user about the products
spoilage or are about to exceed shelf life. via an SMS or e-mail.
In such cases, this trigger is sent to the users mobile and
eventually to his email id through an android application. 2. Considerations
The message comes with information about the product The following constraints must be kept in mind while
which is low on quantity inside the fridge and comes with a developing the design:
predefined link which facilitates online purchasing. The Power supply should be cut off when module not in use.
links that facilitate online purchase can be customized
Module has to be installed in a place where there is
according to the preference of the user to place online orders. availability of strong network for notifications.
The food items have to be placed in their respective slots.
II. OBJECTIVES
The design must be applicable any existing refrigerator.
Embedded C was the effective option among others and
Refrigerator food management and wastage prevention by: is chosen as programming language.
1. Quantity monitoring: Assess the quantity and provide The output is shown on a circuit board which consists of
timely updates and reminders of immediate usage or the smart refrigeration module. LEDs are placed at
restocking. various places to indicate the flow of execution.
2. Quality monitoring: Quality of vegetables and fruits The possible source of error include replacing of food
can be monitored and alerts can be generated on the items without using them leading false notification. To
onset of spoilage. recover from such an error, the module could be reset or
3. Shelf life monitoring: Packaged products can be dedicated application could be developed.
monitored for expiry date.
The user can be alerted of the updates on his phone and can V. SMART FRIDGE MODULE
take steps to prevent food wastage or can place orders to
restock the food in the fridge.
For the first application i.e. quantity monitoring in the
III. METHODOLOGY refrigerator, an LDR and pressure sensor are used to keep
track of the contents in the compartment. A photo resistor or
The system comprises of sections where the sensors are LDR (Light Dependent Resistor), is a light-controlled
placed. Light dependent Resistors (LDR) sensors, odour variable resistor. The resistance of a LDR reduces with
sensors and pressure sensors are placed along with a counter increasing incident light intensity or exhibits
which can be used to sense the quality and quantity of photoconductivity. Hence, when the product is low in
contents. They can be used to detect the level of milk and soft quantity, the light incident on the LDR through the product
drinks in the container and to sense the presence of container increases, when a refrigerator compartment is
vegetables in the refrigerator. ASIC RFID transmitter and taken into account. This causes change in resistance of LDR,
receiver are used to monitor shelf life of contents. Whenever therefore the output voltage varies. This change is monitored
the contents inside the refrigerator goes below the and detected and compared with thresholds to send user
predetermined threshold values or are degraded in quality, or updates.
if the product is on the verge of expiry, a trigger is generated Pressure sensor on the other hand, has an output voltage that
which is being transmitted in the form of message to the user. varies with the applied pressure. This change in voltage is
SENSORS: These sensors are fitted in Refrigerator monitored and detected by the microcontroller and it is
compartments. They sense objects, shelf life and quality of compared with thresholds that are set and accordingly, user
objects and if no object is found or if any quality degradation alerts are generated. In this implementation as soon as the
is sensed, they produce NO Object signal or NO Quality vegetables or the soft drinks are used, the user is notified.
signal or NO shelf life signal which is fed to further stages. The quality and shelf life application involves the use odour
INTERFACING STAGE: As microprocessor needs TTL sensors and RFID respectively, for sensing items inside the
compatible level signals at its input port, interfacing stage refrigerator which are placed inside specific compartments.
must be introduced .
1137
ISSN: 2278 9094689
MQ-3 is used to determine the quality of contents in the refrigerator. MQ-3 gas sensor has high sensitivity to gas, and
FIGURE 1: 1A) IoT based smart fridge module 1B) Power supply unit
has good resistance to disturb of gasoline, smoke and vapour.

The sensor could be used to detect leakage of vapour with with the use of android application. The user is alerted about
different concentration, it is with low cost and suitable for the status of the refrigerator contents on his mobile phone
different applications. Here, it finds its application in and is provided with appropriate links to access online sites
detecting the smell of spoilt food. The output voltage of this to place orders for depleted or expired products. LCD module
sensor is monitored for variations based on set thresholds and connected to microcontroller, is used for local alerts. Module
accordingly, user updates are sent. needs two voltages to work : +12 V & +5 V. Hence specially
The RF transmitter and receiver module is built around the designed power supply unit as seen in figure 1B, is
ASIC and common passive and active components, which constructed to get regulated power supplies. Buffers do not
are very easy to obtain from the material shelf. When a change the logical state of a digital signal and are used to
product is about to expire, the user may set a reminder using provide extra current drive at the output and regularize the
this module to place an online order before the product logic present at an interface. Drivers are used to drive the
expires or depletes. The transmitter module may be placed in relay where the output is complement of input which is
the vicinity of the compartment having the product and on applied to the drive and current will be amplified. An
pressing of switch on the transmitter module by the user, electromagnetic device is used to drive the load connected
timely alerts can be generated to remind the user about across the relay and the output of relay can be connected to
purchase or restocking or immediate usage. The receiver controller.
module connects to the microcontroller where appropriate The Keil Software LPC2148 development tools are used to
alert generation is determined. compilation and assembly of the C code. Vision for
Placing of sensors is to be done according to the requirement Windows is an Integrated Development Environment that
of the user or threshold level required. Note that the output is used for implementation of code. These are the tools that
voltages of the sensors are constantly monitored by the are used to write and implement an embedded C code that is
microcontroller to detect changes to generate updates via the used to monitor the sensors and compare their voltage
GSM. outputs to the predetermined thresholds and if values cross
The GSM module that is connected to the microcontroller is these thresholds, user alerts are generated via GSM.
used to send updates to the user in the form of SMS or E-mail
1138
ISSN: 2278 9094689
VI. TESTING alerted before the time of expiry of the product (few days
before expiry) regarding the usage or restocking of the
product. Appropriate links are provided where user can place
online orders .For demonstrative purposes, the timer is set for
a few seconds after which alerts will be sent to the user.
VII. CONCLUSION
The Smart Refrigerator module is able to remotely notify the
user about the low contents inside the refrigerator. It also
facilitates purchase of the scarce food items from an online
vendor. The link to the online vendor is incorporated inside
the notification that is sent to the user via SMS (Short
Message Service) and email. This module helps to prevent
wastage of food as the user is constantly aware of the contents
in the refrigerator and can proactively take measures to
prevent wastage.
Figure 2: IoT Smart Fridge Module VIII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to extend our deepest gratitude to Prof.
Divyamani M.K for her timely advice, guidance and support.
Testing was done in a room with normal daylight. The
We would also like to thank the Head of the Department and
temperature during testing was recorded to be 30oC.
the Department of Electronics and Communication, SaIT,
A .Testing of Sensor module- LDR
for their support.
LDR is placed in the compartment with containers having
beverages. Light is continuously incident on the container.
REFERENCES
When the limit of the beverage in the container reduces, the
intensity of light falling on the LDR is more than the [1] Hseyin Grler, The Design and Implementation of A GSM Based
threshold limit. There is variation in the output voltage of the User-Machine Interacted Refrigerator, Innovations in Intelligent SysTems and
Applications (INISTA), 2015, International Symposium.
LDR due to this. This variation is sensed by the
microcontroller as it constantly monitors the LDR. The [2] Thomas Bigler, Georg Gaderer, Patrick Loschmidt and Thilo Sauter,
microcontroller hence triggers the GSM to send a message to Smart Fridge: Demand Side Management for the Device Level, Institute for
Integrated Sensor Systems, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Viktor Kaplan
the user alerting him of the restocking by providing the user Strae 2, A-2700 Wiener Neustadt, IEEE ETFA'2011.
with the link of the website to place an online order.
B. Testing of the Sensor module Pressure sensor [3] Peter, K.K., Loh and Daryl, Y.H., Let, A Cost-Effective Space Sensing
Prototype for an Intelligent Refrigerator, 2004 8th International Conference on
The pressure sensor can be used to monitor the quantity of Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision Kunming, China, 6,9th December
vegetables. In this smart fridge module, this concept is 2004.
demonstrated by applying varying pressure on the pressure
sensor. When the pressure applied is less than the threshold
value, the output voltage of the pressure sensor varies. This LIKITHA R.V Student, Department of Electronics
variation is detected by the microcontroller, which in turn & Communication, Sambhram Institute of
triggers the GSM to send an alert to the user with a link to Technology, Bengaluru, India
place an online order for the vegetables. Many pressure
sensors can be used in different compartments for monitoring
of multiple vegetables.
C. Testing of Sensor module- Odour sensor
Food substances liberate odour on the onset of spoilage .The
odour sensor is used for qualitative monitoring of products in
the refrigerator. In this module, the MQ-3 sensor is used to R. NAGASHREE Student, Department of
demonstrate this concept. When any alcohol content is Electronics & Communication, Sambhram Institute
of Technology, Bengaluru, India
detected by the sensor, its output voltage varies. This is
detected by the microcontroller and it triggers the GSM to
send appropriate messages to the used to place online orders.
D. Testing of sensor module- ASIC RFID transmitter and
receiver
RFID module is used for tracking the expiry date of packaged SHRUTHI.P Student, Department of Electronics &
Communication, Sambhram Institute of Technology,
products like insulin that are stored in the refrigerator .The Bengaluru, India
RFID transmitter is placed in the vicinity of the refrigerator
compartment where products with expiry date are placed.
The user has to merely press on a switch at the time of
placing the product in the fridge. A timer is set in the
microcontroller and when the timer expires, the user is
1139
ISSN: 2278 909X
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics
and Communication Engineering
IJARECE Certificate of Publication

This is to certify that Prof. /Dr. /Mr. /Mrs. /Ms.
Likitha R.V
has published the paper titled
IoT Smart Fridge
in International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and

Communication Engineering, Volume.5.Issue.4.,.April-2016,pp..1136.-.1139
Editor-in-Chief
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and
Communication Engineering (IJARECE)
ISSN: 2278 909X

R. Nagashree
IoT Smart Fridge

Editor-in-Chief
ISSN: 2278 909X

Shruthi. P
IoT Smart Fridge

Editor-in-Chief

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VISVESVARAYATECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

SMART FRIDGE BASED ON IoT

under the guidance of

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Dr. C V Ravishankar, Dr. H.G.Chandrakanth

1. The Hardware/Software is not purchased/brought from any outside organisation.

The Title of the Project is

The project work is guided by Prof.Divyamani.M.K._

We express our sincere thanks to Dr. H.G.Chandrakanth, Principal ,SaIT,

LIKITHA R.V NAGASHREE.R SHRUTHI.P

Sl.no CONTENTS Page no.

3 HARDWARE & SOFTWARE

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. 53

6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK..

2.1 LG Internet Digital DIOS 5

2.2 Samsung Zipel E-Diary 6

2.3 Electrolux Screen Fridge 7

2.4 Samsung RH2777AT Homepad Internet Refrigerator 8

2.5 LG Smart ThinQ LFX31995ST 10

2.7 Organising The Fridge 16

3.1 ARM7TDMI Core Diagram 18

3.2.1 LDR Circuit Example 19

3.3 MQ-3 Sensor 20

3.5 RF transmitter and receiver 22

3.6 LCD display 22

3.7.2 GSM sim 900 24

3.10 Buffer IC 4050 27

3.10.1 ULN 2003 28

4.1 Block diagram of Smart Fridge Module 32

4.2 KIA 78xx IC 35

4.3 Regulated Power Supply 36

4.4 Basic Structure and symbol of LDR 38

4.5 Circuit Diagram of odour sensor 40

4.6 Circuit diagram of RF Transmitter 43

4.7.2 Internal Arrangement of 555 IC circuit 46

4.7.3 Hex buffer/converter circuit diagram 49

4.14 LCD Contrast Circuit 52

5.1 Smart Fridge Module Testing 54

5.2.1 Represntation of user alerts 55

5.2.3 Snapshot of E-mail alert from Smart Fridge module to restock

Department of ECE, SaIT 1

Department of ECE, SaIT 2

Department of ECE, SaIT 3

degraded in quality, or if the product is on the verge of expiry, a trigger is generated

1.5 Organisation Of Report

Department of ECE, SaIT 4

2.1 LG Internet Digital DIOS

Figure 2.1: LG Internet Digital DIOS[1]

Department of ECE, SaIT 5

2.2 Samsung Zipel E-Diary

Figure 2.2 : Samsung Zipel E-Diary[2]

Department of ECE, SaIT 6

2.3 Electrolux Screen Fridge

Figure 2.3: Electrolux Screen Fridge[3]

Department of ECE, SaIT 7

2.4 Samsung RH2777AT Homepad Internet Refrigerator

Figure 2.4: Samsung RH2777AT Homepad Internet Refrigerator[4]

Department of ECE, SaIT 8

2.5 LG Smart ThinQ LFX31995ST

Department of ECE, SaIT 9

FIGURE 2.5: LG Smart ThinQ LFX31995ST[5]

2.5.1 Demerits of existing products

Department of ECE, SaIT 10

2.5.2 Organization of Food products inside refrigerator